Manim For Beginners: Create Stunning Animations With Code

1. Introduction: Hey there. Thank you so much for joining me in this course. Before we get started, I want to take a quick second to introduce manim and what it even is. So most likely you've seen animations like these on Youtube. There's one math focused channel in particular called Three Blue, One Brown. That first got me wondering about how they're made. And after digging a little deeper, it turns out that the creator of this channel, Grant Sanderson, was the one who originally wrote the open source project called Manim. What is Num? It's a Python library that lets you create animations by using code. And the library is a collection of prewritten code that programmers can use to code faster. It's essentially like a mode in a video game. It adds extra features, making it easier to complete certain tasks, in this case, to create animations. What I hope to give you in this course is a complete starter pack of skills that would allow you to start writing code and experiment with it yourself to create stunning animations. The reason I started learning num was because I thought that the animations you can create with it look very cool. And I was curious if I could learn it enough so that I can make some cool ones for my Youtube videos. It was a very natural process. And once I felt like I knew enough, I just stopped. Now I know the basics to the point so that when I want to create a more complex animation, I can just Google how to do it and go from there. And when I have a gap in my editing timeline, instead of searching for generic stock footage or a gift, I can quickly whip together a sick animation. Which I think makes the video a lot more entertaining and enjoyable to watch, just like you. I'm also a beginner to man him and believe it or not, I know barely nothing about Python, which is the programming language that you write the code with to create manim animations. The cool thing about this is that you can learn basic Python and how to write code. As you're learning manim, you don't have to have any programming knowledge beforehand to create these animations. There's a saying that it's a lot better to learn from someone who's just a few steps ahead of you, but not 1,000 steps ahead. Because two beginners can speak a similar language and understand each other's problems and knowledge gaps a lot more compared to a beginner and a Harvard professor who often assumes you already know a lot of things to begin with. My goal with this course was to make it super easy for you to understand all the concepts from a beginner's point of view. That's why I've designed this course to be friendly to people with varying levels of experience. I'm going to assume you know very little or nothing about coding or creating animations. Just as I did a couple of months ago before I started learning mana. So you can feel free to skip around if something feels redundant. For example, if you already know how to set up VS code or you're already familiar with basic Python syntax, you don't have to feel the need to watch the whole lesson all the way through. The only thing you need to take this course is a computer and an Internet connection. After it, you'll be able to create and tweak animations like these or like these by using code. Also, before we get started, I just want to thank you for joining me in this course. I know there's 1 million things you could be doing right now, so I really hope to make it worth your time. Thanks again and let me know if you have any questions along the way. 2. Class project - before we get started: Welcome to the course. There's going to be quite a bit of information, so I want to make sure that you get and retain as much of it as possible. What I recommend for most students is to first go through the full course in order to help paint a full picture of how manim works. And then to come back to individual sections later based on the things that you feel you may be missed or don't completely understand. Also, another great thing would be to have a place where you can take notes, whether it's Apple notes on your phone, a notepad, or a Google Doc. During the course, I'll be going through different commands that are easy to forget. If you don't use them often or if you don't write them down, I encourage you to do that. Most importantly, I recommend following along with me downloading Nim, setting everything up, and then copying what I'm doing. I'm going to be showing you animations that you can replicate yourself. And the best way to learn is by doing it yourself. For this class project, I want you to create a quick, maybe five or ten second animation that you think is cool by applying the things you learned during the course. As I said, we're going to be creating a bunch of animations that you can follow along with. So you'll have a lot of material to experiment with, but I'd encourage you to create something of your own browse through different parameters. Shapes, text, it doesn't even have to make sense, just make something that you think looks cool. And once you do that, upload it to the project gallery so others can take inspiration from it too. So without further ado, let's learn how to install. 3. How to setup and install Manim on Windows: This lesson, I'll show you how to install manim. If you're using Windows. It might look a little scary because we're going to use the power shell, which is this mysterious thing that hackers use. But don't worry, you will do it step by step and you'll be able to start creating animations with manim in no time. First thing here, I'm googling how to install manim on Windows. And I'm going to use this guide here by the manim community so that you can follow along with me. Now it says here that the easiest way to install manim and its dependencies is by using a package manager like chocolate ly or scoop. So let's install chocolate ly first I'll click on it, which will take me to its page. And here it says that I need to do it with power shell. So I'm going to search for power shell inside of my windows and then run it as administrator, because it says that I have to run it as administrator. Next up it says I need to run, get execution policy. So I'm going to copy that and put it into my power shell. And click Enter. And if it returns restricted, then run this command or that command for me. It returned bypass, which means that I don't have to type this in or this in. Next, let's run the following command. I'm going to click here to copy and then paste it into my powershell. And click Enter. After a bit of time, it says here that chocolate is ready. Next I'm going back to the manim installation guide and I'm going to see what the next steps are. And this is good news. Manim can be installed via chocolate by simply running Choco install. Man, I'm going to copy that and put it in my powershell and click Enter once again, right here. When it stopped, I pressed the letter Y on my keyboard, which just basically means yes, and that it can proceed further. Here it says, do you want to run the script Y Yes or all? I'm going to put in the capital letter A because I want to install all the scripts. And then after I click Enter, it continues again and it's done. Now it says please reboot at your earliest convenience. So I'll do that. Now that my PC restarted, everything is installed. We'll now want to install VS code, which is basically a program that will let us write and edit code. I'll type in VS code into Google, then click on the first link and then press download four Windows. Once I save it, I'm going to open what I just download it and it's going to open the installer for VS code. I'm going to accept the license agreement after thoroughly reading through it, then I'm going to click Next. Next. Again, here I don't have to change anything and just click Next. And finally install. It will do its magic and VS code will be installed on your computer. We can leave the launch visual studio code checked and click Finish. And we're in. Now in order to start writing manum code, we're going to need to install a few extensions within VS code. You can basically install extensions into it, just like inside your browser to add some bonus features. And there are three that we want to get to. Extensions. Click on this four square icon on the left and then type in Python. That's the first extension that we want. If it shows up here already under popular, you can just click Install here without searching. The second one we'll need is called pylons under popular extensions, but if you don't see it, you can just search for it. And the final one we need is called Nim Side View. This one is going to allow you to see the animations that you create with manim within visual studio code without actually having to find the animation file every single time. Search for that and install. And that's it. Well, just kidding. It's not it. There's one bonus thing that we can install alongside manim that will make it easier to work with animations that have text. I'm back here inside of the installation guide and I want to install latex. And it recommends that we use this command. Since we already installed the Chocolate Ly package Manager. I'm going to copy this, Go back into the Windows shell administrator and paste it in again. When it says, do you want to run the script? I'm going to put in capital A and press Enter to let it install everything that it wants to install, and everything is done to make sure everything works. I went into VS code and wrote some code for a basic animation. We'll walk through how to do everything later. And I noticed that Manim works great news. But then I tested out this bonus thing that we just installed called Latex. And it seemed not to load the animation. And gave me an error saying latex failed but did not produce a log file check your latex installation. So I used the other command provided in the installation instructions to install it again. This time it seemed to have been installed. But give me yet another error saying latex error converting to DVI log output above or the log file. I spent around 40 minutes searching and found someone on Red It who managed to painstakingly solve this error themselves. And luckily, they provided a command that solves it. So I opened the power shell and pasted it in. I leave the code in the description. Afterwards, the error was resolved and now I have a good installation of manim that I can start creating animations with. If you're getting the same error as me, you can paste in this code inside of your power shell and it will get rid of it thanks to this editor. Once again, this was how to install manim on Windows. 4. How to setup and install Manim on Mac: Lesson, I'll show you how to install manim if you're using a Mac. First thing here, I'm googling how to install manim on Mac. And I'm going to use this guide from the manim community so that you can follow along with me. It says here, for the sake of simplicity, the following instructions. Assume that you have the popular Package Manager home brew installed. I do not have it installed. So Google for Homebrew, here we go. It's the first link. And it says here that to install it, I can copy this and paste it into my Mac terminal. I'll hit this, copy, open the terminal, and paste it in by clicking command V on my keyboard. Once I hit Enter, it'll install homebrew, which will basically let us install manim a lot easier some time. It says here, installation successful. I'll close it and I'm back here in the manim installation guide. Then I can copy this first line, open the terminal again, paste it in with command V and hit Enter. Once it installs everything. I'll go back to the guide, and here it says that Macs that have M one series chips or later also require this installation as well. You can check which chip you have if you go to the Apple menu on the top left and click about this. If it says here, Apple M something, then you have the M series chip. If it says Intel, then you have an Intel chip. Which means that you don't need to install this bonus thing. Since I have the M one chip, I'll copy this and paste it in the terminal as well, do its thing. And finally back to the installation guide. Again to paste in the final command and our num installation is now finished. Next I'm going to install VS code, which is basically a program that will let us write and edit our num code. I'll search for VS code on Google, click on the first link and then choose Download Mac Universal. Once it's downloaded, I can double click on it, which will extract it from the zipped file. Then I'll go to go and choose Applications. Then I'm going to drag visual studio code into the Applications folder, how you install apps on, cuz I can open it now. Before I start writing any code inside of VS code, we'll want to install a few extensions. You can install extensions into it, just like inside of your browser. To add some bonus features, I'll press on this four square icon, which means extensions. And I'm going to look for three extensions. The first one is called Python, the second one is called pylons, and the last one is called Manim side View. Once I click install on all of those, I'm essentially done. And there's one bonus thing that we can install alongside Manim that will make it easier to work with animations that have text back here inside of the installation guide. And here in the optional dependencies I want to install latex. It also uses home brew, which we already have. So I'll copy this and paste it in the terminal again. And it's installed to make sure everything works. I'll open up Vis code and write some code to test if manim code works and if it creates an animation. I'll leave this code in the resources so you can try it out yourself. And sure enough, if I run the code here and then click on this icon to open manimsideview, select hello, it opens up the animation that I created. This is how you can install manim on Mac. 5. Getting to know Visual Studio Code: Here we are inside of visual studio code and this lesson is going to be all about getting to know it. We'll talk about keyboard shortcuts to help you access different commands and also write code faster. How to create new files and how to save them. Essentially everything that you need to know in order to set up your environment to start creating num animations. First things first, whenever you open visual studio code for the first time, you're going to be presented with a screen like this. From here, you can create a new file, open an already existing file, and do many other things. But we can also do this without the help of the welcome screen. We can go to File and choose New File. Here we can select Python File. Since we're going to be writing manum code in Python, I'll choose that and it created a new Python file. Now it's not saved yet, so I'm going to click command S to save it. And I'm going to expand this so that I can create a new folder within my desktop where I'll save all things related to this course. So I'll click New Folder and name it Course Demo. And then I'll save this file inside of here with the name of manim demo. And there we go. If I go into the course demo folder and right click on the new file that's been created open with and visual studio code. It will open within visual studio code and now I can start writing code and creating animations. Every single animation that I will create will appear inside of the course demo folder right next to this file. Manim will create a bunch of folders here where we'll be able to find the final file of our animations. Another keyboard shortcut that may be useful to you is command shift P on Mac or control shift P on Windows. And this lets you access all available commands based on your current context. In terms of manum, it was useful for me for just one case, and that's choosing the Python interpreter. So I'm going to search for Python and I can see Select Interpreter. If I click on it, I'll be able to select which Python version this file uses. If your manum code doesn't work, this may be an issue. Now, there are also a few useful keyboard shortcuts for navigating your code and writing it faster. I'm going to open one of my Manum projects and then copy some code from here and paste it in in order to showcase the keyboard shortcut. Also, I'm going to press command plus on my keyboard, that's control plus On Windows to zoom in, if you want to zoom out, it's command or control minus. Here we have some code that you don't really have to worry about right now, but we'll focus on keyboard shortcuts. So it's not really super fast or efficient to move across your code with your mouse cursor. It's a lot faster to do it with the keyboard. For example, if I want to select the text, right, I would have to move my hands away from the keyboard, then pick up my mouse, move it over here and select it. And sometimes I will select a little more than I wanted to, then I would have to click away and then select it again. It's a lot faster to do it with the keyboard, go up like this and then select the text like so. And then change it to whatever I want. Let's see how to do that on Mac. If you hold option on your keyboard or control on Windows and click either the left or right arrow, it will move your cursor across the whole word. Right now I'm holding option and clicking the right arrow and it jumps from here to here. Instead of me having to do it letter by letter. Now if I add shift to the shortcut option, shift right arrow, as it jumps over this word, it will also select it. I can immediately start typing here and replace that word. Now in order to delete the full word, instead of deleting letter by letter, you can hold option or control on Windows and click backspace, and it will delete word immediately. Instead of you having to delete letter by letter, which is a lot faster. Holding control on Windows and clicking either the left or right arrow will jump between words, which is the same as holding option on a Mac. And doing the same thing. If you add shift, it selects the words that you jump over. Now if you have multiple lines like this, you can navigate up or down with just your arrow keys. Let's say I wanted to select this word brown instead of searching for it with my mouse cursor and then selecting over it. I'm going to hold Option, then click left a few times than up a few times. Hold option, shift, select left, which will select this whole word and the space. If I didn't want to include the space, I would just moved one spot over here and select the word again. Now I can change it to something else if you're using a Mac. There's also a handy keyboard shortcut that jumps across the whole line instead of only one word at a time. And that's command and your arrow keys instead of option and your arrow keys. Unfortunately, Windows doesn't have this. Of course, you can select the whole line with command shift and left arrow key as well. If you learn these keyboard shortcuts, it will make it a lot easier for you to navigate VS code and write code a lot faster. Let's move on to actually writing some code and learning the basics of mani. 6. Setting up a Manim scene: In this lesson, we're going to write the first lines of code and learn how to import manim into Python and also how to create a scene for our animation. Once you're inside of Manum, the first thing you're going to want to write is from man import snowflake. This will import the manim library inside of Python. And the library is essentially a collection of code that makes it easier to write code without the manim library. Vs code will not understand the code that we're writing and will not be able to output any animations. Next we'll want to create a scene, and we can create multiple of these scenes within one manim file. Let's class then the name of our scene that we want. I'll say demo, then parentheses, and the word scene with the capital letter. And then at the end, let's add a colon. It should look like this. In Python, capitalization is important. If I write the word scene with a lower case letters VS, Code immediately notices that something's wrong and underlines this word. I know that I have to come here and change it to the capital letters. Now, another important thing within Python is indenting. Right now my text cursor is right here in the front. But under class demo scene, I want to click Tab once it increases by one indent. What this basically means is that if I write anything here, it will live under this. If I wrote it without the indent, the code will not live under the class demo. Also, you can click this little arrow here and it will hide everything that's under this scene. If you work on multiple scenes or animations within one manum project, you can just collapse some of the scenes that you're not working on in order to make your workspace cleaner and for you to be able to understand what you're doing and where everything is better. I'm going to delete this. Expand this again under the scene. I want to write def construct self and also add a colon at the end. And all of this is the preparation that you need to do in order to start creating a scene or an animation. This line of code imports the manim library into Python, And this right here creates a scene inside of which we'll be able to create our animation. You'll notice if I click return or Enter, it immediately gives me two indents. Which basically means that VS code automatically pressed tab twice. So that I write all of my code under the deaf construct self. And I want all the code that I write for my man animation to be inside of this def construct self. Which means that sometimes you will not understand why your code is not working. And that's simply because you didn't have the right indentation. If it's like this, it understands that this line of code right here is under the class demo scene and not under deaf construct self. We want everything to be under deaf construct self. I'll just move my cursor here and click Tab once on my keyboard to put it back into place. Also, if you write some code and see this white dot inside of your VS code, that means that this code hasn't yet been saved. If you want to save it, go up to file and click Save. Or a simpler way is to hit the keyboard, Shortcut control S on Windows or Command on Mac and it will save the project. Now that we have our Num workspace prepared and we've created a scene, let's write the code for our first animation. 