Understanding Web Typography (UI Design Bootcamp, Week 2) | Rob Sutcliffe | Skillshare

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Understanding Web Typography (UI Design Bootcamp, Week 2)

teacher avatar Rob Sutcliffe, UI Designer / Developer

Watch this class and thousands more

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Taught by industry leaders & working professionals
Topics include illustration, design, photography, and more

Watch this class and thousands more

Get unlimited access to every class
Taught by industry leaders & working professionals
Topics include illustration, design, photography, and more

Lessons in This Class

    • 1.

      Introduction

      0:57

    • 2.

      Importance of Typography

      3:44

    • 3.

      Typeface or Fonts

      3:44

    • 4.

      Web Typography

      3:44

    • 5.

      Non Verbal Communication

      5:37

    • 6.

      Anatomy of Type

      5:15

    • 7.

      Printing Press

      6:05

    • 8.

      Serif Typeface

      4:09

    • 9.

      Sans Serif Typeface

      5:35

    • 10.

      Summary

      0:51

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About This Class

The most crucial aspect to form a great user experience is having a beautifully crafted user interface. Some small changes to your aesthetics can have the a huge impact or the experience to your users.
If you're designing on a web application, you're making decisions about typography, colour and composition. These will effect the branding, style, usability and user experience of you application. You're already making these decisions but are you aware of their impact. Very subtle use of typography and colour can have enough personality that we don't need any other visuals. We can give life to a dull block of text and it can make it easier or harder for our user to read. Getting a few simple choices right can make or break the application.

Week 2: History of Typography
Typography is 95% of what we see on a web application, it dictates every other design decision. yet few people really stop to learn how to use typography to their advantage.

This week we'll be learning about typographic classifications. Where different typefaces came from and how to talk about typefaces. 

Is this course for me?
Ideally you'll already have spent some time designing websites and/or applications. Every aspect of the course is created with beginners in mind but you may find you get more out the course if you've already created some designs. You'll also ideally need to know how to use some design software. I recommend Figma, but Adobe XD, Invission Studio, Sketch or some similar software will also be okay.

The course is created with designers in mind but it may also be of interest to front-end developers or product owners. 

