World Literature: Your Guide to Becoming Very Well Read

1. Introduction: Hello and welcome to this course on world literature. I hope you're excited to get started before we, Jay, just a word about what this course is. And as melt, it just would not be possible to cover the entire national lecture of every country in the world. But what this course will do is give you a really solid grinding. And the key writers, the key literary movements and the K historical contexts which influenced world literature. So it comes from what's called a historicist perspective. It's not a formalist course in literary terms. In other words, it won't look at H text and go through use of literary devices and say, oh, there's a metaphor here and assembly there. What it will do is put riders on their works into historical context. And that means we'll be learning a lot about things like history on politics and philosophy, as well as a byte literature. So you don't have to do the course from beginning to end. If you like it, you can jump N to the parts that most interests you. The course will make most sense if you do read the texts. So there is a reading list included where it's being possible. I've attached some of the texts as downloadable resources. A lot of them are classics, so they are free on Kindle. And some of them you may have to buy, but there shouldn't be a huge cost to acquiring the texts for the course. So the structure of the course is going to go something like best. We're going to start by looking at Greek and Roman lecture because lots being hugely influential on world literature for millennia. And we're going to look at mythology, history, and epic poetry from the Greco-Roman period. Then we're going to look at the influence of the Bible, world literature. The Bible influenced everything from Dante's Divine Comedy to Steinbeck's east of A1 to the Harry Potter books and Lord of the Rings. So we're going to look at that. Then we're going to move on and look at a European literary phenomenon, the Arthurian legends, stories that have lasted for a thousand years that we are still telling today. And how are those stories have changed over time. We're also going to look at fairy tales. Fairy tales present archetypes and a lot of major writers and weren't literature have been influenced by radon fairy tales. After that, we're going to go country by country across the continents and look at individual riders and some of them famous texts of world literature. I'm writer. So we're going to look out and clade Dante or Baptists, Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Shakespeare, Dickens, Austin, Molly, Duma, victory. Go good to Shiller, mark Twin, Harper Lee Luis my Alcott. Margaret awkward. Ma shadow Jia space. We're going to look at Wole Soyinka Chinua Che Bei. Rabindranath Tagore. We're going to look at some really, really key writers and I'm hoping that you're going to discover texts on this course that you will love. So if you're excited to get started, let's start learning about world literature. 2. Project Gutenberg: The last thing I would want would be for this course to cost you a fortune in having to buy all the books that are on the quite extensive reading list. And that brings me to Project Gutenberg Orguttenbergdt Org, named after the Gutenberg printing press, of course, the first European printing press. So you can get nearly any classic text that you can think of on Project Gutenberg. If I type in one of the texts that's on the course, Hamlet by William Shakespeare, and go here it is, and you get a choice of formats. You could read it on your Kindle, you can read it online, You can read it as an Ep. There's lots of different ways that you can download it. You can, even if you really wanted to spend a fortune in paper and ink, print it out if you wanted to, I hope that you're going to find this a really useful resource and actually have some fun in exploring it. 3. The Lasting Impact of Classical Literature: In this section, we're going to look at classical literature, which is comprised of ancient stories that we still love today and that contributed to much of world literature over the century. Classical literature has actually influenced more than just literature. It has influenced psychology, which the term psychology comes from the story of Cupid and Psyche. And psyche, which is the Greek word for us. So it's anima. And Latin really undergoes an awful lot of different challenges related to romantic love and related to depression. And so her name has lent itself to the discipline of psychology, history. The first historian was possibly Herodotus. He was actually a little bit of a gullible, choppy, but he was the first person who wrote dine histories and recorded history. And so really our modern conception of history comes from the Greco-Roman periods. Art, Of course, as very much influenced by the classical period. And we can see here some ancient Greek art. But when you think of Renaissance art at quite often features classical themes and philosophy. Of course, we are still very influenced by Plato and by the Greek philosophers. Many writers throughout the centuries have been influenced by classical literature. And these include William Shakespeare. Like Shakespeare wrote plays such as Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra, which were actually based on Roman history. But he also wrote plays like a Midsummer Night's Dream, which uses the very classical motif of the human action, being manipulated by the gods, by supernatural beings. Around the same time, Christopher Marlow was also using classical motifs. His most famous classical allegiant was when he referred to Helen of Troy as the face that launched a thousand ships. John Milton was influenced by classical literature. He had studied Latin and classical literature at skill and being quite good at it. Of course, his famous epic poem, Paradise Lost, basically derives from the Bible. But it is an epic poem which is a classical form. And within this world of his poem, Lucifer or the devil, it's very much compared to a hero of classical literature in that he must escape and go on a long journey. And that he's presented with several difficult trials, very much classical motifs. Alexander Pope, pill your age, the epic poem and The Rape of the Lock, where he used the high grandiose epic style to talk about our society BAL, whose hair had been cut on public, which was a great scandal of his time. Robert Graves, the first world war poets, wrote two very important novels, I Claudius and Claudius, the God, based on the Roman emperor Claudius. But he also wrote a collection of stories called Greek myths. And if you're interested in finding out about Greek myth, that's actually a really good place to start. Classical stories have of course made it into popular culture. Wonder Woman, the recent may be this is hip-hop. Features Hippolytus and Hermes and, and, and various areas, various gods of Greek literature. And of course we had movies based on the clash of the titans in recent years. So what makes a classical story? There are certain forms and motifs that keep cropping up. The flawed hero as a big figure of classical literature, such as a Decius in Homer's Odyssey, which is a great story. Aneas And the idea by Virgil, which is a Roman epic poem. Both of these are epic poems. The gods are often manipulating the actions such as Zeus and Athena and The Odyssey. Monsters, trials and adventures are key themes and we see this in stories like the labors of Hercules. Hercules, Of course, as a demigod, part human part god, and a Debbie gods also feature a lot in classical literature. Warnings against hubris or overwhelming arrogance are very frequent, and especially Greek mythology. There are stories such as the tale of Pandora's box. Pandora means all gifted one, and basically she's given every kind of gift, but also a box which he's told not to open. What does she do? She opens it and she lets evil and sickness and all things bad into the world. There's also the famous story of dyed listened. Icarus. Tidlist creates wings so that he and his son, Icarus might be able to fly, but they fly too close to the sun and his son, Icarus plummets. Diane falls into the sea. So that is a warning against over rate Chang. And that's quite common in Greek mythology and Greek stories. Epic poems such as The Odyssey and the ideas were very influential as his strays and observations of Herodotus, who we've spoken about it when we talked about history through saturday, who was also an historian, perhaps a little bit more accurate than Herodotus. And other he followed on letter from Herodotus and also assays a byte roman history and philosophy by people like Plutarch and plenty. So classical literature reaches across the centuries, right the way through to things that are being written quite recently, actually the Harry Potter books, we look at ramus Lupin, that comes from the story of Romulus and Remus who were raised by wolves. And of course he has a werewolf. So these stories are very much still in our consciousness. 4. Gods of Olympus 230623: In this video, we're going to talk about several of the gods of Olympus, or the Greek or Roman gods. Now we can talk about them all because there's just too many of them. But we're going to cover some stories in this video that are still very much in the public consciousness today. The first guard we're going to talk about is Zeus. His Roman name is Jupiter, and he is the father and the king of the gods, the ruler of minds Olympus. And here he is depicted with a lightning bolt, which is why we often see him. So the symbols of Zeus, as well as the thunderbolt or lightening bolts are also the ego, the bow, and the oak tree. He's the son of Titans. Cronus and the Titans were the gods who preceded the Olympians, powerful gods. And so his father is the god of the sky and his mother is Mother Earth. She's also known as Gaia. Plato referred to Zeus as the cause of life always to all things. So in the ancient world, he was venerated. This quite disgusting picture here is of Kronos, the father of Zeus, devouring one of his children. Because Greek myths are sometimes a bit, well, gory might be the word. So there was a prophecy that Kronos would be overthrown by his son, just as he himself had overthrown his father Uranus. Wanting to stop this from happening, he swallowed his children. After birth. He swallowed the goddesses, Hestia, Demeter and Hera. And the gods here, these and Poseidon. But when Zeus was born, the youngest of his sons, rare tricked him into swallowing a stone instead. So hygienists claims that Zeus was raised by an nth, I'll mafia and sends Cronus rule the air, earth and say, she hustles on a tree, which was between the plans of air, earth and C, so that Cronus couldn't find him. Conflicting story by pseudo Apollodorus claims that amount, that was actually a goat and she raised Zeus. That a band of soldiers protected space by making a loud noise, singing and dancing. I'm banging drums in order to distract Kronos. So in adulthood, Zeus did indeed rebel against his father Kronos, and forced him to Discord or threw up his other children. And then followed a battle called the Titanomachy, the clash of the Titans. We've recently have movies of that name. So this was a fight between the Titan gods and the Olympians, represented and led by Zeus. And the Olympians won. The Titans were imprisoned and Tartarus or hail. Apart from Atlas, who had picked a fight with Zeus. As a punishment, he was forced to carry the heavens. So at that point, the route was then divided between Zeus, who became ruler of the sky, poseidon, whose Roman them as Neptune, who became ruler of the waters. And here these, whose Roman name is Plato, who ruled the underworld. Gaia, the Earth couldn't really belong to any of them, and they all had a stake in the earth. Zeus was horrified by the evil of mankind at that point, and he can try it with Poseidon to send a flood to destroy mankind. So you'll notice the similarities between the biblical story of Noah's flood. So the survivors of this blood where para and do Caelian and is often known as Duke aliens. Flood. You Killian's plot. In the Iliad, a very famous epic poem by the Greek poet Homer. These promises his wife and sister Hera, that he will destroy Troy. There is, of course, the story of the war of the Trojans is a really major theme of classical literature, one of the big stories. So during the Trojan War, he has promised to destroy Troy. And he sends a dream to Agamemnon, the great king, to star him to action. He led to changes his allegiance because he's horrified at the killing of the Trojan hero Hector and the Odyssey. He allies his daughter Athena to add a Decius, who is Greek and crazy. Odysseus will one day returned to Ithaca. He, he changes his mind. So this has many, many lovers, both mortal and immortal, which is much too here as displeasure. And Zeus is quite often frightened by Hera's jealous tempers, as are the rest of the gods and mortals. So some of the stories of his deductions include his seduction of Donna a, whom he appeared to as a shower of gold. And Europa from whom we get the word Europe, to whom he appeared as a bool. His children who are demi gods because of their divine heritage by mortals. And could Heraclius, also known as Hercules, Perseus and, uh, Ryan This was worshipped at the famous Olympic Games every four years and ancient Greece. And he was depicted in a statue which was made of centuries of the ashes of animal sacrifices. So here we have an ancient picture of the ancient Olympic games. So we can't really talk about Zeus without talking about his jealous wife and his sister, also, the daughter of Cronus and Rhea. And that is Hera, who's depicted here. So she is the goddess of women, marriage, family and childbirth, and the queen of heaven. And her symbols include the chi, the peacock. You may know of the Irish play called Juno and the Peacock by shallow Keirsey. And she's also represented by the lion. She's often depicted holding a pomegranate, which has both a symbol of fertility and it was a narcotic, the equivalent of opium. And it's time her Roman name is genome, hence genome and the peacock. She's prone to jealous rages, fared even by Zeus. She does some quite vindictive things. The ancient Greek gods are not actually a completely righteous, kindly bunch. They can be very compression us as we'll see. So her most ancient temple, as it Sam owes, debts to arrive at 100 bc. She was also worshipped and Argos on my Sinai in ancient Greece. So all the gods have an origin story. And we've heard that heroes involved being swallowed by her father Kronos, which not a great start to life. At first, she refused Zeus's proposal of marriage until he exploited her love of animals by creating a thunderstorm. I'm masquerading as a PR loss little cookie. So she drew the little cookie into her room and held it to her breaths to keep it safe. And Zeus then transformed into his own forum on raped her and she was ashamed by this and agreed to become his wife. This loved Greece and he wanted to have children who were Greek leaders and heroes. And so have many affairs with Greek mortal women, as well as with other deities. His many affairs greatly displeased Hera and her Ayer was to be avoided at all costs. And one person with whom she had some beef was Heraclius, also known as Hercules. The non Heraclius actually means glory of Hera, but she was his better animate. In Homer's Iliad, Zeus alliances that a child of hairs born on that day will be the ruler over his pairs. Hero wants to make sure that that child is not Hercules, whom she already despises, even though it hasn't been born. So Hera ensures that Perseus is grandson. Your SDS is borne out only seven months to make sure that he's born before Hercules. As she also delays, I'll come in a Hercules, his mother from giving birth. So she was of course, one of the goddess of childbirth. Here it remains the enemy of her husband's son. She says serpents to kill him while he's still in his cradle. But even as a baby, he strangles this happens. He's already got supernatural strength. Here are drives Hercules mad, causing him to kill his family, which leads to his legendary laborers, you know that saying it's a Herculean task. So the labors of Hercules, very, very difficult trials and she made all of these is arduous as she possibly could. At one point he shoots are in the breast with a triple pointed arrow, which is an incurable wind, which she must forever bear. Some myths depict a reconciliation between Hera and Hercules. And actually at the horizon, at Paestum, a Temple of Hera that the exploits of Hercules are actually depicted there. There are other mentions of hair and the famous Iliad, which is the story of the fall of Troy, written by Homer. Hera hated the Trojans because she had been one of the losers of the so-called Judgment of Paris night. The Judgment of Paris was when Paris was asked to choose the most beautiful between Aphrodite, Athena and Hera. And that's not a great task because you're gonna get into trouble whomever you choose. So all the goddess has appeared before him and then appeared before him naked, even if they knew who was the goddess of chastity. And he still couldn't decide. So they resorted to vibrate. So Hera promised Paris his own dominion. Athena promised him glory and victory and battle. And Aphrodite promised him the hand of the most beautiful woman in the world, who at that time was Helen of Troy, who was married to Menelaus of grace. So that caused some problems. And Paris shows Aphrodite. This very much incurred the wrath of a theta a and of Hera. Hera edit Athena and supporting the Greeks and the ensuing war until Zeus imposed a ban on the gods and to fading in the war. So 14, Hera seduces Zeus and with the help of hypnosis, the god of sleep Sends him into a deep sleep so she can secretly it. The Greeks. Here is famous jealousies air. We see a picture of the lover of Zeus, Leto, with her to divine children, Apollo and Artemis. So when he learns that later was pregnant with twins by Zeus, she declares that later may not give birth on terra Pharma, not in the mainland, not in an island or any place under the sun. So Poseidon feels sorry for Leto and intervenes and allies leader to give birth on the moving island of Delos, which those letters submerges beneath the sea. So it's not technically under the sun. So her twins are Apollo, god of the arts and the sun. Artemis, whose Roman name is Diana, the goddess of hunting. Knife. Here is uninteresting goddess Athena, a, of course, Athens is named after her. She was very much revered and the ancient world. During my own education, the emblem of my school was an aisle which is sacred to Athena, who's Roman name as Minerva. And she is the goddess of wisdom, amongst other things, and so associated with learning. She's also known as the Theta, are palace Athena. Now we're not quite sure what the word palace means, but it led to the word polis as city-states. Words and Modern English such as metropolitan, come from that root. It might have been to do with the spare she carried on, of course, as I mentioned to her Roman name was Minerva. So think of Minerva McGonagall and the Harry Potter stories. When a character is called Minerva, that suggests that the character should be wise. She is the goddess of wisdom, but also the goddess of handicraft, craft and of warfare. But unlike Aries, the god of war and violent sense, she is the goddess of warfare and the sense of Strategy and Leadership. And she was of course the patron of Athens and of metal records, especially when they made weapons. She's usually depicted as we see her hair wearing a helmet, and she's often holding spare. Her symbols include the aisle, which we've mentioned, the olive tree, the snake, and this interesting symbol, we see the bottom-right here, the Gorgon an, which has only ever worn by Athena and her father Zeus. It was on one occasion. Shield baring its likeness was given to Apollo during the Trojan War. So the Gorgon I am is to do with the Gorgon who was formerly a servant of at the knees. And what we'll hear that story slightly later. In ancient Athens, the most significant annual festival was the pan Athena, celebrated in mid-summer, sacred to a theanine. So as I mentioned, all the gods have an origin story. And here we see a depiction of Athenian origin story. It varies, but at most it goes like this. I think it was born out of the head of Zeus and without the aid of Hera. So she has no mother. She's completely born of Zeus. She pops out of his head fully formed, bearing shields, helmets. And a reference in book five, obey any meds by the Roman poet Virgil. She comes out fully formed, fully armed. Other stories make her the daughter of meatus and Zeus. And Zeus swallows the pregnant matters just as his father's swallowed his children. As her child is predicted to be wiser than its father. But as it comes out of the head of Zeus, she is basically the wisdom of disease. And she is his favorite daughter. The Odyssey. Another of Homer's epic poems and other writings that they need is depicted as the favorite child of Zeus. Full stop, not just his favorite daughter because he, he basically give birth to her. I think they became the patron of Athens by besting Poseidon to the rule. Basically, they both offered gifts to the Athenians for the position as patron of Athens. Poseidon offered them a stream, but Athena created the first olive tree for them. She added her father's demagogue children quite a lot, including Heraclius or Hercules, Perseus. She was also the divine guide of Odysseus and the Odyssey, helping him to get back home to the island of Africa, where he hadn't been for more than two decades after the Trojan War. And she was an advisor to Jason. Jason and the Argonauts, encouraging him to acquire the famous ship Argo. In the Iliad. She is on the side of the Akkadians, the Greeks, because she was rejected in favor of Aphrodite and the Judgment of Paris. She's a perpetual virgin, Hephaestus, who's Roman name is Vulcan, the god of blacksmiths and a fire, tries to rape her. The Greek word for virgin as Parthenos. Hence, our principal place of worship is called the Parthenon, which as we know, is still partially standing today. Similarities can be seen between Athena and other goddesses internationally. There are some similarities between the Egyptian goddess night, the goddess of war, hunting and waving. At the end. He was also a waiver When I lived in bath, you can see all over the setting there. They Roman association of Minerva was so the Ancient British goddess. She is reminiscent of other figures. In the fifth century BC. She became associated with philosophy and in the modern era, she has become a symbol of freedom and democracy. You can see here a picture of the statue of Athena or Minerva outside the Austrian Parliament today. So after the French Revolution, images of gods from the classical era where pretty much demolished, but statue of Athena were actually permitted to stay standing. And actually they proliferated after the revolution. There was actually a statue of Athena and the blastula revolution in Paris. Athenian Medusa. So this is what gives her the right to carry the Gorgon. Medusa served at the temple of Athena and have taken a bite of chats today. But she was raped by Poseidon. Athena at that point turned her into the snake haired Gorgon. Everyone who looked at the Gorgon would turn to stone. Eventually, the Gorgon was killed by Perseus. Book 22 of the Iliad. She appears to Hector in the form of his brother. They F a bus and she tells Hector to throw his spirit Achilles. Hector expects his brother to supply another spare, but the goddess vanishes and leaves. Hector two-fifths. Achilles on armed, likable and unlikable character, very duplicitous, not as mean-spirited as some of the gods, but still capable of being very nice on occasions. In the Odyssey, she disguises herself as a shepherd to guide Odysseus and his son, Telemachus. And she is a little bit more benevolent. And the Odyssey, though she has a war of widths with Odysseus and she's impressed by his coming. No counting and guile in the sense of being shrewd, but sometimes duplicitous is valued in Greek literature. We might have a discomfort with it in the modern era. Famous depictions of Athenian the arts include Botticelli's painting palace on the center, which uses that they need to represent virginity and the central represents left. So there was also a tradition of associating a Feeney with female monarchs and Europe. So Thomas bladder has set compared Elizabeth, the First of England, to ethane eight and has a revelation of the true Minerva, which was published in 15 82. And the German sculptor, John Pierre Antoine test set, depicted Catherine the Second of Russia, as a bainite. So this is the botticelli painting Palace and the center. And here is the sculpture by tests out of Minerva, which has her licking strikingly like Catherine the Second of Russia. There are different feminist interpretation of the figure of ethane ate some say her as in part a warrior women not beholden to any man, but she can also be viewed as agenda trader who frequently it's man and supports the patriarchy. Next go to S, we're going to talk about is the mighty Aphrodite, whose Roman name is Venus. And she was the great goddess of love, pleasure, passion, and sex. So Aphrodite around here represents spiritual love. And Aphrodite Pan De most literally a word meaning for all the people, represents sexual love. Her symbols include Myrtle's, roses, sparrows, and swans, and her mid-summer festival, aphrodisiac. Of course, we have the English word aphrodisiac was celebrated three ight Greeks. She was the patron goddess of prostitutes. And in the modern age, we might think there was a patron goddess of prostitutes. But it was prostitution used as part of religious ritual that's really being referred to here. We know that all the gods have an origin story. And here we see the very famous painting of The Birth of Venus by Botticelli. And if you've ever been to pop those in Cyprus, it is said to be the birthplace of Venus, and it's still very much part of the tourist industry there. So it has the alginate or origin of the God's plan. She was born from the foam off the coast of Catherine. The word Aphrodite actually means from sea foam. So they're not very pleasant story behind this was that Zeus had castrated his father Kronos, and thrown his genitals into the sea. And that had ceded Aphrodite, whose them born from the waves So as mentioned, Cyprus is also a mythological birthplace of Venus. In the Iliad, Aphrodite is the daughter of Zeus and of the Titan goddess DNA. Here we see a bust of Aphrodite. She's normally depicted naked. Aphrodite is married to a fastest or Roman in bulk and who is the god of fire and blacksmiths or metalworking. And he's also quite bent and deformed. And the story behind that was that Zeus did not want the gods fighting over. Aphrodite married her off to Hephaestus, but she's frequently unfaithful. In the Odyssey, have Hephaestus and snares, Ares and Aphrodite in bed together. He catches them in a golden net and invites the other gods to come and mock them and laugh at them. Aphrodite was of course the winning goddess. And the Judgment of Paris, having offered Paris the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Troy DID had some famous companions. The most famous being the one pictured here at her shoulder. Arrows or Cupid, who was the god of sexual desire and letter stories. He became the son of Aphrodite, and that's a perception of him that has lasted until modern times. Also the keratitis, the daughters of Zeus and your enemy, or Gaia, which means splendor. You for arsenite, which means good chair, and thaliana, which means abundance. And also companions of Aphrodite. The RI, meaning ours, daughters of Zeus with the Titan goddess Themis. You know me I, which means good order, decay, which means justice. And I renamed, which means pace. The story of Venus on a Jonas and inspired a long poem by Shakespeare on the painting by Rubens, which we see here. So basically the story goes like this. Mirror is the daughter of the King of Cyprus and her mother rather unfortunately boasts. She's more beautiful than Venus herself, and that incites the goddesses, Ayer. She curses marrow to fall in love with her own father. When she becomes pregnant, Venus takes the child or donors to be fostered by Persephony, the Queen of the Underworld and the wife of hair days later. If Venus and Persephony also notice Proserpina, her Roman name, have an argument over who will have custody of our donors. And Zeus rules, or Jonas will spend a third of the year and the underworld with Persephony, a third with Aphrodite, and a third wherever he chooses, and he actually chooses to stay with Aphrodite. Adonis was hunting one day and is killed by a bore, dying and his lover, Aphrodite, or Venus's arms. Venus was very much venerated and ancient Rome as the mother of a niece who was the legendary founder of Rome, the Trojan who finds Rome. Julius Caesar and Caesar Augustus, both clan descent from a NAS and therefore from Venus herself. And so her cult was very strong and Rome, according to levy, the SAS term historian, the Celts of Venus era Sinatra began in the third century BC, introduced from the Greek sand sanctuary of Aphrodite on mind Eric's in Sicily. N has hits the alginate, Zeus, Roman and Jupiter is angry that Venus causes galls to fall in love with mortals, doesn't like that. So he causes her to fall in love with a mortal shepherd and KSAs. So she appears to him in disguise and pretends to be a virgin. After sex with him, she reveals her true form and tells him that she will bear him a son who will find a great setting. And the San Jose Nunez and the city is room. So let's look at depictions of Aphrodite in the Iliad. She wins The Judgment of Paris, of course. And that starts the feud between her and Hera and Athena, which leads to the Trojan War. In book three of the Iliad, she rescues Paris from mono-layer. So Hermes has rather unfortunately challenge to a Jew, which he has no chance of winning. She appears to Helen of Troy as an old woman, but Helen of Troy actually recognizes her by her beautiful breasts. Aphrodite wants **** and asleep with Paris, but Helen refuses, but she makes the mistake of addressing the goddess as an equal, which infuriates her. Aphrodite threatens punishment on Helom If she's not obeyed. And Helen eventually submits and carries out her will. But five, she charges into battle to protect her son Aeneas, and he's injured and returns to Olympus where Zeus chides her sangha gifts are for love, not war on. She should never gotten vault. Here we see a painting to the right by Luca Ferrari, which is Venus preventing a nice from killing Helen of Troy. Venus, of course, many very famous works of art which depict are here we see the Venus de Milo in the Louvre. Very famous Botticelli's Primavera or spring You can see both Venus and Cupid floating libido at the top there. And of course, the botticelli painting of The Birth of Venus, which we've already had a look at. Aries, God of War, still considered a bit of a villain. And the DC Comics world talk to buy even today. So his Roman name is Mars, from which we get the word martial. Martial arts. He is one of the 12 Olympians, or son of Zeus and Hera. He's the god of war and the sense of brute strength on violence, as opposed to Athena, who represents Strategy and Leadership. His sons include Phobos, meaning fair. Of course, we get the word phobia from Phobos and Deimos, terror, many affairs, but most notably the affair with Aphrodite, which we've mentioned that was talked to by m The Odyssey. He's not respected by the Greeks, but venerated by the Romans, especially as he is a god of conquest. His name in Greek actually means curse. Book five of the Iliad describes this scene between Zeus and his son areas. Then looking at them darkly, Zeus who gathers the Cloud, spoke to areas. Do not sit beside me and wind. You double faced liar. To me, You are the most hit full of all gods who hold Olympus forever. Quarreling is dear to your heart. Wars and battles. Not well respected in the Spartans, though, revered areas as a symbol of their divisions with other Greeks, especially the Athenians, because there was a disparity between bainite and areas, both patrons of war, but at a very different way on young spartans actually sacrificed puppies. And what became a sort of cult of Aries before their first bite. That's really quite horrible, isn't it? I don't like that at all. The Roman Mars was more sophisticated, God of War II, less brittle and really symbolized military might a bit more. The Areopagus or the rock of Aries is a rock outside Athens where murder trials were judged on the myth behind that was that area's killed hollow hope this son of Poseidon for raping his daughter, Alyssa pay. So Poseidon and response summoned areas before the tribunal of the gods who acquitted him since he was avenging his daughter. Heraclius had killed thickness, who was the son of Aries, who had actually threatened to build a temple made of the skills of travelers. Not very nice. So aries was actually injured in the ensuing conflict with the hero. And an another Miss Smith. They, a lower die, Otis and Faltys who are the twin sons of Poseidon. And they are giants, trap areas and an urn for 13 months, which is a lunar year. Their stepmother, Arabella, towels Hermes, the messenger of the gods, who rescues areas. And Artemis eventually tricks the yellow dye and killing each other, which we'll hear a bit or byte later. The Iliad, at first areas has no allegiance. He rewards courage on both sides. Being more interested in the art of warfare than the justice of the cause. He promises Hera and Athena to fight for grace, but Aphrodite has lover, persuades him to buck the Trojans. Athenian asked for permission to drive him off the battlefield, and she's granted this permission. And she and Hera, encouraged by amide, is to throw a spirit areas which strikes him and it's driven home by Athenian injuring him. When Zeus reneges on his order that the gods stay out of the war, he is first into the fray to seek revenge on a theme. She overpowered him by hitting him with an older. In popular culture. There are of course, many depictions of areas. Here's areas and Disney's Hercules. He's not exactly what you imagine a Greek god to look like. They're here, we see him in Hercules legendary journeys. Yeah. Bit more what we imagine a great goal to look like on every inch, the villain. And of course there was the DC Universe RAs and the recent movie of Wonder Woman, where he was shown to have caused the First World War and because he thrived on death and destruction. This is Apollo, a very different GOD from areas. You see he's pictured naked here. That was to do with the sort of cult of the body worship of the body. In the ancient world. Apollo is the Olympian god of archery, prophecy, music, dance, poetry, shepherds, and the son. He's the twin brother of Artemis or Diana, the goddess of hunting. And he said to be the most beautiful God. He represents the Greek ideal of F, obey the beardless Athletic Youth. Wikipedia describes him as the most Greek of Greek gods. He doesn't really have a Roman Counterparts, He's always known as a polo or Phoebus. His title as god of the sun. And he was patron of the Oracle of Delphi. And this oracle was consulted by many heroes and characters in Greek mythology when they needed to hear the judgment of Zeus. Or they had a very perplexing question that needed to be answered in the article often gives quite cryptic replies. Apollo helps them protect sellers, foreigners, fugitives, and refugees. He's also the god of healing. He both protects from plagues and sands illness with his arrows. He's quite often depicted carrying a bow of gold with silver arrows, which were given to him by his father Zeus and Hera is the favorite son of Zeus. He was the god of childhood and the passage from childhood and adulthood. And in certain parts of the ancient world, the long hair of young boys was cut and dedicated to Apollo and a coming of age ceremony. So this is the Temple of Apollo on the Palatine Hill in Rome. He's also often pictured with a liar, which he is said to have invented. And he's a companion of the Muses, goddesses of the Arts. His primary places of worship in the ancient world were at Delphi, where of course there was the oracle and Actium. The cult of Apollo and Pompei and companion was widespread from about the sixth century BC. And in Rome, the Temple of Apollo medica, which is Apollo as the healer, was built around 431 BC. And the Temple of Apollo pollen tennis was built on the Palatine Hill and dedicated by Augustus and 28 BC, and it's pictured here. The Temple of Apollo and Medina molto was actually built in the second century AD. So you can see that the worship of apollo spanned many centuries. The birth of Apollo. So here we have later with her children, her twins, Apollo and Artemis. So the favorite son of Zeus, he has access to his father's mind and he shares it with mortals, especially via his oracle, Adelphi. And he was actually able to prophesy while still in the womb. He prophesied the fall of Niobe, for example, when later was pregnant with Apollo and Artemis, as we heard before, Hera decree that she should not give birth and terror pharma or anywhere under the sun. Apollo was accordingly born on the floating island of Delos, which became sacred to Apollo and also to his sister Artemis. So that island in some stories had once been Astoria, the sister of Leto. Artemis was born first, according to some myths, and then became a midwife and edit. And the birth of her twin. Apollo. At all the goddesses were in attendance apart from Hara, of course. Apollo was born clutching a golden sword and the whole island of Delos turned into gold. When he was born, he declared that he would be master of the Bowen lyre. Zeus adored him with the golden head band and thymus, the Titan goddess of divine order that had nectar. Nectar, ambrosia, the food of the Gods. Apollo spent the winter months with a hyper baryons and his absence left the Earth cooled. When he returned, Spring began on the Theogony. A festival was celebrated and his honor in the spring. So as a child, he incurred a blood guilt by killing the serpent dragon Python. And we see a picture of Apollo's slaying Python here to the right. Python has been set by here at home to his mother while she was pregnant with him. And Artemis, hephaestus gives Apollo a bow and arrow and order to carry out this task. But Gaia, the Earth goddess, was the mother of Python and she demanded from Zeus that Apollo be sent to Tartarus or ****, but Zeus refused. Instead, Apollo was exiled from Olympus and he had to become a slave for nine years. He then traveled to the waters of PNAS to be purified by xj's and to appease Gaia. He initiated the Pythian Games. During a polis exile from Olympus. He served under King admitted, and he fell in love with that made us. When he returned to his foe divinity, he blessed him. And that was actually a favorite subject of the Roman poet Ovid and service. We mentioned before, Apollo had the gift of prophecy. Even in the womb. He had prophesied the downfall of Niobe. Niobe was queen of Thebes, and unfortunately, she boasted that she had more children than later. And she actually marked Apollo's feminine appearance, and Artemis is masculine appearance. So this did not go down well with Leto, who told her children to punish Niobe. Apollo killed Niobe seven sons on Artemis killed her seven daughters. Other, one son and one daughter actually escaped, according to the ancient stories. After this tragedy, Niobe fled to mind syphilis, where she was turned to stone. She turned into stone because of her grief basically, on her tears became the river at careless Apollo, give the years he had taken from her family to her surviving daughter, son, who actually ended up living for three generations. Let's talk about Apollo's rule and the Trojan War. Some accounts actually Nim Apollo as one of the builders of the walls of Troy, along with Poseidon. He sided with the Trojans during the Trojan War. And he received the edges from Zeus, which was normally only ever carried by Zeus and Athena. Zeus is referred to as air just bearing Zeus and Athena can also be referred to as the edges bearer, which he has in the Odyssey. Sure what the Edge as well. So it was probably a shield bearing the Gorgon, the air. The Gorgon a n, which was the symbol of the head of the Gorgon, which we had seen earlier. So he entered the bottle with a terrifying war cry, which just completely petrified his enemies. And that rallied the disintegrating Trojan ranks. The Trojan hero Hector was said to be the son of Apollo by Hecuba. During a job with Achilles, Apollo shields Hector and a Clyde. And when Achilles eventually kills Hector and tries to mutilate his body, Apollo protects the corpse by shielding it in a collide. Achilles had also killed Apollo sons pennies on Troilus before the war. So in revenge, Apollo directs and arrow shot by Paris and to Achilles heel, which is the only place where he can be mortally wounded. Now you may have heard the phrase Achilles heel. And basically what had happened was that Achilles mother, when he was a baby, had dipped him in the River Styx in order to make him invincible. But she had to hold him by the handle in order to dip him. So that was the one place that didn't touch the water and it was the one place that he could be winded. Here we see a statue of Apollo and Daphne, quite a famous story from ancient mythology. Daphne sperms the advances of Apollo, and she either turns herself into a laurel tree to get away from him, or she is turned into a laurel tree for protection by Gaia, the goddess of the earth. Apollo's favorite male lover was the Spartan prints, hyacinth or highest synthase. They were throwing the discus together one day when the jealous suffers the little gods of the wind blew the disc is at tie up since head killing him instantly. So the grieving Apollo created a Florida named after his lover, who was later resurrected. So here we see a picture of Apollo with his sister Artemis, whose Roman name is Diana, the goddess of hunting. She is also the goddess of the moon and of chaff today. She is the goddess of childbirth, as well as the goddess of chastity, which may seem a bit odd to us. And she was a virgin, having taken a bite, never to marry. But upon being born herself, she became the midwife and the birth of her twin, Apollo. The Temple of Artemis and emphasis was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. And her symbols include bow and arrows, deer, the cypress tree. She's the twin of Apollo and also the daughter of z. So here we see the Temple of Artemis. She was worshipped and Rome on the Aventine Hill and at Lake NAMI and the Albany house. And she was also worshiped in Campania. She was worshiped three ITE, grace, as well as an ancient Rome, especially in Delos, the place of her birth, Octagon, I'm Monica and Sparta. According to the poet callin Marcus, as a child, artemis was beaten by Hara as a punishment. And she goes and sits on her father, Zeus his knee. And she asks him for ten wishes. One man of origin to have many names to set her apart from Apollo. Three, she wants a bow and arrows made by the Cyclopes. A Cyclopses are a fierce monster with one eye. She wants to be the phosphorylate or the light bringer. She also want 60 daughters of Oceania as the sea god, all H9 tippy her acquire. She wants a knee length tunic so that she can hunt. So unlike the other goddesses, she's always depicted in a short skirts, considered slightly masculine. She wants 20 nymphs, sort of minor goddesses to watch her bow and arrow and dogs while she rests. She wants to rule all mountains. She wants the city of Rome. And she wants to help women and the pains of childbirth because she is associated with gynecological diseases. And actually, if there was a death in childbirth of the ancient world, this was attributed to Artemis. So she doesn't ask for much. She's the kind of spoiled broth of Zeus, to be honest. This is actually a very interesting statue here to the right. It was fined and Pompei. And they were able to take the pigments that were still on the statute to re-color it the way it might have originally looked. So this is a statue of Artemis from Pompeii. Her hunting companions or Ryan won her affections even though she 5. Homer : Here we see a painting of the poet Homer painted by Raphael NIH. We don't know if Homer actually existed and was one person. But nonetheless, the poems that are attributed to him are the oldest works and the Western literary canon and some of the most influential right from the times of the ancient world. So the Homeric Question is basically this dead Homer exist. When unhide did the Homeric poems, which are the Iliad and the Odyssey originates. Why were these stories transmitted and when and high, where they've written died under our varying answers and a lot of debate about all these things. And the Homeric Question, debts from the rind, it takes 30. So the texts are possibly, are, you know, just under 3 thousand years old and they've been quite an enigma for all that time. Here on the right we see Homer depicted and the Nuremberg Chronicles in 1493. So in the medieval period, people were still very interested in Homer. We don't know the etymology of the name Homer. We basically don't know where it comes from or water mains, but it's the name given to the, suppose that author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Modern scholarship believes that these texts were not actually written by the same person. That the linguistic and literary devices used suggests that they were written by different people. Some scholars believe and a so-called Homeric tradition, where actually many poets contributed to the work's. Other believe. Others believed that their walls actually just one poet, but that later poets came along unexpanded, unchanged. His works, the Iliad and the Odyssey, were the most influential works in the ancient world. And they were taught across grace as a skill texts. They were also important text in Rome. Plato referred to Homer as the one who has taught grace. So this word, Homer, conjures images of, you know, great nationalism, wisdom, literary genius. Hence the sort of ironic nomenclature of Homer Simpson who is of course not to particularly wise unsophisticated character. The Iliad is the oldest extant work and the Western Electric Hannon. And it SQL The Odyssey is the second oldest. We haven't no conclusive debt, but they are believed to have been written somewhere between It's a hundred and six hundred and fifty base eight. Although the stories likely existed in an oral tradition before they were ever written died. There are many legends about Homer that originate from the ancient world. And those include that he eventually went blind, that he was born in chaos, and that he was the son of the river Melies with the nymph Grotius. And it's also according to that he was a wandering bards who eventually died after being unable to answer a riddle that was sent to him by some fishermen. So a lot of tall tales by Homer, right the way back to the ancient world. Pseudo Herodotus, a person. Claiming to write in the same vein as the historian, Herodotus wrote a life of Homer and the other famous biography of Herodotus from ancient times was ALCI domicile is the contest of Homer and Hesiod. So has he had, was another poet. And the idea was that Homer unhappy at work, and that's sort of Poetry competition. The judges favorite HACCP had bought the people favorite Homer. In ancient Rome, the Iliad was much more studied than the Odyssey. And this was because at, the Iliad tells the story of the fall of Troy. And Roman legend had it that Aneas the Trojan who fled after the fall of Troy walls, the finder of Rome. Ancient reactions to whom are actually fluctuated, said often ace of Colophon thought he was a moral and his depiction of a god's, whereas the Stoics saw his work is allegorical. And they believed and reinforced Stoic values. If we call someone's stoic, we might today think that means someone who's quite grim faced and it's actually a byte living in the moment, not being too concerned about the problems of the feature. There's a bit more to it than that, but that's the essence of Stoicism. During the Renaissance, the Homeric poems were also viewed as allegorical. Either around that time, Virgil, the Latin poets, Roman poet's became much more widely rather than Homer. And so people interpreted the Homeric works in the light of Virgil around that time. Two theories grew up after this and the so-called analyst skill. What was the lay theory? Which was that the two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey, were put together from a collection of shorter solves. The other theory was the nucleus theory that Homer had originally composed shorter works, but later poets came along and expounded upon base. The Homeric poems are written in a literary language or a sprocket. And that's Mains, a language that wasn't in common use by everyday people. And it's made up of a couple of different dialects of ancient Greek. And it use unrhymed dactylic hexameter night a ductile is one long syllable, followed by two short syllables to Mauro. Hexameter just means times six. So six doctors and align as basically hearts written and it uses paradoxes. I'm not means short, simple sentences which are later expounded upon. In antiquity, writers such as Cicero asserted that the Homeric poems have been collected in Athens and the late sixth century BC by the tyrant Peisistratos. So this was what was believed in the ancient world. Modern scholarship counts confirm that or end date, deny it. So as we've heard, the Iliad is the oldest extant work and Western literature, it might dip back as far as the eighth century BC. And it was taught widely throughout Greece and Rome in the engine world. So the story of Troy and the fall of Troy, which it talks about. It's still a story that. Entertains us and inspires us today, the BBC did a series called Troy, not that long ago. We have the movie with Brad Pitt of Troy. You know, this, this is a story that we're probably all familiar with. And actually the IAP doesn't cover the whole of the story. We get the backstory and we can kind of assume what the ending is going to be from the iliac. But it mostly covers the last few weeks of the 10-year war between the Trojans on a coalition of the Greeks. So when the Iliad begins crises, he's a Trojan priest of Apollo, offers the Greeks are large ransom for their turn of his daughter Cassius. He's being captured by Agamemnon, who is the greatest of the Greek kings. The Greek army is mostly in favor of this, but Agamemnon refuses and Apollo, accordingly sands a plague. Achilles, who is the great Greek hero, calls a meeting and Agamemnon a grace to return crusades, but only if he can tick Achilles captive Perseus. He's also his love interest as compensation. So Achilles is absolutely furious at this and declares that he and his man, the mommy dogs, will no longer fight for Agamemnon, which is pretty much a disaster for the great, calls a Decius, the hero of the Odyssey returns Christina's to her father. The plague is stopped. So Achilles, who is very bad for him after all this, praise to his mother, the sea nymph, Thetis. And she agrees to ask Zeus to bring the Greeks to breaking point basically to let the Trojans win for awhile so that they realize just how much they need Achilles. So these agrees to this and sends a dream to Agamemnon, telling him to attack Troy. So quite unwisely, Agamemnon decides to do this and to test the morale of the great army by telling them that they can go home. They decide they quite like to go home. But a Decius saves the day and prevents the right might have happened. So before the tree, the great Trojan armies mate. Paris, offers to end the war by fighting a Jew with MATLAB. And that's this point. We get the backstory of high, the war started. Basically, we've talked before about the Judgment of Paris, where he chose Aphrodite as the most beautiful goddess above hair out or Athenian. By promising Paris the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Troy. He happened to be married to the great king mental AS they brother of Agamemnon. And so Agamemnon, a mental S, went to war against Troy. So at this point that they looks like they could settle this by a Jew. And Hector, he is the leader of the Trojan armies and a great Trojan hero supports Paris in this decision to fight the Jew. And both sides agree that they'll abide by the results of the Jew. Paris is basically losing, but Aphrodite steps in and rescues him and leads him to bad with Helen, making things worse. So inhabit an Olympus Hara who hits the Trojans, basically pressurized his face. And he causes the Trojan aristocrat ponder IRAs to break the trace and he wins metal ions with an arrow. So that's the end of that. And Agamemnon then rises. The Greeks on the bottlers have suffice. The Trojans discuss returning Helen to end the whole thing. Paris offers to return the treasury he's taken from the grade compensation, but he will not part with Halem. And naturally the Greeks refuse this offer. So Agamemnon, realizing his mistake and getting into a fight with Achilles, dispute with Achilles, returns per se as with gifts, but Achilles is a paste. He still refuses to fight sand. He would only do so at the Trojans reached his ships, I'm threatened them with fire. So he'll may fight of haze, basically personally threatened does his stops at that point. Meanwhile, hector, the Trojan hero, breaks through the Great Wall. I'm charges n. So Pauli Damas, the Trojan aristocrats, warns him not to confront Achilles basically at his prophesied that he will die if he confronts Achilles. But Hector completely ignores this. Xj said to create that the gods were not allowed to interfere anymore in the war. But here, uh, so Jesus him and the god hypnosis, learners disease entity, a deep sleep. And while he is asleep, Poseidon helps the Greeks. Xj says absolutely enriched when he finds this and he sends Apollo to aid the Trojans, as we've heard before. So Achilles has a very close friend called Patroclus, and he actually gives Patroclus his armor and allies, Patroclus, to enter the fray. He's bagged Achilles payable to enter the fray. So Patrick Akos, Patroclus actually faces Apollo himself, but he's eventually killed by Hector. And this causes Achilles to go into deep, deep grief. And he vies to kill Hector. That US, Achilles, mother graves at this point because she knows that Achilles is fated to die young. He happens to kill Hector. And she asked how fast AS they, they got. Blacksmiths, make Achilles armor and creating his famous shield. So Achilles says horse XAMPP, those prophesies, his death to him as he rides and to battle, to face Hector. So basically, Achilles single-handedly kills half of the Trojans advocates of Troy and the gates of Troy or opened for the fleeing survivors. So Apollo, though, learners Achilles away by pretending to be a Trojan. The humiliated Hector, the later of the armies of Troy fantasies Achilles. But his fit, his well basically it's fails him and he starts to rub. Athena, causes him to turn, and Achilles stabs him in the neck, which is a bit of an ignominious way to end the life of a warrior. So dying. He reminds Achilles that Achilles to as fancy to die in the war. So what really angered xj is that after Hector's dead, Achilles does owners has bought a by tying it to his chariot and driving it. Eventually, as we've heard before, Apollo steps and protects the body with the client to stop it from being dishonored. But Zs decrees that the body of Hector be returned to his aging father Priam. So Priam sneaks into the Greek camp in disguise and eventually finds Achilles and grass and by the knees, bad bagging for the body of his son. This actually really moves Achilles, who has also engraved. For Pat to place and to share their morning and they're shared losses due to war. The Odyssey is basically a sequel to The Iliad, and it is the second oldest existing work of Western literature and the Western literary canon. The term odyssey has come to mean journey full of adventure. And that's basically what this story is. It's the many perils and adventures on set box experienced by Odysseus. And the Roman world was called USA's. On his journey home from Troy to Ithaca. Odysseus is the king Of Ithaca. So at the start of the Odyssey, Odysseus as stranded after the Trojan War for angering the gall Poseidon. In Ithaca, he's presumed to be dead. And as a result, his wife Penelope and his son Telemachus, are absolutely besieged with suitors seeking Penelope's halves that would of course make them the rulers of Ithaca. And it's, this is actually a terrible situation because under the customs of their culture, they must provide hospitality and host these people. But the suitors are behaving in a totally burnish way and actually basically eating them out of house and home. They rest completely ripping away the family's fortune. So, do you know it's quite a serious situation. Athena intervenes and asked Zeus to permit Odysseus to return home while her uncle Poseidon is absent from minds Olympus. So she disguises herself as mentees, a taffy Ian, chieftain, and persuades Telemachus to go and search for his father. She then disguises herself as Telemachus and finds him a ship on the Cray. So the suitors scoff at Telemachus, which is not an uncommon occurrence. They treat him quite badly, despite the fact that he's tagged with the head of the household. And he departs for the House of Nestor on the great Midland with mentees who's actually Athena on board. So he's, he's got a goddess on his ship. She's gonna see him, right? But Napster is a venerable veteran of the Trojan War. Anti tells Telemachus to then go to Sparta that he might find news of his, some of his father there. So he goes to Sparta with Nester's son, Peisistratus. And there he meets Menelaus and Helen. Helen is not quite penitent of her affair with Paris, and she laments the last forced on her by Aphrodite. And metal IS laments that Odysseus did not return to Grace with him. But he tells tech tell emacs that he has hired some usable Odysseus. Odysseus as a captive of the same nymph, Calypso. Meanwhile, the sutras plot to ambush and kill Telemachus when He returns and Penelope overhears them and is obviously pretty worried. So at this point, calypso is how the Decius for some seven years, he rejects her offer of immortality if he marries her because he longs to return to Ithaca. So Hermes, the messenger of the gods, it sent by Zeus to order her to release a Decius. So she lets him go and gives him food and drink and clothing. And he builds a raft, which is later wrecked by Poseidon. So Odysseus ends up on the islands of the axioms. After this happens, Athena sense a dream to the king of the face seems daughter Nausicaa, telling her to go and watch her clothes. The seashore. So she does this on shamed contras a Decius and agrees to help him. She takes him back to the iceberg. Parents arete and I'll sinuous, I may offer to help him and give him a ship. Although at this point they don't ask him his name. They don't know who he is. While he's in the high of Alcinous, Odysseus displays remarkable athletic ability, and so he's invited to a party and not this party. There's a barred who's singing about the fall of Troy. And when he hears the story, he counts contained himself has emotions overcome him and his true identity comes to light. So he tells the tale of what happened to him after the Trojan War. Basically, after he left there, he led a failed read. His ships were driven off course and the storm, the Lotus Eaters lawyer has man to forgetfulness. After they are shipwrecked on hematoxylin, drag them back to the ships by force. They then land on the island of the Cyclops. We talked about the site copies before. They're quite fearsome and they become trapped in the cave of one of the cycle plus a woman's cycle pays the Cyclops Polyphemus, and he actually eats a few of them. And there's quite graphic details about his eating these Cray members. It's quite great. So Odysseus gives Polyphemus wine, blinds him with a wooden stick. And then he and his man, clinging to the underbelly of shape as a shape or lab out of the cave so he could have got away. They've just abide escaped when he foolishly taunts Polyphemus and reveals his true identity. So Polyphemus calls to his father and his father as That'll be Poseidon, the anomie of Odysseus, who's got it and for him asking Poseidon to make a Decius Walder at sea for ten years and lose all his crate. They then traveled to the hearts of ALS, Who gives a Decius all the wins except the west wind and a bag. And in order to help him to sail home, unfortunately, his Craig believe that there's gold in the bag on by unless the winds escape. So that puts paid so that one, the ships are then destroys their stranded on the islands of cannibals. The Laestrygonians, not a good place to be. Odysseus then goes to 9E where the, which got us Cersei, the daughter, all the Titans, some god Helios turns half of his men into pigs, not good. So Hermes gives a Decius, a herb, which will make him immune to her magic. And he and his men, Oxley remained there for a year, feasting and drinking and having quite a good time. Then all sources instructions, they journey to the edge of the world where they sacrifice to the dead. Actually encounters with the dad, I'm trips to the underworld are a motif of classical literature. There's a very similar incidents in the anion. So a Decius ask the ghost of the prophet Teiresias high, he could appease Poseidon and he's told he could go home to Ithaca if none of his crew, the sacred cattle of Helios, because that would result in the loss of his ships on his crew in their entire day. He then mates the ghost of his mother on to CLIA, who has died of grief during his absence. And from her, he learns what's going on in his highest of the whole situation with the suitors on obviously, he's enraged by that, makes him once get home even more. He also makes the ghosts of Agamemnon, who was murdered by his wife and her lover when he got home and of Achilles. So this is all obviously wants to keep his crew away from the island where the sacred capital of Helios are. But the overwrite him and Zeus actually causes a storm which keeps them Trump there. The Cray hunt on eight, the Kaplan Helios as enriched and demands that Zeus punish them. So there's a shipwreck. I'm basically the whole crew up, apart from Odysseus, are dried. And that's the point where he washes ashore on a giga, where he is then trapped as calypso was lover until Hermes arrives to free him as we heard earlier. So the fashions here, this tail, they feel sympathy for a Decius and they gave him a ship on some treasure on Santa bonus wide to Ithica. When he arrives in Ithaca, he can hardly believe that he's there, but Athena, at this point disguises him as a beggar rather than Santa can back to his own house. And he stays with the swineherd Eumaeus, his former servants, who not realizing that he's actually talking to Odysseus spikes very warmly of Odysseus. So around this time, Telemachus sales home and he evades the suitors ambush. A theta encourages him to go to the hut of Eumaeus, where he makes his father. And Odysseus reveals his tree identity to his son and they decide to kill the seekers. Once it is own home, disguised as a beggar. He tells Penelope that he has met Odysseus and he basically Tasks her are her faith in him onto her, her chastity. So the housekeeper, Eurycleia, recognizes a Decius, but they, they mixture that she doesn't tell Penelope that Penelope can't hear her when she tries to tell her the next day, just wanting the whole situation with the suitors to add, Penelope hosts a challenge. She says that whoever can shoot an arrow from Odysseus's grit both through 12 ax heads will win her hand. And it turns out that the winner is, yes, he is still disguised as beggar and he faces a lot of jeering from the sutures when he enters this context. So having won the contest, he reveals his true identity and hand. Telemachus, kill the suitors. He then reveals his identity to Penelope, but she's not sure it's really him. So he relates to her high, he had made their bad from a rated olive tree. And then she realizes that her husband really is hope the parents of the satyrs then turn up seeking revenge for the slaughter of their sons by any intervenes and pieces restored to Ithaca on bought as the end of the Odyssey. So the Iliad and the Odyssey contains some things that are common to the literature of the classical period. The idea of fit. We can see that fit plays a huge role. And both these poems, Achilles as, as fated to die and the Trojan War, if he kills Hector, Odysseus is fatal to return to Ithaca, but only after a struggle. Hubris, you know, we see Hector refusing to stay away from a fight with Achilles, even though he's advise very strongly not to do this. We also see a Decius taunting the Cyclops when really he shouldn't have. And the idea of the flawed hero or the anti-hero, we respect them but they're not perfect. That is a big theme within classical literature. The influence of the gods, the idea of the deus ex machine, a. For example, a Taney's role and the oldest eight pulling the strings, manipulating the auction. That is a common theme in classical literature. And actually the theme of exile is a huge theme of classical literature. 