7. Creating the first animation: This lesson, we're going to learn the basics of Manim. We're going to write the first lines of Nim code and create a simple text animation. Now that we have our scene, let's move the cursor inside of the deaf construct self and let's create an animation where there's going to be text writing itself on the screen. I'll create a new variable and then say that it's equal to text inside of parentheses and also quotation marks. I'll put my text, I'll say hello. So I've assigned this text to the letter. Also notice the capitalization here. The text command starts with the capital letter. Now I've created this text, but it will not appear inside of our animation because we want to tell Python that we want it to appear on the screen. To do that, we'll use the self dot play command. If you want to put something on the screen, you'll always be using the self dot play command. It means that you want to show something. I'll open the parentheses again and say right. And inside of its parentheses I'll say this right here basically determines what kind of method do I want to use to showcase the animation case. It will write out the text. If I hover my mouse cursor over this text, it will say here that it will simulate handwriting. Now let's run this code by coming over here, clicking this downward arrow, and choosing Run Python file. It will now run this file, but nothing really happened. Next, let's come to this icon here, which is the manum side view extension that we installed before. Click on it and choose the name of our scene. This name right here. I only have one scene which is the demo scene. I only see one option here, but later we'll have multiple scenes that you'll be able to choose and play inside of the manim side view. If I click here, it will run the animation. You'll see that it writes the word hello. Now to find this file inside of your computer, you're going to want to go where you saved this python file. If I hover over the name, it will tell me its location for me. It's under desktop and course demo. I'll go to my desktop and inside of course demo I'll be able to see a few folders like media and piiche I care about the media folder. I'm going to expand that, then go into videos, manim demo and ten ADP. And here I can see the file that has the name which is the same as my C. And if I preview this file, it's the same animation. So I can just take this file from here and use it wherever I want. Now that we made our first simple animation, let's explore some different commands and different things that we can animate. 8. Creating a simple text animation: Okay, so this is the text animation that we have right now. It just says hello in plain text in the middle of the screen. So let's play around a little bit with this text and try to make it a little different. Inside of here I'm going to put a comma and the space and VS code will automatically tell me what else I can put next to it. So we can see that the text object has a bunch of different attributes that I can assign to it. For example, filopacity, which means how see through text is color, or font size, or line spacing, font weight, and so many more attributes. By the way, if you want to find out different attributes of an object, you can simply right click on it and press go to Definition. It will open up a new tab with a document describing what you can do with that object. Here if I scroll down, we can see some examples that are the same examples we were able to see when we just hovered our mouse cursor over the word text. You can see you can change the height, the width, and many different parameters. But let's just say we want to change the color to be blue. Vs code automatically suggests some more colors. Maybe I want to pick dark blue. So I can just click on it and it immediately fills it in. Then let's say I want the weight of this text equals bold. The word bold also has to be capitalized. Let's say size or actually font size VS. Code automatically corrected me here is equal to 48. Now I'll click command on my keyboard to save this and re, run this code once more. And it automatically opened it in num side view. We can see now that the text has this dark blue color and it's bold. If I want to make it bigger, I can increase the font size to something like 100. Hit command, once again it became bigger. Now one more useful command that you're probably going to use a lot is self dot weight. This essentially pauses the animation for some time. In seconds I'll say self weight three, and then I'll hit command on my keyboard. And when this animation restarts, you'll see that the word hello stays on the screen for a longer amount of time. That time is precisely equal to 3 seconds. It played the animation where it wrote on the screen and is the text. And then it waits for 3 seconds. After that, I'll say self dot play. And right, which is the exact opposite of the right command, it will unwrite this text. I'll hit Command on my keyboard once again to run this text. And it writes, it stays here for 3 seconds and then unwrites it. I'll add another self weight command for 1 second so that you'll be able to see it better. It writes the text, then waits 3 seconds and unwrites it, and there was a gap at the very end of exactly 1 second. So that's what you can do with text. 9. Importance of variables: Now, of course you don't have to create a variable and then assign text to it. You can put all of this text here inside of self play. So it would say self dot play. Right? And then the text inside of the parentheses. Essentially, I didn't assign a variable to this text, I just wrote it inside of the self dot play command. The same thing happens, but the reason we want to assign it to a variable or just a random letter is that if for some reason we want to change this text in the future, we will have to change it only in one place, which is here. Instead of having to go to every single self dot play command where we wrote that text and then change it individually. It's just better to assign things to variables, which means that you'll be able to more easily change that thing that's inside the variable without having to change those parameters across multiple different places inside of your code. 10. Good resource to learn Manim: So this is a very good resource to learn num. It's the Manimcmunity website. You can go into doctmanimtcmunity and you'll find a very good resource to learn Num. Here's the installation instructions and there's a tutorial for beginners. If I go to tutorials, I'll be able to enter the Quickstart guide, which will essentially walk me through the basics of Nim. Also, if I've forgotten a few commands, I can say text maanim. Then the first Google result will usually be the manim community where I'll be able to go in and read about that command or that object. Scroll down, I'll even see some examples of this element being used. Also, I can click here to make this code interactive and then add something of my own. Instead of self dot ad, I'm going to say self dot play right text. If I click Run, it will run this code within the website. It just takes a while until it gets going. As you can see, I've created this animation within the code on the website. It's a really good resource to learn mani, and experiment with it yourself to see what different things do. 11. Creating a rectangle: That we have this text here. Let's add some more things on the screen and animate them together. First, I will add a square. I will assign the letter to the square. When I added the parentheses VS code immediately tells me that there's an attribute that the square uses called sight length. An example here is the number two. I'm going to say side length equals to, let's say three. And that's it. Now I have the square, but it's not going to be added into my animation because I need to add it with the self play command. I'm going to click Enter and say self play again. I can use the same way of animating it with the right command. Say, inside of parentheses, right now I have this blue text over here which is assigned to the letter A. And then I'm animating this text on the screen with the self dot play command. Then I'm telling Manim to wait 3 seconds, which in this case is a little too long. So I'm going to decrease it to 1 second. Once it writes this text on the screen, it's going to wait 1 second. And then I added a square. And it will also animate the square. Let's see what happens. For some reason, it doesn't run because it says object got an unexpected keyword argument side length. And that's because I spelled it wrong. I forgot the. Now if I click command, it should run normally. Yes, there's the text. It waited 1 second and then it drew the rectangle. But now the text and the rectangle are both in the center of the screen. How do we separate? 12. Shifting objects on the screen: Let's say that. I want the rectangle to be on the left and I want the text to be on the right. I'm going to come here to the text, then say period, shift, and inside of parentheses I will say right. Then I will copy this and add the same thing to the rectangle, but I will say shift it left. Let's see what happens now. The text is shifted a little bit to the right, and the rectangle is shifted a little bit to the left, but they're still overlapping with each other. Now the reason for that is because it's shifted by just one place. And that's because by default, the scene in manim is made up by an eight by 14 grid. If you want to see this grid, you can say self dot. A self dot ad is basically the same as self dot play. But it doesn't play anything. It just plops an element on the screen without an animation inside of it. I'm going to say number plane with empty parentheses. Now if I play this, you'll be able to see the grid. It shifted the word hello by just one square. And it shifted this square also by one square, but to the left. If I come back to the text, I can say shift it right, but times three, which will shift it by three squares. And I can come to the square and say shift it left, but also by three. Now if I play this, the text is here and the square is here on the left. And also I'm going to add another self dot weight command at the end so that I can quickly posit when the animation ends and still be able to see it before it restarts. But what if I want to shift this text Hello a little bit up and the rectangle a little bit down. I can come here and add a comma say up times two. It will shift my text right by three squares and then up by two squares, it should end up somewhere here, inside of the rectangle. I can add a comma and say down times one. It will shift it down by one squared and this is what we get. The text is up there and the square is down here. 13. Changing parameters of an object: Let's explore the square attribute a little more. We only provided one parameter, side length three, which made it this size, But there are some more parameters that we can choose. I'm going to delete everything to do with this text and only work on the square. I don't have to have it here and I can leave it in the center. I'll also delete the shift command. Now I can assign a fill opacity to the square, and I'm going to say that it's equal to 0.7 which is 70% opacity. Phil. Opacity basically means how visible is the fill color of this square. Right now, there is no fill color since the middle of the square is black, just like the background. And I'm going to say color equals red. Now the whole square will have a red color, The outline will be fully red, and the center will be 70% red. If I play this with command S or control on Windows, you can see that the outline of the square is a little more visible than the actual fill color. Now I can lower this to 0.2 and this is how it will look like. It just fills in with less of that color. Now in order to find out some more parameters, I can right click on the square and go to its definition, which will open up the documentation for the square. I can see that there's an object for a rounded rectangle as well. It has a corner radius attribute that I can set to whatever I want. I'll come back here and instead of I will say rounded rectangle also as soon as I started typing the word rounded VS code automatically tried to guess what I wanted to type and it suggested it over here. I don't have to type out the full thing. If I hit Tab, I began typing round and it immediately suggested rounded rectangle. And then I hit Tab to fill it in. Let's add the corner radius attribute, and let's say it's equal to two and see what we get. Now I've run this code and it says that it got an unexpected keyword argument, side length. Side length doesn't apply to the rounded rectangle, which means I will delete it. I'll run this once again and it should work. Okay, We got this shape, and that's probably because corner radius goes up to one. And then if it's more than one, it becomes this weird shape. Let's say 0.1 There we go, we get a nice rectangle with rounded corners. If you put corner radius to something above one, like ten, it's going to make a weird shape. If I put one, I'm assuming it's just going to be an oval shape. Yes, that's how you can create and experiment with different shapes inside of man. 14. Different ways to animate something on the screen: This whole time I've been using the right animation and it basically writes things on the screen. It can also write this rectangle, but there are different ways that we can add things on the screen. The next one that I wanted to show you is called draw border, then fill inside of parentheses. I'll say it will first draw the border of the shape and then fill it in with the fill color. Let's see how it looks like, it looks like this. The next way of animating that you could use is called fade in. Which will basically just subtly fade in the shape. You can also fade anything out. If I say fade out, instead of it will look like this. It fades in and then it fades out. Next, we can transition from one shape into another. I'll create another shape, a triangle. I'll set its fill opacity to 0.2 the same as the rounded rectangle. I'll set its color to blue and size to two. Now instead of self dot play, I'm going to say self dot add. And I'm going to add the rectangle, then it's going to wait for 1 second. After that second ends, I'm going to say self dot play transform. And we're going to transform from the rectangle which we've assigned to the letter. And it's going to transform from S. And we've assigned our rectangle to the letter t. It's going to add the rectangle, wait for 1 second, and then transform from the rectangle to the triangle. It tells me that it's got an unexpected keyword argument size, which means the triangle doesn't have an attribute size. I think it has an attribute called scale, and you have to write it with a period after the parentheses. I'm going to say the scale is equal to two. I'm going to also add self weight at the end and make it 2 seconds so the animation weights a little bit. This is how the transform command works. 15. Exploring the self.play() command: You can also do is set the duration of an animation inside of self play. I'll add a and say run underscore time is equal to three. Which now means that this transform animation will run for 3 seconds. If I run the code, you'll see that it's a lot slower. You can add the run time attribute for any animation. If I say right, it will apply to the right animation as well. You saw that the triangle faded in very slowly over 3 seconds. I can also make it super fast by saying 0.1 Now it basically appeared instantaneously. Another thing that I can do within the self dot play command is add two animations. I'm going to shift the rounded rectangle left by three and I'm going to shift the triangle right by three. Now they're going to be separated inside of self dot play. I can say right, which will write out the rectangle and then draw border, then fill, which will animate the triangle. This is how it looks like. You can see that both of these shapes now appear at the same time, each with their own specific animation. One more way of animating something is create instead of draw border, then fill. I'm going to say Create, which will use the create animation to draw the triangle on the screen. Let's see how that looks like. As it draws the outline, it also fills in the triangle. This is how you can use the self play command to add things on the screen. 16. Animation 1 - Circle: Let's try to create an animation that looks like this. Which will teach us about grouping different shapes together, rotating stuff, moving it around, resizing and adding updators. As I'm going to be walking you through this animation, I highly recommend you open VS code and copy exactly what I do. I'm going to be walking through it very slowly showing everything that I do step by step. You're going to learn so much faster by doing it yourself and fixing errors yourself rather than looking at me. Do it. I encourage you to change different parameters, maybe name things differently. Just do it yourself and then scroll back if something didn't work and copy what I did. You're going to learn so much better this way. You can see first we have the text Nim appear on the screen. As well as this shape over here which is actually just a circle and a square that's drawn around that circle. Let's first do that. I'll come to my VS code and delete everything apart from the class scene and deaf construct self which we need to create the animation. The first thing that we need is a circle in the middle of the screen and a rectangle that surrounds it. I'm going to assign the circle to the letter, so it's easier to remember say equals and circle with a capital letter C because that's the syntax. Then I'll open the parentheses, and inside of it I'll give it a radius of 0.5 which will make the circle this big. I have opened the animation within VLC so that I can pause and show it to you easier. The circle is going to have a radius of 0.5 Then when I pose it, we can see that the circle has a thicker outline and then a subtle red color that's filling it in. I'm going to add another attribute which is stroke width and say that it's equal to ten. This will give the circle this thicker outline. Also, we went to color the circle red. So I'm going to say color equals red are some predefined colors like red, red, ABCDE, which are just different shades of red. And there's also pure red. If you want to add a custom color, you're going to need a hex code of that color. And every single color has a hex code. Instead of saying color equals something, we're going to come to the end of the parenthese, say, period set underscore color. And then inside of its parentheses, we're going to put the hex code of our color inside of quotation marks. The color white has the Hex code consists of red, green, and blue color. Let's change the green color to be 00 and it should give us a magenta. Yes, the circle is now magenta. If you want to find a hex code of a color, you can go online, type in color, picker into Google, then pick any color that you want. And here you will have the hex code. If I copy the hex code of this green color, and then paste it over here with the hashtag and re, run the scene, the circle will be that color. But inside of our animation, we want the circle to be red color equals red. Another thing that I want is for the circle to be colored red as well. Right now, only the outline has the color soils fill opacity and I will set it to something like 0.3 Let's see how that looks here. It says that it got an unexpected keyword, argument color. I made the mistake and capitalized the word color. I'm going to write it with the lower case letter C. Let's see if that gives us the result. It does. Now the circle is red and we have the circle. 17. Animation 1 - Surrounding Rectangle: Now we want this rectangle on the outside and it has these rounded corners. I'm going to assign the rectangle to the letter R. Again, it's easy to remember. This rectangle is called a surrounding rectangle. It will surround whatever I put inside of these parentheses. It can be text or it can be a shape. In this case, it's the circle I'm going to put inside of myself play command. As well as drawing the circle, I also want to draw the surrounding rectangle. I'm going to say right, which will create the circle, add a coma. And also right R, which will create the surrounding rectangle. And if I run it, this is what we get. But this rectangle is yellow and it doesn't have rounded corners. If I click inside of the parentheses, add a comma and hit a space. It also suggests other things that I can input inside of the surrounding rectangle. I can see here that I can set a color, I'm going to say color and set it to blue. Also, I can see here that it has corner radius and that's what I want. I'll set the corner radius to be equal to something like 0.1 There we go. Since the animation stops immediately, I'm going to add a self weight command at the very end with empty parentheses. Empty parentheses basically mean that it's going to wait for a default amount of time. The default amount of time is 1 second. I don't have to say one here for it to wait 1 second. I can leave this parentheses empty. Now if I play this animation, it's going to wait for 1 second at the very end. Now we have the circle and a rectangle surrounding it. But we also want this text that says manim at the top of this shape. 18. Animation 1 - Positioning objects next to each other: I'm going to come here and assign my text to the letter. It's easy to remember. I'm going to say text and inside of parentheses and quotation marks, I'm going to say mani. Now let's see what happens if I play everything. The text, the rectangle and the circle, Everything is in the center. The text overlaps with the shape. And I want to put this text above the shape like in this animation. To do that, I can put a period and say next underscore two, it will put this text next to something. Now inside of parentheses, I have to say next to what I want to put it. I'm going to say next to the rectangle, I have to add a and say which direction I wanted to go. I'm going to say up. Let's see what it gives us now. Now the text is above the shape, but in the animation, the space between the shape and the text is a little bigger. Let's add another here and look through the list of things that we can add. One of the things is called buff. What buff means is a buffer, or just a space between two things. I'm going to say buff equals to something like 0.5 Now, the text should be a little higher than before. Yes, we have the initial shape animated. 