How to Study Italian Verbs: Learn the 100 most important Italian Verbs | Marco Luzi | Skillshare

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How to Study Italian Verbs: Learn the 100 most important Italian Verbs

teacher avatar Marco Luzi, Start learning Italian today!

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Taught by industry leaders & working professionals
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Watch this class and thousands more

Get unlimited access to every class
Taught by industry leaders & working professionals
Topics include illustration, design, photography, and more

Lessons in This Class

    • 1.

      0. Introduction

      1:32

    • 2.

      1. Resources and material

      3:11

    • 3.

      2. Conjugations

      3:25

    • 4.

      3. How to study verbs: the list explained

      4:24

    • 5.

      4. The present tense

      9:03

    • 6.

      5. Auxiliary verbs: Essere and avere

      4:57

    • 7.

      6. Irregular verbs

      5:19

    • 8.

      7. How to study a verb

      7:24

    • 9.

      8. The past participle

      4:50

    • 10.

      9. The past: Passato prossimo (1)

      5:57

    • 11.

      10. The past: Passato prossimo (2)

      3:39

    • 12.

      11. Looking beyond: The future

      4:51

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About This Class

How do you learn Italian verbs?

Italian grammar can be scary, and especially verbs. It seems that there are thousands of tenses, across different conjugations -and, obviously, irregular verbs. What is the best way to study Italian verbs?

It is actually not that hard. In this course, I want to show you the method that I developed teaching Italian one-to-one for four years, and that I use myself to study other languages. And a pdf with the 100 most important and used verbs in Italian.

What will you learn?

  • The method I consider best to study Italian verbs in a structured and efficient way
  • How to build and use present and past tense of the most important 100 verbs in Italian
  • A blueprint to expand to new tenses and verbs

Why should I take this course?

This course is aimed at those who have recently started to study Italian, and would like to have a better and deeper understanding about how Italian verbs work.

Italian grammar can be tricky, I know. And verbs are quite a bit harder than in English. However, the Italian language has a very important feature: it is structured. If you understand how something works, you know it.

The point of this course is to get you started with the most important 100 verbs (plus quite a bit more that you can know without studying them). But I want you to do this minimizing the time requested to do it. That requires learning a straightforward way to figure out the structure: how verbs work.

What you get with the course

  1. A PDF with the 100 most important Italian verbs
  2. A guide for studying these 100 verbs (and any other verb)
  3. The knowledge required to conjugate any verb in the present and past tense

Sounds interesting? Sign up for the class and make your Italian learning quicker and simpler!

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Marco Luzi

Start learning Italian today!