6. Virgil : In this video, we're going to talk a by Virgil, who is massively influential or the whole of the literature of Western Europe. And I prefer to him here as Rome's political poet has the roles a bit of a political element to the writing of Virgil. He was also very much influenced by the Homeric poems. Who was Virgil? Publius Vergilius, Maro, my Virgil is sometimes also spout V. Ar GIL. I just want to say something here about my pronunciation of alloc. Oop. The way that I was taught LatLng disco was not to use the kind of church Latin that's used in classical music that has a more sort of Italianate pronunciation. So I would have the hard j here, Vergilius rather than Virginia son. I know that some of you out there might, might differ in the way that you would pronounce that name. But anyway, Virgil is reported to have lived from the 15th of October 70 BC to the 21st of September 19 base eight. But as we'll see later, there are some difficulties with our knowledge of his biography. He wrote in the Augustan period, and he was a proponent of Augustus's regime. And with some people believe that he might have actually been slightly, so far says so. Augustus, also known as Octavian, was the first of the Claudio Julian emperors. He was the great nephew of Julius Caesar. And after Julius Caesar was assassinated, he came to power. That was really the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the emperors. Virgil is famous for the Xbox, the Georgia Tech's on of course, the a needed. And the idea is modeled on the Homeric poems. It's an epic poem and very much the same van only as a bite, a Trojan rather than a Greek. It's one of the most important works and western literary history. In fact, TS Eliot describes the idea of as the classic of all Europe. We mentioned that there were some problems with our knowledge of Virgil's biography. The Biography of Virgil is believed to be based on a lost work by Boreas that's no longer in existence. And over the century, scholars haven't fared biographical details a byte Virgil from his works, but that's a little bit problematic because of course, they are poetry there, fiction. So we don't know how much weight can take to be based on the life of the poet. But Virgil is said to have been born in the village of abbeys, alpine goal, which is northern Italy today. And scholars believed he was from an equestrian landowning family who could afford to have him educated. He considered careers and rhetoric and law before deciding all becoming a poet. Let first of Virgil's poems to be published where the blogs and the echoes, also known as the peak colleagues, the word bucolic maintaining sort of beautiful farmlands associated with telling the earth. So the eclipse will be colics, where published around 39 to 38 BC. There were a group of ten poems influenced by the peacock hexameter. Six feet in a line. Of the Hellenistic poet, the awkwardness. His inspiration for right of them might have been the loss of the family farm. Octavian had gone to battle with the assassins of his great uncle Julius Caesar at the battle of Philip II, which he won. And he pay the bathrooms of that bottle with expropriated land. And it's believed that some of that land may have belonged to Virgil's family at 1. The echoes help find the still influential concept of Arcadia. And that's a vision of the pastoral Country Life on a harmony with nature. And we still find in literature of the present day 19 data with land confiscations and the effect on the countryside. And I spoke earlier about high, many scholars make inferences about the biography of Virgil from his rights I got. And this is one example of that, that has often been assumed that his knowledge of land confiscations was personal. And echo weeks 23, we have postural poems discussing homosexual love. I'm actually attraction towards either gender as well. Um, homosexuality is actually a key theme in classical literature. So I talk for, It's called the Messianic at clog. We have language of the Golden Age. A sort of ideal is related to the birth of a child. And so it's known as the Messianic at clock at, it's dedicated to a Citius polio. But it's actually unclear who the child and question is. Clocks five and it covered the myth of deafness. They suppose it inventor of pastoral poetry who ends up in a song contest. So, compare that to the contest of Homer and Hesiod, which we talked about earlier on. And echoic six, we have the story of selenium was the companion unchanged or to the wine god Dionysus. It looks seven is about a heated Poetry Contest. Book ten is about the tribulations of canal IAS Gallo, who was Virgil's brand and an elegiac poet. The Georgia Tech's are a very different work by Virgil. Virtual have come into the circle of mice. Amos, who was a political adviser to Octavian. And at this point, Octavian was trying to recruit literary figures to undermine the popularity of his rival mark out tonight. So scene, as is said to have insisted on the composition of the George X. And the poem is actually dedicated to him. The title Georgia KS derives from the Greek for on working the Earth. And it's a long didactic, hexameter poem, or didactic means it's a high tuple and that tells you how to do something hexameter, six little sections and each line. The ostensible fame of the poem as running a farm. And I hear you say, is that not a bit of a tedious subject for a poem? That there may be something more to it than that. So, Didactic Poems really come from Hessians there, in the tradition of Hessians. There are four bucks in the Georgia expects 12 cover raising crops and trees, but three covers livestock and horses. And BEC four covers beekeeping, and that might sound a little bit tedious. But four ends with a mythological epithelium. And the epithelium is like a mini APIC, covering things that often epic poetry doesn't cover. And it's a bite that discovery of beekeeping by Aristarchus and also Orpheus, his journey to the underworld, noise service. The scholar suggested that this passage actually replaced a passage that preserved Virgil spread the poet Gallus had fallen out of favor with Augustus and actually ended up committing suicide. And 26 BC, Virgil, am I seen as are sad to have RAB the George x, a large Octavian after his defeat of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and event covered in Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. Of course. The idea is the most influential of Virgil's works. And that was true in the ancient world, where it was sort of staple of school curricula, right the way through to the modern day. It was believed to be commissioned by Augustus, and it was written towards the end of Virgil's life between about 2919 BC. So it consists of 12 books and dactylic hexameter, which we've talked about before. And it describes the journey of the Trojan Aeneas after the fall of Troy to find a city which would one day become the great city of Rome. So the story goes something like this, which is the Latin name for Hara, has historically being the enemy of the Trojans on she is here, the enemy of Aneas personally. So she started up a storm against the Trojan flights. Nasa's blown to Carthage. Carthage, where he meets Queen Dido. And because of some gameplay between Juno and Venus, Dido falls madly in love with a nucleus. And this, of course, It's an awful lot of problems in the future. So Aneas describes the stock of Troy and the death of his wife and his escape and his various adventures to the Carthaginians. And that's quite reminiscent of a Decius telling his tale of journeys and adventures to the physicians. So Jupiter, the Roman name for zs, calls him back to his JT and fit a finding City. Anti leaves Carthage and secret. Dido is so devastated by this that she actually commit suicide. But before she does, she curses Aneas and she calls Dawn are avenge, which is actually quite symbolic of the wars between Carthage and Rome. Funeral games are celebrated for Aeneas's father, whom he has discovered has died about a year before, and his father is called Anki assays. So he consults the command, civil amounts of profit and priestess of Apollo. And following her advice, he travels through the underworld. I'm mates his father who reveals rooms, designates a Him. So note the similarity here between the anions on the Odyssey and The Odyssey. We have. A Decius mating the ghost of his mother when he is seeking prophesied. So he also unconscious the shade of Dido while he's in the underworld. But Dido turns her back on him. That's actually a very beautiful passage and they needed in book seven. And he is finally arrives in Italy. And there he becomes betrothed to Lavinia, who is the daughter of King Latinas. From him of course we get the wide latitude. So she previously been engaged to turn us the king of the reptilians, who's upset at laser has valence I add accordingly, declares war. So an ally of analysis and this war is king avant-garde. We actually occupies the site where Rome will one day stand. And he gives a ASF, famous shield, which we'll talk about a bit later. So the war is eventually settled by a Jew between tartness and Aneas might one of Aeneas's chief characteristics and the poem is Waltz, The Romans referred to as PA task, which is a sort of righteousness or spiritual pure erudite. Yet he completely ignores turn us is pleased for mercy when he's victorious and slaughters em. And they, I needed ends with harnesses so lamenting as he flees to the underworld. So some C, They needed as a subversive work politically. But others see parallels between the character of Aneas with Augustus, because Aeneas was the legendary founder of Rome. On Augustus wasn't away the re, fonder of Rome. He was ushering in a completely new regime. The shield the founder gives to Aneas actually depicts Augustus's defeats Antony and Cleopatra at Actium, interestingly. So Virgil is said to have rads or recited books 246, allied to Augustus and apparently Octavia, who was Augustus's sister, Mark Antony's wife, printed book six. Virgil actually died before exiting the poem. So it does contain imperfections such as metrically unfinished lines. And it's believed that he actually realizing that he was going to die and he wasn't going to be able to add it up properly, asked for it to be burned. But it was published on the orders of Augustus. As discussed before, the influence of Virgil was actually very far reaching his work. Especially they need, or standards of school curricula in Ancient Rome. And many centuries later by the Medieval period, Virgil with still thought of as a great poet, he was actually quoted by Gregory of Tours, who was a Gallo Roman historian and also an archbishop. And he quoted Virgil, but he also cautioned, we ought not to relive barges, lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death. In other words, he didn't think it was a great thing to be telling these pagan stories. On the other hand, in the medieval period, there were others who believe br agile to be a prophet of Christ. Of course, he wrote the Messianic at COG, dumped in the medieval period, mid Virgil, his guide through hell and purgatory and his work, The Divine Comedy. And virtuous Nim, was associated with magical pars and the Middle Ages, on his table pictured here was actually a site of pilgrimage for a ride to central. In the Renaissance, he was thought of as a grant, but of course we have parcels. Opera Dido and Aeneas around that time. And his work at that point superseded the Homeric poems in terms of importance. And actually the Homeric poems started to be interpreted in the light of a knee it today, of course, we still raids the Aeneid. It's still a buck of which people are aware. I think especially the story of Dido and Aeneas has stayed with us across the centuries. 7. Herodotus: In this video, we're going to talk about Herodotus, who has been given the name the father of history. I can hear you say, isn't this and literature course, why are we talking about the father of history? Well, there is a big component of story telling and the work of Herodotus, which is why I've called him here, the yarn spinning father of history. So here's something quite interesting and that you can read on Wikipedia, which goes some way to explaining the purpose of Herodotus is writing's. So he discusses the reason or the cause of the event, actually quotes the first lines of his work translated into modern English. This is the publication of the research of Herodotus of Halicarnassus so that the actions of people shall not fade with time. So that the grant an admirable achievements of both Greeks and barbarians shall not go on run-on and among other things, to set forth the reasons why they waged war on each other. So Herodotus is entrusted and causality why things happened? And that was actually a very great way of thinking. So here is another example of the idea of causality and great writing. And this is actually the opening of The Iliad, where Homer writes which of the immortals set these two at each other's throats? Apollo, Zeus, his son on Leto's, offended by the warlord Agamemnon, had this honored crises, Apollo's priest. So the gods struck the great count with plague and the soldiers were dying of it. So Herodotus, as work, is amongst the area's works of history. And of course here we are rating a purely literary work when we read Homer. But the idea of causality and getting to the bottom of things, very much a Greek concept. However, all the tests of Halicarnassus. Halicarnassus was within the Persian Empire at the time of the birth of Herodotus, although he was very much a great kid and his thinking, I'm his writing. He lived from a rind for 84 BC to 25 BC. It was actually Cicero, the first-century Roman writer who give him the title, the father of history. His famous work, The histories, is an investigation into the causes of the Greco Persian wars. And it's also a bit of a travel LOG. Thank sort of ancient Bill Bryson, only maybe slightly more naive. And you have Herodotus Basically, he was the first person to use an investigative method and writing history, although his work is also criticized for being quite fancy folder are some tall tales and he seemed to believe some of the tall tales that he was told on his travels though he claims not t. He himself came to merely recount what he had been told on his travels with bite necessarily believing it, but it does come across as a slightly gullible, choppy, to be honest. Much of the information that he relayed, however, has been confirmed by modern historians and archaeologists. So there is some truth in the works of Herodotus. It's not just in modern times that Herodotus is thought of as being a bit of a yarn spinner. He was mocked by his contemporaries as well. Aristophanes, pilloried strays and his play, The Acharnians and few Saturdays, who was also an historian following after Herodotus, but a bit more factually based. Perhaps he thought of Herodotus as a bit of a fantasy list. Here is a quote by Herodotus. Isn't man insisted always on being serious and never allied himself a bit of fun and relaxation. He would go mad or become unstable without knowing it. Fair enough. So this is the kind of idea expressed and the histories. Our knowledge of the life of Herodotus comes mostly from his own writings and a document called the CDO, Byzantine encyclopedia dating from arrived they 11th century, so long after the lifetime of Herodotus. We do believe he was born in Halicarnassus on he referred to himself as Herodotus of how they can assist. And he was the son of like saves on of dry out and the brother of Theodora iss. So he was also related to the epic poet Pontiac Acis. Young Herodotus would have been aware of the Persian preparations for the invasion of grace because the local fleet was stations and Halicarnassus am commanded by artemisia, the first of carrier, who was the queen of Halicarnassus and a few other places. How many asks us was actually part of a failed coup against her grandson leg Damas. And it's possible that Herodotus probably took part in this failed uprising. And because of that, he ended up spending part of his childhood and somos. And he was very fond of Psalm OS, as we see in his writings. The suit claims that he eventually returned home to lead a successful revolt against the tyrannical like Damas. That may be a bit of a fable, slightly romanticized. Halicarnassus had quarreled with its Dorian neighbors, subsequently pioneered Greek trade with Egypt, which made it quite cosmopolitan place to be with people of all nationalities passing through. So it's possible that Herodotus, whose family had connections and many places and that facilitated his travels. He had people that he could go and stay with. He traveled in Egypt with Athenians resisting Persian rule. Other, some scholars dispute this and think that his descriptions of Egypt where purely fanciful, but I think it's more widely held that he actually wells in Egypt. And it's assumed that from there he went to tire and then dine the Euphrates to Babylon. But he did not describe the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, which would pretty much be like going to Paris these days and not saying the Eiffel tar. And because of this, Scholars. Again, aren't sure that he was actually there. But his descriptions of Babylon are very vivid and this is actually the reason to read Herodotus. He describes Babylon. He describes the pyramids as being covered an all next with animals carved on them. He's giving you an inch and perspective on the ancient world's things that are now long gone or exist only in ruins. And so as, as a kind of travelogue and to help us visualize that period's Herodotus is very helpful. And we see here a painting all the Babylonian Marriage Market as described by Herodotus, pinto by Edwin long and 1875. So for a very long time, Herodotus as influenced our vision of the ancient world. He became unpopular and Halicarnassus eventually, we're not sure why it was probably something to do with local politics. And then he moved to Periclean, Athens, or Athens under the rule of a politician called Pericles, who was very anti-piracy when it's possible he was accorded the high honor of Athenian citizenship while he was there. And we know that he was paid by the administration there. He was working for them. He later migrated to a place called thorium, which was an Athenian colony and waters noise Southern Italy. Possibly he died there, or it's possible that he returned to Athens and died of a plague and Athens, or he might have died in Macedonia. We're just not sure. We do the same high ever that since the histories and in Iran for 30 BC that he died a Rhonda before the age of 60. Herodotus obviously roped on his works, but he would also have recited his works to a cried on some passages are believed to be performance pieces. So though it's history, there very much as a literary vibe to his works. So I can't possibly describe all the happenings of the histories that actually took me several months to raid Herodotus Histories. But there are some wonderful stories that illuminate Greek thinking. One of my favorite is the story of the Indians. The Indians fist are evoked by their slaves. And their slaves. Where about to do battle with their former masters. And one of the civilian Saddam Asad. If we battle, are former slaves with swords and shields, where according them the same status as ourselves. So they actually came against the slaves with whips and chance, the symbols of their former enslavement and not completely card to them by all this. They, from her artisans point of view that was very clever. But from a modern point of view, it has something to say about psychology and a byte symbolism. I mean, I think we all personally have our own whips and chance. Something that reminds you of some period in the past where, you know, you weren't free, you didn't feel great. And this is the kind of thing that you find in Herodotus, Other told tales and clades. Well, there's a story about a prince and a dolphin. And if you raids the histories, you'll see what I mean. There are other tales of many different kings and rulers. But wars and what caused wars is a repeating theme of the histories. So again, it's a very, very long work. But because of its vivid depictions of the ancient world, it's, it's told tales actually make it worth reading. We are not meant to interpret them as the truth, but they convey something about the values of Greek society at the time. 8. Suetonius : So we've talked to by the Greek historian Herodotus. Now, I would like to talk about one of the Roman historians at a very entertaining one. And that is Suetonius. So Gaius Suetonius tranquil IS, was a Roman historian and he was writing in the early imperial era. He actually wrote that he was a boy just after the death of Nero. And he lived from a rind 69 to a 122 AD. And this bust that we see here is a bust of Julius Caesar, which relates to his most famous work, day beta kaiser from the, I'm the lives of the Caesars. So that maps a set of biographies of 12 successive Roman rulers from Julius Caesar to dominion. Julius Caesar was not an emperor. The First Emperor was his grandnephew, Augustus, also known as Octavian. He was the first emperor of the so-called Julio-Claudian dynasty. But that devastate really came to part with Julius Caesar. So Tony's also wrote about politics as well as history. He wrote about arbitrary famous writers and poets, historians, grammarians, but unfortunately, much of his work is not lost. His place of birth is disputed, but it's likely it was a HIPAA Zurich Jess, which is modern day adiabat and Algeria. So this makes an interesting point. You know, we think of the Roman Empire as being a European thing, but it really sprawled across the world. So tick in Africa. So this is actually why I decided to start this course with talking about Greek and Roman literature because on history, because it really does have such an international impact. We see a picture of Suetonius from the 15th century Nuremberg Chronicles. So his work has been influential through the centuries. So Tony is his father's for Tony is lightest, was attribute and the Equestrian order. In other words, a, E was a military administrator, middle-class, but not particularly influential. So Suetonius was educated at time when skills of rhetoric were commonplace in Rome. And young middle-class boys were expected to be taught rhetoric. He was a friend of plenty the younger, who was a famous senator and letter writer. You can still read the letters of Pliny the Younger. And it was plenty who helped Suetonius by a modest home. And he interested with the emperor Trajan to court Suetonius something called the US 3M liver 4em. And that was a certain set of rights granted to a father of three or more children. Although actually Suetonius marriage was, was childless, but, but this set of rights got him out of certain civic, today's US tree Liberata. Walls abused really by the upper classes and Rome to get them out of things that they didn't want to do. It was meant to be a set of laws that, that encouraged an increase in the population basically. So Suetonius was possibly on plenty staff when he served as proconsul of Bithynia on Pontus, which is a high political office from around 112 AD. Under the emperor Trajan, Suetonius was Secretary of studies, have been no, don't entirely know what that entailed. Ont he was director of the imperial archives, so he was a rind the court. And under the emperor Hadrian, he was the emperor secretary, but he was dismissed for conducting himself towards Hadrian's wife Sabina, in a more informal fashion than the advocate of the court to bounded. And that's according to the Historia Augusta, which was a set of histories of the rulers of Rome that, that actually followed on from Suetonius, his own work. Night. We say Sabina, emperor Sabina, pictured hair or her bust pictured here. She was supposedly a very strikingly beautiful woman. What she certainly appears to be in this bust. She was very much a public figure. She was the first emperors who appeared on coins, and she was very widely traveled. She was actually given the title of Sabina Augusta. I'm not term Augusta had only before being given to Livia, the wife of the emperor Augustus. So we get the word August from someone who has honored, revered. And after she died, he had ran actually hot, hard, deified a vote. He rolls more interested and his mail lovers and his marriage to Sabina was childless. So let's talk a byte data Chi Zara, which in English is sometimes entitled The Twelve Caesars. It's not a history BEQ and the sense of a dry textbook by any stretch of the imagination, which is why I have included it in a literature course. It's actually a little bit sensationalist. And it's full of Suetonius, his own opinions. But you will discover a lot about the personalities on day to day lives. All of the, the Caesars from this book, so high, a high factual It is when we read something from the ancient world, it's hard to know. But it's interesting in the Suetonius doesn't include much a bite. The Emperor Claudius Claudius, because he really only had secondhand accounts of Claudius, with the exception of some letters by Augustus, who was Claudius's grandfather. So he is making an effort to keep it factual and not telling stories that he can't backup. But at the same time, Philip basically gossip. It's ancient gossip. And he also took open reading very seriously in its fill all Omens of the, of the births and deaths of emperors. So if you're interested in this period of history, a must read on, I actually got up on Amazon Kindle completely for free. It is a fascinating period of Roman history that, you know, the repercussions of which resonates with us right the way through to today, you know, it, it looks at figures such as Caligula and Nero, Of course Augustus, the first emperor, Julius Caesar. Absolutely fascinating, rate quite humorous, and places quite gory and others as Roman history tends to be. But if you're interested in this period of history, it's pretty much a must rate. 9. Based on the Bible: Quoted for Milennia: Possibly the greatest contribution of the Middle East to literature is the Bible. Now I, it's not my intention in this course to look at the Bible as a religious work, but it is, of course, an incredibly important work of literature. In fact, if you can't spot a biblical allusion or a Biblical quote, that might completely hamper your ability to understand or interpret a text. Of course, the Bible is referenced every day. How often have you heard people say something like, no peace for the wicked or the eyes are the windows of the soul. Just conversation lay. So I've entitled this lecture, the Bible, the most referenced book in literature. The Bible itself is pretty hard to date, but we think that it's oldest texts, debt from arrived the eighth century BC and the newest texts around the first century. So there is a book that was in essence a couple of thousand years and the right eye, and of course, the re-writing and interpreting and translating still goes on today. It's been influential right, from the classical world, although especially during the medieval period. And the importance of the Bible and other works of literature comes to the fore. Because it was the church where the literate people where, and especially with an English literature. It was monks who were writing things done. A lot of the population bang, illiterate at that time. Christianity, of course, relies on this concept of the words. And in order for people to believe the words, there has to be some level of literacy, there has to be writing. So the Anglo-Saxon dream of the road, genesis a genesis bait on Judith, are all biblical stories. And actually my first Master's Degree looked at high. We can take biblical stories because they are present across multiple cultures and tell things about a certain culture by the way, at retails that biblical story. For example, in the Anglo-Saxon genesis there, there is a story of ICT, Sodom in the Old Testament in the Bible where angels go to visit lots. The nephew of Abraham and the locals of the tide say Sam bees man items because they want to have a sexual encounter with them. Whereas in the Anglo-Saxon retelling the same story, they say because we want to rob them. So that completely takes out the sexual element. And an i looked a bit about why this might be so we can tell things about a culture or infer things about a culture from high bay. Interpret biblical stories, Dante's Inferno, and the Divine Comedy. Also, of course, very much public-key based. Milton's Paradise Lost, the great English epic poem, of course, based on the Bible. Dr. Adams, obsolete advocates who felt based on the story of King David's son who led a military coup against him in the Old Testament. John Steinbeck, accurate of American literature, wrote a book called East of A1, which is his own more modern retelling of the A1 story. Cs Lewis did the same thing and parallel Chandra, which is also called voyage to Vedas, which is part of his cosmic trilogy or run some trilogy. And more recently an eta dy amounts the RAB tent, which takes the biblical story of Jacob and his family and looks at it from the female perspective. There are of course, many, many works of literature which, although the story is not based on the Bible story, contend biblical references and imagery. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, of course, we have the partners till the priests tail contains a religious element. And can I just point out here that not all works that quote the Bible are doing so differentiate deferentially that some of them are also critical of the Bible. Chelsea was critical of the institution of the church, but not so much of Christianity itself or all of the bible. Biblical allusion and Shakespeare as something that's argue to bite. It's possible that because of the period in which he was writing, where there have been religious upheaval and the times of the cheaters, especially coming out of the rand of Mary, the first known as Bloody Mary, the Catholic queen who had killed many Protestants demand going into the RAM of Elizabeth, the first who, who fared a Catholic uprising and that she would be replaced by her Catholic cousin Mary Queen of Scots. He wanted to avoid topic. However, other people do see biblical allusion in the work of Shakespeare, especially in Henry the eighth. If you're interested in that topic, that's something I'll includes as a link in the downloadable resources. Cs Lewis's Chronicles of Narnia, of course, have that allegory of Islam as compared to Christ who dies and rises again. His good friends, JRR Tolkien, contains a lot of biblical allusion and The Lord of the Rings. And elves very similar to angels or express similar to fallen angels or demons. That we have the whole idea of the Return of the King, which comes from the book of Revelation. And actually the beautiful passage which many people remember from the movies up the white Tatars, the sea of glass and the white tars that's also coming through the book of Revelation. There are multiple Biblical allusions and The Lord of the Rings, There are also Biblical quotes and illusions and JK Rowling's Harry Potter series. And Harry Potter goes to King's Cross and is resurrected. And also she actually quotes, I'm a passage from 96, where your heart is there will your treasure B also. So we're going to look in this little section of the course. They influence of the Bible on other texts. And not only when it comes to references and imagery and ideas, but also in the technology of writing that went with the Bible. We're going to look at things like the Gutenberg press for example. So I'm hoping you're going to enjoy this section of the course. 10. The Old Testament and Literature: In this video, we're going to look at works of literature that are based on the Old Testament. But before that, I'd just like to say a little bit about the Old Testament. I, I realized that different people watching this video might have different levels of knowledge. All of it. It's a very important text in Christianity and Judaism, also n, Islam and the Abrahamic religions. The first five books of the Old Testament are known as the Panta chick. They cover the story of the creation of the earth, the story of the patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, whose descendants eventually become the nation of Israel. It talks about the enslavement of the Israelites and high they escape from Egypt. And it contains books of law. It contains books of poetry, it contains books of prophecy. It's actually made up a 39 books, if you're Protestant, 46 of your Catholic. And these books were written, you know, a thousand years apart, so that the subject matter is actually very diverse. The styles of writing are very diverse. They, the kind of literary devices used are very diverse. But there are certain stories from the Old Testament that have inspired later writers and of course also painters, filmmakers, artists, and different media. But we're going to specifically look in this video at east of Eden. But John Steinbeck, absolutely on a kinda fell by John dragon. And we're going to look at parallel Sandra by CS Lewis. So themes that come from the Old Testament that have been picked up upon by later writers. And, but, you know, people are still fascinated by today and clade, humanities, creation and the image of God, and other words, Perfect and unspoiled, but a subsequent fall. So the idea of us being both good and eval. The theme of exile and the Old Testament has been used by Christian writers such as JRR Tolkien, for example, in later generations. So he talks about the exile of the elves to Middle Earth and then from Middle Earth. And that was an Old Testament thing. Freewill, I'm pretty determination. Of course, this isn't just a theme that we get on works of literature that are based on the bible or discussed the Bible. As we've seen in the previous section. Greek mythology also has a focus on freewill and pre determination. It's something that writers are very interested in. So the first text that we're going to talk about is east of A1 by John Steinbeck, which was published in September 1952, and his third wife, Alicia, and called it his magnum opus. So you may have read other works by Steinbeck or heard of other works of mice and men, which is quite often taught in schools on grapes of wrath. But Steinbeck said himself, a byte east of A1. It has everything in it. I have been able to learn a bite my craft or profession and all these years. I think everything else I've written has been in a sense practice for this. So in his own view, this was his most important work. So Steinbeck give this. Chapter in Genesis, or this portion of the chapter in Genesis as his basis for the story that he wrote. Genesis chapter four, verses one to 16. And that's the story of Cain and Abel. It's the story of the first murderer, kin, and also a very ancient story on the theme of sibling rivalry. So Adam mid loved his wife Eve, and she became pregnant and gave birth to Qin. She said with the help of the Lord, I have brought forth a man by the name can actually means acquired or possessed. Later she gave birth to his brother Abel. Not able kept flux and can work the soil in the course of time, can brought some of the fruits of the soil as an offering to the Lord. And abel also brought in offering thought portions from some of the firstborn of his flock. The Lord looked with favor on Abel and his offering, but on can, on his offering, He did not look with favor. So Qin was very angry and his face was done cast. Then the Lord said to him, why are you so angry? Why is your fist Don cast? If you do what is right? Will you not be accepted? But if you do not do what is right? Sin is crouching at your door. It desires to have you, but you must rule over it. And mastering sin of this idea of being accepted our key and the novel that Steinbeck wrote. No, I can't said to his brother Abel, let's go out to the fields. While they were in the field, can't attacked his brother Abel and killed him. Then the Lord said to Cain, Where is your brother abel? I don't know. He replied, am I my brother's keeper? The Lord said, What have you done? Listen, your brother's blood cries out to me from the grind. Now you are under a curse on driven from the grind which opened its mouth to receive your brother's blood from your hand. When you work the grind, it will no longer you, that's crops for you. You will be a restless wander around the earth. Qin said to the Lord, my punishment is more than I can bear today. You are driving me from the Land and I will be hidden from your presence. I will be a restless wanderer on the earth and whoever finds me will kill me. But the Lord said to him, not so anyone who kills can, will suffer vengeance seven times over. Then the Lord put a mark on kin so that no one who find him would kill him. So KID went right from the Lord's presence and lived in the land of NADH east of A1, hence the title of the novel, Esteva A1. So you'll notice here that can is not himself killed for having killed his brother. In fact, god preserves his life. In other words, gives him an opportunity to redeem himself at some later point. That is going to be a key theme of the novel that Steinbeck wrote. Noise. Steinbeck has used a biblical source. That doesn't necessarily mean that the novel portrays the same kind of thinking as the Bible, as we'll see. Here's a great quote that kind of summarizes east of A1 and law that you don't have to be perfect. You can be good. I'll just tell you a little story about east of A1. I had rad of mice man at school, which a lot of you may have done. It's much shorter BEC, but it's still very complex. And I was telling a family friend that I've been reading of mice men. And at the time I must have been about 1213. And the family friend said, have you read east of Eden on my mother was horrified and said she's far too young to have read east of a1. So I got this idea. I must read east of a1. And if you read it, you may be glad that you did. It's to use the modern word epic. Of course, we've seen in the last section that an epic actually refers to a very specific kind of poem. But epic in the sense of sprawling. It's about several generations. And it's got heavy philosophical ideas in it. It's a long and difficult rate, but definitely worth attempting. So let's talk a little bit about the plot of east of Eden. It sat in the Salinas Valley in California and the early 20th century, and it ends around the end of World War One. And Samuel analyze a Hamilton, our Irish immigrants or raising their children on quite an fertile lands. So this idea of America as a new A1 where the dispossessed of other nations goes, make their dreams come true. You're, well, well, the, the Hamilton's are actually having a fairly tough time. As their children leave home. The wealthy Adam Trask buys the best wrench in the Salinas Valley. So we see atoms, life and flashback. He had endured quite brutal treatment from his younger brother who was stronger than him, his brother band Charles. So here we have Adam Charles a, C able Qin. Their father Osiris is a Union Civil War veteran and he was wounded. And it's very first battle. And after that became a military advisor in Washington. So autumn joins the military and he then becomes a Vagrant. And he's actually arrested for vagrancy, although he has, he escapes from a chain gang and he steals close from a store. And he then borrows $100 very large sum from Charles, and he pays for the close that he's stolen, and he pays for the damage that he calls, he chooses to do good. So Adam eventually goes back to the family farm out as told by Charles that their father Cyrus has died, leaving them the gargantuan some of $50 thousand h, although Charles does not believe that his father acquired that money all asleep. Concurrently, we're told the story of Kathy Simms, who has what Steinbeck calls a malformed. So she's a sadist. She very much enjoys hurting others. She's completely selfish. She actually sets fire to her family home and kills both of her parents. She then becomes the mistress of a pimp, but he bait sir, when he realizes that she's trying to control him and leaves her for dad on the trucks doorstep. Charles pretty much sees through her, but Adam falls madly on a rationally in love with her and marries her. Around the time that she marries Adam, she seduces Charles and she becomes pregnant with twins on it's not really clear which of the brothers is the father of the twins. So Adam takes cafe on, they settle in this place near the Hamilton's and Salinas Valley. She makes a clear she doesn't want to be a mother and she doesn't want to live in California on she threatens to leave, but Adam dismisses this as null since so she gives birth to twin boys. I'm at that point she tries to abscond, but autumn looks her in her room. She talks him to the door, the rim, and then she shoots him on the shoulder and fleas, he doesn't die, he's injured, but at least seem to fall into a very deep depression. So he raises his sums with the help of Lee, who's his Cantonese kick. And Samuel Hamilton, who actually suggests names for the boys, are an uncountable. Caleb, biblical damns a, say a table. Can, you can see this thing going through. So lay out them. Samuel, often have these long philosophical discussions, a bite the story of Cain and Abel. And lay asserts that the Bible, if you read it in English, hasn't been properly translated and that his Cantonese community have translated that more accurately. And he claims that the Hebrew where tension, which means the mast, changes the interpretation of that story basically meaning that humanity is not just compelled to righteousness, born good, or dim to send, but can I actually choose a path? And so you can see a little excerpt from that discussion here. It set him free. Sadly, it gave him the right to be a man separate from every other man. So issues of individuality and identity also coming through here. That's lonely. All Britain precious things are low, late. What does that word again? Ten shell though I may just, so it becomes very important up denouement of the novel. So cafe after leaving, she stays in California on, becomes a prostitute. So she changes her name to kit all day. And they brothel where she lives, she ingratiate yourself with the Madam, sort of manipulates her and then murders her uptakes over her business. And her brothel becomes notorious for sexual sadism, which is probably the reason my mother didn't want me to read the novel at the age of 1213. There you go. Not that I reflect on, not so Charles eventually dies at Autumn, visits, Kathy stroke kit to give her the money that Charles has left for her. She shows him pictures of so-called pillars of the community, people very well respected who are turning up at her establishment known for sexual citizen to sort of prove that righteousness is a facade. At this point, atom finally sees her as she, he actually pity SIR, which causes her to really hit him. So Kayla pose known as Cal for short, and Aaron, echoing the story of Cain and Abel, they know nothing about their mother's life. Aaron is virtuous or J Defoe, cow as wild and rebellious. So Aaron falls in love with an AFL arms girl called Arabic. And at a very young age. They much respected Samuel dies and inspired by his memory, atom starts a business venture which actually fails on his sons are marked by their peers and it causes them quite lot of humiliation. So Cal becomes a farmer, are decides and becoming an Episcopal priest at Anglican braced for those of us who aren't American. So coul, actually suffers from guilt and Abe wrongdoers around at night. Notice that the similarity with KN, who's deemed while under the earth. And he actually makes his mother all these wanderings and a conversation he has with her. She remarks that they are like, but he tells her that she's just afraid and walks away from her. Coul decides to try and buy his father's love, goes into business with Samuelson will. But there business is a bit exploitative. They're selling banes at an inflated price to post World War One, Europe. But he turns out to be financially very successful. And he actually wraps up $15 thousand to give to Adam at Thanksgiving. Alum is horrified by the FFT rejects that and tells him to give it back to the poorer farmers he has exploited. Not realizing the Aram pounds to drop out of Stanford University. He tells tau, i would have been so happy if you could have given me, well what your brother has, pride and the thing he's doing, gladness and his progress. Money, even clean money doesn't stack up with that. So this idea of the parents Gibbs approval to one son and not the other, that's coming from the biblical account, both sibling rivalry thing. So in a fit of jealousy, cal actually takes to make kit he knows that's going to do a lot of damage and he is repulsed by her. She signs her a step over to Aaron and Bing, signed over a hospital report. Cute, known for sexual sadism When you have been training to be embraced but of a problem there, and then she commits suicide. Ahrens idealistic worldview is completely shattered at this point. And he goes off to fight in World War One where he dies and battle. So unlike the biblical account, Cal doesn't actually murder are on, but, you know, his actions lead to his death. Adam has a stroke on hearing the news that aren't has died, and Cal tries to convince era to run away with him, but she convinces him to return home. At the end of the novel, Les as bagging a dying out Him to forgive CAL has only remaining sum. He does this non-verbally because of the effects of the stroke. But he is able to say the web Tim show, which gives cow the choice to break the cycle and conquer sin. So pardon the laziness of just screenshotting this from Wikipedia. But why should I do a table that's already being done? So here you can see the parallels between east of Eden, The book of Genesis. Qin as a teller of the grind, able as a keeper of shape. Charles as a farmer who works diligently. And then Caleb and vests and Bain crops. And so there's the idea of Farming plants, they're an artist studies to become a priest who are referred to as a shepherd. Said, no. I think that's Milton. Yes, I think that's probably quite deliberate. So God rejects canes gift of crops, in favor of Abel's lab. And we've just talked about the incident where Adam rejects cows money because it hasn't come from a clean place. And would rather he lead a good life as he perceives hours into the day. So after ejection from God can kills Abel. So after being rejected by their father, Charles attacks Adam, Bates him nearly to death, and it tries to murder him. But, but autumn manages to escape and, and the later generation, Adam rejects cows money and uncountable sets up the situation with their mother. That's going to be very damaging to Aaron. So God put a mark on can to stop others from killing him. The market can sort of famous phrase there to Charles receives a dark scar on his forehead while trying to move a boulder from his fields. And Cal Caleb is described as having a more dark and sinister apparent. Also note where the it says here is the fact that atom tells Caleb tensional admitting though I missed, this implies Caleb may overcome his evil nature because of the mark put on him by God. Also tells Adam, Your son is marked with guilt. So this idea of being marked ICT, colds, destined soup. Can is the only one of the brothers who has children in the Bible. Adam has two children. But in the novelist's, did the children might be Charles's, We don't know. R and of course dies and the war childless. So PAL is the only one who's going to be able to carry on the family lines so that there are some parallels with the biblical story. The next text we're going to talk about is the poem Absalom on a kinda fell by Joan dragon, which was published in 1681. And I haven't particularly golden chronological with this brow, according to Michael Stapleton from the Cambridge guides, Agnes literature, generally acknowledged as the finest political satire in the English language. And that's just a little note here. I have chosen for this video to use texts which are in the English language, one by an American author at the other two are English. But n other parts of the course we will see work based on the Bible by writers from other countries. For example, we're going to look at Dante, the Italian writer. So we're not just limited to English literature here. I just wanted to point the I, so I satirical poem on political in nature. So it's based on more than just the Bible, but it's using a beveled Poe story to make appointed by contemporary society, as we'll see, it's written in heroic couplets. So the biblical theme, the heroic couplets, meant to have resonance of the ancient world landing Bravais tasks to the poem. And it's actually based on the Book of Second Samuel, chapters 14 to 18, which is the story of Absalom, who was the very beautiful son of King David, who latent uprising and rebels against his father. So Davidson has this beautiful long hair, which is representative of his pride. Basically obstacle as absolutely famous for his hair, that's important to the story. So he is advised by a ket Defoe, who was his father's former adviser, who jumped ship and sides with the premise, thinking he's quite unpopular character in the country and that he's likely to be successful. And the other advisor, David's, has shy, basically hutches a plot and acts as double agents and Absalom as taken in by him and takes his advice over a Quetta fellows, much more prudent advice. A cathode realizes that the rebellion is doomed to failure on hey, commit suicide. David has given instruction that his son is not to be harmed. But basically, who shy leads him into this trap whereby his hair as caught an oak tree and he's killed. So just symbolically killed by his pride. And David mourns for this. There's a very famous quote of said, Oh my son, my son. Because really of the biblical account, he would rather have given up the throne than had lost his son. But the parallels that driving this making to his own contemporary society, we'll see in just a second. So here we have the start of absolutely and the kids about you don't really need to know this may not be relevant. But when I was doing my English degree, I hits at this poem. It was my least favorite poem, and I think I could go back and read it and perhaps see a little more. So in Pius time air priest crafted begin before polygamy was Madison when man on many multiplied his kind AIR one-to-one was coercively confined, where mecha prompted and no law denied promiscuous use of concubine them. Pride that Israel's monarch after heaven's own heart. His vigorous warmth did vigorously in part two, wives and slaves. And why does his command scattered HIS makers image? I know there is a parallel here with the king at the time of the publication of the poet Charles the second. Charles the first was the only king in English history to have Bain executed their walls or restoration of the monarchy under Charles the second. But Charles the second had many mistresses, but he has no legitimate children who have no children by his queen. And there's a parallel here with the poem. He did have an illegitimate son who was very, very popular at James Scott, The Duke of Monmouth. A situation arose called the exclusion crisis, whereby Charles's seconds legal art would have been the future King James the second his brother, who was very much a Catholic. I'm Parliament at the time did not want a Catholic king. So a suggestion was made that Charles the second legitimize the Jacob of Monmouth, his advisor that you could moments adviser very much in his corner was the airlift shaft spray onto the Ashley Cooper. So lord, shaft spray was actually at 1, tried for treason. Other, he was a Quizzes. And there was what was called the Monmouth Rebellion because James Scott, the JICA smallmouth just couldn't stomach the idea of his uncle becoming King. This all happened around the time that Charles the Second became very seriously else, which precipitated a crisis. The Monmouth Rebellion was eventually put dine and 1685, so four years after the publication of that poem. And actually the juke gv of Monmouth was eventually executed. So at the time of the publication of the poem, the exclusion crisis was very much going on and they're clearly parallels with the biblical story. There's the idea of a sort of fatherly indulgence. I'm a father and you know, even though the sun is rebelling, not want to see and has some of you sort of the tenuousness of succession and the father son relationship. But it's an interesting use of very old, ancient biblical story to make a point about something that was going on in contemporary society at the time a lot. Let's look at parallel Andra, also known as voyage to Venus by CS Lewis. And it's basically CS Lewis's telling of the A1 story, the story of Adam and Eve, and of the fall of man. It's interesting and it's of course based on the Bible and a biblical story, but it's also based on other works that are based on the Bible. So those include Dante's Divine Comedy and Milton's Paradise Lost. It's the second novel in the so-called space trilogy, or the ransom trilogy. And it was published in 1943. So in the middle of the Second World War. And it was very much admired by Lewis, his close friend JRR Tolkien, who wasn't always completely blowing a byte list is WACC. For example, he didn't really like the Chronicles of Narnia, but he loved parallel Sandra. I'm actually the protagonist of the story L1 ransom is based on JRR Tolkien and Ellen Robertson as an Oxford linguist, JRR Tolkien was at Cambridge philologist. And Alwin actually means lover. So just an interesting but less side there. Lambda is actually a very, very involved and complex text. And you do you actually have to have a knowledge of the Bible, some knowledge of theology, and a knowledge of Milton Andante to really get the most out of it. But you can, of course, just read it on a superficial level as a story. And the story goes something like this. L one rod some receives a new mission from the Ayahuasca, who has the angelic ruler of Mars, whom we've encountered. And the first novel and the trilogy, either the silent planet. He is to travel to parallel Andra, also known as Venus. To contrast a plot that as being launched by RS black are calm, which is the novels Nam for Sit. And so he travels completely naked as close or unnecessary on Venus and the characters in the novel tends be naked. This harks back to the book of Genesis, where before the fall, Adam and Eve didn't realize they were naked. They felt no embarrassment being naked. And then after the fall, when they have a knowledge of good and evil, they feel ashamed and cover themselves up. On golf. Actually asked them Who told you you were naked. But I would imagine also it would be pretty hot of Venus. So that might be another reason for not wearing clothes. So he arrives on the planet and it seems like an ocean paradise. It's covered in water. In the beginning, Walters covered the earth and the earth was without form and void. So that is a parallel to the Bible. So it's an ocean planet, but it's covered in these little floating islands. But there is one fixed point called the fixed land. So he mates tendril, who is the queen of parallel Andra on the eve of the straight. Notice the name ten address. It's very similar to the nomenclature we find in Tolkien's novels. It could be an infrared out. She's human, but she's grain. And she's very, very innocent because that there is no knowledge of eval on this planet. And the human form is said to be the preferred form of sentient beings because it's the form that mallow Thiel, this the second person of God. In other words, Jesus chose to take. So she and her husband are basically the Adam and Eve of the planet. And whereas Adam and Eve were forbidden to eight of the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Therefore, beta_1 to set foot on the fixed labs. So professor Weston, who is the villain of the first novel, sort of represented a very modernist worldview, which was something that Lewis didn't embrace, arrives and he lands quite close to the fixed land. He's still in search of par, like he wasn't the first novel, although he tells Robson that he's changed. But in the first novel he was very much a modernist on a materialist. In other words, not materialist as it was after money, but he only believed in what he could see. Noise seems to have galled me opposite direction to the opposite extreme and embrace anything spiritual. What's routes and tries to tell them is not a good idea. So he becomes because of this demonic lay possessed. And he tries to tamp tended to breach mallow deals command not to step on the fixed lad round some realizes that this will cause a fall if she breaks the laws of God, it will be like the fall of man on earth. And western than Robertson present her with some very complex spiritual arguments. Westerns actually bite to when, when Ransom follows a sort of divine command to physically fight Western. He's more cerebral than a physically fit person. He is of course an academic, so he's reluctant and he argues with his inner voice. And the anti doesn't engage in a fight. And robertson defeat Southwest and, and chases him over the ocean on the backs of friendly and helpful fish. So the rail south, not diabolically possessed the real part of Western emerges on towels, ransom his tail of having been to hell. And while Robertson is distracted by this, the daimon surprises him a nearly over pars route. Some He's seemingly kills Westerns. Baldi, which is hazing the daimon, believing that's the quest over he mix for the surface. This has all happened under water, but the body, which is sort of horrifically animated, follows him. So ransom debates to fate's a psychological assaults and he ends up throwing the body into Volcano, which is sort of like a hat like image. So there, there's a little bit of a reflection of the New Testament as well as the Old Testament there. So round some on the king and queen, on the angelic rulers of the planet celebrate the prevention of another fall that parallel Andhra or Venus will maintain its innocence and be a kind of utopia. And it finishes with Ronson having a vision of a great dance, which is very reminiscent of Dante's journey in the Divine Comedy. Very, very complex text. Some people love it. Some people just don't gel with that at all. As I say, you need to help quite a lot of reading behind you to, to maybe get the most artifacts. But if you're willing to take it on, it's definitely worth reading parallel andra. 