19. Animation 1 - Moving objects to specific coordinates: Let's look at the animation again and see what else we want to do. The first thing that catches my eye is that the circle animates in a different way compared to manim and the rectangle. That's because instead of using the right animation, I use the draw border, then fill animation. Now if I run this, it's exactly the same. The next thing that we'll want to do is to make both of these objects go into opposite directions. Like so. I'm going to add a few lines here. Since I want something else to happen on the screen. I'm also going to use the self play command. Now I want the text manim to end up over here, and I want this to end up over here. Let's start with the text. In order to animate something that's already on the screen, I'm going to use the animate command. I'm going to say t, which is the text, because I want to animate the text. Then I'm going to add a period and say animate. Now I'm going to add another period and choose the type of my animation right now. I want to move it to a specific place. I'm going to use the move underscore two command. This command lets me move something to a specific position on the screen. Now inside of its parentheses, I'm going to add brackets, brackets like these. They're not smooth. Here, I want to define the coordinates of where I want my text to move. The first coordinate is x, the second coordinate is y, and the third coordinate is z. I wrote these letters here as placeholders because there should actually be numbers here. But how do we figure out what kind of numbers to put in here? Well, remember that our man in video is made up of a grid. To be exact, it's eight by 14. The x value goes from minus seven to seven, and the y value goes from minus four to four. I'm going to temporarily say self play, right? And number plane, this is just to show the number plane. Also. I'm going to comment this out so that VS code ignores this command. If you put a hashtag symbol in front of some code, it turns a comment which means that VS code just ignores it. I'm going to play this. Here is the coordinate system. As you can see, it's made up of eight by 14 squares. In the animation that I want to create, I want to move my text over here. I'm going to uncomment this. And let's say that it moves to x equals to minus four. Because here in the center, all of the coordinates are equal to zero, which means y is equal to zero and X is equal to zero. And also z is equal to zero. But we don't need to worry about z at all. We're always going to leave it at zero. We're going to focus only on the x and y values. We want the text to end up somewhere here, which is 1234 squares in place of the first zero. I'm going to say minus four. Now let's check the y value over here. The value of y is equal to zero because it's on this center line. I'm going to leave it as zero. Let's run this animation and see how it plays out. Here's the coordinate system and the text moves into this spot. Exactly. I'm going to delete the coordinate system so that it doesn't obstruct the view, but inside of our animation, we also want this shape to move over there. The problem is that at the moment, both of these shapes are separate things. We would have to move each of them separately, but there is a way to combine to a group. Before the self play command, I'm going to come here and say that r is equal to V group. And then what things I want to put in the group, I want to put the circle and the surrounding rectangle into a group. I'm going to say you can put all sorts of objects inside of a group. Text graphs, different shapes or anything else. Now, whenever I animate this group, all of the objects that are inside the group will move together. Here I'm going to put a and say R animate. Because I want to animate the whole group. And I said that the group is equal to r. I want to animate R to put another period. Move underscore two, don't forget the brackets. By default, its coordinates are 000, but I want to move it over here. Y value doesn't change because we only move it horizontally. But the x value is the exact opposite that we used for this text. Instead of minus four, I'm going to say four. And let's see how this looks like. Perfect. Now we have the start of this animation. 20. RECAP - Animation 1: Let's pause for a moment and run through everything that we've done so far. First, we created a circle. We gave it a radius of 0.5 We gave it a stroke width of ten, which made its outline a little thicker than it is by default. Then we gave it a color red, which colored both the outline and the inside of the circle red. And then we gave it a fill opacity of 0.3 which made the filling of the circle only 30% visible. If I was to say one here, the circle would be fully red, the outline and also the inside of the circle would be fully red. Let's undo that. Next, we drew a surrounding rectangle, which is a command that draws a rectangle around a chosen object. The object I chose was the circle. This is why I put the letter here, because I said that the letter is equal to the circle. Then I gave this surrounding rectangle the color blue. That's why it's blue. And I gave it the corner radius of 0.1 That's why the corners of this rectangle are a little rounded. And these two created this shape. Then I created another variable called and I said that is equal to this text, this text over here, inside of the text parentheses, I said manim. The text says manim. I said that I want to put this text next to R, which is our surrounding rectangle, and I want to put it up next to the rectangle and up. And they also increased the distance between the text and the rectangle by adding the attribute called buff, or a buffer of 0.5 That's why the text is up here, and that's why there's a space in between the rectangle and the text. But if I were to only do this and nothing else, then nothing else would have shown up on the screen. As you can see, the animation is just black because I only created all of these objects and I haven't actually told Manim that I want to put something on the screen. Next I use the self play command. Um, that I want to put something on the screen. I use the right animation to put the letter on the screen, which is our circle. Then I used the draw border, Then fill animation to put the R on the screen. And R is our surrounding rectangle that surrounds the circle. Again, I use the right animation to put the text on the screen. Initially it looked like this. Next, I wanted to move this text from this position to this position. And move this shape from this position into this position. But first, I needed to group the circle and the rectangle together so that they move together. And I don't have to animate them separately for that, I use the V group command. Inside of its parentheses, I put the circle and the rectangle. I called this group SR. I could have called it anything that I want. I could have put Shrek here, which would mean that I need to put shrek over here as well. Then I wanted to animate them going to their positions at the same time. That's why I didn't use separate self dot plate commands. But instead, I put both of the animations inside of one self dot plate command. Which means that both of them happened at the same time. Now let's just focus on the first animation. I said animate, which means that I want to animate. Remember, I've assigned the letter to my text. I want to animate the text. And I said that I want to move it to these coordinates. Again, our screen is split up into invisible coordinates, which are eight by 14. The center coordinate is 000. If I want to move it left, I have to decrease this number. If I want to move it down, I have to decrease the y coordinate. If I want to move it right, I have to increase the x coordinate. And if I want to move it up, I have to increase the y coordinate. In this case, I wanted to move this text to this position. Since this position is on the x axis, that means that y is equal to zero. If the x coordinate was also zero, it would stay in the center. I want it to be over here. I'm going to say minus four. What this will do is move the text from wherever it is on the screen to this position to minus 400. Here's how it looks like. But I also wanted to move both of these shapes as well. I put and then inserted another animation. I said Shrek. Do animate for me. Shrek is equal to this group. The group of both the circle and the rectangle. Which means that now it's going to animate both of them together. I said that I want to move it to this coordinate. This coordinate is opposite of this one. I knew that y doesn't change because I don't want it to be either higher or lower from the x axis. I knew that is going to change because I wanted it to move horizontally. And that way has positive x values. And here there are negative X values. I said plus four, which is just four. And all of that gave us this animation. 21. Animation 1 - Creating an arrow: Let's look at what happens next. There's an arrow going from manim to this shape and both ends of the arrow have the arrow. Let's now add the arrow. I'm going to call my arrow arrow. And I'm going to say that it's equal to an arrow is essentially a line. I'm going to say line. And then inside of its parentheses, I can see that it has these parameters. The start of the arrow and the end of the arrow. And there's also the buff to add some space, this space right here between the end of the arrow and the shape that the arrow points to inside of the arrow. We want to specify the start. I'm going to say that the start is equal to, let's say this as the start of this arrow. Because we can either choose this as the start or this as the start. It doesn't really matter here, the start of the arrow is pointing at the left side of this shape. I have to tell manim that I want the arrow to start on the left side of this shape with some a buff value. To add this space here in between. I've called this whole shape, it's a group of the circle and the rectangle, and it's Shrek. For me, I'm going to say start equals to shrek. Then I want to say Shrek. What? I'm going to use the Get command. As I've mentioned, we want the arrow to go to the left side of this object. Now it's just going to go to the center. If I play this self play right arrow, let's see what will happen. Both of these objects move. And then this is our arrow. It starts somewhere here and it points to a random place on our object. And it's not even an arrow, it's just a line. We want to say where it should point to. I'm going to say period, get underscore and there are a bunch of places that I can get from this shape. I want to get the left side. I'm going to say left. Then I'll add empty parentheses. What this means is that the start of the arrow, we'll go to the left side of this shape. But we also want the other end of our arrow to go to this word nim. I'm going to say d is equal to that. I'm going to find the variable to which I've assigned my text, which is the letter. I'm going to say period, Get this time I want you to point to the right side. I'm going to say right and also add empty parentheses. This is what we get. Now, it gave me an error saying that it got an unexpected keyword, argument star, which means that I've accidentally misspelled the word start. I'm going to spell it correctly and rerun this again, and this is how it looks like now. Right now, this is just a line and not an arrow. Because I've said that my arrow is equal to line. How do I convert it into an arrow? I can come to the end here at a period and say add underscore tip, which will add the tip of the arrow. Let's see how it looks like now. Now the tip of the arrow is pointing to only the word manim, which means that it added the tip to the end of my line. Because the end of my line is next to which is text next to text. And on the right side of the text, which is right here. Now, I also want to add the tip to the other side. So I'm going to add another period, say add underscore tip. And inside of its parentheses we can see that there are some attributes that we can give it. There's one attribute called at underscore start that we can say true or false. I'm going to say at underscore start equals to true. Again, the capitalization of this word matters. So true needs to have a capital letter. If I run this, the arrow should now point to both objects. Yes, but inside of our animation, there's a space. And inside of our animation, there is no space in between the arrow and these objects. To add the space inside of the line here, inside of its parentheses, I can say buff equals to something. In this case, I'm going to choose 0.4 Let's see how that looks like now. Perfect. Now, there's a tiny space between the letters and the arrow and between the shape and the arrow, But you'll notice that inside of this animation, the arrowheads are slightly different. They're not the same triangles as they're here. How do we figure this out? I'm assuming it has to do something with this tip attribute. Again, I'm going to click inside of the tip parentheses. Right now it didn't suggest anything. I'm going to delete these parentheses and add new ones so that VS code suggests something inside of them. And here I see that I can pick the tip shape. When I was creating this animation, I didn't really know what kind of tip shapes exist. I used my good friend Google. And I Googled four arrow tips here inside of the maim community. I can click inside of the arrow tip and I'll see a list of arrow shapes that exist. It seems like I used this shape here, which is this shape at the bottom. It's called the stealth tip here. Inside of my project. I'm going to come into these parentheses again. It doesn't suggest anything. Again, I'm going to retype them and I'm going to say tip underscore shape equals. And I want stealth tip, Stealth, It already suggests stealth tip. And let's see what that gives us right now. This end of the arrow has this shape, but this end doesn't have that shape. Which means that we need to add this tip shape attribute to the other end of the arrow. So this was the first tip and then remember we added the second tip which also made the arrow have the tip at the start. I'm going to click inside of the parentheses, Add a comma and paste in the tip shape attribute. Now both the ends should have the same type of tip, perfect. 22. Animation 1 - Indicate and rotate commands: Let's see what's the next thing that we want to copy the text. Manim, jumped up, became orange, and then jumped down. Let's do that. For this, there is a function called indicate and it basically indicated this text. You can also indicate shapes or anything else. I'm going to say self play indicate with a capital letter. I then open the parentheses and put the thing that I want to indicate. In this case it's text. Again, I have the letter assigned to my text. Then I'm going to put the size of the indication how much I want it to indicate how big I want the text to get. The default value is one. I just wanted to be a little larger, and I'm going to say 1.5 Let's see what that gives us. The beginning is the same and manim jumps up, but right now it's yellow. And in the animation that we want to recreate, it's orange. Which means that the indicate command has some more parameters that I can add to it. I'm going to add a comma and the space for it to start suggesting stuff to me and we can add the color with color. I'm going to say color equals orange. The color has all capital letters. Let's see how it looks like. Now text is orange. Let's see what's next. This shape did some weird shenanigans. Let's go frame by frame and see what is going on. By the way, I'm pressing on my keyboard to move one frame on VLC. We can see that the arrow is shrinking that way, which we'll get to later. But right now, let's replicate what the shape is doing. Let's first focus on the rectangle here. It's rotating left, The size of it is not changing. The only thing that's happening is it's rotating to rotate something. We can use the rotate function again inside of self play because I want to show that thing happening on the screen. I'm going to say rotate. And then inside of its parentheses I'm going to object that I want to rotate. I want to rotate the surrounding rectangle. This blue rectangle, which for me is R. I'm going to say R. Then after a comma, I want to put an angle to which I want to rotate it. I'm going to say angle in Python. Angles don't work with degrees, but they work with radiance, which in simple terms means that degrees go from minus pi to pi. And pi is 3.14 something with a lot more digits. Essentially, pi means 180 degrees. Minus pi means -180 degrees. Now let's look only at the square and let's see how many degrees we want to rotate. It pi, it seems like it rotated just 90 degrees. If I say angle equals pi, that's 180 degrees. To get 90 degrees, I can divide pi by two, which will mean it's 90 degrees. Let's play it and see what happens. The shape moves here. The square rotates by 90 degrees. If you want to convert degrees to radiance, you can just put degrees to radiance into Google. And then say you want 180 degrees, which is the number pi, because it's 3.1 4159, I want 90 degrees, that's pi divided by two, which is 1.57 something here. It also gives the formula from which you can get either the degrees or the radiance. Anyway, pi divided by two radiance is the same as 90 degrees. Now the rectangle is rotated, but the circle here also became bigger as the rectangle was rotating. Which means that we want to make the circle bigger as the animation for the rectangle is happening. Which means that we're going to put the animation inside of the same self dot play command separated by a comma instead of creating a new self dot play animation. Let's observe what happens to the circle. It just gets bigger as the rectangle rotates. In order to make it bigger, we're going to use an animation called scale in place inside of its parenthesis. I'm going to tell it what I want to scale. In this case I want to scale my circle, which is the letter for me, I'm going to say. And then after a comma, I need to say, by how much do I need to scale it? In this case, I'm going to scale it by two times. It's going to become twice as big. Of course, let's see how it looks like. The rectangle rotates and the circle gets bigger. 23. Animation 1 - Updater: Let's go back to the animation and see what happens next. Actually, we don't need to see what happens next because we didn't fully complete this part. You can see as the circle gets bigger, it also pushes the arrow to the left very slightly. The arrow maintains the same buffer, or the same distance between the circle and the end point in our animation, the arrow just stays in the same spot, it even overlaps with the circle. In order to do that, we somehow need to update the arrow as the circle gets bigger. And for that we're going to use an update. An updator is essentially going to constantly update the position of some sort of an element. In this case, we want the position of the arrow to constantly update as the circle is getting larger. I'm going to find my arrow which is right here. And then I'm going to encase this whole thing, this whole line, this arrow code inside of the updator. The code for the updator is always underscore, redraw, and then I'm going to add parentheses and say lambda and then a colon. Let's not forget to add another parenthesis at the very end to make sure that the always redraw function houses everything inside of it. What this will do is always redraw the arrow. Every single frame that plays on the screen, and any video is made up of frames. One frame is essentially just an image. And every single video essentially has many different images just playing fast. And that's why it looks like a video. What this will do is for every frame that gets generated, it will update the position of the arrow. In this case, we said that our arrow starts on the left side of Shrek. And Shrek for us is this V group is the circle and the surrounding rectangle. Shrek basically means this whole shape. What this will do is for each frame of the video that gets generated, it will look at where the start of the shrek is and also where the end of the text is. But the text doesn't move, so the arrow is going to stay in place. But it will look at where the edges of this shape are. According to that, it will redraw the arrow for every single frame of the video. Let's see how that looks like there. As this shape got bigger, the arrow moved to the left. It's going to be easier to see when we do the next animation, which is just this shape moving to the center and the arrow getting smaller as well. I'm going to click Enter once more, say self play. Now I want this shape, which for me is equal to to move in the center. I'm going to say animate and then move to add parentheses. And inside of those parentheses, add brackets. And I'm going to input the coordinate to which I wanted to move, in this case the center, which is 000. And I'm going to play this and see what happens there. As it moves to the center, the arrow automatically updates itself and moves with the shape. 24. Animation 1 - Finishing up: Again, let's analyze each frame. What seems to happen now is the mani text and the arrow slowly fade out. Once they fade out, the circle starts to get bigger and the rectangle starts to get smaller until it disappears, just like so. Now the circle is so big that we can't even see it on the screen. And then the circle also fades to black. Let's do that first. We need the nim text and the arrow to disappear. So I'm going to say self play inside of brackets. I'm going to use the fade out animation, which fades something out inside of its brackets. I'm going to say arrow because I want to fade out the arrow. And also I want to fade out the text. At the same time, I'm going to add another fade out animation. And inside of its brackets, I'm going to say which for me is equal to this text. Let's see what happens. I notice that in the animation that we want to copy the text and the arrow fade out a little faster, it's almost instantaneous. By default, every single self plate command runs for 1 second. The duration of the animation is 1 second, but we can change that with the run underscore time command. And we're going to say it's equal to 0.251 fourth of a second. Now if I run this, it will fade out a lot faster, almost instantaneously Next, once it's faded out, I want the circle to get bigger. And at the same time for the rectangle to shrink to nothingness, I'm going to add another self dot plate command. Because it happens after every already faded out. That's why I'm using the next one because I don't want everything to fade out and do everything at the same time. I want it first to fade out the text and the arrow. And only then for the circle to get bigger and for the squared to shrink inside of here, I'm going to use another animation called shrink to center. And I want to shrink the rectangle. And the rectangle for me is the letter R. I'm going to say also I want the circle to get bigger. And we already used the scale in place command, which can basically scale something up or down. I'm going to use that scale in place and inside of its parentheses I'm going to put, because I only want to scale the circle, which for me is the letter S. And then I'm going to say by how much I want to scale it. In this case, I want to make the scale ridiculous. So I'm going to say 30 times, and this is what we get. The arrow fades out and perfect. Now the only thing that is left is to fade this red into black. Because in the original animation, this fades to black. Which means the circle basically disappears. So I'm going to add another self play command. Because I want it to fade to black only after it's been scaled up. And I'm going to say fade out and which is the circle. And let's play it. Perfect. So now we've copied that animation. 