Transcripts
1. 0. Introduction: My name is Mark and
I have been teaching online for a few years, right? You have a couple of courses
here and there about Italian and one of the
most discussed topics, one of the things that
people asked me the most about are verbs. How do we make Italian verbs? How do we put words together
in a way that is meaningful? How do we avoid having to learn billion different
conjugations and tenses and modes and
auxiliaries and participles. How do we make it easier? Now, in this course, you will not learn
to speak Italian. If you want to learn
to speak Italian, go check out my other courses. In this course, you will learn a few basic ideas
that will allow you to easily conjugate
Italian verbs, will explain to you how
you study Italian verb. To speak a language. Somewhat recently you need
about 2 thousand words, which means probably about 300 verbs, something like that. In this course, I will
teach you a 100 verbs, the 100 most commonly used, most important verbs in Italian. And we will see how
learning a 100 verbs, we actually explain to you
how to conjugate a news. Probably another 100 easily
because we combine them. If you learn one you learned to, it's kind of a
discount situation. So if you want to learn
how to use Italian verbs, long story, short, check out this course is
going to be quick, it's going to be fast, but
it's going to hopefully teach you how to
study Italian verbs, how to practice them.
2. 1. Resources and material: What resources are
you going to need? Well, first and
foremost, there's gonna be three resources. Number one is gonna be the
slides and the course. The slides basically
follow what I see in the course, some differences. I put some more
stuff on screen and sometimes I change
the slides that I put on screen because
they would not fit with my face
when it's there. But generally speaking,
the slides will tell you the basic grammar of the tensors and things were
going to be looking at. So number one, the slides. Number two, the verb list. This is something that
put a lot of time into, and I have not found
something that is similar to this with a similar
kind of pattern. And this, this is
very important. I will explain how you study
a verb, but as you can see, you can see the 100
most important verbs with some indications of, for example, whether verb
is regular or irregular. Everything that
we'll find your red or with a little star, if you are printing this
in black and white, is going to be irregular. So you can obviously print this out and it will tell you
the infinitive form, which we will see is the way we define verbs in Italian is
by the infinitive form. We will see the
English translation. We will see the present tense, specifically the first-person,
so i or IO in Italian. And then we will see
the past participle, which is a tense that we will
see we use for putting up, for creating the simplest type of paths that we
have in Italian. And then we're going
to find the auxiliary, which is used again for pasts and other
composite tensors. Think I have gone in English
very similar to that. And finally, verbs that are made up with this verb
that we're studying. So again, sometimes you can only be studying one
verb and there are other five or ten that behave the same way that
mean different things. So by starting one, you know, five or ten. And finally, we have this website that I
recommend you use. It's called word reference.com. You will find the link
somewhere here in the course. And this is a website that I will put something on screen, allows you to see the way we conjugate verbs in any tense. In Italian, and I think in other languages as
well, but in Italian. And this is very important and you will
need this whenever you're starting a
verb that you do not really know of arteries, irregular verb there,
you're bumping into anyone understand
how it's built. Well, here's the place you
can go and here's the place you can check whenever you practice, whenever you exercise. You can check here to see if
you're doing things right. Whereas what you need,
if you will want to continue learning Italian
and go beyond verbs, there are two more resources
that you can check. The moon is Duolingo, which is a free app. I'm not an affiliate in any
ways, shapes and forms. And this app will
basically teach you basic vocabulary whenever
you learned variable, you also want the vocabulary. And then number two,
if you really want to study a lot more grammar, I recommend you check
out my other courses you can find on the platform because I will be going into a lot more detail about
these other topics.
3. 2. Conjugations: Let's now talk about
conjugations in Italian. Conjugations or a thing that
doesn't exist in English, although we have it in many other Latin
derived languages, such as French and Spanish
to make two examples. And basically what
conjugations are. The reason why we
have them is that verbs belong to the
same conjugations, tend to share similar patterns. So it's something
that helps us to memorize and to speak correctly. So it's, don't see it as something that
makes it more complicated. Seed as without conjugations, Italian verbs would be basically impossible
to study this way, we at least have an idea
based on the infinitive, what conjugation it is. And that kind of makes it
possible to study verbs for Non-Native otherwise would really be completely impossible. Now, conjugations, we have
three, Italian eating. A lot of things to say here. First of all, the first one, my opinion, the most important. A lot of verbs belong to the
first one also the easiest, very few irregular verbs,
the first conjugation. Second conjugation
is the annoying one. Now, the reason, one of the
reasons why it's annoying, that used to be two
conjugations in Latin. That became one conjugation in Italian and most other
languages that are not in. By doing this, basically we are taking two different
things, make it into one. There's gonna be a
lot of exceptions, a lot of weird things happening. One of the weird things that we noticed in the
second conjugation, it's very hard to find a pattern
for the past participle. So basically, if a verb belongs to
the second conjugation, you will not know
its past participle. Then the third conjugation, which is the least important, and we have two verbs
here, the media infinity. Why is that? The reason is that the
regular third conjugation, verbs and even eat it would be fairly straightforward
verb, regular. Door me to be the
past participle, which is regular as well. Everything is good,
but about 70% of the third conjugation
actually behaves differently and funnier,
it would be an example. So these verbs are
called Verbit, TV. I don't want to go
and tell you too much about them, but just FYI, whenever you're studying
third conjugation, whenever a verb
ending in I or II, just have this
thing in your mind, weight, which is it? It could be either, and
both are basically regular. You could say, you could argue
that figure is irregular. I would argue that if
70% of the verbs behave irregularly than the
irregular becomes regular. So it's neither here nor there, but you have to remember both. And it's not too much work, but just FYI, some people usually tell you
what a meter is. Regular, finito is
irregular, not really true. It's actually almost the other way around.
