Italian for Beginners A0-A1-A2 | Complete Grammar + Writing

1. Introduction: about the course: Ciao been being able to welcome. My name is Marco, and this is my course. So the first Italian course that I do for beginners, I have taught Italian online since 2018. And then notice that at the beginning, a lot of things that I had to teach were always the same. So I thought might as well put together a course that teaches the staff so that I can save time and my students can save money over time. All these things that I learned and I started to teach became this course. In this course you will learn the basics of Italian. We will start from the very beginning and talk about masculine. Feminine, two genders in Italian, and about the present tense of the vertebra, three different conjugations that we have on top of SLA to be innovative, to have, which are by far the most important Italian verbs. In this course, you're not required to have any previous understanding or knowledge of Italian. We start from scratch. I'll teach you how to read, how to pronounce letters and groups of letters. And we will build together the knowledge that you need to improve and move on to the following courses. At the end of this course, you will be able to say a few simple sentences about yourself and about your family. And you will be able to understand how we use verbs, which is very, very important topic if you want to speak Italian properly and correctly. The courses are entirely in English. So obviously you do not need to be a native speaker, but you shouldn't be speaking a good enough English to understand what I'm saying. Otherwise, it's going to be very, very hard for you to follow. Are you ready? Let's get started right away. 2. Risorse A0: Let's have a quick chat about the resources that I recommend to learning Italian. As you will see as we progress, I will start to recommend more and more things. But there are some things you can start using right now, right away with a zero lab. First of all, you will find slides for this course and any other course that I have, you will have a set of slides in PDF. You can download them, you can keep them, you can use them. You will find exercises on them. You'll find all the grammar that we do together on them. So that's the first thing. And the idea is that they replace a textbook. So Marco, should I get a textbook at this level, my opinion is not necessary. Later on you might find yourself wanting to do more and more exercises. That point you might think about it. But for now, my recommendation do not worry about a textbook. What we do so far is pretty straightforward and you can follow with the slides. So save that 20 bucks for now. Second, Duolingo. Duolingo or similar else There's Babel, there's 1 billion of them. I like Duolingo personally I use Duolingo is an amazing tool when it comes to learning words. At the beginning, I will teach you everything from verbs towards and everything that you need to learn. But very quickly we'll get to the point where I cannot teach words every time. It's a waste of my time, especially waste of your time. So learning words parallel to learning the grammar, which is what I want to teach you in this course, is, it's massively important and I will kind of give you reminders. Please study words, please use your own process. But these apps are very, very powerful and very good. They spent millions in learning how to teach words successfully, so please use them. They are not really good at teaching your grammars, why you do things a certain way, but they're very useful for learning new words and using them in context. Then you will need some website where you can look up firms conjugation. And I will put one here in the resources, but there are many among which you can choose. Does it really make a difference? And I will teach you how to use those websites as well. Because if you look up a verb, you're going to be scared. But it'll teach you how to read through this website and understand what you need to do. Finally, you will need a pen and paper. I strongly recommend get some sort of physical place where you write stuff. You can obviously use your computer. But in my experience, if you have something physical, it's going to motivate you because you enjoy seeing things being added to it. And I think it's also easier to find things if it's physical as opposed to just pages on a computer. But definitely do take notes and do exercises and all in one place so you can track your progress. If you have questions about something that maybe you did before but you forgot, you can go back and just see what you did, what you wrote, and how you did it. The final recommendation is the best way to learn language, According to my experience, is 15 min a day. So do not try to overwork yourself working six, 7 h a day. Really try to push it. No, no, work every day, 15 min, 30 min a day. And that's going to be much more effective than putting a day 6 h and then not do anything for ten days to try to be regulatory to build your routine. And you'll find that at the beginning, the biggest effort you have to do to kind of create this routine, to kind of get to the place where you're studying the right way. But at the beginning, the first thing you need to do is build this routine and make sure you're learning the right way. Let's not waste any more time. Let's get right into it. First-class 3. L'Alfabeto: The first topic that I would like to discuss is the alphabet L'Alfabeto in Italian. And this is the first-class of a few classes that we've talked about. Pronunciation. Pronunciation is in my opinion, the first thing that we should look at because you need to know how to pronounce words to be able to speak and to understand. So Italian pronunciation is fairly straightforward. The rules usually apply in a way there is very consistent, which is not the case. For example, in English. In English, the letter I can be read in 25, 30 different ways. In Italian, it's always going to be a0. For example, for the first class, I would like to quickly talk about how we pronounce each of the 21 letters that we have in Italian alphabet. We do not have five letters, which are the J, K, the W, the X, and Y. When these letters are present, usually it's going to be a foreign word. And we pronounce the framework, we then Italian accent. But we read the letter, basically that when we hear the English letter being read, will make a few examples. For example, in this very class, but for now we can just start with a 21 letters. Albedo. Or there'll be three vowels in Italian, or five or seven, but five letters, seven vowels. We'll talk about that later on. But it's a, we will talk about this more and more, but it's important to understand that in Italian, vowels are very flat. It's one sound. In English, it's going to be a right, iterates. It's as if you shot the letter. It does not change. It's always the same sound. Not go up, it does not go down, It's not change. Be banana. And in Italian, as in English, we have a very clear difference between B and V, not the case. For example, in a lot of Spanish dialects and accents. G, County. We've seen a second that C can be two things. And we'll see how to tell which is, which can it is dog. D, D2. Nothing to say here. D is the most languages. Eliana, as in the name of the person. The a in Italian is a bit tricky, but I talk more about it in my pronunciation course. For the sake of this course, I don't really care too much about, about that. But there are two possible sounds for a don't worry about it. Basically, depending on which city or from your, say, every word in a different way. Not a problem for a learner. Fit. Few minutes. River. G, G2, which is cat. And G exactly like C, can be good. And exactly like C will see in a second how to tell which is which Insula Island and a0. As we were saying, it's always going to be a0. And it's a0. It's one sound logo, which is lake ma mama, mom. And non. These three letters. They're the same in English, so not much to say about this order. And the, OH, exactly like the a0 or a in Italian can be a few different things. Can be or can be an externally like for E or an Italian. We do not care about that at this point because it's very regional. There are rules about how to say properly it and in Italian, but not even Italians care about them. We've talked about Italian pronunciation further later on, but basically, different cities will save things different ways. So as a learner, you do not really need to pick a site. Or a means our Ore now, be Poppa. That cool. Quadro. Cool is always going to sound like coop. Not as in. It will be in Spanish. In Spanish, you will be tempted to read cadre here. But anytime Cu is always going to be cool and it's always going to be followed by a you. Erato. This is the world are Italian mineral DR, as they do in Spanish. And if you have the Languages and a few accents in the English language, this is quite tricky for a lot of English speakers to repeat. It's probably the hardest letter in the Italian alphabet. But at this stage I would say do not worry about it too much. Maybe we'll talk about it later on. Although I think a lot of English speakers put way too much importance on pronouncing correctly. If you cannot roll the R, I will see you understand what you're saying. Anyways, in Italy there are series where it's fairly common not roll the R. So it's not such a big mistake or such a big problem if you cannot produce properly rolled are essere Sasso. S can be two things as well. But just like for a and 0, it's mostly coming down to regional differences. Do not worry about it for now. To talk over you. Italian. Imagine if it was double 0 in English. Vi via, which will be Street, zeta, which will be pumpkin, and the zeta, Z or Z. And Italian is a very strong sound. For example, in Italian, we don't sell pizza. We say pizza. It sounds as if it was a Ts in English, pizza, dukkha, the, the, for example, the word zoo in Italian, we pronounced though, because the Z Strong and that the sound is the second sound of the S that I was telling you about. So you will hear sometimes for example, Italian say is leap as opposed to sleep, especially if they're from the north or Central Italy. There is a common mistake that we make English because SL can sometimes sound like the Italian. But this is never the case for the Zeta. Zeta is always gonna be the try to practice these letters, try to use them and see how you can pronounce them. Stop the video, try Pronouns. Here, what I say, see how close it is, how far it is. Pronouncing is really a matter of practice. So just keep practicing and these letters will be fairly natural to you 4. Saluti (Greetings): Let's jump into our first Greetings in Italian is usually what you learn first. Most of these words on the screen, most of you will be familiar with. But I put this here first of all, because we have to start somewhere. And secondly, because it's a good way to practice pronunciation. So I will pronounce each of these word, but I encourage you to stop the video and try to pronounce them before I see them. So to here, if you've got them right. So we can start with the most famous Italian word, which is ciao. Ciao means hello. It's a very informal way to say hello. So you do not need to care about formal. Informal as a learner, obviously, people will cut you some slack. But I would not say child, for example, to my professor or to my boss. I would say reach out to a friend or family member. It's written like this in Italian, and we'll see why in a second. We'll talk about the sea. And actually, a lot of languages use this grading mostly to say hi and not to say by intelligent can be both. But as far as I know, it actually comes from Venice in the old language that they would speak in, in Venice, that means slave. So basically it's a way to say on your slate, I would say today that meaning is completely lost and most people don't even know that's how it was used. This is why it's a weird word in most languages. It's weird anytime as well. But that's apparently what it comes from. We have then one Giordano, Bruno. Giordano means literally good day, used as good morning. One means good job. Stay. Want to Sarah, Good evening. And one an octet. Get knocked. In Italian, we say What are not the only when either I am going to sleep or the personal and talking to people I'm talking to are going to sleep. So if you show up at a bar, even if it's 2AM, you would not say B1 and not due to the people you're meeting because they are going to assume that you're living and it's kinda weird. So he would say rather Bona Sera or chow. But for us notice when you sleep, Sarah can be a very long concept. Usually starts around 02:00 P.M. 23, 04:00 P.M. and then it goes all the way to until you want to actually go to sleep. And then we have two other ways to say goodbye, which are be more formal. A presto means as you soon Until soon be truly domains, sun, and then they're cheap. They're also very common word in Italian and literally means to see you again are still River Delta G, V there is to see a raise again. So to see you again until issue again. We also have a deal in Italian is not in this slide because although it's very popular in Spanish, we in Italian, basically a deal just means I'll never see you again. Like you're assuming that you've never going to see the person again. So as you can imagine, he's not commonly used because you usually assume you're gonna see people again, that we have to stay. How are you? This is informal, will see that later, but Comey means how or like as well. It's the same word for us. And stay is the verb, study. How do you stay literally, or how are you? Then an answer to be beanie Gracia? Well, thanks. And we'll talk about this later on. But in Italian, we do not say Bono. We mean Bennett in English very often saying, I'm good, I'm fine or I'm well, it's kind of the same thing. We've talked about all these grammar shenanigans later for now to not worry for now this sentences you can just learn by heart and try to practice, try to repeat them. They're very common, so you will definitely hear them every day. 5. Pronunciation Pill: C and G in Italian: In this video, I want to talk about the C and G. The C and D, G are probably the two most annoying letters in Italian. We will talk later on about a few specific sounds, GL, Gn. This could be also a little bit tricky, but the Cmd G are a lot more common. So you need to know how to pronounce this. And it's counterintuitive because if you speak Spanish, it can work the other way round. The rule is the same for the Cmd G. So let's start with the C. If the C is followed by a0 in English, or a in English is going to sound like a as in choose in English. For example, ciao. We just saw that it's followed by an eye. Therefore, we say Shao, it wasn't that I, If it was CAO, it will read that cow. Italian when we have multiple vowels, one after another, by the way, we just pronounce them one after another. It just chow, It does not change. Instead, if the C is followed by a group, we say it's like a K in English. For example, Casa. The obvious question is going to be, how do we make a key or K sound in Italian? Well, the way we do that is we put an age after the C-H, CH, CH, a key. This is very weird because if you started Spanish or if you're familiar with Spanish, this is going to be the exact opposite. If there is an age after seen Spanish is going to be a church sound. In Italian, there is an age after C. It's always going to be a curse out the K sound. For example, that towards K and keep mean that h1, h2. And that's how we read. The GI works the exact same way. So we already seen the word born journal. Gee, why? Because followed by an I, if the G is followed by a0 in Italian, is going to be adjourn. Sound. Similar to gem, jewel, that it's fairly common in English, is not really a sound in Spanish. But in English it shouldn't be a problem because you have a lot of words that have that sound. And instead, if followed by a Ore, followed by an H is going to be a guest sound. Example G2, which is cat, tried to practice this a bit because it's a bit counter-intuitive and it's a bit annoying, you have to get used to it. But the good thing about Italian pronunciation, Italian us a lot of annoying things, especially when it comes to grammar and verbs. But the pronunciation is very straightforward. So if you learn the few rules that we have, it's very easy to pronounce Italian words the right way. 6. Presentazioni: Let's get going with a few more useful sentences that we have here present that Cianni or introduction. So how would you say the most basic things about yourself? And I have here a few basic examples. You will obviously need to look up a few words, say what your job is or maybe what country you're in. Because countries we Italian us obviously. But this is going to be very common blueprint template that you can use. Again, as I told you before, try to pause the video and Pronouns this sentences. Now that you know, for example, the difference between current and check. The first sentence is a very good example of this. So the way I would pronounce the first sentence is, Comey, yummy. Yummy. The first C and the second C are both current but for different reasons. The first one is followed by an OH, the second one is followed by an H. And this means literally, how are you cold or what is your aim? Let's not worry too much about the grammar, about how that comes to be the meaning, what That ties for now, how are you called is the way you can translate this sentence fairly literally in an answer to that can be bicameral Marco, I'm called Marco a2. And you do the VAT. From where do you come that one is the translation of do you come in English? Bingo, dull America being Italian, Germany. I come pingo. Dialog. See that later from V. And then many of the country, for example America, for example, Italian, for example, germanium. Casa phi. La vita. Kasim is what phi means. Do you make all do you do? Because making do in Italian can both be translated with fatty. She's a very useful verb, also very regular. So don't worry about it for now. Nala in the vita life to what was your job or what's your occupation? If I don't know if you're a student or if you work at you're asking that question because I find it love it. It's a very general question. The answer to that question could be something like Studio may cucina, I studied medicine because CI or Sono in avocado. I am Sono a lawyer, advocate, quantity. I literally, how many years do you have? Which means how old are you? All the empty set. In 27 years old. Tried to practice this. And one of the goals obviously of this course is for you to be able to introduce herself and talk very briefly about yourself would try and think what you would answer those questions. Try and look up a few words that you need to be treated the same thing with your own presentation. 7. Esercizi: What I would like you to do is exactly what I did before. Just try to use those same sentences and try to use them for yourself. Try to say how old you are, What's your name, where you're from, and what your occupation in life is. You will need to look up a few words. You might make a few mistakes. Maybe put that there, write that down, and get back to it in a few classes when you have an idea about how to conjugate verbs, masculine and feminine, singular and plural, and see how many mistakes you made. This is very useful and I recommend you do that a lot, especially as you begin, your level is going to improve very quickly. Think about it. You already know how to say what's your name from it, so forth. Use this kind of texts as a baseline and then go back to it and think, okay, this word, wrong, this verb is in the wrong conjugations and so forth. You will need to look up a few words, but get used to it because when you learn a language, you will need to look up words. So that's a good exercise to create a process. How do I write something or how do I see something that I do not know how to say? What is my process? You'll look up those words and find out how to say those things. Give it a shot. 8. I nomi: maschile e femminile: This is a first actual grammar class is going to be very simple, and it's going to be about nomi. Nomi would be the nouns in English. Now we'll try not to bore you with grammar, but it's important obviously to know what a noun is, when a verb is, are we mention it and guide you in the right direction? Hopefully. Italian nouns are a bit trickier than English nouns. For one reason that we have masculine and feminine. Every single node. It doesn't matter if it's a person, if it's an object, if it's an animal, is going to either be masculine or feminine. And the problem with this is that you do not know whether nouns masculine or feminine. You need to look it up and find out. So this is a good exercise to write nouns with the article before. This is what I'm doing here and this is what I will be doing for entirety of this course. The article is basically the English V. In English it's always going to be, the Italian is not Italian. V is going to change based on the gender, masculine and feminine. Amaz on the number. So senior pool. And we have also a couple of weird exceptions. We start seeing some of them here. Do not get too worried about this for now, learn what the basic rule is. And then later we will be adding a layer. So I said we have masculine and we have family. Masculine article. So the masculine singular form. So when it's only one, not a group, only one is going to be. In. Il means the for the masculine singular form. Well, if you now is here, so let's start with the accessibility so far. Stop the video and try to pronounce them. The debt. And we say papa, because you see that little accent on the a. In Italian, we are not as careful as Spanish speakers to actually put the accent when it's not in the place where it's supposed to be. But we do put it when it's relaxed letter. So papa without the accent means the Pope. Ipa with the accent is that important difference there. Lukewarm. The men. Here, it's not in its L with an apostrophe, because the first letter of the noun is going to be able. If you try to say a0, woman, which is the default and what you think of a0 should be your default. You will find it's very hard to say Il warm, Il warble. You have to make a little pause over there. So because Italian is the language that was developed over many years, one of the things you have to remember about Italian is that we want to sound good when we talk. It's really a language that is, it was born with poetry, and therefore it has these kind of nice sound to it that we want to keep. So when something is hard to say, we will move things around so it's easier to say a nicer to here. That's why warmer. Because warmer, men start with a vowel. The broader. Feel. The sun. This GL is one of the sounds that I was telling you. It's going to be easier, which is very hard to find something similar. It's sort of similar to the double L in some Spanish countries. It is somewhat similar to the double L and a few English words, if you think million, that La sounds. Although there is a bit more gene Italian fee, you, if you cannot say perfectly to not worry, this is in my opinion, harder than the world are to say properly. Look Z0, the deal here. Another rule, do not worry about this one. We'll talk about it later, is the same idea that we had with Luan. Same Z0 is hard. It does not flow as well. So with a few specific sounds. And specifically when the noun begins with a Z, with PN, BS, Gn, and a few other sounds, St. we put low as an article. Do not worry about this for now. Forget about low. Just know that if you find low, it's often going to be an article even though it is not a0 long. The grandpa County, the dog, the cat. Now let's move to the feminine. Very similarly, we have a default form, which is going to be La. La is the female. Lama, the mom, landowner, the woman, lasso Rayleigh, the sister. The double L, basically when we have a double letter, will see more and more of this. But we just make it longer sound. La fee. Yeah. The daughter, Zia, beyond La Nina, the grandma, La Casa, the house. And then which doesn't really fit in here. But I needed a word that Serbili vowel to tell you in the feminine form as well, exactly like in the masculine for warmer. When the noun starts with a vowel, we chop that a and it becomes warmer. Lactate 9. Pronomi Personali Soggetto: We're getting closer to the most important part of this short AZO course, which is going to be the present tense verbs. And to talk about verbs, we need to talk a little bit about subject pronouns. Subject pronouns. Again, I don't want to get too wrapped up in grammar, but a subject is the person performing the action. So in English would be I. This is a subject pronoun. Me is not a subject pronoun, I is a subject pronoun. And we will see that in Italian, we very often do not actually express the subject pronouns, but I feel like we begin to use verbs will make mistakes, and therefore, it's better to also say the pronoun, the subject so that if there is some doubt about what we're saying, we're clear. If the verb is poorly conjugated, but we say correct, we did subject, then it's clear, even though you've made a mistake. So I'm just going to read them. You I to you. But for only one person because you in English can be you or you all. For us, it's different. So to Louis key, LA she NOI, we VOI, you plural, you all. And Laura. Stay. There is no feminine form for Laura. There used to be, but in modern Italian, we just say load offer masculine and feminine. Like this order is the order in which we're going to study verbs, Italian, Virgil conjugated. So we will need to study, especially at the beginning, all the six forms. And this is the order in which we go. So you feel free to study verbs however you please. But the way we started in Italian or any other language, we're conjugations are all different. Is this disorder? So this is going to be what you're going to find them grammar books 10. Verbi – prima Coniugazione: Let's get into the first conjugation. This is the present tense. So here in this and the following couple of glasses about the second and third conjugations. We're going to learn how to say, for example, I go, I eat, you, eat you do. We go? All of these verbs in the present tense. So what's happening right now? They can also be used for the future. In some cases, you could say, for example, tomorrow I go to Milan as opposed to tomorrow I will go to model that works in English and in Italian, like but this is how we say I do this. Now, this is the easiest and most important thing. You should be able to talk about yourself in the presence. And then we can talk about the past and future. By the way, when you present past and future, you're well equipped to actually talk about what's going on and other tenses, we have many more tenses in Italian. But these three, the first three tenses we're going to see which is going to be the present. And then in A1 course we're going to see a past and future. These three tenses are basically all you need to talk well about what's going on. In Italian, we have three conjugations. They are the same as in Spanish. They come from for conjugations that we add in Latin. English does not have conjugations. Italian does. Why is this important? Because there are slight differences in how we conjugate verbs. First conjugation is verbs ending in RA. We have an example here, Avere to love, and we have a list with a few other examples, papillary, mind, Jati, Bugatti, a score data in controlling. All these verbs, if they irregular, will follow the same blueprint. There are going to be in Italian, like in Spanish, like in French, a lot of irregular verbs that do not follow all of this pattern or a completely different, for example, the Verbo Andare to go is technically a first conjugation verb, but it will not follow whatsoever what we're going to see here, this form Amartya polarity, this ending in RA, or we see an ether, is what we call the infinitum, the infinitive form. And this is similar, for example, to the English to laugh, which we will use some times in normal conversation. For example, it is important to do something, to do. A important fatty will cause it that far it is an infinitive. But for now, we mostly care about this form for in order to distinguish verbs that are conjugated differently. Verb conjugation in Italian is a lot harder than English. So you do need to study this and you do need to become acquainted with how we change things. You will at beginning think it's overkill. But I can tell you that conjugating verbs in Italian makes speech actually easier because you can forget words such as you and so forth. It can be more clear about what's going on, which in English you cannot quite do because I go, you go, we go. You need to say the I, the you that we, because otherwise the goal is always the same Italian. That goal is going to be three different things. So it's gonna be very easy to tell who's going. How do we conjugate a verb? We have the verb Amartya here to love. Very simple verb and irregular verb of the first conjugation. And then we wouldn't do it is the following. First thing, we take the infinitive, a minor. Second thing. We dropped the last three letters. We're going to see for the second and third conjugation, we drop a and E. So the last three letters we take out, and then we attached to what is left. In this case. We attach different endings based on the person who's performing the action. Let's see examples here. If I want to say, I love, we know that I is, you will say you amble. The ending of the first-person in the present tense, first conjugation is going to be, if you say ammo, in Italian, there is no doubt that what you're saying is, I love present tense and I do not need even to say the eye. Although as I was telling you for now, remember, you're not just among because it's going to make it easier for you to memorize things. And then it keeps going the exact same way for the rest of the verb. Take out the ending. So I read the whole thing. You are able to meet Louis or lay album. Knowing amino, voy a Marty loro. Amino. A few things to notice here. First of all, four, loro, we will see that this is very frequent and I would say that happens basically all the time. The accent, the stress of the world is going to be moved one syllable to the left. I highlighted in red. You usually would not see it highlighted obviously. But this is just to show you and I will do that over and over again because this is very frequent mistake. Void Almaty. The accent is on the third letter, matter. Laura, amino. Amino. Amino. This is the stress on words is very common in all languages, but Italian does that more than English. So if you speak, if you're English speaker, do take some time to understand the difference between Almaty and amino. Secondly, as we said, now that we know the endings, we can apply these very same endings to any other verb, that is focus first conjugation, irregular. The list that we have here is regular verbs. So let's start to conjugate together verb, papillary to speak. Try to do it. Pause the video and I will do it right now. You parallel low, because Volere, we take up the last two letters we left with parallel. Therefore, we attach Oh, you to barley. Louis Ole, part La, N0, M0, voice, latte, loro, parallel, no, not parallel. The same applies to any other verbs that we see on this list, or any other verb ending in RA, which is regular. So you will sometimes will try to conjugate and irregular verb. Like if it was regular, for example, TRB, Andare. You might be tempted to say your Undo, which is not correct because it's irregular. But the first thing you see wrong, whoever you're talking to will hopefully correct to. It will go look it up and it will go study the irregular verb. We see a few irregular verbs in this class. We'll see to have a to B, which are very regular. But for now, if you have a verb ending at it and it's regular, you know how to conjugate it. Practice this a lot. And really, I think the most important thing you do not want to learn by heart, the conjugation for each verb. You kinda wanna get used to how it sounds. How long should, should the word be? So if you take, for example, the first person, you Parlow, Pago, scholarly tool in control, get used to how long the world is going to be. This is something that is very powerful because if you know how long they were supposed to be, then you just have to think, what's the ending of it? Get used to that. You don't want to have to think okay, in contrary encounter. Then I add, OH, in control. At the beginning you do that. But you want to get to the point where if you're the infinitive, you just immediately can take out that three letters and add the correct ending, which takes practice, practice verbs a lot and we'll have you do a few exercises, are really practice verbs a lot. Flashcards, whatever helps you, because this is not going to be super quick to memorize. And it's so important. This is the most important thing in Italian. If you can conjugate verbs, you can speak Italian 11. Esercizi: Here we have a few exercises you will find on the following slide the solution to these exercises. I strongly recommend you try and complete them and then look up the solution. A few of these are going to be very, very easy. A few are going to be slightly less easy because there are words that I didn't tell you this on purpose because again, I want you to go look them up. When I go, I want you to go and try and guess. And then when it's wrong, try and understand what is wrong. Obviously, if free to ask if you cannot figure out why it's wrong. But at the beginning you should be fairly straightforward. If you do something wrong and see the correct answer, you should know why it didn't work out. Try and do this and really try and practice a lot. Do not