11. Literature and the New Testament: In this video, we're going to talk about literature on the New Testament. And I subtitled at typology and grace. Typology as when we see Christ figures within a work of literature. And that's something that's very, very frequent in world literature. And grace as the concept that differentiates the New Testament from the old. The Old Testament does mention a Messiah. There are prophecies of a Messiah in the books of Isaiah and the Psalms in the New Testament. That is very much Jesus, who is known as the Christ, which is the Greek version of the word Messiah, which means chosen one. As I mentioned before, the concept of grace radically moves away from the thinking of the Old Testament in the ancient world, both the Hebrew but also in the Greco-Roman world. There was this idea of the lex talionis, an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, you were paid back proportionately for what you did and as she made certain sacrifices to atone for your sentence. So someone who was not doing that well, who was per who was suffering, there was the potential for that person to be viewed as cursed by God if they were Hebrew and curse by the gods if they were great. So into this world, according to the New Testament, is born a baby who, well, his parentage is questionable. He may be a legitimate and that would have been to be a social art cast. He is that a refugee quite shortly after his birth, he grows up to be homeless and he dies. A daft reserved for the most vile offenders. And he's actually killed by a hit an occupying force. Crucifixion. Perhaps one of the most barbaric human inventions ever, where your nailed naked to wooden cross by the wrists and you slowly asphyxiate to death. So you're both humiliated, tortured, and adults who killed at the same time. Such a person in the ancient world would have been considered to be cursed by God yet and the New Testament, he was God. So this is the concept of grass that you aren't simply paid back for what you've done, that you can, instead of making animal sacrifices, you can own that sacrifice of Christ. And then you extend Gris to other people. So this is a very different way of thinking. It's important to note that the New Testament takes place and the Greco Roman era. We have some great writers of the New Testament Look, for example. There is also an element of Greek thinking in the New Testament, which there isn't really in the old, it's completely Hebrew thinking for example, we can see that some Paul was perhaps implants by Plato. Plato of course, believed in a platonic failed and a part of yourself that was higher and more spiritual. And so Paul had the idea of the flesh and the spirit sort of lower on higher part of yourself vying with each other. As I mentioned before, Christ figures are messiah figures and literature are very, very common. But here's a few just off the top of my head. Joe Christmas and William Faulkner's Light in August. Multi-tool is sympathetic character, but still a Christ character in a way, notice the JC initials. There's also a JC and Steven King's, The Green Mile, John call fate and innocent character with supernatural pars and Betty evil literature, we see Christ figures in poems such as Beowulf, which meant of course transcribed and monasteries which added that kind of Christian thinking. The Arthurian legends, which we're going to talk about it later and an entire section have that idea of the chosen one, end King Arthur who pulls the sword from this stone. As LAN and CS Lewis is the Chronicles of Narnia, very much a Christ figure killed by our wicked witch. He's a lion who is then resurrected on a lion and the lion of Judah and the Bible, it's a very Christian image. Cs Lewis denied that it was an allegory of the death and resurrection of Christ, although he did claim that there was a huge Christian foundation to his writing, he didn't see it as a straightforward allegory, but a lot of readers day, his good friend JRR Tolkien, said of his series of novels, The Lord of the Rings, that the Lord of the Rings is of course, a fundamentally religious on Catholic work. And as such, it contains several Christ characters. There's Frodo as the kind of sacrificial, humble, every man, Christ. There's Aragorn as Christ the King, the Redeemer Who ushers in a golden age. The Return of the King being of course, a very New Testament idea. And there's Gandalf as the resurrected Christ. There are other key works in literature that are based on both the Old and New Testaments that we're going to look at in more detail later. These include Dante's Inferno and the Divine Comedy. I'm Milton's Paradise Lost, which are cornerstone texts in world literature. We've mentioned before that one of the most famous works of literature based on the New Testament and specifically on the life of Christ as the Chronicles of Narnia by CS Lewis, a series of seven books for children published between 19501956. So CS Lewis, who was born in Belfast right close to where I grew up, was educated at Oxford and became an Oxford lecturer. He was an atheist for most of his young life, although he converted to Christianity, partly due to the influence of his very close friend JRR Tolkien, their mutual brand fico Dyson. At that point he became a Christian apologist and he'd written several books and Christianity by the stance. He had also done a series of radio interviews, a radio lectures rather during the Second World War for the baby say on religious themes. Although he claimed that he had not set out to write a Christian series. When he wrote The Chronicles of Narnia, sang, at first there wasn't anything Christian to bite them. That element pitched itself and of its own accord. So it kind of grew. Christian. That's similar to what Tolkien said about The Lord of the Rings. He said that it was a fundamentally religious and Catholic work, unconsciously so at first, but consciously and the revisions. So I think Lewis has undergone. The same kind of process. This is what he tells us a bite, the biblical parallels with his work himself. Since Narnia is a world of talking base, I thought christ would become a talking base there as He became a man here, I pictured him becoming a lion there because a lion is supposed to be the king of beasts. Bay crisis called the Lion of Judah and the Bible. And see, I think having strange dreams about lions when I began writing the work. There's also a belief that he may have been influenced by a play called The Day of the lion, written by his friend Charles Williams, who was also a member of the Inklings, the literary society that he ran on Tolkien attended. So the whole series worksite like this. The magician, magicians nephew tells the creation and high evil entered Narnia. So at harks back to the Old Testament, the lie on the Witch and the Wardrobe, the crucifixion and resurrection. Some people and sharper at this as a strict allegory of the crucifixion and resurrection of the Lewis. To speed up this, as we'll see later, Prince Caspian, restoration of the tree religion after corruption. So almost the Reformation coming in there. The hoarseness boy, the calling on conversion of a haven. I just a little aside here. Louis did not regard Paganism or pre-Christian religions as evil. He regarded them as a stepping stone to finding christianity a part of the journey, the voyage of the DOM trad or the spiritual life, especially in repurchase the silver chair, the continuing war with the powers of darkness. And the last battle that coming up the anti-Christ the, it, the ends of the world on the last judgment. So basically, the Chronicles of Narnia covers the whole New Testament and fight the high points of the whole bible. And arguably so all issue of allegory, CS lists at the Guardian series as not exactly our great. This was in response to criticism by Tolkien, who famously wrote, I cordially dislike allegory in all its forms. Rather supposing the Narnia and world, let us guess what for and the activities of a creator redeemer are judged, might take their, this you see, overlaps with Allah, great, but it's not quite the same. In other words, it's not a straight allegory. He's actually telling his own story, a different story about his own world. I'll let you decide whether or not you find it allegorical. So let's now I mentioned the Lord of the Rings. We've looked a bit at high. Tolkien described The Lord of the Rings as a fundamentally religious and Catholic work unconsciously so at first, but consciously and revision. That is why I have not put in or rough cut ICT practically all references to anything like religion, to culture practices and the imaginary world for the religious elements is absorbed into the symbolism. And he wrote this in a letter to a family friend, Reverend Robert Murray, who had, who had remarked that the figure of Galadriel and The Lord of the Rings was very reminiscent of the Virgin Mary. Tolkien of course, being a very commitment Catholic. And his mother had died when he was very young. And she had converted to Catholicism, was amping cut off by her family because of this. And he'd always viewed her as a kind of Catholic martyr, although she died of type one diabetes and the time before insulin, so arguably even hot, that family crisis note emerged. She may have died, but he had a very strong faith for the rest of his life. So I've taken some images here from the Peter Jackson film, which was very true to the biblical influences I felt so the Biblical imagery from the books. So here we see the ego sweeping darn, that's actually an Old Testament illusion, an allusion to Isaiah 14, which says They shall rise and wings like eagles. Glacial runoff growth Vint. And also there is a burst of the Book of Deuteronomy up, alright, the Lord sweeping dawn to save Israel like an eagle. We say the figure of the lateral here, also the figure of algebra. In The Lord of the Rings. Both sort of Virgin Mary figures. At the bottom left we have the Return of the King, Aragorn. Neither Return of the King is an allusion to the return of Christ on the restoration to a spiritual order. It's a very new testament idea. And we've talked about high Frodo, Aragorn on Gandalf can all be seen as Christ figures. To the right, we see Gandalf battling the Balrog. Very much looks like at depiction of Hal from renaissance are two very satanic figure here. There's an interesting line in the BEC around this point after he fights the Balrog, Gandalf falls through fire on Walter. That's both an allusion to the Old Testament to Psalm 66, but it's also an allusion to baptism at very New Testament idea. 12. The Bible & the Technology of Writing: The Bible on the technology of writing from scrolls to ops. In this video, we're going to look at high. The Bible has actually propelled the technology of writing and printing at certain points in history and made use of the latest technology at other points in history to become the world's most read book and fights the King James version of the Bible is the most printed book in history. And we're going to have a look at this video asked to hide that happened. Pardon, to Wikipedia screenshot. But you know, as I say, why reinvent the wheel? All the information was here. This page gives a little bit of information up ICT existing manuscripts, still extant manuscripts from the Hebrew Bible and from the Old Testament. So you can see the kind of debts that are being mentioned here, 650 to 587 BC, eight or basi. So very, very ancient texts. And these tend to be in the form of scrolls quite often made from papyrus. In other words, paper that was kind of woven together from rate's. Quite amazingly, these have survived through the millennia because of the environment and that they refined in which, which, you know, the very dry desert climates preserve them. Of course, the, the finding of the Dead Sea Scrolls comb Ron was a very, very major discover, discovery in 1947. And really added to our knowledge of the Old Testament, there were roughly it 100 manuscripts Fonda apps can run. Looking up the New Testament texts which survive. We've actually got 5,800 Greek manuscripts of the New Testament which survive today. And these total about 2.6 million pages. And there are also tens of thousands of scripts and Latin, Coptic, Syriac, Armenian. So talking about world literature, even in its early days, the New Testament was getting a wrong. Girls being translated into many languages. Ofcourse handwritten manuscripts contain errors. So we need to have multiple manuscripts and compare these manuscripts to be able to reconstruct the books of the Bible. And this was especially true before the invention of the printing press. Because once printing comes into play, you can have accepted versions of a text. But even so, in the current edge, translators of the Bible quite often linked to these ancient texts. The earliest texts of the New Testament that still survive are written on papyrus. So mid of rates and did from around 50 to 60 AD. So not that long after the lifetime of Christ. Steaming ahead to the dark edges, in the fourth century, parchment or vellum was used for copying the Bible. So vellum is made all chi, or sheepskin. It's a appends taking process to make vellum. It's a very pins taking process to write on vellum. Ink was very expensive. Vellum was very expensive. At was mostly monks who would have been copying the Bible and texts. The Bible were often beautifully illuminated, as you can see in the bottom right-hand picture here. So a book was a very precious thing. It wasn't something that was mass produced it with something, but perhaps months of work went into and a lot of difficulty went into making a buck. So paper started to be used in the 12th century. So a very long time later. So we're moving on to like plant based materials rather than the animal-based vellum. Medieval texts were written in what's called scriptura continua, continuous script. So there are no spaces between words or punctuation. That was because the paper on the ANC was very expensive, so that was actually done to save space. And as mentioned before, manuscripts were often eliminated and the medieval periods, you think of the very famous book of cows, for example. So a copy of the Bible was actually a real treasure. Then of course, everything changes with the invention of the printing press lie. We think the printing press was invented in Europe in the 15th century naught. So the printing press was actually invented in China. And we say pictured here, a very early Chinese printing press. And we'll talk a little bit more about that in the section on Far Eastern literature. But the oldest prints of bec we have in the world is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, which dates from arrived at 77 AD. In Europe. As mentioned before, the printing press did not appear until the 15th century. Amitabh caused quite a start when it did. So let's talk about a very famous text, the Gutenberg Bible. And here we have pictured Johannes Gutenberg. He was a goldsmith on a political exile from meanss in Germany, who began experimenting with printing and Strasberg in France in 1440. And his press, the Gutenberg press, was ready for commercial use 1450. So it took him about a decade to perfect it. So in order to create larger volumes of texts, getting bark used what was called Replica castings. So he had letters created and brass and mid replicas of these with molds and molten lead portal. He then had to invent Inc. which would stick to the metal. So this was a form of movable type which had already been being used by the Chinese for centuries. He also used a wine press to flatten the paper. In 1452, knowing he was onto a good thing, he borrowed money from a gentleman coat you have as first and printed calendars, pamphlets, that kind of things. Smaller printed items but no books yet. And in 1542, he published his own book, the Gutenberg Bible, which was a version of the Latin Vulgate and print on you can see pictured here at Gutenberg. Bible. He prints at about a 180 copies of the 1300 Pittsburgh, and up to 60 of these were printed on vellum. The biggest contain 42 lines of Gothic type and also colored letters. So they, they were meant to be like a collector's item. At sometimes referred to as the 42 line Bible. Because of the 42 lines of Gothic type, he used 300 separate letter blocks and 50 thousand sheets of paper for this project. And at the moment we have 21 complete copies of the paper Bible, which still survive. And for complete vellum copies, these are actually the most valuable books in the whole world, although one hasn't been sold since 1970, it's where it sold for 5.39 million US dollars and thus bucket in 1970, I wouldn't like to take a stab at what that would be worth today. The price of the Gutenberg Bible, when it was first produced was also quite half-day at the time of printing one copy. So per 30 Florence, which was the equivalent of three years wages for a Clark. So let me make an estimate, say bye. 60 thousand UK pawns. So it was not something that everyone could own. It wasn't accessible to the general population. The bibles were initially bought by monasteries, universities, and very wealthy individuals. The Gutenberg Bible provided an influence on the later editions of the Bible. And actually, when printing became more common in Europe, there were 90 editions of the Vulgate circulating. So here we have you, Hannah's first two we've talked to by earlier on in 1455, he foreclosed on Gutenberg ads. Along with the German calligrapher Pedro Shofar, acquired all of his equipment after the resulting lawsuit, but Gutenberg kept printing until about 1460 and he died in 1468. Printers who had learned from Gutenberg himself, spread the trades. And by 147 day, Italian printers were making quite a successful living at was taking off. Also in 1470, German printers were invited to setup presses at the Sorbonne in Paris, and they printed textbooks. That's printing became more widespread. They proliferation of ideas that became available challenged existing power structures in Europe. So in fact, in 1501, Pope Alexander the sixth threatened excommunication to anyone who printed materials with light. The church has permission. Best didn't work, and what he feared came true 20 years later, books by reformers such as John Calvin and Martin Luther proliferate a judge printing and thats something like 200 thousand copies of works by Martin Luther where disseminated. In 1605, Copernicus published on the resolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, which the Church considered heretical. But he was able to use the technology of printing to get his ideas out there. The first newspaper appeared in Strasburg and 1605. So that was obviously something that was pretty important. And politics, culture, and religion. At this point in history, only the phenomenally wealthy could afford a bible start Nate Wilson, something you could just read for yourself if you were a normal person. So how did we get to the point where it became the most printed on, most read book in the world. Well, in the 15th and early 16th centuries, they, Renaissance humanist movement began. Light humanism might be associated with atheism in our day, not so much in the Renaissance. It was something that grew up with n religious circles to a certain extent. And it simply meant the humanists believed that people had more control over their own destiny. I'm responsible for their own choices more than a hopping believed and the Medieval period where everything that happened was seemed to be done to God. That's an oversimplification, but that's basically it. So as part of the Renaissance humanist movement, there was a renewed and trust and Latin and Greek texts and in the early Christian writers. So there happened to be a Dutch humanist and Catholic priest pictured here. Does sd-areas, Erasmus, who was known as the prince among humanists. And he actually compared the Greek text of the Bible, the Latin Vulgate. And as a result, published his New Testament in Greek and 15-16. In 15-17, the religious reformer Martin Luther nailed his famous 95 faces to the door of a church in Wittenberg and Germany calling for changes to the Catholic Church. He, along with other reformers like Wycliffe, believed that people should be able to read the Bible in her language they can understand. So not in Greek and Latin and whatever language they happen to speak. So he translated the Bible into the vernacular, and he rejected the Vulgate because of its ties to Catholicism. And based his translation all the work of Erasmus, to talk a little bit a byte high, the Bible came to be translated into English. I know this is a world literature course, but since you're taking a course in English, I'm assuming that that is a language you speak out. It is quite an interesting story. This gentleman, William ten Dale, who lived from 1494 to 1536, asked the Bishop of London for permission to translate the Bible into English, but he was rejected by, he looks much older than the 42 years old. He rid of pain when he died. And this picture but I did check this is a picture of him. These are the debts we have frightened. He, after being rejected by the Bishop of London, moved to Germany to continue his translation, and he based his work on Erasmus and Luther. His translation went to press in Cologne and 15-25, but it's printing shot was rid of by authorities and he was forced to flee. He picked up his work again and berms and copies of his translations were actually smuggled into England. They weren't completely legal at the time. Despite Henry the, It's quite famous break with the Roman Catholic Church. He was very anti and English Bible at this 0.10 deals actually charged with heresy and Sedition on he was executed in 1536. Ten, Dale is regarded as the father of the English reformation. We can see here him looking very martyr like his execution. Eventually, Kennedy had changed his mind by the English Bible. He was a man given to changing his mind and gave permission for ten Dale's colleague miles Coverdell, to carry out an English translation which was finished and 1548, the king to create it should be available to every person and every church in England. He was, of course, by the stage head of the Church of England. Ten Dale's work was influential on the Rhine, 50 scholars who went on to produce the King James version of the Bible, the authorized risk-aversion later. The King James Bible. We can see here a picture of the cover page from the original publication and 1611. And it was a translation that came about by the orders of King James, the First of England, on the sixth of Scotland. The original edition that included 39 Old Testament books, 14 books, if they Apocrypha on 27 New Testament books. Now there's a long and involved history as to why certain books are included on disc landed and the canon of the Bible, which I don't intend to go into here because this is a course on literature rather than on theology and on the Bible itself. If it's something that you would like to read a byte up, is actually quite interesting. But the King James Bible is noted for its majesty of style. It's very much a work of literature. And it's actually one of the most important works of literature in the English language. It's also known as the King James Bible. The k j be the k j V King James version and the authorized version, the AV. Here we say, can Jim's looking very Rigaud. It was printed by the kings printers, Joe Norton on Robert Barker and I make no mistake. The King James Bible is a political text. It has a definite political slant, donot. James had instructed that the translation should reflect the Episcopal structure, the hierarchical structure, all of the Church of England of which he was the head. Remember he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots. Elizabeth the first had fared as a Protestant queen. She fared Mary as a Catholic rival who might perhaps use art per thrown on, eventually had her executed. So there have been religious tensions for quite some time in England. And King James wanted version of the Bible that would very much point to his spiritual authority to be head of the Church of England on also to be king. So the translation was to limit Puritan influence, although there were Puritans, sympathizers on the original committees. But the idea was not to back up any kind of Puritan stances and this translation of the Bible. So 47 scholars out of an original 54 appointed worked on the translation on all were Church of England. So no other religious voices, just the Church of England, and they were all clergy apart from Sir Henry saddle. King James cited two passages and the Geneva version, which had preceded the condensed version, which he find offensive because they contravened the idea of the divine right of kings, which was something he very much wanted to both start the passages he objected to where the refusal of the Egyptian midwives to obey the Pharaoh and the Book of Exodus. We can't have ordinary people being saying to disobey a king. And he didn't like the criticism directed at King ISA for refusing to execute his idolatrous grandmother Queen mockup. So the Biblical texts, MCA was the grandmother of asset, but King James rounded her as his mother. As he saw the Geneva text as a reference to the execution of his own mother, Mary Queen of Scots. So he had come to power. He had never really known his mother. He was removed from her care at the age of 18 months. And he is comparing her with the idolatrous Kwame. I'm always saying actually had to go to make way for this new world order. So the first editions of the King James Version calls ten shillings for a lay slave copy and 12 shillings for a bond copy. So you still have the idea of a family Bible. It was still a bit of a white lie, but it was much, much more accessible than it had been previously in history and much more widely produced by the taint century. The King James version was used in Protestant churches on, for studies. So it rolls the accepted translation of the Bible in English. And then with the advent of stereotype printing, which, which used metal plates and the early 19th century, the King James version became the most widely printed back in history, presenting the standard text of 1769. So that emitted the Apocrypha. This was a version that was edited by Benjamin blending at Oxford on today's King James Version pictured here, which you can lie by, will be based on the 1769 edition. So steaming ahead to the 19 nineties, the early 19 nineties, I've managed to find something which is nine probably anon take for you. This is an electronic Bible. This existed just before the invention of the Raider on AWS. You can see it's quite an interesting little precursor to the lights of the Kindle, so I'll just stop it from doing its little demonstration for you. So you can see here, this was something that was searchable by reference or by keyword on. You could use this just to read the text. So I'm going to type in the word gold. So you can see here the word Gould. And let me just find Enter. And it's telling me there's much as in 43 books on it brings up every verse was the word gold. So you could use this for study. You could use this for just reading the Bible. It was AZ to carry a bites, an actual printed Bible being quite heavy. What's interesting is that this walls again before a raiders and even my own Kendall. If you've a reference book on Kendall, either to search by reference to search by keyword. Like that is something that is really just starting to happen. So it was ahead of its time. Technologically, this one that I'm holding my hand debts from about 1995? I believe. So. A recent Don take, but an antique nonetheless. And this one is actually based, you can see here on the New International Version. By that period in history, there's proliferation of modern English versions of the Bible. The New International Version really incorporated translators from several countries and an M to be less politicized than, than say, the King James Version, which to have a definite slant. All but people do of course today still rate the King James version, the new King James version. There are books like The Good News Bible in the message which very much translate the Bible into our vernacular everyday speech. And the New International Version probably rate's a slightly more academic. There is a tendency in the modern age to take words such as mankind and turn them into humankind to sort of take on gender specific pronouns that tells you something about our current ideas. And quite often, the way that a culture translates the Bible will tell you something up bite that culture. So going to have a look, this is back in the 19 nineties. I'm going to have a look at some people might read the Bible today. Well here just above my face as a little app, let me click on this. This is an app called you version on actually, apps are not becoming a way of reading the Bible. That really makes the most of social media. You can see here. You can have friends on here, on, you can see what bare reading, although you can't choose to make those private, there is a verse of the day. You can do what you could do in the nineties. E-readers on you can search by keyword. I'm gonna go with goals like I did with the e-reader. And it brings up all the references to gold, which would help me to if I were studying goals and the Bible for example. So you can also search by reference. The other thing is you can say here I have an IV UK, International version. You can actually choose your version of the Bible. And there are many, many of them, as you can see. So there are ways of, of light comparing the text and different translations which you know, for study or academic purposes would be very useful. We have also have these kinda like Instagram type images that are produced by the app. And you can find plans for studying the Bible. So it's become much more interactive, much more in keeping with modern technology. And thats just, just an example of how the Bible has adopted through the edges to keep up with the way that people rate. 13. Was there a real King Arthur?: There are some stories which capture the imagination so powerfully that they run for centuries or even for millennia. And one such story is the story of King Arthur, dating right the way back to the sixth century, taking in several countries on the way. It's a story that is still TO today. So what does king arthur look like in your imagination? Like this? Like a pre-Raphaelite painting of a young hero. Like the old and wise king arthur, described by poets like Tennyson and the Victorian Age. The density version of King Arthur from the sword in the stone, the sordidness stone being the first part of the novel, The Once and Future King by TH White. The 19 eighties movie Excalibur, quite famous retelling of the Arthurian Legend. Of course, there was the fairly recent movie King Arthur with Clive Owen, the titular King Karen nightly in as well, tried to create a realistic Arthur and keeping with modern tastes, a med, him, a Roman soldier. But it was as much a myth as any other retelling of King Arthur story. Here we see strong called array as the old and wise King Arthur and first night with Richard gear Peng loves a lot. And here we see Bradley gyms as King Arthur in the BBC's by youth focused series Marlin. Sometime in the late Middle Ages, the monks of Glastonbury, ABE, we're doing a bit of digging and they apparently find a coffin on their lands bearing these words Hayek IOC at our tourists, quantum REX, REX quake2 tourists. Here lies Arthur, but once on future king. Now the idea of the once and future king, King who will return at the Art of Britain's greatest need, bringing with him the land of Albion, a sort of golden age as a very Christian idea. It's reminiscence of the anticipated second coming of Christ. Of course, the monks at Glastonbury did very well out of tourism because King Arthur was at huge figure. And the popular culture of the Middle Ages, it turns out to be a hoax. The lettering on the coffin, which bore these words, was not at all what would have been used in the sixth century. So King Arthur was the legendary King said to have lead the defensive written against the sacks Athens in the fifth sixth centuries. Historians are actually divided on whether or not there was a real king arthur with one skill sang, the figure of Arthur must be based on a real leader of some sort, or maybe a couple of real people. And other historians believe it's purely a myth. Actually, the character of marlon is based on a couple of real people and sort of composite of some hermits and wise man. Who did at 1 live. Sources for the Arthur M. Myths and cleared the Analysis II, which is a collection of Welsh chronicles compiled and run the tenth century, although the codecs that survives is from the 12th century. Also net Aeneas's Historia or totem, or at least a work that's attributed to that IAS, which dates from around it, it y_2, on the writings of the sixth century monk healed us. Mike guild us was quite critical of the church and of society of his day and was painting this picture of a sort of golden age. The story grew in popularity to the status that it eventually achieved after Geoffrey of mom ofs, quite fanciful Historia Reagan Britannia, history of the kings of England in the 12th century. It was basically written to butter up the plan tangents who were ruling England at the time. And so it meds the kings of England quite heroic. And I'm almost supernatural bunch. The themes, characters, and events in the Arthur Area, myth actually vary from text to text and you can see them changing with time. And there's no canonical excepted version. Every retelling can be a bit different. But there are certain elements that Jeffrey with Monmouth mentioned which have it basically survive to the modern day Bayes include the figures of ether pad dragon, Maryland, on Gwen of air, Arthur's legendary sword Excalibur. His conception at ten Tycho, brought about by magic. His final battle against his own son by his half-sister, more dreads at Homeland and his resting lists and the iLab, Avalon. The 12th century French writer crazy on de trois, either the figure of Lancelot. He also creates the fad of taking stories about other characters in King Arthur's Court, not just Arthur himself, such as Tristan and Isolde, for example. So this meant that this huge cycle of Arthur in stories began. There were endless stories that you could tell if you weren't just going to focus on the one figure of the king. The Arthurian legends were actually a trend throughout the Middle Ages, but died ICT Tibet during the Renaissance, there was a huge resurgence in interest in all things our theory. And though in the 19th century, you might think of Tennyson's poems. The Lady of shallow, not very famous, and the idols of the king on aids, for example. A sort of Barry, slightly saccharine, should I say it but, but sentimental lysed retelling of the Arthurian myth. Today, of course, there are many books, TV shows, or movies based on the myths and books I've mentioned before, the Watson future king. I loved the ones in the future king. And it really is worth reading. And of course, the mists of Avalon also worth reading. In recent years, we've had the BBC's Maryland pictured here. Stars is Camelot, which only lasted for one series, but again, a modern retelling At the moment. Next, Netflix's Karst is set to film a second season. There was King Arthur starring Clive Owen and Karen lightly. It's a story that we're all quite familiar with from popular culture as well as from literature. I just really want to plug the Once and Future King by TH White, written in the 19 fifties, basically in the Watson feature King, The Wizard Maryland as living backwards through time. So he knows all about the Second World War, post-war Europe. And he becomes tutor to a young boy named wart, whom he knows will one day be the legendary King Arthur. It's a very moving book, it's very funny and places, but it basically pits King Arthur, who has been raised with real love and has had a slightly idyllic childhood. I wouldn't get pits them against, but it contrasts in width. Lancelot, who's actually been raised with total indifference on cared about. And if you ever get a chance to read it at really is a fantastic book. 14. The Progression of the Arthurian Myths: We can see here two pictures of King Arthur won, a medieval tapestry, and the other, Arthur as depicted in the Netflix show, cursed. They both look strikingly different. So how did we get from picture to picture two? This is the story of, the story of King Arthur. Pretty golf radian myths on earth. Does that mean, well that evil versions of the stories as referred to as pre and post GAL4 idiom because golfer does, is the Latin for jeffrey. So this actually refers to Geoffrey of Monmouth, whom, as we saw before, wrote that historia Reagan Britannia, history of the kings of Britain around 1130. So our 30 and myth is divided into before and after Jeffrey basically. So the Pregel, Freudian Arthur is a warrior protecting Britain. Mostly supernatural, internal and external threats. My note, he's a warrior, not necessarily a king at this point. He's the leader of a band of heroes who live ICT and the wild stare not happily settled in Camelot. And he's connected to the Welsh underworld, unknown. And the names of his wife and his possessions are other worldly. Ego didn't attributed to the sixth century poet. And Erin describes a warrior who slave 300 enemies, but says He walls no, Arthur. The manuscript is 13th century though, so we don't know if that was perhaps a later edition after the legend of Arthur, Great to laser, the supposedly sixth century poet wrote about Arthur and the chair of the prints dispose funding on the elegy of Arthur Penn Dragon. And the allergy of Arthur Penn Dragon is the first time that we see a father-son relationship between author and Arthur, which predicts Geoffrey of momma's. So it could have been his source, breather pen dragon. And just to add a note, pen dragon is not a surname, it's not a family name. Arthur doesn't become Arthur Penn drag him as he did in the BBC series Maryland for example, pen Dragon isn't epithets and I kind of description of the character and it means head of the dragon. The Black Book of Marlin, the oldest surviving manuscript and Welch from about the 13th century contains a poem called Walkman is the gatekeeper. And it describes an exchange between Arthur and the gatekeeper of a castle He wants to enter. And what she describes the fates of hymns himself on his retinue, especially K and bed, where are better there? The Welsh tail colic and all ones from around 1100 describes how Arthur helps his kinsmen to win the hand of all one who is the daughter of the chief of giants. And Arthur has to complete a series of impossible tasks, a bit like the tusks of Hercules. And these include hunting as semi divine bore. So are there is frequently mentioned and the Welsh triads. And these are short stories conveying Welsh traditions and legends. And in these, Arthur's Court starts to resemble Britain as a whole or Baldi, Britain as a whole. The idea of Albion, a United Kingdom. He has also neu, represented as a king on not just as a warrior. Clickable when actually describes him as Chief of the lords of this island, overlord of whales. Cornwall on the North also appears in the sky or the lives. Since. For example, in the life of some guilders, he kills the sands brother and rescues his brother's wife from Glastonbury and thought did survive the 12th century. Arthritis, of course, associated with Christianity in the medieval period and as well as Arthurian legends, you can know the lives of saints were popular reading material. And NIH, we'd get to the huge figure and Arthurian legend, that is Geoffrey of Monmouth. So his Historia Reagan Britannia, history of the kings of Britain, written around 1130. It, it's a bit of a flight of fancy, but it claims to be history. And it was taken as history for quite long time after it was published. It actually begins with Aneas of Troy, which we think might be quite far-fetched, but this was not considered so. And the Medieval time. And the first British king is Brutus, hence British as an burritos and Julius Caesar and n that a historian, Julius Caesar actually invades Britain. It ends with the seventh century Welsh King Cadwell adder. The dedication raids. I have not been able to discover anything out toll on the kings who lived here before the incarnation of Christ, or indeed about Arthur and all the others who followed on after the incarnation. Yet the dates of these men were such that they deserve to be preserved for all time. So he says he wasn't able to discover anything about Arthur, but he does talk about Arthur. To be honest though it's quite a small proportion of the work as a whole that concentrates on Arthur, but it was the bit that caught people's imagination. Just to put it in its historical context. At the time it was published, King Stephen was on the throne and he was preparing for an epic fight on envision was coming by his cousin Empress Matilda. Night. Matilda was Daughter of the plantar Jeanette King. Henry the first. Her brother William had actually died and a ship wreck, who was J2, had been king and her father had named her as his heir above her male relations, and that was considered a bit off to some of her male relations at the time. So when he died, her cousin Steven, who was a grandson of William the Conqueror, sees the throne. This caused a period of national upheaval, which was referred to as the shipwreck of moments. Depiction of Arthur goes something like this. After Arthur's conception opt-in toggle, which is abroad it byte by the magic of Maryland. He becomes king at the tender age of 15. He then fights a series of battles which culminates and the Battle of bath. After that, he defeats the scouts and the picks and conquers Ireland, Iceland, and Orkney. He then goes on to control Norway, Denmark on Gulf Law. Remember the ontogenetic kings did not just rho over England's on Britain. They also had kingdoms and mainland Europe. And so this idea of a conquering king who ruled swaths of Europe would very much have a payloads to King Stephen and well, Empress Matilda. Not too sure because remember this book is about the kings of Britain. Not it's more powerful queens. So Gall up the time the Arthur conquers at, under Roman control and Arthur K on bed of air prepare to battle emperor lacI as Tiberius. They hopping away from Britain for a very long time. At this point on, during this time, Madrid's manages to convince people that the king is not coming back. And Arthur learns that he has actually married when Hera or Guinevere and has proclaimed himself king. So he returns to Britain to dissipate more good up the river come glam, not calm on quite yet and Cornwall, that he's seriously, perhaps mortally wounded. He passes his client, his kinsmen, Constantine. Not something I actually always wondered who succeeded King Arthur because modern retellings of the story never really seemed to answer that question. It's something I've actually giggled a few times. But anyway, so he appoints Constantine the new king. And he's taken to the island Avalon for hailing, never to be seen again. But there is this idea that perhaps he might return. And obviously this idea of King Arthur as a messiah type figure who will come back and restore order on, bring with him a sort of perfect society and is a very Christian idea. So Jeffrey mid use of Aeneas's Historia plutonium. And they analyse comrade, but he added his own ideas as well. And he borrowed nomenclature, the names of characters and things, and the idea of Arthur as a king from the pre golfer, the Welsh tradition. Romance traditions, medieval Arthurian romance traditions to be precise. And this does not mean romantic as an mills and Ben are amounts as defined by God or college as a Medieval narrative representing the adventures and values of the aristocracy. So the Arthur Aaron romances in Christianity, they contain supernatural adventures. They are not in any way intended to be realistic, and they contain a lot of references to chivalry. This, this kind of code of conduct that was considered important to the aristocracy of the Middle Ages. The widespread popularity of Geoffrey of monos tales have given way to new Arthurian works and continental Europe, especially in France and the 12th, 13th centuries. These more often focused alas and Arthur himself, but on other characters within his court, such as Lancelot, when of air parcel, gala hat on Gawain, lots, a lot is a purely French invention. And first mentioned by criterion to try, as we heard earlier on. So Arthur is no longer a feared warrior, but at this point he's an old wise, benevolent on slightly ineffectual king. He turns pale when he hears that the affair between lots, Lot and Gwen of air, rather than threatening retribution. For example, Arthur appears in the lay of Merida, France, but crania into TWA is really the greatest French and floods. All the legends. He wrote five Arthur in rebalances between 11701190. And these are Eric, any need and possess and their tales of courtly love and Arthur's courts with Arthur and the backdrop. Even the night of the lion, which has a supernatural adventure featuring event at GAO when the two most significant of his Arthurian works, Lancelot, the night of the cart, which introduces the affair between Lancelot on glint of air and parsable The story of the holy grail. So this introduced the whole idea of the quest for the holy grail lie in the medieval world, relics were obviously a big Dale and the Holy Grail of relic hunting was of course, the Holy Grail, needless to say. So this was something very much in the public consciousness and it's a further Christianization of the Arthurian myth. He actually introduced the figure of the fisher king, but he didn't finish this particular poem and it was elaborated a poem by writers such as Roberto plural. These works actually fed back into Welsh literature. The romance arthur started to replace the heroic warrior Arthur. There are three wells from ounces which reflect this. A win or the lady of the finding. Durant and anus painting of which is pictured beneath. And paradigm, son of Afro OK, which is quite similar to Percival. Up to 1210, Arthurian romance was written as poetry, but after that, it became bros, especially the Vulgate cycle, which is also known as the Lancelot rail cycle. And it's a series of five middle French prose works. Now I'm going to apologize right here. I do speak a bit of French, but I don't in any way pretend to speak Middle French. So if you are French on, you know, middle branch, I apologize for my pronunciation here, but the STR del sunk the asteroid dimmer la, la, la propria, or the pros loud slot, which makes up about half the work. The quest delta O18 growl. And the more R2. This is where we first see murdered as the sun by incest of Arthur and his half-sister. Margo's note, not Morgan buffet or more Ghana more goes a different person of this point on the idea of Camelot as also developed here. This was followed up by the post Vulgate psycho, which reduced the importance of Lancelot and Gwyneth bears affair. And it includes the sweet Dymola, which concentrates on the quest for the holy grail, which is really the key theme at this point. Around the time, Arthur became one of the so-called Nine worthies who were three Christians, three Gs and three pagans, exemplary chivalry back that code of conduct that was considered honorable. And why are they amongst the Middle Ages, our stock recite the nine where these were first listed by Jack do laundry all in a good appeal in 1321. The whole of the development of the Arthurian legend in the Middle Ages culminated and Thomas Mallory's Morte Arthur. And I've actually got a video specifically on that work. If you're interested in Arthur and myth, and you haven't read a lot of, it, is really the place to start. And the, it sort of brings together everything that went before. It was actually one of the first books to be printed and England and after the invention of the printing press in Europe. And it was published by William Claxton in 1485. Most later Arthurian works, even the TV shows that we watch today, tend to derive from Mallory. Comes the Renaissance. Scholars start to refute the existence of a rail historical Arthur. Remember before people thought of him as having being a real person. And polish or Virgil For example, the humanist scholar standard in the 16th century that he did believe in the existence of King Arthur as a real historical figure. So that the popularity of the tales asked at the social changes associated with the Renaissance, there have been huge changes and religion because of the Reformation, there were huge changes and class structures. I'm this mids the tails with their focused on chivalry and little bit less appealing. In fact, in 1634, Mallory's Morte Arthur was printed for the last time in nearly 200 years. The stories where remember too though, and in the 17th, 18th centuries, Ritchie Blackmore and others use them as the basis for political allegory. So Ritchie Blackmore published Prince Arthur in 1695 and King Arthur and 1697 AM to reflect the struggle between William The third and James the second version of the Arthurian tale told thumb was still popular as a fairy tale. And John driving, whom we spoke about earlier, wrote a mosque, cold King Arthur. It's really in the Victorian era that the Arthurian story started capture the public imagination again, you can see here the cover of validity of shallow ops by Alfred Lord Tennyson with the famous Pinto of the Lady of shot by John William water highs. So what happened was that Iran, the 19th century, there was a revival and entrust and medievalism. Romanticism was still a force with an English literature. So Romanticism, multiple mills and boon. But the, the, the literary movement that was pushed forward by the likes of William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge perceive as Shelley, Lord Byron, John Keats, which focused a lot on the medieval, all the supernatural and Omniture. There was also the Gothic revival, which was of interest at the time. So in 1816, the morta Arthur was reprinted for the first time since 1634. And Arthurian legends inspired the romantic poets. Poets, for example, William Wordsworth wrote the Egyptian made in 1835, which is basically an allegory of the holy grail. Tennyson's lid, if she lot was published in 1832. Much loved poem, right the way through to this day. Arthur himself plays a small role and Tennyson's Arthur in poems. So he very much followed the romance tradition rather than the heroic tradition. It also the king, which was published between 18591865, retold the Arthurian story for the Victorian era. And in the middles, Arthur as really representing ideal manhood, but it also has frailties which prevent him from finding a perfect kingdom. Pre-raphaelite artists around this time were also inspired by the stories. And we see here John William water high since the lydia, I'm king arthur by Charles Ernest Butler. But there were many more famous paintings based on their theory and myth. In America. Sydney Lanier's the boys king arthur, which was published in 1880, inspired Mark twins classic, Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, published in 1889. So at this point, the tails have actually spread beyond Europe. World War one, though, very much damaged the concept of chivalry. And just the carnage mid, that, that kind of sentimental ironized notion of, of the Honorable, little bit unpalatable. Nevertheless, TS Eliot mentioned the fisher king in his poem, The Wasteland and 19-22, which is regarded as one of the most important poems of the 20th century. Modern versions. Watson, future King by TH White in 1958. I know I've waxed lyrical abide it before. It is quite amazing. Mists of Avalon by Marion Zimmer blood broadly in 1982 was also unimportant retelling of the WAC. And it's told from the female perspective. It focuses on Morgan or morgan The Fay, who is a pagan place Das, who's worried that Christianity will basically sweep away her religion. So Joel Cooper policies wrote a Glastonbury romance in 1932. I'm curious, or amounts of the dark edges in 1951. So notice the use of the word romance and Martin, midway are the key characters here rather than Arthur. The ones that feature King was adopted into Lerner and lows musical Camelot and 1960, and Disney's the sword in the stone in 1963. So movies of the Arthurian myth, probably too many to mention, but honorable mentions go to Lancelot do lack in 1974, Excalibur, AND 1981. And it's really from excalibur we start see the figures are more goes on Morgan buffet or more gamma as she's called In the movie, kind of blend into won and it's more Ghana, who's the mother of more dread rather than Margo's? And of course it Monty Python and the Holy Grail. And the musical spammer lots, which follows. So TV versions include the baby sees Marlin pictured here, stars as Camelot and Netflix's karst, which as I record this is G to film a second series, not stars is Camelot lasted only one season? The BBC's Maryland is an interesting one because it was a family show. So at tick, you know, the conception of Arthur via incest and more drug as the son of Arthur by incest, you know, the kind of more adult themes were removed on quite interestingly, instead of having an older wiser Maryland, it made Arthur Marlin quite young and contemporaries, but it did some interesting things like Camelot that the Star series, it made more Ghana, Morgan the FE and stat of the daughter of GAR Lewis and AIG ran a grand big Arthur's mother and it made her the daughter of a grin and Arthur Penn dragon. So she is adult of either pen dragon. Arthur has been conceived by magic. She feels she has a right to the throne. So she's the daughter of author and both these shows and that pencil, very different spin on the character because her malevolent is really a bite. Her feelings, she's been denied her rightful place and her quest for par, as opposed to a quest for revenge. And some of the earlier stories, because luther had basically tricked her mother into believing that he was her mother's husband, Gore Lewis, and hence Arthur was conceived. And in a lot of versions of the legend, her three daughters, Morgan with a more goes on a land where it basically not Basque plays a bite this. So I'm sure we'll see an awful lot more Arthur in stories in years to come. It's a story that never seems to leave the public consciousness. 