Meet Your Teacher

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Rob Sutcliffe

UI Designer / Developer

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Level: Beginner

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Transcripts

1. Introduction: In this short module, we will start to look at typography for UI design for our project. This week we will be describing and talking about a couple of typefaces. To do this, we'll need to know the anatomy of typeface. So we'll talk about all the bits of typefaces and how to talk about them, what to call them. Then we'll also look at the history of typefaces and how different typefaces have been classified. Finally, we'll start to touch on why you might choose one typeface rather than another. Typefaces make up almost your entire design when you're creating a UI design. So it's really important you know how to work with them. And before you can start working with them, you need to understand what they are. You need to be able to talk about them with your client and you need to know what you're looking at. So let's get started with this vital foundation. 2. Importance of Typography: You are of course, already taking an online course in web typography. I'm not going to lecture you too hard about how very important this topic is. You already know, that's why you're here. Many years ago, Oliver, right? Einstein made the very valid point that the Internet is 95% typography. So therefore, we really, really need to make sure we're getting that right. In the years since then, the Internet is still very much filled with typography, and most of it is pretty bad. Good typography has some effects on the efficiency and effectiveness of our reading online, but it also affects us emotionally. Now if we want to be good, well-rounded designers, and we want to create designs that have character that are unique, that convey the brand message. But also we want to create a website which has minimal. Then we want to try and convey all that other stuff in the topography because technically, we could make a website with just type on it, provided we can use typography well enough to convey that branding message, to have character, to be unique and still be readable. Then maybe that's all we need. We don't need to overdo it with other bits of the design. I find it endlessly fascinating about how people will try and guess what it is about Steve Jobs that made him create such successful software. People will say, well, Apple make products that are just easier to use. Something that I personally see no evidence in. People say, well, Apple products feel familiar and comfortable to us. They speak to us in a way we understand why that may be true. We then have to guess again, we need to guess, or how did Apple do that? How did Steve Jobs do that? And maybe it was the type choices or the colors or something to do with the layouts of the pages. Then we have to guess again, what skills did Steve Jobs develop to be so good at doing that? Well, if we wanted to emulate the success of Steve Jobs, rather than taking three guesses in a row to decide what skills we should learn. We could just look at his CV or his resume. And we would learn that he studied calligraphy, he studied typefaces. That was the skill he developed to be so good. Maybe studying topography makes us better at seeing the important details that other people miss. Maybe it gives us more of an understanding of how to layout designs as a whole. Maybe it gives us some technical insights. It's all speculation really. If we wanted to try and emulate the founder of the most successful tech company of our time. We might want to at least learn a bit about typography. It can sometimes feel like a tiny insignificant detail, whether one typeface works with another, or whether that's the exact correct size. But these tiny details add up. And typography is most of what we're looking at on a website or a web application, those little insignificant, annoying details add up and make us feel uncomfortable and they make us not like using it and make the product feel like hard work. Typography is the bricks and mortar the most basic building block of a website. And it makes up something like 95% of all websites and applications. If you are unsure of the importance of studying topography, maybe it's worth reminding yourself that the CEO of the most successful tech company of our time studied typography. 3. Typeface or Fonts: At a few stages throughout this course, I will be giving you some terminology, some new words. A glossary if you like. This is one of those videos. We're going to define what a typeface is, what topography is, what a font is, and what a glyph is. Now a typeface is the overall artwork. If you talk about aerial Verdana, Times New Roman, you're talking about a typeface. A font, on the other hand, is a piece of software that you install on your computer so that you can use the typeface if you wanted to, for example, use a typeface in some design software on your computer, you would go to a website that sells the typeface and you would buy various font files from Matt websites. These font files would include a bold version of a typeface and italic version of the typeface. And each will be available in a file format like a dot T, T F or a dot ETF, or a dot w OFF. This file is called a font. Remembering the difference between these two terms isn't too important because even if you work in a design studio, you'll often call the typeface of font and maybe use both of these words interchangeably. But for the rest of this course, I'll be referring to the typeface using the correct term. The typeface is the artwork, the font is the file. Similar to how a song is a piece of music and an MP3 is a file. Somebody