Both irregular. Both are very common, although the third conjugation is the
least common in Italian. So it's usually the one that
will give you at least, the least amount of problems. Second, conjugation
is very common and is the one we're
most irregular verbs. These are the three
conjugations. Again. For now,
it's just notions. In a second, we'll
see how to use this.
4. 3. How to study verbs: the list explained: First things first, how do
we learn an Italian verb? Now, I think that in
English there's a lot of very solid material
about learning verbs and it's kinda
more structured, whereas in Italian there is
not such a clear cut rule. So for kind of to explain
to you guys that we'll learn an English verb as
in English as a second, second language students
is very straightforward. They will tell you
something like okay, go, go, went, gone. So you will learn the
present slash infinitive, same thing in English. You will learn the simple past and you will learn
the past participle. The idea is that with these
three pieces of the verb, you can basically
make the whole thing, put the whole thing together. Any tense, any modes. A few verbs don't
really work like that. Like the verb to
be I am you are, It's not enough
to know who I am. But for basically
every other verb in the English language, these three words,
go, went, gone, are enough to know how
to work with a verb. Italian is a little bit
more tricky because we have a lot more tenses,
lot more modes. With dechlorinate. The verbs can change a lot. We have plenty of
irregular verbs that behave regularly for part of the verb and
irregularly for the other part. Two, I tried to put together
kind of a similar idea. This is what I recommend you do whenever you want
to learn a verb. First of all, you need
to know the infinitive. The infinitive is the
form that ends in Italian with either eat it, if your exceptions in which
it ends in other ways. But these are the
three possibilities. So for example, for the verb to put meat dairy would
be the infinitive. At this point, what
we want to know is the present simple, the first person, or
the person is simple. This case, you will make two. We'll see more about
this in a second. We'll learn the conjugations,
don't worry, but so far, just to kind of understand
how to remember, we need to know if this is a regular or irregular present. This case. It's regular. Trust me on that. We'll see in a second that
it is, that's regular. So if it's irregular verb, the entire present tense, you don't need to
know anything else. Then we need to know
the past participle. In this case, the
past participle is mys, which is irregular. Although there is a
second conjugation verb, as we will see, cyclic
conjugation, very tricky. Everything changes. We don't
really know what is what, but miss is not the average
normal past participle. So basically miss it
would be very similar to gun in the example that we
did with the verb to go. Same idea. Then what we want to know is
what is the auxiliary verb? And this could either
be elevated or both. We'll see in a second
what that means. We'll see in a second
what auxiliary verbs do and why we use them. But it's a very similar
thing to whenever you do. I have gone in English
that have the same idea. It's an auxiliary verb. In Italian, it could
be two different ones. Don't worry about it for
now, but just remember, in this case, are there. Then the last thing
we want to remember, something that I
think is useful, one to remember which verbs we can make with this
verb that we know. For example, if we know the military will find
other verbs that are made with the verb midday and the conjugate
exactly the same way. So basically by only
learning mitre, learn a handful of other verbs. Examples would be a meter to
admit, committed, to commit. If we know how to conjugate
the verb military, we know how to conjugate all these other verbs and
it will find it very often. This more, longer, more complex forms
also work in English, in English and are
really at the Met. As far as I know, maybe in
Old English it was a thing. But you have to
admit and commit, which in Italian with
the military to put. So these are very
useful because again, basically learning one verb, but you know how to speak. 2345610, different verbs. We completely different
meanings just by knowing that one verb in which verbs you can
build with that one.