15. Characters of King Arthur’s Court: In this video, we're going to look at some of the key figures in the Arthurian Legend. There are too many of them to cover them all obviously. But the ones that we're most familiar with, I'm not gonna talk too much by King Arthur himself because I think the progression of his character from the ferocious warrior to the kindly king has pretty much been covered in the previous video. After King Arthur himself, the character with the part of fascinate the most as probably Marlin. He is in some tellings of the story, a profit. In a lot of tellings of the story on Advisor and close friend of the Qing. And also he's come to represent what we think of when we think of a wizard or a magician. Marlin has several names and literature, has Welsh name is Martha. His cornice nim is more than or Martin big, the modern equivalent. And Martha and Breton, he's also sometimes called Ambrosius and will, will find like Y that is slightly later. And it's Welsh equivalent, Amaris, which was actually used as a sort of secret identity nib and the BBC show. When he first appears in the Historia Reagan Bertani II, which by this stage we definitely know was written by Geoffrey of moments. And what Geoffrey did was he combined stories of Marlin welts, also known as Meletus Caledonia abscess. Here was inauthentic profit and a bit of a lunatic. And with tales of the romano British war later, Ambrosius RLE Yannis, and that forms the composite figure that he called Manliness Ambrosius. The character was very popular straight after the publication of a historian erection Bertani. I actually am, especially in Wales, which was said to be Maryland's birthplace. French riders later expanded on this character. So the story at this point and the development of the character and literature was that he was a cambium, meaning he was born of a mortal woman and an incubus or a daemon. And we can see here a picture of the, the conception of Maryland. His pars were inherited from his daimon father and those included prophecy on ship shifting. And throughout the Middle Ages, Marlon and seen as a shape shifter. He engineer's, Arthur's conception through magic and deception, as we know. And he later becomes Arthur's adviser until his disappearance. The disappearance of Maryland from the story has several different reasons and different texts given for it, as we will find. The nim Martha and may actually derived from an older form of banana car Martin, which is the time said to be his birthplace. Martha signs, I bet like a rude word in French. If you're French or you speak French, you probably know what that where it is. And just calling a Maryland was a better way to go. So Welsh triads, Breton is actually referred to as Maryland's and closure. So he's a huge figure in medieval writing. Geoffrey of maleness, oldest surviving work is not his Historia, but actually the perfect EI, Merlin. And it's based on the figure of the sixth century bards, Martha of poetic figure and a real historical figure who goes mad due to witnessing the horrors of war ABD and habits, the wireless and lives as a Harmons. He added to this figure, details of the life of Ambrosius are rarely Alice, who was a Romano British later. And that forms the composite character of Maryland and the historian Reagan Britannia. So N his Historia, these stories include Marlins revelation to King w4 to guard the tar he is building will not stand because beneath that there are two dragons bottling. One Dragon is white representing the toxins. On one is red representing the Celts. Also. And the Historia or totem Marlon as the son of a Roman consul. Whereas in Jeffreys, historian Reagan Bertani II, he's rendered the son of a princess on an incubus. A tall tale about Maryland. And Jeffrey AMOLED math's work is that he brings stones from Ireland to build Stonehenge. We now know of course that the stones that built stone, Hans Kim from Wales. And he does this of course, using magic. He manipulates the conception of Arthur by magic causing Arthur Penn Dragon two pair as his enemy Gore Louis ticker Lewis, his wife, a garden, who later was known as a grain. Jeffrey's third work was the beta Merlin NEA, or the life of Marlon. And at Merlin survives Arthur, a Mary's grand Alina. He observes the stars with 70 widows. And his office often visited by his sister, gummy Ada, whose creative Cambria. And he also has prophetic pars like her brother Nikolai Tolstoy, not related to the Tolstoy's War and Peace, whom we're going to talk about a bit later. This is Nicholas Tolstoy, the member of UKIP, postulates that Maryland is based on a real person from the sixth century. Probably I drew it. No, I, we think of a druid as a kind of Wizard, pagan, kind of a person. But actually a Druitt in ancient Celtic society was someone who was socially very high-ranking, a bit like an aristocrat, although they did have a religious role and also a judicial role. And he thinks that the Druid that Marla was based on what's from Southern Scotland. He notes that Marlon and earlier texts has many characteristics which modern scholars would view as radical, but that the writers of the time would not have perceived it like that. If his theory is true, than Maryland actually lived an entire century after Arthur. Roberto Berlin's poem, Marlin survives only imparts that French poem, but the prose versions which followed it contributed significantly to the chivalric romances. In it, Marlin is a daemon spawn sent to reverse the effects of the harrowing of hell. In other words, Christ's triumphant descent into hell. He's baptized by the priest, blesses at birth and Britney. So he's not born in Wales and this particular story, and it's frayed from his diabolical destiny on the par of sit, in this idea of Marlin as possibly evil with a bit of a dodgy start in life. That's something that hasn't really lasted to present day tellings of the character, but was very much present at the start of his story when people started talking about him. So after he's baptized, Marlin retains his Superman natural ability to see the past and the present. And God gives him the ability to prophesied the future as well. In fact, he For tells the quest for the holy grail. He's joking personality, and again, he's a shape shifter. This tale follows Geoffrey of maleness or kind of the conception of Arthur, but absent the detail that we've all come to know and love, Arthur drawing this sword from this stone. And in this version of events that's being orchestrated by merlin, Mallory mid Marlin, last demonic, which made him more palatable to a medieval audience. Because as I'm sure you can imagine in the medieval period to be associated with the devil was really, really not a good thing. And this picture to the right, I actually think he looks a little bit like a monk. In later medieval works, Maryland as an advisor, a mantra on a wizard, on wizard as in the literal meaning of the word, a wise one, rather than a prophet. And he struggles between the good and evil sides of his own nature. He's very much associated with forests and nature and parse eval on process and not. And prose is meant to be small and gives anyone says I've made the type. He eventually retires by changing himself into a bird. Welsh works describing Marlins prophecies of Celtic victory over the saxophones. We're actually uses propaganda by Henry the eighth, who was all Welsh descent. The Arthurian legends have declined in popularity during the post medieval period to the Renaissance Period. But Henry the eighth still managed to Whale the might to backup his own position. In this chivalric romance traditions, Marlins real weakness is farm fatale. Actually, he's got a bit of a sad love life. In various medieval texts. He's either falling for people who just don't like him back. Sometimes he's madly in love with people who don't like him back. Or he is the victim of obsessive women. His apprentices, Morgan le fai, the half-sister of King Arthur, the daughter of grand. And she's sometimes depicted as his lover and sometimes as his unrequited love and trust. Marlon and Morgan are never opposed to each other. And the medieval tradition and modern and contemporary retelling of the story. And for example, the baby sees Marlin, 1980, one's Excalibur, stars, Camelot, they're very much enemies, but that just wasn't so, and the medieval tradition. In fact, there's one story in where Marlin actually lies to King Arthur to protect Morgan, which is the only time in literature that we see Marlin misleads the king. He never lies to him apart from that one time. So Marlon loves after Viviane, who was referred to as nebulae by at Mallory and Lamar darker. And as a result, he's either killed. And some stories are, and other stories he's imprisoned in the forests are reselling Jones, which was the mythical magical forest, talked to bite than a lot of Medieval Literature at, by Viviane stroke midway. And sometimes the story is that she wants to protect her virginity. And an other stories she's jealous of Morgan lift. His precedent is described in different texts as a crystal cave, four walls of air, a whole beneath the rock on magic tar or a tree. Resetting ohms is identified with palm, palm forest and Brittany, but there are also some suggested burial places from Maryland in the UK, not unlike Arthur who is sad to be coming back again in a sort of messianic way. Maryland is pretty much depicted as having died, or it's, it's sort of implied that he died at some point in the text. So places that he might be buried within the UK include Karmarkar then his basically his home time. Bards, the island, Barbara mind and wheelchair and the river tweet a drum ALS there and Scotland. So things are some often suggested final resting places of the wizard Merlin. Let's talk about another iconic figure from the Arthurian myths. His wife, Gwen affair, sometimes seen as treacherous and the reason for his dying fall on, sometimes seen as virtuous above blobs. Her original Welsh name was Duan Hu bar, at which means the white and Chandra's, or the white Fe or the white ghost. So there was this idea back in the early days of the legend of her being other worldly supernatural and also perhaps ill-fated, slightly bad luck. Geoffrey of Monmouth called her gown who Mara and other slightly Latinized forms of her name and hit several different nims for her. Which different additions of the Historia at ragged Bertani i will vary in the way that name is spelled. So Mallory Coulter Granovetter or with a W or a grant of art with IU. But remember there was no standardized spelling english until Samuel Johnson created the dictionary and the 18th century. So, you know, it's not entirely typos that we're talking about here. So one Welsh folktale describes when, who've aren't daughter of Argand GAR, bad when little worse when grit. So in the earliest days of the myth, she is this farm fatale xi as the calls of Arthur's downfall. Welsh tradition also recounts her imitate with her sister Grant who FAQ, who, you know at sometimes portrayed as her evil twin. And this sort of sibling rivalry is a cause of the Battle of coulomb. In most branch of the tails, when a bear is childless. And this really ties into the idea of the return of Arthur, the second coming of Arthur. He hasn't left behind any heirs. He has left the throne and kind of stewardship with Constantine, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth, and He will return at some point to climate. But n parallel S vaisyas from the 13th century and the French work Parseval's also from the 13th century. She has a son named low halt or LM naught with Arthur. And the alliterative more darker, which dates from around 1400, she becomes more drugs consort and embarrass him two sons. Arthur has killed. In the Old French Lira D2, the Beck of Arthur, which dates from the 13th century. She raises the illegitimate daughter of Sacra. More. Early texts either don't mention whether they are or treat her as an auspicious, slightly dangerous. Geoffrey of Monmouth is actually the first person to describe her in any detail. And his Historia Reagan Bertani ICT. And he describes her as being a great beauty of the British Isles, of big O, of noble Roman descent and as having been educated by k dock, the Jacob Cornwall. So when Arthur goes to the continent to fight the Roman emperor, he leaves when a bear and the care of his nephew, more drugs. She's seduced by murdered, I'm marries him, unmoored, reclaims the throat, and this leads to the Battle of Coulomb. So as in later tails, it is infidelity on the part of going of air which causes the fall of Arthur. Although in this instance, they infidelity is with more drug rather than with lamps. Lot. Christiane de trois was the first person to expand on her character, possibly to please his mostly female audience at the court of marae contests of shampoo, Tanya, and Hayes, even than either the lion, whatever is intelligent, friendly, and gentle, unlikeable, praiseworthy character. But emerita Francaise law invol, written in the late 12th century and the subsequent prose work in Middle English by Thomas gesture. So landfall, she's Evans addictive seductress. He plots the murder of the protagonist when he rejects her advances. And she's punished by his true love, the fairy princess Liddy tree amore from Avalon. Of course, Avalon is the magic aisle to which Arthur is carried after comm law and Liddy trim or blinds. When a bear. In the 15th century Italian latte Ebola rotunda, she drops dad when Lancelot and forums her Arthur's fit at the hands of portraits. So very sensitive and character also noticed the 15th century and its et les. So, you know, the popularity of the tails in terms of their geographical reach, on their reach three history is obvious here. The Welsh cleric carried, aka clumped Carson, wrote one of the many abductions of Guinevere. The abduction of going of air is something we see in several texts in his life of guilders out, which was written somewhere between 113115. So. This story, she's abducted by milliwatts, who's the king of summer country, and she's held at his sport and Glastonbury. Arthur searches for her for a year and a eventually gathers an army to go storm the fort. But since Guild US intervenes on, she is reunited with her husband. This story actually follows an Irish literary tradition of the abducted married woman. So our Ireland, taking it another European country here. A similar perhaps older story is carved into the arch of votes, which is like the lower part of the dome of Medina Cathedral in Italy. In many German, French, and Welsh stories, when a bear is abducted on rescued by Lancelot. The Scottish philosopher Hector base wrote in his Historia, gentleness got Torah, history of the Scottish people that after com LAN, whenever there was abducted by the picks and they held her captive basically for the rest of her life. And when she died, she was buried beside Arthur. Now let's talk about wind of air and Mallory's Morte darker. As we've mentioned before, there's no canonical version of the Arthurian stories, but Mallory was the one who brought together everything that went before. So by this point, her character is much more developed. And the mark to Arthur, her father as kingly autographs, who served under either painted dragon. I wasn't trusted with the Rhine table after the author's death. Author to fans Lee autographs and kills his enemy King rants. And this is basically high. He meets his future wife. When the mysterious white knight arrives from the continents, that white light being launched a lot when a bear is instantly smitten, lumps lot joins the Queen's nights to serve when a bear, he rescues her from MLA Malia Gantt. Sorry, but that's fairly difficult to say, which is the same person is malware than the earlier story. And they began the affair which will lead to the fall of Arthur. In the French renounces on other occurrence, Arthur is quite frequently unfaithful to when a bear, I'm not served to justify the courtly love relationship between Guinevere on Lancelot, his lovers in other works not in the morta Arthur include Camille whenever there's evil twin sister and his own half-sister, Margo's, with whom he fathers murdered. In Mallory's account, I ever Arthur as very much fifth vote to his wife except when under a spell. And that's the case of the false going of air. When a bear is jealous of lots, lots relationship with women, especially a limb carbonic, who's the mother of Lancelot son, gala had lit or Sargasso hat. And a land of either asked a lot or ask all out, depending on which text you're reading. Depending on which text or reading. He actually dies of her unrequited love for him. In the mark to Arthur, after the quest for the Grail is over land slot and Guinevere, it become a bit indiscreet. Their last careful about hiding their affair and it becomes a topic of court with gossip. Eventually, Morgan Ling Fay, who is wet affairs better animate, exposes the affair. And she's backed up by the sons of King lot, aggravate unmoored RAD. Lancelot, after his trays, Ms. prevailed, fights and escapes. And Arthur reluctantly sentences going of air to death. He knows how ever that Lancelot will come along and rescue her. So he orders his nights to guard the pyre. Sir Gawain absolutely refuses. Gallons brothers, Garth into Harris are killed in the battle that follows on, godliness is enraged and presses Arthur to confront Lancelot directly. Whenever there is rescued. And she later returns to Arthur from lots, lots castle. He forgives her, begins to Xite that she has ever betrayed him. Arthur goes after Lancelot and leaves when of air with Margaret, who plans to marry her and sees the throne very reminiscent of Geoffrey of mumbles tale. So Arthur then of course, battles murdered AECOM lamb, killing him. But receiving a mortal wind on Morgan with a, carries Arthur to the magical isles of Avalon. So Morgan the fe is the enemy of when a bear and Mallory's texts but not of Arthur. Whether they are retires to convent on becomes an Abbas for the rest of her life. Actually, tennyson wrote a poem of ICT. This, which is attached as a downloadable resource to this video. In more recent depictions of the Arthur and story, Gwyneth air is a much, much more sympathetic character than she was in the medieval period, especially in the early texts. X0 is same as the cause of his downfall. Her affair with lots, LOT, bringing a byte, Arthur's and, but it's good in terms of a tragedy rather than her being wicked. So an Excalibur, which was made in 1981. She's a flirtatious bot, wretches young women. And as I said, her favorite landslide is more tragic than wicked. And First Nights, which came out in 1995, she is a noble princess than a Nobel quaint, but she shows her human frailty by falling for Lancelot. In the baby stays Marlon, which aired between 20082012. She's the daughter of a blacksmith and kind on virtuous, so she's not from a noble background here. She falls for Lancelot and knows that she's going to have to choose between lots, Lot and Arthur. But her betrayal of Arthur in this area, as due to more gammas spell at more Gallus summons the shades of Lancelot, who's actually given his life for Arthur. And the shield has been someone from the dad to follow her. She's eventually forgiven by Arthur and actually after his death at the hands All murdered, she becomes Queen of Camelot on the throne, passes to her. In the shortlist Star series Camelot, which aired in 2011. She's unfaithful as she is in the myths, but she's actually unfaithful to her previous valence I, with Arthur. So this is a bit of a new angle to grid of air story. Perhaps no character and the Arthurian legends has undergone as much of an evolution as his sister or half-sister, Morgan, let say. We see her here depicted as regal and royal, as an chakras and supernatural as a seductress, as dine right, evil. Her name can be find variously as Morgan, more Ghana, Morgan or more GYN, or it comes from the old Breton meaning seaborne. And the epithet lift Fei was given to her by Mallory as the ferry. And other words, she's a supernatural being with magical powers. She's alternatively a FEI, a, which sometimes a goddess and generally a sorceress. She's Arthur's benevolence, supernational guardian, and early texts and she's associated with hailing. So in the first mentions of more Ghana or Morgan the FE, she's not the evil character that she is. And contemporary depictions, xi evolves into an antagonist and the last slot grail and post Bulgari cycles. The origins of the character of Morgan Lyft are actually quite diverse. They may include Welsh and Breton mythology and which the Morgans where fairy Walter spirits and Irish mythology and which the Morgan was the vindictive goddess of strife. I, though that's quite a tenuous link because Morgan, Morgan signs slightly similar. Geoffrey of moments depiction of Morgan and her sisters as the nine magical queens of Avalon. And may actually derived from the gallus and I, who were nine girlish priestesses with magical abilities. All the aisles of cella, which was described by the first century geographer pump erroneous MLA. There are some possible Greek influences including Cersei, who is featured in The Odyssey as we know, who is the daughter of Helios, the Titan god of the sun, and is able to cast spells and The Odyssey, she turns Odysseus as man and two pegs. And Medea. Medea is the niece of Cersei, the daughter of her brother, the granddaughter of Helios. And she features and the story of JSON on the Argonauts. She is initially Jason's wife, although his people don't accept her magical pars and undefined another wife and she, she puts terrible curses on people. Morgan is actually first mentioned by Geoffrey of Monmouth and beta Marlin a knot in the History at reagan Bertani I. So in this story, after the Battle of Babylon, to liaise and the profit brings Arthur to morgan All the aisle of Avalon, where she's one of the nine ruling and Chandra sisters. She agrees to heal him, but says it will take time. In this story, she's very much a Hailar and she's also a shape shifter as she isn't other stories, but she uses her pars for good. She's very benevolent at this point. In the early chivalric romances, especially by criterion de trois. She's a great healer. Healing is very much associated with her. And it's actually criteria who first names her as Arthur's elder sister. So let's talk about Morgan lift a in Mallory's Morte darker. And this story, she has the youngest daughter of a grand on Gore lewis. So Maryland has created on enchantment, which allows her mother to be deceived into believing Arthur Penn dragon, her father's bitter enemy, is actually Gore Lewis himself. And so Arthur is conceived. While her sisters more goes Queen of 4K may as Margaret's mother. So MS. Telling of the story, unlike and contemporary tellings, morgan is not the mother of words, but she's has, aren't. Morgan has studied black magic basically at the convent where she is sent to be educated. And different Medieval texts have her educated differently. She's quite often seen as being the people of Maryland or else being sent away to a convent. She's unhappily married at quite a young age to urea and the king of ragged. And she has the sum avian. She is Marlins apprentice and the mortar Arthur. And she's a better opponent of some of the Knights of the Rhine table, 30 of whom escape her clutches. She lays traps for them quite frequently and she utterly despises going of air. My earlier sources such as the prose Maryland at Vulgate loved slot on the sweet do Marla describe the root cause of this enmity as Greg affairs interference, and Morgan's affair with GMR. So whenever you're feels that this is a pretty risky affair and puts a stopped it. Before that they'd been good brands. But after that though the bitterest of enemies, Morgan is also a political threat to grin of air. It's Morgan who exposes the affair between lots, lot on going to bear and the mortar Arthur. And that's what leads to the eventual full of Arthur. In some accounts, she has an unrequited love for loud slot, which might explain her need for revenge. Mallory depicts r as Arthur's greatest animate escaping to use RPM. Either they are reconciled and the ads on after his mortal winds up, comme la Morgan takes Arthur to Avalon, and when we last see him, he's in her lap as she graves for her brother. Are so many stories about Morgan with a that it would probably take a year to tell a tenth of them. But if you're interested, she is a figure really worth reading a byte. The pros Merlin calls her the most ardent and most lecherous women at all Britain, inspired with sensuality and the devil. So she goes from being a healer and a protector to being inspired by the devil, which has quite a progression. Her many lovers include Merlin. She is often seen as having the potential for both good and evil. She's not a cut and dry villain. She's much more fleshed item, not in sunlit Medieval and Renaissance works. She becomes the queen of Avalon after the fall of Arthur. And the story then centers around Morgan herself, rather than her being part of her brothers legend and other texts, she rose the aisle of Avalon with Arthur. She paid chairs and other European legends, for example, the legends of Charlemagne on she's known as flatter more Gamma in Italian Renaissance texts. And she's very much associated with Sicily, which has compared to Avalon. In more recent depictions of the Arthur entails, she's very much the villain. And Excalibur. In 1981, she's played by Helen theorem and the characters of Morgan or Margo's are kind of fused together that are. So she is the mother of more Madrid and she is quite, you know, quite purposefully. I beg part. And the fall of her brother by, you know, big the mother of more drugs and setting up the COM, land situation. She's seen as very seductive as we can see in the picture. And she actually eventually wet sand traps Maryland and that prevents him from getting Arthur and his last battle. In 1990. It's TV miniseries Marilyn, she's played by having the bottom Carter and this, she's a fairly godless creature who just wants to be beautiful. The evil god as Queen, Mab gives her the gift of beauty and then uses her as part of her plan to cause the fall of Arthur. And in this story, once again, she is the mother of more drugs. And the baby sees Marlin. She's the daughter of Arthur Penn dragon, not of Gore Lois. And this is a quite interesting modern twist on the character because it gives a reason for her malevolent is basically a class for par, she believes she has a right to be queen. And you know that this has been denied her because in the series, Arthur's birth has been brought about by magic. But Arthur Penn Dragon is sort of vehemently opposed to magic. And as more gotta realizes that she has magic. And she comes Rayleigh to hit him and ultimately becomes her brother's nemesis. And at the end of the series, she's eventually killed by Marlin. She's played by a if a grain and stars as Camelot. And again, she's the daughter of ether pen dragon. So this is an interesting modern twist. Plotting to usurp the throne. Very much the antagonist. Her mentor being a nun that she met when she was sent to be educated in a call vents, which is actually a throw back to some medieval stories. But she has become in the modern age a favorite bent on par. And interestingly, in the Watson on feature King, she's not very much broken up by atoll. More goes as Mother of more drought gets a bit more of a mentioned. But really the difficulties between Arthur and his sisters and novel are the nature of his birth and the fact that their mother had Bain well ripped as they say it on, you know, they have to come to terms with this. But generally, modern retellings focused on Morgan, someone who is basically saying both par and revenge. She's become a bit of a Femme fatale. After talking about Morgan latte, let's talk about her sister Margo's, because the two figures are often conflated and contemporary accounts. So more goes or more gauze. Is the mother of more dreads, who is quite confused with Morgan the FE and modern retellings. She's the queen of 4K, made the wife of King lots. And she's also Arthur's half-sister, being the daughter of a grand with her husband Gore Louis. Her sounds are Gareth aggravate Anca Harris, who ends up killing her. And a lot of stories. She's also the mother of Sir Gawain, one of the grandest of Arthur's knights. She's the mother of Margaret due to Arthur's ended threatened incest with hair. So he doesn't realize that she is his half-sister. The earliest form of her name is or cafes from Arcadia, the Latin name for the Orkney Islands. And that's fine in criterion to twice personnel. And this she's the mother of Gao in get Harris aggravated Gareth word with and she also has two daughters. Clara sounds are surrender more as more GIS-based. So the name is changing. She appears and lay on false Guha in the early 13th century. And also in Heinrich folded Berlin's DEA cron, or the crime which appeared around 1230. And Mallory's Morte to Arthur. She's one of the three daughters of Gore Lewis and a grand more goes as the eldest and there's also a LAN on Morgan le fai. Her mother as widowed and marries her father's animate, Arthur Penn dragon. And then the sisters are married off to if there's allies with Margo's being wedded to King lot of Orkney. All of King lot and more goes his son's serve Arthur as Knights of the Rhine table. Gawain is one of his best nights. Aggravation is a twisted traitor. Yeah, Harris ends up murdering his mother. And Gareth, who's actually gentle and loving. King lot, joins the early rebellions against Arthur's ran. And around this time, Margo's visits Arthur Corleone. He doesn't know who she is, and he fathers more direct with her. Lot believes margin to be his son on dresses him. Lot as killed by King palette or on avenged by GAO when UNGA Harris, I'm not creates a blood feud between the families. So rather unfortunately, Margo's then has an affair with King paella nor some salami Iraq. We also happens to be one of Arthur's best nights. To Harris finds them embed together on behalves. Margo's leaving lamb rack in her blood. Not very nice story there. And the four Orkney Brothers, Hill, lamb rack and it's a bit ignominious because there's four of them in only one of him. So it's a totally unequal fight. Following the murder of his mother, get Harris is banished from King Arthur's court, but he does re-appear later in the story to be killed by Lancelot. When Lancelot comes to rescue Guinevere, who has been sentenced to death, Lancelot calls the murder of Margo's shameful, but Darwin's perspective as that he's angry that Lamar OK, was left alive. In th whites, the ones that feature King more goes is the titular Queen of Aaron darkness. The queen of Aaron's darkness is the second of the five books of the Once and Future King. She really hits arthur IT because his father raped her mother on, killed her father. And she raises her sons to perpetuate this hit. Dread, sorry, perpetuate this hit. Let's be a bit more grammatically correct, sorry that she uses magic to seduce Arthur and conceive more dreads, unwarranted as raised alone by her to hit Arthur, him he actually blames for her death. And in the once and future, king, more goes, though she doesn't have the magical powers of her sister Morgan. Lithium is still same as, Um, and Chandra's as a, which Rayleigh, which is a gift that runs in her family. Most recent retelling of the story which features more goes as the baby sees Marlon and N_hat, Margo's is the loyal SR of more Ghana and she endeavors to play it's more Ghana on the throne of Camelot. And why this is so that she can be the sister of the queen and close to par. But also because both are Penn Dragon has outlawed magic and killed people who practice magic. And she wants to restore magic to the land. So she trends more Ghana in sorcery. And it's really from finding her sister Margo's, but we're gonna starts to learn how to use her magical pars. Nor let's talk about the character who brings up bytes. Arthur's dome more goes as some margin. At least that's what he is. By the time we reach Mallory, he actually starts ICT as simply being comrades in arms of Arthur. And later depictions he's Arthur's nephew and eventually becomes his son by incest. In the top right-hand picture, you can see murdered depicted and the 19 May 81, they Excalibur. And I was actually quite afraid of him as a child because he was this kind of operation like someone who should never have existed. And his coming meant dim. And the bottom right hand corner, we see ISA butter failed and the baby sees Marlon as the child Margaret, who really represents the evolution of the myth of margin and away and that he is innocent but scarce and lit or turns to evil. So in the post Vulgate cycle up coulomb, King Arthur says, murdered and an evil RDI begat to you. You have runes, May and the kingdom of law GRA, and you have died for it costs Babi Yar and which you were born. So murdered, is cursed by his father and sometimes by the writers who described him. Mortgages can also be thought in, in Madrid or mad dropped. And they. Earliest Welsh texts which mentioned him in the analysis Cambria I, the first mention of him that we can find, he's described and connection with the strife of calm land and which Arthur, a Madrasa fell foul. So that's fairly null descriptive. Arthur Ahmed wrote, no suggestion that their enemies, no suggestion that they're related. Not much for story there at that point. By the time Geoffrey of Monmouth writes The History at ragged Britannia I murdered has become king Arthur's traitorous nephew. So we've seen high. Arthur goes to the continent to fights the Roman emperor over Gaul and leaves more dread charge on leaves Granovetter and his care. He saw Jesus in Mary's going of air and declares himself King. So Arthur than it's worse to return back to Britain. And common follows. And as happens in quite a lot of the Arthurian stories, Arthur unmoored read, slay each other and mock battle. In later medieval tradition, he's the sum by Ns nest of Arthur and his half-sister Margo's, as we've just seen, most versions of the legend and with Arthur and more dread killing each other at Hamlet. Or there are some variations on that, as we'll see later. One Welsh triad describes more dread as turning up that Arthur's Court and Cornwell eating all the food, drinking all the batteries. And then he drags going of air from her thrown on baits are. So he's not a likable character, very spoiled, but he's always depicted as an evil character. In fact, another Welsh triad describes him as gentle, kind. Anyone would be sorry to refuse him anything. In the earliest mentions of the character, he's not necessarily villainous. In Jeffrey of maleness historian Reagan Bertani II, of course, we just stay. He is villainous. He has been plotting to usurp his uncle. And that's really the point where the perception of moderate changes in the post Vulgate Sika, a Mallory's Morte darker, which basically relies upon the post Vulgate cycle. Arthur receives a prophetic warning that a newborn child will be his ruin. So he then orders the killing of all the babies born all Mayday. And that's reminiscent of the biblical massacre of the innocents, where King Herod kills all the baby boys is to an under after the wise man tell him that anew King has been born. So this acts on the part of King Arthur, leads to war with King lot, who believes more drug to be his son on as trying to protect him. And in this war that follows, King lot is killed by King Telenor, but unknown to the king's wardrobe, has miraculously escaped. And he's fostered by the man who finds him until he's a byte 14, at which point he joins the rind table after Marlins disappearance. So Maryland is no longer a rind to forewarn Arthur. In the post Vulcan's cycle, murdered as lustful and even an attempted rapist. Now, when you think about the sort of courtly I do of protecting the damsel in distress and protecting the owner of a Liddy. He's pretty much the opposite of that. Also in these stories, he's the killer of Lamar OK, who is his mother's lover, the son of King pellet or on one of Arthur's best nights. So doesn't find themselves in a good situation. After that. He's also a friend of lumps lot. He frequently rescues him from trouble and he starts to regard Lancelot us, his personal hero. He turns evil when an old priest reveals to Margaret and Lancelot, but more to the, as the son of Arthur embargoes and that his destiny is to cause the fall of the Qing. Margaret kills the praised before he can warn Arthur, a waitlist, lumps locked tells Gwen of air, but she doesn't believe him. And earlier traditions, his treason against Arthur involves adultery with quite a rare, as we see in Jeffrey of smallmouth for example. And, but as the finger of more would became more reviled, cranky and Detroit came along and decided he would pair up going to bear with Love's lot instead. Hector base and his history again to scattered them, the history of the Scottish Paypal plans that Arthur originally named Margaret as his heir. He has, of course has some, but the Britain's would not be ruled by more drug. So he chose Constantine and stat on that lab to the war in which Arthur I'm ordered both died. So that was the cause of their dispute. Where does family relations are a big part of his character? Three ICBA legends in the Vulgate lumps lot. He starts his nightly career as his brother, aggravated Squire, and they conspire to reveal the affair between lumps lot on grid of air and medieval text. Very different from Modern and Contemporary retellings, but he has only one interaction with his aunt Morgan le fai when he visits our act, her castle and the Vulgate quest, of course, in recent film and TV adaptations, he's the son of Morgan rather than Margo's. Of course, his big moments in the legends is Coulomb and the electrode arthur. He kills Gawain, his brother, the Elvis of his brothers at Homeland, and then mourns for him day play. In the Mort R2, he kills his cows and avian, The sum of Morgan le fai, and then decapitates the already wounded soccer more. So he's seen as being cooled heartlands, brutal and really a villain. And Mallory's Morte arthur, which is possibly the most famous depiction of common Arthur charges murdered and run some three with a spare and murdered than sort of lanes on the spare, farther impaling himself to lambda, fatal blow to Arthur's had. And some renditions of the story. After their deaths, more drugs had Heinz and the tar of the dad for centuries as a warning against treason and others. He's buried beside arthur, which is a bit more sympathetic. I mentioned before that he is not Arthur's killer. And every story or he's, he's not killed by Arthur and every story rather. And the Italian law to Villa Rotunda, the ROM table from the 15th century. It's lots, a lot. He kills more george as murdered besiege is when a bear, after Arthur's deaf. And Jeffrey of mama's historian ragged Bertani, ie. The sons of more dread rise against Constantine who has succeeded Arthur. But they're to fated. They take sanctuary and two different churches, but Constantine kills them and the churches, not that would've been horrifying to medieval audience. The idea of sanctuary was completely sacrosanct. So this is a really evil thing today, and it calls on the vengeance of God. And as a result of that, Constantine is killed by his nephew. More Judith Harris and other major works of literature, apart from the Arthur Area myths, for example, and Dante's Inferno, he spawned and the lowest circle of hell reserved for traitors or a contents. Sorry if you're an accountant. 16. Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur: We're gonna talk in this video at byte, Thomas Mallory's Morte to Arthur. So as we've already mentioned, Arthurian myth and legend was a total Chris, actually for a couple of centuries during the Late Middle Ages, and it still is today. Marilyn was a big show of the BBC a few years ago. There's been umpteen movies, a byte, King Arthur. But we can all think of it's something that's still very much in the public consciousness. King Arthur and the medieval imagination that well, these stories really fired the medieval imagination. There was an Arthurian cranes that actually lasted for centuries. So we think if the Arthurian legends as the ultimate English legend up there with Robin Hood. But in fact that spaces was in French on Welch stories. So Mallory's lords arthur, which was published in 1485 as perhaps the most famous medieval texts based on the Arthurian legends. So way back before then and alive and 91, the supposedly demands of Arthur on whether there had been fond at Glastonbury ABE. So that's NIH believed to be a hoax on something that the monks at Glastonbury dead to feel tourism. But at further stoped, Arthur mania. The ontogenetic kings, Henry the second and Edward the first, were associated with King Arthur because of their unifying role. And just really over a vast swaths of land. So there was a little bit of a political element. And actually some of the ontogenetic kings did everything they could to associate themselves with good king arthur. So let's talk a little bit, uh, by Mallory's particular take on the legend, he incorporated the existing French and English stories and added a little bit of his own material, such as Gareth story and his texts. So as well as the texts being about the breath rule and demise of Arthur himself, and also incorporates other legends that had grown up a rind, the Arthurian myth, such as Sir Lancelot, Tristan, and Isolde, announcer Gareth of Orkney. So that was the thing about the Arthur and method was a bit like Star Wars in a way where you have the original trilogy and they keep adding to that. Then you have like row Guam, a Star Wars Story was the same thing with the Arthurian myth. First it was Arthur's Baraka's Asana faith or pen dragon. His death at the hands of his son, more dreads. And then his nights. It's not just Sir Lancelot started to garner their own legends and there was this spiral of stories that lasted for centuries. So who was this? Thomas Malory who so coalesced the Arthurian myth and whose work is still read today, centuries later. Well, he happened to be the son of a night Sir John Mallory, and he was born in 1416. And he inherited the family estate in 1434, becoming Sir Thomas Malory. But he wasn't the moral noble figure that unlike in the Arthurian myth, would've been thought of as being, in fact, he was accused of several serious crimes. He was accused of theft of two rips and the attempted murder of Humphrey Stafford, the thrust GQ of Buckingham. So he was imprisoned on his skipped on several occasions. He spent a lot of his adult life in prison. And 1461, he was granted apart and by Henry the sick, I'm changed his allegiance from the house of York to the highs of Lancaster Henry, the sex of course being, I like how Austrian King. So this led to him being imprisoned yet again and 1460 it, when he led an ill-fated plot to overthrow King Edward the fourth, during his imprisonment and new get president, he wrote the more darker. So it was actually written in prison. He was released in 1470, and he died a few months later. So quite a colorful life and a life of crime in many ways and political intrigue. So if you compare that to the courtly noble figures of, of Arthur hits nights, there was maybe a bit of escape as a sort of idealized world for Thomas Malory. But people still read his work today and it is very much worth reading. 17. Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght: Now we're going to talk about another of the grit Arthurian tales of the medieval period. And that is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. And this is a medieval alliterative verse. So more tales from Arthur's Court, Sir Gawain and the grant underneath is a late 14th century Middle English chivalric romance. So it was written in the alliterative style, Coleman and Betty evil poetry. So with r ij, we expect poetry to rhyme. In the medieval period, it was expected to have alliteration. You've probably noticed that in the older glitch section and in some of the later medieval wax that you might have read. So we'll look at the language in just a moment. So it contains the chivalric things of a heroic Knight who's onerous tested by a Liddy and his chivalry is proven and his response to the lady. So the author of the poem as unknown, JRR Tolkien, whose work we're going to look at a bit later in the course, which I'm excited, the bite and AV Gordon, who weren't medieval scholars, surmised in 1925. But the author was a man of serious and divide mind, even though it's actually a little bit comedic, this poem, not without humor. He had interest in theology and some knowledge of it, though an amateur knowledge perhaps, rather than a professional. So he was a priest. He had Latin and French. I was well enough red and French books, both romantic and instructive. But his home was in the West Midlands of England. So much has language shows and does matter and his scenery. So we may not know exactly who the author is, but we know a little bit a bite him from the work itself. So this poem is find in a manuscript along with three religious poems, parallel periods, they MPS ones. And as well as being heroic and several Racket does have some religious things. So we're going to look at the language here. The alliteration for wander off his way then had a set in his Psalm blood say in that set and his semblance sin m. And then we later on have fared as fracas where feta. So that is calm of Middle English poetry. Like I say, it's not about rhyme. It's a bite alliteration. And when it's translated and to modern English, the, you know, the translator and needs to try and preserve that. So Folk hadn't Hall, I weighed food, fair seawalls to site. So, you know, folk and FO fairs trying to preserve the sense of the original. So the story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is quite a far-fetched story, but you would expect that of an Arthurian myth. So it's New Year's Day and Camelot and King Arthur and his knights are celebrating when a gigantic grain knight turns up. He claims that the knights of the Rhine table are too feeble to defeat him. But tabled stretch I'd his neck and I wanted them to cut off his head with an X on the proviso that habia lie to return the blow within a year and a day. So understandably, no one's too keen to get involved, but the king's nephew and his youngest might Sir Gawain. He is the son of Margo's, the sister of the king. He feels that his Kagan has been insulted, and so He severs the grain knights had with an X, the great night stretches out his neck to allow him to do that. But the Greenlight simply picks his head up but sticks it back on and says they will meet again in a year and a day. So as the det, approaches, Sir Gawain sets off to find the grain chapel, which is where he's to meet up with the green light to keep his side of the bargain. Very important. We've spoken about this before. A promise and Mehta evil that show is on breakable. You have no way out of it. So many adventures and bottles are alluded to until Gawain comes across a splendid castle when he meets someone called Burke lack the hot day Zach, who is the Lord of the Castle, who happens to have a beautiful wife. So they're pleased to have such a renowned guest, the nephew of the king, also present in the castle. As a note, Liddy is not named, but everybody treats her with grit ulnar. So gallon tells them of his predicament, his New Year's appointment up the green chapel, and that he only has a few days remaining until this happens. So Berta lag laughs, explaining that there is a path that will take in there that's less than two miles away. And proposes that Godwin rest at the castle and tend to lend. So relieved and grateful for somewhere to stay. Galvin at grays. So wildly staying at a castle, Bartle, ex-wife, tries to seduce Sir Gawain for three days in a row. Each day she offers him a gift, but he keeps turning her dime. Chivalrous, liking her final offer to him as her girdle, what she claims has been in childhood and we'll keep him from harm. He thinks that might come in handy and his encounter with the Green Knight, and he doesn't want to offend validity by refusing her gift. So we accepts the girdle and they exchange three kisses. At that point, Burke lack returns home from hunting with a fox and also Gibbs, Sir Gawain, three kisses, Sir Gawain and decides it's probably best not to mention the girdle thing to the lady's husband. So the next day, gaba binds the girdle twice around his waist. He finds the great night sharpening is oxides promised. So Gawain, tied to this promise, bands has barrack net to receive the blue at the first swing, he finches on the green light, makes fun of him for it. And he's ashamed of himself for his lack of brave, right? So he doesn't flinch but the second swing, but again, the green light withholds the full force of the blow. The night explains he was testing Galois hands nerve. Angrily. Galvin tells them to deliver the bow. And so the light does cultic only a slight wind on Galloway and snack. The game is over Galloway and seizes his sword, helmet, and shield. But the green light laughing reveals himself to be Burton lack, the lord of the castle, transformed by magic, explains that the entire adventure was a trick of the part of the elderly lady who is really Morgan lift Fei, the sister of King Arthur, who happens to have magical pars. So she hasn't tended to test Arthur's knights. I'm frightened Gwyneth there to death. Godwin is a shimmed to behave to sate flake. But the green light laughs, I'm professors him the most blameless night and all the land. The two-part on corneal terms, gary and returns to cobble out wearing the girdle as a token of his failure to keep his promise. So he's, he's ashamed of S nights the table basically make a bit of fun of him. They absolving a bland. They h, where our green sash and recognition of Goggins adventure with the green light. So I want to say a little bit about the figure of Morgan lift. So in the Arthur in myth, Luther pen dragon depths, the sorcerer Marlin to enchant the beautiful wife of Gore Lewis, a grand into believing that Arthur Penn Dragon is gore Lewis on sleeping with him. And thus King Arthur is conceived. So Morgan the FE, on Margo's, who is the mother of Sir Gawain? Are the, are the sisters, the half sisters of King Arthur, and they are the daughters of a grant, an earlier Maddie evilness. Morgan, let's say, is a supporter of her brother and is actually one of the queens who carries him to the aisle of Avalon. Whenever he's killed, she becomes a bit more of a villainous as time goes on. And quite interestingly, in the most recent retelling of the story, if you look at the baby sees Maryland or stars come a lot, she's no longer the daughter of a grand, she's the daughter of Arthur Penn Dragon After par. So she is a figure who changes throughout history and attitudes towards women are often conveyed and the role of Morgan the thigh. So very interesting character and mythology. So if you read this poem, it's perfectly fine to read it and translation rather than n, the original Middle English. Just looking a bit at the middle English lines, getting a sense that they alliteration is a good thing today. It is found that so jelly romp. It's not one of the more serious and tragic Arthur in stories. So I hope that you enjoy it. 18. Fairy Tales: In this section, we're going to talk a byte fairy tales. And I initially, when I planned this course, I wasn't going to do a section on fairy tales, but I noticed that many of the writers covered in this course, especially some of the most intellectual people like Dostoevsky and Margaret Atwood's, read fairy tales as children and as adults and were influenced by them in their writing. You may have seen, say, a political debate on TV where one part a denounces the other speaker by saying, that's just fairy tales. It's almost used as a slur. This is because fairy tales have become associated with children in our edge, although that was not always the case. And because they're viewed as utterly fantastical and simplistic. But actually to say something like that, it's pretty on academic. There is a reason why pretty much every culture in the world has fairy tales. And we're gonna look at that NIH. Do you personally see and fairy stories that might be something to think about your own personal reaction to some very well-known tails on what are your favorite fairy stories and what is it about the characters and motifs or events in that story that are attracting you got something quite interesting to think about. But the genre of the fairy story as we know it today, comes from the German Marxian tradition. And I, as I've mentioned, fairy tales, folk tales exist in every culture and the world. Either it was really with the Grimm Brothers and Germany that the first attempt was made to write them, dine on preserve them. The idea of the fairy tale and Daniel is a relatively recent one where they all lived happily ever after. That just didn't happen in older versions of the tails. And some actually have very dark endings, including The little mermaid, completely rewritten by Disney, but it was originally a very sad ending. I remember crying at the Little Mermaid as a child, Hansel and Gretel and the Snow Queen, which is definitely not frozen. And it's something very different, quite a dark tale. Unlike myths and legends, They don't make references to rail penises, real people, real events and religions. I mean, we could talk in the last section about whether an arch, there was ever a real King Arthur was there on a historical figure that fueled that myth. But in fairy tales, it's pretty obvious that this never actually happened. It's meant to be fantastical, but the distinction between myths, fairy tales, and romances is actually quite a difficult line to spot. So in a fairy tale, the characters on motifs are simple on quite archetypal. So you get wicked stepmother as handsome princes, princesses in danger on fairy godmother, those kind of figures. Just exactly wat mix a story become classified as a fairy tale? Well, that's actually disputed by scholars. It's normally a short story rather than a long work. And it takes place in an unreal world and an unspecified period of history, once upon a time. And as I mentioned before, if fairy tales, myths, animal stories, anthropomorphic stories where animals are speaking and showing human characteristics on romances actually share several elements, such as the idea of the quest fantastical beings. So the distinctions between these genres can't be very fine. But the term fairy tale comes from the French writer about Amdahl noise. Cones De Fei as an fairy tale used and her 1697 collection of stories at our rind. This time in 17th century France. And aristocratic ladies used to tell fairy stories as almost parlor game. And that actually really added to the oral tradition of fairy stories that became very fashionable to