just flash through all the classes. That's not very helpful. Take your time, make sure you understood and then go on. Otherwise, you're gonna get lost 12. Altri nomi! Cibo e cucina: Let's now look at a few other nouns. Altri, nomi, about cibo, food and cucina, cooking. Cucina could be the verb, could be that now does matter. But it's about cooking. Obviously, Italian food is pretty well-known and a lot of you will know some of these words, will have seen them. Here. We are going to fix a few mistakes, and especially very common, I will point out a few of the mistakes that English speakers tend to make. But also I want you to focus on articles. What is the article before? Why is it? So it's masculine or feminine. Pronunciation. Am I pronouncing this right? The G, right? Are there sounds that I have a hard time doing? So as we said before, try and pause the video, say the word, hear me say the word, fix your mistakes if you made any luck. Articoli. The meat academies, Spanish tends to refer to what is cow meat? Beef in Italian can be any sort of meet. This first word is quite interesting because we've seen that feminine nouns tend to end with mamma, non, many others. But we will see that sometimes we have feminine nouns ending with a. That can also happen with masculine nouns. For example, fish. That can also happen with massacring nouns. General rule will be masculine announced with and width owe. But we'll find some of them end with it. And obviously they can add with any other vowel. But generally speaking, mescaline is going to be, oh, femminile going to be. This is the rule. Patient. A very good example. This is a masculine noun, but as we then end, by the way, S, C is going to be a shear sound when followed by E or a. Sheep shaped. In this case, the fish, lover, dura, the vegetables. In Italian, it's a senior now we say Dovere dura for to describe the group of vegetables. We could also say liver, which is the plural. But for the sake of this exercise, we did not see the plural yet. So lover dura, the vegetable or fruit, the fruit. La pasta, pasta, pizza. And we've seen this already. It's going to be served in Italian pizza. Pan it. The bread and Il panini sandwich. Il pan Nino, as a singular form, often will hear one Panini. That's not correct. It will be tuples in it because it's one Benito. Lamella, the Apple II, Polo, the chicken. We've seen the double L are ready for Rayleigh. It just sounds like a longer sound, so do not do what they do. For example, it's Spanish, would it becomes like a year sound. Now it's just pull. It's a longer L. The rice milk and lactate. Italian is masculine, feminine in Spanish. It lacked the water. It's an L apostrophe because it starts with a vowel. And notice this weird CQ. This is a very uncommon thing in Italian, mostly relate to words that have to do with water. I'm not sure why we say CQ as opposed to WC or double queue or C or Q. But it's spelled like this and any other spelling is going to be a mistake. We can continue with the plate or the dish law for the fork. For that because CH equal the knife and translate this one. Il keoyo, it's going to be curved because it's going to be curved because CH, cookie Ru, lapping, dollar, the pot. In Frisco, the refrigerator, fridge, for know, the oven, the same cafe coffee machine, the coffee maker. And it can affect the coffee. Look x2, x2 keto, sugar. Sally, the salt, pepper. Here you will find two words on this slide have a red letter, Pinto in zero. Why is that? We have mentioned this before, but it's high time that we're actually looking at it. Most words in Italian will have their accent or stress on their second last syllable. Every basically word on this page, except those like Cafe, I think is the only one, have their accent on the second-to-last syllable. These words are called piano. This is the standard. Take a word like for example, for Quetta, for the accent is on the second syllable too. Is that where that is in Italian For? There are few words. However, anytime I did not work like this, we sync effect, for example, in which the accent on the last syllable and that we show with that little, little accent as they do in Spanish. But then we also have words that have their accident before the second last syllable, such as painter and Zuko, which have their accent on the third syllable. And you do not need to know the name, doesn't really matter much. But the important thing is, we do not show this. There is no way for you to know that Pinto LA is pronounced until you hear it because if you try to pronounce that word, you probably said pin dollar, tried to pronounce, took care of. You probably said, Carol is Spanish, they will short in Italian, we don't. So your assumption should always be the axon is on the second last syllable. We've already seen this with verbs. We've seen that for example, loro, amino. There is no way for you to know. You're going to make mistakes with this, but get used to the idea that this is a possibility that this can happen and try to slowly learn the words that work this way. And that's what's telling you with the verbs. It's very important that you get used to Italian words and how they should sound. Even if you've never heard a word used to where the accident is probably going to be when you see it and when you want to say it, read out loud. Because this is going to be very useful when you want to speak to actually be understood. Rhythm in Italian. So where we put stresses on in our sentences is much more important than in English. So if you pronounce all the words correctly, but you put the accent in the wrong places is going to be actually very hard for Italian to understand what you're saying, because we're just not used two different rhythms in English is not going to be that big of a deal, in my opinion, Italian. So try to get used to these words and how they sound. 13. Verbi – seconda Coniugazione: We're now going to look at the second conjugation. We've talked about the first one, so not much to add here. Second conjugation is verbs ending in at. Something to be noticed. With this conjugation, it is basically two different Latin conjugations coming together. And when this happens, usually there's a lot of issues, which is the case here. And for example, we will talk about the past participle in a few classes. And second conjugation are going to have a lot of exceptions, is going to be very often irregular with the present tense is not that big of a deal. And all these vertices that you see here are going to be regular. So it's not for now, such a big problem, it is going to become a problem later on. So first of all, a few verbs make it to put prendre, to take the data, to see vendor, to sell, venture to when Viva to live. Coronal Sherry to know here today, to ask for or to ask, can be both, to ask a questions and to demand something. First of all, we'll see that most of these verbs are not parallel piano. So the way we pronounce them, we were talking about this a second ago. That will be pronounced them is going to be weird and you have to get used to it because you would assume that you say, just like you say Almaty, but lie when I say make that, as you can see, very common in these specific conjugation. Besides that, my recommendation is try to look to the conjugation side-by-side with the first conjugation. I will read this. And the rule is the same, right? Detect infinitive. We dropped the last three letters, era. We're left with. Then we add the end. They're going to be a few differences with the first conjugation. So I'm gonna read it. First of all, you'll make to make deep Louis, make knowing that the ammo volume a little McDonald here as well. Mcdonald's. Mcdonald's. So what I recommend you do is try and pause the video and find the differences with the first conjugations. The differences are only going to be for Louis lay, used to be other. And then with an R, Now it's made. And then with an a is going to be the voice used to be void a matter. Anyway. Here is ending with it. It is going to be the laurel, Laurel amino ending with an old McDonald ending with 0, 0. So this is going to make it quite tricky and you're going to often kind of confuse them. Not a big deal. Tried to get used to this difference and it's going to be something that comes very natural to you're not going to have to think, okay? But in there is a second conjugation verb, therefore ends with ON noise. Just going to use it enough times to where it's natural to say the right way. Practice makes perfect and excited. For the first conjugation, we can take any verb of this list and I encourage you to do the same. For example, if I want to take, for example, the verb vendor, I can just conjugated, I sell your window. You sell to when Louis or lay vein the vein DMO, void. Loro been done. This works for any variable. The second conjugation that is not irregular in the present tense. There are irregular verbs will see a couple in the, specifically in the second conjugation, talking about essere Avere ending with edit, both of them. But in general, if you don't know any better, assumed that verbi is regular because that's going to always be the most common situation. 14. Verbi – terza Coniugazione: We can jump to the third conjugation, which is verbs ending in I. Even. Here, we've seen everything in a second conjugation. In the first conjugation. I'm just going to add one thing. We're going to see here, what is the standard third conjugation. But we will see in the future course that a lot of verbs in the third conjugation, so ending with either actually behaves slightly differently. What they do is they have a specific irregular, but only the same way, the very common way. But for now, let's not worry about those verbs and let's just do the verbs that behave normally. Don't immediate, for example, means to sleep. And then we have freedom to open bacteria to live, as in two different trip, sin theta to hear what you feel. Freedom to offer. Third, conjugation verbs are, in my opinion, not very many, at least not the useful important ones. So this is why also you should not worry as much about it. But we have important verbs such as their mirror, which is very important. Let's do exactly what we did for a second conjugation. I'm going to read it out loud and then we're going to try to compare with the second. And therefore we, the first conjugations. Your door to door me. Louie, Ole dormi. Dormi, no, void. Meet Laura. Dorian mode. So you can try and pause the video and find differences with the second conjugation. And you will find that the only actual difference that we have is in the void used to be voided data. Now it's meter. It, it becomes for this reason, it's going to be very common that you tried to say void, automate it, avoid it, avoid it, because it's exactly the same with only one difference. So this is going to be very easy to learn. Just get used to that at difference with the second conjugation. But besides that, nothing much to say. We already know how to do this and how to learn this. Some people like to learn the three conjugations at the same time and practice to not get confused. People would rather learn the first conjugation. Take a day or two or three, and then learn a second conjugation, the third conjugation. I personally like to see them side-by-side because I think that seeing the differences and learning differences is the most useful way. But if you find yourself struggling, focused on one conjugation, keep going with the course, do other stuff, and then go back into another conjugations and so forth. Whatever works for you. My opinion, this is best to see the small differences. Then if you made mistake is going to be a small mistake. But it's very important that you get used to, as I was telling you before, how long a verbs should be, how long a verbs should sound. That is going to help you to conjugate the verb. Maybe not perfectly, but close enough to be incorrect to where I can understand what you're saying. When you learn a language, your goal is always going to be to be able to communicate. Therefore, if you can do that, that's good enough. 15. Essere, Avere, Stare: For the final class of this short course, we can see the three most hated verbs in Italian, probably essere, Avere and started. Smes to be Avere means to have to possess and start. It means to stay. Although it's closer to the Spanish difference between CR and start anywhere should to stay is not as important as it is in Spanish. In Italian. We don't use it as much as they do is Spanish. But this is something that you need to know that it's there exists. Let's kinda look at them one by 1 " back to use them a little bit. This three verbs, and especially a very Andare city, are hard because they are very irregular. So you have to learn there is no way around it. And we'll try to see how we can find patterns in the way verbs work, is that we Dovere. Let's start with you all to I, louis mo. We have at first off, we see that the H in Italian is mute. And we quickly mentioned this before. Whenever we see the H in Italian and he's not following a, C or G. We just don't hear it. We just don't say it. The reason why we have H here is just simply to distinguish this from exactly identical words without the H 0 without the H means or an app without the H means to V naught without the H means here. This is purely just to write. When you pronounce them, you just completely skip them. It's not like in English we would do something like hot. It's just an, OH. Secondly, what I encourage you to do is pause the video and find a pattern. How does the verb change? Do these a lot with irregular verbs? So the pattern that I see here is that you to Louis lei loro, look the same. Look as if these were the Verbo, maybe H, a, R, E, which is not a verb, but they can have the follow these same rules in a way. Then we have no young boys are very different. So this is common. Irregular verbs will follow specific patterns to where they look completely insane. But then when you look closer, you do see things that make sense. So some people really liked these patterns as a way to study verbs. It's people like to group irregular verbs by pattern. So study them altogether. For now. You do not know enough irregular verbs to do that, but that's something you might want to do if you'd like to, very clearly laid out in front of you how irregular verbs behave. So to have is very used for composite tenses. So if want to say, as in English, I have gone something like that. We will need the Avere, but for now we use it just to say, for example, I have a brother. Or in expressions such as family, I'm hungry. I'm thirsty. Although literally we're saying I have hunger and thirst or can-do apart. Afraid though, I'm cold. Or Sono, I'm sleepy. Certainly the same thing with the verb essere. Essere is more irregular than Avere, so it's going to be harder to find parents, but try to look for things that make sense to you. Your son. To say Louis with a little accent. No ECMO. We see it. A lot of solo. Again. Try to see here things that are weird. First of all, the for loop delay. It's not, it has an accent, not because the stress goes there, but simply to distinguish it from a, which is the connection end. Just so if you read it, you know, immediately that is a different word. Otherwise it would be the exact same thing. That's the only very weird one because everything else follows this, starting with an S pattern. And within that we see that you sono and loro sono are exactly exactly the same. That's not a typo, it's just the same word. In that case, if you say Sono, It's unclear what you're talking about, who you're talking about. Then. Cmos yet they look slightly more irregular, although still weird. Seal. This is the way you go about looking at irregular verbs. What makes sense and what doesn't make sense? Of the things that don't make sense? How do they make sense among each other? How are they related? This is clear, in my opinion, innovated because you have very clearly an unknown. The one end and the other end. With essere, it's a bit more chaotic. And essere is generally harder than Avere. But it's obviously these two verbs are extremely important. Probably the most used verbs in any language. So you do need to remember how to use them. Essere as what we call often predict that aluminum. For example, if you want to say I am, for example, you sold one more element. You need the verb essere. It's also we will see use for the passive form later on. For example, if you think the difference in English between say, I have hit an I M hits, one is actively, I have hit someone. One is passive verb, I am hit. Same thing will happen often in Italian, as we will see later on. So again, essere in a very, very important verbs need to learn them and meet to use them well. Now we have started. Let's first of all look at the verb and then we talk about it. This is going to be a much more, much less you irregular verb. Let's put it this way. You stop to stay. Louis, stop. Noise. The animal voice started. Standard. What is irregular here? Try to pause the video, find it. The only thing, the only thing that I can see that is irregular is that a lot of Stan, that's the only thing that looks off. Everything else could be a Verbo, the first conjugation can be irregular, and it would be okay. So this is very slightly irregular. If you compare it with essere, which doesn't make any sense whatsoever, It's obviously a lot easier to remember static. So how do we use static? Study is like a setting, like to be, but it's less permanent state. For example, if you want to say stop in it, I am fine right now. Fine does not mean that I'm always find Spanish that is very clear. And they basically always say essere when it's a permanent state and started where it's not a permanent state. In Italian is not quite as used in Italian. Essere is a lot more important. For example, I would say Sono or Casa. I am at home, even though it does not mean that I'm never going to leave. Which in Spanish that would be more specific with say something like stock a Casa, stole our Casa in Italian would be used basically only in the south of Italy, which historically and culturally is a lot closer to Spain. So they kind of taken a lot of things that Spanish speakers do, and they do them as well. But in Northern and Central Italy, if you want to talk about actual proper Italian, we do not say stock as we say, so La Casa. So the verbs static for now, we're basically only use it to say stomata, stomata. Then later on we'll, we'll see it's used for the I-N-G form. So if we want to say I am eating, will see we say Stop man, John Doe. So we use that verb as well. It's very important because we need it for at least one tense. For now you mostly use it for stopping stomata. These three verbs and especially a variant essere, absolutely massive important. Please practice them, get used to them, and play with them a lot because you will find them all the times 16. Risorse A1: A1 resources, what to add? We already saw what we need to have, which is, first of all the slides, please download the slides. It's yours, it's there. Do the exercises in their second Duolingo or similar apps as we progress, it's more and more and more important and you start using words and seeing words and practicing words. So definitely start using dueling with if you haven't yet. And it's a great app, or use any other app. I like Duolingo because it's free, but if you'd rather use another one is the same conjugation website. Again, the link is going to be in the description or somewhere here. Very important as we progress, we start seeing more and more irregular verbs. And you do need some tool to look up how they behave when they are irregular because you have no other way of knowing. So definitely at this stage, get familiar with one of these websites. As we said, paper, hopefully you're having your little book where you're writing everything down and writing you're exercising your question. Keep doing that. That's the best way to see your progress and be able to go back to what you learned already. So what are we going to add? As you progress? Some new things need to happen. Number one, you need to start reading. Now, it's very early, but slowly. Try to approach Italian texts. And it could be a good idea to listen a little bit. I will give you a few resources along the course. You can try, try a lot of different things, choose what you like, and kind of practice a lot with those. As you progress, you will find that you slow down. You learn a lot less quickly, new topics. But you're going to be practicing them a lot more by reading, by listening, some point by writing and speaking. Hopefully. That's it. Let's get into the first-class of the A11 course. See you there? 17. I numeri: Let's get started and let's go and talk about numbers. Or as we say in Italian, numeri, numbers are fairly important topic. Obviously. You need to count, you need to say how many of something there is. For numbers, straight numbers, many different things that you may want to be able to say. You're an inlay. And I would say especially numbers 0-100, you should be fairly familiar with anything above that. You can skip or kind of know what's up and they're fairly straightforward, really. Italian numbers are not hard. So we can have a look at all of them. Not all of the numbers, but how to make any number. And then you should focus on zero to 100, which is obviously what's most likely to happen. So let's go first of all, 0-10, we have zero will not do it. What, through that spelled with a queue. But it sounds like quatro it sounds like a C anyways, chin quit. That's a soft C and a hard C, G, dole change, lettura, chin, quit. Say, set, then. Navi, DHEA. As we said before, very important Italian vowels. So make sure you're saying the numbers the right way. Example, say, make sure you can hear the air. And the a0. Say very clearly DHC, same idea. That's an I and then an E. So DAG, we can move on to the teens, which are the annoying ones in Italian and most other languages. So I'll just go through them on the CI. That's not Vici, that's the CI, the strategies on the first few, as you can see, it's red. Do Deci, deci, deci. That's not quite thorough. Deci, it's quite deci queen the CI, CD CI. And then they change the chess set digital to the channel. Then what's going on here? As you can see, first of all, numbers up to 16 work away. Numbers after 16 work a different way, and that happens in most languages, but you need to be careful if you speak Spanish, you know that that change happens actually after 15. So you have 11 to 15 away and 16 to 19, a different way. In Italian we make that change 16-17, all the way up to 16. We add that dG, which is a contraction of DAG obviously. And then after 17, that Deci goes before we go from CDG to ditches set. A very good exercise to remember this is trying to count all the way 0-20 and then count backwards from 20 all the way to zero because that forces you to remember where you make that switch. The good news is, after you get to 20 venti, things become very, very straightforward because from that point on, everything works the same way. So we're going to put the first digit and then we get to learn the first digit. And then we're going to add the second digit, right? So for example, let's say 20 to 30 Van De, and then we just add them to know when T2, T3 went through. When teaching quit vintage, say when t-shirt, when Vinton over. The only thing that might trip you up a little bit is that when tuna and then Totto, the vintage drops the last letter, so it's not being empty. A2. And then taught, and the only reason is that the following numbers, so the second digit Starts with a vowel auto, therefore, often in Italian with that is the case. We will drop that last letter. If you save into you know, I will barely notice that it's not correct. So that's not a big deal, but just if you want to speak perfectly, That's something you may want to remember. After that, things work the exact same way. So we just need to learn basically the first digit. So for 30 we say Trenton, and then it goes trained to know. Again, we drop that last letter, trained to do we're trying to threat and so forth. And then the same is true for everything else. So we can just learn. The first digit. Quanta is 40, ***** one is 50, says Santa. 66, dun, dun, dun, dun, no von. Then Shinto chain two means 100. For example, you want to say 67. You just say Santa set. If you want to say at one, you say, than to know, again, you might be tempted to say, what data owner, not a big deal if that happens. But technically speaking, done tuna numbers after 100 chain two are very, very simple. So if want to say 167 is an example, we just did chain to Santa sector. Simple as that. You do not need to change anything at letters or subtract letters. Just attach cento and then whatever's coming after chin to how we progress to 200, 300 and so forth is the same thing that we do in English. We say, do a chain, don't to say 200, chain to 300. What Trojan to Cinquecento, say chin to set the chain to a2, chain to Navi chain. Again, when I say 955 Navi chain top, chin quanta, ***** way, very simple. We don't do things that they do. Another languages where you have to sum and subtract. And for example, in French, numbers are pretty insane there where they say at or 90s, absurd to me. But in Italian is very straightforward. There is a little bit of a tricky one, which is 1,000, because 1,000 is meet with a double L meal. And then you can attach any number to me. But if it becomes more than 1,000, so 2000s, for example, becomes Dewey medulla. You might be tempted to say do immediately, but it's not, it's doing. Miller. And that is something that happens because of Latin. So we don't care, but we don't say do I, do Emilia try medulla, medulla, vein teaching, Camila, 25,000, Santa nor the medulla, 69,000 and so forth. And obviously, if you want to attach anything that you do it the exact same way. Suntan of me La Quadrature Center try 69,463. Unless I forgot. After that, we have millions on it. 1 million. Do Emily one Plurale, 2,000,001 Lione, and so forth. Remember so that only Leona singular do Emilio knee is Plurale. Similarly to what happens for medulla. Medulla, which does not happen for chin. Chin to do a chain. The chain rule does not change in that case. Practice this a little bit, especially a set numbers up to 9,900 because that's what most likely you're going to hearing and make sure you understand them the right way. Because obviously, for example, if you're a sharp and someone says something years and something else, that might be a little bit of a problem there. But generally speaking, numbers are not a big problem in Italian. It's something that you can quickly add to your vocabulary. 18. Parole: I vestiti: As we progress, and I've said this already in the past, we're going to be seeing less and less vocabulary words, which you can need to learn another way because it's really not efficient way for you to learn words by me saying you words. Again, Duolingo or similar apps are an amazing tool that you can use for free to improve your vocabulary, to learn new words. But I will still for now, sneak a few words in. Just kind of keep you on your toes and remind you that you do not only need to learn a lot of grammar, which is important, but you also need to know words because if I can say things in very complex tenses, but I do not know to say things that doesn't work. So your grammar and your vocabulary need to go and enhance. I will mostly do grammar here, a little bit of vocabulary. Vocabulary you need to learn as well. Lemon yet the t-shirt money that we will talk about this later on, but that EDTA means small. Mania would be the big, the original word and Meletus candidates small. I think that what that Eta small means refers to short sleeves, although I'm not sure about that. But in general, when you will find that data or do something that is smaller than the big one. Mya, right now, in currently Italian is mostly used referring to male. So what knights used to have, it's not really something you hear as much, although some people might call Maria, a t-shirt does not super common. Bundle only depends on the trousers, which is always plural in Italian, as I would say it is in English. La Commedia, the shirt. And that is kinda the elegant shirt with the neck and the buttons. Lag gonna the skirt, less carpi, the shoes. And if you want the singular, as you might imagine, lots Scarpa, the shoe, Il capello, the hat. Lot, sharper, the scarf. And that as C, I sound in Italian, sounds like SH, sound in English. So short, sharp or lack Caravan, which is the tie. A0 Complete though, which is the suit, as in the both blazer and elegant pants. People will call this in different ways. But in my opinion, a0 Complete. Complete is the most obvious and most recognized way to say this. Larger refers to the jacket, which can be both winter jacket, spring jacket, blazer. We can also call that Jack. Jack is a fairly common word to just refer to anything you put on top of a t-shirt or a shirt. Il this Tito, that not only means the piece of cloth in the item of clothing, but also the dress limit Andare, the underwear. That's kind of a funny one because in Latin it means those that you need to change Bhutan days, the things that you need to change, which is I think a very filename, a0, which is the code. Usually it's going to be a heavier code, so a Jack I will usually be lighter. And then to verbs that we can learn, both our first conjugation, both our regular. So in those means to where you already know how to conjugate this, but you would say you indoors. So for example, you endorse. So nominal data, I wear a t-shirt and then we have something you probably already know which is comparator. Comparator is to purchase, to buy. And just like in the regular first conjugations, so you come with a man yet, I buy a t-shirt 19. Il Plurale: It's now time to talk about the plural, partly ammo Plurale. Now the plural is kind of an annoying topic if you're an English speaker. Because the way we do plurals in Italian is slightly different than the way we do it in English. So in English, if you have a word, let's say you have a cup and you want to make it into a Plurale, it would be cups. So the way you do it in English is you add an S to the world. That does not always work. In some situations, you need to add more than an S. In some cases you do not add an S, you change the word. There are few exceptions, but in English, it's fairly straightforward. If it's a plural, there is an S. If there isn't an S. In Italian, it's slightly trickier for a few reasons. Number one, we need to remember that in Italian we have masculine and feminine, and the plural would be different. Usually, if an honest masculine or if an honest femminile will make examples. But in general, it's a good rule to remember that they might be different. Secondly, the way we do plural in Italian, we do not add to the noun. We do not add a letter or more letters. Well, we do is we usually change the last letter of the noun. So you need to change that mindset. You're not adding something because it's plural, but you change in something, which when you begin is a bit tricky. And I know that trips up a lot of English speakers, but there is a very important topic to get right. If you cannot, you obviously use singular and plural very, very often in a conversation. So it's one of those topics that if you don't understand, and then down to the right, it's going to be a mistake that you make over and over and over again every time you speak. Because basically every time you speak, you're gonna be using a plural in your sentence, and therefore it's a mistake that is very common if you get it wrong. So let's see the general rule about how we make the plural. First of all, we saw that generally speaking, if a nouns masculine is going to end with an 0. If a nouns feminine is going to end with an a. And we can make a simple example that works very well, which is the word bum been. Amino means child. So Il been Vino is the boy, the male child, whereas la Nina is the curve, the female child. So in this case, it's a bit clear in English because if you say child in English, I don't know if it's a boy or girl, whereas in Italian, gender allows us to be a bit more clear. We can have very long conversation about inclusive language, which is not a thing in Italian as I speak right now. But it's a conversation that we're going to be having, just like French has, just like Spanish has, and just like any other language With genders, is having a will need to be having because it's politically very delicate, but let's not get there for now. In Italian, we don't really do that. There is not really a way to do that, that everybody agrees upon. There are a few suggestions, but it's not really happening. It will happen maybe later on the future. So how do we make the plural? Let's take those two words in been B&O, the boy in lab and been on the first thing, we're going to need to change the article so that Il la in English, V is going to be the same. So the child, or children that V is the same word does not change depending on gender as we saw on, depending on number. Italian, that's not the case. So how does the article change? Fits masculine? It can be a few different things. If it's masculine, it could be Il, which is the most common one. And the plural for Il is a0. Amino becomes a0. And that we will see in a second water minutes. Whereas if it's low or an apostrophe like load Z0 or a warmer, it becomes gli, which sounds like It's a very tricky sound. Gl sound in Italian does not really exist in English, but you can think of it a little bit like the word Milvian that will kind of as close as it gets in English. And not many languages have a similar sound too, that your sandwich, my opinion, is trickier than enrolled, are to produce for an English speaker. For