5. 4. The present tense: Welcome back, time to learn
our first verbs in Italian. Time to learn the present tense. So what this tense is in English
would be something like, I go, you go, he goes, Not, went not. We'll go just go present. We're doing this today. Or it could be a historical
precedent, doesn't matter, but it's a present tense is
the simple tense in Italian. And the first one
you should learn, because first of all, you should be able to
say stuffy the present and then we'll talk
about future and past. Future. We don't even need
to talk about, but we will. Instead we have for
conjugations in Italian, which is really
three conjugations. Third one being two
different things. So three conjugations, although
we will see for verbs. And these are, this is the way every regular verb belonging to these conjugations
will behave. We will talk about
irregular verbs. Irregular verbs, and we
have seen, for example, we have not seen
it probably, but an example would
be invited to go. We have many and
they can be very, very different and
we'll make the example with that in a second
just for you to understand how different
an irregular verb can be and that is
really different. So that is not your
average irregular verb. Usually the differences
not as big, but it can be very different. Although if you learn this
pattern, these three slash, four patterns, you're able to conjugate each and
every possible verb. There is regular belonging
to any conjugation. So this is a very
powerful tool for you, but you'd be able to conjugate 90% of the verbs in
Italian language. 90% is obviously a
made up statistics, but the majority,
most definitely. We start with the
first conjugation. An example would be, can tie. Again. All these
verbs are regular, so these verbs behave the way they are
supposed to behave. And again, we divide them by conjugation because
as you will see, there are a few differences
between conjugations. Therefore, it's easier to
memorize the conjugation. Instead of memorizing each and every verb that
we want to learn, It's just simpler to know,
okay, it's first conjugation. It's regular. I know it already because
they know cantata. So I know these
other purposes well. My Jada, for example, if you know how to conjugate
the conjugate majority. So let's first of all go
through the conjugation. And I think as an
English or translate each one for the data
and then I will not, but you can't do icing to
continue using we can Hastings, she sings, it sinks.
Know it can piano. We're seeing, we can data. You've seen a little
cantonal, they sink. So a few things to notice here. How do we put this together? We take the infinitive cantata, we chop off the
last three letters, what we call the conjugation. What the ending tells us what the conjugation is.
We live them out. Then we add for each person
a letter or more letters. Now, this is a bit
more annoying than in English because you have
to remember more stuff. But it makes it easier
for us to speak. Because in English
you can not say sing and not say whose sins. You need to say,
I sing, you sing. You totally don't
need to do that. Because if you say canto,
it can only be you. So there's no doubt about
we're talking about, even though you don't say the pronoun, the
subject pronoun. So pro's and con's. There. Something else you
can notice is that the third person
plural, they sing. The stress, the
accent of the world is moved one to the left, and that's the case for
each and every verb. Again, can do, can, can, can, piano, and data. Canton, not cantonal. Can dunno. Very common mistake here. We can look at the
second conjugation. An example would be
the verb mit denen. I've heard that we
have already seen. And we'll start like this. You'll meet to make, we make the animal will
emit data, load omit tonal. Again, make to make tea. The Alamo data. Mcdonald's. Double t can be a little
bit tricky to pronounce for an English speaker is not the place to teach you
how to pronounce stuff, but if you have a hard time
seeing it, don't worry. It's very common, especially
in Spanish speakers. Actually, my experience, they have the hardest
time pronouncing double letters in
Italian because we really make it strong and they
do really make it strong. And Spanish, whenever
it's a double letter, which is pretty rare
in Spanish anyways. So again, we see that there
are a few differences between data in midday. And I will point them out on the screen proudly
if I remember, but Look at them, just compare them and see what
the differences are. And understand why we split them by conjugation
when we study them. Because now you
know that man Jada, he eats is going
to be read manga. Remind you because
it's very conjugation. And another verb that is regular in the
second conjugation. We'll end it E or a, depending on whether you
say in English or Italian, in the form Louis lay. Then we can look at
your daughter Mom. Too dark for me, without me knowing that I'm
Yammer, we don't meet it. Again. Dorman, not Mono. Mono. I will be repeating
that a few times because it's a very
common mistake. Again, you can see a few
differences, but very, very few. Second, third,
conjugation look very, very similar in this form. This form motto of the
third conjugation. And it's very common to
make this kind of mistake. For example, to try and say, Boy affinity as
opposed to, well, if you need it, because one
only memorizes the second, usually the third is the
one that you memorize the least is the least common. So it's the one that
you will forget if you don't practice,
although do practice. But then the third
conjugation we saw that we also have verbs such as finito. Verbs that we said in
Italian we call inquire TV, which I don't even know. First of all, this not even
the actual name we call them. Buddy is not the proper
way to call them. And obviously I have no idea
how to translate that in English for very
obvious reasons. And in this case, here's how it works for
verbs like finito, again, about 70%, 60, 70% of the third conjugation. You'll finish. To
finish. We finish. Know if in Yammer, lot of Finnish scholar,
What's going on here? You will find that
for E0 to Louis lay. And then for loro, we add three letters. I see everything
else stays the same, believe it or not, compare them. Then the S, C sounds behave differently based
on what follows it. Followed by a, o,
u, it's scared. Scope, sorry, Scott,
Scott school. If followed by an I or e, it's a short sound as if
it was SH in English. So she share. So that's the reason why
it sounds different, but besides that, it's
the same exact thing. Except for NOI envoy where
we actually conjugate it. Normally. You cannot
say you're female. You cannot say you dormi scope. You can not mix them up there. Just if you tell me your phenol, I literally don't
understand what you mean. You tell me Eudora Misko, I will probably
understand what you mean. It doesn't sound very
fun if you say that. So to wrap it up, present tense is the
most important tense in any language. In Italian, we have three Ashley for conjugations
that we need to remember. These are the regular verbs. Basically, if a verb is regular, it will always
behave the same way. And this is why
you want to learn. Whenever you learn a
verb or the infinitive, to note which
conjugation of Urbis, the present tense,
at least the first person to know whether
it's regular or not. And to know whether
it's regular or not. Because sometimes
maybe the first person who is regular,
the second isn't, although that's
fairly uncommon with CFU example of irregular verbs, so that you understand what
irregular verbs look like.