25. RECAP 2 - Animation 1 - Arrow: Let me briefly step back a little bit and explain again what happened from this point. From the point that we created the arrow, we wanted to create this arrow that points to the word manim and also points to this shape. Let me delete this updator to explain the arrow, we created a new variable and named it arrow. And then to create the arrow, we use the line command, which essentially creates a line that we can add these arrow end points to to create the arrow. Also, if you want, there is a separate command that you can just add an arrow with. And it already adds the arrow without the line command. I just showed you how to do it with the line command. If I just said R equals to arrow, and I said the end of this arrow is equal to Shrek get right. And instead of playing this double arrow, I just played this arrow, this is what we would have got. Instead, it's just the same arrow. I said that the end of this arrow is on the right side of this shape. That's why it's pointing all the way to the right side. If I wanted it to point over here, I would have said get left instead of get right, and it would have looked like this. If you use the arrow command instead of the line command, you don't even need to define the buff or the space that separates the arrowhead and the object. It's set automatically. You can use arrow instead of line. But in this case, I used the line command and then created an arrow from the line. Also, there is another command called double arrow, which could have created the same double arrow. Instead of me having to add a line and then add tips at the end of the line. But I wanted to show you how to do it with a line. Anyway, I've set the buff value to be 0.4 which told the arrow that I want there to be a little bit of a space between an object that the arrow is pointing to. The buff is essentially this space right here, and this space right here, and I've set it to 0.4 I said that I want the start of the arrow to get the left position of shrek, which means that it got the left side of this shape. Because this shape for me is Shrek, since it's a group that houses the circle and the rectangle inside of it. I said that the start of the arrow should point to x left side, and it points to the left side of this shape. Next, I said that I want the end of the arrow to point to, which for me is my text. And I wanted to point to the right side of, and indeed the other side of this arrow is pointing to the right side of this word. Of course, there's a little space because I've said that buff is equal to 0.4 Now by itself, this would have just been a line because I used a line command and I wanted this to be a double arrow. What I did at the end of these parentheses is added two arrow tips, one over here and then the other one over here. First arrow tip, which I've highlighted right now, essentially added an arrow tip with the tip shape being the stealth tip, which gave it this shape. But if I only added one tip here, it would have only added the tip to the end of my line, which is right here, pointing to this text. Again, it's right here because I've defined it to be right here. That's why I added another tip. And with the parameter at the start equals true. I said that I also want the tip of the arrow to be at the start as well, Also for both ends of the arrow. I said that I want the tip shape of the arrow to be the stealth tip which essentially just made the end of the arrow. This shape Who? That's the arrow. 26. 26 RECAP 2 Animation 1 The Rest: Next. I said that I want to indicate the text which made it jump up like this. I said that I wanted to jump by 1.5 times. So it gets larger by 1.5 times. And I also said that the color when it jumps up should be orange. And indeed it's orange. I'm going to open it with VLC again, so that I'm able to pause the animation better. Next, I said that I want to rotate, which is my rectangle by 90 degrees pi divided by two is 90 degrees in radiance. And also at the same time, I want to scale in place the letter which for me the letter is the circle. I wanted to scale the circle in place by two times after it highlighted it, rotated the rectangle, and also scaled the circle just like this. Next, I wanted to move this shape in the center as well as move the arrow with it. That's why I needed to add an updator to the arrow so that as soon as something moves that the arrow is attached to the arrow is going to move with it as well. I said always redraw the arrow inside of parentheses. I said lambda and a colon. Of course, don't forget to close the parentheses at the very end. Now, since my line or my arrow is always going to be at the left side of the shrek, right here with the buff of 0.4 As soon as this shape moves or changes its position, the arrow will always try to adhere to this. The start of the arrow will always try to be on the left side of this shape with the buff of 0.4 Which means that if this shape moves over here, the arrow also has to move to adhere to these parameters. Now in order to move the shape, I said shrek animate, because Shrek is the shape. And then I said move to 000, which is the center coordinate. The shape moved like this. Next I said that I want to fade out the arrow and I want to fade out the text. I want all of that to happen in a quarter of a second, the text and the arrow quickly faded out. Finally, I said that I want to shrink my letter R, which is my rectangle, to the center, and I also want to scale my circle to 30 times, which made it go like this. For the very end, I faded out the circle as well, so that's why everything became this black color at the very end. I hope I've explained everything clearly and you were able to understand how this animation works. Because we've gone over a lot of the principles of how to rotate stuff, how to position stuff on the screen, how to attach, and how to update different objects in relation to other objects. And also how to do some simple animations. 27. RECAP 2 - Animation 1 - The rest: Next, let's create an animation that looks something like this. It's not the most beautiful thing I've ever made, but it's going to teach us a few more important concepts when animating with Nim. Once again, I'm going to be pausing this animation as I go along and we're going to try to replicate everything. I'm going to collapse my old scene like this by clicking this arrow over here. I'm going to add a few spaces here so that it doesn't obstruct what we're doing Next, I'm going to create a new scene. I'm going to say class, then demo two. And scene in parentheses, then a semicolon. And of course, deaf construct self and a colon. Once again, this is our second scene. Again, we can have multiple scenes or multiple animations within one manim project, within one Python file, inside of VS code. Open up the animation once again and play it back from the very beginning. We have three words, Hello there, dog. And the letters of the word dog are all colored in different colors. The first one is red, the second one is orange, and the last one is yellow. In order to color individual letters of a word, instead of assigning text to a variable, we're going to instead assign text to a variable text. But without the letter, text is basically latex. It's one of the things that we installed in the very beginning when we were installing Manning. It's a different beast on its own. And you can create different mathematical formulas with it and basically do a lot with text. But I'm only going to go over the basics of latex because it's very complicated. Text works pretty much the same as the command text. For example, if I type hello there, dog. And then I'll type self play write T to animate this text on the screen. And then I'll run this code and I'll choose demo two. Inside of my manumsideview. It's pretty much the same as writing text. If I change it to text, what happens? Pretty much nothing. The text is just a little different. I'm also going to add a self weight command at the very end and say that it should wait 3 seconds after the animation finishes. But what we can do with text is customize our text in various different interesting ways. For example, instead of having just one line of text here, I can put the text Hello, inside of quotation marks. Then I can add a comma, I will add the word there inside of quotation marks. And the word dog as well. This will still write the same hello there, dog text. But right now, there are no, because we didn't really add any spaces. If I add a space after the word hello and after the word there, this text will now have spaces. As you can see, we've separated our text into three separate elements and all of them are inside one variable, the one that I chose. What I can do now is write them individually. In programming, this is called an array. What's an array in programming and what an array essentially is, it's a special variable. In this case it's cars, which can hold more than one value at a time. And this text, cars holds Ford, Volvo, and BMW. An array essentially holds multiple values. And in this case we also have three values, The word hello, the word there, and the word dog. What's cool with race is that we can call each of these individual things inside of it one by one, individually. The way to do that would be to tell Python. Which one of these elements do we want to work with or do we want to call, for example, inside of this animation? Which one of these three do I want to write? If I put just it understands that I need to write everything, but I can add brackets and say zero inside of it, which means the first element. In programming, everything starts from zero. This is the element number zero. This is the element number one, and this is the element number two. It's not the first, second, and third, it's 012. If I say that I want to write the element number zero, it will only write the text hello on the screen instead of hello there, dog. And if I run this, it only writes hello. Now, I can also write the first and the third element and skip the second one. I'll add a comma, say, right? I'll say, add the brackets and say the number two because remember this is the second element because it starts from zero. If I play this, it will only write hello dog, but the word there is missing. What I can also do is inside of here, add a colon and then say, from which to which element I want to write. For example, if I only want to write these two elements and exclude the third one, instead of writing them out individually, I could come into the first brackets, add a semicolon and say two. Now it will write everything from zero to the element 2.2 is not included. It will write out the element 0.1 up until two isn't included. It will not write our second element. If I run this, it should give me hello there. Yes, if I only write one to two, it should only give me the first element because the first one is included and the second one isn't included. It's essentially the same as writing one. Yes, it gave me the second element, which would be exactly the same as writing it like this. I'm now telling it to write out the first element. This is zero, this is one. It's going to write there again. That's how you can tell Python to write out a range of an 28. Animation 2 - Text and arrays: Let's go back to our animation and see what we've done here. There are three words. Hello there, dog. And the word dog also has a color. Now what's cool about this is that we can assign different colors to each of these different elements inside of our array. I'm going to say two, which is the word dog because 012. Then I'm going to say color equals. And I'll choose red. And I'll type out the whole, everything that's inside of all three of these elements. Let's see what happens now. Only the letters of dog became red. But in this example, I want every single letter to have a different color. What we can do instead is separate out the dog entirely into different elements and assign a color to each of those elements. Instead of saying hello there, dog, I'm going to say hello there. D. Then add a and, which now separated out the word dog. Now the second element became the letter D. If I run this, only the letter D will be colored red there. Now I want the letter to be orange and the letter to be yellow. I'm going to come here and say three. This is 012.3 The letter is number three. I'm going to say color equals orange and four, which is the letter color equals yellow. Now if I play this, we get the same text, but the letters of the word do each have a different color. We have replicated what happened. 29. Animation 2 - Animating different words separately: Let's play this again and see if we did everything correctly. Here the text dog writes itself first, and only then. Hello. There appeared. Instead of writing out everything at once, I'm going to say self play. Now I want to write only the word dog. This is the element number zero. This is the element number one, and this is the element number two. I'm going to say, open the brackets. I wanted to write from the number two up to the number 34.5 up to the number five. Because remember five is not included, It will only include two to five. And we don't even have the fifth element here. Another way to write this is to write two and a semicolon that it will write everything from the second element up to the very end of the array. Right now, it will write out the word dog. If I say two to five, the same thing should happen. And it should also write the word dog. I'm just going to leave it like this again, this is element number two because it starts from zero. This is element 012, and that's the element that I want to start writing out. Then I add a colon and define the final element that will not be included. In this case, we have element number two. Number three. Number four. I want the element number four to still be included. Instead of saying four, I'm going to say up to five. And we don't even have the number five. It's just going to everything from here to the end, the word dog. Next I want to write out these two words. I'm going to click Enter Self Play, right? Then again, add the brackets, and I wanted to write the elements 0.1 everything up to the second element, which is the letter D. I'm going to say zero to two. Remember the element two is not included. The letter D will not be included. It will write everything from zero up to the element number two and it will not include the element number two. Let's see what we get. We get dog and then hello there. Exactly as it was in our animation that we want to replicate. 30. Animation 2 - Moving objects to the edges of the frame: Let's see what happens next. The word hello and there split in half. And the word hello travels to the top left. And the word there travels to the top right. Again, I know that I need to animate something, that's why I'm using the self taught play command. Opening the brackets. First, let's work on the word hello. The word hello is the element number zero. I'm going to say, open the brackets. And zero, because I only want to work with this word. Then I'm going to add a period and say animate, because I want to animate it. And then add a period. And choose which type of animation method I want to use. In this case I'll use the two underscore edge command tells manim that I want to move something to either of the edges of the screen. I'll open brackets and now I have to say to which edge I want to move it to. In our animation, the text Hello is on the upper left edge, so I want to move it upper left. If I wanted to move it over here, I would say U R, which means up right. If I wanted to move it here, I would say D R, which is down right. It would look like this. If I wanted to move it here, I would say D L, which means down left. It would look like this. If I wanted to move it left, I would just say left like this. Now, it should move right here. Yes, I want to move it here. I'm going to say U L, which is up and left. I'm also going to add a buffer of one. Again, the buffer is this space over here. How far away something is from the edge? I wanted to be a little bit farther from the edge, so I'm going to say one, this is how it's going to look like. You can see that the distance between the edges increased because I added the buff value of one. Now inside of the animation that we want to replicate, the word hello and there move at the same time to different edges inside of the same self play animation. I'm going to add a and say one because the first element is the word there, animate two, underscore edge inside of parentheses, I'm going to say upper right buff equals one, because I want to add the same buff value as I did to the text. Hello. Now if I play this, both of these words will move to different corners. 31. Animation 2 - Arranging letters of text: Now we have this. Let's see what we should do next. The letters of the word dog all split up and form this vertical line in the center. Again, there's something happening on the screen, which means that I'll use the self play command, open the parentheses, and I want to animate each of the letters going to these positions because the text dog right now is not centered, it's right here on the right. First, I'm going to work on the letter D, which is the 012. The second element, I'm going to say and add those brackets and say two animate. In this case, instead of the two edge command, I'm going to say period and move score two. It's the one with the coordinates. I'm going to add the brackets again, and the default coordinates for every single object is 000, which is somewhere here in the center of the screen. Now looking at the animation we want to replicate. I can see that everything is in the center or rather on the y axis. Which means that the x coordinate will be equal to zero. Because the x coordinate moves something sideways. We want to change only the y coordinate, which means we want to move vertically. In this case, I'm working on the second element, which is the letter D. And it's up here, which means that we need to increase the y value. I'm going to say something like two, and this is what we're going to get. Yes, that's exactly what we want. It, the letter D moves over here and it's aligned in the center. But we also want to animate the letter and the letter at the same time. In our animation, everything is aligned to the center. But right now, the letter is not in the center. I'll have to animate it as well. I'll say, open up the brackets. And the letter is the next element after the letter D. And I know that the letter D was the second element. I'm going to say three, because this one comes after the letter D. I'll say period, animate, period, Move underscore two, open parentheses, and then brackets inside of there. And I'm going to say 000 so that it moves to the exact center of the frame. Let's see what we get now. Yes, now only the letter G is remaining again. I want the letter to move at the same time as the letters. And that's why I'm going to animate it within the same self play command. I'm going to come to the very end, add a comma and say four, because the letter G is the fourth element inside of our array. And I'll say period, animate, move underscore two, open the parentheses and then the brackets. And then inside of them, I want the letter to be in the center, which means that the X value will be zero. But then I want it to go down, which means that the Y value will have to decrease. I'll decrease it to the same amount as I've increased for the letter D. By two, I'm going to say minus two, and then zero for the Z value. Let's see what we get now. Perfect, all the letters align in the way that we want. 32. Animation 2 - Creating and positioning shapes: Let's go back to the animation and see what we need to do next. We can see that there are three shapes, each with a different color that appear outside of each of the letters. Let's first create those shapes. First, the rectangle. I'll call the rectangle something like the letter F equals to rectangle. Then open brackets. And I want the rectangle to be not that big. I'm going to say height equals one and width also equals one. Okay, we have the rectangle. Let's now create a circle, which I'll say is equal to the letter C circle. Open the brackets. Right now, I don't really know how big the circle will be, so I'll just leave the brackets empty. Finally, I want to create this polygon which in manim is called a regular polygon. I'll assign this one to the letter and say regular polygon, open brackets. And inside of brackets, I can define n, which is how many corners the polygon will have. In this case, we want 12345, say five. I've created all of these shapes right now. If I play this animation, nothing will happen because I haven't played these shapes. The animation is the same. Because I've just created all of these shapes and I didn't put them on the screen. I'm going to say self play, right? And I will write out every single shape, the rectangle, the circle, and the polygon. And let's see what happens. Not only every shape is different size, but it's also in the dead center of our animation. We need to move every single shape around and change its size so that it fits the animation that we want to recreate. First, let's work on the square. I think the size is correct, but we want it to surround the letter D. Now I know from before that the letter D is the second element, 012. Here I've animated the second element to be in these coordinates. What this means is that I can move the rectangle to these coordinates and it will be in the exact same spot as the letter D. After the rectangle, I'm going to say move two and I'm going to input these coordinates which are the same for the letter D, 02.0 Notice that I don't have to use the move two command inside of the self play command. I can also move something like the rectangle and only then show it on the screen. I don't have to move something only once, It's already on the screen. I can do it beforehand, and only then I can reveal that object. Let's play this and see if the rectangle moved. Yes, now the rectangle surrounds the letter D. Let's now work on the circle. As we can see, our circle is a little too big. And what I can do is define the radius. I'll say radius equals to 0.5 I know it's 0.5 because I made this animation before. But by default the radius is equal to one. I want to make it smaller. I'll decrease the radius by 50% and say that it's equal to 0.5 Let's rent this again and see what happens. Circle is now the correct size. Finally, I want to work on this polygon and make it smaller as well as make it surround the letter. First, I'll move the polygon, I'll say period. Move two, open the brackets, and I want to move it to the same position as the letter. The letter for us is 01234 is the fourth element of this array. I'll find where I animated the fourth element, and it's right here. And I animated it to these coordinates. So I'm going to copy the coordinates and simply paste them inside. Now you can see that I accidentally pasted double brackets on each side. I'm going to delete one brackets and only leave one pair. Now the polygon should be right here, but we also want to decrease the size of the polygon, so I'm going to add another period and say scale. And let's scale it down by 50% I'll say 0.5 now. It should be twice as small and it should be in this position. Let's run everything and see if that's really what's happening. Yes, we've replicated this. Let's go back and see if there's anything that we've missed. I noticed that I used a different animation for the rectangle and the polygon as they were coming onto the screen. They were appearing from the center and then rotating into their place like this. Both the rectangle and the polygon, they're rotating into place. And in my animation they're not really rotating, they're writing themselves out. I'm going to change the right animation both for the rectangle and for the polygon. I'm going to use spin in from nothing. For the polygon as well Spin. And I can click Tab in order for it to autocomplete. And now if I run this, everything should spin nicely. Yes, so now we've completed almost half of the animation. 