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Transcripts

1. 0. Introduction: My name is Mark and I have been teaching online for a few years, right? You have a couple of courses here and there about Italian and one of the most discussed topics, one of the things that people asked me the most about are verbs. How do we make Italian verbs? How do we put words together in a way that is meaningful? How do we avoid having to learn billion different conjugations and tenses and modes and auxiliaries and participles. How do we make it easier? Now, in this course, you will not learn to speak Italian. If you want to learn to speak Italian, go check out my other courses. In this course, you will learn a few basic ideas that will allow you to easily conjugate Italian verbs, will explain to you how you study Italian verb. To speak a language. Somewhat recently you need about 2 thousand words, which means probably about 300 verbs, something like that. In this course, I will teach you a 100 verbs, the 100 most commonly used, most important verbs in Italian. And we will see how learning a 100 verbs, we actually explain to you how to conjugate a news. Probably another 100 easily because we combine them. If you learn one you learned to, it's kind of a discount situation. So if you want to learn how to use Italian verbs, long story, short, check out this course is going to be quick, it's going to be fast, but it's going to hopefully teach you how to study Italian verbs, how to practice them. 2. 1. Resources and material: What resources are you going to need? Well, first and foremost, there's gonna be three resources. Number one is gonna be the slides and the course. The slides basically follow what I see in the course, some differences. I put some more stuff on screen and sometimes I change the slides that I put on screen because they would not fit with my face when it's there. But generally speaking, the slides will tell you the basic grammar of the tensors and things were going to be looking at. So number one, the slides. Number two, the verb list. This is something that put a lot of time into, and I have not found something that is similar to this with a similar kind of pattern. And this, this is very important. I will explain how you study a verb, but as you can see, you can see the 100 most important verbs with some indications of, for example, whether verb is regular or irregular. Everything that we'll find your red or with a little star, if you are printing this in black and white, is going to be irregular. So you can obviously print this out and it will tell you the infinitive form, which we will see is the way we define verbs in Italian is by the infinitive form. We will see the English translation. We will see the present tense, specifically the first-person, so i or IO in Italian. And then we will see the past participle, which is a tense that we will see we use for putting up, for creating the simplest type of paths that we have in Italian. And then we're going to find the auxiliary, which is used again for pasts and other composite tensors. Think I have gone in English very similar to that. And finally, verbs that are made up with this verb that we're studying. So again, sometimes you can only be studying one verb and there are other five or ten that behave the same way that mean different things. So by starting one, you know, five or ten. And finally, we have this website that I recommend you use. It's called word reference.com. You will find the link somewhere here in the course. And this is a website that I will put something on screen, allows you to see the way we conjugate verbs in any tense. In Italian, and I think in other languages as well, but in Italian. And this is very important and you will need this whenever you're starting a verb that you do not really know of arteries, irregular verb there, you're bumping into anyone understand how it's built. Well, here's the place you can go and here's the place you can check whenever you practice, whenever you exercise. You can check here to see if you're doing things right. Whereas what you need, if you will want to continue learning Italian and go beyond verbs, there are two more resources that you can check. The moon is Duolingo, which is a free app. I'm not an affiliate in any ways, shapes and forms. And this app will basically teach you basic vocabulary whenever you learned variable, you also want the vocabulary. And then number two, if you really want to study a lot more grammar, I recommend you check out my other courses you can find on the platform because I will be going into a lot more detail about these other topics. 3. 2. Conjugations: Let's now talk about conjugations in Italian. Conjugations or a thing that doesn't exist in English, although we have it in many other Latin derived languages, such as French and Spanish to make two examples. And basically what conjugations are. The reason why we have them is that verbs belong to the same conjugations, tend to share similar patterns. So it's something that helps us to memorize and to speak correctly. So it's, don't see it as something that makes it more complicated. Seed as without conjugations, Italian verbs would be basically impossible to study this way, we at least have an idea based on the infinitive, what conjugation it is. And that kind of makes it possible to study verbs for Non-Native otherwise would really be completely impossible. Now, conjugations, we have three, Italian eating. A lot of things to say here. First of all, the first one, my opinion, the most important. A lot of verbs belong to the first one also the easiest, very few irregular verbs, the first conjugation. Second conjugation is the annoying one. Now, the reason, one of the reasons why it's annoying, that used to be two conjugations in Latin. That became one conjugation in Italian and most other languages that are not in. By doing this, basically we are taking two different things, make it into one. There's gonna be a lot of exceptions, a lot of weird things happening. One of the weird things that we noticed in the second conjugation, it's very hard to find a pattern for the past participle. So basically, if a verb belongs to the second conjugation, you will not know its past participle. Then the third conjugation, which is the least important, and we have two verbs here, the media infinity. Why is that? The reason is that the regular third conjugation, verbs and even eat it would be fairly straightforward verb, regular. Door me to be the past participle, which is regular as well. Everything is good, but about 70% of the third conjugation actually behaves differently and funnier, it would be an example. So these verbs are called Verbit, TV. I don't want to go and tell you too much about them, but just FYI, whenever you're studying third conjugation, whenever a verb ending in I or II, just have this thing in your mind, weight, which is it? It could be either, and both are basically regular. You could say, you could argue that figure is irregular. I would argue that if 70% of the verbs behave irregularly than the irregular becomes regular. So it's neither here nor there, but you have to remember both. And it's not too much work, but just FYI, some people usually tell you what a meter is. Regular, finito is irregular, not really true. It's actually almost the other way around. Both irregular. Both are very common, although the third conjugation is the least common in Italian. So it's usually the one that will give you at least, the least amount of problems. Second, conjugation is very common and is the one we're most irregular verbs. These are the three conjugations. Again. For now, it's just notions. In a second, we'll see how to use this. 4. 