feminine, it's a lot simpler because la and L apostrophe become lay. For example, Lavon Bina will become lay. And large. L apostrophe RT will become lay. So feminine, a bit easier than masculine because there's less things you need to remember. But you will see that you will get articles wrong quite often at the beginning. So don't worry too much about it. And as I said for now, focus on Il, for masculine, for a0 plural, and for feminine, therefore, plural, because these two situations are the most common. And then what we need to do is we need to change the noun. So when it's masculine, generally speaking, the plural is going to be I. When it's feminine, generally speaking, the pleura is going to be a. So let's see this little table with Bambi. Know we have Il been vino, masculine singular becomes a0, been beanie. Masculine plural. That, oh, openvino becomes I, been beginning And you might remember when we talked about food, I told you it's Il per Nino in Italian is not Il Panini. As incorrectly, a lot of English speakers say because a0 Panini would be the plural, the sandwiches, as opposed to the sandwich Il Menino. The panini. For feminine, la, been Bina becomes late. Bambi me, femminile is a bit simpler because what you do is you just replace the a at the end within a0. They are within a. Law becomes lay, been Bina becomes bumping. And this is a very common theme in Italian, you will see that feminine is generally speaking, slightly simpler than masculine. Don't ask me why. I have no idea why this is the case. But generally speaking, mescaline has a little bit more tricks when it comes to these kind of grammar situations. So generally speaking, mask and you will be a little bit more of a struggle. This is the general rule. So the way I recommend you try to apply this is we can look at the world. Some of the world's will learn so far. We see this singular and we will make the plural. This is the general rule, will see a few examples. There are exceptions. We have a saying in Italian, which is the exception confirms the rule. I think you said that in English as well. And when it comes to grammar, that is very true. The first word we actually seeing is indeed something that is different, which is the word warmer. Man. The plural becomes a0 because L apostrophe becomes, as we saw and then warming, warmer. But man, you want me, me, the men. More than one plural. In English, you cannot really hear the difference when I say it. But in Italian you can hear very clearly Il for low becomes a0 for the broader, the brothers. Now we'll read through this, but I recommend you try and stop the video and try to think what could be the plural of this word. This is a very good exercise to make it feel. If V, the case you don't double the in the end, you just keep one phi, not phi cosine. It can. When words and with an a in the similar, which can happen for both masculine and feminine. The plural is always going to be an I will at some point see an example of a feminine words ending with a singular. Example is Coniugazione. The conjugation lack Coniugazione becomes late. Coniugazione. You still family even though Coniugazione sounds like a masculine plural, feminine plural, because the a is tricky. You got to IGA. Ludhiana, laid on me. Lasso rela, listserv. We see a couple of feminine words here. They work as you would expect. La failure, leafy here, la casa, la casa large lake. We saw that example with Coniugazione. Coniugazione. When a word ends with a in the singular, the plural is usually going to be an eye regardless of whether it's masculine or feminine. We said County, county. Lot of the laity, lemme, lemme event alanine, as we saw with a really use the singular. That makes sense because a0, the plural masculine bundle, knee, which is a standard any for masculine plural. Gonna. Lygon. Really want to read through all of these nouns because it's kinda pointless. I think you get the point. What you should expect is that masculine singular will be Il, and then end with an 0. Openvino becomes even beanie. Feminine singular would be an advocate, a lab, and Bina become lip balm been. So keep this war in mind. We're bump, bump, bump, bump beginning and kind of applying this rule will work in. As you know, I enjoy making us statistics about 72% of the times that will work. So keeping that example in mind and you will get them right. Most of the times, some words will not work like that, but most of the times it will be right. One of the biggest mistakes that English speakers especially make is the last letter of words, and that means nouns, articles, verbs, adjectives, all of those, because in English you don't really change much at the essere, you usually attach as opposed to changing. So that last vowel in Italian is very tricky for people to remember that they need to change it when they need to change it. So I would say it's a very good exercise and very good practice to try and remember this and practices as much as you can make simple sentences and try and change them slightly. So for example, if you say, the child eats the sandwich, very good example. Try to change it around a little bit inside. Try to replace the child with a woman and then make it plural, the children, it, the sandwiches kind of play around with this very straightforward, very simple sentences to get confident in changing the last letter so that it works the right way. 20. Essere, Avere, Stare: We've seen this slide already. Essere, Avere and started. We talked about this verbs are ready. But there are so important that I start to put them again in this course as well. Just as a reminder, practice them again. You think you've got them. Practice them again. In fairly short amount of time, we'll be talking about the past, like I have gone. To make the past, you need to use correctly developed Avere and essere in the present tense. So practice this as much as you can. You can get a lot of verbs wrong in Italian, it's going to be fine. But if you forget how to say I have, this is basically going to completely make it impossible for you to speak besides present tense. So practice this as much as you can. Let's look at them again. Avere to have, to possess, to own up to I. We are we are beyond Volere ramen at the age that we have for you to relate, NLU does not change the sound of the word. It sounds exactly as if it would sound without that letter. But it makes it possible for us to recognize them when we read them. And especially with this sharp words practice the ending is not oh, oh, oh, it just the letter 0 sound. And then essere, you sono to say Louis. No ECMO, we see at the sauna. This brings me to a very important topic. Do two very important topics. And the number one is that there are some topics there are more important at the topics. If you forget the future tense, you can make do without the future tense. It's gonna be fine even if you don't remember the future tense. If you forget essere Avere, that is not okay. So especially at the beginning, what we're doing is very important. Do not skip ahead unless you feel like you're confident with using these things. And secondly, practice makes perfect. Studying a language is definitely FUN when you get to speak or understand, read, listen to a song and kind of translate it. But studying a language requires practice. So you need to go over things again and again when you feel like you're not sure about something, practice. Once again, the course, the class, do some more exercises. Really tried to practice because if you don't practice, it doesn't make sense to go forward because you will just start forgetting stuff you've done already. And again, as we progress with building, we're doing more complicated things is gonna be harder for you if you don't remember the easy thing. So really practice, essere Avere. Really do practice then study is not as important. We'll see we use any only one specific tense is not as commonly used, but again, started, still be in a common STI, stop. This kind of important to ask how someone is doing. So start as well, but essere Avere really need to know them well and they're really weird. So make sure you understand what's up 21. Aggettivi Qualificativi: Partly ammo D aggettivi Adjectives and its particular Qualificativi. So qualifiers, I will try not to bore you with grammar, but we do need a little bit of grammar. So an adjective in any language is what kind of gives more context to the noun. An adjective is attached to a noun. So don't confuse it with an adverb that is attached to a verb. So an example in English, clear is an adjective. Something is clear, whereas clearly is an adverb. I speak clearly. That's different thing. It works differently grammatically. For now we're doing clear. We're not doing clearly, which we'll do a short time. So why do I say this? Well, since an adjective refers to a noun, it will guess what take on the gender and number of debt noun. So if I want to say the child is tall, to make an example, that tall would be different if it's a boy or occur, or boys or curves. And therefore, we need to know the gender of the noun and we need to make sure that the adjective follows it. And this way I was telling you the endings are very tricky because we will see examples in which even though it's a masculine, the adjective does not end with an 0, but ends with something else. And that kinda makes it tricky. But the rule is always the same. Generally speaking, if a noun is masculine, then I will end with an 0. And the adjective will end with an 0. If it's feminine. And within a Bina, it's it. If it's masculine plural, it ends with it. I been beanie, altri. If it's feminine plural, ends with an E Bambi name. This is the general rule. This is why you should always have in your head and can always keep as a reference, if you assume that all nouns and adjectives behave this way, you're going to be right. I said before a majority of the times or your mistake would be small enough to where I can logically understand what you're saying, even though you didn't say it right? We can make examples later on, but this is the general rule, or a, a0. And when you learn Adjectives, always think of it together with a noun. How does it sound with a noun? We'll make examples here. So let's say a few of them. Obviously there's a lot more than this. But we gotta start somewhere, going to start small. So let's, let's do this few adjectives and we have on this page, bellow means pretty or beautiful by law. And all of these adjectives that you see here are masculine singular form. We usually study words in the masculine singular form because that's the default of the language. The most straightforward way that we see things. If you look up these words or vocabulary, you will find bellow. You'll not find Bella, Bailey or belly. Try to use each and every one of these adjectives with each of these four possible cases. Then we have brutal. And again, this can be brute, brute, brute, brute. Depending on now, you can track the practices with a noun because that makes it a lot easier. Bono means good. Cut, Devo means bad or evil. Color is small or little. Beak color. Grundy means big, and grand day opens another little parenthesis here, which is Gerundio, ends with an a in the masculine singular form. So try and make your guests, how will we use it in each of these four cases that we know? Even be no grand day, Lavon Bina, grand day, even beanie, grand D lib and been a grand D. Okay, so when the adjective ends with an a in the masculine singular form, you will not change between masculine and feminine will be the same for a singular random, and a0 for the plural. Grundy. Grundy. That's a bit trickier because again, live on been a grand D amino acids within a Grandin ends with an I or II. It's tricky, It's weird. And at the beginning you will want to say live and integrand. Again, it's fine if you make mistakes. Don't worry, don't try to be perfect. But it's good to try and get as close as possible to be incorrect, especially when we talk about very straightforward topics. Because if you start stacking up mistake after mistake from the very beginning, when you try to make a bit more complex sentences is gonna be a mess for you to say if we put to understand. So try and get these things right. As often as you can. You will make mistakes But try to get them right as often as you can. Alto means tall or high. Vaso means short, Rico, rich, poor, not prevail poverty. Then we have a few examples of how to negate something. Felicia means happy. Again, as with an a. You already know how to make singular, plural masculine, feminine. And then we have in Felicia, which is unhappy that in, before an adjective is one of the ways you can make the opposite. And here we see another way. Fortunato becomes not in Fortunato, which actually is an adjective, but it means injured. For example, for a football player in for anatomists injured, whereas Fortunato means unlucky. Important. Obviously important. The easier way to do the opposite of one of these adjectives, if you do not know it is to put none before. For example, if you want to say the boy is happy, you could say he'd been been on Felicia. If you want to say the boys unhappy, you could say EDB amino infinity. Can you do not remember which one it is? So you can just say even be no known feature. Another very, very important thing to remember, which is tricky for a lot of English speakers, is that the general rule in Italian is the adjective goes after the noun. In English, you would generally say, for example, the tall child. In Italian, we say even be no Alto. So the child tall. Can you flip it and say la tube amino? In this case, we add apostrophe alto because alto starts with a vowel. Yes, you can, but to ask that sounds very old-fashioned to give you an example, this specific way of speaking. So pulling the adjective for the noun, I think that most of the Lord of the Rings translation in Italian was made in this particular way in which they will put the adjective before. So say la tube amino supposed to Il Bambi know, that sounds very elegant, that sounds very nice, but people don't speak like that. So when you speak, you want it to the opposite. And it's also easier to the opposite because if you say Il Bambi know first, you already know singular, masculine, Alto. Whereas if you do the opposite, it's harder because you have to think at the end of the Center's webinar is going to be masculine. So you see little tube and being all right alto because marinas masking, you know what I mean? So keeping the noun before the adjective is logically easier to make the ending the right way. One last thing, if women say that something is very or not very, you could use molto very much and poco a little. So for example, molto Alto, very tall, poco Alto, very short. Remember that molto does not change based on gender and number because molto in this specific context is not an adjective. So we say molto, Alto, mole to mole to mole to altri. And hopefully you start to understand what I'm saying. This is a common issue with English speakers. There are weird things. Think of a sentence like Lab been Bina, molto, Grundy. The endings would be a, La, Nina are molto, grande day. You would assume everything else with an a because feminine singular, but not everything ends with an a because things are happening and this is why this is tricky for English speakers. Are you expected to use this perfectly the first time you try? No, you're not. But again, try to practice because if you change one of these endings, the meaning could change significantly in some cases and really make it confusing for whomever you're speaking with to understand what you're saying? 22. Dove, quando, perché…: We talked about some of the hardest topics in Italian, especially for a beginner which is plural, and then adjectives and the endings in general, let's do something a bit easier, which is questions and question words, specifically, the ones that we call the five W's in English, who, why, what, and all these words, where? In Italian, they were pretty much the same as they work in English. And we will use them both to ask a question and in a sentence. In the world where could be used, where are you? Or in a sentence to say I am where you told me to be, for example. So that work can be a question or can be a statement. And in Italian works exact same way. It's very straightforward. So let's, let's see how they look. Who in Italiana, Q0. And QI does not change. If you speak Spanish, that they say ten, singular and plural for us, it doesn't change. Key is both singular and plural. An example could be key parlor, which is a common way to answer the phone. If you do not know the number, you could say something like pronto, keep our la the protease just the way we answered the phone. It does not really mean anything. It means like, I'm ready or go. I can't hear you. I'm ready to listen to you, but that keep our la who speaks? Who is speaking? What very important? Casa. Casa is a word that you will find everywhere in Italian because Kazaa mean means what? It means thing. So we could use the word casa to say thing, for example, while casa something. And it's also worth to use when you do not know how to call something, pass me la casa. Pass me that thing. I don't remember the name of the things that cause. Or even sometimes you could use when you don't remember the verb. For example, cuz it, they will cuz it. I don't remember what verb I want to use of cassava. Don't do that. Please try to avoid that at all costs. But you will find the word casa very often. And to ask what, you could also use K or KEQ casa, right? So for example, we saw killed in What time is it? Or kick casa is kinda the same as casa. So for example, casa, my G key, casa man, G and G. They all work. Where we say dovere example. Do we say, where are you? How? Unlike our translate with comin and we know these already commenced die. How are you when quando, quando aggettivi, when do you arrive? Why? And because I translated as per K and G Q family. So be very careful because the second sentence is a good example. Perche you family, depending on how you say it, could mean because I'm hungry or why am I hungry in English? Burkean family, I ate 2 h ago. Why am I hungry already? Doesn't make sense. Or perche you family, perche emoji because I'm hungry, but you're farming. So you will quickly notice that intonation tends to be more important in Italian that in English. But generally speaking, not a big deal. Just ask a question as you would ask a question is clear 23. Giorni, mesi, ore: Beryllium, all the giorni, mesi, ore, days, months and hours. These words are very commonly seen everywhere. They're fairly easy to remember, to memorize. And they can be useful in a lot of different situations. So it's generally speaking, very good to know how to call months and days of the week and especially times. If you're setting, for example, date with somebody, you need to understand what day of the weekend, what time, especially you can meet or you have to say it and wait, it is clear to them. So to avoid obvious issues there, Let's start with the days of the week. I will read them and you try to notice what the pattern is here. Lady. Mirror quality, JVD, vignette, Sabato, Domenico. So what we notice is that Monday through Friday they will end with this DI and please notice that the accident always goes on that I so it's only D is not loony, D is not needed. It's only be and so forth. And you can see that it has a little accent on the I, also, I put in red, but we do have the accent in Italian, so you know, that is going to be pronounced that specific way. Then we have Sabato, which is Saturday, and then Dominica, which is Sunday. You can then look at months. Once a fairly straightforward just the pronunciation of a few of them is weird, but they're very similar to English and Spanish and French and all these languages, we call them the same way. Jin now you feedback marked so apparently not appellate. Majo Mayo, very common mistake manager for us. You know, that's also be trickier. Say that again. Juno. Juno, Louis you a tricky one as well. Louis, you. They're fairly simple. Agosto. Dovere, November, a, B chamber. Usually the tricky ones are May, June, and July. So practice these three little bit more. Everything else kind of make sense similar in English and also in other languages. But obviously this course isn't English, so I assume that is the language you cannot refer to it. Finally, we have time, let order. Let order in Italian literally means the hours. The point is that Il Tempo, which is more literal translation for time, usually tends to refer to the weather and not to the time as in the hour. So generally speaking, when you ask for the time, you asked for the hours or the hour in Italian, what's the hour as opposed to what time is it? Say contain boy, for example, I will assume you're asking me whether it's sunny or not. And I will be very confused because I would just be showing you the sky and can you not see? So you need to ask what our or hours is it also in Italian, we don't do AM or PM. What we do is just add D and then what time of the day it is. So D Medina means in the morning. And then after 02:00 P.M. we could either say Depot Mary Jo, which means in the afternoon. Just more simply, I recommend you skip the afternoon. You just say the Sarah and Sarah is evening after 02:00 P.M. in Italian, you can say Bona Sera. You do not need to say one per Mary Jo. Finally denote the I would say anywhere between 11:00 P.M. and maybe four or 05:00 A.M. you would say Denon and not this era or the material. So how do we ask the time? Comey here, dr. more? Lower? Two ways. The same. But I show you both because you might hear both K or a. Qra. Ore sono. Kill the Zona. Stop the video second and try to tell me what the differences between these two questions. The answer is that in the first case we use order singular and the for air. What time is it? Where, what our is it literally, in the second case, we're using ore hours. They're the same. You can ask both ways and the reason why we have both ways is that time is singular. If it's one, if it's noon or if it's midnight and dummies plural, Otherwise, let's see. If it's 01:00. Luna It's the one you could say la Luna Latina. Luna. The journal, the pulmonary Joe, sarah, even Luna. It's one. Whereas if it's two, you would say sono, sono, sono, gene quit, sono, DH. And then you have the case in which midnight or midday. And you would say matzo journal, it is known or midday. Matzah, not there. It is. Midnight. If you want to say minutes. That's pretty straightforward. And you would say la Luna DHA. It's the 1.10. That's the way we said. We don't say past, we just add end. And then the number of minutes. There are ways you could say a quarter past according to but for now, easy way to do is just this Luna DHA. Soon. Let me ask you. Kia Ora. Try to answer based on what time it is for you? 24. I colori: Beryllium, the colori we colors. The reason why I include this is first of all, it's a simple topic and every now and again, it's good to rest a little bit from harder grammar topics. Secondly, this is a very good application of what we saw with adjectives, because colors most of the times are used as adjectives. So these are the most important, I would guess, colors. And it really helps us a lot in understanding adjectives in my opinion. So let's kinda look at them. Bianco is the first one white. Let's start to think. How would you say feminine singular, masculine plural, feminine plural. So let's take the word, you got to the cat. How would you change it? The answer. We got to bianco, masculine singular, lot, gut. Bianca. Got the key. The key. You will see that we add that H in there, which is kinda weird. But the honest reason why we do this is just a, phonetically, It sounds the same young co, B and K. Second case, we need an age, otherwise it would sound Bianchi. Therefore, to keep the same sound we added age. You couldn't know that, don't worry, but just FYI, that's why age is there. Generally speaking, when something happens to where the sun would change, based on the change of the ending, we add that H or whatever other letter is needed to keep the same sound. That is not 100% true. More often than not, this is happening. For example, we could see the example with the verb to pay. Its, you Pago, PAG, you too, baggy PAGA H. Because otherwise it would be to patchy and we do not like that. Generally speaking, a set Italian tries to keep the sound the same. When, let's say when there's a conflict between how you spell something and how it sounds. Generally speaking, we want it to sound the same way and not to be written the same way as this thing with jello. John La Jolla, John Lee genuinely aren't shown in orange. That's an interesting one because it ends with an a. Let me do example with the word Grundy. Elgato around Shawnee, lagger. Aren't giorni, Egan are unsure, knee, legged, are unsure. Ni De K colori. So no ligand, ligand, sono are actually. Rousseau. Read works exactly like Bianco. Verde. Green works exactly like our and giorni. Narrow, black at zero, like blue, blue, blue. But in Italian it's spelled slightly differently because we read a word the way it's written. And therefore, if we added that E as in English with sound blue way, which doesn't make much sense. So blue, to keep the same sound. I guess we took the word from French proudly, were from English, I assume from French. And to keep the same sound, we just went that way. Blue, since it's basically a foreign word, does not change. You got to blue. That'll be a funny cat. Lagger. Blue, blue. Blue. Every time we have a foreign word in Italian, we do not change the gender and especially the number. So whenever, for example, we borrow the word manager, say Manager. We will first of all pronounced in Italian, so manager. And second, if it's a plural, it's a0 manager, not eat managers, not managing IT, manager. Now we have viola, purple or violet. And it's another very interesting adjective because it ends with an a in the mastering, which we have not seen so far. It does happen every now and again. But he's not very common when this happens also in average changes. So again, purple cat is not as common, but you got to Viola. Like Viola, you got the viola legacy. Fiona. Finally, grigio, gray. Grigio works as you would expect, although that might make it a bit tricky. So grigio, great job. Green region just works as any other adjective. As we said, the way you ask for the color of something, **** colori Tableau or anything else. In Italian we say of what color is not, what color is. So **** colori air. And the answer would be blue. Where the giorni ore sono, John Lee ore, sono. Practice this because again, Adjectives are tricky. So colors can make it a bit simpler for us to understand how adjectives ending in different ways work in masculine and feminine singular and plural 25. Avverbi: So as promised, let's have a quick talk about adverbs as well. We talked about adjectives and we said the difference between adjectives and adverbs. They have a different role in sentence, but Adverbs don't change based on gender and number because they're not referring directly to a noun. That for clear in English is an adjective, clear, lee is an adverb, so the C is clear, but clearly I am wrong. Clear, additive, clearly avverbi. And we'll find out that LY in English has basically literal translation in Italian. And that will make our life a lot easier. The first thing to notice is that we have many different classes of Adverbs that have different users. They look different. But generally speaking, what adverbs do is that they add Sunday, they change a verb, they add something to a verb, usually a verb. And they do not change your gender and number because they're not referring directly to a noun. Most adverbs also have an adjective that does the same thing. The big example that I can make you in Italian, the difference between adverbs and adjectives and how you can compare with English is the word English, good versus well. In English, good would be usually the adjective and well would be the adverb. And you don't really care too much about those. So you could say, I'm doing good, right? In Italian, you cannot do that because we are more precise and you have to say, I'm doing well, so well is the adverb how you're doing? That's the way I'm doing. Whereas good will refer to usually a noun. So it's a good day and that good would be an adjective. And one journal, as we know, Jordan guano, this case we could say both ways. So this difference between good and well, I feel like it's something that resonates with a lot of English speakers because you know that you can say I'm good, but it probably shouldn't. Grammatically speaking is not perfect. In Italian, we are a bit more precise. In Italian. Say, I'm good. For example, sono guano or stop one or that will mean something completely different. So if I ask you common STI, if you say stop one, that means I'm quiet. I'm not I'm not going to make a problem. Which is an interesting way to answer that question. Or if you say son of guano, you're saying I'm good, as in I am a positive force, sorry thing, I'm not evil, sort of guano. I'm one of the good guys, which again, might be what you want to say, but might not be what you're trying to say in that specific situation. You would need to say stop beanie. And that means, well, one means good. Big important difference in Italian. Let's see a few example. And again, you will find here some categories listed. This is just for my sanity and you do not need to remember that these are time adverbs, These are quantity and whatnot. Just remember these are adverbs and they do not change gender and number. Subito means immediately. Example you would never say subito, CBT or subito. Always subito level subito. I will arrive immediately today. So we were seeing days before, you could say K journal a or G. What day is it today? Doumani? Tomorrow. And yearly. Yesterday. Arg2 money, yearly never changed based on gender and number of whatever as you have in the sentence, it's always the same. Presto, early or sun and Tandy weight. Then we have more to a lot much or poco, a little or not enough, even troppo, too much about stanza enough. And also, remember that if you want to say the opposite of this, you can just slap a known before. So non-Apple stanza, not enough. Non troppo, not too much. That's obviously going to be Adverbs that you can use to do the opposite as we saw, fit each infill Egypt for adjectives. But putting a number four is going to basically double your vocabulary without you needing to actually learn what the opposite is. Then we already saw some of the question words per K, Comey, key, quando dovere. These are all adverbs, in this case, the question words, but these are elaborate as well. And for this reason as I was telling you, we do not change their ending. So this is kind of just these are adverbs for now. Do not worry too much about them. But it's good if you try and do a sentence and you try and do something and it's wrong. And the reason it's wrong is because you change the letter of the word. Maybe it's because it's an adverb and you were not supposed to change that. So it's good to know that we also have this. At the beginning. Do not worry as much about adverbs as you worry about adjectives, because these are gonna be, Adjectives are gonna be more important. So worry about bono, do not worry about Ben as much 26. Vorrei: Are there, so plus C. Now let's see one body by herself. Now we can look at, take a look at a slightly different type of class. This has been an all-time favorite, all-time, most hated at the same time. Because to some people it's weird to talk about a song and to others want to know more about the culture. So either you want more of these or even less interested in looking the song, you can skip it, but I'm going to be offended if you'd like it, you can stick around. This song is specifically a vorrei by pretty famous italian groups called Luna pop. They did only one album, but that became very famous. And three songs at least are very well-known. And this is one of them. And it's especially interesting because you go to the point where you're telling me it's good enough that you can understand a simple text. And this is simple text. And also it tells us something about the italian culture. So that's also good. Song is especially interesting because as you will see, verbs are very simple. Words are very simple. The speak slowly or things slowly. So first of all, something that is worth pointing out, vorrei, the title is what we don't know, but it's a very useful word that you should know that is technically called a conditional. It's a specific vert mode, which we don't know, but it's basically translating. I would like, or I would want. If you say vorrei, very commonly varient cafe, I would like a coffee. We want the coffee. It's a very nice, polite way to ask for something as opposed to saying I want, which can come across as a bit harsh in Italian. The way we're gonna do this, I'm going to read it. I cannot obviously put it, but you can easily find it on YouTube. They're going to sue me if I tried to put this in the course, but it's easy to find. Then we can quickly try to read together and translate. This is the first part, but you can find obviously, Google has the whole thing. So I'm going to read it. Feel free to try and pause the video and read before me. And I repeat, vorrei. Vorrei is two, D is one toy. Here we have already these vorrei I would like or I want twice. And then we have the word tsunami. Tsunamis, dreams is so new. The dream is so nice. The dreams that to me is your, so it should be a0 toy, Sony, that's common Italian, but again, music, poetry, sometimes they move words around because it sounds better their opinion. So therefore, if it's Dreams, obviously that is OD ray is going to