33. Animation 2 - Rotating shapes: Let's play it again and see what else we need to do. Now, all of these objects rotated around. Let's see by how much this is, the first rotation, the second rotation, and the third rotation. It seems like it rotated 360 plus 180 degrees. 360 plus 180, which is 540 degrees. They all rotated at the same time, which means that I need to group them together. I'll come here. Remember, don't forget the indentation. You don't want to be writing the code over here. You want everything to live under deaf construct self. If I put my cursor here, it automatically starts writing right from the edge. And I don't want everything to have two indentations so that everything lives under deaf construct self. Here I want to group the rectangle, the circle, and the polygon together. I'll name this group CP because it's these three together. I'll say that this is equal to V group, remember this is how you group objects together. And then inside of the brackets of the V group, I'll say what I want to group F and which for me is direct angle C, the circle, and the regular polygon. Now we have the group, but we also want to animated spinning. I say self dot play. And then I'll use the command rotate. Inside of its brackets, I can put what I want to rotate. It says here, define a object. And by the way, object essentially means any kind of object inside of mani, it's just called object instead of object. I'm going to put in my group P because that's what I want to rotate Next, I need to define the angle. I'll say angle equals. And remember inside of Python, not define the angle in degrees. I need to define it in radiance. In radiance, 180 degrees is equal to the number pi, But I don't want to rotate it by 180 degrees. I said that I want to rotate it by 360 plus 180, which is 540 degrees. Now luckily, 540 degrees divided by 180 degrees is three, and pi is 180 degrees. Essentially, I need to rotate it by three pi. Here I will say pi times three, which essentially translates to this rotating three times 180 degrees, which is 540 degrees. Let's see how it looks like. Perfect. It's the same as with the animation we want to recreate. 34. Animation 2 - Swapping positions of shapes: Now these two shapes, the polygon and the rectangle, grab each of the letters, and then they switch positions like this. Let's do that. First things first, you can switch positions of two objects with the swap command, say self dot play swap. And then I want to swap the rectangle with the polygon Inside of parentheses I will say swap with with the, it will swap which for me is the rectangle with which for me is this polygon. And let's see what happens now, both of them swapped, but the letters still stayed in place, which means that we need to group each of the letters with their shape. Or alternatively, I could just do this the easy way and say also swap two, which is the letter D for me, and then 34, which is the letter, and it should achieve the same thing. Yes, it now swaps both the rectangle and the polygon with the letters inside of them. But I wanted to show you another way, which is by grouping them together. I'm going to delete this self plate command. Make sure my cursor is right here by clicking tab twice. And then I'm going to play the animation so it refreshes. After it rotates, I want the letter D to be grouped with the polygon. I'll call P because my text is the letter and the polygon is the letter. I'll say that's equal to the group because I want to create a group. The first thing that I want to group is the polygon. So I'll say the second thing is the letter D. Now again, the letter D is 012. The second element of I'll say open the brackets and inside of brackets I'll say two, which will now group this polygon with the letter D. I also want to create another group for the rectangle and the letter G. I'll say because for me is the rectangle equals to the group for the rectangle. And after the, I want to say which letter is the letter. I'll come here to my text, 01234. It's the fourth element. I'll come down, say open brackets and say four. Now I have this group and this group. Now I want to swap these groups. I'll say self play swap and P with it should swap both of these groups like this. Perfect. Let's see what happens next. 35. Value Trackers: Next let's talk about a thing called a value tracker. So I'm going to move all of my scenes that I've created previously down and I'll create a new scene. I'll call it class value trackers and scene in parentheses, add a colon enter and def construct self like this. And then I'll say that is equal to my value tracker and inside of its parentheses I can see that I can put a number, I'll put a number ten. And what a value tracker basically does is it tracks some sort of a number value. You can't actually put it on the screen, it works in the background. Instead what you can do is attach it to another object and then animate it based on how the value tracker changes. I'll show you what all of that means. Let's create a number. I'll say that number is equal to decimal number, which just basically means it creates a number. And inside of its parentheses I can say what kind of number it is, say ten. And then I can also define how many decimal places it has, how many numbers after the period. I'll say num, decimal places equals zero. It will not have 10.00 it will just have the number ten. Let's say self weight for 3 seconds. And also let's play this number on the screen. Self play right number. Let's see what we get. I will run the Python file and then come to the manium side view extension and select the value tracker scene. Once it plays, we just get a plain number on the screen. Right now the number is the same as my value tracker and they're not connected in any way. I've just created the value tracker and I just put the number on the screen, but my goal here is to create a scene where this number counts 10-31 Way to do this would be to create two numbers. I would say number two is equal to decimal number and I'll say 30 and nudecimal places is equal to zero. Then I would come here and say self play transform from my first number, which is named number, to my second number which is number two. Now this is what we get. There's ten and then it just changes to 30. But what if I want to show every single number that it has to go through 10, 111-213-1415, the way up to 30. That's where I can use the value tracker. I'll delete the second number and also this self plate command. Instead of saying that this decimal number is equal to just a number, just ten, I will say that it's equal to one dot get underscore value which means that now this decimal number is equal to this. Whatever the value is inside the value tracker, which right now is just ten, it should give me the same result, it should just write number ten on the screen. It does. What I did here is I said that my number is equal to a decimal number and that decimal number is equal to whatever the value of the value tracker. The cool thing now is that I can animate the value tracker and the number will also animate as well. Inside of my self dot play command. I will say one animate, because I want to animate the value tracker changing to 30. I'll say period set underscore value, and I'll set it to 30. Now the value tracker will animate 10-30 Also, right now, there's going to be nothing visible on the screen. Because as I've mentioned before, you can see the value tracker on the screen. I have to say self dot play, right? And then our number. Let's see what happens. There's still the number ten and it doesn't really change 230. And that's because when we animate the value tracker, we also need to update our number. We need to add an updator. Remember, the easiest way to do this is to say always underscore redraw, then put everything in parentheses. Then come back and also add a lambda function. I'll say lambda and a colon. Now, no matter what's happening in our animation, it will always redraw this number. I'll say command S, and let's see what happens. The number ten comes up on the screen and it animates all the way to 30. Now I can increase the length of this animation by saying run underscore time is equal to something like five, which will make it, so the whole animation lasts 5 seconds. So you can see that it counts a lot slower. That's what you can do with a value tracker. 36. Rate Function: You'll notice that this animation starts off a little slow. Then it speeds up as the numbers get higher. And then it also slows down at the very end. And we can change this behavior. For example, if I wanted every single number to change after the exact same amount of time, I could add a comma here. Say rate underscore funk, which is rate function is equal to rate underscore functions period linear, which will set this animation to be linear. And if I play this now, the animation will not speed up or slow down. The time between every single number will be the same. The default setting is not linear, but it's smooth. If I say smooth, it will now start counting slower then it will speed up and then it will slow down towards the end. If you want a linear animation, just say rate funk is equal to rate functions and then linear. But I'll leave it as default for now. 37. RECAP - Value Trackers: Let's pause for a moment and see what we've done here. First, we created a value tracker. And we said that the value tracker has an initial value of ten and we assigned the value tracker to one next. We added a number which we said it's a decimal number and then we had to specify what kind of number it is. We said one get value, which means that this number will be what's inside of these brackets, it got the value from one. If I were to set this to 999, the value of this decimal number would be 999. Next, we said that the number of decimal places is equal to zero, which means that this number doesn't have a period. And some numbers after the period. And the final thing we did to this number is added a update. We said that we want to always redraw this number, and this is the syntax for the updator. You have to say always underscore, redraw, then put everything inside of brackets, and then also add lambda and a colon at the very beginning. Now everything here will always be redrawn. Next, we said self dot play. Right the number on the screen, it wrote the number ten. And then we said self dot play one dot animate. Which means that we want to animate one, which is our value tracker. We said that we want to animate this number going from whatever number it is to the number 30. Right now it will go from 999 to number 30. We said that we want to play this animation over 5 seconds. I'll rend this and let's see if it goes from 999 to number 30. Over 5 seconds, there's the number 999, it changes to number 30. That was the recap of the value tracker. In the future lessons, where we'll talk about axes and creating graphs on the screen, we'll also be using the value tracker. You'll be able to experiment and play with it a little more. 38. Axes 1 - Creating a new axes: The next thing that we're going to be talking about is Axis. How to create them and how to put different functions onto those Axis. Again, I'll create a space here to create a new scene. And I'll say class. I'll name the scene axis, say scene inside of parentheses, and add a colon. Then I'll say deaf construct self and I can begin building my scene. Also close the manumcighteview. Let's start creating the axis. I will name my axis the letter A, or actually I'll just name it Axis. I'll say that axis is equal to axis, which is the command that creates an axis. Then inside of its brackets, I can see there's a lot of things that I can define. The first thing I can define is an x ray. From which number to which number my x values are going to be. I'll say that my x underscore range is equal to. And then I have to put brackets because they're going to be two numbers in here. I want my x values to go from -20 to 20. Then when I add a comma, I can also see that there's a y range. I'll say y underscore range is equal to, again, inside of parentheses. And I'll say something like -15 to 15. Let's come down here, say self weight, so that the animation waits a little bit once it finishes. And I'll say self dot play. Right? And axis, which will put my axis onto the screen. Let's run the python file and it plays our previous scene. So what I can do is click on this camera icon, which will let me change a different scene. I want to play the scene called axis. I'll just click on it and it will generate. We can see that it created the axis. The x values go from -20 to 20, and the y values go from -15 to 15. If I want to see these numbers on the axis, I can come to the very end a period and say add underscore coordinates, which will add coordinates. I also have to provide empty parentheses. As with everything else, let's rerun this. And it should have numbers on every single point here. Yes, there are numbers. You can see that it's a little crammed here, but it goes from -15 to 14 and from -20 to 20, which is what we said over here. I'll remove the coordinates so that everything is easier to 39. Axes 1 - Putting stuff inside the axes: Next, let's add something into these axes, because right now they're empty, I'll create a triangle. I'll say that tr is equal to my triangle. And I'll say that my triangle is scaled to 0.3 It's going to be quite small. Now I've created the triangle, but it's going to be just here in the center. And it doesn't really have any relationship to the axis because I didn't say that it should live somewhere on the axis. Next, let's do that. I'll say tri, which is my triangle Move underscore two inside of the parentheses. I want to say where I want it to move. In order to move something onto the axis, you have to first say the name of the axis for me, is this one right here. Axis. Then say period two, which I think means coordinate to point or something. And then inside of parentheses, you have to say which coordinate you wanted to go to, which of course has the x and y value. Our x values range from -22 20, from -22 20 over here. And our y values from -15 to 15, -15 here, and 15 here. Let's say that I want to put my rectangle somewhere over here. I'll say that my x value is equal to something like minus seven and my y value to something like ten. Now I've created the triangle and then I moved it to this spot of the coordinates. Of course, I also need to put it on the screen. I'll say self dot play, right? And triangle, which will animate the triangle. This is how it looks like. The triangle appears exactly on this spot. Now let's say self weight and create something else. I'll create a dot. I'll name it dot. And say that my dot is equal to dot with empty parentheses. Or I can assign something like a color to it. I'll say color the dot red. Next, I want to play the dot to see where it is on the screen. I'll say self play, create dot, just to mix it up. Right now, the triangle is here. Our dot is right there in the center. Let's say I want to move this dot to somewhere over here. I'll say dot, dot, Move underscore two. Then inside of parentheses, again, I have to say what's the name of my axis? In this case it's just axis. Then I'll say period to inside of its parentheses, I have to define the coordinates. I'll say something like x is equal to seven and y is equal to minus ten, which is the exact opposite of my triangle. The dot should move somewhere over here. Let's see if that's what really happens. There's the axis, there's the triangle. Then there's the.in the center. And then it jumps over there. Now, why does it jump there, and why does it not move there? That's because I just said do move to over there. I didn't tell Python to animate anything. If I want to animate something, I have to use the self dot play command in the front. I'll say self dot play. Then at parentheses and say dot. An animate move to axis. Now, instead of jumping over there, it should move there nicely. Let's run this. There's the coordinate system. There's the triangle. The dot appears here and then it nicely moves to that. 40. Axes 2 - Customizing axes: Okay, so let's learn to make these axes a little bit more beautiful and experiment with other things that you can do with them. Again, I will create another scene called class axis two and then I'll say scene inside of the parentheses. Next I'll say deaf construct self and I can start building out my scene. Again, I'll create my axis. I'll say that axis is equal to axes. And then I have to define the X range and the Y range. My X range is going to be from minus one to ten, and my Y range is also going to be from minus one to ten. But let's see what other things we can define. We can also see that there's an x length and y length. This essentially defines how long our axis is on the screen. Remember that the screen in nim is made up of eight by 14 squares. If I say my x length is longer than 14, it will not fit in the scene. But if I say it's equal to five, it will not take up the whole scene. Let's say that x length is equal to 13. Remember if I said 14, it would go out of bounds. And let's say y length is equal to five. Then of course, let's say self weight 3 seconds. And self play and write the axis on the screen. Let's see what we get. This is our previous scene. Again, I can click on this camera icon to choose a different scene. And I want to play the scene named Axis two. I'll click on that, and it says that it got an unexpected keyword argument y length. Which means that I probably misspelled the word length, y underscore length, and now it should be okay. Yes, here are our coordinates. Now one thing I don't like are these arrows at the very end. Let's see if we can remove those. I'll add another coma and see if there's anything to do with these arrow. I can see that there's tips here, which I'm assuming. Are these tips over here? By default it says true. If I say tips equal to false, I'm assuming that these arrows should disappear. And yes, we don't have any more arrows. Next, let's also come to the end of the axis and say period underscore coordinates, which will add coordinates. And we can also say period, set underscore color, and let's set it to blue. We will add coordinates to these axis and also make the whole thing blue. There it is. 41. Axes 2 - Adding axes labels: Another thing you might want to do is add labels to these axis. For example, I want to say that this is the y axis and I want to say that this is the X axis. I can create labels just like any other variable. I'll say that x is equal to axis period, get underscore x axis underscore label. This is how you get the label of these axis. Then inside of parentheses I can say inside of quotation marks what I want to name the axis. I'll name the x axis, X. Then I can copy this. And at this, and instead of get X axis label, I can say get y axis label and also name the y axis. But right now, both of these are assigned to the same letter X. I'll change this to Y as well as playing out the axis, I can say write x and then write y, which will write out the axis labels as well as the axis itself. I'll play this and let's see what happens. There it is. Our axes have names. This is the Y axis and this is the x axis. 42. Axes 2 - Creating a dot with a label: Next, let's add a few spaces and create something on these axis. Again, I'll create a dot. I'll say dot equals to do. Let's again make the color of this dot red so that we can see it better. I'll move this dot. Move underscore two, axis two. Inside of brackets, I can define the coordinates where I want to move this dot. Let's say I want it somewhere over here, which means that the x value is equal to three and the y value is equal to one. I'll say 31. Now, a red dot should appear over here whenever I play it on the screen. Now let's also name this dot. Let's add a label for it. I'll say dot Underscore label is equal to text. And I'll just name the dot, the word dot. I'll say that the font size of this text is equal to something like 24. And I'll say that this text is next underscore two. And inside of our brackets I'll say dot because I want it to be next to the dot. And then after the coma I can say where I want it to go, I want the label to be up. Again, I said that the dot label is equal to this text, and I said that I want this text to be next to the dot, which is this dot for me over here, and I want it to be up. Let's play everything. I'll say self dot play. Let's write out the dot label. And also write the dot itself. There's the axes and there is the dot. You can see that it has a label on top of it, and it's this label over here. And the dot appeared in exactly these coordinates, x is equal to three and y is equal to one, which is where we put it with this command. 