3. How to study verbs: the list explained: First things first, how do we learn an Italian verb? Now, I think that in English there's a lot of very solid material about learning verbs and it's kinda more structured, whereas in Italian there is not such a clear cut rule. So for kind of to explain to you guys that we'll learn an English verb as in English as a second, second language students is very straightforward. They will tell you something like okay, go, go, went, gone. So you will learn the present slash infinitive, same thing in English. You will learn the simple past and you will learn the past participle. The idea is that with these three pieces of the verb, you can basically make the whole thing, put the whole thing together. Any tense, any modes. A few verbs don't really work like that. Like the verb to be I am you are, It's not enough to know who I am. But for basically every other verb in the English language, these three words, go, went, gone, are enough to know how to work with a verb. Italian is a little bit more tricky because we have a lot more tenses, lot more modes. With dechlorinate. The verbs can change a lot. We have plenty of irregular verbs that behave regularly for part of the verb and irregularly for the other part. Two, I tried to put together kind of a similar idea. This is what I recommend you do whenever you want to learn a verb. First of all, you need to know the infinitive. The infinitive is the form that ends in Italian with either eat it, if your exceptions in which it ends in other ways. But these are the three possibilities. So for example, for the verb to put meat dairy would be the infinitive. At this point, what we want to know is the present simple, the first person, or the person is simple. This case, you will make two. We'll see more about this in a second. We'll learn the conjugations, don't worry, but so far, just to kind of understand how to remember, we need to know if this is a regular or irregular present. This case. It's regular. Trust me on that. We'll see in a second that it is, that's regular. So if it's irregular verb, the entire present tense, you don't need to know anything else. Then we need to know the past participle. In this case, the past participle is mys, which is irregular. Although there is a second conjugation verb, as we will see, cyclic conjugation, very tricky. Everything changes. We don't really know what is what, but miss is not the average normal past participle. So basically miss it would be very similar to gun in the example that we did with the verb to go. Same idea. Then what we want to know is what is the auxiliary verb? And this could either be elevated or both. We'll see in a second what that means. We'll see in a second what auxiliary verbs do and why we use them. But it's a very similar thing to whenever you do. I have gone in English that have the same idea. It's an auxiliary verb. In Italian, it could be two different ones. Don't worry about it for now, but just remember, in this case, are there. Then the last thing we want to remember, something that I think is useful, one to remember which verbs we can make with this verb that we know. For example, if we know the military will find other verbs that are made with the verb midday and the conjugate exactly the same way. So basically by only learning mitre, learn a handful of other verbs. Examples would be a meter to admit, committed, to commit. If we know how to conjugate the verb military, we know how to conjugate all these other verbs and it will find it very often. This more, longer, more complex forms also work in English, in English and are really at the Met. As far as I know, maybe in Old English it was a thing. But you have to admit and commit, which in Italian with the military to put. So these are very useful because again, basically learning one verb, but you know how to speak. 2345610, different verbs. We completely different meanings just by knowing that one verb in which verbs you can build with that one. 5. 4. The present tense: Welcome back, time to learn our first verbs in Italian. Time to learn the present tense. So what this tense is in English would be something like, I go, you go, he goes, Not, went not. We'll go just go present. We're doing this today. Or it could be a historical precedent, doesn't matter, but it's a present tense is the simple tense in Italian. And the first one you should learn, because first of all, you should be able to say stuffy the present and then we'll talk about future and past. Future. We don't even need to talk about, but we will. Instead we have for conjugations in Italian, which is really three conjugations. Third one being two different things. So three conjugations, although we will see for verbs. And these are, this is the way every regular verb belonging to these conjugations will behave. We will talk about irregular verbs. Irregular verbs, and we have seen, for example, we have not seen it probably, but an example would be invited to go. We have many and they can be very, very different and we'll make the example with that in a second just for you to understand how different an irregular verb can be and that is really different. So that is not your average irregular verb. Usually the differences not as big, but it can be very different. Although if you learn this pattern, these three slash, four patterns, you're able to conjugate each and every possible verb. There is regular belonging to any conjugation. So this is a very powerful tool for you, but you'd be able to conjugate 90% of the verbs in Italian language. 