mean to make them come true, right? So I'd like to make all of your dreams come true. Vorrei. Vorrei can chill, let it get to long. Why? Here? Hopefully it should be a bit easier. Cancer Larry to cancel, to delete, Show that you may not know, but the shortcut is the same as Quetelet K, which is very hard to today in English, but it's something like what? Or more literally, the things that, that old sentence would mean, delete or cancel everything that you do not want. Voi Piero loci. You vivo traversal your ketone. There is simply repeat your toilet. The very end should be E2 EEOC key. It becomes the AKI because AKI begins with a vowel, so it cannot be IAB key, be Tojo, Hideki, be the correct form, the proper photos it is. Then the rest of the sentence means, but, you know, loci that I leave you vivo. And then at traversal means through your eyes that are traversal, we may have not seen yet. You may have encountered it, but it means through. So I leave through your eyes. This next sentence is pretty interesting. So try to guess what it could mean. Vorrei, vorrei K24. See Philip J. Standard. Now this is a pretty interesting one because I think there is only one word that you do not necessarily understand. A couple of things that are weird, but at foreseen particular should be very confusing to you. Try to make out the rest of the sentence to that for each of you probably know already. And if you don't, it's a pretty important word to know so good that you've seen it. Felicia means happy. Then we know you, you happy. So we can already probably guessed that the foresee is the verb to be, that you'd be happy. That's correct. Then in one instant, in every moment, every second is stunted is the same in Italian as saying seconda, just second closer. I guess you have in your native language there is a worst scenario to stand as well because it's pretty common to So I'm wished that you were happy in every moment, every second. That where is what we call a subjunctive verb conjunctival in Italian, which is not a common mode in English. It's very rare. But something like if I were you is an example. But in Italian it's a bit more common. We'll see that later on there's more intermediate or even advanced topic you don't need to worry about right now, but it's good because sometimes people do not say all the words that you know. In this case, hopefully you understood what it meant. And if you didn't, this is the kind of exercise that is very, very useful. Vorrei. Vorrei studying senior cozy, present. Again, I want I would like that studying CME at their hopefully, you can guess that study is to be or to stay in CMEs together. And incinerator therefore will mean together with you. We say in English, in CMYK. We say in Italian, we can say in CMYK context, but in CMEs usually followed by Italian, cozy, like this, like so. And then put it simply means forever, simple means always in Italian. So we don't quite see forever as much as we say for always better. Loci, KUB ego at traversal, you Kitoi. One is the same as above. So, but you know that I lived through your eyes. It will re, potere. Am I good? Okay, what could that mean? That's three verbs in a row. So it's hard to translate literally, but should be quite clear logically speaking, I would like to be able potere to love Almaty. And then you that T attached to that potere. We have not seen that yet, that we can attach Pronouns to verbs. But I wish I could love view. That's kinda what it means. Very compact, very elegant, in my opinion. Italian as a way to be elegant with verbs. Phenol, quando, to cheat samurai. So that's why we don't know yet. This sentence is going to be tricky probably, but you can guess phenyl means until that quando we know when. So until when that touches, right? You don't quite know. Can you guess what verb that is, that setae? And the answer is that it's the verb to be until when you will be there that she I don't know if we've spoken already about the CI or if it's going to becoming very, very soon. But we'll talk about it. But she said I means you will be there. She say means you are their son on auto pair regular query. Can Cora to know Nine. Going to be in natural the way it sounds because it's songs. But I was born. And now we know that the main character is male because not all data irregular. Now la Gallo is a gift. So to give you that regularity is the same as potere D in the above line. So to give to you, to make a gift to you. Query K is the same as take a couple of lines above line number three. So what, as we said before, you don't have in that uncoded means yet also very important word. And yet always this kind of words already a bit tricky because we put them in different places in every language is a mess always to learn them. But I'm caught in Italian is usually at the beginning of the sentence, whereas in English tends to be at the end of the sentence. So let's uncaught amines in this case. Yet. Because he said Why Puerto army, the central core to all come there, dot Prego, psych or K may be able to understand almost the whole thing here, because we, Cassini's in this specific situation means therefore. So we've seen it before, an event like this, like so. It can be a few things because he's an interesting word in Italian, but in this specific situation, it's a conjunction and it means, therefore, cibo boy, if you want, poor me, what could that be? We know the very poor. For me will means carry me, bring me the integral coordinate work. And it should be the intro to query inside your heart. And remember, before everything, there's always going to be an article in Italian. We say inside D, your heart, contend with, you. Will see about that in a second. Ut Prego. I begged you literally, I pray to you. I Douglas and English is hyper, means end. You know why? That keeps going. Obviously, cut it off because I'm not going to seem the whole song, but this exercise is very useful and I'm gonna try and do this a bit more as we progress with different kinds of texts, do the same thing, try to read it. Sometimes you will understand nothing and it means that you've just got the wrong texts. But sometimes you will understand something and it's very useful to try and make our, you're missing. What could it be? It's a towering exercise. Exactly. I will make you very tired to read in a different language. But as you get used to it, you get better and try to do it and definitely try to improve in this specific skill. 27. Lavoro, studio e il verbo fare: Again, in the spirit of learning a few words, a little bit of vocabulary. I want to talk about lavoro, job, id variable phi, fatty, a Verbo, mole to mole to important. It's a very, very important verb because it means two things. It means to make any means to do. Now, the way you use do in English, we don't always use do in Italian, but obviously a verb that means both. You need to know and it's irregular. And this is the first time besides Avere and essere that we cannot try to study an irregular verb. So this is a good example of how you should, in my opinion, approach of are there is irregular to try and learn it as efficiently as you can. Let's first of all talk about lavoro. Lavoro is job or work. So we actually have a verb, which is lavoro. To work. Lavoro, it is a verb of the first conjugation that therefore can already use to work. I work, you lavoro. Lavoro. Lavoro can also be a noun as in English, the work and to work. How do we ask, what is your occupation? Lavoro Phi, what job do you do? And then phi will see in a second, we talked about the verb foreign. But for now further is you do or you make a set can be both. I guess in English, both good work depending on the context. And your answer could be factual, I make, or I do. And then you could add, whatever is your job unless you few examples here. Statistically speaking, your job is not going to be included. So something about works is I always tell, I will tell you which of these are gonna be the same for masculine and feminine. And which are these are going to change based on whether it's masculine or feminine. This is a very big topic. We talked quickly about inclusive language. This is the area in which this is happening. For example, when Georgia melanin became the prime minister or president. More informally in Italy, people who are going to, it was the first time that we are a female president or female Prime Minister. And people were wondering if she would be a0 Presidente la precedent. Precedent that we didn't quite know what she would choose. And this is the only area in which you do need to be a bit more careful. Generally speaking, people will assume that you use the feminine pronouns if they're female, masculine pronouns if they're male and if they would rather you not do that, they will tell you when it comes to jobs. That's the only area where Italian native speaker we need to be more careful. But as we know when it comes to Pronouns and inclusive language, natives get this wrong. So obviously as a tourist or whatever foreigner learning Italian, nobody's gonna give you a hard time for this. You're going to correct you and it's gonna be fine. This is the one area in which we are a bit more touchy culturally speaking, this is the first place where it is, cultural change of inclusive language is starting to happen a little bit. Students is low, student the student tastes. So it's low because it starts with S, T. And we saw few examples. We were talking about family. We said Z or not. The same reason a student there. For us, it's hard to say lost to the intake is not. Therefore, we can choose low now not I, but again, someone before way, way before me decided that looks to the ELL student was going to be correct. In this case, we have a feminine, which is student tastes sour, which is kind of a tricky one, but it's not super rare. It's not the only job in which this happens, although it's the only time that it happens on this page. But there are few other situations in which this happens. So fat show La student terza, ore, sono. Student ISA. I do this students or I am a student. That's the way you would answer if you were a student. Medical Dr. and only Dr. MD. So Dr. taking care of people. And There's a huge parenthesis that we could open up the word Dr. in Italian. But let's not for now, maybe later on. But medical is in variables. So Il, Medical could be both masculine and feminine. We do not know until we see them. It's Il, medical is not, La Politica is not allow medical. Medical regardless of gender. This is what we call an invariable noun, which means that it is not changing the slightest, not the article and not the end in based on the gender. Avocado, loved VocaTempo, which generally speaking is also in variable, although some women will choose to be called a sub Pulizzi or Policeman, pull it still. Policewoman. This an example in which you obviously do change the last letter and therefore it bullets your bravo. The good cop. Good placement, La Politica brava. Whereas if, for example, with avocado, you would generally speaking, say love vocab, Bravo, regardless of whether it's a male or female lawyer. Because I actually don't know unless I know that person. Just If you say avocado, I don't know if it's a matter of female. I have no idea. Tabula, which is the accountant, ends with an E, A in Italian, and as such, is often going to be invariable. Can tabula, limb via Gatto, limb, pia gotta, the employee or the clerk. Commedia lack community era. This case the masculine ends with an egg and the family does change. Ends within. The plural will be a0, can really let community a lot better, you? Lopez. Yeah. The plural, Leo XIII. This means in general, the worker, specifically some sort of blue collar jobs, maybe in a factory, mostly in a factory, I would say we call a perio or so in case you're a student. So student, the student tests or the follow-up question could be casa studio. We saw the verb to DRA to study first conjugation regular. So we now to use this casa studio. And the answer would be you studio. And we have a few possible answers to this. Again, based on what you actually start if you're a student, you can change this. But medina, Madison ledger, la legend, Italian is a feminine noun. Economy. Which could be, economy in Italian is a very broad way to call the subject. It could be anywhere from economics, all the way to marketing or business administration, mathematical path, psychology. Psychology. Let's now look at the far, far it is a verb. The first conjugation, technically it's not, but let's say it is. Let's look at this verb. So I will read out loud. You'll fat show two phi Louis far no effect channel. Fatty, lot of PFK-1. So again, when you see an irregular verb, what you should do is look for patterns. What do you see here? Take a second pause this video and try to find what's weird about this firm. And the answer to that question is, there are four forms. They're kind of regular, kind of looked like the verb fatty to phi works. Loofah. That checks out fatty. Yes. And then little funnel. It should be only one N, right? I like Canton. Canton. So there is one extra N, which is kinda weird. But it's the same as Study. We started a little Stan with that same doubled N. But then you have that, you and that NOI, Fatou AND function, which is obviously irregular, but they're irregular in the same way, in the same fashion. There is double CI, which again is, the reason is that Latin, fortunately, we can have ping-pong between the Latin verb and Italian verbs, so to speak, which is a bit weird. The same thing, very similar happens with the verb direct to say. So again, when things are weird in Italian, usually it's Latin, reason and in this case, it's the exception, but it's fairly simple to remember this verb. If you remember that you annoy or irregular the same way, and everything else is irregular. Now, I will make little points. We don't talk at this point list about dialects and regional languages because that's a very big topic, very interesting one as well. But there are some areas, and especially with sending center of Italy, more specifically in Tuscany. What you might hear you for. If you instead of your factual, don't say that. That's not correct Italian, correct Italian is factual. But this is kinda to show you that italian really happened. And therefore things change across different regions. The verbo fare is absolutely massive. Super-important verb is the first irregular verb that I can show you. It's a good case study to understand how to study irregular verbs and is definitely one you should, you should be familiar with because you will find it a lot 28. Passato Prossimo: If you remember, at the beginning of the course, I told you that there are two tenses that you really need to speak Italian somewhat, okay? The present tense that we've done already, first, second, third conjugation. That's the first one that we can use that for the present and for the future. Today I do. Tomorrow I do. Or G, Fatou, Doumani, Fatou. We have a different way to say I will do, but that's for later. You don't really need it because you can just use the present to talk about the future. You cannot really use the present to talk about the past. If think about it in English Yesterday, I do. It's not correct and it's also a bit confusing. And it's the same Italian if you say yearly Fatou. I mean, I know what's going on. I understand what's going on. But if you want to be a bit more correct, you need to know a past. Now in Italian, just like in English, we have more than one past. And if you ever tried to look up verb table in Italian, and don't do that at this stage because you're going to get upset. There are several pasts in Italian we have I don't even know how many, but it's probably gonna be like 67 different tenses. But you only really need one. Then obviously if you know more than one, you're going to speak better. Your level is gonna be higher. But okay, we can start with one and with that we can work and just basically be able to talk about anything in the past. The past that we use most commonly in Italy is called passato Prossimo. This opens a very long conversation because in the North and center of Italy, we basically only use these past. Whereas we go, I would say south of Rome, they use mostly the Passato remodel. So I would say you can learn either as your first past. My recommendation is this one only because I use it, but also because it's a lot easier grammatically speaking, and you will understand what I mean in a few seconds. But in general, the Passato immortal, so the one that is not in here and we're going to look at much later, is a fairly hard tense because there is a lot of irregular verbs. And we have irregular verbs in this path as well. You will see what I mean when I say, it's a bit easier. So the Passato Prossimo, I will make you an example. First of all, you are Mankato. And the way we make it is the subject, in this case Il, which as we know, we can also skip in Italian. Then we have the present tense of the verb Avere or essere for now Avere. And as you know, as I told you, a very, very important verbs, please be sure you know them very well, or it's gotta be very hard for you to actually use the past. Then we have that munging data. Munging a2 is what we call a past participle. And in English is the same as Eaton. Learn an English verb, will you learn it as a foreigner is eat, ate, eaten. You'll learn the present, simple past, and then you learn the past participle. Past participle. Mankato is the past participle. How do we do the past participle of a verb in Italian? Well, if it's first or third conjugation, most commonly and there are exceptions. We're going to take out that our a0 from the infinitive. So my injury, we take out our a0, we're left with Manga, and then we add T. You so much. The same with the third conjugation. If you take daughter meter, we take out our a0, so it's dormi and we add T 0 during mitosis. Mitosis slept. I have slept. You all see that in a second. The second conjugation is the one that is a bit more annoying because most verbs don't behave the way you expect. So this rule of taking out our a0 and replacing it with TO does not work basically ever in the second conjugation. For those verbs, you can meet to learn them and there are ways to group them together. But at this stage, I would say when you encounter a verb, when you study a verb, just learn the present tense if it's regular or not, and then learn the past participle. So let's take simple example. Make delay, which is to put, which we have studied for the present tense, it's regular in the present tense. It's past participle is going to be May. So how do you know? Well, the first time you encountered a volt meter on top of checking if it's regular and therefore, if we can conjugate it normally in the present tense, also check its past participle. So this is the general rule. Infinitive, take out RE at PTO. And then we say subject you, and then the verb Avere ore, and then the past participle, man, G2, dermatome. So I have eaten, I've slept, I have put, If you want to do for to you, how would you do it? Try, try and guess. It is actually pretty simple because all you need to do is just to, hi, my job to, to IMS. So to I. The only thing that changes is the subject. It does not you anymore, It's too. And then we just conjugate the verb Avere for two. So instead of you to you or Magento, I have eaten to iman data, you have eaten. And it keeps going like this, right? So Louis or lay up and G2 knowing be able to void main, Giotto, loro, and Mankato, that Magento never changes. It does not matter if it's masculine or feminine. Does not matter whether it's singular or plural. It does not change. It's not an adjective. In this case 29. Passato Prossimo (2): Now obviously, that will be very, very easy, but there is a bit of a complication here, which is the following. Not all verbs in Italian use Avere as an auxiliary verb. So in English, for every verb you say, I have, so I have seen, I have been, I have gone half done so forth. In Italian, most verbs use the verb Avere as an auxiliary. So we've seen yeoman job to your order meter, you all missed. So, but some percentage of verbs actually uses essere to be. How do you know which verbs will obviously vary by verbi when you check whatever is the past participle also check what is the auxiliary verb, which is pointed out in any website. I've put an example on the screen just so you can see what you need to check for. And this is not only for this specific tense, but these basically will apply to any composite tense. Composite tenses, a test that has two different verbs. This is composite tense because you, oh man, oh man Giotto. Whereas we saw before the present with a simple tense, only one firm, your manager, there is no. So whenever we have a composite tense, the auxiliary for each specific verb will be the same. How do you know if a verb as Avere or essere? First, check second, your guests should always be there if you don't know any better because it's a lot more common than essere. And third, what happens is that most of the verbs that use essere as an auxiliary, verbs are referred to movement to change, to evolution of some sort, right? So for example, we have the example on screen and Andare to go is that we already encountered. And you most probably know how to conjugate already and that it uses essere as an auxiliary so you do not see your own data. That is considered pretty bad grammar mistake. You say your son and daughter. And my there will be called that an intransitive verb which has platter of other things happening to it. But so far we don't care about all that stuff. Whenever abuses essere as its auxiliary. What happens with it is that we need to change for gender and number. So you can see a screen used to non data. But if I was speaking, for example, to a woman, I would say to say and data not to say on that too. If I speaking to a group of people are males or mixed male and female, I would say voice yet the Andare, for example, whereas it was a group of all women, voice and data. Remember that inclusive language is not really happening right now in Italian. So in a few years that's not going to be a problem anymore probably. But right now, you're expected to use masculine and feminine. The old-fashioned way, let's say, which I know for a few languages screen to be weird. But that's still what we do and it's going to stay the same for a few more years. I will change this video when there is some discourse about changing this. So what happens if you flip the auxiliaries and use the wrong one? So if you say you own that instead of you soon on data, that is just simply a mistake. There is no meaning to it. It's obviously I know what you're saying. Okay. But it's just a mistake. But it's probably even worse if you do it the other way around. So instead of saying you miss soap, I have put you say you tsunamis. So because in that case the meaning is changing drastically as in English, to think about it, if you say I have put, it's a thing. I M put, that becomes a passive. I'm not putting anything anymore. I'm the one who's being put somewhere, which as you can imagine, it can be very confusing in a lot of cases. So this is why I'm telling you if you do not know any better, assume that a verbi uses Avere, because worst-case scenario, you get it wrong, it's wrong. But the meaning is clear. Do the other way round, then it's going to actually be confusing. Next page, we have a few examples of verbs that use essere, Avere. And verbs using essere are for example, essere, so we say years. So not Stato. Start to is the past participle of essere. Study usefulness data as sentence that I have the same past participle, confusing or easy, whichever way you want to look at it. Then we have, for example, Aryabhata, you, so no Roboto have arrived. Ternary, your solo tornado. We have Salieri, your sourness, Alito. We have Shira to exit your sono Bushi to iterate you sono in Toronto. So as you see, a lot of verbs that have to do with to go somewhere, to come back, to move Croatia. For example, you saw La Crosse shooter. I have grown. And in general, if there is a word that implies is kind of movement to change, look it up because it's possible that it uses as set as an auxiliary essere distance is extremely common. The Passato Prossimo is a very common tense, so I strongly recommend lots of practice. Lookup for the verbs you already know, which hopefully are going to start to be about 10:20. Verbs. Start to look up the past participle for all these firms, try to guess. For example, we've seen the Verbo Andare in the previous page, and that is irregular past participle and data. So try to guess, right? Take the verb, for example, part like to speak. What could the past participle be? Try and do the Common Rule. Take out our a0 at T0 and then look it up. What do you think the auxiliary is going to be first gas should be Avere your upper lateral. Look it up. Is it correct? Yes. Great. This one? 30. Parole: la casa: We can now move on to a fairly simple topic which is describing house, describing a place. And this is maybe useful if you need to ask all the bathroom is or what the kitchen is, say that you are in a host cell, for example, looking for the kitchen. And in general, it's good to know how to call different rooms. Keep in mind that some of these words are used differently in different areas. I tried to choose the most common use of these words, but some people that tell me, yeah, in this city I said this word, they change it with this other word. Yes. We have different words in different cities with generally speaking, these are pretty common and everybody in Italy should be able to understand what we refer to. La casa in Italian means the house. It also means home. So in English afterwards, for housing, for home. We don't casa is both the building and the place where you live for the you call home. What rooms can we have? We can have lack cucina. Cucina, two different seeds in there, which is the kitchen, la comida, that lacto is the Bedroom. Camera is a way to say broom and lepto means bad. So pretty straightforward. Asala, or some people will call it Salome, is the living room. Any also can be used for the dining room. Il by new the bathroom. We're not really seen that Gn sound, but Jan in Italian is always going to be near. Then we can move to parts of the house. For example, we can see TO which is the roof. La Porta, the door. Latter, Matthew, just masculine. The wardrobe can also be used for the closet, but usually we just say closet, as always. Remember whenever we use Fallingwater in Italian, first of all, strong Italian accent. And second of all, we make no plural. So I'm closet, closet and try and say closet T or closets. It's due a closet, loose Calf fall. It is a way to say the shelf life fenestra, the window, tableau, the table, the axon goes on the first a, on the only double sedia, the chair lacto we just saw it before for lack camera that lead to lead to is the bad Il computer, which is the computer labs River near desk obviously comes from Avere, which is to write just the couch or the sofa. La Corona, which is the armchair, low spec queue, just the mirror. Lot. Lamb pada. Another parole as brucella, lung, beta accent on the first a, which is the lamp, quadro, which is the painting, or pretty much anything you put on the wall. It's quadro, the main tool, which means the floor. Dino, the garden, L'Alfabeto, the tree. Obviously we have many more words, but I think for now this is a good place to start and you can try, as I recommended, try to write stuff. You can try to describe, for example, your house or your room. What do you see? And now you can do it in the present and in the past tense as well. So maybe you can describe a house where you used to live and try to do the same thing 31. Andare e I mezzi di trasporto: Whenever you travel to Italy or to any other place, one of the most common things you will find yourself talking about is travelling. And therefore, you need to know a few things about travel vocabulary. And I say a lot more things about vocabulary for travel later on. But for now we can learn the verb Andare to go. And we can also learn a few specific words that refer to means of transportation, how to get two different place? Let's start with the verb Andare, just to go. And it's the first conjugation verb, and it's irregular. So you do not see you undo. So we can start by reading it. Your Vada to via Louis and the Alamo voice and data. Laura van. The past participle, as we saw before, is an data, so it's irregular past participle and the auxiliary, as we saw before, is essere. So this is one of those few verbs that are annoying. For example, when we do our past soon one Dato Solon data, not on that. So as I told you, whenever you see an irregular verb, the first thing you do is you look at it and you try to find a pattern. So pause the video, try to find the pattern. Well, I see in this verb is that it kind of goes back and forth between two forms. One that looks almost like developed was vorrei that you to Louis la loro starts with VAR. One that is also actually pretty irregular. Noachian DMO is what you would expect Andare to be boolean data as well. So this pattern is what you see in this glycine is verbi list. And keep in mind that in many irregular verbs, it's pretty common that knowing envoy or less irregular or regular, I don't know why. But generally speaking, when there is an irregular verb, the problem is going to be everywhere else. So this is a good way to learn irregular verbs. Tried to see what kind of works the same way. So we can now see a few means of transportation. The plane layer, you I Aereo, not Perola. Difficult word. I Aereo. The train. Terrain on the bus. Loud to Booze. Booze. You can say it boosts. But how to boost? More common. The car is Laudato. Landmark cucina. Loud two comes from loud to mobile. So it's a short-term word is truncated word, it's feminine and when it's a Plurale does not change. So you would say outer, do outdoor. The bike, we have laboratory collector or lab EEG for short. And this is a bicycle without engine. So it's a bike, pedal bike. And if we want to say motorbike, we call it motto. And just like outdoor, tomato, tomato, the boat is all about usually Navi, APU Grundy is bigger, Baraka FQP color is smaller. And now we can try to use a little bit developed. And daddy was YAML variable Andare. In general to say that you go with a specific means of transportation by we say in Andare, in our to cucina, Andare in BCCI and that immortal and that innovate and that area. The only exception in Italian is like in English, when you walk somewhere and you don't say Andare impeding, you see Andare pat. And that is a pretty big difference because if you say in PAD means standing, sooner in PAD or stowing PAD, both are used in standing, whereas a PAD, walking. So Pardo, a PAD, QME via a lavoro. How do you go to work? Verbo a PAD. I go on foot. Everything else in value in makin, a trainer and so forth. Then we can see how we use to go for places, cities or countries or anything else than English you say I go to, right? I go to Milan or go to Italy. Whereas in Italian works a little bit differently. We say Verbo Emiliano. But Verbo in Italia, in lumbar region, value in a report which continent? So basically it's our plus C, D, or N plus anything else pretty much. And this is kind of annoying for a few learners because in English it's a bit more straightforward. But it's also pretty common because we also not only use it for Andare, also for study or essere. So not only to go but also to be somewhere. So I say sono Emiliano. But sono in Italian, in Lombardy. In a rope. Bit tricky a set, but very common. So remember, Verbo Emiliano, Verbo in Italia. Sono Emiliano sono in Italian. This does not apply to, from, as we saw at the very beginning. We say Van Gogh, Van Gogh that Milano of Ingo dahlia. So for series, we don't use articles, whereas we do use articles for countries that have no idea regions that Europa, continents is a bit tricky. So try to get used to this because this is going to be something that you are going to say pretty often, most probably 32. Potere, dovere, volere: I verbi servili: With YAML order. Try verbi, molto importante in Italian, Potere, Dovere, Volere. These three verbs are extremely common and very, very used in Italian. And we call them verbi servili. And that's servili is because they serve us in helping to build more complex structures. Somewhat they help us, they work. They can be used alone. But in general, the used together with other verbs. And what you have in English, which is somewhat similar, not quite the same, is what you call modal verbs. Can have to a2, shell. All these verbs behave somewhat similarly. So if you want to say, I can go, potere is the can, and then we have to go, which we already know. We have more than these three. Another example we can make is periphery ray to prefer. But these three are the big three. They're going to be used all the times. And they really help you to expand what you can say. Because imagine, you know, the verb and data to go. Now you can say, I can go, I want to go, or I maschile. So basically with the verbs, you know, right now, you basically going to quadruple your vocabulary immediately because you can say four times as many things. So very important to remember them. They are irregular. Obviously, I will add, but they're not terrible. They're easier, my opinion than Andare. You can take them one by one. And if you want to learn them one by one, which should I recommend is ordered potere refers Dovere, then Volere. Potere is the easiest, the most common. And Volere is my opinion, that weirder one. So let's start with the verb potere. Now, we know that we want, so want to know the past participle, which is Tutto, and the auxiliary, which is not written here, but it's Avere. So if you want to