might listen to a piece of music and say, I really like this MP3 not being completely inaccurate, but there's probably a better way of expressing that. You would say, I really like this song. Topography is possibly two things. It's selecting the typeface. And it's also how we use the typeface, the various sizes, line heights, line lengths, but also how and when we use the bold version of the typeface, typography is the decisions that we make when we using the typeface in the not-too-distant future, you're going to be working out a typographic system. This is topography. You're going to be selecting which typeface you use, but you're also gonna be making decisions about how it will be used. Whilst you are making those decisions. You are a type or graphy designer or a typographer. And the final new piece of vocab I want to give you is the word glyph. A glyph is the individual symbol in a font file. You might want to refer to this as a letter, but that's not entirely accurate because some of them are numbers and some of them are grammar points, and some of them are neither of those things. Glyph is a term we use to explain all of them. A glyph is the individual symbol in the typeface in the font file. Whether it is a letter, a number, a grammar symbol, or anything else. A typeface is the artwork. Verdana is a typeface. Font is the file that you install on your computer or your website so that you can access that typeface. Typography is the art of choosing a typeface and choosing how it is used. And a glyph is the individual symbol in a font file. 4. Web Typography: Until quite recently, web typography and printed topography have been treated exactly the same. There's been one set of books, one set of tutorials. Everyone has learned one type of typography, but web typography is significantly different to print it type. There are some restrictions to web typography. Specifically, every single font you use is going to slow down the loading of your webpage. You are restricted to only using fonts which you have web licenses for, which can be more expensive. There are some things which are just different with web typography, we need to think about the browsers render engine and how it's gonna look on the screen rather than thinking about the printer or the ink we're using. And there are some things which are just better with typography on the web, people have an option of what kind of screen they're going to read it on. They can actually control the size of the type. Sometimes there are some rules that are just different. For example, oversize texts like you might see on a magazine double-page spread. It's not going to work on a mobile phone screen. The rules for how that worker quite different when the text is rendered on the user's computer, we don't know if something's going to go wrong. So we need to program in fall backs and think about what happens when a file doesn't load. For example, one user could have an incredibly fast internet connection. I'm going to have an incredibly slow Internet connection in the print world. This would be like them printing it on completely different qualities of paper. And of course, there is the issue that each user can potentially be using a different browser. This is a big problem for typography because the browsers that although they update quite regularly and they keep up to date with lots of the roles. Sometimes with something like topography that can often forget things and leave them behind. And sometimes browsers can be very, very slow to adapt new conventions. Or browser does not always render our type nicely or how the rules tell it, it should render them. We can't trust a computer the same way we can trust our printers on our paper. And probably the biggest, the most substantial difference between printed topography and web typography is when somebody is doing the typographic decisions for a piece of print design, they're often given the exact text and then it's up to them to style it and figure out how it fits on the page online. This isn't possible. Newspapers might print multiple articles a day. Normally the designer, the typographer, works out the system before the article is written. As a typographer. For web typography, it's your job to create a typographic system rather than to take existing content and lay it out, you need to create a system that applies to slightly different scenarios to make sure the text always looks good. Does it look good when the headline is ten words long and when it's one word long, for example. Although the absolute basics for what makes topography readable and what makes it look good are the same across print and the web. There are many, many things that are quite different. We want to learn web typography as a completely separate discipline. One of the main differences is that topography for the web is normally designed before we have the content rather than after. 5. Non Verbal Communication: If you have ever attended sales training or public speaking training of any kind, you've probably heard the comment. 