6. 5. Auxiliary verbs: Essere and avere: Just like we did before, let's look at the present
tense of the verb, acidic. And let's start with a very, which in my opinion is
it's just more common. It's something you
will need to use more. Now, these two verts, let me make this very clear. These two are the most
important verbs. In Italian. You cannot think about going ahead and learning new verbs and learning
new tendencies. If you're not a 100% positive that you get this verb
completely right. First attempt,
without even trying. These two verbs are simply the most important
verbs in Italian language. So you need to remember them. You need to know them
very well to proceed. Let's look at them. So you are too, I know you have the Alamo. Don't align. We see something
very interesting. First of all, do you remember
the verbs superior that we looked at a little
bit a while ago? Positivity a second. And if you have it
written down somewhere, go and look at the
verbs are better, you will find something
very interesting. And what you will find
is that this verb behaves very similarly
to the verbs appearing. Now, we also see that just like forever separate E0 to
Louis, lay and loro. So I he, she and they look
very similar among themselves. They all add an H
at the beginning. And they all look like
they are a shoulder verb, something like RA, right? With an H, HAART,
which is not a verb, but they look like they are regular present
tense of the verb. So keep that in mind
that it's going to be very helpful
whenever you study. And by the way, the
reason why we put this H, the H in Italian, either flows a C or a G. In which case we use it
to do a different sound. Or the only reason
you will find an age, especially before
we don't read it. So it's not hot. It's just like if the
age was not there. The only reason
is because these, all these words without an
H means something else. Then we see that the noise
envoy look very alike. And they look more like they're the actual present
tense over again, we'll see, we'll
talk about how often no young boy in irregular verbs tend to be less irregular. Then we can look at the verb. Past participant
would be startled. Nox here would be SLA. Yes, the auxiliary
verb of S is S a. Surprisingly, perhaps
in English it's not. If you think about it, you
say, I have been in Italy, would say something
like I am being, which makes no sense in English, but it
makes sense to us. So the verb, etc, again, irregular in the
very best seller, whenever you look at verbs, is always going to be
the weirdest of all. So here the pattern, I'm going to try and
show you a pattern, but it's gonna be
very hard to say. We know ECMO voice
yet. Lot of soil. So if you compare
these two verbs, obviously as Sarah is
weirder than a very, even though irregular, you
can kind of see some logic. In SLA, all the logic is gone and what remains
is just memorizing. You have to memorize this verb. Again, try to see a few things. Something important to notice
is that the Louis lay. This is what we call
an Italian or Spanish. They call it in English. You don't really have this, but I guess it's either
accent or stress. And this is, in this case, not used to show
how we read a word. But this similar way with
the h in the verb is just to differentiate this from
the word without the accent, which means n. Again, these two verbs are
extremely important. They are irregular.
Especially the verb is very irregular. But you really need to study and to be positive
that you remember. And then you can use them
before you can proceed. If you do not remember, if you're not fluent
with the verb, etc, in the very start,
keep practicing. These two verbs are absolutely critical to be able
to do anything else. Among the other things
that are critical for doing is the proximal, which is the path that
we're about to see.