do so, I'm out, I'm done, noise, barrenness, dole knowing, collected some of these stories. One of the most famous academic essays on fairy stories in the niche or fairy stories as j. Tolkien's on fairy stories. And actually, you could consider his Lord of the Rings other what's very long work, definitely all the short story to be a fairy story in its use of archetypal characters, for example, and on the battle of good versus evil. So he actually reject the idea that a fairy tale needed to include buried. He pretty much sold them as big a bite human adventures and a magical world on his essay and his assessment of fairy tales, therefore excluded some stories which have traditionally been thought out this fairy stories, such as the Swahili story, the monkeys heart. Fairy tales come from on high. Did we happened to get the stories that we all know and love today. Well, many fairy tales originated from an oral tradition. And because they weren't written, done in the earlier days, it's very hard to trace their dissemination that I'm actually hired. The story has changed over time. The Grimm brothers in Germany were among the first to try and preserve these tales. And they were specifically interested in Germanic folktales, but they're printed stories had to be reworked to suit the written form. I'm not created unusual and all the literary fairytale, literary null as an snobbish sense of the word, but just in the sense of having been written Dine. And it's obviously much easier to trace something that's being written on 18th century folklorists tried to recover the pure fairy tale, which was something they saw as being an opposition to threaten fairy tale. But as I say, it's nearly impossible to trace the transmission of a story. And fairy tales actually exist all over the world. Nearly every culture has its own folk tales. The artist Western fairy tales could be considered to be Aesop's Fables, dating back to the sixth century BC. In the Middle East, Arabian Nights, from which we get the story of a labyrinth, dates back to byte, 1500 AD. And China ties philosophers such as lazy and Zhuangzi made reference to fairytales and their wax, you know, several centuries BC. So they stories are very, very old. Some of the oldest works of literature that you might come into contact with. Ethnographers actually collected fairy tales from around the world and find similarities between stories from Africa, the Americas and Australia. Of course, even in prehistoric time, people traveled and we become really, I'm be totally sure about high these stories and ideas where disseminated or if there are themes Coleman to humanity that are included in the folk tales of all these cultures. The Grimms believed that European fairy tales derived from the cultural history shared by all Indo-European people were therefore really ancient. And this view is actually shared by some modern scholars. Anthropologists Jamie Tyrone, and folklorists Sarah Graca de Sola, used the technique of finding the oldest common ancestor to try and debt fairy tales lie. Some academics don't consider that to be a very safe methodology. It's actually a scientific methodology and it's unclear how useful it is to apply it to literature. So their findings are disputed, but they stated that they believed that Jack and the Beanstalk could be traced to run the time of the splitting of Eastern and Western Indo-European risks is around 5 thousand years ago. Beauty of the based on rebels dealt skin they believed to be around 4 thousand years old. And that whole deal with the devil motif that you find in Feist on other European stories. Could be about 6 thousand years old. And other words, way back to the Bronze Age. But as I say, the study is disputed. Bedtime stories for children, fairy tales for children, exclusively for children, or at some point in history where they for adults. Well, there's a certain amount of evidence to suggest that for some of the stories their original audiences would have contained adults and children. But they definitely weren't considered to be exclusively for children until fairly recently in history, the 19th, 20th centuries. And I think it's pretty obvious why that is. And the Grimms, entitled Bag Collection Childrens on high school tails. And they rewrote their stories after complaints that they weren't suitable for children. So they tended to actually make the violence worse, especially when it came to punishing the villains of the stories, but they tick sexual references ICT, for example, in the first edition and the story of reprisal, proposal asks the wet, why, why are my clothes getting tighter on the inferences that she's pregnant because the prints has been visiting her and that was actually written ICT. And later additions. So fairy tales start to be turned into children's stories around this time. And of course, we know that Disney went a long way to associating fairy tales with children. In the Victorian age, fairy tales were rewritten to teach moral lessons. There had to be a moral threads to the tail. And George Cruikshank actually included temperance themes and his retelling of Cinderella and 1854. And that's actually horrified his acquaintance Charles Dickens who said, in a utilitarian edge of all other times, it is a matter of grave importance that fairy tales should be respected. In other words, in the form that they have come to us. They already are a bit didactic teaching moral tales, and we don't actually need to rewrite them for that to be the case. Of course it is Disney. Who are the Disney corporation, not just Walt Disney himself, most responsible for associating fairy tales with children. And we all remember saying Disney movies as a kid, I'm sure listening here and they are magical when you're young. But they very much changed. Some of the folktales that came to us. Probably the biggest example being the little mermaid. Hans Christian Andersen's tale has just completely different and dynamic on a completely different tone to it. Much, much darker. Hans Christian Andersen, George McDonald, of course, continued the genre of the literary fairy tale. At George McDonald wrote a fairy tale called the light print SAS, which actually has some rail philosophical points to make to adults. It was turned into a musical by Tori Amos a few years ago. I read it very much worth reading. He was a huge influence on JRR Tolkien and CS Lewis, who wanted to reclaim the idea of having fantastical stories for adults. Of course, in our period in history we have, you know, Star Wars, the Marvel and DC universes, fantastical tales for, for adults are, are Coleman's as not so much at the time that they were writing. And George McDonald's idea that you could write fairy tales for adults was a big influence on JRR Tolkien's Lord of the Rings on CS Lewis's cosmic trilogy. The psychoanalysts whereby and trusted and fairy tales because of their use of archetypes. You can see a quote by Carl Young here. It is so extremely important to tell children fairy tales and legends because they are instrumental symbols with whose help, unconscious contents can be canalized into consciousness, interpreted on integrated. There you go. So other psychoanalysts such as Bruno betel, highly regarded fairy tales as useful to both adults and children. And so I have symbolically resolving issues. So Carl Young actually viewed fairy tales as spontaneous and naive. You know, unpolluted products of what he called the soul. And young and scholars such as Marie Louise von France, safe fairy tales as presenting archetypes in their simplest barest on concise form, sort of last Lin with conscious material less polluted, with intentional ideas, the myths and legends. And she said, and this pure form, the archetypal images afforded us the bass close to the understanding of a process going on in the collective psyche. So not only can you use fairy tales within your own mind, your own psyche, your own soul to process things. But they give us an idea of the sort of communism psyche was what's going on and what youngins would refer to as the collective unconscious. As was the case when we looked at the Arthurian legends and biblical stories, high fairy tales are adopted and retold really does tell us something about the values of the culture in which they are being told. There are some motifs that are common throughout the fairy tales that we know and love from all over the world. But the idea of a young woman, generally a princess, someone very privileged with a powerful antagonist working against them. And we see that in stories such as Sleeping Beauty and Cinderella. Missing mothers is also at beg fame in fairy stories and beauty in the based. The BJ's mother has died. Also in Cinderella. Cinderella is of course, orphaned on that's what leaves her vulnerable to abuse by her wicked stepmother and step sisters. Wicked stat mothers, of course, another big theme. And Cinderella, of course, Snow White. And many of us can remember being absolutely terrified by the Wicked Queen and the Disney version of Snow White on of course, and responsible that the figure of the witch and this controlling and antagonistic older woman. Sexual awakenings and the idea of being saved by a kissed is a motif in fairy stories. We see that in Snow White and then Sleeping Beauty. Fairy Godmother on the idea of the fairy godmother, Cinderella big, the most famous case. And there are some feminists schools of thought that don't like the fact that Cinderella has to be rescued by the fairy godmother, that she doesn't rebel herself on a free herself. And see this character as kind of disempowering others, of course, see, see it as another woman coming in to help the health of women by women. She's not at this point being rescued by the hands of breadths. And this idea of women needing rescued. They kind of turned the expectations that they themselves set on its head with frozen, where an act of true love as needed to save ADA. And that act of true love comes from her sister and not from the Prince. I'm not. Shows you a little bit about high attitudes are changing. Big bad wolves. The stuff of nightmares. Major motif, archetype in fairy tales. Three Little Pigs and Little Red Riding Hood, Of course. And handsome princes, of course. Pretty much every fairytale you could think of. Well, there isn't a handsome prince and The Three Little Pigs, and that's, that's fair. But Snow White Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty amid the Princess and the Frog is an interesting one. And The Princess and the print scattering together creates the, the, they all lived happily ever after. This union is generally what wraps up the story. 19. Grimm’s Fairy Tales: In this video, we're going to talk about one of the most famous collection of fairy tales known in English as Grimms Fairy Tales and German. It's titled translates as children's ON high school tales. Kinda old house Mexican. So it was first published on the 26th of December, 1812. And the first edition of the bec had 86 stories. By the time the seventh edition was published in 1857, there were 257 stories and we're going to talk a little bit later about high. They came by these stories. The Grimms believed that the most natural and pure forms of culture were based on linguistics and history. They actually were lexicographers and they worked through the German dictionary as well. They were very interested in history, and they felt that fairy tales brought both these elements together. Their biggest literary influence and putting together their collection was Charles hero, who was a member of the Academie francaise, which was a body and France, which had originally been set up by Cardinal Richelieu. And it was there to preserve all things to do with the French language. So again, it's a linguistic basis. So it was Charlotte Perot who basically laid the foundations for the genre of the fairy tale and his 1697 East. Wow, who count the tone passe stories or tales of times gone by? Three. This idea of the fairy tale being, I'm not troll form of culture. The Grimms created our romantic nationalism, which was emulated by others on other people continued their work during the Second World War when of course, nationalism was considered to be a very scary thing. The English poet WH Auden, referred to Grimms Fairy Tales as up finding work of world literature. Unfortunately, the Grimms Fairy Tales had a bit of a fan in Hitler, which definitely dented their popularity for a time. In allied countries where anything associated with Arianism was tinted after the Second World War and took some time to reclaim. Hitler basically believed that fairy tales told children of white racial purity and encourage them to find marriage partners have their own risk. An example, big and Cinderella, the wicked stepmother as of an ICT side, Reyes, I'm Cinderella is Father's marriage with her has been a bad idea. But the marriage between Cinderella and the Prince of her own risks as richly pure. So there was that period of history where their tails came under question mark, although they are still widely read across the world today. So where the Grimm Brothers, Yaakov and Vilhelm grim, where academics, philologists, meaning that they studied languages, cultural researchers, lexicographers, as I've mentioned, they worked in the German Dictionary and authors. They were two brothers from a family of its siblings total. Sadly, their father died when Jakob, who was the oldest of the family, was only 11, and he basically became the head of the family at that very tender age. They were financially supported by an armed on Grandfather on their mother's side. He sent them to a very prestigious school at Lyceum. Why there were there? Their grandfather wrote to them advising them to apply themselves in order to secure their futures. So they really had to take their academic studies seriously. Their grandfather than died on, they became financially responsible for the family. They both won dispensation to study law at the University of Marburg. My, this pen stations were needed because of their inferior social class. The University of Marburg at the time had only 200 students. It was very exclusive. But they go in all of their brands basically rather than their social standing, others, because of their low social status, they didn't get at stipends, they didn't have financial support. Ironically, have they been higher up the social ladder and actually needed last money? They possibly could have got it. They studied law under Professor Friedrich COG on civility, and it was in his private library that they discovered their love of folklore. It Tino is very sadly their mother died and at that point, the family was incomplete pantry that could hardly feed and clothe themselves. It was around this time that two of their friends came von Amir climates spreading Tana, ask them to collect folk stories. They were thinking of publishing folk stories themselves. So their method for collecting these stories were basically to ask their friends and acquaintances and Castle to tell them stories. And then they ask those people to gather stories from other people. So Jacobian Vilhelm initially intended to use these stories to write a history of old German policy and also to use them to preserve the oral tradition. But as we discussed in the last video, they needed to make some changes to make the story work in print. And so slightly changed what was in the oral tradition. Some clams that though the collection was aimed at children, actually had children and the title that it wasn't entirely suitable for children. So as we talked about before, they altered some of the sexual references. You can see in the picture here, reprisal with her friends. And they original edition. Her stomach is expounding and she asks the wedge why she can't fit her. Tell me enter closed and this alerts the wedge to the fact she's pregnant, the parenthesis desert and got that was written and later additions. And as we discussed before, they meant the balance a little bit more. Grayson. Well, children do like a bit of goer, especially when it came to punishing the villains of the stories. In 1830, Yucca Kim, I professor at the University of goods again. And Vilhelm followed suit in 1835. And I, only a couple of years later, in 1837, King Ernst August the second revoked the Constitution of 1833 and attempted to restore absolutism to the kingdom of Hanover and gets again with n, Hanover. So the grams, we're expected to swear an oath of allegiance, which they refuse to do. And they joined five other professors and leading student protests against this. And that basically forced them to return to Castle. Friedrich fill him, the fourth King of Prussia, permitted them to teach and research at the University of Berlin beginning in March it teen 41, so they could continue with their studies on, with their pursuits. And I'm tempted to say, and they lived happily ever after. Of course, real life as MLT FRA till, but they continued their cultural research on, are still pretty much the major figures within the collection of folklore To this day. I, as I mentioned, they're seventh edition Hod about 257 stories and that's somehow going to list them all here because that would be really good for you. But some of the most famous that you may have read includes the wealth than the seven young kids. Reprisal. Hansel and Gretel. Briar Rose, also known as Sleeping Beauty. The Golden case. Snow White on Rose, rads. So, you know, you're never too old to rate a fairy tale, or indeed to have a fairy tale ready. So I'm not going to read you Hansel and Gretel as recorded by Yaakov and Vilhelm grab. My if for any reason having a German fairytale translated into English, rap to you in an Irish accent doesn't appeal. You read this yourself as its end, the downloadable resources, and skip to the next video. But if you would like to hang a reliance on have a fairy tale told to you, then I hope you are sitting comfortably and let's begin. Next to a grit forests. There lived a PR woodcutter with his wife on his two children. The boy's name was Hansel and the girl's name was Gretel. He had but little to eight on once when a great famine came to the land, he could no longer provide even their daily bread. One evening, as he was lying in bed worrying about his problems, he sighed and said to his wife, what is to become of us. Hi, can we feed our children when we have nothing for ourselves? Man, do you know what outs with the women? Early tomorrow morning? We will take the two children right. And to the thickest part of the woods, make a fire for them and give each of them a little piece of bread, then leave them by themselves on, go off to our work. They will not find their way back home and we will be reading them. No woman said the man, I will not do that. How can I bring myself to abandon my own children alone in the woods? Wild animals with certain common tear them to pieces. Oh, youth. Oh, she said, then all four of us will starve. All you can do is to play in the boards for our coffins. And she gave him no pace until he agreed. But I do feel sorry for the poor children. Said the man. The two children had not been able to fall asleep because of their hunger, and they heard what the stepmother had said to the father. Gretel cried better tears. I'm sad to Hansel is over with us. Be quiet. Gradual, said Hansel and don't worry, I know what to date. And as soon as the adults had fallen asleep, he got up, pulled on his jacket, opened the lower drawer and crapped out side. The moon was shining brightly on the white pebbles in front of the highest work glistening like silver coins. Hansel bent over and felt his jacket pockets with them as many as with fit. Then he went back into the heist and sad, don't worry, Gretel sleep well, Gulp will not for sick AS then he went back to bed at day brick even before sunrise, the woman Kim and woke the two children. Get up you lazy bones. We are going into the woods to fetch would. Then she gave each one a little piece of bread saying, here is something from midday, don't Ada any sooner for you will not get any more. Greco pit the bread under her EEPROM because handles pockets were full of stones. Then all together they set forth into the woods. After they had walked a little way, counseled the gowns, stopping again and again, and looking back toward the high price. The father said, Hansel, why are you stopping and looking back, pay attention NIH, and don't forget your legs. Well, father said Hansel and I am looking at my white cat that is sitting on the roof. I wanted to say goodbye to me. The woman said gif, though that isn't your cat. That's the morning sun shining on the chimney. However, Hansel had not been looking at his cat, but instead, I think dropping the shiny pebbles from his pocket onto the path. When they arrived at the middle of the woods, the father said, you children gather some words and I will make it a fire so you won't freeze. Hansel and Gretel have gathered together some twigs, a pile as high as a small mountain. The tweaks, we're set a fire. And when the flames were burning, well, the women said, time by the fire and rest, we will go into the woods to cut with. When we are finished, we will come back and get you. Hansel and Gretel sought by the fire when midday Kim H1, it has little piece of brat because they could hear the blows of a knocks. They thought that the father was nearby. However, it was not an Axe, It was a branch that he had tied to a dead tree and that the wind was beating back and forth. After they had sat there for a long time, their eyes grew weary and closed and they fell sign to sleep. When they finally awoke, it was dark at night, grappled, began to cry and said, how would we get out of the woods? How slow comforted her? We had to little until the min comes up and then we'll find the way. After the fool moon had come up, Council took his little sister by the hand. They followed the pebbles that Glisson's like the newly minted coins, showing them the way they walk throughout the entire night and asked morning was breaking. They arrived at the Father's house. They knocked on the door, and when the woman opened it and saw that it was Hansel and Gretel, She said, You wicked children. Why did you sleep so long in the woods? We felt that you did not want to come back. But the father was overjoyed when he saw his children once more for him not wanted to leave them alone. Not long afterward. There was once again, grit need everywhere. And one evening the children heard the mother sites the father, we have again eaten up everything. We have only a half loaf of bread, and then the song will be over. We must get rid of the children. We will take them deeper into the woods so they will not find their way ight, otherwise there will be no help for us. The man was very disheartened and he thought it would be better to share the last bit with the children, but the woman would not listen to him School to Tim on criticized him. He who says a must also say bait. And because he had given in the first time, he had to do so the second time as well. The children were still awake and had overheard the conversation. When the adults were asleep, Hansel go up again and wanted to gather pebbles as he had done before. But the woman had locked the door. And Hansel could not get out. But he comforted his little sister and said, don't cry, grappled, sleep well, God will help us. Early the next morning, the woman, Kim, and got the children from their beds. They received their little pieces of bread even less than the last time. All the way to the woods, Hansel crumbled His peace and His pocket, then often stood still and three crumbs onto the ground. Hansel, why are you always stopping and looking at rind set his father, keep walking straight ahead. I can see my pension sitting on the roof. It wants to say goodbye to make Phil said The women, that isn't your pigeon. That's the morning sun shining on the chimney. But little by little Hansel dropped all the crumbs onto the path. The women took them deeper into the woods than they had ever been in their whole lifetime. Once again, a large fire was mid, and the mother said, sit here, children, if you get tired, you can sleep a little. We are going into the woods to cut wood. We will come and get you in the evening when we're finished. When it was midday, Gretel shared her bread with Hansel, who had scattered his piece along the path. Then they fell asleep and evening past, but no one came to get the PR children. It was dark at night when they awoke, and Hansel comforted Gretel and said, Whit, when the moon comes up, I will be able to see the crumbs of bread that I scatters and they will show us the way back home. When the Moon appeared, they got up, but they could not find any crumbs for the many thousands of birds that fly about in the woods and in the fields had pack them up. Hansel, Santa grapple. We will find our way, but they did not find it. They walk through the entire night and the next day from morning until evening, but they did not find their way out of the woods. They were terribly hungry for. They had eaten only a few small berries that were growing on the grind. And because they were so tired that their legs would no longer carry them, they lay down under a tree and fell asleep. It was already the third morning since they had left the Father's house, they started walking again, but managed only to go deeper and deeper into the woods. If helped did not come soon, they would perish. At mid day. They sought a little Snow White birds sitting on a brunch. It's signed so beautifully that they stop to listen. When it was finished at stretched its wings and flew in front of them. They followed until they came to a little house. The bird sat on the roof. And when they came closer, they saw that the little house was built entirely from bread with arithmatic kick, and windows were made of clear sugar. Let's help ourselves to a good male said Hansel out eat a piece of the rape and grapple. You ate from the window. That will be sweet. Hansel reached up and broke off a little of the roof to see tested. While Gretel student next to the window, Panza was nibbling on them. Gentle voice calls out from inside. Nibble, nibble, little mice is nibbling at my highs. The children answered the wind, the wind, the heavenly child. They continue to eight without being distracted. Hansel, who was very, very much liked the taste of the roof towards either another large piece on Gretel poked item, entire rind windowpane. Suddenly the door opened and a woman as old as the hills and living on a crutch came creeping ICT, Hansel and Gretel were so frightened that they dropped what they were holding in their hands. But the old woman's shook her head and said, oh, you dear children brought you here, just come in and stay with me. Harm will come to you. She took them by the hand and lead them into her highs than she served them a good male milk and pancakes with sugar, apples, I'm nuts. Afterwards she made two nice beds for them, decked in white. Hansel and Gretel went to bads thinking they weren't in Heaven, but the old woman had only pretended to be friendly. She was a wicked witch who was lying in width there for children. She had built our hearts of bread only in order to lower them to her. And if she captured one, she would kill him, cook him at 810. And for her, that was a day to celebrate, which does have red eyes. I'm Camelot see very far, but they have a sense of smell like animals and know when humans are approaching. When Hansel and Gretel came near to her, she laughed wickedly and spoke scornful, No, I have them. They will not get away from me again early the next morning before they awoke, she got up, went to their beds and looked at the two of them lying there so peacefully with their food read shakes, they will be a good mouthful. She mumbled to herself. Then she grabbed Hansel with her, with her towns and carried him to a little still where she locked him behind a kid's door, cry as he might, there was no help for him. Then she shook Gretel and cried, get-up lazy bones, fetch water and cook something good for your brother. He has locked outside and the stall and it's to be fattened up when he is fat, I am going to 8M. Gretel began to cry, but it was all for nothing. She had to do what the witch demanded. My Hansel was given the best things to eight every day, but grappled, received nothing but crayfish shells. Every morning. The old woman crapped out to the stolen shy to console, stick out your finger so I can feel if you are fat yet. But Hansel stuck out and little bone and the old women who have bad eyes and could not see the bone, thought it was consulates finger and she wondered why he didn't get fat. When four weeks had passed on, Hansel was still Finn and patients overcame her and she would whip no longer, Hey Gretel, she showed it to the GAR, hurry up and fetch some Walter, whether Hansel is fat or thin tomorrow I am going to slaughter him on, boil him. Oh ha, the per little sister solved as she was forced to carry the Walter unhide, the tears streamed on her cheeks. Dear God, please help us. She cried. If only the wild animals had to vd us in the woods, then we would've died together. Savior slumbering said The old woman, it doesn't help you at all. The next morning, Gretel had to get up early, hanging up the cattle with Walter. I'm make a fire. First. We are going to BEC said The old woman, I have already made a fire and the oven on needed the do. She pushed per Gretel outside to the oven from which fiery flames were leaping, claim in said the witch and see if it is hot enough to put the bread. And yet, and when Gretel was inside, she intended to close the oven ambit car at 8R as well, but Gretel saw what she had in mind. So she said, I don't know how to do that. How can I get inside? Stephen Gould said The women, the opening is big enough. See, I myself could get in and she crawled up, stuck her head into the oven. Then Gretel gave her a shove, causing her to fall in. Then she closed the iron door and secured it with a bar. The old woman began to Heil frightfully but crackled round away of a godless which burdened up miserably. Gretel RAM stripped to Hansel, unlocked to stall and cried Hansel, where the old wet, she's dead. Then Hansel jumped right like a bird from its kids when someone opens its door, how happy they were. They throw their arms around each other's next jumped with joy and kissed one another. Because they know I have nothing to fear. They went into the witches highs and every corner where chests of prose and precious stones, These are better than pebbles set Hansel filling his pockets. Gretel said, I will take some home with me as well. And she felt her apron filled. But now we must leave said Hansel and get out of these which words? After working a few hours, they arrived at a large body of water. We cannot get across at hansel, I cannot see a walkway or a bridge. There are no boats here, absolute Gretel, but there is a white duck swimming. If I ask it, help us across. Duckling, duckling here, Stan Grantland, Hansel, neither a walkway nor a bridge. Kick us onto your white back. The duckling came up to them and Hansel climbed onto it, then asked his little sister to sit down next to him? No answered gradual. That would be too heavy for the duckling. It should take us across one at a time. That is what the good animal did. And when they were safely on the other side and had walked on a little while, the word scream more and more familiar to them. And finally, they saw the father's height and the distance they began to run rushed inside on through their arms around the father's neck. The mom had not had even one happy are since he had left the children and the weds, however, the women had died. Gradual xik aren't her apron scattering pearls and precious stones around the room. And Hansel added to them by throwing one handful after the other from his pockets. Not all their carers were often and they lived happily together. My tail is done on mice, hence RAM and whoever catches it, commit for himself from it, a large, large for our cap. 20. Hans Christian Andersen: Christian andersen was a writer of fairy tales, by which I mean that he actually composed fairy tales as opposed to the Grimm brothers who tended to collect them and adopt them. There's a huge focus in his work on the innocence of childhood, which was actually a major theme of Victorian era writing. Hans Christian Andersen lived from 1805 to 75. And he was very much an author of fairy tales and other things as well as we'll see. He wrote a 156 stories across nine volumes, which have been translated into more than a 125 languages. His stories are accessible for children, but they also have insights for adult readers. And his most famous stories include the little mermaid, the Snow Queen, The Emperor's New Clothes, The Ugly Duckling, The Princess and the Pea, the Little Match Girl and thumb, Molina. And if you haven't read all of these, it's likely you've seen the film versions are just generally aware of the stories as they're very much part of international culture. Hans Christian Andersen was born on the second of April five and or dense and Denmark. And he was an only child. His father actually only have an elementary school education, but he still managed to introduce his son to literature by rating him Arabian Nights. So the earliest stories he heard where fairy stories, his mother was actually completely illiterate. Anderson moved to Copenhagen age 14 to become an actor. And he was fortunate enough to be able to join the Royal Danish theater as he had a beautiful soprano singing voice. But than his voice broke, a colleague and the theatre company had called him a poet, and so he decided to take up writing. Jonas column, who was director of the Royal Danish theater, was quite fond of Andhra some, I'm sent him to a grammar school, convincing King Frederick the SEC to pay part of his skill phase. He later called a school years the darkest and most of his life, he ended up living with a schoolmaster who abuse Tim, I'm told them it was for the improvement of his character. The teachers of his SKU discouraged his writing, which caused him to go into a depression. So they start write, writing fairy stories. His first successful story was published in 1829. And it was entitled a journey from Holmes canal to the east point of omega. And it featured characters ranging from some pater to talking cat. So otherwise it wasn't like the fairy stories he would let her publish. It was still a fantastical. He followed this up with a drama, love on Nicholas's church Tarr at a collection of poetry. Although the collection of poetry wasn't a success for him. In 1833, he received a travel grant from the king on traveled throughout Europe. And it was his travels in Italy that inspired him to write his fictionalized autobiography. They improvise a tour which was published in 1835 to instant critical acclaim. So there was already and trust and Anderson as a writer when in May it team 35, right the way through to April 1837. He published a water's not a classic of world literature, fairy tales told to children. The first collection, these were nine stories published in three installments. The first installment contained the Tinderbox that'll apply some big claws, the Princess on the pay and that'll Ida's floors. Annoy the first three stories he had heard and childhood. But the last was his own composition for IDA thali, who was the daughter of the folklorists, just Mathias The Alley, who'd been one of Anderson's RNA benefactors. So he's beginning to realize he can write these kind of stories himself. The second installment included thumb Molina, the naughty boy on the traveling companion. Molina was Anderson's own creation, although it was inspired by Tom Thumb and other folk tales of miniature people, the naughty boy was based on a poem by the ancient Greek poet, an acronym, a byte Cupids. And the traveling companion was basically a ghost story that he'd been working on before that he reworked to fit his fairy tale collection. The third installment, had they story that made him an international success and cemented his reputation, the little mermaid, and it also included The Emperor's New Clothes. So the little rabbit was pretty much his own creation. It was based on endangered by the German Romantic writer dilemma for K. And The Emperor's New Clothes was based on the Spanish story with Jewish and Arab rates. It is a bit like a parable when you think about it, a byte, being a fashion victim and following the crowd, we all know the story, but an emperor order some new clothes from a very fashionable Taylor. He thinks he's wearing the very last words and close when he hasn't thought completely naked. So that the original ending of the story was going to be that he just processed through the straits completely naked, unexposed. But the night before publication, Anderson change the ending to have a small child crying. The emperor is not wearing any clothes. Initial reviews of his fairy tales were not really that good. Critics denotes his writing as two, chatty and conversational and immoral because stories weren't there to entertain children. They were meant to teach them. So he was pretty demoralized by this response. And that's why there was a year between the release of the second, third installments. And he actually temporarily give up on fairy tales and returned to novel writing. Eventually though the tales were published together and one volume with a preface by Anderson. Interesting story in 1847 on a trip to England, Hans Christian Andersen met Charles Dickens. I. They both had respect for each other as writers. And they both shared concern for the PR, on the underclasses. And they wrote up like the innocence of childhood, which as I mentioned before, was a major theme of Victorian era literature. So this looks like a grant literally match and they continue to correspond. Sometimes ten years later, he was invited to Dickenson's heist noise. They English half Assange fish on host-guest school. After two days, Anderson stayed for five weeks, which actually just really annoyed the family. And after that, Dickens stopped corresponding with him, which was much to Anderson's disappointment. Let's talk about the story that cemented his international reputation, the little environment. I'm not going to read it to you. I didn't think about it, but it's just too long. It is, of course, available as a downloadable resource if you want to read it for yourself. It's fairly dark. It's not really abide MR. mid losing her voice as in the Disney version. In fact, it's nothing like the Disney Retailing at this moment is after is an immortal soul. And in order to get an immortal soul, she has to have a mortal fall in love with her. She has a prince that she has her ion. It doesn't end well, and this particular tallying, and she's actually asked to murder the prince, but she refuses to do so. And it's all really a bit dark. Pl traverse Pauline travelers, who was author of The Mary Poppins banks and also an authority on folklore, said of the ending of Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Mermaid. This final message as more frightening than any other presented and the tale, the story descends into the Victorian moral tales written for children to scare them into good behavior. Anderson, this is blackmail and the children know what I'm saying. Nothing. There's back the amenity for you. So have you ever said to a child that every time they don't clean their room, a Little Mermaid dies. That's basically what Hans Christian Andersen is saying at the end of the story. I'm going to read the ending of it for you, but you can read the whole thing as a downloadable resource, as I mentioned. So the princess married someone else, and The Little Mermaid is standing over him while he sleeps, knife in hand. The Little Mermaid part at the purple cartons of the tent and saw the beautiful bride asleep with her head on the princes breast. The Mermaid bed dine and kissed his Shipley forehead. She looked at the sky, fast rationing for the break of day. She looked at the sharp knife and again turned her eyes towards the prince, who in his sleep murmured the name of his bride. His thoughts were all for her. And the knife, blade trembled and the mermaids hands. But then she flung it from her far-right over the waves where it found the waves were read as if bubbles of blood seized in the water. With eyes already glazing. She looked once more at the prints, hurled herself over the bowl, walks into the SE, and felt her body dissolve in foam. The sun rose up from the Walters, its beams foul, warm and kindly upon the Chelsea foam. And The Little Mermaid did not fail the hand of death. In the bright sunlight overhead, she saw hundreds of fair authorial beings. They were so transparent that through them she could see the ships White sails on the red clouds in the sky. There are voices were sheer music, but so spirit like that. No human air could detect the signs just as no eye on Earth could see their forums with white wings. They floated as light as the air itself. The Little Mermaid discovered that she was shapes like them and that she was gradually rising up out of the foam. You towards whom I rise. She asked on her voice sounded like those above her. So spiritual that know music on Earth could match it. We are the daughters of the air. They answered, a mermaid has no immortal soul and can never get one unless she wins the love of a human being. Hurry turn. A life must depend upon, upon ICT side herself. The daughters of the air do not have an immortal soul either, but they can earn won by their good dates. We fly to the south where the halt poisonous air kills human beings and last week bring cool breezes. We carry the center floors through the air, bringing freshness and healing balm wherever we go. When for 300 years we have tried to do all the good that we can. We are given an immortal soul and a share and mankind's eternal bliss. You per Little Mermaid have tried with your whole heart to do this to your suffering and your loyalty have raised you up into the realm of airy spirits. Ally in the course of 300 years, you may earn by your good deeds as So that will never die. The Little Mermaid lifted her clear, bright eyes towards God's Son. And for the first time her eyes were wet with tears. On board the ship. All was a stir and lively again. She sold the prince and his fair bride and search of her. Then they get sadly into the seething foam as if they knew she had hurled herself into the waves. Unseen by bam, she kissed the bride's forehead, smiles upon the prince on rose up with the other daughters that the heir to the rose red Clyde's that sailed on high. This is the way that we shall rise to the Kingdom of God after 300 years have passed, we may get there even sooner. One Spirit whispered unseen, we fly into the homes of Man where there are children and for every day on which we find a good child who pleases his parents and deserves their love. Golf shortens our days of trial. The child does not know when we floated through his REM, but when we smile at him, an approval one-year is taken from R3 hundreds. But if we see on N80, mischievous child, we must shed tears of sorrow and H tear ads a day to the time of our trial. 21. Dante: While we've been discussing the Bible and the Arthurian legends, we've come across this guide, Dante. He was an Italian poets, known as the greatest Italian poet. It'll soma poetic. And his work, the Divine Comedy, is actually considered to be the most important and influential poem all of the medieval period. It's actually still inspiring writers today. As we'll find out when we come to the Asian writing section on we look at brick land by Monica Allie. So donkey out ERA lift from around 1265 to 1321. He walls and Italian. He was a Florentine other, he was later exiled from Florence. And he was a politician on his ambition really wants to be a politician, but events caused him to become a poet. The Divine Comedy, as I mentioned, is considered the most important poem of the Middle Ages and the greatest work of literature in the Italian language. Dante wrote, and the Italian language he wrote on the vernacular Tuscan dialect. Instead of writing poetry and Latin, which was what was common in his day, which actually cut off a lot of people from being able to read your work. So he may have his work a little bit more accessible. And he was followed in this by writers like Petrarca, Boccaccio. So he was very influential and that led to the title of the Father of the Italian language. His depictions of hell, purgatory, and heaven greatly influenced western art. He created the terrorism Rima and interlocking three-line rhyme scheme. And he's known, as I mentioned before, as insomuch outta, the supreme poet. Dante was born in Florence in 1265, or we calculate that from the fact that he wrote in The Divine Comedy. He was halfway through his life and the year 13 hundreds, a biblical lifespan with 70 years. And so he was claiming to be half of that in the year 1300, around 35. So we estimate he was born in 1265. His father at a Yara was a white gulf, which meant that he supported the Pope against the Holy Roman Emperor and the Italian city-state wars. When the opposing faction, the gibbon lines, were victorious, the family didn't suffer any reprisals. Now that was either because they were protected by status or that Dante is Father's status was so low that it didn't merit exiling him. Dante's mother, Bhalla, died before he reached the age of ten. And his father remarried. Lapata key erythema jelly feet, who was Mother to his half-brother Francesco, and his half-sister Tana or Gaetan. Edge 12, Dante was promised a marriage to Gemma demon Ethel do naughty off the powerful to N80 family. And I had to be promised and marriage at the age of 12 was not an unusual thing in the Middle Ages. That seems a bit barbaric to us noise. Bots, Gemma was not the love of his life downtime at Beatrice portal Marais, age nine, and then met her again many years later. He had a kind of medieval courtly love for her. He loved her from afar and in the Divine Comedy, she was his guide through haven't his ideal woman. And he actually had written several sonnets to her before the Divine Comedy was published. Jemma on Dante had at least three children that we know, Elf Pietro, Jacobo, and Antonia. Dante thought that with the gulfs on the side of the Gauss at the Battle of Campo de novo on the 11th of June 12th, 89. They were victorious on that brought about reform of the Florentine constitution. So around that time, in order to participate in public life on Dante very much how political aspirations it was necessary to join a professional guilt. So dumped, I joined the Galle du physicians on a public arrays, which may sound a bit odd, but books were actually sold in a puck authorised shops. So that was the closest to being able to join a guild of poets. And he wrote it in the councils of the Republican Florence. We have some record of that. Dante is famous and very painful exile. Camera byte like this. Downside was one of the delegates when Pope Boniface, the scent Charlotte Valois, the brother affiliate with fourth of France as a peace envoy to Florence to settle the dispute that had a resonance between the white Gauss who wanted grid or freedom from the Pope, and the black Gauss who supported the papacy. Dante was very much a white gulf By the way, the Pope asked Dante to remain and Rome and dismiss the other delegates, keeping him behind. And while he was there, Levallois then entered chlorines on destroyed much of the city. At that point, the black Gauss took Parr. At first, Dante was only exile for two years, and he was also given a heavy fine. Deny ruling black Gauss accused Dante of corruption and financial mismanagement when he had held the highest post in the city, which is that of city prior. You'd actually only held that post for two months. Hysteria in Rome, which had been that the behalf of the Pope was seen as UB skull dying on review, refusing to take part in the battle. And the fine was partly and punishment for that. Dante, of course, refused to pay the fine. So he was then condemned to perpetual exile on pan of Bay, burned at the stake should he returned to Florence. That sentence was actually not rescinded by the city of Florence until 2008, nearly 700 years later. After his exile, Dante took part in several failed resistance attempts, but he was very demoralized by the infighting within the white gulf faction and decided to abandon the calls. He first went to Verona after his exile and Mantis Asana in Liberia. And he later state and lookup with a lady named garlic, who's mentioned in Purgatorio and The Divine Comedy. During this time, his interest in philosophy deepened because his political aspirations happy, basically completely cut off. So he find other interests. He corresponded with Henry the seventh of Luxembourg and Roach. And a treaty called Daimon archaea, which described hi, he felt that Henry the seventh would make an excellent Holy Roman Emperor and actually restore that office to its former glory. And he also believed that Henry the seventh with red Florence of the black Gauss. And as well as this correspondence, he also wrote to the Dominican theologian father Nicholas Bernard Shaw, who was a student of Thomas Aquinas. And we see the thinking of Thomas Aquinas quite significantly enter into the Divine Comedy. In 1312. Henry the seventh didn't date to fake the black gulfs, but Dante didn't participate. In 1315, Florence granted amnesty to the white gulfs. So at that point, Dante could have returned home, but he was asked to publicly repent and pay the fine. He refused, and his death sentence was actually extended to his sums. So things got even worse. He find this exile very painful, cuts him off from his heritage and his aspirations. So he was both cut off from his past, from the future he had hoped for. He invents this pan in Paradiso, which is the third counter of the Divine Comedy. At when in the story his great, great grandfather, catchy Gita, is for warning him of what will happen to him in his life. You shall leave everything you love most. This is the arrow that the bow of exile shoots. First. You are to know the bitter taste of others bread, high salt diet is on no high harder path. That is for one who goes ascending and descending others stairs. So the sense of, of always living in someone else's space, being cut out of your own. And it was very moving. He also wrote, if it ever comes to pass that the sacred poem to which both heaven and earth have set their hand so as to make me lean for many years, should overcome the cruelty that bars made from the fair sheet fold where I slept as a lab, an enemy to the wolves that make war on it with another voice NIH and other place. I shall return up poet and up the font of my baptism to the Laurel crime, a loro crime representing honor and public life. And this is Find in Paradiso. And again, describing the pain of his exile and the hope that his writing might help him overcome it. Dante finished The Divine Comedy, which was not the only one of his writings, but definitely the most well-known, the most prolific. Finish this and 1320. And then he sadly died in 132156, the possible cause of which was malaria. He's buried in Ravana, a tomb walls built for him in Florence in 1829, but Ravana would not. Sand has romance back to Florence. And the tomb in Florence, which is not the one pictured here. This is his actual graven, Ravana, but in Florence, the words are carved into the team. All are at De La Ti CMO, poet Honor, the most exalted Poet, which is a quote from The Divine Comedy, though in the Divine Comedy, it refers to Virgil. Now let's talk about that most important of medieval poems, The Divine Comedy. It consists of 14,233 lines, so it's a long work and it's written in three, come to K. Inferno, Purgatorio. I'm part of DSO, hell, purgatory. And heaven was written between 13081320. So it took him a long time to pull it off. It helped to establish the Tuscan dialect as they established Italian language. Hence, Dante is known as the father of the Italian language. It's an imaginative vision of the afterlife and it very much depicts a Medieval worldview. It helps you to understand a medieval mindset. Basically, after-death, souls receive either punishment or reward. And Dante travels through hell, purgatory and having, with his guides. And he has three guides. Virgil, who represents human reason, who takes him through both hell and purgatory. Beatrice, who represents revelation, faith and grace has his ideal woman, an idealized figure. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, who represents contemplate of mysticism on devotion to Mary. Basically, it's an allegory of the SOS, search for the salvation of golf beginning in the lowest towel and ending in the highest heaven. And Fernando represents the rejection of sin. Purgatorio represents the penitent Christian life and the ascent to called as depicted in Paradiso. Dante very much draws on medieval Roman Catholic theology, especially the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, as we remarked upon earlier, Giovanni Boccaccio added the word divine. So the title, it was originally called la Commedia, just the comedy night. It's not particularly funny. It's not a comedy as in the modern sense of the word, it just means that it has a happy ending. There are nine circles of hell and the divine call debate with Lucifer at the very bottom. Nine rings of might Purgatory with a garden of A1 at the summit. And nine celestial bodies of Heaven with emporium at the highest haven't at the apex. And that's when he's finally got to the essence of God. Counts, aka one is Inferno, or how. You can see an illustration here. There are many, many paintings based on the Divine Comedy, of course. So Dante is lost and a dark wood at the beginning of the work. And the dark would represent sin. And he's being threatened by three wild beasts, Alliance, a leopard out a she-wolf. And these represent different kinds of sin. The self-indulgent and the violent on the malicious. He mates Virgil, and they begin their journey to the afterlife. And how the punishment fits the crime he finds when he gets tiresome, for example, fortune tellers have to walk backwards, unable to look ahead because they had clams. Look forward for other people in life. The circles of hell are based on the sense that the animals represented. So upper Hal is four, which is the least bad place to find yourself if you happened to be in hell, is for the self-indulgent people who have committed lust, gluttony, outer sun Iyengar. Cycle seven, As for violence and Sarkozy and mine for fraud and treachery. You'll remember that more drugs. Find the lowest circle of how he was a number nine, along with the accountants, circle one. So the least bad place debate contains pagans who had just never heard of Christ, so couldn't be saved by Him. And circle six contains heretics. So heretics are worse than pagans in Dante, worldview counted that too is Purgatorio Or purgatory. And in the story, Dante and Virgil ascend from how are they rate? Target rate, which is depicted as a mountain on an island, as you can see pictured here. It's seven terrorists is correspond with the seven deadly sins or seven roots of sinfulness. None of the seven deadly sins are not a biblical concepts that come from a group of people called the Desert Fathers, kind of Christian hermits in the medieval image. And called trusts with hell and purgatory. They're much more concerned with your motives rather than your actual actions. So the things that lie in your heart, such as avarice or lust, for example, as we mentioned earlier, rather than the actual acting out of those things. The depiction is based on classical sources as well as the Bible. There is an update target Raya kind of wit to groom, and it contains those have been executed, excommunicated from the church, sorry. And those who have died with arts, getting the last writes. The residents of Purgatorio sing a hymn, a bite, the departure of Israel from Egypt on andante as words, this represents the conversion of the soul from the sorrow and misery of sin to the state of Griffith's. Purgatorio, quite interestingly, demonstrates medieval knowledge of a spherical Earth. Because it's widely believed that in the medieval period and especially in the Christian worlds, that people thought the world was flat but not so if you carefully look at Dante, and one such instance of this is when he describes time zones. He describes sunset of Jerusalem, midnight on the River Ganges, on sunrise and purgatory. So that should help us to work I, where in the world he thought of as being paragons tutorial. Dante continues his ascent in search of grass and finds himself in the third world. Paradises are having. And then this world has Guide, is bit truss rather than Virgil, I'm that there's sort of a spiritual points of that bit just represents all things spiritual. Fifth and revelation on gris and virtual had represented human wisdom, human raise them. So Dante seems to be making the point that, that human reason when omega uth r, if you want to get to the highest, haven't, you need to embrace the spiritual? So Beatrice is his guide through the nine so STLs, spheres of heaven. And the celestial spheres are based on four cardinal virtues. I'm three theological virtues. The cardinal virtues are basically taken from the writings of Plato. Remember he was very interested and philosophy during his exile on these virtues are protons for the Chief Justice on temperance. The three theological virtues are very famous. Faith, hope, and love, taken from simples, burst epistle to the Corinthians. The first three spares involved the deficiency of a virtue. So you haven't got any higher and haven't because you've been missing one of these virtues. And the first phase of the moon, we find people who are in constant, who locked for to cheat a mercury. We find glory seekers who locked justice. Adam Vedas. We find lovers who lack temperance. The final force fairs are led by the sum and people here are very moral a Mars we find people afford to J2 who died for their faith. And Jupiter, we find the kings of justice. And on Saturn we find people who are temperate monks who had lived a contemplate of life. So the very highest fair where humans reside human souls is the fair sphere where we find people who have showed faith, hope, and love. And these represent the church triumphant. The Christian ideal of those who show faith, hope, and love, who will triumph up The End of History on be victorious at the end of history. So very much anew testament concepts, they're higher again are the angels who never send in the first place. And at the very summit, the very apex of the whole journey from the very depths of how, right the way to the highest heaven is impairing the highest heaven, which contains the essence of God. And so Dante has discovered God. I'll miss epic journey. 