93% of communication is nonverbal, whilst that's not exactly wrong, it is an oversimplification. It's based on a series of experiments run by a guy called Albert Mehrabian at UCLA in 1972. Mehrabian categorized worst based on how negative or positive they sounded. For example, the word pleasure is probably quite a positive word, whereas the word tragedy is quite a negative word. Mehrabian then combine the words with positive or negative facial expressions to see how people felt. If they, for example, I heard the word tragedy, but when someone had quite a positive facial expression, Mehrabian also tried this by varying the tone of the voice. For example, someone might say quite a positive word like pleasure, but in a negative tone of voice. Afterwards, Mehrabian looked at the data and concluded that 55% of our communication is based on visual information, 38% on the tone of the voice and 7% on the actual word displayed. The reason that comment, 93% of communication is nonverbal is perhaps an oversimplification, is because he was only testing how much emotion was communicated and not really information at all. He was also testing in something that's not really a real world scenario. And of course, a single word taken out of context generally doesn't have a great deal of meaning on its own. If we completely trust Mehrabian experiments, we might conclude that when saying one single word, the way you say it might be more important than the word you say. But if you were to say a whole sentence, or indeed a whole paragraph is probably more important what words you choose. Now if we come back to looking at our websites, it's probably quite unfair to say our typographic choices are more important than the words chosen. But although that comment, 93% of communication is nonverbal is a massive, massive oversimplification. It's important for us to remember that a large amounts of communication, at least is nonverbal, and a large amount of that nonverbal communication is emotional. The way people feel about the company and the application that they are using is largely communicated through the typographic choices rather than the words used. If we want a reader to trust our company and to feel an emotional connection, it is vital that we make good typographic choices. Further research found similar results when looking at memory. Essentially people remember the visuals better than they remember the actual words. If we want people to remember what we've written, again, the type of graph that choices are going to be really important. Some artists, particularly abstract artists like Jackson Pollock, for example, believe that words are an ineffective representation of fault. That they are a weak form of communication because you have to rely on the meaning of a finite amount of symbols, words, abstract art as an attempt to communicate more authentically on a deeper level. Because as soon as we use words, they're misinterpreted and they're misrepresented. And we therefore trust them slightly less with something like topography with tapping into the power of that unconscious or subconscious communication. There's something incredibly bold and confident about a brand who chooses topography with a lot of character. Because however hard they try, they are subconsciously putting parts of their personality into that decision. And that little part of their personality cannot be a lie. Whereas the words they choose to write with it can quite easily be ally. For this reason, I'm a firm believer in the theory that there is more truth in fiction than there is in nonfiction. If somebody writes an autobiography then naturally in some way trying to persuade you of something in their lives. But when someone writes fiction, they inadvertently pour their real personality into the book. I think we can learn far more about the human race from reading fiction than from reading books on anthropology. Likewise, I think you can learn just as much from a brand by their typographic choices than the words they choose to write in it. It would be absurd of us to suggest that 93% of communication is nonverbal or even to suggest the topography is more important than the words chosen unless we have an application with just one single word on the application. However, the non-verbal communication, things like topography or communicating on a very different level. They're communicating on an emotional level. And that's very important to our application. If for no other reason, because we trust messages communicated on an emotional level. 6. Anatomy of Type: Improving our vocabulary about typefaces. Not only is gonna make us better at working with the typeface, it's also going to make us better at communicating with our team or communicating with our clients. For that reason, it's important we take some time to learn all the names of the anatomy of typography. The first thing to talk about is how we define height. There's the overall heights of the glyphs in the typeface, but there's also the cap height, and that is how high the capital letters are. Then we have the x-height. This is the height of a lowercase letter. Not necessarily the exact height of a lowercase x, because sometimes different stylized x's might not be exactly the same as the x-height. We're better off thinking of the x-height is the height of the lowercase letters. And when we talk about the height of the lowercase letters, this is not including the ascenders and descenders. These are the bits you can think of as going below or above the line. A lowercase H, for example, has an ascender that sticks up above the x-height of the lowercase letter. And a lowercase g has a descender that comes down below the lowercase letter. We refer to the line that makes up the letter has been the stroke. So we might talk about the stroke width, talking about how wide the line is. The main vertical line like on an uppercase T is called the stem. Any horizontal lines like the one in the middle of an uppercase a is called the crossbar. Any letters were the main stroke is curved, is sometimes referred to as a spine, like for example, uppercase S has a spine. The rounded areas like on an O or an a are called the bowl. The enclosed area inside the bowl is called a counter. And if this area is open like an E or a C, we call it an open counter. Sometimes I typeface has these little feet, these hats, we call them serifs. And if it does not have a serif, we refer to the ending of the letter as a