7. 6. Irregular verbs: So let's talk a little bit about irregular verbs
because it's a topic that scares a lot of people learning Italian and
many other languages. And sometimes it's not clear
what your irregular means. So very generally speaking, an irregular verb is
a verb that is not behaving the way
we've seen so far, the way that we know. And this happens for
a variety of reasons, but that's not
really the reason. This is not really
the place where we're going to study that. So the point of
irregular verbs is that you are going
to have to learn them because there
is no way around it. Often they don't really
show a lot of pattern. It's hard to understand how
they're going to behave. But we can see a little, a few things that can help us in learning irregular verbs. First of all, verbs can be very regular or can be
a little bit irregular. That's not very scientific
obviously as a classification, but some verbs, an
example would be the verb and daddy behave in a
way there is very weird. I think the verb
SRE team to verb, they change completely and that kind of makes it really
hard to learn them. Or other verbs maybe are
technically irregular, but they're just irregular
because they are adding a single letter. For example, in the present
tense, the verb Quaternary, which is one of the
ways in which we see Tim Cook is
technically irregular, but it's really
just adding an eye. And he's doing that
for a reason because otherwise would not
sound the right way. So it's irregular, but it's a different kind of irregular. So whenever we study
irregular verbs, we need to understand
how irregular they are and how
they are irregular. So maybe the present
tense is regular, but the past participle is not. Example midday. Again. On top of that, there are
some patterns that we can see that we will see where
often the first, second, third person singular
and a third person plural. So I, you, he, she, it, and they are irregular, whereas we and you all, you plural, tend to be more regular and tend
to be more similar. So let's look if we see
some pattern like that in the regular verb because
that's going to make it a lot easier to understand. So let's look at two
verbs that are irregular, and let's see how
that plays out. Let's try to study
them as we've done. Let's take the verb
potato, potato, past participle, potato,
which is, as we said, somewhat regular because
it's the most common, are one of the most common forms in the second conjugation. And the auxiliary verb
will be available. So how is the present
tense your post? So, why do we pull potassium? Voi potato? Little person? Here, we don't really
see much of a pattern. It kind of looks like NO is
very different from boy. So in this case,
the variable is, I would say completely
very regular. Hard to find a pattern. Basically you have to learn it. And at the same time you can see how the double S happens often. So it's something that
you can keep in mind. In this verb, you are going to be somewhat the
way it should be. For example, potato
looks fairly normal. Or there's gonna be a
double S coming out or everything is gonna
go away, like employ. In this case, it's a
completely irregular verb. We can also look at another verb that is fairly irregular, which is the verb is kind
of a problematic one. Theorem because it
used to be longer, whichever way a
syllable in Italian as opposed to what
it was in Latin. So that's why we're looking. You'll fracture two Phi. We found no effect. Shamil, voi fatty. Lot of fun. Now, in this case again, kind of somewhat
similar to potato. You can see here as well. Sometimes it's Fetch
syntax. It's just far. Again, due to the fact that
the verb has to be longer, we shrank it, whatever
doesn't matter. But as you can see, you look at a verb like this. You have to remember, there is no way you can understand how it's
going to behave. I said there are verbs
that are easier to read. But in this case, for example, we took two verbs that
are fairly weird looking. You just have to remember them, you just have
to learn them. But again, try to find
these similarities. Try to find all the
IO is similar to the two is similar to the Louis or annoying voice or similar. Try to look for this kind of similarities and try to group verbs in groups that
don't make sense to you. And I can tell you this
group behaves the same way, but it's something that I think you need to
see for yourself. Whenever you see
an irregular verb, try to think which
other verbs that are irregular behave in a way
that is similar to this. And sometimes you
will find that it behaves the same way
as another verb. Sometimes you will not find
anything similar to that, but just be on the lookout
for how a verb is regular.
8. 7. How to study a verb: Okay, so we saw the waste, which is really the 100 verbs is what I want to be entire
course to gravitate around. And how do we actually use
this list to study a verb? So let's look at a random verb from the
list, the verb superior. So the purpose of
pyramids to know specifically to know something. It's not as much to know a person which
would be tertiary, but to no effect. So for example, your Sakurai, I know what time it is. Simple example but it works. So how do we go about starting a verb that we have never seen? A firm that is
irregular in this fact, as you will see, how
do I go about it? So as set a recommend, you study writing
with your own hands, which I'm doing on a
screen for obvious reason, it would be very hard
for me to actually film myself writing
on a piece of paper, but you get the idea. So how do we do this? What we need is separate. We eat, what we eat, what it means in
English, which is two, no, I'm not gonna write it here, but we know it means to know, sorry about the
little pond here. We want to know the past
participle, which is support. Now, we will see superiors
second conjugation. This is fairly regular. We'll see, we'll see about that. Then we need to know what the auxiliary is, these variables, most verbs in Italian
uses a very as a, as an auxiliary, which we'll see in a second how
we use this information. But let's write it down
because it's important. So then what we want
to know from the list, we can see that what the
first-person singular, so the IO in Italian
or I in English is, so how do I say, I know? In Italian? We say your soul. And we can immediately see
that this is weird looking. This is not the way
it's supposed to be. We just started with the
regular conjugation is, this verb is irregular. How do we go about it? Well, in this case, what I recommend you do
first and foremost is take a pencil and try to write the whole verb
tray with what you know. To write down the whole verb. You will warn. Warning, you will make
a mistake or two, or three, or five, because you do not know
how this fire behaves, but try to use your logic and kind of understand
how this could work. Because you get some of it
right, some of it wrong. So when the verb is irregular, we will see with the
purpose of better, especially what often happens is it's going back and forth
between two different forms. We'll see in this case
something very interesting. So let's look into
our word reference. So first of all, again,
try to write it down. And when you did, you
can pause this video. And when you do, let's look into what reference, how it works. Let me to look into
what reference so I can just write it down,
but just to show you, it will show here which are the subjects of the
persons are irregular. This is very useful because you will see that not all of them. Our irregular. Sometimes. In this case we see
something interesting. So you saw two psi Louisa. Interesting. Okay, So these three persons
are obviously irregular. They almost look like
these were from the verb, sorry, which doesn't exist. But you see what I mean? Like, you see that
the pattern that we saw before kind of works here just for a
different verb, almost. Then we go into the NOI
sub piano, the WP here. Voi loro son. Here again, we see
something very interesting. Loro works the same way
as E0 to Louis slash lay. It looks like the same verb. And then we see that the
NOI and devoid behave differently and behave very
similarly in this case, the noise, the second P, which is not there in the voice. So just, you have to use a little bit of
your imagination to see, but you can definitely see
out the noise and boy are very similar and everything
else is very similar, but they look very different. So you will see that
when you study a verb, in this case an irregular verb, what you find is that the verb
is going to have patterns, is going to have ways which
behaves that makes sense. Look for these patterns. Now, cover your piece of paper and try to write it down
again with what you remember. You maybe we'll
get it 100% right. You may be, it will not, but try and do this
over and over again. And you will not just
write down over once. Write down verbs that
are annoying to you every single day because
that's how you learn. Let's now look into a
verb that is regular. Let's look at the verb again. Second conjugation. Let's try to write down again the verb midterm,
which is different. We started before,
which we know from before in the present
tense is regular. So let's write down
again, make today. Remember the past
participle missed. So we want to write the past participle
every single time, and it's a very good habit. You're building here.