43. Axes 2 - Animating dot and dot label inside axes: Let me make this smaller so you can see more of the code. Now let's say that we want to animate this dot so that it moves from this position to somewhere over here. But we also want it to move with the label, which now means we either have to put both of these into a group, or we can add an updtor to this text so that it always redraws this text as the dot moves along the axis. Let's take the harder route, and let's do it with an updator. We want this text to always update as the dot moves. But first, we need to tell the dot to move. Say self dot play. And then I want to animate the dot. I will say dot period animate move underscore two Again, I want to move it to a specific of these axis. The syntax for that is first the name of the axis, axis period two. And then inside of brackets, I can say where I want it to move. I'll say that the x value is equal to nine and the y value is equal to six. You should move somewhere over here. Now if I play this, the dot should move, label should still stay in the same spot. Yes. Now we want the label to follow the dot as well. I'll come to the label and after the equals sign, I'll say always underscore, redraw, then put this text inside of parentheses, and then I'll come here and say lambda and a colon. Now the label will always be redrawn to be next to our dot. Now if I play this, the label should also follow the dot. There's the dot and it moves with the label. Very nice. Again, an easier way to do this would have been to just create a group. Say it's equal to V group. And then put both the dot and the dot label inside of that group. And then instead of animating the dot, we would have just needed to animate the whole group. Which would have made the dot move with the label. But we chose the hardware. 44. Axes 2 - Animating axes and clearing updaters: Now let's say that I want to put something else on the screen, and I want all of this to shrink down. I want these axes to end up somewhere over here on the screen. I want to shrink everything. To do that, I will also need to put everything inside of a group. I'll say group equals to V group I spelled V group wrong. V group, by the way it stands for vector group. Then inside of parentheses, I want to put everything first. I have the axis, then I have the axis labels, which for me is x and y. I'll say x, y. Then I have the dot and the dot label. I'll say dot, underscore label. Everything you can see on the screen is inside of this one group that I can animate together. Let's animate it. I'll say self dot play inside of parentheses. I'll say group do animate because everything is inside of the group. And I'll say period scale to 0.3 It will scale this to 30% but it will scale everything to the center. And I said that I want to move the axis somewhere on the top left, say period, move underscore two. And the default coordinates are 000, which means that the object is in the center. Let's say that I want to move it to minus three and y equals two, which will shift the whole coordinate system minus three squares from the center here, two squares, to somewhere over here. I could also achieve pretty much the same thing by using the two edge command. Instead of move to the coordinates, I could say two underscore edge and I'll say upper left. I want this scaled group to move to the left edge. Let's see what happens. There's the coordinate system, the dot, and everything shrinks down to the upper left. But there is one slight issue, and that's the word dot. It's too big. We said that we always want to redraw the dot label, which is the word dot. And we said that the font size should be 24. No matter what happens, it will always update to the font size equals to 24. This is why I chose the harder way of doing things so that I can show you how to fix this. See, there's another very cool command that lets us clear updators. After some time, I needed this dot label to be always redrawn up until this point. But I don't want it to be redrawn anymore from this point because I put everything in a group already. So I don't really need to redraw anything because I'm animating the whole group. What I can do is name the variable, say dot underscore label, and then say period and clear underscore updators and empty parentheses, which will now clear the updators. It will remove the always redraw thing from the dot label. Now once I play this, it will say text object has no attribute, clear updat, I forgot to add the S at the very end our variable, which we want to clear the updators from. And then period clear updatorsow. If I play this, the dot label should be the same size as everything else. Here's the axis. The dot moves there. The dot label doesn't get redrawn to be font size 24 because we removed the updators. 45. RECAP - Axes 2: Once again, let's pause and see what happened here. I'll make it smaller so that you can see most of the code here. First, we created the axis. And we named our axis. Axis. But just with the lower case A, I could have said anything here. I could have named my axis shrek. Which means that I would need to change every single word, axis here to the word shrek. But I chose to name it Axis. I said that my X range is equal from minus one to ten, which means that the horizontal line, this x line over here, goes from minus one to ten. Then I said that my Y range is from minus one to ten, which is this vertical line, and it goes from minus one to ten. I said that my x length is equal to 13. This basically defines the size of my x axis on the screen. If I were to say it's equal to five, look at what happens to the x axis. It will shrink down. See now it's very tiny. When I say 13, it means that I want it to be the size of 13 squares that make up or seen in Manum. Remember it's eight by 14. The reason I didn't say 14 is because it will go out of bounds. The minus one or the ten will be hidden. What I also did inside of the axis was say that equal to false. And that's why we don't have those arrows at the very end of our y and x axis. Then I said period, add coordinates, which added these numbers to every single point. And I said set color to blue, which made the axis color blue. Next, I said that x is equal to axis, Get x, axis label, and x, which basically means that I want to add an axis label to the x axis. And I said that the axis label will be x. If I changed this to something like this, the label would have been this text. There you go, I'll switch it back to x. This basically helps us name our axis. Of course, I needed to put everything on the screen, and that's why I said self dot play, right axis, which put the axis on the screen. Self dot play, right x, which wrote the x label, because I assigned my x label to the variable x. And I said right y, which put y on the screen as well. Let me rerun this so that the text doesn't happen anymore. The next thing I did was create a dot. And I said that I want to move it to these axis, which we only have one axis on the screen. So we didn't really have a choice to put it inside of other axis. But if I had two axis, I could have said which axis to move this dot inside of. I said axis two, which is just the syntax to define the coordinate of the axis. And I said x is equal to three and y is equal to one. Which means that I want to draw my dot inside of this exact point. X is equal to three and y is equal to one. The dot should appear over here. If I play this, the dot is exactly there. Now another thing I created was this dot label. I said that the dot label is equal to this text. The text should say dot, and the font size should be 24, and that's why the dot is this size. Next, I said that I want this text to be next to our dot, which the dot for me is dot, and I want it to be up. So that's why the label is on top of the dot and not somewhere here, here, or here. I also added an updator to this label and I said always redraw. Then I put everything inside of parentheses, inside of parentheses. I also said lambda, which basically means that it will always redraw the label no matter where the dot goes. It will always try to set the text dot to font size 24 and it will always try to be next to our dot and up. No matter what happens to our dot, no matter where it moves, no matter what size it becomes, the text dot will always redraw itself to be font size 24 and to always be next to our dot up. Then I said self dot play, right, dot label, and write the dot which put our dot and the dot label on the screen. Then I said that I want to move my dot somewhere over here. Again, I used the self dot play command and said that I want to animate the dot. Remember, the dot label will always be next to our dot. So that's why we don't need to animate both of them. Wherever the dot goes, because of the always redraw function, the label will always follow the dot. I said dot, dot, animate, move two. Again, I used the same syntax as over here. I said that I want to move it to these axes. And the I want to move it to x equals nine and Y equals six. X equals nine is over here, and y equals six is somewhere over here. The dot should move somewhere over here. When I play this, the dot moves exactly there. Next, I wanted to scale everything down, but in order to do that, I needed to clear the updators from the dot label. The reason I want to clear the updators, which essentially just removes this part of the code from this point onwards, is because if I didn't, it would always redraw the text to be font size 24. And I want everything to shrink down as well as the dot label. I don't want it to be redrawn, to be bigger than everything else. That's why I cleared Pdators. From this point onward, it will not redraw the.it will just stay as it was next. Since I want to scale everything down, I don't want to animate every single thing. What I can do is put everything into a group and animate the whole group. Instead, I put everything into a group. My axis, my axis labels the dot and the dot label. And I said cells do play group animate. I wanted to scale it down. I said scale 0.3 The default scale is of course one. Essentially, I said that I want to scale it to 30% and then I added another dot and said that as well as scaling it down, I want to animate it, moving to the upper left edge, and so this is the animation that we got. There's the axis, there's the.it, moves over there, and then everything shrinks down to the upper left corner. Okay, I hope everything is clear. 46. Axes 3 - Creating the axes: Next we'll talk about how to draw an actual curve on the axis. Let's create an axis and then plot a cosine function onto those axis. I'm going to move everything down here and create a new scene. And I'll call it axis three because this is the third lesson in the Axis series. Then of course, deaf construct self, we can start working on this new scene. I'll move everything down as well. Of course, don't forget to indent your cursor by two times so that everything lives under deaf construct self VS. Code automatically understands that I want to move it here and not here. As soon as I press Tab once, it immediately gives me two indents, which is very nice. Let's create our axis. This time I'm going to call my axis something like dog. I'll say that it's equal to axes. And then I'll define the x range. I'll say that it's equal to minus eight to eight. Whoops, I forgot the brackets. And then one more bracket to close off the axis. Then I'll put the comma here and say y range is equal to something like -1.5 to 1.5 because the cosine function will only reach to y equals one. We don't really need to go higher than that anyway. Let's also add x length, which determines how long the axis is on the screen, and I'll say 13. And also let's say y length is equal to something like three, because I don't really want the coordinate system to be super tall vertically. Then I'll also say tips equals false, which will remove the arrows at the end of our axis. This is what we have right now. I'll say self dot play. Right? And axis. I can immediately see that VS code underlined the word self which tells me that there's probably a mistake somewhere over here. And I can see that the mistake is here. I said Cephal instead of self. It's just a spelling error. And once I corrected it, the self function will work just fine. I'll also add self weight for 3 seconds at the very end. So that I can pause the animation without it restarting. I'll run the python file. And it ran the previous scene, axis number two. And this is axis number three. So if I want to switch the scene, I can click on this camera icon and say I want to play axis three instead of axis two. Say that there is type object. Axis has no attribute family members with points. I have no idea what that means. I'll try to troubleshoot this. The X range seems good, Y range seems good. X length 13, Y length is three tips equals false. Everything seems to be in order. And I said that I want to play axes, but I named my axis the word dog. That was the mistake. I have to say write dog for it to write out axes on the screen. I'll play this again and let's see what happens. There's our axis, but it doesn't look like an axis because it doesn't have labels. Also create labels X underscore. Lab, which is label is equal to dog, which is the name of our axis. Get underscore and then I can choose this, Get x axis label. And then inside of parentheses and quotation marks, I can say what I want to name this axis. I'll say x axis. Then I'll copy this pasted here, Change the name of the variable to be y label. Then say get y axis instead of x axis. And I'll name this y axis. As well as writing the axis on the screen, I will also write the x label and the y label on the screen. That every once I played the animation I got another error type error. Math text object is not callable. I'm assuming that I have to put all of these into separate right animations. X lab and right Y lab. Let's see if that fixes the problem. Yes, it does. Okay, Here's the axis, and there are the axis labels. I should have probably said y x not axes. This is the final result. Now I will remove the word axes because it's probably not necessary. 47. Axes 3 - Plotting cosine function onto axes: The next thing that we want to do is draw a cosine function onto these axes. How do we do that? I will come here after the self dot play command, because we want to plot the cosine function. After we've already put everything on the screen, I will call my cosine function just curve. I'll say that it's equal to. Then I have to put the name of my axis, which is dog. Then I have to say period and plot. This tells Python that I want to plot something onto these axes, these axes over here. Then inside of parentheses, I have to define the function that I want to plot there. Since we want to plot the cosine function, we're also going to need to import another library. Remember that at the very beginning to set up our manim thing, we said from maim import snowflake, and this imported the manim library. Now for the cosine function to work, we also want to add another library called num pi. I'll say import num pi as P. This is essentially all you need to do for the cosine function to work, and also for the sine function and many other things. But I will not talk about the num pi library in discourse. Let's plot out the cosine function. Now to do that, we're also going to use the lambda function inside of these parentheses. Over here I will say lambda x, then a colon. And then after that, P, which is this numi library period, cosine x. I will explain what this means in a second. I just want to double check that it works self dot play, right? And curve that it plots out the curve here. I will run the code, and there should be a cosine function here. Yes. 48. Understanding how lambda functions work (my method): I'm not going to lie. I don't really understand how Lambda functions work, and I tried to figure it out before, but as soon as I don't use them for one day, I forget how they work. But I found a very easy way to think about them when you're trying to create a function. Let me open up Photoshop and illustrate what I mean. Here's the syntax for the lambda function. Lambda x, and then there was np dot cosine x. This is the syntax. Now when you have a normal function, you would say f of x or y is equal to cosine x. This is how a normal function would look like, which is also the same as y equals cosine x. We can see some similarities here. The main similarity that I want to show you is that lambda x and a colon is essentially the same as f of x is equal or y equals. You can basically think of lambda x as being f of x or as being y equals. This is exactly the same. Now what comes after the colon is what comes after the equals sine In a normal function, the cosine x is the same as the cosine x over here. The only difference is that we have this P over here, which basically tells Python that we want to use this library to use the cosine function. The P part is really the only difference when it comes to this and this. Because this over here is the same as this. Which is the same as this. This over here is the same as this or as this. The only thing that's different is P. Now let's say I want another function instead of a cosine function. Let's say I want a parabola. The way I would write a parabola in programming terms would be lambda x, which is f of x is equal to the traditional parabola is just x squared, which is the same as x times x. In a normal function, it would be x and then squared like this. This is the same as this, because x squared is x times x. And this part over here is the same as this. This is how I think of lambda functions. I'm not sure if it's 100% correct or if this is how you should think about it, but it works for me. If I say x times x, it should draw a parabola on these axes. Yes, there is the pabla, I'll leave this as P cosine of x. Now, there are also a couple of things that we could do here. First, I can say that this curve, this cosine function, will have a color red. And also I can add coordinates to my axis. I'll come to the end here and say period, add underscore coordinates, which will add coordinates. Of course, don't forget the empty brackets at the very end. Now if I play this, the cosine function should be red and there should also be coordinates, which is exactly what we get. That's how you can plot different curves onto the axis. 49. Axes 3 - Animating function on axes: Next. Once we've added something onto our axis, let's learn how to animate it. Let's learn how to show that function changing itself. In this case, I created a cosine function, but let's create a pabla instead instead of P cosine x. I will say x times x. You can interpret this as y is equal to x squared. This is the function that we're going plot on the dog axis. Now since this is a Pabola, I want to change the X range and the Y range to show more of that Parabola. Say that X range is from minus four to four. And since this parabola doesn't go down, I will say Y range is from zero to something like 16. I don't want the horizontal dimensions of the axis to span across the whole screen. I'll say X length is equal to something like five. And I want the axis to go vertically, pretty much across the whole screen. I'll say y length equal to 6.5 Remember that the maximum I can go is eight because the scene in manim is made up of eight by 14 squares. I'll also leave tips as false and add coordinates. I'll also leave the axis labels, but maybe I'll make them lower case. Then here everything stays the same. Self dot play right, everything out. There's our curve, which is the parabola. F of x is equal to x squared. And this time let's make it blue. Instead of using the right animation. Let's play around a little bit and use the create animation which is pretty similar to right. Let's see how it all looks like. There is the parabola. We have the x axis with the length of five, that's why it's this short. And then we have the y axis going 0-16 as you can see, 016. And then we said that the length of this axis is 6.5 which is why it spans to almost the very top of the frame. But now that I have this parabola here, I want to change it. I want to animate it moving for example, instead of x squared, I want to become two x squared. And I want to animate everything. This is where we're going to use the value tracker. The first thing I know that I will need is an updator because I want to always redraw this function. Because when it changes, I want it to be redrawn on the screen to match what it changes. Of course, I will say always underscore, redraw, put all of this into parentheses, and then add a lambda function at the very beginning. This will make this curve always update on the screen. Of course, if I play this now, nothing will change because I'm not animating anything. It will be always redrawn in the same exact place. Let's animate it. I'll come here to the function. And I said that I want to animate it so that it becomes from x squared to two times x squared. But I want to be able to change this number two to something like number five or number 0.5 And this is where I can use the value tracker at the top of the curve. I will also create this number as a value track. I call it number and I'll say equals to value tracker. By default I want it to be one, because by default I want it to be one times x squared so that I get this initial pabla. Now, I need to put this value tracker in here. I'll say number, which is how I named the value tracker. And then after the period, I will say get underscore value and empty parentheses. What will happen now is it will look at whatever the value trackers number is and put that number in here. Of course, I forgot the times symbol to make it so that the function is equal to my number times x times x. Now we have everything set up, but if I play this, nothing will change because that number is equal to one. And it also doesn't change. We get the same initial parabola, but we can animate that number changing. I'll say self play and then number period animate. Because I want to animate this number changing. And then I'll say set underscore value. Inside of parentheses, I can pick whatever value I want. I'll say two also. I'll say underscore time is equal to two so that the animation happens over the span of 2 seconds instead of 1 second. Now if I play this, it should draw the parabola. And the Parabola should get bigger. There's the initial pabla, and there it stretches out. Now let's stretch it back down. I'll copy this, come to a new line and set the new value to be something like 0.1 And let's see what happens now. You should draw the original pabla, Stretch it out, and then squish it back down, just for fun. Let's copy this again and add another one to where it stretches to 0.5 This is how our final animation looks like. It stretches out, then it squishes down, and then it stretches back up just a little bit. 50. RECAP - Animating functions on axes: Again, what we've done here is we added a curve and we added an updator to that curve. We said that we always want to redraw the curve, so that when we animate it down here, it will always redraw the curve, it will always update it. Then we said that we want to plot this curve onto the dog axis, which we created up here. Next, we needed to define what kind of function we