terminal. Whenever the serifs sticks out slightly increasing the width of the letter, we would call this an overshoot. And any diagonal lines, if we have a diagonal line that sticks up from the letter, we call it an arm, and one that sticks down from a letter, we call it a lag. Lets us like an M and N or an H, have what we call a shoulder, a rounded upper right portion of the letter. And a letter like a queue has a tail that sticks out. Sometimes, typeface might add some little decorative lines that aren't necessary to identify the letter. We might call this a swash. Having these new terms and our vocabulary to talk about our typefaces. It's gonna make it much more easier for us to make decisions and have conversations. For example, we could say that Helvetica, having a big x-height might make it readable at a small size. But this reduces the heights of the ascender on a lowercase h. So the lowercase h and lowercase n look much more similar. We could say that although Futura uses very simple geometric shapes that could make an O, an E, a, C, and an a to similar. It's also worth noting that the SEA has a very large counter, making it look distinctively different to those other letters. A sans serif font has no serifs and therefore has no overshoots. We can have a more condensed version, which will make it much more appropriate inside buttons or in menus. There's three examples of conversations you can now have, whether in your own head with your clients or with your teammates about typefaces that you probably could have had five minutes ago. Take a look at a few typefaces around you and identify the different anatomy in each letter in the typeface. And see what the advantages and disadvantages of having those features for each typeface are. Learning to communicate about the anatomy of typefaces is gonna make it much easier for you to make decisions, especially with a team. Spend some time familiarizing yourself with these words. Every tiny detail of a letter has some kind of unique name. Often people who designed typefaces use these names quite a lot. As a typographer or a web designer, you probably didn't have to use them too much, but it's worth spending a little bit of time learning these. Actually, overall, we're probably more interested in the qualities of the typeface, the overall shape, how wide they are, how thick the stroke is, what the contrast and thickness of the stroke is, whether it has serifs or not. But at some point you're going to use all of these words. So make sure you know them. 7. Printing Press: In the 15th century, a German man named Johannes Gutenberg created movable type or the printing press or so European history goes at least. The printing press was of course invented much earlier in China. The problem in China is they're just far too many characters for it to be useful. Making it expensive to create a printing press, but also making it quite time-consuming to arrange all the letters. And more importantly, it makes it much harder to reduce the size of the letters. In Europe around Gutenberg's time, most books looked like this, a style of text we call black letter today. And you would very, very rarely see anybody use this anymore, apart from Nazi Germany, who used it as a kind of rejection of anything new or modern because they were against globalized ideas. And sometimes tattoo studios. Possibly because black letter looks quite decorative or you've got an entire back and you just want to put six letters on it. But when you're trying to print a whole page of a book, it's actually not a particularly useful type. It's a little too decorative to make two small, but also it has these very thick harsh black lines that mean as you make them smaller and cram more letters together, you create a very dense area of contrast on the page which is not inviting to a reader or easy to read. The printing press probably wouldn't have been much use if it wasn't for Nicholas Jensen. And Nicholas Jensen wouldn't have been much use if it wasn't for the humanist miniscule calligraphy style from Verona in the 15th century in Renaissance Italy they referred to black letter is latter-day Moderna. My Latin is not perfect, but this means modern letters. And they're referred to what the Romans used to use as latter-day and TK. The Romans just had the uppercase letters. So they did a lot of experimenting to decide what lowercase letters look like, and as a result, created something that looked far more modern than black letter. Jensen spend some time observing and experimenting with these new renaissance letters and some of the decisions that he made right back then in the 15th century of stock right through to today about how we decide how an end looks or a D looks. Jensen created a typeface that can be cut much, much smaller than black letter type, and therefore much more economical to fit much more letters on a page and therefore more information. It can be spread across Europe much more cheaply and efficiently. You can still use a form of Jensen's typeface today. You could, for example, by Adobe Jensen, this typeface here. If you did, you might be wondering why am I paying for something that's around 500 years old and outs of copyright? Well, actually the effort Adobe have gone to to re-create this typeface is much more than you would think. You see if you take an old printed book written in Jensen, actually every E isn't the same. There's tiny discrepancies in the different cuts of the letter. For Adobe to create a single letter, they need to scan in hundreds of Jensen 0s and then work out roughly what the average is. There are several reasons why every E on the page wasn't identical while they weren't necessarily all cuts exactly the same. And one of those reasons is actually that people