90% is obviously a made up statistics, but the majority, most definitely. We start with the first conjugation. An example would be, can tie. Again. All these verbs are regular, so these verbs behave the way they are supposed to behave. And again, we divide them by conjugation because as you will see, there are a few differences between conjugations. Therefore, it's easier to memorize the conjugation. Instead of memorizing each and every verb that we want to learn, It's just simpler to know, okay, it's first conjugation. It's regular. I know it already because they know cantata. So I know these other purposes well. My Jada, for example, if you know how to conjugate the conjugate majority. So let's first of all go through the conjugation. And I think as an English or translate each one for the data and then I will not, but you can't do icing to continue using we can Hastings, she sings, it sinks. Know it can piano. We're seeing, we can data. You've seen a little cantonal, they sink. So a few things to notice here. How do we put this together? We take the infinitive cantata, we chop off the last three letters, what we call the conjugation. What the ending tells us what the conjugation is. We live them out. Then we add for each person a letter or more letters. Now, this is a bit more annoying than in English because you have to remember more stuff. But it makes it easier for us to speak. Because in English you can not say sing and not say whose sins. You need to say, I sing, you sing. You totally don't need to do that. Because if you say canto, it can only be you. So there's no doubt about we're talking about, even though you don't say the pronoun, the subject pronoun. So pro's and con's. There. Something else you can notice is that the third person plural, they sing. The stress, the accent of the world is moved one to the left, and that's the case for each and every verb. Again, can do, can, can, can, piano, and data. Canton, not cantonal. Can dunno. Very common mistake here. We can look at the second conjugation. An example would be the verb mit denen. I've heard that we have already seen. And we'll start like this. You'll meet to make, we make the animal will emit data, load omit tonal. Again, make to make tea. The Alamo data. Mcdonald's. Double t can be a little bit tricky to pronounce for an English speaker is not the place to teach you how to pronounce stuff, but if you have a hard time seeing it, don't worry. It's very common, especially in Spanish speakers. Actually, my experience, they have the hardest time pronouncing double letters in Italian because we really make it strong and they do really make it strong. And Spanish, whenever it's a double letter, which is pretty rare in Spanish anyways. So again, we see that there are a few differences between data in midday. And I will point them out on the screen proudly if I remember, but Look at them, just compare them and see what the differences are. And understand why we split them by conjugation when we study them. Because now you know that man Jada, he eats is going to be read manga. Remind you because it's very conjugation. And another verb that is regular in the second conjugation. We'll end it E or a, depending on whether you say in English or Italian, in the form Louis lay. Then we can look at your daughter Mom. Too dark for me, without me knowing that I'm Yammer, we don't meet it. Again. Dorman, not Mono. Mono. I will be repeating that a few times because it's a very common mistake. Again, you can see a few differences, but very, very few. Second, third, conjugation look very, very similar in this form. This form motto of the third conjugation. And it's very common to make this kind of mistake. For example, to try and say, Boy affinity as opposed to, well, if you need it, because one only memorizes the second, usually the third is the one that you memorize the least is the least common. So it's the one that you will forget if you don't practice, although do practice. But then the third conjugation we saw that we also have verbs such as finito. Verbs that we said in Italian we call inquire TV, which I don't even know. First of all, this not even the actual name we call them. Buddy is not the proper way to call them. And obviously I have no idea how to translate that in English for very obvious reasons. And in this case, here's how it works for verbs like finito, again, about 70%, 60, 70% of the third conjugation. You'll finish. To finish. We finish. Know if in Yammer, lot of Finnish scholar, What's going on here? You will find that for E0 to Louis lay. And then for loro, we add three letters. I see everything else stays the same, believe it or not, compare them. Then the S, C sounds behave differently based on what follows it. Followed by a, o, u, it's scared. Scope, sorry, Scott, Scott school. If followed by an I or e, it's a short sound as if it was SH in English. So she share. So that's the reason why it sounds different, but besides that, it's the same exact thing. Except for NOI envoy where we actually conjugate it. Normally. You cannot say you're female. You cannot say you dormi scope. You can not mix them up there. Just if you tell me your phenol, I literally don't understand what you mean. You tell me Eudora Misko, I will probably understand what you mean. It doesn't sound very fun if you say that. So to wrap it up, present tense is the most important tense in any language. In Italian, we have three Ashley for conjugations that we need to remember. These are the regular verbs. Basically, if a verb is regular, it will always behave the same way. And this is why you want to learn. Whenever you learn a verb or the infinitive, to note which conjugation of Urbis, the present tense, at least the first person to know whether it's regular or not. And to know whether it's regular or not. Because sometimes maybe the first person who is regular, the second isn't, although that's fairly uncommon with CFU example of irregular verbs, so that you understand what irregular verbs look like. 6. 5. Auxiliary verbs: Essere and avere: Just like we did before, let's look at the present tense of the verb, acidic. And let's start with a very, which in my opinion is it's just more common. It's something you will need to use more. Now, these two verts, let me make this very clear. These two are the most important verbs. In Italian. You cannot think about going ahead and learning new verbs and learning new tendencies. If you're not a 100% positive that you get this verb completely right. First attempt, without even trying. These two verbs are simply the most important verbs in Italian language. So you need to remember them. You need to know them very well to proceed. Let's look at them. So you are too, I know you have the Alamo. Don't align. We see something very interesting. First of all, do you remember the verbs superior that we looked at a little bit a while ago? Positivity a second. And if you have it written down somewhere, go and look at the verbs are better, you will find something very interesting. And what you will find is that this verb behaves very similarly to the verbs appearing. Now, we also see that just like forever separate E0 to Louis, lay and loro. So I he, she and they look very similar among themselves. They all add an H at the beginning. And they all look like they are a shoulder verb, something like RA, right? With an H, HAART, which is not a verb, but they look like they are regular present tense of the verb. So keep that in mind that it's going to be very helpful whenever you study. And by the way, the reason why we put this H, the H in Italian, either flows a C or a G. In which case we use it to do a different sound. Or the only reason you will find an age, especially before we don't read