22. Cervantes: We've been talking quite a lot about medieval literature on someone who really poked fun apps. The whole kind of idea of the chivalric romance was one of the greatest writers and fight sometimes thought of as the greatest writer in Spanish. Cervantes, who wrote a very famous novel called Don Quixote. Before novels were really a thing, began to their Baptists. Vidra lived from 1547 to 1616, and he is regarded as the greatest writer in Spanish. As I mentioned before. He was pre-eminent and the development of the novel, I'm Don Quixote is quite often regarded as the first modern novel. He signed his name there bounties where the bay, although the printer prepared their bounteous with a, with a V sub Pedro was the name of a distant relative as opposed to his mother's name, which would be more typical to put there. Her name was Martinez and that was quite common names, so he didn't go with that. But the word savvy Pedra may come from the Arabic for single handed, which was his nickname and captivity, as he had lost the use of his left arm. Captivity, you might ask, lost the use of his left arm. How did all that come about? Well, his life story is actually quite as adventurous as the literary stories that he created, as we're about to see. He was born in mind the 29th of September in 1547. And Alcala Dan Harris. And he was the second sum of barber surgeon Rodrigo D, if they're bounties and his wife, Lynn order Martinez. And his heritage on his father's side was Jewish. Some scholars believe has heritage on his mother's side may also have been Jewish. No confirmed portrait of their boundaries exists. There is a pin diode by Guadalajara Gaya, which is thought to be a portrait of their boundaries. But both the names of the subject onto the panda were actually added at a much later did. But in the popular imagination, this is what he looks like. The image on Spanish coins. And he appears on the 1020 cents, I'm $0.50 coins and span is based on the best created in 1905. Rodriguez for abandons his father was frequently in debt and he was actually imprisoned for debt in 1553 to 1554. And Lenore, who was apparently a very intelligent and capable woman, supported her seven children during that time. They're bounties is likely to have attended a Jesuit college and Seville, where he was taught by the playwright Pedro Pablo. I surveyed over night writing plays was all well and good. But it didn't make you a lot of money in later life. Thereabout days. Went on to write plays. He came to Britain 20 plays and we think that might be an exaggeration to have those plays survived. But he really moved on to the brand new genre of the novel because that was something that could actually make you a bet of cash. No. His father got into debt again, and the family moved to Madrid in 1566, but they're Baptists had leaved Madrid's in 1569 after injuring his opponents and a Jew, which was illegal. And so there was an arrest warrant issued and he ran away. Basically, he went to Rome and worked in the household of Bishop Julio Aqua Viva, who became a cardinal in 1570. Between 15781573, the ultimate venation war took place. Span was part of the Holy League, which supported the Venetian Republic and their bank. They saw an opportunity to have his arrest warrant overturned and went to Naples, which was then part of the Crown of Aragon. So as a Spaniard, that was somewhere he could go if he wanted to join the war. He sealed on the mark Kazaa, which was a galley and they Holy lake fleet. In the famous battle of Lepanto. Their bounties was given charge of a 12-month skip, although he was suffering from malaria at the time. And in the assaults against anatomy galley, 40 men died and a 120 were wounded. Anther bounties was one of these. That's when he lost the use of his left arm and he also sustained to chest wins. He wrote that he lost the use of my left hand for the glory of the right. Now, it's thought that he may have exaggerated the extent of his chest injuries, but he was definitely ill enough to spend six months in hospital and Martina and Sicily. He returned to military service in 1572, and he was based in nipples, although he took part next visit expeditions to corefer, never EDO. He also participated in the 1573 occupation of Tunis and lackey lat, and both of these were recaptured by the Ottomans in 1574. The ultimate ins eventually won the war. And the loss of Tunis was a military disaster for span to all was not well. And if they're bounties returned to Palermo with letters of recommendation from the Jiekun SESAC. He did seem to take quite well and getting an affluent patrons throughout his life. In September 1575, there bounties and his brother Rodrigo left nipples on a galley called the soul, which was captured by Ottoman Coursera's. They were to be sold as slaves or around some, whichever was going to make the most money. And they were taken to Algiers. The family, Ronson Drell, Draco, and 1577, but they couldn't afford the two ransoms and left Miguel not a match in high, hurtful that must have been that they have the choice between the two brothers and they chose your brother and not, you know, not a nice situation. There bounties remained and was put to work in Istanbul. And 15 ID a span on the ultimate empire agreed a trace. So after five years of captivity and for escape attempts, they're bound days was eventually freed by a Christian charity called the Trinitarian, who run some Christian captives. And I remember he came from a Jewish background, but he has at this point really thought of as Catholic. So. Whether that was a real spiritual conversion or it was what was expedient. I'm not sure has history doesn't record it. And he at that point return to Madrid. There bounties find difficult to find work around this time, but we do know that he was a spy in North Africa. In 1581 to 1582. In 1586, he married Capitolinus Al-Azhar Italia burials, the eldest daughter of a land owning widow. There's a picture of here, her to the right, but not actually sure that is her, but that's what she looked like in the popular imagination. Anyway. At that point, he started using the name, began with carbine phase savage drop. By then he also had an illegitimate daughter as about with a lady called on a Franca, who was the wife of going and keep her, and they have managed to conceal this affair, but through bounties acknowledged paternity of Isabel. And when on a very sadly died, he asked his sister metal in it to raise as a bell. He became a government purchasing officer on that, a tax collector. And he was briefly jailed several times for irregularities and other words, kicking the backs. But what might actually have happened wasn't there, we're just price fluctuations around the time. From 1596 to 1600, he loved and Seville, and he moved to Madrid and 1606, I don't know where he was in between, to be honest. And he lived there for the rest of his life until 1616. And July 1613, he joined the third order, Franciscan, which was a way for Catholics to achieve a kind of spiritual merit. He died in 1616 from what can I be assumed to be diabetes. He talked about having an unquenchable thirst. So that pretty much sounds like diabetes to the modern edge. He was buried at the convent of the Barefoot Trinitarian, although his remains were lost unfortunately during renovations in 1673. And that's comparable to the English losing the body of Shakespeare, to be honest. So they re discovered the remains of, they're baptized on the 17th of March 2015, St. Patrick's Day fans. And he was reentered in June 2015 and this is his grave picture to the right. Now let's talk a bites their bounties. His literary works, he did most of his writing towards the end of his life, although he had published La Galatea, a pastoral novel, novel in 1585, it was on the theme of love, and I had a modest success. He can't have written 20 plays of which tune our survive. L Trotter they Argo, which is based on his time in captivity. And I'll third though to know mafia. Don Quixote Part one appeared in 1605, and he claimed that his purpose was to pillory van and empty chivalric rebalances which have proliferated by that stage. It was instantly successful. The characters were very popular, and actually the characters of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza appeared in mosques to celebrate the birth of Philip the fourth, on the role of 1605. So it was making its way into popular culture at that point. Novalis ahead, Clarisse appeared between 16131618. And these were a series of IT, comedies and it, and the title actually mains exemplary stories and stories which make a point. And these were dedicated his PIT from the kind of lemmas. Donkey WHO D Part Two appeared and 1616, It did say at the end of part one that there was more of the story to come, but unfortunately, other writers had tried to take it over and produce sql. And so they're bounties decided it was time to do this himself. It's much more philosophical on to use a modern where darker than part one, a lot last comical, in fact, impart to the figure of Don Quixote becomes a quite tragic figure. I will talk a bit about that later. Lost troppo hosts a parcel as ISA is Monday, was published posthumously and January 16-17, they're bumped his most influential work and what are the cornerstone works of Western literature as Don Quixote, also known as the ingenious gentleman, Don Quixote of Lehman Shock. And it was a very, very influential WACC and flack. Some other very famous works of literature which directly referenced Don Quixote, includes the three musketeers by Alexander Dumas, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark twin and Edwin restores Serrano to Barish rack. So very influential in English. It gives us the word quixotic, meaning someone who has over idealistic, unrealistic, total DAY dreamer and the word lethargic. And as in Amman, he fancies himself a bit of a lever. And that comes from the, a curious man, which is a story find and part one of Don Quixote. When it was first published, it was viewed as purely call Mike ADA is incredibly funny. That's what makes it worth reading. After the French revelation, though, people started to see a more serious side to it with the idea that an individual can be right when society as wrong. In the 19th century it was seen as social Coleman DRE either. It was not possible to interpret their bounties own stamps on social issues from the text. Nih, it's often actually seen as a bit of a tragedy in which Quixote's idealism and nobility are viewed by the post chivalric growth as insane. Um, that's kind of a tragedy of the modern age and that mindset. And by the 20th century, it can't be viewed as a foundational work of modern literature, and it's often referred to as the first modern novel. The novel as a means of storytelling haven't quite become what it is at this period in history. So in part one of Don Quixote, there bounties begins by starting the first chapters have been translated from an Arabic text that was by a Moorish author. So this is your kind of met, a fictional device to add credence to the quite implausible story that he's a byte to tell this story, Alonso key hana as a hill Hidalgo. So this sort of lower level of the Spanish Nobility and easy edge to Rhine. Fifth day. He lives in LA matcha with his nascent, his housekeeper and a young boy who basically disappears after the first chapter. Kitano basically rates too late at night. And this causes them to lose sleep. And in those days that would have been seen to damage your brand. So he's basically dried his brand by rating these courtly romances too late at night. And that causes him to be given to bad temper. And he also believes that this chivalric romance, as he's rating are literally tree. As a result, he decides to become a knight errant. And he renames himself Don Quixote dilemma NTIA, and designates a neighboring farm girl. Adults are Lorenzo as his Liddy love, renaming her. Don't Geneva? Do Cynthia, I think we'll go with I'm not quite sure what correct pronunciation because it reads more like an Italian, Spanish one, but that's maybe just my ignorance. So he arrives at an end that he believes to be a castle and he calls the prostitutes ladies and demands that the end Kapor, who may believes to be the Lord of a castle, dub him a night. This gets into a fight with some military who basically are trying to remove his armor from the horse trough so that I can water the moves. So just to get rid of him because he's causing trouble, the end caper dubs had been light. And in another episode that follows, he again picks up light. This time with traders from Toledo can he believes have insulted Nelson EIA. He is beaten them left by the side of the road on a passive, fortunately managed to get him home. His mace, the highest Kip Kapor, the parish curate on the barber decide to burn his books to stop him rating these chivalric romances. And there's a lot of time in a very comic saints spent by the priest decided which books should be burned on, what should we preserve. And it's quite interesting that the brace knows all this, all see Saints from the banks. It also tells us something about their bounties, ONE taste and Beck's as law Galatea, which having written by their boundaries, is saved. But books that he didn't particularly like ends up burned. So the grape then seal up the room that used to be the library. And they tell Don Quixote's aid, a wizard sailed it. There you go. So donkey Quixote asks the very practical Sancho Panza to be his Squire. And that's when the adventures really began, including the very famous episode which most people associate with the tilting at windmills. And you might have heard the phrase tilting at windmills used to describe someone who is a saint Bay fighting. Ridiculous calls. So basically, Don Quixote believes that they went mills are giants. So Sanchez, donkey Jose, then go on to make a group of goat herders. And Don Quixote describes a kind of golden age where there is no property and people live in pace. So to try and make a point, they invite sounds show on Don Quixote to the funeral of a guy called grace cells demote, who gave up his training as a shepherd after Rating too many pastoral novels and sought after the shepherdess Marcella. So she appears at the funeral to contest races stomas better versus on pastoral cliches about her. And then she disappears into the woods. So Don Quixote and sound Schuppanzigh follow her into the weeds, but they have to give up. They can't find her. And as they rest, Don Quixote is horse. Rossen that tries to MIT, with some ponies here wandering of ICT. And the owners of the ponies, the horse, that of course, causes another fight. And Don Quixote's Sancho Panza are injured and this byte, so they end up arriving at another end. And again, Don Quixote believes the end to be a castle. He imagines that the serving girl at the end, Helen is a therapy Princess. I makes her sit at the fit of his bed, which makes her pretty uncomfortable. Another guest enter veins to try and get her out of this, and that leads to a massive brawl. Don Quixote's eight blames the episode on an enchanted MMR, and leaves without paying believing that that is the chivalric thing to do. Sandra Panza who is left behind as then strung up in a blanket. And that's an episode that is referred to for the rest of the novel. So they then go on to a guy called Sardinia. He's in love with political, at least Sendak, and he shares his poetry, bite her with his friend Don Fernando, who falls in love with loosened up because of the poems. There is a lady called Dora tail. He's in love with Don Fernando and she's been deceived by hand with promises of marriage. And she has left and a pretty bad way and that becomes important later. So afterward ventures don't Quixote a pines for Dell, snap on sand, sand Schuppanzigh to give her a letter. So some show mates, the priest on the barber, and they can call up the scheme to get Don Quixote home. So Dorothea At this point pretends to be a princess who needs Don Quixote is help. So donkey OD believes he is helping the print SAS returned to her throne and hand the group return to the last-in where they'd Bain. And at that point the priest raids the story of the impertinent late curious man, which we referred to earlier. Don Quixote battles with some wine skins, which he believes to be the giant who stole the princesses kingdom. Oh dear. And then there are various reunions between characters they send. And Cordelia are reunited as our Don Fernando on Dorothea. So at that point, an officer arrives with a warrant for Don Quixote's arrest for freeing some galley slaves. They praise to ask for mercy on the grounds that, that Don Quixote is insane. And the officer agrees, yes. Yes. So donkey Jose is locked in a cage. They tell him that it's an enchantment that's holding him in the kids. And they make a prophecy at bite his heroic return home. The grape let him out of the cage so that he can eight. And at that point he gets into another fight, this time with some pilgrims. So the story of part one ends with interrater saying, find the manuscript to further adventures. So basically they're bound things as loving the radius. Know that there will be a SQL, although that didn't appear for another ten years. So Part Two is much more serious than unless farcical. And the first part, and it's basically on the theme of deception. And end part two, we see Don Quixote de, as basically a very innocent soul who's being manipulated by others for their own ends. For example, there's a Jiekun Duchess who basically deceived, don't get holds a further owed entertainment on an imposed, a sort of series of practical jokes. So they, they say they are testing his devotion to chivalry and to decennalia. So at 1, when he's being sent on this quest to prove his devotion to decennalia. Changsha at Sancho brings three peasant girls and says they are ladies and we're going to Josiah. And when Don Quixote, Thanks. They don't really look like ladies of the court. Santo expands that they're disheveled appearance as JSON and chump bunt. And as a results, all the Jiekun dot chest is pranks. Don Quixote on sound Schuppanzigh are told that the only way to achieve till Sunday as freedom is for sideshow, to give himself 3,300 lashes. So that's kind of has come up and spit it leads to some friction between him and Don Quixote. So the Jacque devs sounds show a fig governorship and he actually turns out to be a pretty good later other Hayes humiliated in the, and so Don Quixote is conquered by enlight. Well, I'd like to call the night of the White Moon, who's actually a young lab from his home time. According to the rules of chivalry, He must give end to his conquerors requests. And, and so he has to agree to refrain from gallon trade for one year and I'm not enough time to restore his Salvatore. Okay. Okay. And 96 he will become a shepherd, but the housekeeper convinces him to stay at home. So eight goes to bad sick and has a long sleep and eventually awakes perfectly sin. So his sanity having being restored Santo mix some effort to restore his faith. So key Hannah, because he's returned to his original name at this point, apologizes for the harm that he's done while he's been under his delusion of Bing and my errant. So he, at that point decides to write his will and he says he will disinherit his nice if she marries a man who rates chivalric grim ounces after he dies, the rename, the iterator says there are no more stories. So any more stories that appear would be spurious on counterfeit. So that is, they're bound days making a very foreign point that this is the end of the story, but the story of course, has fascinated and entertained for centuries. 23. Leo Tolstoy: So we talked about one of the early modern novels, and that was Don Quixote. And now let's talk about two of the greatest novels ever written. Three novels that stand atop the literary canon and world literature. And those are War and Peace. And Anna Karenina, both written by Leo Tolstoy, the Russian novelist. A novel by Tolstoy is not a work of art, but a piece of life claimed Matthew Arnold's, the English poet. What an artist and what a psychologist claimed. Gustaf Littlebear, who wrote Madame Bovary, of course, which has some similarities with Anna Karenina. The greatest of all novelists, according to Virginia wealth. What does serve to justify all the hopes and aspirations invested in literature? Very high praise from Anton Chekhov, of course. Criticism of Tolstoy is not universally positive, but he is considered to be one of the greatest realist novelists and writing realist fiction and also a 4Runner to Modernist writing, which very much focuses on the internal life of the individual. Leo Tolstoy, as he's referred to in English, lived from 1820 to 1910. We might also refer to him as left Nikolai, which Tolstoy here written in Russian. And Nikolai which is his patron them it means son of Nicholas. And you'll find patronymics throughout his work and arrived the time in Russia where you can, you can place someone by knowing who their, their father as not just their family name. So he was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature every year from 1902 to 1906. And he was also nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 190119021910. Controversially, he never actually won a Nobel Prize, which must be really annoying given the number of nominations there. So Warren Peace published in 1869, and Ana Khurana that published in 1877, are thought of as the apex of realist fiction. We have no knights in shining armor, we have no magic, new wizards. This is stories telling based on real life and the chaos of war and peace on an actual literal war fairly recently in history that still resonated in the public consciousness. And the story tells of the effects of this war on five Nobel Russian families. On a Khurana is about a woman who has an extra marital affair. And the reaction of the people around her on-off society to her. Worn pieces often regarded as the greatest novel ever written. Right at the top of the literary canon. And to be able to say, I've read War and paste is considered a bit of an achievement. Belt chips just because it's intellectually challenging. But because it is huge, it's vast. I have to be honest in my case, it took about a year to read it. And I know even joking when I say I have to go and lift weights for a couple of weeks so that I can actually hold the book for any period of time at a stretch. I'm seriously not making the up. Tolstoy was a fervent Christian pacifist, anarchist and Malika little bit later at the meaning of the word anarchist and anarchy. It's not quite what we might interpret it as today. But this way of thinking very much influenced his writing. His essay on nonviolence called the Kingdom of God is within you, published in 1894, was an influence all Mahatma Gandhi and also a Martin Luther King. So his influence extended beyond literature. Tolstoy Kim, from an aristocratic Russian family who dedicate their origins back to 1323, where they're, they're kind of mythic ancestor. Peter Tolstoy was created a kind by patron, the grit or the family story went. Tolstoy was born of his family estate. Yes, Nia Pollyanna, which is outside tulip in 1828. And you can see the highs pictured here at the bottom. He was the fourth of five children of Nikolai Elliot Tolstoy. I'm contest barrier tells DIA, so men and women that this coin top masculine and feminine variants of the surname. So his father was a veteran of the Patriotic War of 1812, which happened after Napoleon had invaded Russia. Thank of the 1812 Overture by Tchaikovsky. And this was the war that Tolstoy wrote a bite in, War and Peace. His mother sadly died when he was only two, and his father when he was only nine. So he and his siblings were raised by relatives. And in 1844, he began studying law and Oriental languages. Because on University where he was described as unwilling and unable to learn. Here he is 20 and this photograph. So he left his studies and became pretty much a man of leisure. He use a colloquialism for my part of the world are still bite for a few years, but he did tick up writing anti-hunger until Moscow and St. Petersburg gets and some fashionable places. He ran up gambling debts, very like the character of Nikolai Raul stove and we're on pace. And he joined the army with his brother in 1851. He was an artillery officer in the Crimean War on the actually served and the sage of Sebastopol. And it seemed 54 to five. He was actually recognized for courage. I'm promoted to left-handed. So he, he did well in the army, seemed to have knuckled Dawn. But he was absolutely appalled by the deaths that he saw what's led to his fervent pacifism in later life. And he left the army when the Crimean War was over. His experience in the Army, followed by travels around Europe in 18571860 to 61. Lad from his conversion from a privileged aristocratic society, author sort of. Going wrong and not doing very much, just being a sort of socialite. And he then became a dedicated Christian pacifist and an anarchist. And the word anarchist here does not mean he pierced his nosed and wept. I elated some stores. Anarchy in this case would probably follow this definition. Anarchy literally comes from the Greek for with a ruler. And anarchism is a political philosophy of movement that is highly skeptical towards authority and rejects all involuntary coercive forms of hierarchy. It calls for the abolition of the state, which it holds to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful. And that is the definition from Wikipedia. So this was something a lot more philosophical than perhaps we might interpret that word in modern times. He was profoundly traumatized on his travels when he witnessed a public execution and Paris, and he wrote after that has taken some effect on him. The trick there is that the state as a conspiracy designed not only to exploit, but above all, to corrupt its citizens. Henceforth, I shall never serve any government anywhere. Okay? So his non-violent beliefs where influenced by the German philosopher Schopenhauer. And by rating a German translation of octagonal text, which was like a series of spiritual teachings called the to recur owl. He passed on these concepts when he was contacted by the young Mahatma Gandhi. And that correspondence was later published as Letters to a Hindu. During his 1860 to 61 trip, he met Victor Hugo, who had just completed his work, Les Miserables LA. So the battle scenes in Les Miserables that very much influenced war and peace. He also visited the French anarchist Pierre Joseph predominate in exile in Brussels. And he rads his publication, lag l ala pay war on space. I'll be a split of influencing going all their. Tolstoy was also inspired by predominant ideas of education. And he said in my personal experience, he was the only man who understood the significance of education out of the printing press and our time. Why the printing press was something that created with greater equality because everyone could access information. So thus inspired, he returned to us, Nia Pollyanna, I'm fine to 13 schools for the children of newly emancipated surface. So the surface people ask, What's the difference between a surface live? Possibly very little. But the serfs who worked on largest fits, including Tolstoy's families and states, had just been emancipated before that they couldn't marry without permission. They couldn't own any land. There was various things that they could de, amount of just being reversed. So and the schools that Tolstoy setup ended up closing G to harassment from the czarist secret police. But they do constitute an early example of democratic education, system of education where everyone is equal. Now let's talk about the complicated relationship that was Tolstoy's marriage. In September 1862, Tolstoy married Sophia Andreina bears known as Sonya, Sonya beg, the diminutive version of Sophia. And she was the daughter of the court physician, and she was 16 years younger than Tolstoy on the eve of their wedding, just to let her know while she was in for Tolstoy, gave her a diary detailing his extensive sexual history and revealing that he had an illegitimate son with one of these debt surface. So he was giving her a chance to back out basically and and not making any pretense to her about what his past have Bain despite that, they at first go on quite well. They had 13 children, but sadly only it survived childhood. So there was a lot of loss on pan involved with that. In his working life, Sonya acted as Tolstoy's editor, secretary, and financial manager during the writing of War and Peace and Anna Karenina. But their relationships deteriorated as Tolstoy became more extreme and his views on he resolved to give up both his hereditary and earned wealth, which involves giving up the copyrights to his early writing. No, I saw and you'll have married an aristocrat. She had married a count on. He was determined to become a peasant, and this was an issue for her. Know. Tolstoy, Sonya on their family did stay in Russia when many of the wider Tolstoy family were leaving Russia during the revolution in 1905, they flagged for their lives basically, at present, several of Leo Tolstoy's descendants now I live in Sweden, but his great-grandson, Vladimir Tolstoy, who was born in 1962 as director of the museum at Piazza Pollyanna, where Tolstoy is buried and advises the Russian president on cultural affairs. So that shows that the Tolstoy families still very much associated with the arts and Russia. Tolstoy died in 1910 at the age of ADT, basically during a rift with Sonya when she started to speak out against his beliefs, she'd become envious of people she described as his disciples and where he was getting a bit more extreme. So there was a rift with her. And one night he just renounced his aristocratic lifestyle and walked right into a cold winter night. He said to have spent his last ours preaching love, non-violence. And George's him to fellow passengers on a tray and on George's them with something that he started to be very committed to and quite proselytizing a byte. George's him as an economic theory whereby people should live on the wealth that they create themselves are on what they produce themselves, perhaps in the sense of farming and food. And, and what the land producers should belong to everyone, basically. So. After his death, the police tried to limit access to Tolstoy's funeral, but thousands of peasants lined the streets. Not everybody had heard of him, though. Others merely believed some nobleman has died. And as I mentioned before, Tolstoy is buried at yes Nia Pollyanna. You can see his grave and it's very beautiful. And that little forests glitch here. So let's talk about Tolstoy's literary output. His first work that came to attention was Childhood boyhood underneath, written between 185256. And it tells if the slow realization by a wealthy landowners son of the chasm that exists between himself and the peasants. Very much based on the theme of class on it's obviously quite autobiographical. The Cossacks published in 1963, describes call suck life through the eyes of a young Russian aristocrat in love with a KA-SAT girl. The Cossacks being Eastern Slavic, Russian Orthodox Christians. War and peace in 1869. We're going to talk about that in a bit more depth later. But it's widely credited with being the greatest novel ever written, as we've discussed. Other Tolstoy himself didn't think it was a novel. He described it as an Epic and pros, and epic. Epic at certainly is, it's absolutely vast and it has 580 characters on a lot of these characters were actually real historical figures, such as Napoleon Bonaparte, Alexander The first of Russia. The general, could dissolve. You know, that there are several real people in there and there are many plots and subplots, but it's basically based on Tolstoy's view of history as inexorable. In other words, she can't affect the course of history. Even the likes of Alexandra, the breast of Napoleon, can't either create or stop what's going to happen. It's just meant to be basically Anna Karenina. And other of his grip novels was published in 1877. And it tells a story of a woman and a pretty much Loveless marriage to a man 20 years her senior, who has an affair and suffers the consequences, suffers the judgment of her society and basically being ostracized. And it's considered one of the finest realist novels. It's a very psychological level. The death of even Elliot's written in 1886. And what is to be done, which is a nonfiction work detail Tolstoy's radical Christian pacifism and anarchy. And they actually resulted in his excommunication from the Russian Orthodox Church. Resurrection, published in 1899, examines the injustice of human laws and the hypocrisy of the institutionalized church. He also wrote many short stories on some poems, some of which were published in his Russian Beck for rating it teen 71 to 1874. He wasn't particularly a big fan of poetry which he find difficult to write on. He sat that contemporary poets. Used false epithets just to make it rhyme. And Tolstoy was all the byte realism. We're on pace, obviously, absolutely massive. So I can't even really summarize it here, but I can give you some very good reasons to read it and tell you some things about it. It took me pretty much the guts of a year to read War and Peace. I'm not ashamed to admit It's a long and involved rate, but it's an amazing experience to read War and Peace. Because of the characters in all of whom have an ark and have some character development. And, you know, many of whom are very, very relatable. Of course, as we mentioned before, several of them are where actual real historical figures. So it's based around the time of the French invasion of Russia under Napoleon and the impact of the Napoleonic area on czarist society. Remember that at that point, Russian aristocrats spoke French and fact one aristocrat and the novel is as pilloried for not speaking a word of Russian. And it said that aristocrats often only knew enough Russian to command their servants. So all things French are fashionable and suddenly the French invades. And people who've lived quite privileged lifestyle is actually really start to suffer. The novel was very influenced by the German philosopher Schopenhauer, as I mentioned before. And he, he little quote here, he characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind and insatiable metaphysical. Well. So the phenomenal world, as in the things that are actually happening, are a result of some kind of fits. There are things that are meant to be basically. So the original title for the novel was not Warren paste. It was originally entitled it Tino five. But the novel goes right the way up to 1820 days. So I can see why he ditched that title. The title war and peace, may be a reference to predawn as we talked to you before. Or it could also come from Suetonius, depiction of the emperor Titus, who was described as the master of war and pace. So that might be another inspiration for the title. So let's style of the novel moves between omniscient narration and character viewpoints. So that's why it's almost considered to be a prey modernist novel. It's called psychological detail, where we're seeing the story on the action from the psychological perspective of one character. And it also does the same and the detail of say, landscapes and things that goes from these big sweeping vistas of say, battlefields to describing objects in intimate detail. It's practically cinematic and it style. It ends with two apple logs, which are basically philosophical essays. Based on the characters they just describe Tolstoy's philosophies of war par, and history. Sometimes they're published as appendices rather than being actually part of the text. But I believe there were intended to be part of the text. So realism, as we've mentioned, very big factor in War and Peace. There are a 106 date, real historical figures, NAMD and war and peace. And to write the novel, Tolstoy interviewed survivors of 1812. Plus he read histories, autobiographies, letters, and journals. So he used well and history would be called primary sources, firsthand experiences. He, he very much wanted it to be realistic. So there are 580 characters and I can't talk about them all, but I'm gonna talk about three very important ones. The first one is Pierre music off current physical. At the start of the novel, we find him as the young illegitimate son of Carol of blood near WIC, visit golf who is a byte to die. And unfortunately, some of his relatives are attempting to cheat Pierre I, of the inheritance that his father and tends to lead for him, his well as basically stolen, but that he has helped right? By a lady who expects him to basically return the favor one day who finds they tree on authentic? Well, of Carol visit Gulf and PR having been illegitimate and not being raised to believe he was going to be a current, becomes a very high ranking aristocrat. And many people are sucking up to him now he's a very, very idealistic figure. He actually becomes a missing during the story and is very, very dedicated to the ideals of, of the Masonic order on tries to preach them to other people. I think that he is based on Tolstoy himself to a large extent. And where he doesn't say clearly I'm where his idealism leads them astray is in his choice of a wife, Helen. And Helen is unfaithful to him with a soldier dollar coef, amongst other people. I don't want to spoil the story for you. It's actually very moving. But Pierre goes from being very philosophical and he goes through some incredible hardships and ends up being able to be a little bit more realistic by the end of the novel. In stark contrast is PR's Very good friend, Prince Andre, Nick alive. Hbo called ski. Not a Prince is actually lower die and the social order order than a kind. They, titles within the Russian aristocracy being slightly different than they would be and the English aristocracy. So Prince Nikolai is an idiot to camp. And the Napoleonic wars started serving under the general coup dissolve. Who was a real historical figure. He's a very world where a figure, his first wife, whom he wasn't really in love with, died giving birth to their young son, which caused a fair bit of suffering. Then he falls in love with they vary. Very charming, but, but very young and naive. Natasha Ross TVA, as we discover later. But she unfortunately falls for someone else for a time and there is a scandal and that causes him a fair amount of pain. We also see war. Three, his eyes, the horrendous things that he goes through in the war. He doesn't have a happy ending and the novel unfortunately, but he's a very relatable character, a very down to earth character. His sister is Princess Marion, lick saliva, vocals, keep aside again, princess Maria lick aliveness ball calleds Kate Knight, libel called ski. The father of the family, is a very Canton chorus, difficult old bonds. And she is charged with looking after him. She is this sort of single daughter, looking off to the older father. She's very pious, Barry religious. She likes to invite religious people into the highest which her father hits. And she makes a load of her decisions based on her GED to care for her father. When he dies, she has to assume control of they stay it because her brother's off at war, he's lost, and her father has just died. And she, she turns out to be someone who actually has an awful lot of metal. And she does something at the end of the novel where she really turns the fortunes of one of the other families around. So she, she breathes her salt, but she's described as not being very prints a she's, she's kinda like that spinster daughter, but not in the end. So there's an almost all stands in story there too, princess Maria. And we mentioned before contest Italia Ralston, or notice the touch-up. So her parents are very, very kind. They're lovely people, but unfortunately, as a result, they've spent all the families money and her family are completely stony, broke. And they still have the front of being ours autocrats and of being society figures, but there's no actual cash there. And they're all quite frankly a little naive. And apart from maybe arguably her brother Nikolai Rawls stuff, who goes off, joins the army. It runs up a huge gambling debt. Also little bit reminiscent of Tolstoy himself. He is a bit of a cat, but he comes guids and the ends. And he actually rescues princess Maria at 1 knock at the end of that story away in case you haven't read War and Peace, and it really is worth reading War and Peace. So Natasha being very innocent, unfortunately, faults for the dubious Charles of Anatole Qur'an, who is the brother of Helen, who is Pierre's wife. App on there is, she runs off with him and there is a huge scandal. It's very damaging to her, and it actually really damages her psychological health. And it breaks up her engagement to Andre bot called ski, and she had been engaged to him before. She had this little flying without a tall Andre had been often the war. She hadn't seen him for a long time. She wasn't too sure what was happening. You know, I'm trying to defend her, but she was young and naive and all goes horribly wrong. Although when Andre is very, very ill and eventually dies, she actually nurses him and forms a close friendship with princess Maria, and she also has a happy ending. She ends up married to someone lovely. I'm just, I know normally I just tell you the story, but in the case of war and peace, I'm trying not to give it away because it would just record, you know, if you were reading it, the BBC did an absolutely brilliant adaptation of War and Peace a few years ago as a miniseries, Which is where I'm reading, which is worth watching, sorry. And I believe it's been all Netflix. But it's still worth reading the bec because the BEQ is just so detailed and you get to know the characters so well. There are of course, host of characters with mentioned dollar, coef until n. It's just Vast. All the characters are just drawn so well like when you see that they character of alia, who is Natasha is Father, you completely understand what's going wrong with this family, even though you still like him. The characterization is really the strikes. So there really are a lot of reasons to read War and Peace. And I Khurana, many movies have been made of Anacreon and up there was one and a by 2012 with Kara nightly still read the book would be what I would say. It is another really long bec, uh, buy it 100 pages, which makes it not anywhere near as long as we're on pace. But it's still a complex than involves novel. I'm very much worth reading. Tolstoy considered it to be his first tree novel because he thought of war and peace as an Epic and prose as we discussed earlier, it was initially published in several installments between 18751877 in a periodical called The Russian messenger. And that was quite often Hi, novels were published at that time. It centers on ionic randomness affair with a Cavalry officer, current Alexei Carola, which Brodsky, and the resulting scandal and Saint Petersburg, the levers actually fleet at late, but on returning to Russia, their lives unravel a bit. So it basically begins with Anna's brothers womanizing, which has compared to her own affair because her brother being a bit of a womanizer and having cereal affairs is not arrays and for him to be cut off from society. And Ana herself tries to convince his wife to forgive him. And she really doesn't receive a lot of forgiveness herself, litter in the novel. She's married to Alexei Carolyn, who is 20 years her senior. And it's not really a very loving marriage. It's an all BAC or anything, but it's not very loving marriage. She finds herself on the train sitting beside political contents of bronze sky. And when they get off the tran, the contests meets her some Brodsky and that's when she first and conscious Brodsky. And just at that moment there is an accident on a railway worker, dies. Ana interprets that as a bad omen that, that happened at the time of their Mei Dang, other Brodsky sends money to the dead man's family, which impresses Allah. So later as they're, as they're affair progresses, Brodsky is actually Keyne's Mariana. If she leaves Carolyn, but she would lose her son. She wouldn't have custody of her son Sergey. She doesn't want to do that. And the social norms in Russia at that time would be against her on the moral laws of the Russian Orthodox Church. So she would beat breaking a lot of things and up against a lot of things that she made that decision. There are other stories running parallel at the same time as this was happening. Especially one a by a guy called constant and 11, his love for a lady called Kitty, who is Ava's sister-in-law. Sister, leads him to propose three times before he's accepted. Other, kitty believes that Brodsky will propose to her on her mother views were on scale as a batter catched the 11. And his storyline very much goes around his inability to accept the Christian faith until his first child is born and his spiritual struggles. So the very famous first line of the novel, which actually I should have mentioned earlier, is incidentally, happy. Families are all alike. Every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. So there are really no 100% happy families or relationships in the novel. So eventually becomes pregnant by Brodsky and she's emotionally overwhelmed on, she basically towels. Carmen. What's happened? He's much more worried about reputation on the appearance of things than the actual marriage. He believes that the marriage can be saved and it should be saved for the SEC of their standing in society and, and reputation. At 1, he does decide that he thinks he should divorce her. And although after on a nearly dies giving birth to Barofsky's daughter on a Carolyn forgives for on scan is quite magnanimous and that X state causes Ron's K2 attempt suicide at that point on realizes she just can't live with Kara them. Not because he's a bad person or whatever it is, you just count live the lie. And so she has to make the decision to leave her son behind. And she runs off with bronze gate to Europe, to Italy. We don't have a great time there. Brodsky, who had once believed that happiness was with Ana and she was what would make him happy. Feels suffocated in Italy and they have no social circle there, no, excepted by other Russian ex-pats there. And so they decide to return to Russia. And when they do, Brodsky returns to society pretty easily, but Ana is basically barred from it. She is a pariah. So paradigm has been advised to tell Sergey, but his mother as dad, but he absolutely refuses to believe it. And she's secretly visits her son on this ninth birthday, but as discovered by current and so she she's cut off from her child. A, it becomes desperate to regain her form or social status and acceptance. And she decides to tamp a theater, which is where people go to see a, b. Same Brodsky really argues with terabyte this. It tells you it's a very bad idea, but he can't bring himself to fully explain to her why she can't go and what will happen if she does. She goes on, she's pretty much snubbed by her former friends. They don't want anything to do with her. And one of them actually mix a bit of a same. Ada is really traumatized by this. And she inference gate leave to go live and bronze gaze. Countries get estates. They want to be away from the set to him, from society. While they're there on the, becomes increasingly jealous. I'm paranoid. And she decides she must marry Brodsky, otherwise he's going to leave her. So she writes to Carolyn and the pair leave for Moscow. But in Moscow, the relationship as put under strain because Brodsky can move about freely and do what he wants. An ala just can't, she can't go out and society. And so she becomes board. I'm, I'm quite better. And she also develops a bit of a morphine habits. She's dependent on morphing to help her sleep. So Carolyn has got himself a new clairvoyant, and based on the advice of the clairvoyant, he refuses to divorce AMA, so she's trapped in this marriage. She also believes that Ron scale as having affairs with other women at this time, they have a huge hated Ri and on a commit suicide by throwing herself Andra tran, reminiscent of the trend that hit the railway worker on the day that they met. After her death, Carolyn ticks, custody of ATA of Anais, sorry, herds older with world skate. So he has both her children and broad scape goes and joins the rest of the Turkish war. So on. Khurana is viewed as both arraylist and an early modernist novel because of its focus on the interior life of the characters, especially of Anna and, and all of their psychology. And it's definitely a very important novel in the literary canon. 24. Dostoevsky: I've recently been watching the second series of the old TV show lost. And which characters who find themselves on a desert island find a sort of hatch that has been used for psychological experimentation and end. The hats are books by vest guy Theodore Dostoevsky. And that was because Dostoevsky had a huge and trust and all things. Psychological ads is considered one of the greatest psychological novelists with an weren't literature. Theodore Mikhail of edge Dostoevsky lived from 1821 to 18 anyone. And he was a novelist, a philosopher, a short story writer, an essayist, and a journalist. At his works, as we mentioned before, explorer human psychology. His most famous works include crime and punishment, published in 1866, the idiots published in 1869, daemons published in 1872, and The Brothers Karamazov published in 1880. Towards the end of his life. In total, He wrote 12 novels for Novalis, 16 short stories and many other works, and creating essays, speeches, and articles. He's considered one of the greatest psychological novelists and world literature, as we've mentioned before. And he had many influences on his work, which include the Russian poet Pushkin, Santa Guston, Shakespeare, Dickens, victory, go, Plato, there bounties. Emmanuelle counts, the Enlightenment philosopher and the German poet and playwright Schiller. He also in turn influence several other people, including the Russian writers, salt summits and uncheck off, as well as Nietzsche and Jean-Paul Sartre, famous existentialists. And his work can almost be seen as Prato, existentialism. And he was also a forerunner of Freudianism. Freud was actually a big fan of Dostoevsky. Dostoevsky Kim from a multi-ethnic and multi denominational families who had a kind of mixed background as Russian backgrounds went. His mother's family were merchants and the man and his father's family were priests. He was born on the 11th of November 1821 and the rigor Korean calendar. And he was the second child of Dr. Mcal Dostoevsky, Maria Dostoevsky Gaia, and who you can see pictured here on his mother's maiden name was net EVA. He was raised in a heist and the grinding of the Maryanne ski Hospital for the PR. So you think of the idea of a Victorian per twice, and it was people who were basically the lowest class of society. And Dostoevsky met, met the patients when he was playing in the hospital grinds as a child. His nanny, honor fraud. Lubna introduced him to lecture at putting hundreds or three by reading him heroic sagas, fairytales, and legends. His mother taught him to read and write edged only for using the Bible. And he was very conversant with the ideas of the Bible from a very young age on for all of his life, he was a divide. Russian Orthodox Christian. His parents introduced him to a wide range of literature, actually Russian writers like columns in Peshkin and does event. Gothic writers such as on Radcliffe, romantic writers like Schiller and Geta, and heroic tails by their bounties and Walter sculpts. And he also read Homer's epics. One quite traumatic experience from Dostoyevsky's childhood MIT it into his works. He was asked to fetch his father, who of course was adopter, to attend to a nine-year-old girl who'd been hit by a drunk. And the theme of the desire, young girls by older man and I kinda pedophilia kind of way appears in the devils, The Brothers, Karamazov, crime and punishment on some of his other works, it was something about, he didn't seem to forget Dostoyevsky's parents. When he was a child, described him as hot-headed, stubborn, and insolent. So in 1833, his father sent him to a French boarding scope and then two aborting skill and Chairman, OK. And while he was at scale, he was described as an introverted dreamer. I don't over excitable, romantic. His father actually borrowed money and extended his medical practices to pay the school fees. Thus, the ascii felt I'd have playas with his aristocratic classmates and the boarding school. And he describes that failing in his novel, the adolescent. It Ting 37 and May 1837, he was sent to a free Military Academy and some Petersburg along with his brother Mikhail. Now from his father's point of view, this was Grant didn't have to pay school fees anymore but of a financial relief. But from Dostoyevsky's point of view at forced him to give up his academic interests for military career. And a military career was something he wasn't really that interested in. Barre sadly, and September it team 37, his mother died of tuberculosis. And in January 1838, he entered a military academy. So continuing with the military education, his brother was actually refused admission to the military academy on health brines, and was sent to revile present-day Tallinn in Estonia. So they split up from his brother, which must have been something but he was overjoyed a byte. Dostoevsky was basically not cut out to be a soldier. It wasn't his calling and he hated military training. I though he did have a strong sense of justice. He protected newcomers and he criticised corruption among officers. Plus he helped the PR, so he won the respect of his classmates during this time. In June 1839, Dostoyevsky's fathers died on the calls was given as apoplectic stroke, but one of the neighbors accused the family starts of murder. Not the person who made the accusation stood to be able to buy the land if the serfs were found guilty of murder, the Serbs were actually acquitted and courts, but Dostoyevsky's Brother Andre, perpetuate, perpetuated that the story that their father had been murdered. It's possible that the stress of all this brought on Dostoyevsky's first epileptic seizure. Despite problems with his health and you know, the the tragedy that had fallen his family. He passed his exams. I became an engineer cadet and that meant that he could live away from the academy. So he went to visit MCAT and revamped. And he attended concerts, operas and plays, and ballets. And he discovered gambling while he was there, and he pretty much had a gambling addiction for many years. He lost an awful lot of money and got into financial trouble at various points of his life because of this. So he was led to write a novel when his literary translations of Henri de Balzac and others weren't successful financially. So he finished his first novel, pr folk in May 1845. And it so happened that has high Smit to make trigger Gourevitch took it to the port Nikolai Microsoft. He showed it to the influential literary critic, the sari and Molinsky, and he described it as Russia's first social novel and was quite impressed by it. It was published in 1846 in the Petersburg collection Almanac, and it was actually commercially successful. Remember in this period of history, novels tended to be serialized and other publications. Dostoyevsky about point was able to resign his military post. And he then wrote his novel, The double, which was published in the journal notes of the Fatherland on the 30th of January, 1846 before it was published. And the form of a BEC, rather than being serialized in February. Around this time, he discovered socialism via French philosophers such as Fourier, Kobe, prudent on sound CMO. His relationship with Molinsky expanded his knowledge of the philosophy of socialism as well. But Molinsky, atheism and antipathy towards Dostoyevsky's Russian Orthodox faith led to their parting company. In the end, the double actually received quite negative reviews, which led to Dostoevsky having more frequent epileptic seizures. But he continued to write and from 1846 to 1848, he published a series of unsuccessful short stories and animals at the fatherland. Unsuccessful as financially successful. And he actually ended up in financial trouble. He had joined the socialists radicals circle and they helped to might financially. And when that circle dissolves, in 1846, he joined the petra Tchaikovsky circle. Finds it by makeup hat to Chomsky who was a social reformer. Dostoevsky was pretty much on the fringes of the circle. And though technically a member, he used their library at weekends and occasionally participated and their discussions on freedom, censorship, on the abolition of serfdom. In 1849, the first parts of his novel, Natasha and asthma ANOVA where published and animals of the fatherland, but the project was shelved when Dostoyevsky was exiled to Siberia. Exile to Siberia. Yes, there is a bit of a story there. Let's talk about Dostoevsky's famous death sentence and subsequent exile. Dostoevsky had, of course, being a member of socialist circles and he was also accused of reading works by Molinsky. Him of course, he knew personally, as we've seen, including the band lateral to Google. He explained that he had wet rad the wreck as a literary monument. Neither more nor less. And other words, his reading of the work was from alliterate standpoint, not a political one. That his interests weren't political. In fact, he said that he was interested in personality on human egoism, rather than being politically motivated. Even so, he and other members of the petra Tchaikovsky circle, it were arrested on the 23rd of April, 1849 on the orders of Orlova and Czar Nicholas, The first fared a repeat of the December arrest revolt of it 18-25 when 3 thousand soldiers rebelled against the authorities or a revelation, the French Revolution still causing fair in other parts