were so used to reading handwritten pages that the share monotony of seeing a page of uniform identical symbols would send people's brains to sleep. They couldn't engage or interact with that material. The less novel the imprint of each word on the page, the less novel the imprint and our brains, the less likely we are to remember it and engage with the material. It also lets us have different sizes were caught slightly differently because if the way that perception works, we don't see a big E and a small e of the same typeface has been identical. They actually appear slightly differently when they're smaller. Something we call optical waiting. Realistically, if you wanted to re-create a typeface like Jensen today, you would have to recreate multiple font files, one for texts that is 16 pixels high, and then an entirely separate font file for texts that is 20 pixels high. For example, with a slightly different cut, a slightly different optical weight. Because a typeface showing at 20 pixels does not look like a slightly bigger version of a typeface shown at 16 pixels. That's not how perception works. We'll talk about this more later, but this is the typeface Jensen, and this is what we now call an old-style serif. You probably wouldn't really use Jensen because it has too many implications of the time, unless you wanted to create a design that appear to have a 15th century fail to it. You'd probably choose something more like Garamond if you wanted a old-style serif typeface. The invention of the printing press brought a whole new challenge. How can we reduce the size of the letters and still make them readable and still make it comfortable and enjoyable to read. Luckily, this was already solved by calligraphers in Italy around the same time. And so typefaces like Jensen or Garamond were created, which are very comfortable and easy to read. Even a smallest 16 pixels high on our page, the printing press board. Other challenges including how monotonous it looked to see a page of identical symbols on it, and also how the optical waiting is different for larger and smaller characters. These are problems that we did solve at the time and we've since forgotten about. In fact, many people say that typographers or the last 200 years of kind of got lazy. 8. Serif Typeface: We can categorize serif typefaces into a few categories. First of all, we have for old-style serif like Jensen or Garamond, we just spoke about. Following on from that we have transitional serifs like Baskerville that we'll talk about shortly. And then we have modern serifs like Bodoni and Diderot. The more modern the typeface, the more contrast between the line widths, the more old style or traditional, the more humanistic, the more the linewidth seem to blend into each other as if drawn by hand with a pen. Let's first of all look at these transitional typefaces like Baskerville. Now John Baskerville lived in Birmingham, England, and towards the end of his life, he decided to invest all of his money in trying to improve printing processes. So he tried to improve the ink and the paper to try and get a consistent look on the page. And actually, as he improved the printing paper and ink as almost like a showcase, he created this typeface, Baskerville, that could have very thin lines and quite thick lines on the same paper and look pretty good. It may not have been possible to print with Baskerville until the quality of the ink and paper had improved enough that this would look crisp and clean on the page, people hated basketballs typeface at the time, people said it was quite difficult to see those very thin lines. They said it hurt their eyes even. Probably a lot of printing presses were probably kind of jealous. And let's face it, his books just cost more because they were printed with higher-quality ink and paper. Basketball is metal typeface symptom mostly disappear, but it emerged back in France not long before the French Revolution when it was used for the material for some revolutionary ideas being printed, the fact that it looked different, fresh and modern made it perfect for expressing these revolutionary ideas. And not long afterwards another French designer creates it, did it this typeface which is almost synonymous with the French Revolution and with much more modernist ideas, very similar to an Italian typeface called Bodoni. Did a Bodoni are both equally as popular. When we think about modern serif typefaces, if we put the three next to each other, we can see how the three stages of serif typefaces get progressively less humanistic and higher contrast as people get used to looking at things that aren't written by hand and get used to identifying the different contrasts when looking at small type on a page, I recently heard someone refer to the difference in style has been like the difference in style of the Renaissance, the rock and the enlightenment errors. There is one final stage of serif typography, that is the Egyptian serif, sometimes called the slab serif, like Rockwell for example. This became popular at sometime around the Victorian era when we wanted our posters to have nice big punchy headings. And it looked very bold and confident at the top of our poster. In the 21st century, new typefaces very rarely fit comfortably into one categorization. For example, the typeface I used for headings throughout this course, on a couple of other courses is this one which is a wedge serif. It doesn't fit into any of those other categories that has these big triangular serifs, which I think makes it look ultra modern. Traditionally, we fit serif fonts into three categories, old style, transitional and modern. You can think of these as being like Garamond, Baskerville, and Bodoni, with each generation becoming slightly less humanistic and having a slightly thicker contrast using Serifs from one of these three periods in history. It gives it a distinct character from that era. Today, there's all kinds of new types of serifs like Slab Serif and wedge serif, but don't fit to comfortably into any one of those categories. 