wanted to plot on the axis. And I said that the function is equal to f of x equals whatever number this is times x times x, which means f of x times our random number times x squared. This is essentially how our function looks like, F of x equal to a number that we choose times x squared. It's a Proabola, but it has some sort of a number in the front. In the beginning we said that this number is equal to one. No matter what we multiply by one, it still stays the same. That's why the original curve stayed the same. And we said that the color of this curve is blue. And then over here, we changed this number to be something else. At first I said it was equal to two since there's always redraw function which always updates our Pbola as the number updated. The probola also updated on the screen, Okay. 51. Axes 4 - Zooming into axes: Let's create another example with the value tracker. And this time let's also animate the axis as well as the function inside of those axes. Say class axis five and colon deaf construct self. We have the scene prepared. I'll say that axis is equal to axis. I want to plot the sine curve onto these axis. I'll choose the x range to be equal to minus eight to eight. And then the y range to be equal to something like minus one to one. I'll say that X length is equal to seven and Y length is equal to three. I'll also remove the tips from these axis. Say tips equal false and also add coordinates at the very end. Let's see how these axes look like. Self play, right? Axis. Whoops. This is playing our previous scene, axis three. I'll go into the camera icon and choose axis number five, which will update the scene to be like this. The animation stops really fast, so I'll say self weight 3 seconds at the very end. And I'll continue working on these axis. I said that I want to draw a sine function here. Again, I'll name my function curve and I'll say it's equals to axis, whatever the name of the axes is, plot. And then inside of parentheses, I have to define the function that I want to plot. I'll say lambdx, which essentially means y equals two. And then P sine x, which means y is equal to sine x. And we've now plotted this function. To draw this function, I'm going to say self dot play, create, and curve. If I play this, it should also plot the sine function here. Yes, I will also say that the color of this function is equal to blue. So that you can differentiate it better from the axis like this. Now we have the axis and we have the function on those axis. But what if I want to zoom into these axis? In other words, what if I want to change the x length of these axis and animated, changing. I want to zoom into this point of the curve. I need to somehow figure out how to animate the x length from seven to something like 30. And for that I can use a value tracker. I will make some space here and then say that my value tracker is equal to X. I'll create the value tracker and let's say that the initial length will be the same. Seven, I'll say seven inside of my value tracker. Now I want to replace this seven with my value tracker. I'll say that I want my X length to be X period, get underscore value and empty parentheses. Again, my X is my value tracker. For my x length, I'm essentially getting the number, whichever is inside of this value tracker. Right now it's equal to seven. Which means that if I re run the code, the function and the axis should look exactly the same. Yes, they do. But now I want to animate this. And what that means is that I want to change the value of the x. I'll say self dot play. And then inside of parentheses, I'll say x period, animate period, set underscore value. Let's say 30. What will happen now is it will animate the value tracker to be set to number 30. But on our screen, nothing will be changing because we forgot one thing, and that's to update this function. We need to add an updator to the function so that it always redraws the function when something is happening down here. I will say always underscore, redraw, open parentheses. Then of course, close the parentheses at the very end. And I also need to include lambda and a colon for it to work. Now, it will always redraw the axis. Now if I play this, everything should zoom in. Of course, it's going to take a little longer to load because it has to redraw the axis for every single frame of our animation. There's the axis, there's the function, and it zooms in. But you'll notice that this stayed in place and that's because our curve is not updating. We also need to say always underscore redraw lambda and then close the parentheses. Of course now everything should zoom in together because the axis will be redrawn and also the curve will be redrawn. Yes. Now everything zooms in together and the function is correctly displayed. 52. Axes 4 - Animating axes and function: Let's say that I also want to animate the function changing. I want to zoom into the axes. And then let's say that I want the sine function. Instead of having x inside of parentheses, I want to have something like ten times x inside of parentheses. I also want to animate that as well. We'll create another value tracker. I'll say that that number is equal to my value tracker and the initial number will be one. Because I want to display the sine function, how it is by default at first, then inside of the parentheses I want to include this number. I'll come here and say number period, get underscore value and empty parentheses. And then I have to times this number by x. Now, inside of our sine function, we have this number which whatever number this is times x. At first, this number will be one. But I want to animate it, changing 1-10 Come here, say self weight, because I want to wait a little bit After the zooming completes, then I'll add a new line and say self dot play numtanimate, because I want to animate this number changing to ten. And then I'll say period set underscore value. Let's set the value to ten. Since we already made this function, always redraw, don't have to add anything else. In theory it should work. It zooms in and then the function changes very nice. Once I've squeezed this function, I can say self weight to wait for one more second and then I can zoom everything back out. I'll copy this one because it controls how much we zoom in. And then instead of 30, I'll say something like five. Now the x length over here will become five. Remember it initially was seven, then we changed it to 30, and now we're changing it to five. This is how it will look like. There's the axis, there's the function. It out. It changes the function and then it zoom back out. Beautiful. 53. Transforming matching shapes (cool animation): I also want to show you a few cool things that you can do with, man. The first one has to do with text. I will say that A is equal to text, and let's say that the text here is mammal. Then I'll create another text and I'll call it B instead of parentheses and quotation marks. I'll say man. And then of course, I'll add a self dot weight command of 3 seconds at the very end. And I'll say self dot play. And I'll put both of these texts on the screen. I'll say right and then right. Right now they're going to be in the center. So I'll say this one is next underscore two A and right. So it will be on the right side of the text mammal. The text, the text manim will be next to the text on the right side. If I play this, this is what we get. Mammal mani, both of them are not in the center because the word mammal is in the center. And this one is just next to the word mammal. That's why they're not centered. But the cool thing I wanted to show you is if I add another self play command and then say transform matching shapes. And then inside of parentheses, I want to transform A and B. I must have spelled it wrong. Transform matching shapes. There we are. If I play this, look at what happens, whoops. But the problem is that we already had the text written on the screen. If I only write the text A on the screen and leave invisible the text A will transform into text. With a very cool animation. Here we have the text and then it transforms the letters move into the text. I can say run underscore time and set the time to be something like 3 seconds. Also, I don't need this next two command because this text is invisible. There's the first word and then the letters morph into another word. This is what the transform matching shapes does. Whichever letters match, they just switch places and make another word. This is a very cool animation. We change this text to say something like Baboon. This one. This is my first day at work. Let's transform everything from baboon. This is my first day at work. See whichever letters are the same, they just move into place of the matching letters of the second word. And the other letters that are not a match just fade in from nothing. But if I switch both of them, this will say Baboon. And this will say, this is my first day at work. If I read this, the animation should look better. There we go. This is one cool animation that I wanted to show. 54. Arranging multiple elements next to each other with a group: Coming back to the problem that we had before where we had mammal and manim. We wanted to write out both of these pieces of text on the screen, but the problem was that both of these texts were not centered on the screen. I said next underscore two and then a right, which made the text manim go to the right side of this at, this is what we got. They were not centered, how do we center them on the screen? What we can do instead of saying next two is put both of these into a V group, I'll say is equal to V group, inside of parentheses, I'll say A and B. Now I've put both of them into a group. The reason I did this is because I can arrange elements however I want to. When they're inside of a group, I'll create a new line here and say, which is my V group. Then say inside of parentheses, I can define how I can arrange these objects. One way I can arrange them is dow, which means that the text B will be below the text, A manim will be below the word mammal. Let's see what happens if I play out the group. Here are both of these texts, but now they're aligned in the center. If I want to align them to the left edge, I can say here I can see that center is equal to true. By default I can say center is equal to false. Now if I play this, it should align to the left edge. Never mind. What happened now is the text mammal is in the exact center of the frame and the text maim is below it. If I add a large buffer, you should be able to see what happened. If I play this, the mammal will be in the center. And the text maim is somewhere down here, somewhere off the screen. If I say two, it's going to be somewhere over here, probably. Yes. If I say center equals false, it will arrange the V group in a way so that the first object, the center of the frame, and then any other objects that are inside of the group are arranged in relation to where this one is. But that's not what I wanted to do. If I remove the center here, the center of both of these objects will be in the center. The text mammal should be somewhere here, and the text manum should be somewhere here. If I play this, you'll be able to see that the text mammal is no longer in the center of the frame, but the center of both of these objects are now the center of the frame. But I wanted to do something else and that's arranged both of these texts to the left edge. What I can say is aligned underscore edge is equal to left. Now it should align both of these texts to the left edge. Now if I don't want to arrange the V group down, I can arrange it to the right. This is how it looks like now. Probably I don't want to have the aligned edge left here. Yes, now it aligned both of these text objects next to each other and both of them are in the center. If I were to say center equals false, then only the text mammal would be in the center and the text manim would be somewhere over here. Because now the center of both of these objects is not the center. The first object is the center of the frame. This is how you can arrange two separate texts or two separate objects next to each other and put them both in the center of the frame. 55. Animation 3 - Changing shape parameters: Let's try to replicate a scene that will look like this and that's it. Come down here and create our scene. I'll say class demonstration three. Scene of course, add parentheses and deaf construct self. As always, now we have our scene. Let's go through this animation once again and explore what happened here. First, there's this shape that gets created. Then there's one piece of text colored orange or gold. And then there's another piece of text in another color right next to this text. Then there is a rectangle that's drawn around the second text. And then the rectangle grabs this text and moves it down here. As this is happening, this bullet point or this shape moves over there as well. Then the square will expand and all of these three elements will nicely move next to each other like this. Then from here, everything transforms into a tiny dot. The dot expands and fades to black. Let's try to create this animation first. Let's start off with this. Here, as you can see, there is a circle and then a surrounding rectangle around that circle. I'll first create the circle. I'll say that C is equal to my circle. And then inside of parentheses, actually I will put nothing inside of parentheses, but let's see how big the circle is, right from the very beginning, I'll say self dot play and then which will create the circle on the screen. I'll also come here and say self weight for 3 seconds so that when every single animation has played, there will be a three second pause. At the very end, I'll come here and say Run Python file. And from the manium side view extension I will be able to choose the demonstration scene. I'll click on that and it will generate. Right now, the circle is this big, it's color. What we want is for the circle to be very tiny. I'll come here after the circle, say period scale. And I'll scale it to something like 0.1 Now the circle will be very small, but this circle also has a fill color. And the fill color is white. I can come here say period is my circle. And I will say set underscore fill here. I can define what color I want. I'll say that the fill color will be white. Then I can add a comma and choose the opacity. I'll say opacity equals one, 100% The white in the center of the circle will be 100% visible. Let's see what we get. This is the circle, but the outline in the animation that we want to create, the outline of the circle. This right here is a little thicker. I can also increase the thickness of the outline. I'll say period set underscore stroke, which will define the stroke for this circle because I named it. Then inside of parentheses I can say what color I want for the stroke. And here it's red. I'll say red even though the circle is already red. And then I want to choose the width of the stroke. I want to make it thicker. Let's see if there's an option for that. There's an attribute called width. I'll say width equals, I'll set it to something like seven, I believe by default it's set to one. Let's see if the circle is the same. Yes, the circle looks pretty much disabled. 56. Animation 3 - Creating the surrounding rectangle: Next, I want this rectangle with rounded corners that surrounds the circle, create a surrounding rectangle. I will assign the surrounding rectangle to the letter and say that is equal to surrounding rectangle inside of parentheses. I have to say what I wanted to surround. In this case, I wanted to surround the circle, which is the letter C for me. That's why I'll put C here. Then I'll add a coma. And say that the color of this rectangle should be red because by default it's yellowy color equals red. And then I want the rounded corners. Remember the attribute for rounded corners is underscore radius, and it immediately fills it in. So I'll click Tab, and I'll say that it's equal to 0.1 Now we have the circle and the surrounding rectangle that surrounds this circle. But I haven't yet told VS code to put the surrounding rectangle on the screen. I'll come into the self dot play command at a comma here. And I'll say that I want write the surrounding rectangle as well as the circle. Now if I play everything, both of these shapes will appear on the screen. But in the animation that we want to recreate, these shapes appear in different ways. If we look closely, the rectangle spins in from the center. Instead of using the right command to animate these shapes on the screen, I'll use the grow from center command for the circle. And I'll use the spin in from nothing command for the surrounding rectangle. And this is what we get. It looks exactly the same as in this animation. 57. Animation 3 - Arranging objects: We can see that there are two words, hello there. Let's create those words. I'll assign my text to the variable and say that text is equal to hello there. Now, both of these pieces of text have different colors, which means that you could use text instead of text and then use latex to format that text. But I'll show you how to do that by just using the text command. But first, in the animation that we want to make, the text is next to this shape. If I were to put this text on the screen, it would just appear in the center overlapping with the shape. I want to put it next to the shape. I'll say next underscore two for text because I've assigned my letter to my text and I want it to be next to the shape which is either the circle or the surrounding rectangle. It doesn't really matter. I'll say the circle and I'll put a comma and say which direction I want the text to go. I wanted to go to the right. I want my text to be next to the circle and I want it to be on the right side. Next, I'll say self dot play. Right my text to also put the text on the screen. And there it is. But the text doesn't really look the same as in our animation. The font is a little too big and also everything is off center. First, I'll decrease the font size. I'm not sure what the default font size is by default, but I'll say font underscore size is equal to 32 and the text should become smaller. Yes, next, I want to move everything here into the center of the frame, because right now this shape is in the center and the text is off to the right. What we can do is put all of these objects in a group and then align that group to be in the center. I will come here and put everything in a group. I'll call this group one. There will be multiple groups. I'll say group and then inside of parentheses, I'll put everything that I want into that group. Now if I put every single object that I've created for the circle, for the surrounding rectangle and for text, I will then align all of them in a single line. Because it will first put the circle, then it will put the surrounding rectangle, and then it will put the text. But I want the circle and the surrounding rectangle to stay together. That's why I'll put them in a separate group so that when the second group aligns itself, this group will count as just one object. Say that the second group is equal to V group and then I'll put the first group inside of the second group as well as my text. And then I'll say two, which is the second group. And then period and arrange which means that I want to arrange the second group. Now here I can define which direction I want it to be arranged, but the default direction is to the right side. I don't really have to say right, I can just leave empty parentheses. Also, I can define the buff value, but in this case, I'll just leave everything as default. Now if I play this, everything should be in the center of the frame. Yes, but it teleported. And that is because I first said self play. Put both of these shapes on the screen, which put them in the center. And then I arranged the groups, which means that I first need to arrange all of the groups and create the text. And only then put everything on the screen so that it already plays what's been arranged. First we arrange the groups, and then we play the things on the screen. Because if we did it from the other side, first it puts whatever's on the screen, then it arranges those objects and then tries to play them, and that's why they teleport. Now if I play this, everything should appear nicely in the center. Yes. 58. Animation 3 - Changing colors of multiple words in a Text object: Next thing we can see here is that the text has different colors and even a different font. Let's first start with the color. I'll put some space here. Remember from before that you can separate text by using the text command instead of text which formats your text in latex. Which essentially means that every single text piece that you create, so one text inside of quotation marks, and then if I put another text inside of quotation marks, counts as a separate object. If I say self dot play, right? And then two, which is this text for me. And then inside of brackets, I can define which object I want to show. This is the object number zero and this is the object number one. If I only say self play right, object number zero, it will only put hello on the screen. It will not put there on the screen. I'll move this next to my text down so that it appears over there. If I play this, it will say object has no attribute next to I put it in the wrong spot. I should have said it's here next to my text. Here, it's typed out only the word hello. But when you're using normal text, text like this with a not text but text, you can't really create multiple quotation marks with text inside of them. Let's see what happens if I do that. If I say dog here and try to play this, it will say could not convert string to float dog, which means I can only put one quotation marks inside of the text command, but we can still color this text separately. You see in this case, each of the letter will have its own number inside of the array. The letter H will be number zero. The number E will be number one. The letter L will be number two. Another letter L will be number three. The letter will be number four. If I wanted to only write out the word hello and not there, I would put brackets next to the letter, because is our text Inside of brackets, I could define which elements of that array I wanted to print out. It starts from zero, so I'll say zero. Then I'll add a colon. And remember that the last number you put here doesn't actually get written out. If the number of the last element, the letter, is number four, then I have to put number five here again, 01234. If I put five, the fifth element, which is this space here, will not be put on the screen. And everything from number zero to number four will be put on the screen. Now if I play this, only the word hello should appear. In the same fashion I can color each of these pieces of text, I'll say. Then add brackets 0-5 which is the word hello. I'll say period, set underscore color, and I want it to color gold. I'll say the color will be gold. And then the remainder of the text will be brackets. And then from the number five up to the very end, have to define the last number if I just put a colon and then nothing else after it, it understands that. I mean from the number five up to everything else that's remaining. I'll say period, set color, and I want the color to be tal. Inside of parentheses, I'll say tal. Now, both of these pieces of text will have different color. Inside of the self play command, I forgot to remove the brackets so that it plays out the full text here, Hello is in one color and there is in another. 