say, I was able to, you say, you put Tutto. We can now look at the present tense, which is what we have here, your boss. So why do we know it? Prossimo, void potato, parson. Here, this is kinda weird, but again, try to find a pattern. What I see is we have three subjects, so you, NOI and loro that have the ES, DS or too S is actually just coming out of nowhere. This is potere it, but then pause, which kinda weird. And the other three, poor, poor potato, there is a you coming out but it kind of look like they can go together. So you, NOI and Laura, and then everything else. So how do we use this? And this works for three very diverse. But just to give you an example, we use the verb potere conjugated in the present tense. In this case, we also can conjugate another tenses and we'll see an example. And then the verb that we want to use, that it helps in the infinitive is very important. So I can eat. We say you post, so Mankiw, we can say you passato manager, you say your post. So Mankiw, the only Verbo conjugate is the servili potere. In this case, you pause soap man Jerry, two-point majority, Louis, or a poor man, GI, and so forth. And we can do the same in the past. We've just seen Tutto. I was able to, or I could, although code in English usually easiest differently, but I was able to you or passato Mankiw to IPO Tutto, man Johnny, and so forth. So once you learn this structure, what you can say with the verbs already know is going to increase very much. And obviously you very often talk about what you can want or must do. So this is very, very good to know. We can quickly look also at the other two verbs. Same idea and use them very quickly. Dovere, the past participle is the router. I might the way this is possibly the most common in the second conjugation, past participle is not irregular because regular would be ATO, not auto. Auto is very common, for example, also Avere uses it, would be the past participle. Dovere, Devo, to Debbie Louis, David Beckham, dove at loro davon. So here again, what's weird? I would say that you to NLU la look. Okay. But they do change the OH, with the a0, so it's Devil not dove, so forth. Then we have that knowing where we have that double be coming out, which obviously used to be a veto YAML, but modern Italian, it's a double B. And dovere, just very normal. And then they will not going back to that. We have that E0 to Louis la loro, where the OH becomes a0 is not stable. We have the NOI with a double B, and then we have the voice, which is the one that looks okay. So again, how do you say I must eat or I have to eat for us is the same Mankiw today the man, Johnny, how do you say I had to eat? You? Do Bhutto, Mankiw to Idaho, to fungi and so forth. And also in the plural, if you're wondering, knowing the Mankiw is the same, no different. And finally we have Volere and the past participle is polluter, auxiliary is your for loop. You can see that the past participle are very consistent for two to the router volatile. So that's fairly easy to remember. And Volere is can my opinion, the weirdest your volume to avoid Louis Ole wallet? No. Yaml Volere loro volume. We have that you NOI and that lavoro where that GL happens. And then a U is happening in the two and we lay. And then bullet here as well is the normal one. So funny because my positive innovative we will later or what you would expect, everything has this kind of weird. So in my opinion, Volere is usually the one that people forget most often. But it's pretty important. So it's good to remember. By the way, when not too long ago we talked about vorrei. Vorrei is what we call the conditional of these, these very verb. So that will re, is somewhat connected to Volere. Not I want, but it's, I feel like the charm. I want to eat your body, your mind jar to void, main job, so forth. I have wanted to eat or I wanted to eat. Your volute to Manchuria. The way we use them is very consistent. So that's why I recommend you learn them at the same time. But if you want to go in order, potere refers dovere second and Volere third 33. La Costituzione (lettura): We talked about how much people hated the class or loved about, about some, this one. Usually people dislike, which I don't really care because I like to talk about this stuff. So I'm actually going to put in here la Costituzione. The Italian Constitution is fairly recent. We headed after the end of fascism. So it is one of the most modern ones in many respects, just because it was written less than 100 years ago. Therefore, I would say that it's language. The language of the uses, is pretty close to modern Italian, although obviously it being Constitution, it's pretty, it's written in a way that is elegant, which sometimes can be a bit tricky. But in general, I would say it's a lot easier to understand Italian Constitution than, for example, the US Constitution where the language used is older. Therefore, if you learning English, you probably don't need to look at the Constitution early on. Whereas anytime you can, and you will find that a lot of these hard words in there very similar across many languages because they tend to come from Greek or Latin. And therefore, you will find a lot of words that you've had no idea that we're very similar to English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and so forth. Because again, we all took them from the same place. It's basically in most languages at least spoken in Europe and in the Americas, I guess. So I said people hated this class, the fifth to skip it, not going to take it personally. But I think it's interesting to start reading. Text is really kind of the first texts that you're reading with me or I'm reading to you. And what I would like to do, this text is fairly complex. So what I think is very good is if you try to read it and then pause the video, read the sentence positive, be doing, hear me saying it and see how many mistakes you made. If you want to practice your pronunciation, I think it's really good of an exercise, but it's up to you if you want to skip, skip. So to start, articoli lead Talia, Republican and Democratic phone data lavoro. Here we can basically everything we can understand everything. Italy is a democratic republic. Phone data. That's the past participle of the verb from data to found as in to create, lavoro, so founded or based upon work on labor lasts over Anita. Dna, Popolo. Lot exert cheetah in a limited la Costituzione. So the silver, silver empty, it's very hard to say for me, but it's very similar in English. Belongs apart, DNA apart. Tinia is a verb that is made composite Verbo, kinetic. So to hold and pertinent it means to belong. I'll Popolo to the people who exercise it. Lies there cheetah, that lies a pronoun, and it's not an article. So as Archytas, the verb is actually Italian to exercise in the forms, in the shapes within the boundaries, the limits of the Constitution. Now, I'm not going to explain too much because we get to harder topics. But obviously you can try to translate it. And definitely it's a good reading exercise if you want to improve your pronunciation. Lot of Publica, recon or ship to recognize it, guarantee, shape it into your liability. Del Duomo. One more, we know means men. And as in English, it used to be used to both referred to a male and to a human. Obviously now they will write it slightly differently proudly, but in this case, obviously refers to men and women alike. Sia, coming singular. Cia nearly formats you one. So Charlie dove, it says Voyager, last Personali laden pimento. The dovere. In the row Gabby D, solid data, Politica, economical challenge. The second article is kinda weird. One of the early articles of the Constitution. The phrasing is a bit weird. Italians as well, by the way. But again, pronunciation is good. And most words I think you can figure out because they look a lot like English words. I will point out only that CIA, CIA and so forth. That CIA, CIA in English translators both ends. So CIA, CIA both end. Articoli tried to Tea Party be Nita. Challenge is sun Valley, Nevada D alleles. Since distinct zoning disease. So the rats, the lingual Diretti giorni, DOP, new one, Politica. The Condizionale Personali esercizi. Just very quick. Rats are used to be used as an English race. We don't say Raza anymore in Italian for people, we just use it for animals, basically the same as breed. Now for people we rather use something like, for example, Grupo ethnical. Ethnic, we're talking about ethnicity rather than race. Race is a very strong word. Rather not use it for people which I know a lot of other languages do for us is kind of kind of a slippery slope. So don't use the word rats. Are you talking about people? Compete on the Republican remote server. You start cooling the ordinate economical. So Charlie, K. Limit Dando, defacto, La Libertad, Huaiyin. Sadie cheated me. Mpd Skinner, Il piano. The lab personnel manner, lift fit diva, Particelle, Patsy on him. D to T 11 laboratory, organic SEO on it. Politica, economical challenge. They'll buy it. Again. The second part of the computer scan over, be weird. The way it's phrased, set, it's elegant, it's written by lawyers and very good ones. But I would just point out at the very last word, bias is written with a capital P. By using italian can be two things. It can be Town, small towns specifically, or it can be country. When it's written with a capital P, It's countries. So in this case, Piazza with a capital B. Capital P refers to Italy, not to a small town. You'll find a link to the full Constitution here if you want to just check it out. Although again, I don't recommend you read everything at this stage. But it's good to be exposed to these different ways of speaking. Because obviously if you speak, someone on the street is gonna be different than if you speak to a lawyer. So I think it's good to start seeing different people speaking different ways. This is going to be a lot harder to understand and reading a simple piece of news about some factory knew about. But in general, it's good to have a little bit of everything 34. More adverbs!: Let's talk a bit more about adverbs. And we already had a few of Adverbs before. But there are many. And I don't know what number you need to know. But these are very important ones. And it's kind of good to look at a few more. And it was told you before here will find them. Find by category. That doesn't really matter. It's going to just away from me to put them in place, but you can learn them however you please and don't need to know that it's a specific category or another one. So let's start with the first ones. Beginning and malloc, which as we said, Ben amines, well, mallet means badly or poorly. So don't mistake beanie with 111 because the first is an adverb, Parlow beanie, I speak well. The second is an adjective, cibo, B1, the food is good. So good versus well, in English is not super strict in Italian salads more strict. And Molly is the same. Catia will be the adjective and malaise the adverb. Strongly. And piano softly, gently, even slowly. She say, Lama cucina, piano. You're saying the car goes slowly. And then we have another reminder of this very common pattern. Fill each shaman tape three stamen day happily. And suddenly, I put this here because this maintain suffixes in Italian is very common for adverbs. And as in English it is LY, the suffix, and fill each interests that we've seen both as adjectives, whereas filament and maintain our adverbs. So not all the times, but you often can turn adjectives into an adverb by adding Mindy. And we have another example very close to here we had proved by bile, which is likely adjective. And here we have probed by Bill, main drops and a0. We do that sometimes. But that means so it becomes probably as opposed to prop up bowl. Then we have foresee, which is perhaps, maybe finally a lot of ways to refer to space. What we mean here, la mean there. Sopra or Sue can mean above. Soto means under or below. At Estella to the right or on the right. And acini strapped to the left or on the left. Many more here and maybe we'll see more later on, but for now, not, not to worry. And just kind of get you used to using Adverbs bit more. This is usually what learners have. A lot of fear. They're very scared to use. So it's good that can show you a few different ones. So you can start not always saying the same thing, but kind of changing a little bit. 35. Aggettivi e Pronomi Possessivi: It is now time to talk about aggettivi a Pronomi Possessivi, to be ammo bar Larry, the aggettivi, a Pronomi Possessivi. What are these? This in English would be my adjectival and mine Pronomi. In Italian, they are the same thing. So we do not see the difference that you see in English. We just use the same word. So it's very, very simple to use compared to English. But it's good to know this because some of them are a bit tricky to say, and some of them are a bit tricky for different reasons which we'll see in a second. So first thing to remember, in Italiana, who's YAML? Same. In Italian, we always use articles so we don't say my car, we say the my car. We don't say Mia outdoors in a second, we see la Mia out is very important. Meow TO is a mistake. It's obviously clear what you're saying, but it's a mistake. So try to remember. If you're going to say any noun, you're always going to have an article for it. The only exception that you will hear sometimes is family members, close family members specifically, because you can say la Mia Mamma. You can say that. We'll also hear more commonly, minimum without the article. We just do this with family members. I don't really know why we do it, but in general, using an article, even in that case, is not a mistake. So always use articles before meal to and so forth. So how do these work? Let's take the first one, which is in English would be my, the adjective ore mine. We can see a couple of examples here. First of all, italian, we're going to have as always, masculine, feminine, singular, and plural. So the first one is masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine plural, feminine plural, a0, meal. La Mia, me a. Let me. Usually the MEA is the trickiest one. A0 me a. So practice this one because usually people trip up on that one. How do we use them? Well, let's make a simple example. For example, that say they want to say my child or my children. And it could be a girl or boy in New Bambi know. My child is a boy. La Mia been Bina, my child visitor, EMEA been beanie. A group of children, masculine. Let me been been a group of children. Family is just the way we use it, very, very simply. What about the pronoun? In English? You could say, for example, that child is mine. And so you're pointing at your child in the crowd of children playing. How do you do it in Italian? We say something like Quill, Bambi, no meal or a meal. In this case, the article is voluntary. But as I said, use it just in case because using an article in Italian is never going to be a crime. Not using it usually is a problem or not a problem, but we like articles a lot. Use query bumpiness. A0 meal is absolutely fine. Quinoa been Bina la Mia, beanie, sono, EMEA, way been Benin. So let me, there is no difference between my and mine. The only difference is masculine, feminine, singular, plural, but it doesn't change whether it's an adjective or pronoun where it's my or it's mine. Then the rest is very simple. There is only one thing that we to talk about. Your ore yours is E2, amino, lettura, Bina, toy and beanie pump been that we have the one thing we need to talk about his her and he's hertz. Okay. In English, if you say his child, who is the here's the, here's is the person you're talking about. It's not a child. The child can be a boy or girl, we don't know, but the person we're talking about is a male he's child supposed to her child, in which case, the person we're pointing to NADH the child is a female. In Italian, it works the other way around. So if anytime you say is so Bambi, know that SWOT refers to when Bina. So in Italian, we don't know if that person to whom the child lungs, who's the father or mother? We do not know if that person is male or female. We just know that the child is a male, you sue and be no order the child is a female. Laswell been Bina. What are the children? Are? Either all males or group of males and females. A0 swipe been beanie or that, that's a group of girls. Sweat, Bambi in that sweet does not tell us anything about the gender of the person. Just tells us about how many children there are and what is their gender. So this is usually be confused for English speakers. And I'm sorry, there's no other way to do it is just the way it is. For English. He's her, refers to the person. For us it refers to whatever else. Just going to have to learn it because it's a bit tricky. So try to practices as early as you can and get used to these working a bit differently. In Italian, good news is everything else is very simple. So we have our and hours in Austro Nostra in Australia. In Australia, your, yours. It was lavoro struck. It was three. It was three. Then we have there and there's loro la loro. Loro. So that Laura is very simple than what I mean, change when we want that we talk about Laura. Why doesn't ever change? But basically, simply speaking, the tricky one is going to be swirl, swirl, swirl, sweat. Because it's different in English. Everything else is basically the same in English, you just need to remember gender and number. Well, we'll have, you know, even if people learning Italian For many years, the one mistake they will keep making is some ending of words is wrong because even if they speak very, very well, when speaking, they kinda forget a specific word is masculine or feminine. So they can of, it happens. So if you cannot do this quickly, don't worry at all. Just keep at it. And basically you get to the point where you do not need to think, oh, what is masculine? So I need to know is it's gonna be very obvious for you to do it, except in cases in which you make mistakes. So you're not going to think anymore in Lego pieces. You just gonna be thinking grammar and this is gonna be more normal. Just, you know, the group of words comes that way. You do not need to assemble it every single time. 36. Preposizioni Semplici: Preposizioni Semplici, simple Prepositions. The name is a bit tricky here though, because simple does not mean easy. In this case, it just means that it's not complex, which has not been hard. In Italian, when we say simple, can be easy, Semplici. But it can also mean that it's only one word, whereas complex and we'll see in a second preposizioni articoli. That would mean that is to words. And we see this with a lot of specific things like verbs. We will see that we have ten be Semplici, like you Verbo, a typical Posti like your son on data and data to words, therefore, not Semplici composter. Preposizioni Semplici are also simple in that they're easy. So we can look at them. And I didn't like the way I recorded the previous class when I'm recording it, hopefully it's gonna be a bit clearer. So first of all, the thing we Prepositions is pretty straightforward. We have Prepositions in every language. The problem is that we use them slightly differently. And I can make a very simple example, the verb video to see. In English, you see to see Marco, for example. So you do not use any preposition in Spanish. You see to Marco. In Italian again, you see Marco and sometimes, especially after verbs. Prepositions are different in different languages. So if you studied Spanish, it's going to be slightly different than italian. And the same is in English, so it's gonna be a bit confused, which is why telling you the direct translation is weird and sometimes does not work perfectly. But it's the way that I can ease you into this topic. So first of all, we have this UCL screen in Italian, and they are in corn soup air traffic. And the translation of each is here. So we can start from the first one, D, and we tried to make a few examples here. So D in English is usually going to mean off or Sachs and genitive. Yes. Simple example, you can add Luca will be the 10th translation of Lucas dog. That's usually fairly straightforward because if it belongs to something or someone, it's going to be a D. That's, some of them are fairly simple and some of them are a bit more complex. This is, I guess on the simpler side. I is one of the complex ones because are in Italian, can translate in many different ways, in many different languages. In this case, there is an example in which in English it will not necessarily be as, as in Italian, the translation would be to write. But for example, decode. And we will see that 10 s Dakota means I tell you, but it really would translate as I tell to you. Because after delay, if you're speaking to someone who you're telling someone in Italian, you don't tell someone, you tell to someone. And this is kinda what I was telling you with the VDJ example. A second ago, Prepositions work differently in different languages. So sometimes you need to know the verb, you need to see it used to understand what preposition is being used and learn it. That is a bit trickier because it can mean both by, from now we're seeing, for example, then I can, from the NGO that Diego or I cannot think of anything easier. But if you want to say I was hit by Marco, you could say sono static L'Alfabeto. That's a passive. We don't know what that is, but done. Marco, for us buy-in from our be tricky in English, we sometimes confused them and I may be guilty of that. So in general, dark contrast, both in is going to be the easiest of them because it means in, and it's used basically the same as in English. So you got to in cucina, which was late as the cat is in the kitchen. In a second, we'll see why it's in cucina. There is another way we can do this, but I wanted to save it for Sue. Corn is also pretty simple con means with definitely, you've already seen this that's used basically same ways as in English. So by the context, again, the tables in a second, I go with you. So corn is usually pretty simple. Means about. It also often means on top of above. Although about is translation that usually are taught. And this is the one we can see right now. So in this case, I wanted to put an example. There is a bit different. We'll liberal sulla Mathematica, which translates as a book on math. Try and take a second to understand what happened here. So what happened here is that as we know in Italian, we love articles. And in this case, as in the case of cucina, two lines above, we actually want the article before the noun. So something happens, which is what we call preposizioni alkalotic. We will see very soon. What happens is that some Prepositions get merged with the article. So it's not, so La, it becomes one word. And we WDL, which is a fairly common phenomenon in Italian. So sulla Mathematica, that means on the or about the math. Bear. Also pretty straightforward. It means for paired means for you. If you speak Spanish, for Italian is one of the hardest things in Spanish is the difference between poor and pattern. Because we don't have both. We only have pair that is the same as English for basically. So if you're an English speaker, you should be fine with four. Then we have in front, which means the exact same thing. And that is both between and among. For us, there is no difference whatsoever between, between and among. So I can say a chasm between the two houses or fragile it were causing same exact thing I personally prefer. Because I like TR better than FOR just personal preference. You can do whatever you want, but it's the same. Just know that people could use them and it's 5050 basically. In this case, you will see it lay it is not lit, so it's not the same phenomenon that happened with Sue. You may notice if you have very good. The answer to that is that it does not happen always. It only happens with a few specific Prepositions. So specifically what, that Sulla, that the merging will happen with D, with our with that within and with Sue, but will not happen with cone pair crime for which stay separate in order intelligent list. So these are a few examples and we'll put you a few more exercises for you to try and get them right. But this topic, Prepositions is going to be something that you take a very long time to fully master. So don't be frustrated if you get it wrong as a very common, very common thing to make a small mistake and use provided. And instead of providing, just a correct way to do it, you could try and say provided D, which is incorrect. How do you know? Well, you say wrong 345 times among correct still. And then you know, you don't make the mistake yet, but try to practice this because it's, it's definitely good to start learning what they mean in a very general way. 37. Risorse A2: You're about to start what I call the a2 course. And although A1 and A2 are kind of one thing to me in my mind, at least I like to put here a little start to also show you that you are progressing through the curriculum. So make sure you understand what you've done so far before we continue, as we know, as we continue, things become harder if we don't know very well, are we done so far? So about the resources of the a2 course, number one, slides as always, download them if you haven't. Number two, Duolingo or similar app. Now at this point you need to be knowing words, needs to be studying words. And it could be a good idea to set a target for a certain amount of words that you should learn every day as you progress, your learning becomes less streamlined and more a little bit here, and it'll be there. So it's massively important that you may sure you're following some sort of process that works for you. Conjugations, you probably figured out already if you do not know how to conjugate irregular verbs are to look up the correct form. It's possible to progress. So hopefully you already know this website. Pen and paper. As we know. At this point, reading becomes important because you already can communicate and understand. So reading shows you the awards that you need to learn. Because if you read a text and you find a verb, and then you return a text and you find the same verb. Maybe that verbi is important, it happens often. So reading is a way that you can understand what is missing for you. At this point, listening also becomes important. Beat music bit. Some YouTubers that you come to enjoy start to listen more and more Italian, even if you do not understand everything, slow it down. That's a very good way to improve what you can understand. But even if you cannot understand anything, just to really hearing the way we speak with the music goes, kind of getting used to that, kind of getting used to paste into speed and the words and sounds is by itself useful to improve your retire later on. So really try to have some Italian playing. Try to understand if there is an everything, you shouldn't expect to understand everything but kind of get used to a sound every time, you know it, I like to waste time. Let's get right into the first-class of the course. 38. Com’è il tempo?: Coming shovel coal. Tempo. Let's begin with the weather. So here we're going to learn how to ask what the weather is like and how to answer. This is a short simple class about some more vocabulary so that we can feel better about our Italian. It's pretty simple stuff, but talking about the weather, it's definitely something useful and all-time favorite for English, Smalltalk. So definitely something worth looking into. You could make it tempo. Literally. How is the weather? What is the weather like? Remember that, that Comey in Italian means how end, like both. There are other ways we can ask the same question. For example, kitting, PUFA, what weather does it make? Far from the verb, fatty to do or to make. But coming tempo, I feel like it's easier. That number, it's Comey, becomes comment. So call me being, how are like and being is, but comment tempo, it's simpler than tempo five. So probably worth learning this one. Alcuni parole la Sol tempo. A few words on the weather, about the weather. Weather is tempo, as we said. Tim be lettura, temperature, window, even too masculine. The wind is solely the sun. La Luna, the moon. La Jolla, the rain beyond is pretty tricky word double G. So people always are a little bit scared. It's P on, in Italian Navy. Feminine, the snow survey, no means clear, will see a few examples of how to use this word. Novella means Cloud, lunula. Nouveau Lazo, therefore means cloudy. We'll see if cello move or laws or the sky is cloudy. Temporarily means store temporality. And we also have the word team past star, Latin pasta, which also means storm. But in general, I've heard it used mostly for the sea star. Whereas temporality is just the general word, say storm in a city or in on land. Let's say be Avere is the verb to rain, and Navy guy is the verb to snow. So we usually use this in the third person singular, as in English, we say, it rains, it snows. We don't really need to know the full conjugation, although these verbs are pretty simple and pretty irregular in the way they work. So we will usually say P0 of grains or navy, it snows. And if we want the, the past participle, pure Bhutto would be the past participle of the verb, be Avere, app you Ruto. Navy capital is the past participle of the Navy guy, Navy cattle. And I will say just a small vein. This verbs, we usually use the verb Avere as an auxiliary up your router and Ricardo. But it will also often hear Ruto or ethnicity CARTO. I personally prefer the former. You do you, but in general, I recommend always. Some verbs will allow both auxiliaries or you hear both of them used. One is more properly when it's less proper in all the situations. In my opinion, keep Avere because Avere is our default axially verb. So we'd rather keep the simple one and not the one that is very rare and unusual Just for the sake of simplicity. So alcuni Frazee, a few sentences. Command tempo, water-like, or get input file, as we saw. But weather, does it make shallow essere? No. The sky is clear or just simply essere? No. It's clear. Today it rains on G, P of M. And if in general with verbs, we don't use subjects. Subject pronouns with the other end, Navy carrier. We just don't use them at all. You can say, I mean, can you say cello POV? And I would say you can just say piacere or navy can. And that's it. Today. It's cloudy. Be on nouveau Lazo or a0 cello. Today it's cloudy or today the sky is cloudy. There is a storm. Check temporality. And we can use the same chair also for the sun or the rain. We could also say check is solely chat lap you can. So I would say in here, what you can take away is done. Usually people confuse the verb piacere. So POV with Belgium, the rain. Just be sure you're using the right one. Because that's a fairly common mistake. And I feel like it's because the two are very different. Usually when we have a verb and a noun for the same thing with they're pretty similar, but in this case, POV in pure Java are quite different. So choose the right one. 39. Il gerundio: The DML are there. So gerundio, the gerund. And this is in English, the I-N-G form, for example, raining, if we look at the previous class or eating or sleeping. So in general, we used in Italian as in English, gerund in general with another verb. In English, you say, I am eating, isn't you just say eating by itself? Sometimes you can, for example, no smoking. In English that I-N-G form is also used for verbs. The same thing in Italian, no smoking, we would say non-food. We will use infinity for the same situation. So in general, we use it slightly less than italian. There are some situations in which we can use it outside of this scheme. But in general, when you use this specific mode, the current, we use it with the verb STI. So let's look at three verbs that we all know and love. Almaty, ledger, and dormir, and gerundio. Armando, late Jane Doe, doormen door. So we can try to see this. What we do is as always, we remove the ending, so it becomes AMA, and then we add ND, you, Amanda. The same happens for the second conjugation. Leg J becomes late, Jane Doe. Third conjugation is slightly different and this is a phenomenon we will see more and more second and third conjugations or be trickier in this, because it's not during mean though with I, as you would expect, it is door Mendel, and this is happening for all verbs in the third conjugation. So a print filename though, and so forth. This is the case for all verbs in the third conjugation. And it can be a bit tricky, but I feel like Dora mean those sounds so ugly that it's usually not a big problem to remember this. When we look at the auxiliary verbs as Sarah and Avere, I told you we have also a third variable which is started. And I told you, if you speak Spanish, you use essere when something is more firm and you use static when something is more temporary. In Italian, we don't really do that. We use started just with a few situations like stop being a or stomata, common STI. How are you? And then we use it here. So to say, I am sleeping, we don't say you saw no door or window, as you would expect. You say you stop two remainder. So this is the other big case in which we use the verbal style. So we have here the verb let Jared, as a simple example, you stolen gender. I am reading to stylet gender. Lewis, tally, gender, noise, the amulet, gender. We started let gender, loro, Stan know. Jane Doe. Notice that study's almost regular except the third person plural, which is Stan. Note with 2nds. Star is first conjugation. You would expect it to be standard like amino, right? But in this case it's slightly weird. So it's stan. So what do you notice here? We notice that the gender never changes. There is no masculine, there is no feminine, there is no singular, there is no Plurale. Agenda is always going to be the same. Quiz TO model function. This is a very simple verb. Mode, is something that we can use without knowing too much. So it's very, it's a very simple way to add something a little flair to our Italian. Now, how does it work? When do we use it? Well, we should ask ourselves the question, what is the difference between I eat and in eating? So Stillman gender implies that something is happening right now. Whereas Manchu is a more general statement that can also apply for the future magnitude, be tardy manager to manage it later or tomorrow. Whereas Stillman, John Doe is right now I am eating. And something worth pointing out in English, you could use the IM eating also as Future. I am eating soon. Italiane, we don't do that. So in Italian, this specific form really only applies to that moment. You stolen gender. I am eating right now. And we already know a few other tenses. And if the imperfetto, we can also say your stable Magento, I was eating your establishment. John Doe, quando me Ikea motto, I was eating when you called me. So are you interrupting me? While I was eating, I had to pick up your phone call and we could even use that in the future, but it's fairly rare. We could say you start on my agenda, I will be eating. But that's very weird in Italian, we would just use a simple, we just use the Future, which human Gero will see more about the future, but we will just use the future in this case. So non-gender, this gerund we use really for something that is happening right now. We're ore that was happening. Well, something has happened in the past. So solid, Jane Doe, Stonehenge, quando or established gender and gender. So again, very simple. Let's add this to what we know. Let's make our return a little bit better. 