Then with the auxiliary, which is a very, once again, like the majority
of verbs you make, would be the first-person. And again, try to stop it and
try to do it by yourself. And I'm gonna be here
waiting for you to make the Louis Les voy loro McDonald. So again, in this case
metric is regular, so a whole lot
easier to do this. But you can see how it's
basically the same idea, right? You can see how even the verb separate, which is irregular. So you'll never seen
this before, probably, maybe you have, but you have
no idea about this verb. So look at the verb
separate and kind of see what is weird about it, what, what it means.
It's irregular. Whenever you see a verb that is highlighted in red in the list, just know that irregular
means nothing. Irregular just means that if you write down what you know, if you're trying
to conjugate it, you started, It's
not going to work, but it made me because one
person adds one letter. Or it may be because it's
completely different. So whenever verbs irregular, and you're going
through your list, studying whatever
12 verbs at A3, versa, whatever you're doing. Verb is irregular. Try to write it down. Okay. Then later you'd go and check in war reference or
any other website and understand what
you got wrong. And what you got wrong is
where the verb is irregular.
9. 8. The past participle: Tend to look at another very important little
particle in Italian, which is the party cheap you, pasado in English,
past participle. Again, if we take
the way we learn verbs in English,
go, went, gone. Gone is the past participle. The first question
is, how do we use that past participle in English? Well, the most common
application I would argue, is to use that word, that tense, that mode, technically as a way to build
other verbs, other tenses. For example, most
common, I would argue, is to create something like
I have gone right yesterday. I have gone where I went to kinda create more complex
composite tensors. Also, we could use it
as a standalone word. Say something like Gone are
the times, blah, blah, blah. But that's far less common
and definitely easier. So not a problem is the same
exact thing in Italian, we use the participle has started to make
composite tenses. For example, there is
a very similar one to the I have gone, which is the cytoplasm, which we'll see in a second. But we can also use it
as a standalone word. We could do something very similar to what we
did an English. Gone are the days with
something like that. Or in Germany, or
affinity is on a journey. Very similarly,
but in this case, we'll learn it to really create more complex verbs structures. And we've seen that in Italian we have
three conjugations. And as in English, it's possible that
the past participle is regular or irregular. And if it's regular, it's very easy to make if it's
irregular me to learn it. So that's why I say, whenever we study
that little list of things for each verb, the past participle is one
of the most important, one of the most critical things. So, how do we create
the past participle? So if the verb is regular
for a first conjugation, we take out the last
three letters as always, and then we add a, T, O. For example. Cantata is regular
in the past participle. So it becomes can tattle, right? So saying would be Can data. So it's sunk. Pretty, pretty complex when in English they're
sung would be conducted. I have sung, you're all cantata. We'll see that in a
second. Don't go anywhere. Third conjugation, yes,
I'm skipping a second. Exactly the same thing. Take out i e, i t, o, middle, I have slept
your daughter meet. Again being regular. The second conjugation
is a mess, as we said in one of
the issues that we have is very commonly the past participle looks
very, very funky. For example, midday, which
is a fairly regular verb. The present densities of k. Some parts of it, the dura mater is
going to be irregular, but you're never
going to study that. Please don't. But the past participle
looks very weird. Missile. Where does the
S come from? No idea. I would say that
the regular form for the second conjugation, or the one that we see most often is not as
you would expect, a toe ETO, but it's
auto, my opinion. For example, the
variance becomes the Bhutto separates
a Bhutto vulnerable. And A2 is not really common
in the past participle. So I would say if you
want to know what the regular form
would be, is Bhutto. But it's a verb is the second
conjugation and begin era. You have to learn
the past participle. You have to memorize it. And very often it's gonna be different from
what you expected. Hence, why you should always know what the
past participle is. The past participle in
Italian, as in English, is one word will
see in a second, we might need to
designate gender number. Don't worry about that so
far, but it's one word. It's not anymore. Yield to Louis is just one word. Gone. It doesn't change. If it's eye view, it's gone, it's unnatural. The case of undoubtedly will see now how to use it
to create our past.