59. Animation 3 - Changing font of Text object: Next, comparing both of these pieces of text, it's obvious that this one has a different font. Compared to this, you can also set a font. Now inside of Cues, you can find the name of the font that you want to use and that you have installed inside of an app called Font Book. Open the Font book, I will be able to see all the fonts that are available. And if I want to use the Georgia font, for example, I will just have to remember its name. In this case, I want to use a font called Sentient. I just have to find out what kind of fonts I have installed and what's the name of the font. I'll come to my text, add another coma. And I can see that one of the parameters is font. I'll say font equals to, and then inside of quotation marks, I'll tell it the font name. For me, it's sentient. Now, the font of this text should turn into sentient. Yes, the font is different and we've successfully recreated the beginning of this animation. 60. RECAP - First half of the animation 3: Let's quickly pause and run through what we've done so far. First, we made a circle. We said that our circle is equal to the letter C and it's this circle right here in the center. Then we said that we want the fill color of the circle to be white and the opacity of that color to be one. Which means 100% which put this white color inside of our circle. Because of opacity equals one, this color is visible to 100% We also said that we want our circle to have a stroke, which is the red line outside of the circle. We want the line to be red and we want the width of this line to be seven, that's why it's a little thicker. Then we created a surrounding rectangle that surrounds this circle. Surrounds the circle because we put C over here. We told it to surround the circle. Then we said that the color of this rectangle is red and that the corner radius is 0.1 which created these rounded corners. Next, we wanted to put text Hello there next to this shape. First we made the text. We said that the text is equal to text Hello there, which is the same text as over here. The font size is equal to 32. And then we picked a font that we already have installed on our computer, found out the name of that font, and said that the font of this text will be equal to that font. Next, we put this text next to our circle, next to the letter C, which is the circle, and to the right side, that's why our text is on the right side of the circle. Next, we said that we want to color the first four objects of our text. And I say four because the fifth one doesn't get affected. Everything from the object zero to the object four got colored gold. And every single letter in this text is a separate object. The letter H is number zero, then 1234, every single letter of the word hello got the color gold. Then we said that we want every single object from the object five onwards to be colored and the space is the fifth object. Everything from the space onwards got colored tal. That's why the text Hello is gold and the text there is tal. Obviously, the space doesn't have a color because it's just empty space. Next, we wanted to arrange everything so that everything is in the center of our frame and not off to the right side. First, we created a group called G one. And we put C, which is the circle, which is the surrounding rectangle, into a group. Now both the circle and the surrounding rectangle counts as one object. Then we created another group and put that object, G one, which is the circle, and the surrounding rectangle which is now one object, that group and also put text into that group. Inside of the second group, we have this shape as the first object and the text as the second object. And then we said that we want to arrange the second group to the default parameters which is to the right side and in the center of the frame. That's why everything is in the center. And then I said that I want to play and show everything that happened on the screen. That's all that we've done so far. Let's move on to creating the rest of this animation. 61. Animation 3 - Shifting things by decimal numbers: Let's continue building out this animation. This is what we have right now. We have the spinning shape and then the two words, hello there. Now the next thing we want is a rectangle around the word there. Now, there are a couple of ways to do this, and the easiest one would be to just create a surrounding rectangle around this text over here, around five to everything which means around this word. But I'm going to be doing it the hard way to show you one little thing. Instead of creating a surrounding rectangle, I'll just create a square. I'll say that my square is equal to square, and inside of its parentheses, I can choose the side length. And I'll say that my side length is equal to 1.2 And now I want to put the square on the screen to see where it lands. So then I can adjust it and put it over the word there. Come here and say self dot play, right square. And let's run this, and let's see what it gives us. It says it got an unexpected keyword, argument, side length, which means that I've misspelled the word length. Once again, I'll say length and it should work. Yes, we're okay. Now we have the text and then the square is in the center. I want to shift the square over here so that it's over the word there. Now, there are also a couple of ways to do this. One is by getting the center of this object. But this time I'm also going to do it the hard way, the manual way. And I will try to figure out exactly by how much I need to shift the square to the right. Now. Luckily, I've already done that before when I was preparing for this lesson shift right times. And then this is the reason why I wanted to put the square here. I wanted to show you that you don't necessarily have to shift something by whole numbers. Remember, the scene in manim is made up of eight by 14 squares, and for a while I was thinking that's little squares. What if I want more squares? Well, it turns out that obviously you can shift something not by a whole square, but by a fraction of a square. So I can shift something by 0.5 or 0.005 or 0.42 069 or something. That's why I did it with a square and not a surrounding rectangle. Just to show you that you can shift something by 0.955 and it will end up exactly over the word there. Keep in mind that you don't have to shift something by whole squares or whole coordinates, whole numbers. If I said move underscore two and then added a coordinate here, I don't have to say y equals one. I could say y equals 1.42 069 or something. And it will shift it to that coordinate? It should shift it somewhere over here at the top. Yes, over there. That's the thing I wanted to remind you of. But since we already have the square, let's continue animating with the square instead of a surrounding rectangle. 62. Animation 3 - Repositioning objects.mp4: The next thing that happens is this square picks up this text, and then both it and the text move down here. This shape moves from here to on top of the word hello. Let's first work on the rectangle and the text. Of course, to move them together, we're going to create a group of both of those objects, the square and the text. I already have two groups. I will say this is group number three is equal to V group. And I'll put my square as well as I want this piece of text to end up inside as well. Remember, I can separate this piece of text into two with this type of syntax. It'll say I want my text, then the letter is the 01234566, so I will say six. Or actually, I can also include the space, because that doesn't really matter. So I'll say five and a colon, which means that, as well as including the fifth thing in this array, which is the space. I also want to include everything else that comes after it, the whole word there. Now this is inside of a group. Now let's move the group. I will say self play group three, which is the group that we just created next two. Then I want to put it next to this text over here, Next to the text hello. And down the text hello is bracket zero to five. Then I want to say down after I put a, it will put my group, which is this rectangle over here. And the word there next to the word hello and down, it should end up over here. Let's run this and see if that happens. Hello, there. Yes, it moves to the correct location. But at the same time that this is happening, I also want to move this shape over on top of the word hello. I'll add a comma inside of the cell play animation. And I want to find the group where I've grouped both of these shapes. And I think that's group number one, C. And C is my circle and is my surrounding rectangle. That's group one. I will say G one period animate period. Move underscore two inside of brackets. I have to say where I want to move it again, I want to move it on top of the word hello. Again, this is the word hello. I will copy this and paste it in. I'll say and because this time I want to end up on top of the word hello. And if I run this, both of these shapes should move into their places at the same time, never mind. That is very weird that this happened, some unexpected behavior. I said, I want to move G one, which is this group. Instead of next two, I accidentally said move two. I should have said next underscore two. If I run this, everything should be okay. Hello, there, moves here, and the shape moves there. Perfect. 63. Animation 3 - Scaling and moving objects: Let's see what happens next. Now the square gets bigger as well as this text moves closer to the word hello. Let me play that again. The square gets bigger. This text moves closer as well as it seems that everything realigns themselves into the center. Every single shape here slightly moves over to the center of the frame. Yes, first let's make the square bigger, and let's make it move to the center of the frame. I'll come here and add another self play command. And now I want to animate the square, which I've called square. I'll say square period animate. And I want to make it bigger. I will say kale. And inside of parentheses I have to say by how much I want to scale it. I'll say three, which means three times. Then I also want to move the square to the center of the frame. I will say period, move underscore two. Inside of parentheses, I will say origin. Origin basically means the center of something. In this case, it's the center of our frame of our whole animation. The square is going to align itself in the exact center. Let's play it and see what happens. There's a square and yes, it looks like it's in the center, but all of these things aren't yet in the center. Let's first move these two to the center, the shape and the word hello. Also in the animation, everything happens at the same time. That means I have to use one self play command. Add a comma here. And now I want to animate both of these shapes, shifting to the origin or to the center. Luckily for me, I've already put both of these shapes in a group which have called G two. I don't have to create another group to put them together. Two period animate, move two and origin, which will move these two to the origin. If I play this, both the square and these objects are now in the center. There's one thing remaining, which is the word there in the animation that we want to recreate, the word there is next to the word hello and down. Let's move it from over here to over there. I want to move only the word there, which is this word here. Which means, again, I have to specify that I don't want to include the word hello. I will say, and inside of brackets, I will say I want everything from the fifth object onward, five, and a colon. Then I will add a period. I'll say animate period, Move underscore two and origin, which will also move this text, the origin. It should end up somewhere there, but it will not be below this text. Let's see what happened anyway, to understand how much we need to move it down. Yes, both of these texts now overlap. What I can do now is add another command. And as well as moving it to the origin, I can add another period and say shift this object down by something like 0.3 If I play this, the text should end up nicely below the word hello. There it is. We recreated everything up until this point. 64. RECAP - Scaling and moving objects: Remind you what happened here. We first said that we want to animate the square to scale number three, and we also want to move it to the origin. That's why the square becomes bigger, and it also moves to the center. Then we said that we want to animate the G two group, which for me, is this group which houses the first group and my text. The first group is essentially this shape and the text is hello. It means that I want to move this shape and the word hello somewhere. Where did I move it to the origin, which means to the very center of the frame. Finally, I wanted to move the text there next to the word hello. But at the bottom of it, first I said I was targeting from the fifth element. For me is my text and the space is the fifth element. I was targeting everything from the space onwards, the space and the word there. Next, I said that I want to move this text to the origin, again to the center, since there was some overlap between the word hello. And there I also shifted this word down a little so that it nicely rests below the word hello. 65. Animation 3 - Creating a dot and fading out: Let's see what happens next. Then everything morphs into a tiny dot, and the dot expands into a white color and then fades to black. Let's create the dot. I will name it dot. Then I will say it's equal to dot and color equals white. Now since the dot was pretty tiny, I'm also going to add a scale attribute and say that its scale is 0.5 or 50% We have our dot. Now we want everything on the screen to merge into this dot. What that means is that we want everything that's on the screen to be counted as one object. To do that, we can, of course, I will say four, which is group four for me, group. Now, inside of parentheses, I can either put every single object that I've created or I can use groups that I've also already created. I have a group for the text. And this shape, I'm going to use this group inside of the group. And then it leaves only the squarre. I will put the square as well. And then to transform everything into the dot, I will say self dot play transform. Here I have to put from what to what? From group four, which is every single object on the screen, to my dot, which is the dot. Let's see if that happens. Yes, everything transformed into a tiny dot. Now in the animation that we want to recreate, this dot becomes super big and white and then fades to black. So let's do that next. After the last self dot play command. I'll also include self weight for 1 second so that the dot stays on the screen for a little while. Then I will say self dot play. Inside of parentheses, I will say dot period, animate period, scale. And let's say something like 300. So I want to scale this dot by 300 times. And finally, I want to color the dot black. It fades to black. I will say dot, dot, animate dot. Set underscore color. And we'll set it to black. And let's see what happens. So we've successfully recreated this animation. 66. Creating a Manim config file: As we were creating all of these animations here. Every single scene that we have created and run with Python has of course been saved on our computer in the direction where we saved this nim demo file. So for me it's under desktop and course demo. And if I go to my desktop, I'll find my course demo. And inside of it I'll find the media folder. If I go into the media folder, then videos, Nim demo and ADP. All of the scenes that I've created throughout this course will be in this folder in ten ADP resolution. But what if I want every single scene to be four K instead of ten ADP? Well, in that case, I can create a Im config file or a configuration file. I want this config file to live in the same location as my Python file where I wrote all the code for my num animations. For me it's inside of desktop and course demo. Now I can create this file manually, but an easier way to do that would be through VS code. I will come to my VS code, go up to file, and choose new text file. Or I can click command or Control on my keyboard, new file. And then I will hit command on my keyboard or control on Windows to save this file as a conflict file, as a CFG file, I'll say command S because I'm on Mac. And then I have to make sure that I'm in the same directory as my manim file. The file where I wrote all the animations. And by default, it should take you to this location. If you don't see your Python file in this folder, you have to find it and save this file right next to it. Another important thing is the name. Name it, manimtfg. Don't forget this CFG part. It's also important if I say safe, I've now successfully created my CFG file. You'll see that the icon of this file has turned into a gear icon. And what we can do with this CFG file is set various different configurations for our manimfile, or how manim works. One thing that we can do is set the quality. 67. How to set 4k output quality: To change the output quality from ten ADP to four K. I'll have to add these two brackets and say CLI. Then click Enter and say Quality is equal to four K Underscore Quality. This is the syntax that you have to use. I'm not sure why they made it four K underscore quality instead of just four K, but you have to say four K quality. And also you have to put CLI inside of brackets at the very top. Now if I save this file with command or control S on Windows, go back into my num demo, which is the file where all of my code for the animations is and then rerun one of the animations. For example, demonstration number three. It will now render it in four K quality instead of ten EDP, four times better quality. Of course, it will take a little longer, but now if I go into my desktop and go into my course demo folder, go into media. I will see here that there's a new resolution available, and this is four K. If I expand this folder, I will find my scene that I've just run. And this is the same demonstration scene, ten DP quality. So with the CFG file, we've just configured that for every scene that we run from this point onwards. Each of them will have four K Quality instead of ten ADP, which is very nice. 68. Other settings inside Manim cfg file: Of course, there are many things that you can put inside of the CFG file, but to find out what things you can put inside of the CFG file, you can come here inside of the terminal and say manimCFG, right, and then minus, which will create a CFG file in place of your CFG file with all the available commands. And if I click Enter, here are all the available commands inside of the num conflict. So I'll close my side view. And this down there at the bottom and here are all the things that you can configure. For example, you can change the format of the video. You can choose the background color, which by default is black. Let's say something like orange. So if I save this and rerun one of my scenes, let's say the same scene, it should have an orange background instead of black. It said that the predicted output file does not exist at the location. Let's go and see what happened there. Let's go into this folder. And for some reason it didn't understand this file. But we can already see that the background is orange. This animation plays on an orange background. Also, if the maim side view extension doesn't find your animation, you can always find it inside of this location. Wherever your Python file is, there will be a folder called media, and inside of that media you go into videos, you go into maim demo and then pick the resolution that you render in and the video will be there. Now the background is orange, of course. It looks pretty bad, so I will change it to black. Can change many different things here that I'm not going to go over and I haven't gone over in the past because I simply didn't really need to. When I make videos with Nim. I only leave one option here, which is this quality equals four K quality. What I usually do is just delete everything apart from quality equals four K quality, and leave only CLI and quality equals four K, which renders all of my animations in nice, crisp four K quality. If you want to change it back to ten ADP quality instead of four K quality, you can say high underscore quality, which I believe will change it back to ten ADP. If I play this, it should generate this animation at ten ADP resolution. Yes, if I click this arrow next to Details in the num side view, I'll be able to see the output file. And I can see that it's under ten DP, which means that high quality is ten ADP and four K quality is four K quality. I'll change mind back to four K quality. Also, you can create a CFG file for every single Python file that you're working with. You don't have to say that all of your projects in the future will have four K Quality or some sort of a setting. Inside of the num CFG file. You can create a new CFG file with every single Python file that you create on your computer. 69. Conclusion: That's the end of this course. We've gone over all of the essentials and most of the concepts that you need to start creating beautiful manim animations. If there's one thing I hope you take away from it is that you really need to get your hands dirty. Experiment with code and try to build something yourself in order to learn and retain the information best. That's what I'm encouraging you to do. Install Nim, set up via code and build code learn. The best way to learn is by doing it yourself. The dopamine rush that you get when you encounter an error. Then search all of Google, read it, stack overflow, or the manim community website for how to fix it. And you finally figure it out by piecing together three comments you found on three different websites. Feeling is amazing and it encourages you to build better, more beautiful animations. At least that's how it works for me. So thank you again for embarking on this journey with me and I'll hopefully see you in one of my other courses.