40. I verbi in -isc: Partly AMOLED the verbi Incoativi. Now, this very fancy name, which you don't need to know, refers to a very large chunk of verbs in the third conjugation, they behave in a weird way. So when we talked about the third conjugation in the course, we saw that dormir, it is your daughter mode to dormi, dormi. We don't meet a lot odor. And I told you this is a standard form of the third conjugation. Well, I was lying. It is the standard form. It is what you study as a standard form. But there is a very large mounds of verbs in there conjugation, as matter of fact, more than half that do not behave like that. These are pretty common verbs. And if you encounter them, you probably noticed those weird verbs and you thought they were irregular. But as matter of fact, all these verbs you see here, they're all verbs in the third conjugations, and they all behave the same way, which is a weird way. But again, we can blame the Roman so we want, but this is a very common thing in Italian. So we need to be aware of that. The AMA, Ill variable femminile to finish, to conclude, to end. Feeney raise a pretty common verb, as we can imagine. Third conjugation, past participle is finito, so it's a standard past participle. So what you would expect is that I finish with the phenol because you take out IRA and you couldn't know dormir your dorm finito, you'll feel it is not correct. Well, we do here in this verbs Incoativi. We add, this is C, little thing, which is again, something happens in Latin. Things happen in Latin that we have to consider in the way Italian works. It's a bit confusing, but it's not the worst thing in the word. Let's look at these verbi finito. You finish school. To finish. Louis ole, finished shape. Know if in YAML wifi meated little finish corner, you can pause the video and try to understand what is the pattern here. And it's a pretty simple pattern really because knowing envoy behave as you would expect. Knowing don't know if enamel, void or meter per infinity. That's the way we would expect them to act. But everything else doesn't. Everything else. At, this is C double, that is, the S sound in Italian can be two different things. We have not probably seen these yet because it's not a very common group of letters. But as C followed by a, ore is skirt, whereas followed by a or E is show. You finish school. But to finish, we finish Shea. Then bluefin is coronal. So it doesn't change. The only thing that changes is the vowel following that, and therefore the pronunciation changes. Now, look at this list of pretty long list of vertices is obviously not all the firms, but these are all fairly common verbs. Can read them. To understand costs through urine, to build definetely, to define periphery, to prefer Boolean to clean cold beer, to hit stupid, to surprise. Brewery beer, to forbid one to unite or to join. Familiar, to fail. Be direct or obese. They both exist within you, are with an OH to obey all these verbs or third conjugation. All these verbs are regular, but all these verbs follow the same scheme. So we can take a random one and it could be, for example, the verb periphery, they're pretty common one. Your periphery scope to periphery she, Louis, prefer reshape. That will go back to what it should be noted, periphery, HMO, void periphery. And then we go back to this weird form, loro prefer, is this an example? You can take all these verbs and they all behave the same way. So this is irregular, but technically speaking, it's more common than regular. So do with that information what you will. But whenever you see a verbi in the third conjugation, which is not very often because as we said, the third conjugation does not have many verbs and not many interesting verbs, especially. But whenever you see a verbi, the third conjugation that you do not know, verb ending in I or II, era in infinitive, we need to know to be a mock-up here. Say, or if these verbi is irregular or Incoativi, we have no way of knowing if we see a verb and the IRE, We have no way of telling which it is. But again, it's either or. So once you find one, remember, and then it's just about getting used to the sound of it. Because for example, if a periphery, which I took randomly, but it's a very common one. You will hear end-use so many times that you will not have to think, oh, wait, before you as well. The weird ones you prefer is CO2 periphery Xi. Now you will know its periphery Xi. You can treat them as irregular verbs if it's easier. But in general, when you study done, just remember they behave this way. 41. Articoli Determinativi: Let's go all the way back to the beginning when we talk about masculine and feminine. You might remember that I told you something. I told you, well, in Italian we love articles, say V, in English, man inside we have many more. We have. And a positive your masculine and feminine and plural is a0 for masculine and feminine. Then we saw a word specifically which was zero, the ankle. And I told you it's load zeal. Zeal. And I told you don't worry too much about this for now. But just know that a few words behave with some letters. And a few of these letters want low as an article as opposed to it in the masculine. In this short class, we're just gonna be talking about this. Now you need to worry about this because now we'll see which are the words that do not use ill in the masculine. We will see more clearly what we use as articles in masculine and feminine singular, plural. So let's just start with the family and the femminile is simple because the feminine I read, I didn't lie to you. Can the feminine. In the singular, the article is always going to be la. La mamma. Mackinnon, with the only exception of words starting with a vowel, in which case we drop that are only remains apostrophe. So it's not la la automobile. It becomes lactate. All automobile. It it is not a0 Zola, the island, it's lethal. You just easier to say la easily. You can have to make a break. We don't like, it sounds ugly. I told you many times, and I would say many more. Italian is really a language that was created by poets as matter of fact. And therefore, there is a strong focus on things. Something nice and easily to us, sounds ugly or not to me, but to someone 800 years ago or so. And so they figured that, let's not say like, let's say Liza, it sounds nicer. And it's actually very fascinating because if you read all the Italian and I'm talking about people 5-600 years ago where they would basically making up the language. You know, not, not very much more than that. They would actually do this kind of things a lot more than we do today. So it was a lot more common to, for example, drop the last vowel of any word when the following words started with a vowel just because it was easier to say. For example, verbs very often we wouldn't say Man Jerry. We will say man Jack. If you want to, for example, to say eating together. Modern Italian, we say majority and CMA. But imagine that in the past we maybe would do something like Manager in CME. Anyways, in modern Italian, we don't do this anymore. We don't say Manchurian, CME, we say Man Jerry in CMY. And this phenomenon only happens in a few specific cases among which la, becoming. What about the plural? The plural is very simple. It's always Lei, lei mommy. At the same time. Rt, which is, we're plural because the RTP, automobile and so forth easily, for example. So we'll say leisurely, although again, in the past, most probably I'm not sure about this one, but most probably they would do that because it's easier. So in the plural, this doesn't happen. Now it's time we talk about the masculine. They mescaline is a bit trickier. So the baseline is very similar. We have the standard default article which is EPA, Paris MPO, YAML la, a poster for quando a parabola. In each corn per QALY, we use an apostrophe when the word starts with a vowel. There is similarly L'Alfabeto. Why? Because albedo, again, hard to say liberal. But there is this extra know. Why do we use low? Same exact reason, because sometimes ill followed by a specific group of letters. And we'll see in a second, sounds ugly. We saw Z0. The Z is the first example. Do sounds hard to us. Again, not to me. I apologize. Was not me calling the shots. Someone way in the past decided that it Z or sounds ugly, it's low Z. So we have these extra low, which is what we use when here, there are the most common scenarios. This is not everything, but it's almost everything. There are a few extra situations, but it's very rare. This is basically what you need to care about, realistically speaking. So first of all, we have S followed by another consonant. Example, student. The student is today in sounds ugly. Low student. Then we have, when the first letter is a Z or Z, or Y or an X. And the second and third case is usually our foreign words and we may adapt to Italian, whereas the first example, we do have a few words. So low Z0, we saw, for example, look no, the backpack. La yogurt. Yogurt. Again, a0 yogurt, very hard to say. Look similarly. Look, see la Fanon, the musical instrument. Again, we don't have Italian word starting with a Y or with with an X. So usually axilla from resin, Italian. For any word in which we keep the expert is not any letter we would find in modern Italian at least. And then for a few other groups of letters, and I put three here. These are the most common. This is already pretty rare. So P S, P, M, G, N, for example, low, C Corp logo. The psychologist or psychiatrist, again, see colorable, hard to say. Look, perineal multicore. This is a word that nobody would need to worry about. It needs the tire, but it's very, people would just say let water or Lego man, what a be the wheel, la Goma be the rubber. But we use it a lot for cars. Loping romantic is the correct technical term, but if you learning Italian, probably don't need to say Pronomi article, but okay, and look normal. The known Jan in Italian is always gonna be a near sound. Say always, it's always dangerous in Italian, but I'm pretty sure it's always in this case. Anyways, is not normal, it's below normal. And I told you in some situations we might make the mistake. If you ask in Italian, is it Lopez article or perineum article, they will not know. It's something that generally speaking, people have a hard time with what happens in the plural masculine. That's very simple. Now, we did the hard part. Now it's very simple. If the cingular was ill, the plural is going to be a0. So for example, papa, papa, Popeyes and invariable worry, it doesn't change like possibly all the words truncate. So ending with an accent, for example, cheetah, a feminine word, legit, legit. But that's another story. And then if it's apostrophe, L'Alfabeto or low zeal becomes a0. So a0, Alberti 42. Oggetti: Can't diagrammatical video demo alcuni per one year. After so much grammar, let's say a few words. Objects. These are simple objects that you could find in your casa, in your house, or laying around. These are not all the objects that we have in Italian. But I would say it's a pretty large amount of objects that you probably will have due to cover most of your needs were a good chunk of your needs at least. So I put this classes not much because I think you need to work to know the word audi colori, which we'll see in a second. But rather to tell you, remember to practice your vocabulary, your learning mostly grammar with discourses, which is great. But do not forget to speak a language. You need to know words. So words means that you need to go and study words. And again, I recommend Duolingo, great app, free mu, but free, free is fine. I use the free version myself. So use Duolingo or any other vocabulary app. Vocabulary website. Learning words is very important as well. So let's say a few. Logindata la agenda which end up posa chain la, the ashtray. It's interesting that I put this second, but generally would be luncheonette, which is a feminine noun, actually would be the ash. So pause, agender is where you put Posada or it's kind of put on a commonly used word and not ever that I recommend you use, but passato gender is the way we call it yesterday. Look, Zeno, We saw that one a second ago. The backpack bacteria, the battery lasts Catalan, very common word as well, the box. Charaka bacteria, battery charger, a0, calendar, calendar, tail, ABC on a TI, the TV. If you watched the class about the alphabet, I told you that the letter V in English is V in Italian. However, an older way to say this letter was woo, that now it's not that much that popular anymore. We usually say V, most of Italy, I would guess. But television is pretty old. So when they invented it, I assume that removal was more used. Therefore, you will say la TV and Italian we say that evil. Hotel visual. Lettura DVD. So the DVD reader, if that is still a thing, I don't know, but it's here. A0 computer. The computer. Remember that when we have foreign words in Italian, first of all, we say that in Italian, it's not the computer, it's a0 computer. Second of all, they never changed in the plural. So it's not a0 computery ore computers. It's a0 computer. They never change in the plural. That's a rule in Italian, whatever use for awards in the foreign language, we don't change them. Cucina, which is the pillow. Cucina. We saw the verbi Incoativi not too long ago. So we know already why it's a C in a row six, which is the lipstick. Last cigarette, cigarette smoking in Italy maybe as a tourist. You need to know this one. Lap metadata, the pencil and pen. The pen. A0 pro forma, perfume. Lit for ****** scissors. It's feminine, and we use it in the plural. Generally, either say la for ****** or do you will hear it, but it's improper. Will usually say let for telephone on the phone or the telephone. Stenosis, trash can. It can Bulara or IntelliJ for Nino, cell phone crosses a telephone, Nino, and we have seen that I no suffix, which means that something is small. So telefono is the big ones that if one knows the smaller, the outer corollary, which means the earplug. Poorer, tough for you, which is the wallet. It's a funny word for terrorists to carry. And for you is sheet of paper. So it's what you used to put papers. And although I guess now we don't really use paper anymore. But originally speaking, the glasses, AKI is eyes, and therefore achilles, what goes on the ice. Lavoro casa, which is the purse, or more in general, the bag. So borsa can be anything out of plastic or paper, any sort of bag or purse? Generally speaking, although it could be also for men, yes. For example, the businessman bag we call la borsa or vintage, which is a 24 hour. I knew what we call it, that. I don't know where it comes from, but borsa can be also masculinity. You can also say Bolsa for xenon, although it's, I guess not super proper, but it's fine. And then we have impacting it, which is the comp. I will know. So again, this, this words, not necessarily the most important words in the Italian language, but it's just practice. Pronunciation. You are getting a level of grammar is pretty decent. So what you need to do now is get good at speaking. It's practice pronunciation of these words and remember studying new words. Because at this point, as you improve with the grammar, it's increasingly more important that you know a lot of words as opposed to a lot of grammar 43. Preposizioni articolate: Partly about the preposizioni articoli. It sounds very scary, but it's not. So we saw preposizioni Semplici, simple Prepositions and just a reminder, D are in corn soup pair. These are the simple Prepositions. Simple means this specific case that it's only preposition. Articoli data is not only a preposition, but it's followed by an article. So as we know in Italian, we'd love articles, loving and we put them everywhere. So when I told you about preposizioni Semplici, so this list of words I just told you, I told you a few things. One, I told you remember that they cannot be literally translated into English. Number two, I told you, remember that you will not often use them like this. You will always or often have to follow them up with an article. When you do them, sometimes they will slightly change. This is that class. So if you see this very scary metrics, don't worry too much because you will see that we have articles on the top on the row, and we have a few of the Prepositions on the column. Specifically, we have the dove in and Sue. Now, what are we missing? We're missing cone pair from in modern Italian. Con pair. Do not mix with the article. So when we have them followed by an article, let's say, for example, what to say with the dog. We say Kern County for the dog, Bear County. Between the two dogs. Tara, a0, do it Cannae. We don't do anything else. We just follow one with the article. If you read something old, you will find that that's not always the case. We used to actually sometimes do other stuff that we will see right now for the other Prepositions. So what happens when we have a preposizioni Semplici followed by an article. They often, except these four cases, corn petrified, they become one word. So let's look at the first line. We have the preposition D, which means off. More or less. We know that they cannot be just literally. Then we add all the articles. What happens? What happens? Well, if you want to say the Lucas dog, for example, in that case we use the preposizioni Semplici Ilkhanate De Luca. Simple. But if want to say the dog of the mom, that's slightly different because of the there's an article. So we would say a0 County, they La Mama. Two things are happening here. First of all, is not the law, is becoming only one word. Second of all, it's slightly change. So it's not dealer as one word but it's dead. So we WDL, we change the I into one a0. So la becomes del. So this is generally speaking what we're doing here. Let's read the first line. D plus D plus low is dead. Load Z, D plus L apostrophe. Then the laminae cool below Amika, because also in the feminine, D plus la, la, la mamma. D plus E is day. For example, beta D plus D is D, D Amishi. Little parenthesis, this G, L sound in Italian is my opinion, the hardest sound. I didn't know of any other language that has the same sound in of any language, please point it out because I never know how to make the comparison. But it's somewhat similar to the way you say million in the United States. So that's the closest that you have. The, there's a bit more Jie in Italian one, but close enough, It's not terrible. Then D plus lay becomes del. Marco. Is it terrible if instead of saying, they'll papaya, I say D is the usual. I understand. However, it sounds very funky. Why would you not say? So? This is something that, again, does not require a lot of bandwidth. If you get used to it. You don't have to think about it. It just happens naturally whenever you're speaking. You combine them in your mind and just, it's a very simple thing. So I would say this is worth wasting a few minutes to practice because very often Prepositions will be followed by articles will be a pretty common mistake that you're making if you're not read them right? So now, if we look at is the very same thing applies. Look a lot. Ali. I, again, try to follow them up with a noun that is similar, masculine, feminine and so forth. What is happening here are doesn't change. And then we just doubled the L, just like we did for D. Again, same thing. Dull, dull, dull, dull. Die, die. In is the one that is a bit weird. Why? Because needing sounds very weird. So it actually slightly changed. We dropped the I, so we keep the end. And then similarly to what happened with D, somewhat a appears out of nowhere. So Nala, Nala, Nala, Nala, Nala, Nala. Nala is NPO. Got a medulla scapula. The cat is in the box. If finally we have x2, which again there is simple. Just WDL. Soon, soon, soon, sweet, sweet. So again here I put a very simple sentence just to kind of guide you what's happening here. The dog of the sister should be Ilkhanate De la, la, but it's not, it's Ilkhanate death. Why does this happen? Once again, we like things to some nice D has got some nice day lung. Sounds nice. So that's why it's happening. 44. Imperfetto: Video demo now through tempo, verbally, limb, perfect. Now, this is a funny one because this is a past. But it's a past that is kinda weird and I don't know how to translate that vitro in English. I guess that the closest you have in English is the US to, I used to do something that is the most common situation in which you will use the imperfetto me Italian. If you want to say, I went to the school. It's a thing. Solon data, squatter in Italian data. But if want to say, I used to go to school, for example, every day at 08:00. Then you doing, you're seeing something different. So imperfetto in Italian can refer to two different possibilities. One, the action was repeated over time in the past, I used to go to school. You've been going to school for quite awhile. So you don't say I went to school. You say I used to go to school. So you're implying that it's a repeated action, something that was routine, regular somewhat, or the action lasted quite some time. Other situation, we could say main three, squalor, me it Yamato. While I was I was going I was walking to school. You call me that situation. The first action is they're both, both actions are in the past. But the first action stretched over time. And the second action happen at some point during the past. So diverse situation is the US to the second situation you would say something like I was going, which we also have in Italian this in your tenants. And we could use that tense, mean testable Nando. But now is easier because it's one word. And imperfetto is a tense that children overuse in Italian. They could say something like for you. I don't know. Bridgespan, right? Let's do that. I was a prince. There is no proper Italian, but if you hear children, Italian children speaking, you will hear this tense more than from adults because for us it's either repeating in the past or stretch over time. Anyways. Well, the use of distance is not the most straightforward thing, the great thing about this tense, it's a very simple one. So let's look at our first R3 most favorite verbs. Dormir, still get the first conjugation. Almaty. What we do is we take out our a0, we always do. And then we add above. And then an ending. That last letter, the last group of letters you see after the second dash is the same for all conjugations. So you are marvel to um-uh, um-uh, um-uh, um-uh, um-uh, van. Careful always that little amount of leisure. Same thing, eulogy, able to let JD, Java, new elite Jeevan poorly generality, let J value. So the exact same thing is happening. We take out the last two letters. We add F plus 0. So a marvel lead, Geebo. And then for a third conjugation, exact same thing during medieval. Medieval to me via amoeba, me Varma. We told me that. This is a situation in which an Italian conjugation is very simple. Because with very few exceptions, most verbs behave as you would expect them to. Verbi Incoativi, funny evil. That is, C does not appear anywhere. It's not. You finish your finagle Avere. I've able regular, Potere, Dovere, Volere for level, Regular. Some verbs are, I would say three verbs come to mind the problem, not the only ones but the most common ones. Essere becomes ill. You arrow I was, are used to be. But then the conjugation is very straight forward arrow to add new era N0, M0, we innovated Plurale. If you know that it's your arrow. And you know the whole conjugations. And then the other two verbs that behave weirdly are foreign to do or to make. And dealing to tell. Reason why they behave weirdly is because in all the Italian, they used to be faster and therefore that sticks in the imperfetto. So it's not your father or Devo. It's a0 OFAT cibo, you the chaebol. But again, if you know this, if you know the, you know the whole thing, you've achieved JV with a chamber and so forth. So this is amazing because usually when you have irregular verbs in Italian, there are many plentiful. Secondly, you need to know the whole conjugations. In this case, you just need to know the IO for these three verbs. And again, there will be a few other verbs that are irregular. But these three are, by far the most important. Essere. You will hear a lot. Your arrow. You have a table, your table. And once you know these three verbs, you'll find everything has. Again, they might be other weird ones, but these are what you need to care about. Remember, the imperfetto? How do you spot if someone is speaking in the imperfetto? There is this V very close to the end. You are marvel that these fairly rare in Italian in a verb. So if you hear that V close to the end of the word, It's not unlikely there is an imperfetto, so it's a past. So again, you may not use it, but if you hear someone speaking Italian and there is a V, and it's a verb. And it's very close to the end of the verb, imperfetto. So this is a very easy way to tell when someone is speaking of the past as opposed to the present or future? 45. I Pronomi Diretti: Time to talk about one of the scariest topics in Italian. Not hard, a little bit tricky though. So I'm going to take my time in my notes and take your time as well. This topic Pronouns are not complicated, but since in English they're slightly different. For a few English speakers, this is a little bit tricky. So what are you to do is, I need to trust the process. I've done this for years. This is the way I've always done it. I think this is the best way in tears are we going to do? There are two types of Pronouns. We're going to see the first type now. Direct Pronouns are going to see the other time in a couple of classes. Then we're going to see them both site-to-site. At that point, when you see them both satisfied, you're hopefully going to completely understand what I'm talking about. At the beginning. It might be a little bit confusing, but again, trust the process. If you feel overwhelmed and confused, that's fine. Give a little bit of time and it's gonna be okay. So first we can say what is a pronoun? We have already seen Pronouns while we talked about verbs, and we said I is E0 is two, and so forth. Now a0, a2, and of those are called subject Pronouns. Now we're going to be doing object pronouns. And as in English, we have I, when is this object? I eat, I'm the one sitting and the subject. And we have, for example, Mee, Mee is the object. You call me. You're the one who's calling and I am the one who's receiving the call. So you say you call me, it'll say you call it. What we're going to be doing now is that knee not the I button? Now in Italian, there is a little bit of an extra step because we have direct and Indirect Pronouns going to be making new. A simple example. If we take the verb to speak, but Larry, in Italian, in English, it can be followed by two different classes of things. It could say, I speak English. I speak it. That it would be the pronoun. Or you could say, for example, I speak with Marco, speak with him, him would be the object permanent. Anytime these two things are slightly different and they're not a lot of differences mostly what's going to be annoying is the third person singular. So Louis lay. But for us it's a bit different. So what we call direct pronoun is the one that answers to the question, who or what I speak. Who are this case? What? English direct Pronomi. So an indirect pronoun is by difference, what assets to a question that is different from who or what. For example, with whom, for whom, by whom of those. So when it's whom in English in this specific case as opposed to who. So we now know if there is a preposition, the income SuperTracker Fora, then it's going to be an indirect object in the foreign Indirect Pronouns, if there is no preposition which is followed by the noun, then it's Indirect Pronouns, which is what we're going to be seeing right now. We have two different types of pronouns. They are absolutely completely the same. You might encounter either, and you can choose either. You can use whichever is easier for you. I'm gonna be showing you both. And then again, at the end we get to see everything side-by-side and we're going to figure out which easier, which is harder in my opinion. But so far it's good that you see both. So let's take the verb to see, right? Let's try to do the following thing. We take the verb to say. We want to say, I see myself, I see you, I see him, I see her, I see us ICU and I see that all this Pronouns are going to be direct object pronouns. The same thing can be done for every other person that what we care about, you could say you see me, he sees me, but we just care about me, you and so forth. So we can just take ice, just make it slightly easier by changing only one thing at a time. So how do we translate IC me in Italian? Again, two ways, showing you both. You meet video or you may. I see who in this case is not what? Because tactile person. I see myself, you may, or you meet Vader, is going to be slightly easier to say. As opposed to Yomi Veda. The ladder is usually more common, but for an English speaker, just for the word order a0 over domain ICME, it's very straightforward. Mas, a lot more sense, but I'm going to show you both because again, you will find both going. How do I say ICU? You could say or do I see him? Louis veto. Was that though? I see her you lay on your lab. Then we go for knowing knowing your cheap Veda, void, void, or Veda. A lot of you. Laura Lee, veto. Veto. The first form is easier. So if you start, the easiest is the domain. Or you could just keep the ear as well. Beta tan, Louis leg. That makes more sense to an English speaker. And we'll see that's easier when it comes to Indirect Pronouns. The other form I show you because natives will use it a lot. So if you're reading or hearing, that's usually what you will encounter. There are the same there. You need to worry about using the right one. They're the same. No difference in meaning. It's just two different ways to stay the same thing. As we saw, a pronoun replaces a noun, which means that zero way. If you're not sure what pronoun to use and you'll find that my opinion, usually Louis la loro, are the annoying ones because they are the ones that be confusing sometimes everything has usually pretty straightforward. Remember that you do not need to use a pronoun, you can just repeat. So for example, if you're saying I eat the apple and you already said the apple, you might want to say your lab manual or you lay, in this case, that human July lays usually used for purses. So it's kinda weird. Use it for an object. It's understood, it's fine. But this is why I'm telling you, usually the AlarmManager, you'll love it is going to sound slightly better to native, but these are things you need to worry about. You can just repeat. Instead of saying you AlarmManager, you can just say human job, even though maybe you already said the apple. So you in English with what you just say, I eat it as opposed to I eat the apple. If you repeat it, it's never a mistake. So I recommend that you start looking at these. Again. When we learn, we learn how to speak, but also we'll learn how to understand. And these are very used by Italians. We will build a lot of Pronouns later on. So I recommend you start looking at this. You do not need to use them, but kind of get used to them because you will see we use them a lot. And not only do we use a lot of Pronouns, but we played with them. So for example, there will be situations in which we attach Pronouns to a verb. Example we may hurt, deem me telling me that me is a problem. And in other situations you don't really need to say those things. But if you don't understand them, that's a problem for you because you don't know what's going on. So it's very good to at least be aware that these things exist and how to broadly use them 46. Imperativo: Before we will go back to Pronouns, I would like to do a couple of classes that kind of break with that because I know it can be a bit overwhelming to talk about very intense grammar. And again, I don't be scared of grammar effort. It's not that bad. And I want to talk about what do you think is a fairly useful mode? The imperativo, which is how we give a command to people that's very commonly used. Although you can