10. 9. The past: Passato prossimo (1): Here we are time to learn
the pasado prosumer, which is arguably
the most common, tends to learn Italian. Most common paths learn Italian and most definitely the easiest. So I'm from the North of Italy. In the north of Italy, this path is the one that
we use for everything. There are not that there's
another past imperfection we sort of use, but it's more specific
to some situations. This is the best that we use. If you go to a southern
city, for example, to Naples or to Sicily, you will find increasingly
more actually, they do it more. As you go south. You will find that, you will
find they use another path, which is called pasado motto, which is more similar to
the English Simple past. I do not recommend
that you learn these other past potato, tomato. It is not commonly used
in many cities in Italy. And most importantly for you
as a learner, it's a lot, a lot harder, I would argue, is one of the hardest
tenses in Italian. Probably hand-in-hand
with the subjunctive. But potato, tomato, probably as more instances of
irregular verbs. Don't learn it,
learned this one. Then if you get
really good Lord, the other one too,
but learn this one. So how do we do this? First of all, this is very
reminiscent of the English. I have gone, I have eaten. So as in English, it's a composite tense. It has two words,
but the subject, i, then the verb have in English, or has he or she, or it. Then finally, the
past participle, or we know basically
all of them. So let's go and try
to put it together. So the first thing that we need to know is
that in Italian, we have two possible
auxiliaries. In English. I would say always, we use half. So I have eaten, I have gone, I have slept, I have drank, I have sung half. In Italian. It's not quite that simple. There's an added
layer of complexity. Some verbs, most firms will use a
better, It's an auxiliary. For example, the verbs
that we have here, we have studied so far, your art can tattle
to have your missile, to have your daughter
mean to have. But a small minority of verbs will actually
use as setting to be. An even smaller minority of verbs will use both
or actually either, depending on the actual
meaning in that situation. How would you learn this? My opinion is, just remember on the list you will
find what the auxiliary is. I recommend you only remember which verbs use the verb, etc. As an auxiliary, since
it's a minority, or can use it as an auxiliary. Again, it's a lot more verbs use the verb to have
as an auxiliary. An example of a verb using
to be as setting is on that. You don't see your data. You say you sono and data, which has a few more issues. But you cannot say your own data as just a plain grammar mistake. It sounds, it sounds wrong. Don't say it. How do you recognize verbs
that behave this way? And I've set it as
an auxiliary verb. There is not really
a clear-cut rule. Again, I point out of
the 100 verbs list. I pointed out which, which verbs behave this way. But generally speaking,
if a verb refers to movement change, evolution. Something will vary
with things changing. I empirically observed
that very often this variable will have
SLA as an auxiliary. So for example, you sort of can be after I have
changed your salon data, I have gone, you're
sort of Shinto. I have gone out you
soon in try to, I have gotten in and so forth. So if the verb involves
some movement, either in space or metaphorical, maybe you need to
use the verb asset, at least the check. And some verbs can use both. Why is this important? Because, as in English, if you use the verb S is an auxiliary with a verb that uses, you make it into a passive. So think about it. What is the difference
between saying, I have eaten? And I M Eaton? Essay, the first
case you are eating. The second case you
are being eaten. Someone else's eating, you write the same works in Italian. Your almond gelato. I have eaten your
Solomon gelato. I M Eaton. So if you use it as an auxiliary verb
that once it's a mistake, if you use as, set it as an auxiliary verb that once
a vector, it's a passive. It's not a growing mistake,
but it's kind of the opposite than you wanted to say. Or in some cases it's actually
going to be a mistake, but very often it's actually
going to be just a passive. Some, for, some verbs
don't allow you to make passive
forms, as in English. Let's not get lost in that. Anyways. So you need
to know the auxiliary, which is why it's in the list. Again, if it's a very abnormal, if it's aesthetic or both, remember that and if it's both, understand which is different because it might
be very important.