it. So it's not hot. It's just like if the age was not there. The only reason is because these, all these words without an H means something else. Then we see that the noise envoy look very alike. And they look more like they're the actual present tense over again, we'll see, we'll talk about how often no young boy in irregular verbs tend to be less irregular. Then we can look at the verb. Past participant would be startled. Nox here would be SLA. Yes, the auxiliary verb of S is S a. Surprisingly, perhaps in English it's not. If you think about it, you say, I have been in Italy, would say something like I am being, which makes no sense in English, but it makes sense to us. So the verb, etc, again, irregular in the very best seller, whenever you look at verbs, is always going to be the weirdest of all. So here the pattern, I'm going to try and show you a pattern, but it's gonna be very hard to say. We know ECMO voice yet. Lot of soil. So if you compare these two verbs, obviously as Sarah is weirder than a very, even though irregular, you can kind of see some logic. In SLA, all the logic is gone and what remains is just memorizing. You have to memorize this verb. Again, try to see a few things. Something important to notice is that the Louis lay. This is what we call an Italian or Spanish. They call it in English. You don't really have this, but I guess it's either accent or stress. And this is, in this case, not used to show how we read a word. But this similar way with the h in the verb is just to differentiate this from the word without the accent, which means n. Again, these two verbs are extremely important. They are irregular. Especially the verb is very irregular. But you really need to study and to be positive that you remember. And then you can use them before you can proceed. If you do not remember, if you're not fluent with the verb, etc, in the very start, keep practicing. These two verbs are absolutely critical to be able to do anything else. Among the other things that are critical for doing is the proximal, which is the path that we're about to see. 7. 6. Irregular verbs: So let's talk a little bit about irregular verbs because it's a topic that scares a lot of people learning Italian and many other languages. And sometimes it's not clear what your irregular means. So very generally speaking, an irregular verb is a verb that is not behaving the way we've seen so far, the way that we know. And this happens for a variety of reasons, but that's not really the reason. This is not really the place where we're going to study that. So the point of irregular verbs is that you are going to have to learn them because there is no way around it. Often they don't really show a lot of pattern. It's hard to understand how they're going to behave. But we can see a little, a few things that can help us in learning irregular verbs. First of all, verbs can be very regular or can be a little bit irregular. That's not very scientific obviously as a classification, but some verbs, an example would be the verb and daddy behave in a way there is very weird. I think the verb SRE team to verb, they change completely and that kind of makes it really hard to learn them. Or other verbs maybe are technically irregular, but they're just irregular because they are adding a single letter. For example, in the present tense, the verb Quaternary, which is one of the ways in which we see Tim Cook is technically irregular, but it's really just adding an eye. And he's doing that for a reason because otherwise would not sound the right way. So it's irregular, but it's a different kind of irregular. So whenever we study irregular verbs, we need to understand how irregular they are and how they are irregular. So maybe the present tense is regular, but the past participle is not. Example midday. Again. On top of that, there are some patterns that we can see that we will see where often the first, second, third person singular and a third person plural. So I, you, he, she, it, and they are irregular, whereas we and you all, you plural, tend to be more regular and tend to be more similar. So let's look if we see some pattern like that in the regular verb because that's going to make it a lot easier to understand. So let's look at two verbs that are irregular, and let's see how that plays out. Let's try to study them as we've done. Let's take the verb potato, potato, past participle, potato, which is, as we said, somewhat regular because it's the most common, are one of the most common forms in the second conjugation. And the auxiliary verb will be available. So how is the present tense your post? So, why do we pull potassium? Voi potato? Little person? Here, we don't really see much of a pattern. It kind of looks like NO is very different from boy. So in this case, the variable is, I would say completely very regular. Hard to find a pattern. Basically you have to learn it. And at the same time you can see how the double S happens often. So it's something that you can keep in mind. In this verb, you are going to be somewhat the way it should be. For example, potato looks fairly normal. Or there's gonna be a double S coming out or everything is gonna go away, like employ. In this case, it's a completely irregular verb. We can also look at another verb that is fairly irregular, which is the verb is kind of a problematic one. Theorem because it used to be longer, whichever way a syllable in Italian as opposed to what it was in Latin. So that's why we're looking. You'll fracture two Phi. We found no effect. Shamil, voi fatty. Lot of fun. Now, in this case again, kind of somewhat similar to potato. You can see here as well. Sometimes it's Fetch syntax. It's just far. Again, due to the fact that the verb has to be longer, we shrank it, whatever doesn't matter. But as you can see, you look at a verb like this. You have to remember, there is no way you can understand how it's going to behave. I said there are verbs that are easier to read. But in this case, for example, we took two verbs that are fairly weird looking. You just have to remember them, you just have to learn them. But again, try to find these similarities. Try to find all the IO is similar to the two is similar to the Louis or annoying voice or similar. Try to look for this kind of similarities and try to group verbs in groups that don't make sense to you. And I can tell you this group behaves the same way, but it's something that I think you need to see for yourself. Whenever you see an irregular verb, try to think which other verbs that are irregular behave in a way that is similar to this. And sometimes you will find that it behaves the same way as another verb. Sometimes you will not find anything similar to that, but just be on the lookout for how a verb is regular. 8. 