9. Sans Serif Typeface: At the beginning of the 20th century, avant-garde artists wanted to reject everything that had come before and create new, simpler designs for everything. Purists didn't want anything on a letter form that distracted from the most basic pure symbol underneath. Naturally, designers started to remove the serifs. Now we know that these little serifs probably help us recognize one letter from another. But they also overall makeup page looks slightly messier, slightly more complex. And in 1927, Paul Renner created Futura. This typeface made up entirely of geometric shapes, made it incredibly fast for us to perceive, to get it into our brain. And if nothing else, it perfectly fit the style of the time. If it wasn't for the fact he lived in Germany shortly after in 1927, the Nazis took control of Germany. And as we spoke about earlier, they loved black letter, they loved old-fashioned. They didn't want anything new or modern looking. Futura actually became popular or around the rest of the world and became an international typeface after the Second World War, Helvetica was created in Switzerland, and this is now the most popular, most used typeface in the world. It looks great, as big as you like, and it can be read quite small. It's very minimalist, but it still has a little bit of character. And character was exactly what motivated eric Gill to create Gill Sans. Now this has all the advantages of a sans serif font, but it has a slight Humanistic feel to it. These sans serif fonts were all a massive hits in the world that emerged after the Second World War. A world that was hungry for change and wanted to accept the globalization of the world. And then we invented computers, computers with very low resolution for a pixelated screens. And so naturally, sans serifs became even more popular because they were easy to render on these poor quality monitors. Typefaces like Vedanta were created to be a kind of Helvetica for the computer where every pixel was considered to make sure it looked good when rendered on a pixelated computer screen. Later, arial was also created for the same reason, after decades of staring at screens with text all written in Verdana and now kind of looks quite dated. If you saw a website today and all the texts was written in Verdana, you might think you are just time traveled back 30 years, the days of considering a typeface to be more modern just because it's sans serif are long gone. In fact, they might look kind of dated because anything rendered on a screen and san-serif, it looks like what you were looking at in the 1990's. Just like how various serif fonts remind us of periods in history. Most sans serif fonts also reminded us of what is now really a historic period. And of course, new classifications and new typefaces are created all the time. The typeface Gotham was created in around the year 2 thousand and the USA was made popular because of Obama's political campaign. Using a brand new cutting edge typeface is making just as much of a political statement as using an old one. Nazi Germany using old-fashioned black letter was making a political statement about traditional values and what they believed to be important just as much as the French Revolution using Baskerville and then deduct, we're making a statement about how forward thinking they were and how they wanted to be part of a new world. Gotham fit Barack Obama's political campaign perfectly. Barack Obama was trying to be seen as something new and different. He did not appear to be a new choice because he used a san-serif. He appeared to be a new choice because he used Gotham. His posters wouldn't have had that kind of impacts if they were written in Helvetica or Gill Sans. The relevance of typeface classifications is much less important with new typefaces. In fact, typography designers often split across different classifications or create new ones. There is no classification that fits our modern times. Just as fashion in other industries has sped up incredibly so has fashion in typefaces. Designers started creating sans serif typefaces at the start of the 20th century. And they really became popular after the Second World War when people were looking forward to a new international, globalized world, san-serif fonts didn't necessarily become more popular because they were easier to read. We could probably say, it's easier to perceive them, to assimilate them into our brains, but probably a bit hard to differentiate between them or recognize the letters. But they also became more popular because they were easier to render on low-quality computer monitors. Today, this probably makes some san-serif fonts look just as dated as Garamond Vedanta too, is now a piece of history as new typefaces are designed and created, they often transcend genres or classifications. 10. Summary: Typography is the voice of our brand application or a service. Some voices are more clear, but the clearest voice might not be the most engaging or the most memorable. Do you need a voice with more character? And if so, what character? Every typeface, like every voice has a personality. Whatever typeface we choose, it will express something we need to make sure it expresses the correct thing. A typeface speaks from a time and a place. We need to pick the correct one. And as we move more towards a complete typographic system, we may need to use multiple typefaces and they need to work well and compliment each other.