have to watch out a little bit because it can come across a way you didn't minutes. So imperative is an order. And therefore, you usually will not be giving orders to other people. Although in a lot of situations, that's fine. If you just made an example before the meat. That's technically speaking an imperative, you need to worry about the immediate D. That's an imperative, but that's usually considered as acceptable. Whenever there is something that is not allowed, there is going to be assigned. Signs are often going to be within imperative. So do this or don't do that. Very important that you understand what science says. You might get fined if you don't do the right thing. And very commonly used also, for example, when parent is talking to a child, but it's handled this situation. So I would say it's good for you to be a bit scared of the imperative and kind of understand what are the boundaries. Because it can come across as little bit much if you use it in the wrong situations, usually it's fine. And you as a, again, it may time as a learner, you're going to be cut a lot more slack, but sometimes it can come across as a bit harder. So if you want to avoid it, remember that you can just say February before sentence. So if you say parabolla and then use an imperative, that's usually going to be fine. Comey, fat, Shamele, and imperativo. How do we make or how do we do the imperative? We are thick conjugations as we know. The one we care the most about of all of this is going to be to is going to be void. And you're giving you order usually given the order to a person, that's the most common situation, or do a group of people. We don't give an order to ourselves. Hence, why you will find empty for you. We have ways to use that for third-person singular, Lei, First Plurale, NOI, third plural, loro. Although we will see that we really only care about to envoy. So let's just look at them. Let's start with the first conjugation. Can start it. Again. I don't even order to myself usually. So we can start with two can dump is the order, so to speak. So we will see if we remember the present tense of the verb cantata. Canon T. Right here, it's Canada. And this is why it is good for you to see, because if you read Canto, you might be leaking into his sayings or it might be saying. So it's good that, you know, because sometimes it might be, they might be talking to you and not about a third person is not present. The Louis and the little are not very used, but this is how we use it. Can tie. Again. This is weird that candy, technically speaking, is borrowed from the subjunctive, which is another mode we'll see later on. Then for annoying, we have contaminant, which is the same as the present tense. For void, we have cantata, which is the same as the present tense. And then for the Laura, we have can denote, which again is borrowed from the subjunctive. What do you take out of this? Just remember to counter and VOI cantata. The boy is the same as the present tense and the two is not. So these are two things you need to take away from this. Everything else in here is to just fill these tables. You don't quite need to remember them because how often are you going to be giving an order to a third person who's not present in that situation. We just say telling to do this. So you're giving an order to the person you're speaking to, report that Louis lay candy, it sounds it's probably something like he shall saying, how often are you going to say that you can write some situations. You might use it, but it's not something you need to worry about. So let's look at the same to envoy for secondary education. Legi Logitech. In this case, we notice is the same as present conjugation, too late G. No difference. Therefore dominated dormi. Dormi. Again, the same as the present conjugations. So the first conjugation is the weird one here, which is uncommon. That's the only one where there's a difference because that can is different from everything else is just suppressing conjugation. And don't remember anything besides the two in the voice. If you want my advice, everything else is kind of it's there, but it's not common. One less thing when you give an order, when use the imperative. Again, what it is a very good rule. There are ways to go around it. For example, you could say, boy, vorrei, Christo, can you do this as supposed to do this, just generally speaking, safer? And remember that we will use the imperative. We will basically never use the subject pronoun to. In this case, we would never say to Canada, That's sounds very, very harsh. Counter can be acceptable is usually fine, say to conduct that sounds way too much. The emphasis on the US is extreme. So when we use imperative, don't use the subject 47. Vocabolario: il viaggio: Now we're fairly simple. One about some more words. Alcuni, parole, la viaggio. Questa, sono. Quando, say italian. These words are useful when you're in Italy because they refer to things you might need to say. And a lot of your learning Italian because they want to travel to Italy. Some of you want to move to Italy. So usually you need to worry about these things. Last rather significant roads. Laudato strata is the highway, Porto, the harbor, the port. And we will see liar Roboto means the airport. It's kind of a word joining port with air. It's basically the same word we take airplane from as an English letter Evo, the arrival, departure. So very useful if you're in an airport layout format Cianni information. So how would you say, Can I ask and information? For example, in viaggio, the trip we're gerund is the verb to travel. And I can already tell you it's irregular verb from the first conjugation. And accurate Italian, the past participle is via digital. So you can try to use this a little bit and you know how to do with reserves by now, hopefully. Past support, passport, lavoro, Ghana, the customs. Lava Ligia means the suitcase. And by golly is the luggage. So usually the level Ligia is the actual bag, the big one usually, but it can be this moment as well. Whereas if Bugatti is more interested, general, all the luggage you have. Although this is not super strict, obviously there are some people they use it the other way round. It's fine. Ticket. Solar and data means one way. You can find solo on that, our solar and data, I would say. So you can both be avverbi and an adjective at this point, hopefully you know what the differences are sold on that. If you solo as an adverb, solar and data, If uses as an adjective, it's the same thing. That'll return no means roundtrips. So data is to go and return noise to come back. Envelope is the flights. They colori is to take off and there is to blend. And you may be familiar with the word para, which means lend dirt, IRT, lot of different things, but in general, terrorize just the pavement, the floor. So at Toronto just means to reach the ground floor. Last one. The station. You can be even more specific and you could say lost at sea on a day training or la Costituzione, the outer BIS. And now we know why it's awfully the bus station, the second one, or a train station. The former scenario means the platform. Interesting word because been audio is the same way that we used for binary as well. So zero and once it's interesting why we use it, I guess because you go either way and hopefully no other way. But yeah, scenario is the platform, is the parking lot or just the parking. For example, if you're driving, you could ask dovere package you are is the parking lot or you can just say can schedule and refer that there is a single spot, parking spot, even lawfare matter means stop from the verbo fare married to stop. Documenter will be the document. Therefore, a0 Dokumente would be the plural, the documents. And last secret, Sirona is the insurance. So these words again, I'm going to be doing less and less. Class is about words. But I think it's good to keep reminding you. Study words. Go more and more often on Duolingo, you're getting at a point at which your grammar starts to be pretty solid. So it's a good time to make sure you're actually studying words as well because you need words to speak 48. I Pronomi Indiretti: Time to continue with our Pronouns, and we started direct Pronouns couple of classes ago. We set direct Pronouns. Answer to the question, who or what. I see you, your beta. Now we have indirect objects, Indirect Pronouns. The answer to any other question there is not who or what. I made a few examples, but to whom by who, for whom, because of whom, anything, where there is a preposition. So we have the example here, the verb to give, that. In Italian, you give to someone, so you are quite Cuno, someone. Therefore, if we want to use a pronoun after that, that's going to be an Indirect Pronouns. I'm just going to be showing you the way it works. And then we will compare direct and Indirect Pronouns and we can see what changes. And again, two ways. The first way that we use is going to be the easy one is the one that is very similar to direct Pronouns. And he's the one that is more similar to English. Although the second one, I also will be showing you slightly more confusing. But they're used by native speakers and in some situations, definitely the better choice. So we're going to do exactly what we did before. I'm going to take a verb, the verb to give data. So to say IDF to me or give to myself or give me or give myself in English that too, I would say it's almost just, you can pull you're not in Italian with needs that you cannot use both. I would say you are met or you meet. Later. We will make comparisons between the two, direct and indirect. For now, let's not worry. So I give you your dot, T dot. Give him your dog or Louis E dot I give to her lay or your dog? Your dog, annoy, or you can avoid or V dot. Then you, Laura, we do not have correct Italian, we do not have the second way. Although you might hear a lot of people say your dog to say your daughter Laurel, and not only you don't Louis. That is technically incorrect. And technically speaking, the only one we have is the first form, aluminum. We do not have the second form for this case. Again, a lot of Italians, we get this wrong. It's very common mistake. So somebody will be accepted grammar, I guess, but for now, now, we will see later on the disk can get quite extreme and that will make a simple example. Take the verb die. Data in italiane can be followed by a direct object or an indirect object or both. Let's make an example with the verb die. So if I want to say, I give to you, I can say your dog. For example, if I want to say, I give that masculine for example to you, I give it to you, something like that, which I guess the title of 15 songs. But that's the point. We could say iodo Louis or iodo quester usually, or your dog in Italian. If you want to say, I give this to you, we have a very compact way of saying this by using to Pronouns, which is you stay low. That means to you alone instead, and then you. As you can understand, and as we said in Italian many times, we like when we can make things just more compact. This is very compact way to say it. Think I'll log it isn't English. I gave this to you. And thinking along these in Italian, utero though, it's many, many, many, fewer letters. Now, these contractions are very commonly used by native speakers. You do not need to worry for now, but we'll talk about it later. But in later courses we'll talk about this and you need to worry 49. Confronto: Pronomi Diretti e Indiretti: So we can now finally, as I promised, you see all the Pronouns side-by-side. And this is hopefully going to make clear how we use them. So I already told you how we use them generally speaking, so what are the differences and why should you use the one that I tell you to use and not the other one when you speak. But why should you understand both? Well, let's look at them. First of all, if I use, let's say the form or the pronoun goes after the verb. Let's call it like that. It's just simpler than learning additional grammar. We don't care about. First of all, we see that the Pronouns are the same in the direct and indirect form. So you tear your video, Louie, Louie, Louie, Louie, Louie. And we can replace that with basically any other preposition. And we know this for now. It's the same thing. It does not change. We don't care if it direct or indirect. We just care about getting the right preposition in there and then it simple. Now instead, let's look at the shorter form, which as I told you, sometimes it's more elegant. Immediately we spot a problem. So we see you lead or your WE, you little libido. You late door. My libido. We see that for the third person singular and for third person plural, there are some differences which will make it very hard to think quickly on our feet. And to say the right thing. There is another reason that you meet works. And that's what I would say personally as an ad speaker because it sounds better than you do on your TI DO sounds better than you do attack in most situations. Again, it becomes delta shades of meaning, which we don't care about for now, let's say they're the same exact thing which they're not. Because that doesn't exist in a language, there's always going to be a slight difference. Otherwise we wouldn't have two forms, would only have one. But let's say the same thing. There are situations in which we cannot do that. And that situation is when we have other Prepositions. So you keep power law means you're Parlow attack, that's fine. You dv1 corn. We made the example before you even compare, Dare we, for you. Incoativi ENCO means I win you, as in you or the price. Now, I wouldn't for you. So that, that specific situation when we put the pronoun before, the verb, specifically means two. So again, you're, DO means your dog or Louis. But if want to say, for example, your dog Pierre Louis. So thank give him, For example, money for someone in their name or for someone to receive you. Dr. Louis does not translate as your E dot. Dot dot means Yoda. Lee is very specific. It means it does not mean Pierre Louis. It does not mean DUE, anything like that. So the other form, ammonia and we la, simpler because it works for any preposition which is shown in superposition. And we do not need to worry about direct and indirect anymore. But you should also note the other form. Because first of all, it's much more common when it can be used. So when it's up. So you need to understand what it means. But my personal recommendation is don't use it as much. Use the other one that is simpler. Products or a tricky topic in medicine, them will take awhile. We're seeing not all of them. By the way, there are more than we have not seen yet. Now you have a decent starting point from which you can start playing with them. And many times in this course I told you, I will tell you later what that ten is. Remember when we're talking about vorrei, about the song. And a couple of times I had to tell you, well, that tie potere T. T will see later. Now we've seen it. Now you know what it is, you understand it. Tried to start using them a little bit and don't be scared of Pronouns. Because if you start not treating them like grammar, topic anymore, it becomes very natural. It's very simple in English, you use the very same way as we do. So just get used to them. Don't be scared and play with them. And then they're gonna be your friends? 50. Piacere e Dare: So now that hopefully we understand a little bit more, a little bit better, direct and Indirect Pronouns. Let's look at to verbs and try to use Indirect Pronouns specifically, that's hard to understand how they work. These two verbs that want to look at are going to be piacere and data. And we can start with data because that is a bit more simple. So the verb, that means to give, and that's pretty straightforward. So try to think and I told you ready, but try to say something that we have not set yet. How do you say you give me because so far we said I give you or give to you. How do you say you give me? The answer to that question is to me, die. How would you say she gives us? The answer is, lay, she done? Or to die? Or may lay that annoying. And, and try to play with this chain subject and change object. So how is they give to him? How is you all give to me? And can play, playing with this a little bit, change it a little bit. Then let's look at the verb piacere. Because piacere, I told you a long time ago, picture is weird. Picture behaves in a way that is very funny and it's hard to explain. All the point is that piacere in Italian is completely flipped. It works like in Spanish. So if you speak Spanish, you understand, get shared it. Like they were Q-star in Spanish. But it does not work like in English whatsoever. Let's look at it. How do you say I like it? I take your guess. Correct answer is me piacere or piacere. Let's break this down. Why piacere? In English, what you say is I subject, verb object. So the person who likes is the subject. And the, what, what is liked is the object, which is the same as in Italian, the verb Almaty. You AMO Italiana. I love Italian. We say me piacere or unmet piacere italiane. Let's rephrase this. What is the subject of that question of that sentence? Subject is lit italiane. The herb is piacere, third person singular. And that is the object, Indirect. I'm just specifically because piacere is followed by indirect object. So it's completely the opposite of what it is in English. So in Italian, which is something like Italian, is pleasing to me. How would you say I like Q then try to take your gas and try to reconstruct it. Who is a subject of that sentence? Well, in Italian is it is going to be you to piace because piacere follows to amend or to me piace. To me piace to piacere. How do we flip it? You like me? With lipid. You chew, attach UDP, actual. How is it we like it stopped cibo piacere or quiz to piacere, annoying how they like you. You is subject to piace. Loro. Hopefully is clear, so always flip the sentence completely from English. You're not saying I like you, but you're saying you're pleasing to me. You are liked by me. If you want to think of a passable, that this is not a passive in Italian. Hopefully this is clear. If it's confusing, I have a little trick for you. Don't worry about piacere. Forget, don't forget it because people use it a lot. Use the verb Amar. Now, if you're talking about a person, be careful with the verb because we don't throw, I love you around as much as, for example, you do in English. You can see, allow you to a friend. If you say I love you in Italian, That's a bit more serious. It can work in a few specific contexts, but it's weird to even say to your brother or sister. We don't say, I love you. We will say something different. Not even the piacere pH is also different. We would say something like maybe devoting your beanie. I, I, I don't even notice relate that literally, but I want you good, something like that. So be careful with using, I love with a person. If it's an object to say, I like pizza. And you're thinking, and the way you said is that pizza, piacere me, piacere pizza if you want. Remember that we can move things around quite freely in Italian. I'll don't say la pizza, piacere. I may just say you are more la pizza and it's fine, that's safe to say with objects. So just with people that you have to pay a little bit careful unless you're in a very committed, very serious relationship with that person. Because Almaty, in Italian, when it's about people, it's la, stronger than to laugh in English 51. Le particelle NE e CI: I would now like to talk about two words, that words knee and the words cheat. Okay? So this is pretty advanced. This is something that again, we'll get into topics and I need you to understand this demo we progress that will, we get to topics that you will use less and less often, you will need less and less. If you do not know the present tense, you're not speaking. You don't know the past tense, you can speak. It's going to sound weird. If you do not know names, don't party will notice that you're not using them. But increasingly, these words are going to be used by the people you speak with. You get to know what they're saying because otherwise it's confusing. Now, main qi are some of the most fascinating to me words in Italian because they mean 1 billion things. Funny enough, in Spanish, they do not behave like we don't have anything like that. It's Spanish. Obviously, we do not have anything like that in English, but we do in French, which is interesting in French, we have to words that behave exactly like these two are very, very similarly and different cases may work or not. But if you speak French, this is going to be fairly straightforward. If you don't stick with me. They can use the many different ways. You can start with the first one which is Nate. Nate without an accent. Because if we have Nick with an accent, that means neither nor. For example, if you wanted to say none of these TO knit Marco Luca. I didn't see neither Marco know Luca. But in that knee we have the little accent, which is, there is precisely to distinguish the two words without the accent may sound is the same because we don't hear that accidents only one syllable, so the axon does not change anything. Name means something quite different. And so if you speak French, that may is the same as basically saying what flipped French. But what it means generate broadly speaking, is of those, of these, of that. Now only two examples. There are a few slightly different situations but examples. So for example, if I want to say we know the importance of this, we know its importance. I could say coolness, Shamil, really important. Answer the question. Again, that Christo is a very good replacement for a lot of Pronouns and things that we do not want to get worried about. Color, Shamil importance and the question. We know the importance of this, but we have a more compact way to say this. And we love to say things in short ways. In Italian. One, we could say name, Shamil, important. The knee is always going to go before the verb. So simple, YAML. We bought what to say, we buy five tomatoes. Prossimo Diretti, comprehensible, chin quick. So if the question was quantative Andare, comparative because they comprehend MOOCing couple, minority. Or if you do not want to repeat authority, which you can avoid doing, you can just say, Nay, come preamble. That case, that means of them as opposed to off that which was before. But it's kinda the same idea, right? I don't want to repeat the Pomodoro in this case. I just keep it and just replace it with Nick. If you want to completely replace a structure where it's basically something like D plus infinitive, you can use the name. So the example that we have here is known or Volere. And you can say, it means I do want to, I do not have the desire to. You could say none of the polarity. For example, if that Padlet is obvious because it was mentioned before. So someone asked you to money partly allow Vento. Do you speak tomorrow at the event? You can answer. Known avoid the volere. I do not have the desire to speak. Or you could say non void. Now we have qi. Qi is 1 billion different things. And I'm going to show you a little bit of it because it's very common, G can be different things. And we saw some situations in which we have the same exact word for two different parts of speech. This happens and chicken be a few different tastes we already saw CI, for example, is one of the Pronouns to us. For example, to Ci De Ci is the same as too annoying. You tell to us, you tell us. So this is the first and most common situations in which you will find sheet. But there are other uses of it. We said that is the same as N and G is the same as Y. So if you speak French, you can stop here. You can move on to next slides if it does make French. Here are a few examples of what you can use it like. Ci can mean there or here. So I have an example here. I go there tomorrow. You could say your LEA Doumani Lee is what usually we use to say there. Or you could say You Ci Doumani. Again, nicer to us. I don't know why, but that sounds nicer. And this is the first time we've seen this, but we can even attach it to an infinitive verb. I want to go there, you'll volume, Andare Lee can become volume and dark. I mean, we're even skipping a word here. This is amazing volume Andare, how come practice that. I want to go there though. Poignant Duchy. Can you hear how much quicker? I can say that. It's nicer. Why do I say it's nicer? Not because I'm some philosopher or anything like that. When it sounds nice and we're going to use the law as native speakers. So you will hear a lot. Just like me. It can substitute full sentences and I have one example here. If you want to say, I thought about it, you could just say open Soggetto a Christo, for example, that quiz to being it, hopefully, you could see she opens up. Then. One of the, now going to say most confusing, but one of the most interesting ones is a habit. I haven't Italian, we say cello. And I wanted to put this here for a specific region. This is the first time that we're seeing to Pronouns in the same sentence together. So shallow that J is a Pronomi, that LR positive is low or law. So chiller means I have it that share. Again, for now we're looking at xi from up top and we're not really dig in depth. But we will see later on that sheet and J are two different force for the same thing. And we can use both and depending on situation will use different one. So we don't say cibo. We say cello. Do you need and she, to be fluent in Italian, you need to understand what they mean. Take a look at this. Try to change up a little bit the sentences. Try to put it in different contexts and kind of get used to them a little bit because they're very cool and they're pretty commonly used in, by native speakers when we speak 52. Le festività italiane: Here I want to talk a little bit about Italian holidays. Now. These are the days in which we generally don't go to work. I think there are all of them, although series will have different days. Because for example, each city has St. I remember that Italy will say this more in this class. A lot of our culture comes from Catholic religion, and therefore, saints are very important in the Catholic religion. So for example, on, I think it's December the 7th, it's suntan broncho, which is the same LAN, city of Milan. And the whole city has a holiday, but that is not a holiday, Rome, because they will have, I don't know what seemed to have in Rome. And it's going to be some other day that I don't know. So every city is going to usually have their own special holiday, which is a thing not only Europe, but again, most Catholic countries for coupling Spain, There's something fairly similar to that. But these are the main holidays that are shared all across the country. I will repeat over and over again. This is a Catholic Christian holiday. It's not really anymore about the holiday been religious. Because even if you don't believe in God or you're not a Catholic or Christian, you often will actually celebrate these days because you don't go to school, you didn't go to work, and therefore you liked them even if you don't care about religion. Let's start coming channel. Primogeniture or lunar. Gina, you a couple done. Capital means hat in Kusto castle. And it's also some sort of Catholic holiday, although I don't remember exactly what it is, but it's the first day of the year so you don't go to work. This agent now you epiphany, which according to the Christian religion, I believe is today in which the major is got to Jesus, I think. But we have a pretty interesting story in Italy. Well, first of all, we have the recipe which I tried to put a picture. If I find one that I can put without paying royalties. That was invented in Italy actually by San Francesco, Francesco esercizi. But there's something more, which is, we had 20 years in the last century in which everything that was not Italian was not really cool. So silicosis, Italian obviously. And so during fascism, the party decided to create another holiday which replaced basically Santa Claus. And there was lucky final lab if China was already some sort of tradition, but it became more institutionalized. It was actually called a big fan of fascist, Fascist funnel. Now that is obviously completely lost. Actually not many people know this story. I actually looked it up a while ago because other countries don't celebrate it. And I was very surprised. And Australia give Ola colonoscopy or flies on a broom or broomstick. Puerto dolce and carries, brings sweets, candies, carbonic, call I verbi Incoativi of Vibrio Walmart. So Carnevale. Carnevale in Italian economy Halloween. We dress up for carnival now for Halloween, which we don't care about much. We do now. But when it was a kid, it was not a big thing. Now, it's a big thing because movies used to be that you dress up only for carnival. And some carnivals and very famous in Italy. Alcuni, Carnevale, sooner molto, Lamaze panacea value in Asia. It can evaluate DV RHO in Tuscany. It can evaluate the area in Piedmont. You may have seen those videos off. They have this orange war in which they just smack each other in the face with this huge, with this huge amount of oranges that they will have to throw out anyways. But it's not always the food, but it's pretty, pretty unique if you look at videos, a boy unmarked, so the pre-lab squad, Easter, a path squared man, jama layover over the past squa eastereggs, that for us, our chocolate eggs. So it has nothing to do with something being in a video game or in a movie or anything like that. What are the Pasquale's a chocolate egg with a surprise course are present, usually in yellow and yellow Islam, which is not very common in Italy. We don't like it as much, but it's, when it's eaten. It's usually Eastern, APOE, it pre-modernity, double-bass quality journal, dopamine pathway. So tiny easter inquiry in which food channel A gradient, which we do a barbecue. Barbecue, also using Italian event teaching. A journal delta liberates you on it. So the freedom or Deliberation Day, Age or no inquiry. Chile Mariano, we celebrate laughing. They fascism. In Italian. We celebrate the defeat of the fascist regime or what was left of it. Sadly, it has become over last few years, somewhat political of a holiday where there is a part of Italian politics. It does not like this holiday much anymore. Which is very sad in my opinion, because I'm not gonna get into politics, but I think we should celebrate the day in which the dealership ended. But okay. Premium our job LFS to the laboratory will affect study lavoro, Labor Day, which I know is in a different date in the US, although most, I think most countries we celebrate on May the 1st and Italy is no exception. It will Juno Vesta, the Republican Italia era. Monera Qia. Italy was a monarchy. Phenylalanine, valine, isoleucine, two quanta say, until 1946. Then we had a vote after Second World War. Obviously the king was kind of compromise because you have been with fascists in the vote we chose, or I was not there, but they chose the republic that's celebrated on June the second Julia name Phillipa to disable area, which is the guy who would now be not the king but the prince. And it's, it's kind of popping up every now and again. It came on TV. He made a song, you went to San Marino, which is very famous Italian music festival. Then it disappeared again. So I don't know what's up with him, but that used to be or it was not born obviously older than I am. But that would be the prints if we still add the king, queen, the Agosto, ferric usto, either go store Italia, cue them in August, Italy closest. And nothing is open in big cities. So now it is because tourism, but traditionally speaking, nobody went to work in August, which is a Catholic, I believe, or Christian. And Catholic is the data. Everything is really closed. Everything is closed the whole month, but the 15th, it's really close. Then we have to skip quite awhile and said We don't care about Halloween as much. We do care about the day after though. The premium November 1 Sunday, All Saints, again, Italy Catholic. Therefore, since you're not Catholic, probably not familiar with the concept of saints. But very shortly there are people that Catholic Church that I can thought they were pretty impressive in their life. And so they can omit an example of them so that everybody else could be better like them, so to speak. To know toolbar, the primordial them, vorrei, CBA attribute arrow. The traditionally days in which we go to the graveyard. Cemetery. And that's when we must do it. Prima the chamber. You need CIA loved vein, which I don't know how to translate as matter of fact, but it's basically the month of December waiting for Christmas. We call it a window. And the tradition, although I think it's a German tradition, technically speaking, but calendar, the La Venta, which is that little calendar with a little window for everyday, we open and there is a chocolate or some sweet inside the chamber in macular Dakota mezzi on it will ultrafast. Metallica, the amino Saturday chamber embrasure. So in Milan, we have a decent little jump right before Christmas where we don't go to school for at least two days, if lucky, there is also a weekend clothes, so you can basically maybe skip four or five days work invitation with the Chamber of your maintain italian christmas metallic. In Italian, it's a masculine noun. Just want you to Galilee. So to lambda, we have the gifts under the tree. In Italia. This solid, usually you regarding CIA Pronomi been teaching, we open gifts on 25th, not only 24th. And I really want to stress this. Even if you're not christian in Italy, you make gifts for Christmas. I know how it is in other countries, but you have to understand that in countries like Italy, religion is so important traditionally that even if you don't care, you still know this stuff and you're