7. How to study a verb: Okay, so we saw the waste, which is really the 100 verbs is what I want to be entire course to gravitate around. And how do we actually use this list to study a verb? So let's look at a random verb from the list, the verb superior. So the purpose of pyramids to know specifically to know something. It's not as much to know a person which would be tertiary, but to no effect. So for example, your Sakurai, I know what time it is. Simple example but it works. So how do we go about starting a verb that we have never seen? A firm that is irregular in this fact, as you will see, how do I go about it? So as set a recommend, you study writing with your own hands, which I'm doing on a screen for obvious reason, it would be very hard for me to actually film myself writing on a piece of paper, but you get the idea. So how do we do this? What we need is separate. We eat, what we eat, what it means in English, which is two, no, I'm not gonna write it here, but we know it means to know, sorry about the little pond here. We want to know the past participle, which is support. Now, we will see superiors second conjugation. This is fairly regular. We'll see, we'll see about that. Then we need to know what the auxiliary is, these variables, most verbs in Italian uses a very as a, as an auxiliary, which we'll see in a second how we use this information. But let's write it down because it's important. So then what we want to know from the list, we can see that what the first-person singular, so the IO in Italian or I in English is, so how do I say, I know? In Italian? We say your soul. And we can immediately see that this is weird looking. This is not the way it's supposed to be. We just started with the regular conjugation is, this verb is irregular. How do we go about it? Well, in this case, what I recommend you do first and foremost is take a pencil and try to write the whole verb tray with what you know. To write down the whole verb. You will warn. Warning, you will make a mistake or two, or three, or five, because you do not know how this fire behaves, but try to use your logic and kind of understand how this could work. Because you get some of it right, some of it wrong. So when the verb is irregular, we will see with the purpose of better, especially what often happens is it's going back and forth between two different forms. We'll see in this case something very interesting. So let's look into our word reference. So first of all, again, try to write it down. And when you did, you can pause this video. And when you do, let's look into what reference, how it works. Let me to look into what reference so I can just write it down, but just to show you, it will show here which are the subjects of the persons are irregular. This is very useful because you will see that not all of them. Our irregular. Sometimes. In this case we see something interesting. So you saw two psi Louisa. Interesting. Okay, So these three persons are obviously irregular. They almost look like these were from the verb, sorry, which doesn't exist. But you see what I mean? Like, you see that the pattern that we saw before kind of works here just for a different verb, almost. Then we go into the NOI sub piano, the WP here. Voi loro son. Here again, we see something very interesting. Loro works the same way as E0 to Louis slash lay. It looks like the same verb. And then we see that the NOI and devoid behave differently and behave very similarly in this case, the noise, the second P, which is not there in the voice. So just, you have to use a little bit of your imagination to see, but you can definitely see out the noise and boy are very similar and everything else is very similar, but they look very different. So you will see that when you study a verb, in this case an irregular verb, what you find is that the verb is going to have patterns, is going to have ways which behaves that makes sense. Look for these patterns. Now, cover your piece of paper and try to write it down again with what you remember. You maybe we'll get it 100% right. You may be, it will not, but try and do this over and over again. And you will not just write down over once. Write down verbs that are annoying to you every single day because that's how you learn. Let's now look into a verb that is regular. Let's look at the verb again. Second conjugation. Let's try to write down again the verb midterm, which is different. We started before, which we know from before in the present tense is regular. So let's write down again, make today. Remember the past participle missed. So we want to write the past participle every single time, and it's a very good habit. You're building here. Then with the auxiliary, which is a very, once again, like the majority of verbs you make, would be the first-person. And again, try to stop it and try to do it by yourself. And I'm gonna be here waiting for you to make the Louis Les voy loro McDonald. So again, in this case metric is regular, so a whole lot easier to do this. But you can see how it's basically the same idea, right? You can see how even the verb separate, which is irregular. So you'll never seen this before, probably, maybe you have, but you have no idea about this verb. So look at the verb separate and kind of see what is weird about it, what, what it means. It's irregular. Whenever you see a verb that is highlighted in red in the list, just know that irregular means nothing. Irregular just means that if you write down what you know, if you're trying to conjugate it, you started, It's not going to work, but it made me because one person adds one letter. Or it may be because it's completely different. So whenever verbs irregular, and you're going through your list, studying whatever 12 verbs at A3, versa, whatever you're doing. Verb is irregular. Try to write it down. Okay. Then later you'd go and check in war reference or any other website and understand what you got wrong. And what you got wrong is where the verb is irregular. 9. 8. The past participle: Tend to look at another very important little particle in Italian, which is the party cheap you, pasado in English, past participle. Again, if we take the way we learn verbs in English, go, went, gone. Gone is the past participle. The first question is, how do we use that past participle in English? Well, the most common application I would argue, is to use that word, that tense, that mode, technically as a way to build other verbs, other tenses. For example, most common, I would argue, is to create something like I have gone right yesterday. I have gone where I went to kinda create more complex composite tensors. Also, we could use it as a standalone word. Say something like Gone are the times, blah, blah, blah. But that's far less common and definitely easier. So not a problem is the same exact thing in Italian, we use the participle has started to make composite tenses. For example, there is a very similar one to the I have gone, which is the cytoplasm, which we'll see in a second. But we can also use it as a standalone word. We could do something very similar to what we did an English. Gone are the days with something like that. Or in Germany, or affinity is on a journey. Very similarly, but in this case, we'll learn it