11. 10. The past: Passato prossimo (2): So how do we use this? Let's go through the
conjugation of any verb at all. For example, let's take the
verb, the verb cantata. How do we make the subtle
process in the past? Such as, such as in, I have sung or I saying,
you are cantata, do I can tomato, tomato, tomato. Voi loro. Cantata. Conducted
doesn't change. It's always the same. The
only thing we need to change is a better or do ciliary
verb in this case. It's a very simple tends to learn because as long
as you remember a very acidic and as long as
you know the past participle, you can make a tense
or past tense, which is the easiest way to
make a past tense in Italian, the other way would be to
learn depository model, which would be to learn a
lot of irregular verbs. And let's not do that. And how do we do instead? If it's a verb using
S as an auxiliary, such as data, how do
you say I have gone? Well in this case,
it's a little bit more complex, but not much. So for word in Italian, we do not have
inclusive language. It's starting to happen,
although it's not. We don't really do it
in grammar, let's say. So you kinda need to learn both and kinda use
the right one. Which I know is simply
some people who might see this as not very
politically correct. Language is changing
all the time. There's a little bit behind
compared to Spanish, for example, in that matter. We'll get there, We'll
get there, give us time. So the way we do
it is very simple. Again, we take the subject IO, which a set we can
avoid to express. Then we take the variable,
the aesthetic verb, sono, then we take the past
participle, and that'll data. If I am, if I recognize
myself as a man, as a male, I would
say just one on data. Otherwise, your salon data, there is no neutral neutral slash neutral
version, inclusive. There isn't. As far as I know, some people
are trying to use them. You know, some people are
trying to use the EE. It's not quite
happening just yet. We'll find, will find that
we will figure it out. Again. Same goes for two to
say and data to send data Louis and data
layer and data. Then we go into the pleural
and into the pleura. We need to change
the number as well. On top of the, of
the, of the gender. Honor is one dotted feminine. Voice it and RT, masculine,
feminine or masculine. Lot of Solon data, feminine. And in this case, if we have a group
of people that is mixed male and female, or if you want to just
use the general plural, we just use the
masculine form and RT. So again, this is the
simplest way you can use a past tense in Italian,
it is very simple. You just need to remember
the Assyrian and Nevada, and you need to remember the past participle of the
verbs that you want to use. So again, by remembering
the auxiliary, by remembering the
past participle, you can already use easily
as a past tense in Italian.
12. 11. Looking beyond: The future: So we've seen how to
study verbs in the present and in the
past tense in Italian. And the question you
might have is, well, I know that there is a lot
more tenses in Italian. So how do I apply this same
idea to another tense? And here, this is something that you don't really need to speak, basically telling the future. You could just say,
use the present tense and say in tomorrow. For example, you could
say Doumani Vada Almere, as opposed to the money under Almere translation with the first one would
be tomorrow, right? Go to the beach. And the second one tomorrow
I will go to the beach. The future is not
necessary to understand what you're talking about the future because say tomorrow. But anyways, just to kinda show you a little bit
of how we do it. So let's say that we
want to learn the verb. For example, we've started
this verb already. And what we want to do
is, well, first of all, we know the future will have different endings which
will lead to memorize. But let's look at the
voltmeter, for example. And let's see what the first
person of the voltmeter is. You make taro very good. And that looks regular
because again, if we know the ending
of the future, which we don't, but I
tell you it's regular. We can then safely
assume that maybe the whole verb is
going to behave like other verbs
in the infinitive. And matter of fact, it does. So again, midday,
that's participant meso auxiliary, your omega. So would be our
past, our proximal. And here's the future. You may throw to meet. We met Tara. Limit the Rameau. We make the rated
load omit the run. No matter of fact, in Italian, whenever you hear
these air in a verb, this added syllable, you often
is going to be a future. Obviously, we don't
care about the future, but we see in the midterm, Let's look at an irregular
verb and understand how this works for the future
for other tenses. So, for example, a
verb, etc, right? How do I say I will be? So as soon as we know,
Past participle, startup, auxiliary,
essay, your sorrow. Okay? So we see something
irregular here. If you want to do a little
bit of an exercise, try based on these ill to
imagine what the rest will be. And I'm telling you a
little something here. For the future tense. Usually, if a verb is irregular, It's always irregular,
consistently the same way. This is not a 100% of the times, but it's a fair
assumption when you see an irregular future that the whole verb is going to
be regular the same way. So try to do the
verb in the future. Okay, So hopefully you
paused the video and try it yourself to survive Lewis era. Noise or aim. Voice-activated. Lot of Saran. So again, as you see these two verbs, I chose both words, verbs from the second
conjugation, by the way, just because the future, like the present, things
change between conjugations. So I wanted you to have
something kind of similar. So you could actually
see the difference. In this case, as you can
see, it's the same idea. If you know what the regular
endings are for each person, for a specific conjugation. And you know whether verb
is regular or irregular. Well, if the verb is regular, like metallic, you can
already put it all together. If it's irregular, like
you need to look into it. But in the case of the future, often is going to be
irregular, consistently. And again, the very best seller is usually one of
the most annoying, if not the most annoying in the Italian language they
want to change is the most. So if it works with acidic, you can be pretty sure
it's going to work with basically everything else. Matter-of-fact, the future. Irregular verbs in the
future are very simple, as long as you remember IO. So the first-person
in the future, you know the entire verb. So let's say you, you
have your list and you want to improve
on your list. You want to add the
future. Very good. So what you need to
do is very simple. Just write down the eo form,
the first-person singular. So the I form for each
of the virtual learning. And based on that, and based on your
understanding that you will be studying of the
endings of the future, you'll be able to conjugate
correctly the future as well. And you now know how to practice
and how to go about it.