still not celebrate, but still have Christmas event inside the chamber. Santos Stefano, stefano Santo and Martin, I believe is a martyr, is going to need chamber. Multimodal, unknown. Last day of the year. In Italian, the Soggetto, multimodal Latino. Man Jamil, willing to, you can atone model. Now that's a bit simplistic. But we eat lentils, lentils and good luck, and specifically their money. In Italy, lentils going to make money. We're and Tumblr is the Italian name of Bingo, which is a very commonly played game on New Year's Eve. These are older vacations, holidays that we have. Hopefully you enjoyed this class again, a bit more of Italian culture. Assuming the next one? 53. Il Condizionale Presente: Turn Yammer, grammatical. Let's Return. Let's go back to grammar. There are two tenses that I've liked to slip into this course. Condizionale Conditional and it Futuro the future. And I usually talk about them at the same time. Perche sono molto, simile. They are very similar, will find that they basically look the same. Condizionale. Traduce. I would be in English. We saw already vorrei, we know already the word for ray. We even saw song. If I didn't forget. Vorrei means adult like where I want, more specifically, Volere is to want a raise. I would want. So in general, for example, if you want to say, I would think in English, that is the conditional when there is a word. The example I have here is I would sing, I would think is cantering, now, Conditional as well as the future. In English, they are three words. I would sing or I will say Future. Both Italian R2 words. You can tell a conditional and we will see in a second, you can Dare all the future. This is important because sometimes when people try to do the future, they tried to put two words, but it's only one. You can tell for the future. You can tray for a conditional. This is very used in a few different ways. The Conditional I'm saying, first of all, in if clauses. So if I could, I would, we will use it a lot. And if clauses, we will need some subjunctive for that, which comes later. But they're very common. Now, if clauses in any language, one of the most, I think one of the most common clauses they will ever use. Also, we can use the conditional, as we saw with vorrei to soften some sort of request. Here we have the three conjugations, we have Avere and we have essere and Condizionale. If Futuro sono molto, molto fashion. Why is that? Well, a few reasons. Number one, they're very consistent. If you look at the conjugations very quickly, you will see there very few differences. So usually we know the first conjugations way, Socrates another way and so forth. No, here, everything is kinda the same. Second, we have very few irregular verbs. You will see that even essere Avere, regular, whenever B is irregular, essere stacked good irregular. It's going to be irregular in a very consistent way. It's going to keep the same route, same beginning for the whole conjugation. So if a verbs irregular this yesterday, if you know you, the whole thing. So in Italian, That's luxury. Usually irregular verbs or mess here, the very, very simple, I would say, let's look at cantata first conjugation. First of all, together, you can today to content St. Louis can knowing containing, void can touristic. Laura, can, you can barrow. Usually the issue with the Conditional words are long, but besides that, first, it's very simple, I would say. So. How do we do it? Just look at it. You take cantata, you take out, then you add suffix. And what does it mean? Catalase, I would sing can Teiresias, You would sing, he or she would sing and so forth. So what you will find is that Conditional and future as well. In a second, we'll see close to the end yet they have these air, so air can't. Or if it's dormir fits. Third conjugations going to be E, E, a, D. So this means two things. Number one, you can know it fits a future or Conditional from that. So if you hear it, it should be there. Number two, you're going to confuse the future and the conditional. But the good news is just very simple to conjugate because the ending is the same. And again, I'm just going to quickly look at the mirror, which is the one that is slightly different. Your door to door near St. Louis dormi read Plurale door, bell. Let's look at Avere arrays. Very interesting because what happens for a vorrei is extremely common. So Avere to have is you Avere. That's irregular. Technically speaking, that's irregular because it should be your Avere, right? That's why you would expect. But he's not afraid. But then if you look at the rest of the conjugation, it works exactly as you would expect to St. Louis, like no void. Laura Bell. Again, if you know the ill, the whole thing. And what happens here that a dropping is an extremely common phenomenon for verbs of the second conjugation. So for example, over potere is not your potere. A is you portray dovere is not dovere. It's dovere. The data to see is not VDJ, it's the DRE, it's very common phenomenon. But again, all these verbs, if you know the IO, the whole conditional, and the whole future, because on top of that row is going to be the, I will have the future to off to have. So this is why I'm saying it's good to study these two TNC at the same time. And they're going to be confusing because you will learn what verbs are irregular and how they are. Just learned. A eel that I would be or the I will be. And then the whole condition and the whole future, because they are the same, it's going to be the same suffix. Some verbs are gonna be slightly more irregular. We have an example here that we're essere, which we know is always going to be the word kit. Your survey is I would be. But then again, is just what you would expect to satisfy St. Louis. Sorry. No, sorry, void Saturday, stay. Sorry, petal. Again, these tend to be long words, but conjugation is very straightforward. So we said this before. Try to get used to how long our should be. Because that's going to be the mistake that you're going to make. Most often if you're like my students, where they say something like Loro can barrow instead of dairy battle because they drop something. That's very common. So get used to how long the word should feel. If you take a short verb, such as Avere, how long should it sound? Better? For example, knowing Avere more, Avere, Stare. Now if it's a longer verb, for example, let's take a weird one, trasporto era, right? Trasporto basement something. You can see it. It doesn't matter what the meaning is. How should the truss burrito for before the conditional try to do it? Laura, thoracic body lay Barrow. It's almost a tongue twister, but it's the same idea. Get used to how long it is. And then the conjugation is, it's very straightforward 54. Vocabolario: il corpo umano: Video demo a0 corpo umano. Let's see the human body. Liberally, the corpo umano sono strand. There. They're strange. They're weird in a lot of languages. If you think about it in English, it's one tooth, two, T, one food to feed. That makes no sense. It's not. It should be 1 ft to foot. And that's the case in most languages for whatever reason. When, when, when it comes to body parts, the language just breaks and weird things start to happen. It's always an exception. So obviously Italian having masculine and feminine, that kind of makes it even weird. And we will see that what happens if, for example, in some situations is that the singular is going to be masculine and the plural is going to be feminine. So here are a few of the most important words. There are many more, but I don't want to stop this. So let's just look at them. We can look at the face, the person. La fracture, the phase will see an asset. We can start from Laurie Q, the year and lay the years. The plural is feminine, although the cingular was masculine, I guess the singular has both masculine and feminine form, or a cure rate here. Although rate Q, in my opinion, is much more commonly used. So Q, singular, one, lyric key, Plurale, the years. It can be hair. And in Italian it's plural. In English it's singer SAP. Here. In Italian, we can actually count them. Capello is one here. Like a throwback to own copyright law. I found a hair single here, whereas the plural is just a bunch of them. So in English is not English. His hair is singular, which is very confusing for anybody who's not native English speaker. By the way, that we have, lock you up. The I and II are key is the plural, which is normal. We just drop the 0. We don't add a second. I wish I told you. Usually we don't do. Then we know that L apostrophe in the singular, the article becomes league in the plural. We have seen why a little while ago. In nozzle. The nose, La Boca is the mouth. And then the tooth. Italian dentin is actually regular because it's dente. It then T, which is the normal way. Masculine name ending in a makes the plural, it's fine. It then eventually just like Ilkhanate County, not weird in English, a set way. Then again, la fascia is the phase. We can say a0 Pacto, which is the chest. Insight better is not here, but everybody knows it. The heart and colori in Italian Spells with a C note with a queue. It's maybe one day we'll talk about C and Q. C and Q are confusing in Italian because they're used in weird ways. And you may have seen the word aqua, which is water. Why do I CQ you and not Q, and see that there is no rule. It's just we do whatever we please. And if you do it wrong, It's wrong. Equivalent with C. So lab manual, the hand and lay, money, the hands. So this is a feminine noun and it stays feminine, la mano, lemony. But the ending is very weird because mono looks like a masculine word. In the singular. Model, as we don't know any the plural as with a night using the manner in the money, which is what you think a lot Mono Lake money, again, body parts with weird things happen. All Languages. Sample is ill. Bradshaw, which is VR. But the plural is going to be a feminine word. Lynne Bradshaw, ill. Bradshaw, Russia. So Bradshaw, low, for example, breccia. And if you say a0 brushy, by the way, the word exists. But it's not anymore a body part. Brushy in the plural is, for example, in construction, the arm of the machine is not libre. Can you use usually use a singular? Use the plural, referring to the arms of construction, machinery. La gamba, lag, ligand but the plural normal. And then LPA that the foot BAD FIT. In this case again, regular, normal. We've seen examples of this, such as nouns ending with a singular will usually end with a0 in the plural, then the EPA 55. Il Futuro: Time to look at the Future. And again, hopefully you looked at the conditional because it will heavily referred to that class here. Because the future is very similar to the Conditional, just like the Conditional conjugations, or almost the same, except that in the third conjugation, a becomes an E. Can Darrow a, little a, but during middle. That's the only difference. But besides that, conjugations are all the same. Words are very long. Verbs get lung in the future, just like if the conditional and the IO, everything. And again the suffix. So the first part, what doesn't change or whichever is the same in Conditional and in the future. So for example, we saw that you Sarai means I would be. We will see that your sorrow means I will be. So that's where it gets a bit confusing thing that I told you ready? And this means that very sound, very similar. So the verb can tell that we saw that you can delay was, I would sing. You can Darrow is I will sing. Just like today. I would say can tell you, I will sing. It's one word data. You can tell you that translates. I will say the will does not, we don't hear it. It's just part of the conjugation, conjugated verbs. Besides that, the only thing that I would add is that this is simple, tends to spot. Because first of all, as we said, there's going to be er or IR, close to the end of the word door. Nero can Darrow, lecture or sorrow, so forth. Second, because in the IO and Louis or like, we have a parabola trunk and a word that has the accent on the very last syllable, which for verbs is very unusual. So C 0 with an accent or an egg with an accent, you can basically know it's Future. If it's a verb, it's Future because I cannot think of any other tense that could ever do that. Maybe some irregular verb, but uncommon, very uncommon. So besides that, I recommend you look at them side-by-side, Conditional and Future. I will read cantor or cantata just for the sake of it, but just look at them side-by-side. So you can tell you, I will sing too, can deny. Louis Ole, can data. Can Dare aim. Voice, can Diretti, Loro, can they run? If we make the comparison with the Conditional, I will just read them side-by-side. Can the array, can, you can Dare AST, can derive, Can, can. So far, so good because they're quite different. But look now, can delay, can be able to, EMS is a conditional, 1M is a Future. No other difference. Can touristic can delete it. There's an S, It's a conditional if there is no S is Future. And that can teddy bear, you can. And that's quite different. So when I told you, you will confuse sometimes Future I Conditional. That's what I meant. Practice this because it's very beginning. I told you, you just need the present tense. Past tense. Speak Italian, which is true. We learned that present the and the Passato Prossimo, present and past tense. And then we started learning a few additional things. And here are some more tenses. Conditional in Future. Feature is very useful to talk about the future because you can say Doumani Verbo, tomorrow I go. But if you say the money and it's also much better, it's just correct. It's the way supposed to be. If you say the money, Andrei tomorrow would go, you're implying that something might happen or might have happened that will not make you go. There might be an F, the money Andres, say, tomorrow we'll go. If. So, what we're doing here by learning these more advanced tenses, we're talking about verbs, but any other grammar, we're helping you to speak better to give more shades of meaning to whatever you say, which I think is amazing. If you learn present and past. In other words, you can speak Italian. But if you start learning these tenses is going to sound much nicer. And believe me, the future and the Conditional Future is more important than the condition that my opinion, I don't know why I usually do the Conditional first, but they're the same as said. The future is very commonly used by Italian. Need to spot it. And using the future's going to become very common for you because anytime we talking about the future, this is tense. You're going to use Doumani fat, all the money, camera I Doumani variable, something like that. Very common. So practice this. Be sure you understand. Let's get this done 56. Il Verbo Andare: In variable and die present. You've added to by Riva, Noachian DMO Boolean data, Laurel van, irregular. We saw that already. I told you way back when that the Bourbon data is weird in the way it behaves. In English. The more I go to Utah and I go to Salt Lake City. Italian, we don't say the same thing. We say verbo in Utah over the Salt Lake City. So here we're going to look at a few of those differences and Stare rule, there might be three Prepositions following. And that we now know what a preposition is. These three Prepositions are usually going to be done. With done. That can be used in two ways. The easy way, the one we already know Andare Damiano Arab to go from Milan to row and that it does Italia. It start, you need to go from Italy to the United States. So that means from, however, there is another use for data. And that's quite different. And that's very common, which is when it's a person or a sharp. So if you want to say I'm going to or I go to Marco's house, for example. Verbo, casa deep Marco. But you could say verbo Marco. And that nothing has not done Marco, Luca, from market to learn demark, that means I go to Marco's or sharp. So I go to the dentist, but don't panic. I go to the baker and so forth. So this is very common. You will hear a lot and it can be confusing because again, it's the opposite of what you would expect it to be. I go in I go there, but it sounds like I go from there. So Marco is nice. I'm going Marcos and not leaving. That. We mostly use it for cities. Again. Milano, varietal, aroma, viaggio, New York, Verbo, New Orleans. That alone Dre, wherever you want to go. But also some additional places you're married. I got to see verbo logo. I got to the lake. Now all of them because we say Montagnier and then doing good. Nala Montagnier. Because if you see by the Nala Montagnier, what I hear is like you're going to recite the mountain. So in this case we use a simple Prepositions in Nala. Because otherwise you just bleacher like go into Moriah. It's like we loaded the brain or something. And we also use it in some specific constructions. For example, for food. That is umami. Umami is to go bad or followed by verbs value accordingly. And that according to go running, volatile, fatty, to go doing. So. When you go to do something to fall by a verb, usually it's going to be. Finally, we have in, we already saw in Montana, that's kind of same idea. We use it for most countries and a bunch of physical places. So we set by the Italian Navy start unity in the United States. You can also say Verbo in KSR, to go to church. And it's kind of weird. It's not very common. It's I mean, it's correct, but it's not many buildings where you see in usually you don't go inside the building to a building in Italian. So Verbo super Mercado. I got to the supermarket. But Italian distance we saw is also used in Piazza. I go in the church. I don't know why. We say, for example, casa, casa home in most languages has some weird rules because it's home. So it behaves differently. And we saw in the past, it also can express the mean of transportation. So vital in McKinnon, in BCCI, in Barca, and we thought up PAD of foods. So why am I showing you this, this kind of to tell you that it can be followed by a bunch of different Prepositions. The meaning or sometimes very confusing because they crisscross that it can be from coming to that it is used for some buildings, but usually it's another app or you could sell that into this kind of to show you. This is not to show you all the possible situations. If you're curious, there are better links to do this. I don't think it's useful at this point, but just to kinda tell you, when you see the verb and data, when you read it, when you hear it, tried to focus. What are they saying after Andare I to go to a specific place? What are they using? Kind of get used to different Prepositions flowing and data and kind of understand their meaning. Because the same preposition can be two completely different things. That being the core example 57. Vocabolario: alcuni posti: We chair owner list down the parallel, the posti, list of places and volume whose RA, Andare conquest the posti, I want to use a dotted with some of these places because I think is pretty interesting. Verbo, Andare in Costello, one that a stellar, both acceptable bar. Bar in Italian can be the, the pub, like the bar. But usually we call bar a place where you can have breakfast to most of our bars. If you ever been to easily know. We'll do three things. Make coffee, sell cigarettes, and make drinks, like cocktails. So for us that's about, that's what we expect from a bar. It's not a pub specifically, but it kind of doing all of those things. So I'll bar, Ristorante, get Andare, restaurant it. Each interconvert chalet, Andare, altri interconvert challenge the commercial center, the mole lab planetarium. Andare. I would say in bacteria. Or I love monetary Aldo in sounds better at Mellon thinking because that sounds better. But you could also say that panic. If Punnett area is Bakery, the place there were bred is make planetaries. The person that makes the bread. Panic theory is very common by the way, that area for the place pretty sharp and the year for the person. Same for Llama chin area. Another image, Illyria, one that much in line. You much in Lydia been butchery, much lighter, been super Mercado, Andare, super Mercado. Libre pork to I report to. That word is usually confusing for English speakers. The airport and that Ally robot. Lubanga, with a bank, which is femminile Italian, not masculine as many other languages. So Andare in bank, generally, less Kuala, the school and squalor. You can say squalor, but the common phrases Andare, squalor, commentary, casa la speedily, the hospital Andare speedily. And loony, versatile, the university. And that Universitat. We have seen finally, casa church. In casa 58. Il Comparativo: Video demo a0, Comparativo molto Dylan. Very useful. Little, little subject. You Comparativo is pre-made la, relax you on a truck, causing it expresses a spray. Marry the relationship. And let's see you on it. Between two things, between two items. So to people, we have four kinds, but this is the same in English. So when I make examples, it's gonna be easy. Comparativo D major answer. In Glaser, my advice is better than yours. My sister is taller than my mom. So more tall. And Italiana, we don't have taller. We have more tall. So sorry, I La D Mia Mamma. Simple. As in English, for a few words. Better, worse. We don't say more good. We say better, as in English would say it's more good. I mean, I guess you could buy it sounds weird. Writes it better. You can see pure water is technically not a mistake. I wanted to just make it to where it's similar to English. So meteoric, better. At meteoric. What you see here, very simple structure is the verb. Usually, although it could be up, could be fat, it could be any other verb. Then PW, which means more than whatever adjective, Alta, *****, so forth we're comparing. And then D or D plus whatever articles. So for example, we know that before the name of family members, we usually the news article, so we say yes or no, no, no. Whereas in any other situation we will have an articles. So they to reason, they la porta of the door, example, whatever there is, but whatever false. Comparativo, the answer, one. My sister is less than my mom may know. Alta, the minimum meno meno instead of Pill. So the same, my rise is worse than yours, can become ill Muriel, a big jewelry. Dare to get worse is not good. Bit giorni, we can say marijuana, but pick giorni foia, be able Comparativo a relatable in English, my sister is the tallest in the room or the most tall. Comparative relative. Tallest or most. Resemble. The last stanza. Quality, different. Say, what differences do you see between this and the very first one we saw mature answer. The only big difference that we have is the article. Say, yes. I expect you to give me a second element, pi D V key plot at the moment. But there's something missing. If I say yes or la la piu, she's the most tall. So in this case, I put in the last stanza. But if I'm talking about, for example, the best driver in the world, I could just say in your plot. Let's say, I need to say anything else I could say in the world than Mondo. But in general that la, la CPU Alta as opposed to PUR, makes it to where it's the most tall and not the, and not just more tool for Borno. Again, different. My rise is the best in the room, which means nothing but okay, in murals or a meteorite. The last answer is the same as it was for the comparison before. But we add that articles in your urine than what you're is why? It's the best. The sentence can stop there. Finally, a0 comparative or a solute to my sister is very tall. Very tall. I'm not comparing her to anything. I'm just saying she's very tall. We're sorry, lie more to alta. Molto means very or anti-stigma. And we'll find that very often in Italian. We want to say something is very tall, for example, or not very tall, a little tall, super tall. We can change the adjective a little bit, and that is simple. A CMA is semi. Depending on whatever the noun is, is a very common thing you will find. So grand bag, you could say molto Grundy. We say can this symbol, this schema, this CMYK and disomy, Paris, MPO, la Mia man yet grandes Sima, my t-shirt is very big deal because my whereas if you want to use molto, molto can be replaced with different things such as the Velcro. Really simple. Remember that that molto is not an adjective here is being used as an adverb, so it is not changing under number mole to mole to mole to mole 2.4. We have my rest is very good. Great. In your optimum. To bone or bone is simple. This case, everything works. Molto Bono, one is simple, optimum. Mars is very bad. In your ** molto. Tivo, CATV, simple. This is, I think a very useful thing because it's good to compare different things. It's very simple. It's, I believe, easier than English because we don't do the a few things you do satisfy taller or Tallest, we just say pure metal and I think it just makes it easier. So yeah, well, one more thing, you know? 59. Vocabolario: La politica: Paraphernalia, La politica. They say that you should never talk about politica, culture, religion and politics, football, religion. But we say that you need to live, but I assume most people say that the culture is probably not a thing in the US. So I know, I know what you guys say over there, but you are going to talk about politics because italians love to talk about politics. So we saw no parallely. So La politica, here are some words about politics. You know them, I think you do, but you do e-governance. The government, parliament, parliament camera, a lack camera. They put the house of representative. Every country calls it different, but whatever. It's the lower chamber, Let's say Sonata sent parliament data. Is the congressman, this person sitting in Congress. We have the right last fenestra, the left corpo. This data is the GOP. La Costituzione, as we saw, the Constitution. Democrats, CIA, democracy, Republic, the Republic and lampooned archaea, monarch present PO, Italian Republican. Parliament, die. Italy is a parliamentary republic, which means we, in this video might have to do it again in the future because we're going to change probably subpoints in the next few years, but they want to change it. But Italian system is similar to the Israel system and very other, very few other systems. What we do as citizens is we worked for Congressman and the congressman elect the prime minister. We don't vote for the person we would for the party. The party will pick the government, Prime Minister. And then we have a precedent, which is a figure that is again elected by the parliament, but that has no power. The real power is in the prime minister. It pretty will be nice through precedented, ill-conceived you. Not by pressing the letter publica was just a guy that shakes hands. He has a few little things you can do. The power is the government and not the precedented lipophilic. So we don't vote for, for the precedent. For either precedent. We vote for the Congress, which is pretty unique. Most countries don't work like that, I guess, but it's usually the elections. In seeing the code, the mayor, fiscal is the tax system. Lab Manager answer is the majority. In general or in Congress. And laminar answer would be the minority. Minister. Is the minister. By the way, in ministerial, be the ministry as an institution or as a building. Imperfetto is the party and careful because theta is the match and it's usually going to be like la part into the culture, the football match, soccer match, depending on where. I'm not gonna get it there. La politica, the police, lizard cheeto is the army. Revolted siRNAs. The revolution seemed a CARTO. The union lost data, which is the country. We can also say bias to say the country. And one of the nicknames of Italy for Italian is at least, I don't know if it's a thing that we say a0 bell pays pretty country. But that has to be biased it with a capital P, because Pi is with a small P refers to a small town. So quite a big difference there. La Guerra, the war and la patch, the piece. So if you read Italian news and you should, you must use her about politics because it's news. That's what they talked about. So you're going to find a lot of these words I think you should be, should look into them a little bit. 60. Playlist Italiana!: I have decided to put together this playlist that you can see probably on the screen. The link is going to be somewhere if allowed. Otherwise you should be able to find it. It's public as you can see it on Spotify. I did not do it elsewhere, but I assume most people will know and use Spotify. Playlist is called learning Italian with Marco. Hopefully you're able to find it by looking it up. And I credit this because I wanted to add a little bit of flair to these classes. So it contains a lot of songs and I will be adding or removing probably stuff as I please. But in general, these songs are from the '50s all the way to the recently. I tried to include what I think are the most, two things, most important italian groups or singers, not too hard. So for example, you will not find any rap or trap or anything like that now because I don't like it, which I don't, I mean, I don't care for it, but still, there is very interesting songs. But just because it will be too hard, It's too fast. There is too much slang. There's just too much you do not, you're not going to understand and some of you will have the patients to take a song and really take 2 h to understand what every word means. Most of you want, I wanted to create something that tends to include mostly pretty simple songs. So you'll find all groups and I will read some of them are taught to try 83, very, very famous group from the '90s. Catchy, but they're texts, they're not too hard. Donald, super famous after including you have Nina, you have mutual Battista, one of the best Italian singers in history. Most of these songs, as we know, are going to be a lot songs because love songs are easier. We have here, for example, vorrei, we know this song already with, we studied song or we haven't, but we will very soon because I don't know where it will put this video. Again, some of these songs, I was corrosive, very, very famous Italian singers. I had to include some of these I, I put in, but you're going to be a bit hard. For example, fabrics it Andrei here. It's probably a bit above your pay grade, but hopefully it's going to be fine. And the idea is just to give you something that you can listen to actively or passively. So you could just decide to play with it. Listen to it, not try to understand anything, but just let it go in the background when you work. Right now it's 8 h, basically works for full day of work. Or you can try and take a song sung by song and try to understand it. Some of them are going to be a lot, a lot easier. I'm going to be a lot harder. So there were more famous of them are less famous. But it is really to show you a little bit of what Italian music is. Italian music. And someone is going to destroy me here. But Italian music, in my opinion, what we have, the good music that we have in Italy is mostly going to be cheesy music. Italian, my opinion does not really work too well for harsher jars. And we have something that is not cheesy music and something here as well. But it's either going to be very puppy or just extremely good lyrics that can make up for language not working well for other juries. In general, this may not be what you enjoy, and in that case, feel free to look up other stuff, other songs. I'm not going to hold it against you as always. But in general, I really think it's good to start being exposed, as we said, to italian culture. What do you not know? What should you add? And by doing that slowly but surely are Italian is going to improve. Some of these songs you will not understand. But some of these you will, and slowly you will, you'll learn more and more. So save this playlist is going to be linked somewhere and listen to it around again. They sent you a few songs, play with it. And let me know, let me know if you like this kind of, this kind of weirder Risorse and I will be happy to create more of this stuff. 61. Conclusione: Welcome to the end of the A1 slash a2 course. Congruent to let see one. Congratulations. You made it. Now. You've done something that I think is quite remarkable in terms of grammar that you now hopefully and ideally know what you know so far is enough to speak. I believe at this point it's really important to slow down and make sure you can use. The thing is that, you know so far, some topics are going to be harder to put into practice. Pronouns, for example, you may be a little bit confused about how to use them. Practice them. So kinda understand what your weaknesses are. Play with them, practice them, go back, play the classes again, they're there. At this point, it's really important that you try to practice, practice, practice. Try to read as much as you can. Try to listen as much as you can. Use the words, things you know so far makes sure your learning new words we Duolingo every day. So really try to cement what we know so far before you go on and progress to learning new grammar. Because as we know, as we progress, the grammar will learn is harder and less useful. So we got to know what we know before we know stuff that we don't know. Anyways, if you're interested in continuing with me, I do have a B1, B2 course to check it out. The link is going to be somewhere if allowed by the platform. Otherwise it's not. But if you want to continue with me, I do have a more advanced course. My recommendation though is take your time, make sure you understand everything. And then later on when you're ready, take on new topics and new grammar. Good at seemingly, thanks a lot for being here. I really hope you enjoyed this course. Please, if you have feedback, suggestions, things you want to share with me, tell me because there's our I brought this for you and for everybody else. Thanks a lot. And I will see use a presto