to really create more complex verbs structures. And we've seen that in Italian we have three conjugations. And as in English, it's possible that the past participle is regular or irregular. And if it's regular, it's very easy to make if it's irregular me to learn it. So that's why I say, whenever we study that little list of things for each verb, the past participle is one of the most important, one of the most critical things. So, how do we create the past participle? So if the verb is regular for a first conjugation, we take out the last three letters as always, and then we add a, T, O. For example. Cantata is regular in the past participle. So it becomes can tattle, right? So saying would be Can data. So it's sunk. Pretty, pretty complex when in English they're sung would be conducted. I have sung, you're all cantata. We'll see that in a second. Don't go anywhere. Third conjugation, yes, I'm skipping a second. Exactly the same thing. Take out i e, i t, o, middle, I have slept your daughter meet. Again being regular. The second conjugation is a mess, as we said in one of the issues that we have is very commonly the past participle looks very, very funky. For example, midday, which is a fairly regular verb. The present densities of k. Some parts of it, the dura mater is going to be irregular, but you're never going to study that. Please don't. But the past participle looks very weird. Missile. Where does the S come from? No idea. I would say that the regular form for the second conjugation, or the one that we see most often is not as you would expect, a toe ETO, but it's auto, my opinion. For example, the variance becomes the Bhutto separates a Bhutto vulnerable. And A2 is not really common in the past participle. So I would say if you want to know what the regular form would be, is Bhutto. But it's a verb is the second conjugation and begin era. You have to learn the past participle. You have to memorize it. And very often it's gonna be different from what you expected. Hence, why you should always know what the past participle is. The past participle in Italian, as in English, is one word will see in a second, we might need to designate gender number. Don't worry about that so far, but it's one word. It's not anymore. Yield to Louis is just one word. Gone. It doesn't change. If it's eye view, it's gone, it's unnatural. The case of undoubtedly will see now how to use it to create our past. 10. 9. The past: Passato prossimo (1): Here we are time to learn the pasado prosumer, which is arguably the most common, tends to learn Italian. Most common paths learn Italian and most definitely the easiest. So I'm from the North of Italy. In the north of Italy, this path is the one that we use for everything. There are not that there's another past imperfection we sort of use, but it's more specific to some situations. This is the best that we use. If you go to a southern city, for example, to Naples or to Sicily, you will find increasingly more actually, they do it more. As you go south. You will find that, you will find they use another path, which is called pasado motto, which is more similar to the English Simple past. I do not recommend that you learn these other past potato, tomato. It is not commonly used in many cities in Italy. And most importantly for you as a learner, it's a lot, a lot harder, I would argue, is one of the hardest tenses in Italian. Probably hand-in-hand with the subjunctive. But potato, tomato, probably as more instances of irregular verbs. Don't learn it, learned this one. Then if you get really good Lord, the other one too, but learn this one. So how do we do this? First of all, this is very reminiscent of the English. I have gone, I have eaten. So as in English, it's a composite tense. It has two words, but the subject, i, then the verb have in English, or has he or she, or it. Then finally, the past participle, or we know basically all of them. So let's go and try to put it together. So the first thing that we need to know is that in Italian, we have two possible auxiliaries. In English. I would say always, we use half. So I have eaten, I have gone, I have slept, I have drank, I have sung half. In Italian. It's not quite that simple. There's an added layer of complexity. Some verbs, most firms will use a better, It's an auxiliary. For example, the verbs that we have here, we have studied so far, your art can tattle to have your missile, to have your daughter mean to have. But a small minority of verbs will actually use as setting to be. An even smaller minority of verbs will use both or actually either, depending on the actual meaning in that situation. How would you learn this? My opinion is, just remember on the list you will find what the auxiliary is. I recommend you only remember which verbs use the verb, etc. As an auxiliary, since it's a minority, or can use it as an auxiliary. Again, it's a lot more verbs use the verb to have as an auxiliary. An example of a verb using to be as setting is on that. You don't see your data. You say you sono and data, which has a few more issues. But you cannot say your own data as just a plain grammar mistake. It sounds, it sounds wrong. Don't say it. How do you recognize verbs that behave this way? And I've set it as an auxiliary verb. There is not really a clear-cut rule. Again, I point out of the 100 verbs list. I pointed out which, which verbs behave this way. But generally speaking, if a verb refers to movement change, evolution. Something will vary with things changing. I empirically observed that very often this variable will have SLA as an auxiliary. So for example, you sort of can be after I have changed your salon data, I have gone, you're sort of Shinto. I have gone out you soon in try to, I have gotten in and so forth. So if the verb involves some movement, either in space or metaphorical, maybe you need to use the verb asset, at least the check. And some verbs can use both. Why is this important? Because, as in English, if you use the verb S is an auxiliary with a verb that uses, you make it into a passive. So think about it. What is the difference between saying, I have eaten? And I M Eaton? Essay, the first case you are eating. The second case you are being eaten. Someone else's eating, you write the same works in Italian. Your almond gelato. I have eaten your Solomon gelato. I M Eaton. So if you use it as an auxiliary verb that once it's a mistake, if you use as, set it as an auxiliary verb that once a vector, it's a passive. It's not a growing mistake, but it's kind of the opposite than you wanted to say. Or in some cases it's actually going to be a mistake, but very often it's actually going to be just a passive. Some, for, some verbs don't allow you to make passive forms, as in English. Let's not get lost in that. Anyways. So you need to know the auxiliary, which is why it's in the list. Again, if it's a very abnormal, if it's aesthetic or both, remember that and if it's both, understand which is different because it might be very important. 11. 10. The past: Passato prossimo (2): So how do we use this? Let's go through the conjugation of any verb at all. For example, let's take the verb, the verb cantata. How do we make the subtle process in the past? Such as, such as in, I have sung or I saying, you are cantata, do I can tomato, tomato, tomato. Voi loro. Cantata. Conducted doesn't change. It's always the same. The only thing we need to change is a better or do ciliary verb in this case. It's a very simple tends to learn because as long as you remember a very acidic and as long as you know the past participle, you can make a tense or past tense, which is the easiest way to make a past tense in Italian, the other way would be to learn depository model, which would be to learn a lot of irregular verbs. And let's not do that. And how do we do instead? If it's a verb using S as an auxiliary, such as data, how do you say I have gone? Well in this case, it's a little bit more complex, but not much. So for word in Italian, we do not have inclusive language. It's starting to happen, although it's not. We don't really do it in grammar, let's say. So you kinda need to learn both and kinda use the right one. Which I know is simply some people who might see this as not very politically correct. Language is changing all the time. There's a little bit behind compared to Spanish, for example, in that matter. We'll get there, We'll get there, give us time. So the way we do it is very simple. Again, we take the subject IO, which a set we can avoid to express. Then we take the variable, the aesthetic verb, sono, then we take the past participle, and that'll data. If I am, if I recognize myself as a man, as a male, I would say just one on data. Otherwise, your salon data, there is no neutral neutral slash neutral version, inclusive. There isn't. As far as I know, some people are trying to use them. You know, some people are trying to use the EE. It's not quite happening just yet. We'll find, will find that we will figure it out. Again. Same goes for two to say and data to send data Louis and data layer and data. Then we go into the pleural and into the pleura. We need to change the number as well. On top of the, of the, of the gender. Honor is one dotted feminine. Voice it and RT, masculine, feminine or masculine. Lot of Solon data, feminine. And in this case, if we have a group of people that is mixed male and female, or if you want to just use the general plural, we just use the masculine form and RT. So again, this is the simplest way you can use a past tense in Italian, it is very simple. You just need to remember the Assyrian and Nevada, and you need to remember the past participle of the verbs that you want to use. So again, by remembering the auxiliary, by remembering the past participle, you can already use easily as a past tense in Italian. 12. 11. Looking beyond: The future: So we've seen how to study verbs in the present and in the past tense in Italian. And the question you might have is, well, I know that there is a lot more tenses in Italian. So how do I apply this same idea to another tense? And here, this is something that you don't really need to speak, basically telling the future. You could just say, use the present tense and say in tomorrow. For example, you could say Doumani Vada Almere, as opposed to the money under Almere translation with the first one would be tomorrow, right? Go to the beach. And the second one tomorrow I will go to the beach. The future is not necessary to understand what you're talking about the future because say tomorrow. But anyways, just to kinda show you a little bit of how we do it. So let's say that we want to learn the verb. For example, we've started this verb already. And what we want to do is, well, first of all, we know the future will have different endings which will lead to memorize. But let's look at the voltmeter, for example. And let's see what the first person of the voltmeter is. You make taro very good. And that looks regular because again, if we know the ending of the future, which we don't, but I tell you it's regular. We can then safely assume that maybe the whole verb is going to behave like other verbs in the infinitive. And matter of fact, it does. So again, midday, that's participant meso auxiliary, your omega. So would be our past, our proximal. And here's the future. You may throw to meet. We met Tara. Limit the Rameau. We make the rated load omit the run. No matter of fact, in Italian, whenever you hear these air in a verb, this added syllable, you often is going to be a future. Obviously, we don't care about the future, but we see in the midterm, Let's look at an irregular verb and understand how this works for the future for other tenses. So, for example, a verb, etc, right? How do I say I will be? So as soon as we know, Past participle, startup, auxiliary, essay, your sorrow. Okay? So we see something irregular here. If you want to do a little bit of an exercise, try based on these ill to imagine what the rest will be. And I'm telling you a little something here. For the future tense. Usually, if a verb is irregular, It's always irregular, consistently the same way. This is not a 100% of the times, but it's a fair assumption when you see an irregular future that the whole verb is going to be regular the same way. So try to do the verb in the future. Okay, So hopefully you paused the video and try it yourself to survive Lewis era. Noise or aim. Voice-activated. Lot of Saran. So again, as you see these two verbs, I chose both words, verbs from the second conjugation, by the way, just because the future, like the present, things change between conjugations. So I wanted you to have something kind of similar. So you could actually see the difference. In this case, as you can see, it's the same idea. If you know what the regular endings are for each person, for a specific conjugation. And you know whether verb is regular or irregular. Well, if the verb is regular, like metallic, you can already put it all together. If it's irregular, like you need to look into it. But in the case of the future, often is going to be irregular, consistently. And again, the very best seller is usually one of the most annoying, if not the most annoying in the Italian language they want to change is the most. So if it works with acidic, you can be pretty sure it's going to work with basically everything else. Matter-of-fact, the future. Irregular verbs in the future are very simple, as long as you remember IO. So the first-person in the future, you know the entire verb. So let's say you, you have your list and you want to improve on your list. You want to add the future. Very good. So what you need to do is very simple. Just write down the eo form, the first-person singular. So the I form for each of the virtual learning. And based on that, and based on your understanding that you will be studying of the endings of the future, you'll be able to conjugate correctly the future as well. And you now know how to practice and how to go about it.