of Europe. Dostoyevsky was actually given a death sentence on, on the day of the execution. The convicts were divided into three grapes to be shot. And Dostoevsky was third and the second row. And he was actually waiting to be shot, which looked like it was going to happen pretty sane when a latter arrived from the czar commuting the sentence. So he basically had a last-minute reprieve and just think of the works of literature that the world would not have had, had that not happened, crime and punishments, the edit things that are staples of world literature. But he didn't know he's gonna write those things at the time, of course, and it must have been such a relief. But what happened next was not particularly President Dostoevsky served four years with hard labor at a prison camp and almost SQL and Siberia. All the way to the President stopped up to Bosque and Dostoevsky's kindness. At that point I'm his ability to relate with other human beings actually stopped one of his fellow prisoners from committing suicide. To Bosque, December's women gave the prisoners food, clothes on new testaments, which contained a tan ruble notes and each copy. And they wouldn't see kindness like that for quite awhile. Dostoevsky describes the present count, but almost saying summer, intolerable closeness and winter, uninsurable, cold, all the floors were rotten, filth on the floors and inch thick, one could slip and fall. We were packed like herrings and a barrel. There was no room to turn around. From dusk to dawn, It was impossible not to behave like pigs, fleas, lice on black betas by the bushel. Really, really horrible circumstances to be n. And Dostoevsky was actually classified as one of the most dangerous conflicts. And, and so his hands and fate or shackled until his release. Amazingly, he did manage to write Western present, even with his hands shackled. While he was there. He suffered from seizures, hemorrhoids, weight-loss and fevers, and the OD reading material he was normally allied. Wallace has New Testament, but when he was sent to the infirmary, he was able to read newspapers on novels by Dickens. The other prisoners respect to Tim for his kindness and sense of justice. Are those some thought him xenophobic? And it has been a criticism of his work that depictions of Jewish people, count Bay last Lynn favorable and he also didn't seem to be Forum fond of Turks. I let you make up your own mind. What you think about that through reading his works. He was finally released. And February 1854, he asked his brother may cow for financial help at this point. And because he had been denied because he really wanted Beck's by Giza, Runge-Kutta, Hegel and Kant. In 1861, the highest method dad, which was a bite his experiences and the camp, was published in the magazine Ramya, and it was actually the first published novel a bites the Russian penal system. In March 1854, he moved to semi pathless, where he was forced to serve in the Siberian army coerce. So his sentence wasn't quite over yet. Whilst he was there, he tutored several children on through this work. He met the friends of family that he was trade drying. Alexandra Ivanovich is AF and his wife Maria, to meet three Abdullah is they af? He fell in love with Maria, and Alexander died in 1855. At that point, Maria and her son Pasha, moved with Dostoyevsky to Bernal. In 1856, dostoyevsky sent a letter to general Eduardo globin apologizing for his involvement and utopian circles. He had to do this so that he could be allowed to marry, answer that he could publish books. So he was given permission to do both those things, although he remained under police surveillance for the rest of his life. On the seventh of February 1857, he married Maria, although she had originally rejected his proposal, saying that they just weren't meant to be together, and also because of his unstable financial situation. She also find it difficult to deal with his seizures and their family life was unhealthy. Dostoyevsky said, we're definitely not happy together, but we could not stop loving each other. And the more unhappy rewire, the more attached to each other. We began in 1859. He was released from military service due to his deteriorating health. And at that point he was allowed to return to European Russia. So the first case he went to was fair, where he saw his brother Mikhail for the first time in ten years and ban to Saint Petersburg. In 1859. He published a little hero in a journal as was the way that novels were January published at the time it had been completed and present. And when you think of the very cramped conditions, the lack of personal space, being shackled, it must have been pretty difficult to get the novel completed. In 1860 was a very busy year for him in terms of publishing. He published the novels, uncle's dream, the village of step into Kosovo. And his novel, Notes from the highest of the dad was published in September 1860 with funding from his brothers cigarette factory. In June 1862, he traveled to Western Europe when he went to several places, cologne, Berlin, face baton, Paris and London, followed by Northern Italy, where he visited Florida, amongst other places than all, to Switzerland. And this trip forms the basis for his nonfiction work, winter notes on summer impressions, which gives us his thoughts and feelings all many topics, generally critical thoughts and feelings, including capitalism, social modernization, the idea that we move from a traditional society towards a modern society by a process of change. And he criticized materialism, Catholicism, and Protestantism because he believed the way to practice Christianity was the Russian Orthodox style. In 1863, he again visited Europe. This time he met his lover Polynices lava, and he nearly lost all his money through gambling. In 1864, his wife Maria, and his brother and makeup both died. And he became responsible, especially financially responsible for his stepson Pasha and his brother's family and ride this time, the magazine which he had find Macau epoch failed. And so he was on the verge of bankruptcy, but friends and relatives helped him, right, of that situation. In 1866, the first two parts of one of his most famous works, crime and punishment, were published in the Russian messenger. And after this, Dostoyevsky's publisher put him under pressure to finish his novel, The Gambler. So he hired a secretary to help MIT this Larry, another Grigori Avner snip kinda, whom he buried on the 15th of February 1867. My She had a bit of a business brand, so she was pretty helpful to him. Although at this point she had to sell her valuables in order to pay off his debts. They hung him into Germany, where Dostoyevsky lost a lot of money, gambling once more. And then they went to Geneva. In 1860. It, The Idiot was serialized and the Russian messenger. And on the fifth of March, 1868, their daughters Sonya was born, but very sadly she died only three months later of pneumonia and Dostoevsky was devastated. The couple moved from Geneva to VA, to Milan, where he finished the idiots. And so the final installments of the novel republished and the Russian messenger in 1869. There second-order, you both picture to the right here, was born on the 26th of September, 1869 and Dresden. And she became a writer in later life. She was known in the family as MA, as in the French word for loved. Ana claimed that Dostoevsky stopped gambling after she was born. Following the murder of the socialist revolutionary, even, even off by his own grape, people's vengeance, Dostoevsky began writing another of his most famous works, demons. Family returned to Russia in July 1871. And on the 16th of July that year there's some Theodore was born. So they moved into an apartment having sold their rental highs and Pascal. But there were some issues with the tangent and they got a pretty low sales price. So financial worries were still a problem. Anna suggested they raise money from Dostoyevsky's copyrights and pay off their debts and installments. A ragas time back in Russia, Dostoevsky mid several new friends who were on, influence on him and creating Constantine Paul but Donald salt Seth, who was the future Imperial Commissioner of the Most Holy centered, in other words, the highest body of the Russian Orthodox Church. And he influenced Dostoyevsky's transition to conservatism, although he was never conservative and the way that we might think about words today. Daemons was released in 1873 by the Dostoyevsky publishing company, which had been fired by Dostoevsky and Ana aren't they did commercially quite well with this novel. They sold 3 thousand copies, which was pretty good. I'm back in the day. They then started a periodical called The Writer's diary, and it was published in a publication called The Citizen, who paid them 3 thousand rubles a year. So they're starting to get on their fate financially and gamma is a big part of that. I ever, Dostoevsky left the citizen in March 1876, having been taken to court twice. So it turns out to be quite a stressful time. Once for quoting prints mess Chomsky without permission, and once due to interference from Russian bureaucrats. He was then asked to publish a writer's diary and notes of the fatherland for 250 rubles per printed shaped, which was a pretty good deal. So things are going well work wise, but Dostoyevsky's health continued to decline. And his doctor's advised him to travel outside of Russia. He went to Mz, where he was diagnosed with acute guitar and they seem to treat him quite successfully there and he felt a lot better. And while he was there, he began writing the adolescent and let it teen 75. He finished the adolescent, which had been sterilized and notes of the fatherland since January of that year. It tells the story of an illegitimate son and his land-owning father and father son relationships became a fame of Dostoyevsky's subsequent works. By 1876, a writer's diary had increased his income, also brought him a bowed bass, so he's becoming successful. Dostoevsky was experiencing shortness of breath, and so he returned to AMS where he was advised to move to a warmer climates. And around that time, Tsar Alexander the second ordered him to visit, I'm present the writers diary to him and asked him to educate his son's Sergey and Paul. So under Tsar Nicholas II, first haha being considered a dangerous criminal, he'd nearly been executed on sent off to exile in Siberia for four years. So he has completely reversed his social standing by this point and he begins to move in society circles. He met many famous people, including SFIA told style, the wife of Leo Tolstoy. In March 1877. However, he had four epileptic seizures, so his health continued to be a problem and his son, Alyosha, also had epilepsy. He had a very severe seizure on the 16th of May 1877. On very sadly, died. So a very Sadia personally, professionally though. And some are 1877, Tolstoy was elected to the associational detailed data ART speak International, whose members included victory, go, Alfred Lord Tennyson, that Ralph Waldo Emerson and Leo Tolstoy. So he's becoming a recognized figure and world literature. In August 1879, he returned to AMS once more and he was diagnosed with pulmonary emphysema, which has Dr. believed could be managed but not cured. In 1880, he published one of his most famous works, The Brothers Karamazov. And on the third of February 1808, he was elected president of the Slavic benevolent society. I made a very, very famous speech. Many of the listeners of this speech find that very moving, and it actually won the admiration of his long-time rival target f, amongst others, others. It wasn't universally praised. The speech was criticized by conservatives as idealizing the people. And it was also described as representing French utopian socialism, which was considered to be quite a harsh criticism. And this criticism actually led to a decline and Dostoevsky's health. On the 25th of January it to anyone. The czars secret police raided the highest next door to Dostoevsky looking for terrorists. And the next day, Dostoevsky had a massive pulmonary hemorrhage. Other, anna didn't leave the two events where related. When he had a second hemorrhage, she called the doctor who told her he wasn't going to survive than he had a third hemorrhage. He requested that the parable of the prodigal son be wrapped. His children. It's story of wrongdoing followed by repentance, forgiveness on restoration, apt to his father's love may have been to him the meaning of his life and work and the message he wanted to leave his children. Some have his last words were actually a quotation from Matthew chapter three verses 1415. And this talks about the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist. So Jesus has gone to John the Baptist asking for baptism, but John for bad him saying, I have a need to be baptized. Evey and commas died. Now I to me And Jesus answered him, suffer it to be so for Thus at Bath becomes us to fulfill all righteousness. And he added to this here and I permit it, do not restrict me. Dostoevsky was buried at the ticket then cemetery in the Alexander Nevsky Calment near his favorite poets, nikolai crimson and vacillated coughs k. The number of mourners at his funeral was reported to have Bain between forty thousand and a hundred thousand people. The inscription on his grave, raids barely, barely I say unto you, except a corn of weight fall into the ground and die. It abided the loan. But as it dies at birth, much freight on that's from John 12, verse 24. Case. Most famous work is possibly crime and punishment. He actually wrote a few short story versions of crime and punishment. Otherwise, eventually became a fully-fledged novel. And the title actually refers to a work by an Italian criminologist and philosopher says sorry progeria. And his book was entitled De del a del a penny on crimes and punishments, which appeared in Italy in 1764 and had been translated into Russian and obtain 03. So it's actually quite uninvolved plot and its very involved in terms of its themes. But the basic story of it goes something like this. There is a former law studio, former law students, sorry, called Rhodian Ramona, that's rescaled the Gulf. And he is basically living in quite extreme poverty in a rented rim. His sister as having to marry a horrible opportunist to try and save him from January, which makes him feel guilty. So he develops this plot to murder and elderly poem broker. So basically, he works himself up until a state of sort of nervous tension, steels and acts and goes to the old woman's apartment. So he pretends that he has something to offer her for her to Paul and then he attacks or what the acts and kills her. He also kills her half sister. He happens to stumble in why the crime is taking place. So he's actually really shaken by his actions. He steals only a handful of items from the flat and a small parse, leaving much of her wealth actually untouched. And he then manages his skip and returned to his room undetected. So when he gets back, he can sails the stolen items on. He falls asleep, exhausted. But the next morning he gets a summons to the police station and he's terrified at turns out to be in relation to adapt notice from his LatLng race or his crime has not been discovered. But when the officers began talking about the murder last night, and he thinks he quickly recovers, but it can save to their faces that this has a rise, some suspicion. So he fairs that he's going to be finite and the hides the stolen items under a building block and an empty yards. And he hasn't even check to see how much money is in the parses that he's stolen. So it n goes to visit an old university friend. Resume Akin, who observes the rest call Lakoff seems to be seriously ill. Finally, he returns to his room. He becomes very ill, falls into sort of prolonged delirium. So several days later, he finds that resume McKeon has university friend has tracked and dine on husband looking after him. So a still not completely compost fantasies quite feverish on he listens to a conversation between resume it can the doctor a bite, the police investigation into the murders. So someone else has been detained for the Martyrs. A guy called McCulloch gap and the old woman's clients in her poem broking business are being interviewed. So they fiance, office sister donna Dunya, who we mentioned, was a bit of an opportunist, turns up to introduce himself to his fiance, his brother, but rescaled, the caliph insults him, throws him ICT, and they basically tell all the others to leave as well through his everyone ICT and then sneak side himself. So he tries to find more news about the murder. And he always seems to want to draw attention to impart. It's almost like he wants to be caught. He encounters a police official, Zambia tall. He was present 20 Houghton to fit and they police station. And he moocs. He basically Marx's unspoken suspicions that crack some jokes that, that indicate that he has some idea what went on. So at this point, risk all Nichols returns the same of the crime on relives the sensations he experienced whilst he was committing the time. And so he also really annoys the Walkman and caretakers here there by asking casual questions up by the murderer, even suggesting that they'd go with him to the station to talk about it. So you're not case not staying away from the scene of the crime. He's not trying to divert attention from south the Kate's doing things that suggest that he wants to be caught. And he actually begins to contemplate whether or not he should just confess. So he, at this point, mates a family brand, marshmallow doth, whose daughter has had to become a prostitute in order to support the family. And so rescaled the call fgets has last 25 rubles, which is money sent to him by his mother not from having murdered the lady to Marla dogs consumptive widow, normal adult having died at this point, saying it's repayment of adapt to his friend. So he feels a bit better after doing this, after busily undertaking an act of kindness. So he banned calls on McCain again, and they go back together to rescaling coughs building. When they enter his room. Let's call it a cough as deeply shocked to see his mother ancestor sitting on the sofa. They've actually just arrived and some Petersburg where he lives on their ecstatic to see him. But risk all the cough is unable to spake on saying them on actually dance again. So once more, resemble can tens and nurses resolve the coef at rest coal in the Gulf, sorry, and manages to convince his distressed mother and sister to return to their apartment where they're staying. And he actually goes with them despite being a bit drunk and ease. He's pretty much smitten with Dunya, rescaling the cough sister. When they return the next morning. Rest rest call in the gulf has improved. Physically. He's little bit better, but it becomes apparent that he's there's something mentally going on and he's forcing himself to injure seeing his family rather than enjoying it. And he basically demands of a sister that she break up with her field and say, but Dunya fiercely defended her motives for the marriage, which are to save her family from financial ruin. His mother has received a note from her daughter's fiance demanding that her son not be present at any future meetings between them. So this is starting to split the family up. He also informed her that he witnessed her son give the 25 rubles to an unmarried woman of immoral behavior. In other words, a prostitute and not Sonya, the prostitute daughter of his friend. So, you know, it doesn't look great. Looks like he's been Pang, a prostitute. Oh dear. John now has decided that at which both her fiance and her brother are present must take press, however, and that rescaling the cough grace To go along that evening along with resemble kin. But to rescaling the cough surprise, Sonya suddenly appears at the door and she explains that he left his address with them last night. And she's come to invite sentia tan to her father's funeral. And when she lays risk on the coast, asks her for her dress and tells her that he'll visit her, sing. So resemble can ticks risk along the coast to see a detective, which is something he's asked for, who's investigating the murderers and risk all to cope immediately knows that the detective feels that he is the murderer. Basically, he has been discussing the case with the police officer who have made fun of risk on the Gulf earlier. And he adopts a sort of sarcastic tone during the conversation. And he's really interested up by an article, but rescaling the coef wrote a months ago called on crime. And he suggested in the article that certain rare individuals and people who are benefactors are geniuses, actually have a right to step across legal and moral boundaries if those boundaries are stopping them from being successful in their ideals. So risk all the cough defense himself quite skillfully. But he's really alarms and actually quite insulted by the detectors, insinuating TO even though, you know, he is the murderer. So an appointment is made for him to be integrated the next morning at the police station. So leaving result akin with his mother and sister, rescaling the coef returns to his own building and he surprised to find an old artisan that he doesn't know. Asking questions about them, risk all the coef tries to find out what this person wants, but the artisan says only one word, murderer than walks off. Let's call the cough, is petrified and returns to his room and falls into thought and then into a deep sleep. And he wakes to find another complete stranger. At this time on aristocratic gentleman and the apartment. The man politely introduces himself as Arcadia Ivanovich, sig, bright guy off. So sped grid guile off. Basically has a bit of a, a monologue at that point and it's punctuated by rescaling the call. Interjecting everyday man. He claims to have no romantic interest in Dunya. Risk all Nicole's sister, but he wants to stop her from marrying her. The old say on he offers 10 thousand rubles towards this end, risk all the coal for fuses the money on her behalf on refuses to set up a meeting. Phaedra guile off also mentions that his wife, who defended Dunya at the time, that there was some unpleasantness with harder prey outside, but died shortly afterwards, has left Dunya 3 thousand rubles and her well. So the meeting between the aristocrat on Dunya, fiance takes place. This aristocratic, this Phaedra guile off. He is a bit of what you might say. Adult character. I mean, there's, there's the unexplained death of his wife. 3 thousand rebels, laughter, Tonya and like is this all a plausible story? And dunya is fiance actually ticks a bit of a fence when Dunya insists on resolving the issue with her brother. And when rescaled, the cough draws our attention to some slander and a ladder he sent. He becomes reckless, exposing his true character. As a bit of a charlatan and a call an artist, Dunya tells him to leave and never come back and she's not afraid, and she's got the money. She always wanted. She's got 3 thousand ribose. So they begin to discuss plans for the future of their family, but rescaled, the cough suddenly gets up and leaves, telling them much to their concern that it might be the last time that he ever sees them. So he tells the absolutely baffled resume akin to look after them, basically to stay with them and look after them. So he then goes to see Sonya and she's quite pleased to see him, but she's also frightened of his kind of strange behavior, has strange manner. He asks a series of pretty horrible questions about her terrible situation. And, you know, her, her having to become a prostitute and then her father dying and then a bites her family. Something that risk all Nichols begins to realize as he talks to sonya S, that she sustained by her faith in God. She actually reveals that she was a friend of the poem brokers, step sister who was also murdered and the attack. And that actually this lady had given her across on a copy of the Gospels. And she raids to him from these gospels, the story at the raising of Lazarus from the Gospel of John. And he's absolutely fascinated with her. And he's actually being fascinated with her since her father used to talk about her meeting her, you know, basically increases that. And he feels that the two of them must face the future together, that they have a future together. He tells her that he he'll come back tomorrow on that. He'll tell her that who at walls that killed her friend. So when risk all the cough presents himself for his interview at the police station, they detective intensifies his kind of insinuating tone, but without making a direct accusation of murder. This mix risk on a call really IN gray. But a bit of a commotion, bricks right outside the door, and a young man bursts and followed by some policemen. And so to both the detective on what's called the calls astonishment. And the young man who's just come in, McCulloch of the painter, proceeds to light, they confess to the murders. So the detective doesn't believe this confession, but he's still forced to rest call knockoff go. So bucket is what's called a called as horrified when the old artisan, who he had seen previously at pairs at the door again, the mom that had called him a murderer or had just said the word murderer. But the man buys to em and asks for forgiveness. And apparently he had been the detectives so-called little surprise, but he had heard the coca confess on the same spot. Rescaling the coef must be innocent. And he'd actually been one of those present when risk all the comfort turned to the same of the murder and he had reported that behavior to detect if it seemed a little bit and incriminate him. So in part five, were Scala called, attends the funeral of marmalade off. And that there's this sort of after funeral dinner at his wife's apartment. The atmosphere deteriorates as guests become abet drunk and they grieving widow basically launches a verbal attack on her German landlady. Sow chaos is descending. It's not pleasant atmosphere. Everyone is surprised when suddenly done is fiance turns up and he anoints. Is that a 100 ruble bite no. Disappeared from his apartment at the precise time that he was being visited by Sonya. Him he had invited and order to make a small donation. So solid denies stealing the money and she's quite fearful. But the field say, persists in a keys and hair and amounts that someone's search here for the money. So her mother is absolutely redshifts, observed verbally abuses, done his former fiance, and sets by emptying so in his pockets to prove her innocence. But I want a 100 ruble note actually is find and one of her pockets. So the mood and the room turns against Sonya, doneness, former fiance, task ties as are the land-living orders, the family to get light basically. And someone else comes forward, basically mix the accusation that hazel done is field say slip them on the into Sonia's pocket that she's basically Bain friend. Though he had thought at the time it was a donation. It was like an act of char day putting money into our pocket. So risk all Lakoff backs this point of view. And he has a desire to sort of defend Sonya. So the fiance of done it is discredited, but Sonya is totally traumatized and she basically runs away. She leaves the apartment. Risk on the call follows her. So they get back to her room and risk all the call. Draws on his attention to the ease with which doneness former fiance, could have completely ruined her and consequently her whole family. But it's only really a prelude to his confession. Because remember, he had told me he was gonna visitor at the next Dan Taylor who had killed her friends. So he tries to explain his motives and his thanking song. It doesn't know what on earth he's talking about. He's completely in comprehensible. But when she realizes she is horrified, not just at the crime, but at the self-torture that has followed the crime and tells him that he really must Hans himself and to the police. So someone arrives on, lets them know that the land Larry has kicked Sonia's mother item her apartment permanently and that she basically has gone mad. She couldn't take the loss of her husband's on I this has happened. And they find Sonia's mother surrounded by people in the street. She's, she's completely insane. At this point. She's trying to force the terrify children to perform for a money, basically in the straight and she's really in a bad way. So they managed to get her back to Sonya's room where she dies. And to risk all the cough surprise, sped grid guile off suddenly appears on, informs him that he will be using the 10 thousand rebels that he was going to pay Donna to not marry her field site, to MC funeral arrangements for Sonia's mother and to place the children and good orphanages. Risk all the cough, asks him what his motivation is for doing this on he, he kinda laughs and replies that with basic, basically he quotes risk all the calls, own words spoken when he was trying to explain his justifications for the murder to sonya. So it's clear that he has been eavesdropping on his heart, every word of the confession, a nose. That risk on the call is the murderer. So in part six, pumpkin tells risk on the call that Dunya has become troubled on distant after receiving a letter from someone. He also mentions to rescaled the cost, astonishment that the detective no longer suspects him, all of the murderers. So he's kind of all the heck. And from the point of view of the detective anyway. So as it was called, the cough is a byte to set off and starts have sped grit guile off. The detective himself appears, politely, asks for for little chat. He sincerely apologizes for his previous behavior on insinuating that risk on the Gulf was the murderer. Stakes to explain the reasons why he did that. Strangely, the skull, the cough begins to feel alarms at the thought that the detective might think that he's innocent knowing that he's not. But the change attitude on the part of the detective is motivated by genuine respect. First called the Gulf, not by any thought of as being an innocent. And he concludes by expressing is obsolete certain date that risk on the court isn't date the murderer. So he's basically saying, I know you did this, but I did believe you're a bad person. He claims that he would be arresting him, Satan, but urges him to confess to make things easier from self. So it was called a cough, chooses to continue the struggle at the sort of internal torture. Rescaled the cough then finds spread dry cloth at an end and warns him against approaching Dunya. Federal guile off and he has in fact arrange to meet Daniel already, threatens him with the police, but was called the cough as unconcerned. The police already knew that he's the murderer or let's face it, unfollowed him home. When rescaled to call finally departs Dunya, who has been watching them, 25. Anton Chekhov: A song by George and Ira Gershwin, the American songwriters proclaims with love to lead the way I find more skies of gray than any Russian play could guarantee. They probably weren't talking about any Russian play. They were probably talking about plays by this guy Anton Chekov, who was one of the three fathers of modernist theater at a contemporary of Tolstoy, but writing in a very different genre and writing in a very different style. Tom Popovich checkoff lived from 1868 to 1904. He was a playwright, but he was also a great short story writer and sometimes his short stories can be overlooked. He's considered one of the greatest short story writers in history, but people are more familiar with his plays because he was, as I said before, one of the three finding fathers of modernist theater. My modernism is a movement that very much focuses on the internal psychology of characters rather than biked words, events in the play. And it's very much a bite, the self rather than society. So checkoff, along with Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg, where the finders of modernist theater. He actually practiced as a medical doctor and as if his position three artist literary career and sad, medicine is my lawful wife, and literature is my mistress. He was born on the 29th of January, 1860. And the Gregorian calendar used in the west as opposed to the old Russian calendar. And he was born in tag and Rog, a port on the sea of AZO in southern Russia. He was the son of a former serf patho, yeah. Gourevitch check-off on his Ukrainian wife, IA Jamnia marts Oba. His father ran a grocery store and he was a sort of pillar of the community. For example, he directed the church choir and was very dedicated to his fifth, but he was physically abusive at home. And some scholars see him as the archetype for checkoff many depictions of hypocrisy, there was not a good relationship there. His mother Hi, ever did get on very well with the children. She entertained them with stories of her travels with her cloth merchant, father and fact. Checkoff once remarked, our talents we got from our father, but R, So from our mother. His brother Alexander, also a writer at 1, seemed to be believing his family and to try and discourage him from this. Checkoff, wrote to him, despotism and lying so mutilated our childhood that it is sickening and frightening to think about it. Remember the horror and discussed we felt when father threw a tantrum at dinner over too much salt in the soup and called Mother of foo. So I very vivid depiction of an unhappy childhood at skill and tower and rock. He welcomed and all our academic and fact. He was held back for a year at the age of 15 for failing instant great. It teen 76. His father was unfortunately tainted by a builder who was building a new highs for the family, and this caused him to fall into serious dat. So to avoid Deborah's president, he moved the family to Moscow where his two elder sons, Alexandra, Nikolai, we're studying. The family, lived in poverty during that time, which calls Chaco smother to fall into a physical and mental decline. Anton was left behind and Tang rug to sow the family's possessions am to finish his education, which he needed to pay for himself. He stayed and tartan rug for three more years and he boarded with a man called Sullivan off who had bailed out the family and return for their high, which is very reminiscent of the character of lap akin in checkoff splay The Cherry Orchard. Checkoff paid for his education by publishing sketches and newspapers. So he's starting to make money from his writing. We're a very young age by private chattering. I, by selling gold finches, he had cold. He sends his family Mummy, I'm Cherry letters. His letters were cherry, his plays, not so much. Even at a young age, checkoff was very widely read and cleaning their bounties. Schopenhauer, Russian novelists, target of on culture off. He wrote up the leg comic drama around this time called fatherless, oh dear. Which Alexander, his brother called an inexcusable, though innocent fabrication. You had a series of love affairs as well, arrived as time, including one with a married a teacher. In 1879, he was offered a place to study medicine and Moscow, and he joined his family. And he assumed financial responsibility for the whole family at this point. And he made his money by selling satirical sketches of Russian society under various pseudonyms. By 1882, he was writing for us called k, which translates into English as fragments. And that was owned by a very major publisher, Nikolai Lake. And so at that point in his career, has tone was harsher than it would become when he was more mature. In 1884, he qualified as a doctor, as a physician, which he considered his principal profession. But it was kind of the other way, rod the what you might think him that he wasn't a doctor as his day job. And being a writer was the dream. It was actually writing that was bringing in money. He didn't make a lot of money from medicine because he treated the PR for free. In 1884, he developed tuberculosis, which was a problem through ITS life. And by 1886 has attacks have worsened. Though he tried to hide the condition from his friends and family. His writing for weekly periodicals was bringing in enough money to help him to move the family to progressively better accommodation and improve their lifestyle. And in 1886. His success LA Atlanta, him being asked to write for one of the most popular newspapers and some Petersburg, Nagoya for omnia, The New Times. And it was owns on the evident by Alexei. So var1, who offered him twice the money. I'm three times the space that lake and have done so that was a bit of a no brainer. While he was publishing work and the new times, he attracted literary as well as popular attention. In fact, one of the most renowned writers all the time to make trade group grew Gourevitch wrote to check off to advise him to concentrate on the quality of his work rather than their mind to that. He was actually quite struck by that and he responded by developing much more serious literary ambitions. With some help from Greg Gourevitch, checkoff short story collection at dusk when the Pushkin prize and it teen idiot for the best literary production distinguished by high artistic worth, the Pushkin prize, the highest literary prize and Russia named after they poet Alexander Pushkin. He had begun writing and a sort of modernist ban a year previously when visiting the Ukrainian, he wrote a story after a trip to Ukraine called the step. The step is pictured here to the right. It's a beautiful landscape. And this story focused on the internal thoughts of the characters and who had included a young boy being sent to live far from home. I praised on a merchant, you all happen to be sharing a journey and a shares. In 1887, checkoff was commissioned by course, who was a theater manager to write a play, which was something he hadn't really done before. He'd written fatherless, but you haven't formally written a play. So he wrote even off and only two weeks, and it was produced in November 1887. He didn't really enjoy the process of writing the play, but the play was a hit and he was praised for his originality. Check coughs. Plays would become known as world-class examples of realist theatre. And especially his four major place which are the seagull written in 1895. Uncle VGA, possibly his most famous play written in 1897. And you can see a picture of a production of Uncle Obanya, the first production, and at the Moscow Art Theatre in when it was first performed to the right here, the three sisters was written in 19 hundreds. And the cherry orchard, which was written in 1903. From this period, we get the dramatic principle that is known as checkoff scan. And this is checkups own description of that principle remains everything that has no relevance to the story. If you say in the first chapter that there is a rifle hanging on the wall and the second or third chapter, it absolutely must go off it, but it's not going to be fired. It shouldn't be hanging there. In other words, you remove anything extraneous, anything that doesn't have a point. And that principle is known as checkoff scum. In 1890, checkoff traveled to the Russian Far East to take a census of the penal colony on Sakhalin Island, north of Japan. He witnessed horrifying abuses there, including flogging. Embezzlement of essential supplies on the forced prostitution of women. And he was really concerned about the plight of children in the penal colony. So he wrote the Island of Sakhalin and 1893 to 194, which is a work of social science rather than of literature. And he concluded, and that work, that charity was not the answer, that governments had a GTA To find out the human treatment of prisoners. He did talk about Sakhalin and a literary work though. His long short story, which I know sounds like an oxymoron, but in the murderer, he sets part of the story on Sakhalin and the last section, Yaakov, who is the murderer and loads Kool and the light was longing for home. Seamus Heaney, the Nobel laureates, wrote a poem entitled check-off on Sakhalin. Checkout bought a country S debt. But Maleckova, pictured here to the right, which is my a museum. And he started running medical services that which were very much in demand and thanked his brother and because of checkoff wrote from the first day that he moved to Melaka Novo, the SEC began flocking to him from 20 miles around. They came home fit or abroad and carts. Often he was fetched to patients at a distance. Sometimes from early in the morning, peasant women and children were standing before his door with x. So he was quite a lot of pressure. His medical work greatly reduced the time he had available to write. But it also exposed him to all sections of Russian society which benefited his writing. Checkoff started writing the first of his major plays, the seagull in 1894 and Maleckova, well it will cottage, which you can see pictured here. It was first performed at the Allen's Alexandra Netscape better and some Petersburg on the 17th of October, 1896. It did not go well. It was complete and utter disaster. The audience booed lightly, and one of the actresses was so distressed by the audience reaction that I'm actually a little scared of the audience. And she lost her voice. Checkoff resolved to give up fader completely after this. But the director, Vladimir, that very much done, Chienco was so impressed by the play that he asked the very famous director, Constantine Stanislavski to produce the play at the very ineffective Moscow Art Theatre in 1898. My status landscape knew what to do with the play. He paid attention to the psychological realism onto the subtext. Neither writing of checkoff is all about subtext. It's as much about what you don't say as what you say on a byte, what the characters don't say as what they say. You have to think about Chekov. And it's all about ensemble playing and the case of the seagull Stanislavski understood this and the production walls successful. The Moscow Art Theatre commissioned to more plays from check-off, and they produced uncle Virginia in 1899. In the last decades of his life, Jekyll became an atheist and that it's possibly part of what helped him to become part of the Soviets. Callen, and he actually fell out of favor after the Russian Revolution. But eventually walls incorporated into the Soviet cannon. Continued to suffer from tuberculosis and he had a major lung hemorrhage whilst visiting Moscow in 1897. Then the following year his father died. So that wasn't a great time. Checkoff bought lands on the art starts have Yalta and he built up villa for himself, his mother and his sister. And visitors to that villa included Leo Tolstoy, Maxim Gorky, who was find her of the socialist realism literary movement. So while he lived there, he wrote to place for the art theatre, three sisters, The Cherry Orchard. All the 25th of May 1901, he married all gun Nippur pictured here, who wasn't aspiring actress and a former protege and lover of numero. That's done. Chienco. He had once written to Boren that I promised to be an excellent husband, but give me a wife who like the moon won't appear at my sky every day. And that's exactly what happened. He lived in Yahtzee while she pursued her acting career in Moscow. The letters between all got on checkoff or gems of Phaedra history. And they include references to their mutual issues with status, laughs, gaze directing, and take-offs advice to all go on hard to perform his plays. And Yalta, he wrote his most famous story, the lady with the dog, which is a byte to married individuals who fall in love with each other and they have to choose between their affair on their families. In June 1904, realizing that he was dying, he went to the German spot of batten filer with all got and he wrote cherry letters to his mother and sister. Checkoff staff has pretty much been embroidered by fiction writers, for example, Raymond Carver's errand in 1908. But Olga who was actually there, said that what happened was, was that the doctor give Chekov and injection of camphor and a glass of champagne. And he said he hadn't drank champagne and years. So he drank the champagne and then turned on his side, and then he stopped breathing and was sleeping as peacefully as a child. I hope you're not disturbed by this. The Victorians did like to photograph people just after they died. And it was something that was sort of culturally done at that time. So here is a picture of check-off on his deathbed. After he had died, his body was loaded to the refrigerated oyster compartment of a trend which Gorky was absolutely horrified by. Checkoff, is buried next to his father at Nevada. Wiht sheets have a tray and Moscow. Posthumous reaction to his work has been quite mixed. Tolstoy absolutely loved his work. And the Anglo Irish writer and journalist are AC long sad. Check ofs characters are repugnant. He reveled and stripping the last rags of dignity from the humans. So in fact, checkoff wasn't around that time very popular in the UK and Ireland. Although he was admired by Modernists such as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf. And Russia, as I mentioned before, has worked, fell out of favor after the revelations, but he was later incorporated into the Soviet cannon. Status last gaze influence on Lee Strasberg. He of course came up with the idea of method acting. One check off an audience and the American theatre. So let's talk about the play that went wrong and then went right. The Segal, the first of his four major plays. It was written in 1895, produced an IT team 96, disastrously as we know, it's a Bader spark. And then in 1890 it successfully in Moscow at the art theater. It's full of dramatic subtext, which start they contrast with the melodrama of 19th century theatre. So it would have been a bit of a shock to audiences at the time. It was very avant garde for it's time. The first production was perhaps a failure because it didn't convey that subtexts and status. Last case production managed to convey it well. And it actually became an important play and the development of modernist theatre. Again, just to reiterate where there isn't much action. It's all about what is happening psychologically to the characters. So status landscape rounded the play, a tragedy. The checkoff had always intended to be a comedy. So if I tell you a little bit about the plot and you can decide what you think. So the action takes place at the country state of Painter Soren, who's a retired civil servant. He's not in great health, and he's the brother of a famous actress, arena Archidamus, who has brought her lover borrows, triggering for a visit mitral Goran as considered well-known all. Basically the bass checkoff rule for a man to land is probably the way of putting it. So the characters watch and unconventional play that's been written by arenas Son Constantine, trap Leo off. Its an attempt at creating a new theatrical form. And it's very complex. And so kind of reminiscent of something, but checkoff himself would have written. But arena decides it's ridiculous and incomprehensible and laughs at it, which is gutting. For Constantine. It's actually interrupted by the audience and the play comes to an early and which causes constitutes a storm off. Although Doctor, you have Yanni, please praises the play. So there's at least one person who likes it. Then we're introduced to the various love triangles. Not so any of you who are listening her over the edge of a byte 35, You know what it's like when teenagers tell you about their love lives and so and so like such and such, who used to go out with so and so, and you're drawing all these complicated maps in your head trying to keep up. Well, that's what this play does. The school teachers Samuel and adventure loves Masha, who is the daughter of the sth chert. But Mattia loves Constantine, who loves Nina, who loves Boris. So rho that who's married to zeta yet has an affair with Dr. yep. Jenny, you have Yandi limbs the lake for being an aphrodisiac in making everybody feel this way. So. Irina goes on to have a huge Ri with high strength and decides to leave immediately. So Constantine gives Nina a sago what she has shot around this time, and she's confused and horrified. I mean, I think he sees that as a romantic gesture, but put it this way, my family had a dad, Siegel and the Garden a couple of weeks. It's pretty great. You know what I'm saying? It's not something you'd want to be given, but it's very symbolic. So Constantine than leaves and a jealous fit when he sees borrows coming his mother's lover name, of course, is attracted to Boris and asked him about what it's like to be a writer. And he says it's not easy. She says The Life of an Actress as not easy either, but that's what she really wants more than anything. So bars than notices the dead seagull and think seek could create a short story, a rind, the dad bird a by a young girl who lives all her life on the shore of a lake. She loves the lick like a seagull and she's happy and free like a saddle. But I'm man, arise by chance. And when he sees her, he destroys her out of sheer boredom. Like the sago, which has basically being killed pointlessly. Irena calls for Boris and says she has changed her mind by leaving. They're going to stay a bit longer. Nina lingers on stage besotted with viruses, but with his celebrity and his motto, stanchion guesses my dream. So he's a bit of a heartthrob to her. So between x3 and x4, Constantine attempts suicide. So again, something major, the plot that we don't actually say, but the bullets that he tries to shake his head only grazes his skull. And so he's, he's wearing a bandage for most of the following act. So Nina presents Boris with medallion, which bears a line from one of his books, and that makes her failings for him, Claire and arena, a player. Well, she appears with sarin, his health as still deteriorating. And she saw on our gate because arena is always basically and an argument when she's on stage and he collapses in, Great. Constantine asks his mother to change his bandage. And while she's doing that, he discourages borrowers and they have a fight. So she has another ride. Bars enters and Constantine leaves in tears. So Bars wants to stay at the estate, but arenas sort of slackers and controls him into returning to Moscow. So arena exit the stage and Nina comes to tell Boris that she's running away with light to the provision of her parents to become an actress. They kiss passionately and they plan to mate and Moscow. So the final act, two years have gone past. Mattia has accepted that bank goes proposal and I know I have a child other she's still has failings for Constantine. Nina, I'm bars have been living together, but he abandoned her to return to Irena. She never achieved success as an actress and she's touring with a second writ. They had a group called containers, had short stories published, but hasn't achieved the success he would have liked and he's really quite depressed. So arena has received a telegram, but sorrow is dying. And, you know, she's going to have to go and see her brother at some point doesn't leave it quite this point. Most of the characters then played bingo, except Constantine, who is writing Ava's desk, while the others have dinner. There's a knock at the back door and it turns out it's being Nina. She compares herself to the sea gull that he killed and gave her. And then she rejects not notion saying I'm an actress. She's been forced to tour with the second Theatre Company that I mentioned after the death of her child with Boris. So she's not in a good way. I'm concentrating, pleads with her to stay, but she embraces him on leaves. Constantine Then tears up the manuscript that he's been writing and leaves the study. The grape re-enters on returns to their bingo game. And then there's a short offstage. So one of the characters dorm goes to investigate and then takes, borrows true Goran aside, telling him to get arena away as Constantine has felt himself, tragedy or comedy does raid like a tragedy really? I suppose it depends very much on their production. As you can tell, there's an awful lot of subtext to, there's complex relationships between the characters. The psychological state of the characters is very important. It's a very modernist play. Uncle Tanya is possibly check ofs was badness play. And if you're really going to watch wildlife, I check off and you're a lifetime. It would usually be they swam. It was published in 1898. It's on, first produced at the Moscow Art Theater in 1899 and directed by the very famous Constantine Stanislavski. So it kind of revolves around on the elderly professor who has married a young unglamorous second wife, Lolita. They visit the rural estate which has funding their city lifestyle. And Vanessa, who is the brother of the professor's first wife, he manages this debt, falls for Julianna. Asked does astroturf, who's the local doctor? So Sonya, who's the professor's daughter from the first marriage, suffers from unrequited love for Australia. And there's a lot of tension when the professor annoyances his intention to sell the estate, to invest in a newspaper which will give himself on Juliana a higher income. But then what's going to happen to sonya, Tanya, and banjos mother, all of whom live on this date. So the place actually a reworking of an earlier play by checkoff called the word daimon, the width Damon had a happy ending. Uncle down, yeah, has a pretty unresolved. And so the character Tanya had once really believed and the professors greatness, but now he's completely disillusioned. And he basically feels he wasted his life. He wishes he had fallen for your Lana ten years earlier when he first met her and maybe they could have married, he makes us failings known to her and she's completely exasperated. And conversely, during a discussion up by Dr. Austerlitz drinking, it's clear that Sonya has feelings for him, but he's completely unaware, so she doesn't declare her love, whereas Obanya declares him. So his. So when he hears of the plans to style they isdigit, anya erupts and says the estate is rightly Sonia's Because it at Bain her mother's and should be passed on to her and wearable he sold yet and his mother live. He points like that. He's made or rail sacrifice to run this debt. And that, well, in his view, he could have been the new Schopenhauer or Dostoyevsky if he hadn't have spent his life running the instead. So the professor pursues Vo1, your offstage. I'm a shot as art. That's a very jacobian thing. We don't know who's being shot, who has been shaped, dying. But he returns, chips by Vanna, who has a loaded pistol. Obanya fires again but misses and sinks into a chair. So when the professor on Juliana are preparing to depart, van yet steals more feign from Doctor Ashraf, presumably to commit suicide. But Astro van Sonya beg him to give it back, and which he does. So the professor unbound yet make their pace. And Iliana actually admits to failings for Dr. asteroids, and she takes a pencil of his as a souvenir. When they've gone on relative pace ensues. Sonya and Obanya are sitting paying bills. Very normal thing today, Vo1, his mother is reading a booklet, so all seems to have returned to normal, but Fonda complains of a heaviness of heart. And Sonya tells him that happiness comes in the afterlife, which is an all day thing to say, to comfort someone who's recently been contemplating suicide. So subtext there. And she declares, way shall hear the angels. We shall see the whole sky, all diamonds, where we shall see how it all earthly evil, all our sufferings are drained and the mercy that shelf though the whole world and our life will grow peaceful, tender, sweetness, a caress. You've had no joy in your life. But when Duncan Obanya, whit We shall rest. 26. Boris Pasternak: In this video, we're going to talk about the great Russian poet and novelist who caused generations of people to cry at the sentence, do you play the Bhalla Leica? And I of course refer to borrows pastor knock, forests, Lee and edit which pastor NYC lived from 1890 to 1968. So the Russian revolution was a big part of his life's experiences. He was a poet and novelist on a literary translator. His 1917 poetry collection, my sister life, was published in Germany in 1922. And it was very difficult to publish it within Russia, but it became an important Russian language text. He also translated plays by Gerta Shiller on Shakespeare for Russian audiences, but he's best known for having written a novel called Doctor Zhivago. And in 1957, it actually couldn't be published in the USSR, was smuggled to Italy for publication. And it acquired him an international reputation. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for Dr. chicago in 1950 it, but the Soviet authorities forced him to decline. Has some accepted that on his behalf 30 years later on, well after his death in 1988, Doctor Zhivago has been told the Russian school curriculum noise since 2003 and as NIH accepted as an important work and the Russian literary canon, borrows Leonid of which passed an act, was born on the tenth of February, 1890 and the Gregorian calendar at that point, some Russian people use the Julian calendar, which is why I am specifying that and his family were Jewish. Jewish people faced a number of difficulties at that period of history in Russia. But not pastor knocks down me. And that was because his father was the celebrated post-impressionist painter, landed pastor knock, who was a professor at the Moscow School of painting, sculpture and architecture. His mother, Rosa Kaufmann, was a concert pianist. So they were very much involved in the arts as a family. From 1904 to 07, despite being from a Jewish background, he was educated at monastery skill, the holy Dravidian poke I have Libre and West Ukraine. He then studied at Moscow Conservatory with a view to becoming a concert pianist like his mother. But he ended up moving to Germany to study philosophy. Past tonight. Wrote this in 1959. The year before he died. I was baptized as a child by my nanny. But because of the restrictions imposed on Jews, particularly in the case of a family which was exempt from them and enjoyed a certain reputation. And view. If my father standing as an artist, there was something a little complicated about this. And it was always felt to be half secret and intimate, a source of rare, unexceptional inspiration, rather than being commonly taken for granted. Most intensely evolve. My mind was occupied by Christiana day in the years 1910 to 12, when the man foundations of this distinctiveness, my way of saying things, the world, life, we're taking shape. So ethnically a Jew and by personal faith, a Christian. And he was never going to be a favorite individually when they communist regime came into power. So here is a painting of past Tanakh with his brother that was painted by their father. Leo Tolstoy was a close family friend of the pastor knocks. In fact, Pastor naught wrote, my father illustrated his books, went to see him, revered him. The whole highest was imbued with his spirit. And the past are not family. Very much embrace that Tolstoy ion movement. So as we've seen before, that involves things like Christian pacifism. For example, I'm the rejection of a lifestyle of wealth. Lenin's pastor knock actually illustrated, illustrated Tolstoy's revelations. And he used realistic saints from courtrooms presence on trans, and he actually visited those courtrooms, prisons and transit wasn't just from imagination on realism, of course, both in the world of art and of literature. And Russia at the time was a very important trend when Tolstoy died. And that'd actually tick Boris with him when he sketched Tolstoy on his deathbed. There were other thymus visitors to the pastor, not cobe, and these included Sergei Rachmaninoff. Kids remember, music was a big part of their family life. And Rainer Maria Rilke, the famous German poet, pastor knock, met a girl called Ida was at Sky in 1912 when his father painted her portrait, and she came from a wealthy Jewish family. In fact, her family owned the world's largest company, postdocs philosophy cheater in Germany. Around that time, Professor Cohen tried to convince him to stay in Germany and undertake a doctorate, but he decided to return to Russia at the outbreak of World War One. And when he got there, he proposed to either, but she refused him as her family didn't feel he had very good prospects. He then joined the Russian futurist group, centrifuge. Centrifuge. Russian futurists rejected anything to do with the past. And it was a byte being avant garde on grind, breaking and the arts. And pastor knock actually joined as a pianist at that point, poetry was a bit of a hobby. He hadn't fully dedicated his life to literature up onstage. The futurist journal Lyrica published many of his early poems, Hi, ever. In 1914, there was a verbal battle for leadership between the futurists, the keyboard futurists, which was a movement in art. And they were notorious for their scandalous behavior or so, there was a sort of falling I'd, amongst this group of people which is a bit too involved go into here. But as part of these events, posture knocks first on second books of poetry where published. A failed love affair in 1917, inspired his first major beca poetry, My sister life. It's showed his preoccupation with the philosophy of a manual counts, something that he'd picked up in Germany on the poetry of Pushkin, Rocha. German poets and the romantic van, night Romanticism does not mean mills and boon and sort of sickly sweet poetry. Romanticism was a literary movement that had really started in the late 18th century and spread all over Europe. But it was a dedication tea, nature and an interest and medievalism not at all realistic at of course, realism was a big part of Russian literature at that time. And I'm later posture not good very much embrace realism. During World War one, he taught and worked at a chemical factory that is thought to have influenced Doctor Zhivago. Unlike the rest of his family on a lot of his friends, he chose not to leave Russia after the October Revolution of 1917. And throughout his life he had a strong emotional connection to Russia. And he remains in Russia throughout the Civil War of 1918 to 1920. In the 19 twenties, he wrote the poems that would be published way in the future in 1982 as zonules, childhood and other stories. And he started writing too long poems on the Russian Revolution of 1905. In 1922, he married Virginia Larry, who was a student from the Art Institute. And you can see here pictured here to the right, with their son at Jenny, who was born in 19231932, he published the second birth, which was meant to be more accessible to a wider audience and less philosophical, more simple language. But it actually alienated his refined audience abroad, which was mostly made up of anti-communists emigres. Why emigres where people who have left Russia G to communism. In 1932, he fell in love with Zinedine neu Haas, who was the wife of the pianist. Heinrich noise. Sounds like a German him, he wasn't fight Russia. And they both divorced their spices and got married in 1934. He continued with sort of simplifying his work and trying to make it more accessible and unpublished early trends in 1943. In 1934, his friend, the poet, also Mandel stamp rad, his satirical poems to pass tonight. Stalin epigram. And it scared the living daylights side of past Tonight basically who responded? Let's make that I heard nothing. He knew this poem was going to lead to trouble. And you can see Mandel stamp pictured here to the right. On the 14th of May, 1934, mantle stamp was arrested on a warrant issued by the secret police. So posture knock, went to the offices of the broadsheet as vast yet and beg the Bolshevik writer Nikolai Bucher rent and your veins tried to pull in his writing. Contacts to help his friend. This resulted in a parsable phone call from Stalin. Not good, bad enough to come to the attention all of the secret police and agents of the state, but to come to the attention of Stalin personally, know, okay, Thank, so Stalin demanded to know what was being sad about Mandel stamps, arrest and literary circles. So Pastor not put on the spot and probably completely panicking, responded that they're wearing their discussions going on and that there where no literary circles, because literary circles were technically have meant to Bain, disbanded on their walls. One official, Soviet Writers Union, Stalin, whoever was not going to give up easily. And he asked Pastor not for his personal opinion on, on Mandel stamp, to which he replied they differed in their approach to poetry. So he's trying to kinda Rigaud are to that style and mocked Him saying, I say, you just are able to stick up for a comrade and then hung up pin and Pastor knock secco. Around the time of the grit purge in 1937, on the Great Purge was basically the killing and disappearance and sanding to labor camps of anyone that, that Stalin ticket dislike to. This included artists and writers, certain members of the Communist Part. I start an ethnic grapes that was not at, not agree at time. So there were show trials of a couple of members of the Communist Party At this time. General Iona yak hair, I'm Marshall Mikhail took a chess game and members of the Soviet Writers Union were requested. You know, our requests wasn't something but really you could say no to. They requested to add their names to statement calling for the death penalty for the defendants. Pastor knock absolutely refused to sign even when he was visited. I'm threatened by union leaders. And he appealed personally to style and reminding him of the pastor, NAC families, Tolstoy and values, pacifism, ages couldn't day this. He was sure he would be arrested, but Stalin is actually believed have removed his name from an execution list, saying, do not touch this Clyde dweller, or leave the holy fool alone, depending on which version you rate not whether or not Stalin actually believed pastor NYC to eBay. And a naive idiots is, is unclear, but on this occasion, he did survive. Unfortunately, his close friend asean to bead sit didn't. I have the same luck. He was arrested and executed and the Great Purge and 150 days passed. And I describe this as one of the greatest heartbreaks all of his life. Even Scalia, who later was pastor next lover, wrote that. I believe that between Stalin and Pastor NAC, there wasn't incredible silent Jill. And that was trade. The two men where intellectual opponents really until Stalin died. During the Second World War, posture not served as a firewall and on the roof of the writer's building when the litho started bombing Moscow. Like he had lived in Germany, he'd studied philosophy in Germany. He'd seen the best and brightest academically in Germany sentence suddenly, to have Germany, the anime must have been an incredible shock to the system. He sad to have disposed of several German bulbs. In 1943, he visited the front to rate his poetry and talk with active on winded trips. And in 1945, there was harder to be witnessed in the aftermath of the Second World War. So Pastor not witnessed prisoners of war from Nazi Germany, Germany being sent to Soviet labor camps, somehow Bain Nazi collaborators, but most were just ordinary Soviet servicemen. So there were great horrors after the Second World War in Russia and in the Soviet Union. White emigres arrived this time had been offered an ominous stay. But those who returned were sent directly to the gulag, which the gulag was labor camp, very, very harsh conditions. It's pictures at the bottom here. And Jews from the anti-fascist community were also said. And I know it seems confusing. You know, why would Communists have a problem with people who were anti fascist? Because of course communism and fascism, polar ends of the political scale. But a lot of people suffered at this time. So many were incarcerated and connection with the Leningrad affair. And that was basically crimes that were trumped up by Stalin. So he could accuse prominent politicians on Communist Party members whom he didn't like of trace them on how the Mexican kid. And there was also the doctors plot, which was an anti-Semitic campaign organized by Stalin. Who'll ethnic groups around that time were deported to Siberia to the very harsh cold climate. So pastor knock wrote, if in a bad dream, we had seen all the horrors in store for us after the war. We should not have been sorry to see Stalin volt together with Hitler. Then an end to the war in favor of our allies. Civilized countries with democratic traditions would have meant a 100 last time's suffering for our people than that which Stalin again inflicted on it after his victory. So notice they sort of correlation between the word civilized and the word democratic. That would not go down well in the Soviet Union all the time. In October 1946, pastor not met single mother, Olga, even skier, who became the inspiration for the character of Lara and Doctor Zhivago. She was employed by the literary magazine novae mayor. And she strongly resembles IDA, his first love back in the day when he was young. And he was smitten with her and he gave her several volumes of poetry and of translations. He never actually left Zinedine, but his affair with even sky lasted for the rest of his life. The nato was obviously not bass plays divide us. And when their son became seriously ill. She made posture not promised to end the affair. He asked a mutual friend of his and even skies, Louisa pop-over to tell even sky up, but she quite reasonably told him to tell our himself. And even sky around that time was staying at popovers apartment when she became quite seriously ill. And it so happens just at this point, the data arrived to confront her. She told even sky that she no longer loved pastor knock, but she was not going to permit to her family to be broken up. Even Skype, in her memoirs claims to have been to L to remember much more, a bite, the exchange. All the sick with October 1949, even skier was arrested by the KGB who's seized all the astronauts letters to her. She was taken to Lubyanka Prison for interrogation, which can't debate a pleasant experience. But she refused to incriminate pastor knock, and she was sentenced to be sent to the gulag, to the, the forced labor camp. And she actually stayed there until 1953 after Stalin had died, right at the start of this imprisonment, she sadly had a miscarriage. Pastor knock wrote to a friend in Germany in 1950. It, she was put in jail on my account as the person considered by the secret police to be the closest to me. And they hoped that by means of a grilling interrogation and threats, they could extract enough information from her to put me on trial. I owe my life and the fact that they did not touch me in those years to her heroism and endurance. She definitely took a fall for Pastor Anakin in or had some very, very difficult years. In 1953, as I mentioned, the Stalin died of a stroke to be replaced by Kristof. And the public displays of grief that followed Stalin's death posture. Knight wrote, men who are not free, always idealized their Baldrige on he delighted and his completely illegal and clandestine copy of George Orwell's Animal Farm, which is an allegory of the situation and the Soviet Union, he viewed the pig, Napoleon as Khrushchev. If you read Animal Farm, you'll know that data's not flattering. Even sky was frayed and they resumed their relationship. In 1956, pastor knock finished dr. Zhivago, though it contains passages that were written as early as the 19 tens and twenties. Novae mere refused to publish it due to its rejection of Soviet realism. So Soviet realism, realistic literature that prisons the values of communism might be the best way to define that. The sensors regarded that as anti-Soviet and its criticisms of Stalinism, collectivism, which means kind of communist farming, the Great Purge and the Gulag. The story of the publication of Dr. Zhivago is a bit of a complex and interesting one. In March 1956, the Italian Communist Party sent a journalist named Sergio D'Angelo to look for Russian text which would appeal to an international audience. And Russian writers hadn't really been published outside of Russia and the USSR since the 19 twenties at that point. So D'Angelo offered to submit Doctor Zhivago to a milan publisher at the communist John G. Como felt finale. So pastoral act was quite stunned ON quite frightened, untold D'Angelo, you are hereby invited to watch me face the firing squad. Although he did fail, that's felt analyses communist affiliation when insure publication of the novel. And he actually hoped it might force the Soviets to publish the novel. And Russia, at quite frankly, that wasn't going to happen at that point in history. So all guns, anita, We're actually unified for once and their horror that he was dealing with a Western publisher. But Pastor knocked did not relent. He wanted the novel published. The Soviet government forced him to Telegram felt finale to withdraw the manuscript, which he did, but he said separate secret letters telling him to go ahead. In November 1957, following its publication in Italy, Dr. Chicago became a sensation and the non communist world. And actually the American CIA bought several 100 copies just to keep the thing in circulation. In the State of Israel, However, it was criticized for an assimilationist view towards Jewish people. Posture not responded to that. No matter I am above risks. At the time, he was attending Russian Orthodox divine literature, literature. And he believed that the conversion of Soviet Jews to Christianity was preferable to their conversion to atheism and Stalinism. And remember that atheism and Stalinism were very much connected in those days. So between 195859, the English edition of Dr. Chicago, the English language edition of Dr. tobacco, spent 26 weeks at the top of a New York Times bestseller list. So it's an international hit. Even skies daughter arena typed copays and disseminated them via SAMHSA staff, which was an underground organization, an underground network for circulating prohibited texts. Doctor Zhivago was not the only work bypassed or not, which got him into trouble with the Communists though. He had written a collection of gospel themed Poems and the aftermath of the Second World War. And he kind of depicted Stalin as a sort of demonic figure of the Old Testament. His poems were, were basically a protest against Stalin. So the literary exact Credit Victor parcels denied the decade and to religious poetry of pastor Knock, which rakes of moth balls from the symbolist suitcase of 1908 to ten manufacturer. And that was really the point where pastor knock started receiving hit mail from communists at home and abroad, which according to even Sky, he did for the rest of his life. But it got an awful lot worse around the time that Doctor Zhivago started to hit the news. In a letter to his sister Joseph ain't pastor NAC recall the words of his friend? A Katerina crashed in that Cova, a bite. Dr. Zhivago, she said, don't forget yourself to the point of believing that it was you who wrote this work. It was the Russian people and their sufferings who created it. Thank God for having expressed it through your pan. And I think there's some indication that pastor enacted field like that, that he had a story that was the story of the Russian people divinely inspired. I've very important message that he couldn't suppress that hubs B got ICT into the world even though it created a lot of danger. Pastor knock was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1958, which for most book people would be amazing. But for him, this is a pretty scary development. The british MI6, military intelligence six, the American CIA Central Intelligence Agency. In other words, they're spy networks, had sent the new about BAL commits eight copies of the Beck and Russian so that they had really campaigned to have it nominated. The Russian edition was basically a photograph version. It was full of typographical errors and emissions created in response to demand by Russian emigre. So it was not a proper, properly bind produced version of BEC, but it was all that could be made available. In 2014, the CIA declassified information which showed they'd run a propaganda campaign basically to happen novel nominated. And they'd actually bought thousands of copies as they came off the press to keep its commercial success going. Keep it in the public eye. Pastor knock around the time that he knew he was being considered for the prize, wrote to his sister that I hope the committee would pass him over as he feared putting his loved ones and danger. When he won, the citation credited him with continuing the grit Russian epic tradition. Doctors have algo is certainly epic. The literary Institute in Russia demanded that it students sign a petition denouncing pastor knock and attended demonstration calling for his exile. In the words of one critic, he could go and join the capitalist paradise that he so obviously aspired to. Pastor Nyquist annoyance to the newspapers and up large political rallies. At one rally, Vladimir semi chastity, who was the future head of the KGB, said that the man went and Spata in the face of the people. He has not battered than a pig for a pig dismal shit where at eight. I'm sorry if you're offended by that language, but that was what was said. Khrushchev, who was actually the true author of those comments, applauded conspicuously, and this drove past or knock to the brink of suicide. Postdoc was told he would not be re-admitted to the USSR if he went to Stockholm to collect the prize. So he was forced to refuse it. And you can see the words he used to the right here. Considering the meaning this award has been given in the society to which I belong, I must reject this undeserved prize which has been presented to me. Please do not receive my voluntary rejection with displeasure. So the Nobel committee said the prize having been awarded and couldn't be withdrawn, but that the presentation would not go ahead. The campaign against pastor not continued unabated and exile was a very real threat. So he decided to write personally to Khrushchev and he said, I am tied to Russia by birth, by my life and work, I cannot conceive of my destiny separate to Russia or right-sided departure beyond the borders of my country would for maybe tantamount to death. And I therefore beg you not to take this extreme measure with me, with my hand on my heart, I can say I have done something for Soviet literature and may still be of use to it. He's bagging there not to be deported. He was sharply criticized for this by Alexander salts Ibbotson, who was a writer and dissidents. And, And he also criticized pastor night for declining the Nobel Prize, which he felt he shouldn't have done. All the 31st of October 1950 it, pastor knock was expelled from the Soviet Writers Union for being a white Emigre and a fascist fifth columnist. In other words, he was, he was a fascist trying to take down the union from within. Pretty much trumped up. So pasture and I would actually have been exiled at this point. But the Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru phoned Khrushchev and threatened to organize a committee for Pastor knocks protection. So the international community where a big factor and his being spared exile. The Nobel Prize also possibly protected him for fear of the international protests that might take place if he was imprisoned. If Jenny passed. And I believe that the persecution of pasture knock at this time caused a decline in his health. In 1959, he wrote his last collection of poems, when the weather clears. And in the summer of 1959, he began writing a trilogy of plays, the blind Bd, which was set before and after Alexander the seconds abolition of serfdom. He's quite excited about these plays and as came across and an interview, but very sadly, he developed terminal lung cancer before they could be completed. And around this time he also wrote his last poem, unique. Hi, I remember salts to stays through many winters long completed, each unrepeatable, unique, and one countless times repeated. Of all these days. These only days when one rejoiced in the impression that time had stopped, there grew in years and unforgettable succession. Each one of them I count evoke. The year is to mid-winter moving. The roofs are dripping, roads are soaked and all the ice the sun is braiding. Then lovers hastily are drawn to one another, vague and dreaming and end the hate to poetry. The sweating nesting boxes, steaming and sleepy Glaucon's lives away. The clock face where Leah sanding eternal, endless as the day and they embrace is never ending. Posture, not died at his dacha, his, his kind of second home and paradisal canal. On the 30th of May 1960. He called his sons to him when he realized he was dying and expressed that the person who would be most affected by staff would be Alyosha, which was his affection that name for even sky. His last words were I can't hear very well and there's a missed in front of my eyes, but it will go away, won't it? Don't forget to open the window tomorrow. Pastor naught was given last rites of a sacred Russian Orthodox ceremony. Thousands of admirers, Briggs, the KGB response to attend his public funeral, which you can see photographed here to the right. Professor asthma IS who gave the public address, said a grant writer has died who, together with Pushkin, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy, pores part of the glory of Russian literature and even sky and her memoirs recalls that Professor plasmas was dressed and a light sates. It almost looked like he was attending a celebration and he didn't seem to be dressed fittingly for a funeral. And he also gives some criticisms of pastor knock, whom he described as flawed. But that was because of the KGB being present in the audience. It was something but pretty much had to be done to the horror of the KGB agents who were present. He then read from Pastor next band poem, Hamlet. The dead guys dine. I enter from the wings, leaning inside the doorway to the stage. I try and catch and echo in the distance and a sense of what will happen in my edge. Thousands of theatre glasses focus on me, turning on me the darkness of the night. If it be in bipolar, Abba, Father, pray, Let this cup of torment pass me by. I loved by high on wavering conception and have agreed to play this part as tasked. But not another drama is unfolding. So justice once released me from the cast, but the whole plot has been already written on journeys and irrevocably Mart, I am alone. It all falls borrow SAIC, a mortal life is no walk in the park. According to even sky. The last speaker at the funeral, sad, we excommunicated Tolstoy. We disown Dostoevsky, and normally we disown pastor knock. Everything that brings us glory we banished to the west, but we can't multiply this. We love pastor knock and we revere him as a poet, glory to pastor knock. At that point, the KGB operatives president decided that it was time to break up. The funeral. Pastor nice grave became a shrine for Soviet dissidents. Soon after the death of pastor knock all get even sky on her daughter arena were arrested for it and pasture knock find Western publishers actually remember high horrified she was when he dealt with felt Donnelly, she hadn't wanted him to find a western publisher at the start. The KGB seized pastor next letters to even sky once more and she served four years of an eight year sentence. So she experienced a lot more hardship. In 1965, the famous phone version of doctors tobacco, directed by David Lane and starring Omar Sharif and Julie Christie became an international hit. It gave us one of the most memorable theme chains in film history. Of course. And it kept pastor knocks writing in the public consciousness. In 1970. It even sky as smuggled her memoirs abroad on they republished as a captive of time my ears with Pastor knockout, they very much informed this video. For that continue to be pilloried and the Soviet Union until Mikhail Gorbachev introduced Perestroika and the 990s. And perestroika means reorganization. And it was a move towards if Mult, democracy, something a lot more free than had come before. In 1980, it, Dr. Trivago was serialized and novae mer, so eventually published within Russia. And in December 1989, you have Jenny, a pastor not connect, collected his father's Nobel Prize. Not lets talk about the book which created all the FES. Doctor Zhivago, as we knew, it was published in Italy in 1957. And it's a bite Eurasia Vigo who is a poet and the physician. And it takes plus Rayleigh between the very early 20th Century and World War II. So it begins in Imperial Russia and goes right the way through the revelation. So the novel opens in 1902 at the funeral of urease mother, his father, who's a wealthy member of the merchant, Jen, has basically spent the family's money on debauchery and Siberia and has completely vanished. So URI is taken in by his uncle Nikolai Nick alive it that a young man who was a former authored or orthodox praised Hou Lai runs a progressive newspaper. The next summer, URI goes on a trip with his uncle and he witnesses a tr1 come to a halt due to the suicide of a father traveling with his young son, Masha, who becomes a friend of your ace. In part to political Amalia Karloff. No. Wheat shot arrives in Moscow during the Russo-Japanese War from 1904 to five. And she brings with her, her children, rhodium, known as Raja, and Larissa known as Lara. The character of Laura, of course, very much based on all get even sky up. Her late husband's business associate, calmer off ski, provides the family with rooms at the CEDAW, Montenegro who towel. And he had rules. He enrolls rotting in the Cadet Corps at Lera at a girl skill. Amalia invests in a dress shop. I'm a move to an apartment over the dress shop and cover off skate is saying I'm alia, that he begins to grim Lara behind her back. So Nikolai lytic alive it. At a later point as watching protesters flee from Drew guidance from his Moscow apartment on the sort of political circumstances that have led to these protests are covered at depth. So URI is my living in Moscow also. And the grammatical households, and they're grew macros have a daughter, Talia. So. In 1906, the grim echoes put on a music recital. The cellist who's performing is cold to the Montenegro hotel because someone there is dying. Uri, his friends, Alexandra, Alexandra, which on Misha, accompany the chalice to the hotel. And they stand outside the room while Amalia, who has basically taken poison, is giving is given automatic something to make her throw up the poison. So they don't really want to go into the room that are a bit scared, but they, hotel staff chased them into the right. And they hear Amalia tell the chalice that she had suspicions, but they turned out to be foolishness. So the boys notice Lara asleep and a chair and suddenly cover off ski appears from behind a curtain. I puts a lump on the table behind Celera, unaware that she can be saying she wakes up. Pastor not gives us this lovely sentence as if coal Borowski was a puppeteer on xi, a puppet right, controlling unhealthy relationship, a obedient to the movements of his hand. So she uncovered all skate, share conspiratorial glance that relieved that there relationship hasn't been discovered on the AMA about Amalia sorry, hasn't died. So Misha whispers to urate, the Kolmogorov scale is the man who got his father drunk before his suicide on the tray and he basically contributed to his father's suicide. Part three commences. It's November 1911 on Ana Eva Nova Gromyko is very ill with pneumonia. So URI, Masha on Tanya are studying to become a doctor, philosopher and a lawyer respectively. At this point, I'm uri arrived this time, learns that his father had another son. Eighth graph has half-brother with Princess. So the story then returns to 1986. Lara is trying to escape from cover off scalar relationship has been going on for about six months. And to do that, she becomes a tutor for a school friends, family for more than three years. So the family, the calibre GFS, they love her as if she were their own child. Roger, visits are at their highest and ask for 700 rope Rebels, which he needs to clear a gambling debt. And Lara borrows the money from cataloged golf, but she doesn't pay add back as she's supporting her boyfriend's Pasha anthropology and his exile father. And Pasha actually doesn't know about this. She asked us for Raj's cadet revolver and the cartridges in exchange for the money. And she actually trans herself to become a pretty good shot. In 1911, she visits the calibre gulfs of State for the last time. And she's becoming very discontented with her situation. She plans to ask cover off ski from money to lave the calibre gulfs and she plans to shoot him if he reviews as she eventually relents of this plan, she finds liked that that can Barofsky is odd a Christmas party and she's going to go, but she changes her mind. And she kept center called precision with Pasha telling him that they should get married immediately. And he agrees. And why they're having this conversation, URI on Tanya, pass by the apartment where the conversation is happening on their way to the Christmas party where commercial escape currently is. Solera actually does go to the party. She knows no one there apart from cover off ski and she's not dressed for a ball, so she's conspicuous. Commercial scale is playing cards on the either, doesn't notice our pretends not to notice her. And he's playing with a guy called cornucopia, who was one of the prosecutors who exiled Pashas father. So why URI on Tanya are dancing at the party AS shelters hurt? Basically, Lara has sharp corner calls, but he's not seriously when did other Lara fence and is put in a chair? Uri recognizes her and amazement and he goes to ten to corner coughs, wind bag adopter training to be a doctor. And he's a byte to tend to Lera when his host Das and Tanya urgently tell me needs to return home. Because Anna, even Nova, is very unwell and by the time urea Antonia get back to the AMA has died. Part for romances. And Palmer off scale uses his political connections to stop Lara for big prosecuted, for having shopped corner calls. So URI for being shot, probably shot cortical, sorry. She, Pasha Mary on graduate from university before leaving for your a atom in the Urals. So the story then moves to the second ultimate of World War II. Uri on Tanya have married by this point and he's working as a doctor at Moscow. And Tony gives birth to their son. Lara also has a child at this point, adulterer by Pasha, colds content gap. So Pasha actually feel stifled by Laura and he volunteers for the imperial Russian RMA as a result. So Lera is working as a teacher and your reality, but she suddenly doesn't hear anything from Pasha and she goes to look for him in Galicia. And it so happens at that point, URI is working there as a dr. lara becomes a nurse and the same hospital as a patient tells her that Pasha is still alive, but he's a prisoner of war. He's a prisoner of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. She writes this, and around that time she gets to know you're a batter, but she's pretty unimpressed by him. And by the end of Part Four, it's unlicensed in the hospital that there has been a revelation. In part five, both Lara, a doctor chicago, tried to get permission to leave the hospital and return to their homes. Uri says goodbye to Lera, telling her the reef over the whole of Russia has been torn off and way and all the people find ourselves under the open sky. So at that point, the revelation is seen as a positive thing. He tries to tell Lara that he loves her, but she cuts him off. And she returns a URI atom and he goes to Moscow. And in part six to ten at the story follows the October revelation on the Russian civil war. And URI and his family free to. Very Kino, which is Tonya's family estate which has been abandoned. And it's near URI atan, where of course, Lara is. On the journey. You're a maid, stress on the call. Who's noticed the executioner, and he summarily executes captured white emigres, civilians, brachial character. So the family settles and the abandoned highs and over the winter, URI writes poetry and journals, and then spring they undertake farming work on visiting the library and URI out and he sees Lara and he goes to try and talk to her, but she's gone before he can rate chair. But he gets her home address because she's left a slip with her address on what the librarian he visits the apartment that she shares with her daughter. She tells him the striatum, the cough is actually Pasha. They continue to see each other at the apartment for two months until URI is abducted by the Bolshevik gorilla, bound us. He's returning home for the tryst with her. In parts tend to 13. Uri is kept by the Bolshevik later Liberius for two years, but then he escapes. He goes to urea button to see Lara, rather than going to try and find his family in time to see Lara, he learns that Tania, her father, and the children, children have fled to Moscow. Now I, Lara On Talia have actually become close friends when Lara assists up the birth of Tonya's child. So URI gets a job and stays with Lara for a few months. When a letter arrives from Tanya, which had been written five months previously, but it's been bounced around and taking some time to get there. And she tells him that she, her father and the children are to be deported, possibly to Paris. She tells him, the trouble is, I love you, but you do not love me. We will never, ever see each other again. And he so overwhelmed that he has chest pins and fits. In part 14 km Barofsky, who's by the new Minister of Justice for the Far Eastern republic, offers to smuggle urea and Lara outside the USSR. They refused. They basically don't want anything to do with cover off ski. But cover off ski lies and tells them that Pasha has fallen out of favor with the party on his dad. He threatens to put Lara and the sites of the secret police and persuades your'e, it's enlarges best interests to leave the east. So you're a convinces loud to go with calmer OSCON and says he will follow soon after. Pasha, who's of course not that returns for Lera, but she has already laughed. After confessing, the guilty fails for Bagley execution occasion or, and for everything that he's done to his country onto his loved ones, Pasha commits suicide on your'e, finds his body the next morning. And part 15, your'e who noise cannot find. Lara moves to Moscow on Mary's eliminate marina near marina with him. He has two children. He leaves his newfound made to finish his right dying alone in Moscow High ever. And he has a heart attack on a trombone dies, of course, a very famous saying. And they, maybe Lara returns to Russia to hero, her husband suicide and ends up attending your ACE funeral. She's there, she meets series half-brother who's a general, helps him to ask him to help her find her daughter with your'e, him she'd left behind and the Euro's Lara than disappears, presumably the victim of the grit purge or sent to the gulag. She's described as a nameless number on a list that was litter misplaced. So we don't really know what her fat loss, but presumably a tragic one. So in the epilogue, urease, old friends. Mika, a mesa mate, and they speak of a local laundress named Tanya, who looks remarkably like both URI and Lera. So Tanya tells some of her difficult childhood when her mother abandoned her to marry cover off skates. So she is definitely the daughter of your'e, Lera. Much later the two-man meet over the first additions of urease poems, and that is the end of Dr. Chicago. 27. Shakespeare : So I think it's fair to say that you can't be considered well-read and English literature without some familiarity with the work of this man, William Shakespeare. So Shakespeare as not only on top of the English literary canon, but he's a very important figure in world literature. And that is to do with several aspects of his writing. His observations of humanity has characterization and his beautiful use of language. So walls William Shakespeare. Well, he was the son of a glove maker, John Shakespeare. He was not well today. And his upbringing, although he did have a good education, his parents were actually practicing Catholics, where it was a difficult climate in which today are practicing Catholics. So that could have caused some trouble for the family. Other, Shakespeare's own religious affiliations are not particularly known. It's not something that he really went into. So he's traditionally believed to be born old George's Day in 1564. We don't really know this, but he was baptized on the 26th of April. So George's Day as the 23rd of it rolls. So sort of in the popular imagination, the English like to think of them as born on there national census day. He did die on some Georges de and 1616 is 52. At the age of IT team, he married and Hathaway? No, not that unhealthy way, obviously. And had three children, his eldest daughter, Susanna, and the twins Hamlet and Judith. Very sadly, Hamlet died at the age of 11. So Suzana and Judith both went on to have children, but those children didn't survive. So there are no direct descendants of William Shakespeare. He had made an actor in London and decided he would like to start writing his own material. So he started with calmer days and histories and moved on to tragedy. His early plays can be a little bit political in nature. He talked about the failure of leadership under the plantar Gianna sun and under previous regimes, which sort of shored up the new Shooter ran. So he was influenced in a literary sense by Christopher Marlowe's who we're going to talk about. Same thomas Kidd playwrights of the time. He did very well commercially and in terms of becoming a bit of a celebrity. And in 1599, his company bought the Globe Theater. And to this day, you can go and say Shakespeare's plays performed up the Globe Theater. So from 1590 for his plays were sold and CTO, I'm quarter simply means a way of making books where the paper is folded. So quite cheap additions, sometimes a little unreliable, but his name was a big selling point. He walls as well as a playwright at an impresario I celebrity author. So after he had died in around 1623, his friends and fellow actors, John hamming and Henry caudal published what's called the Folio edition of his works. And it wasn't the complete works, but I think it was only something like two plays off. No, I the folio additions and the CTO additions. There's debates and academic over which these additions are more reliable. Because obviously the actors were recalling lines that they had learned. Did they recall them with absolute clarity? We don't know. When Shakespeare was alive. He divided his time between London, unstrap for to pony up and so he moved between the two. But he did have some difficulties and his business, and I break a bubonic plague met that theaters were regularly closed from the byte 1609, plague is definitely not good for business. His earliest works had concentrated on the failure of leadership at we'd sat on justify the cheater ran. So there is much of Shakespeare that it is influenced by his day, but also an awful lot of Shakespeare that it's still relevant even lie in the 21st century. So, as well as writing comedies and tragedies and histories, which we've already spoken about. He also wrote romances and renounces doesn't mean like Mills had bone, you know, sort of sickly love stories. It means tragic comedies with a bit of a supernatural elements. So sibling, The Winter's Tale, The Tempest, these are amounts, but he also wrote solids and a solid as a poem of a byte, 14 lines that has a very specific rhyming structure. And he also wrote two long verse poems, Venus and Adonis and the rip of liquorice, a sexual issues being a theme and Shakespeare. So got a beautiful quote by Shakespeare here we are moving at this period in history from Middle English, too, early modern English, not Old English. Because when you have Bayes advise people, think that that's old English, Old English, Anglo-Saxon. But the language of Shakespeare, Early Modern English should be easily accessible to speakers of modern English. So here we have one of the many, many beautiful quotes that you can find online by Shakespeare. This is from Hamlet, from a soliloquy spoken by Hamlet. Wants a piece of work is man how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties in form and moving high, express and admirable in auction high like an angel, in apprehension, high like a god. The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals. And yet to me, what is this quintessence of dust delights not me. So man delights not me. In modern English we might say, man doesn't delight me, but there's two things happening there in that Shakespeare is obviously writing an early modern English which is slightly archaic signing to us. But also he's using a dramatic form of early modern English. He's not trying to write and the conversational style people would've used on the street. So his style and writing drama is characterized by blank verse, anything called iambic pentameter. And iambic pentameter basically means the pentameter means ten sets of an iamb. And an iamb is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. So Walt, piece of work is a man. How noble to reason. So every other syllable is stressed. That is to help actors remember their lines. And it also gives his work a poetic quality. So Shakespeare himself realized that interest in his work with last long after his death, that he wasn't just writing for his own time and accordingly, he cursed his grid. So this is the inscription on his grave. Good friend for Jesus sick forebear to dig the dust and close it here. Blessed be the man who's spares these stones and cursed behave that moves my bones. No. You'll note that the spelling, spelling in English didn't become standardized until Samuel Johnson wrote the dictionary couple of centuries after Shakespeare. So there was no such thing at that point in history as a right and wrong spelling. We're going to look at a few of Shakespeare's works, NIH, some of his plays and a couple of his poems. It was very, very difficult to decide which of the canon of Shakespeare to talk about. So I've decided to go with picking tragedy, accommodate a history play, and looking at some of his poetry. So possibly his greatest tragedy is Hamlet. Other king layer is starting to creep up the cannon alongside Hamlet's. So you can see Hamlet here, portrayed by Benedict Cumberbatch. Many, many famous actors over the centuries have played Hamlet's. Mel Gibson has played hamlets. Lawrence Olivier has played how much? David talent is played Hamlet. You know, it's, it's a role that actors really well. So how does it play follows a very Shakespearean hero who has flaws which cause harm to himself and to others. So Shakespeare actually didn't write any original stories, and he didn't make up the stories of his plays. He tended to work from other sources. So this is based on Scandinavian folktales and possibly on a play that was a couple of decades old at the time called our Hamlet other that's considered to be debatable. So this play is at the top of the Shakespeare in Canada, as we mentioned. So let's call to mind a very, very famous quotation from the play. This is from the famous nunnery scene where Hamlet towels, a failure get paid to a nunnery. To be or not to be. That is the question. Whether it is nobler than the bind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubles and by opposing, end them to die, Sleep No More. And by asleep to say we add the heartache and the thighs and natural shocks that flesh is heir to tis a consummation lightly to be wished. Die to sleep, sleep, perchance to dream. I, there's the rub, freedom that sleep of death. What dreams may come when we have shuffled off this mortal coil must give us pause. So to be or not to be. He is an essence contemplating suicide in this very famous speech on that line, to sleep, perchance to dream. Obviously, incredibly famous. Shakespeare's work is, you know, you might hear it every week and conversation when you're watching TV, Shakespeare is quoted all the time. So what has got Hamlet into this state of despair? Well, when the play opens, hamlet is confronted with the ghost of his father, who was the king of Denmark. And what transpires has happened is that his father has been poisoned by his own brother Claudius, who then Mary's, Hamlet's mother, got trade. So way ask ourselves why then has Hamlet not become king if his father is dead and he's the prince of Denmark. Well, Claudius's to kinda parses just waves and takes charge. So Hamlet then thins mental instability in order basically to keep himself alive on to try and work out some kind of revenge against Claudius. And he has been in love with the ill-fated of failure. But unfortunately, there is a little mistake which happens when Hamlet's believes that Claudius is behind a screen, waiting to kill him and stops the person behind the screen who turns out to be Polonius, Ophelia as father. A failure then develops a mental illness and she ends up committing suicide. Her burial being a very moving moment in Shakespeare. And the end of the play. It is of course, a tragedy. At this point, Claudius decides to enter into a pact with Les RRTs or failures brother, who is very angry with Hamlet for having caused the death of both his father and his sister, albeit inadvertently. So they arrange a Jew with swords between Hamlet and layer days. The sword is poisoned, as is the wine. Gertrude unwittingly drinks the wine to salute her son, and she dies. Hamlet dies. It's basically one of those Shakespearian plays where everybody dies then fork and Bros, the prints of Norway turns up on her issue. Hamlet's friend explains to him what happened. And there's this beautiful, beautiful line where Hamlet dies and the Horatio says to him, good night sweet prince, flights of Angela's singly to thy rest. So it's a very, very long story, so I don't know how I, well, I have a summarized it there. But if the play was performed in its folio version, it would actually take it ours to perform. So I believe that there are about three different versions of Hamlet to from the CTO and one from the first folio versions. So when Pete, when a director is staging the play, they, they have to make some decisions on what is going to be included on. Walt is not. Now, let's talk about one of Shakespeare's comedies at very beautiful play called a Midsummer Night's Dream. You can see Gwendolyn Christie from Game of Thrones here at a Midsummer Night's Dream. Again, this is a play that has attracted very MIT, many famous actors over years. So a Midsummer Night's Dream. It's a bit complicated to explain the plots because it's got four of them. The first being arrived the marriage of Theseus GQ at Athens to Hippolytus, the queen of the Amazons. So while that is going on, her EMEA, who is in love with the sander, but her father wants to marry her off to a guy called Dimitris, Who's actually the object of her best friend, Helenus affections. So we've got a sort of love rectangle going on there. Then there are the mechanicals. You're a group of actors who are set to perform the royal wedding. And there's also the story going on of the king and queen of the theories, the theories in a Midsummer Night's Dream, Big, responsible for an awful lot of the mischief which happens. And that's a very classical motif coming from the classical worlds where supernatural beings are actually really uncontrol. So King over onto the fairies and Queen titanium had been having an ongoing dispute. Oberon wants to make to Tinia fall in love with him again, decides to give her our love potion and sent his servant, they comical puck too, deliver the potion. And the idea is that titanium will fall asleep. I went, she awakes the first-person she sees, she'll fall in love with that person. So naturally, she falls in love with pack. So it's all a little bit farcical. It's got a supernatural element. It's a play. It's a beautiful quote from a Midsummer Night's Dream. Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind, and therefore is winged cupid painted blind Night. Shakespeare normally wrote and blank verse. A Midsummer Night's Dream does rhyme. This is the kind of quote, if you search for names based on Shakespeare, that you'll find all over the internet. But Shakespeare had a beautiful way of articulating little points of human existence, and this is one example of that. So history plays and plays with a classical phase were also part of the canon of Shakespeare. Here is the same from Antony and Cleopatra. Shakespeare frequently references to classical worlds. We saw that in a Midsummer Night's Dream where he's talking about Hippolytus, the queen of the Amazons. I use classical sources quite a lot. And the source for Antony and Cleopatra at, was presumably Plutarch. And he had an interest in the classical era and Roman politics. He of course also wrote Julius Caesar. So Antony and Cleopatra is classified as a history play, but it's also a tragedy. And it has comic moments and moments of romance as well. So the mating of Cleopatra and Antony is Legendre. So interestingly, because he would have had access to elaborate staging, but he creates this impact entirely with language. I will tell you. Spoken by inner bar bas, who's one of my account stays soldiers. I will tell you the Bartz, she sat in like a burnished thrown, burned on the water. The Pope was beaten. Gold, purple, the sales and so perfume that the wind were lovesick with them. The oars were silver, which to the chain of flutes kept stroke amid the water which they beat to follow faster as amorous of their strokes. For her own person. It backers all description. She did lie in her pavilion cloth, gold of tissue or picturing that Venus where we see the fancy artwork nature. On each side her stood pretty dimpled boys like smiling cupids with diverse colors, fans Who's when did seem to glow the delicate shakes which they did Cu, and what they ended did. So cleopatra has gone all out to win over around today. And she's obviously made a huge impression. And Ada Barbara's here describing the sumptuous golden barge and the venous herself, that is Cleopatra herself. So using language to impress upon them the audience walked the par of this woman is, she's enormously wealthy, she's enormously powerful, and more than that, she's very beautiful. And she's also to use a modern term. She's pretty much the queen of spend. She makes this very important Roman visitor wit on the dark side for her timing. And then she's very carefully set up. The first impression she probably would have made him is I'm on Instagram. Some other beautiful and famous quotes from Antony and Cleopatra. Whether her nor custom stale Her infinite variety. Other women employ the appetites they feed, but she makes Hungary where most she satisfied. So her infinite variety and a wonderful encapsulation of the character of Cleopatra, who is considered to be one of the most well developed female characters in Shakespeare. Incidentally, in Shakespeare's day, female characters were not played by women but by younger boys. Interchange between Einstein, Cleopatra hair, Cleopatra says, is it BY 11 days? Tell me how much an answer. They famously says, there's Baggerly and the love that can be reckoned to which Cleopatra applies. I'll set of born high Farr's be beloved, ounce ni, then must die, needs find new Haven't you are. So Cleopatra saying, I'll, I'll set a boundary and high far you should love me and asked me saying you'd have to actually create a whole new universe to do that. Very dramatic. That very famous quote. Some are born grit, Some achieved greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them. So that's quite often quoted even in the modern day, usually in a political setting. So Antony and Cleopatra, very beautiful play. I recently saw a version of it where it was performed as a comedy. And the characters of Antony and Cleopatra, presumably well into their forties, were kind of depicted as being eternal teenagers and lacking and maturity. But the ending of it is of course, tragic and beautiful. And the loyalty of Cleopatra's. Women to her is actually another very moving aspect to the place of very much worth reading. Nih, we're going to look at what are the history plays I referenced earlier. And that is Richard the third. Just because it demonstrates the impact of Shakespeare on the public consciousness. Because actually what we believe about the real life Richard the third, comes from Shakespeare's depiction. And yet the recent discovery of the body of Richard the third, has caused us to really question our attitudes towards him and what kind of a person he really well. So in Macallan here, as you can see, he is not dressed in later medieval garb. And there was a fad around the nineties and early two thousands to perform Shakespeare in other time settings, just as a way of indicating that his stories are universal. So Shakespeare's Richard the third, is really a monster responsible for the murder of Henry the six. I'm not sure there's any historical evidence for that. And all the princes in the tar noise, it is debatable whether or not in real life, Richard the third kills the princes in the tar, the sons of his brother who were standing in the way of his achieving the throne. But he does seem to be the person who had the most motivation. But that is a mystery which history has yet to solve. He did seem to do a number of quite positive things. Apparently he invented bail. Interesting fact by Richard the third, but Richard the Third and Shakespeare is a total Mozart. So here is the very famous speech by Richard the third. At this point in the play known as Gloucester noise winter of our discontent, I'm just going to find another version of it that I can read a bit more clearly for you, which really encapsulates the place attitude towards Richard, which has been so powerful through the centuries that has come to be what the world's believed by Richard the third. Other babies are not the words of Richard the third themselves. They were written by Shakespeare. Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer by the son of York. Referring to his brother who has just become king. At that point that they believed that the York's had Wal-Mart overlay Lancaster and all the clause that learned upon our highs and the deep bosom of the ocean buried nano hybrids bind with victorious rates. Bruce at arms hung up for monuments are started, alarms changed Mary meetings and dreadful marches to delightful measures. Grim visage war has smoothed his wrinkled front. And I, instead of morning Barb and states to fight the souls of fearful adversaries. He campers nimbly and the ladies chamber to the city is pleasing of elute. Boss I, that I'm not shaped for sportive tricks nor made to court on Amaris Looking Glass. I that am Ridley stamped on won't loves Montana State struct before a wanton ambling myth, not an interesting depiction of Richard the third hair. The discovery has bought a did prove that he had a physical deformity. And he's very much portrayed in Shakespeare as being hunched back. I'm monstrous. And that was actually seen as bang, symbolic of his having a monstrous soul. That doesn't sit very well with the modern sensibility I know, but the imagery from the play. So he's saying here, I am misshapen and I can't really expect to attract women. So he's not only mistaken and mud stresses is seen here as quite lecherous as well. Either them cartons of this fair proportion cheated of figure by assembling nature, deformed, unfinished sent before my time and other ones prematurely born into the breathing world's scarce half made up. And that so lamely and unfashionable. The dogs bark at me as I hoped by them. Why I in this week, piping time of peace have no delight to pass away that time unless to spy my shadow when the sun and a scandal mine own deformity. And therefore, since I cannot prove a lover, to entertain these farewell spoken days, I am determined to prove a villain and hit the idle pleasures of these days. Let's have I lead inductions dangerous by drunken prophecies labels on dreams. To set my brother Clarence, I'm the king and deadly hit the one against the other. And if King Edward B as trivial and just as I am subtle, false and treacherous this day, should Clarence closely be moved up about a prophecy which says that g of Edwards Air is the murderer shall be dive thoughts daughter my, so here clarence comes. So what he's an essence saying he's going to attempt here is to turn his brother, the king, against his other brother, the Jacob parents so that they'll wipe each other ITE, then he'll off his brothers, sons and become king. So not at all a pleasant character and perhaps not at all a trade alive character, we don't know. But what this does go to show as Shakespeare's par and the public consciousness to form our perceptions. Finally, I'm going to look at Shakespeare's sonnets. Shakespeare wrote a 154 sonnets. So I'm going to, I'm going to read you a little definition for Asana is here just so that we're clear. The kind of poetry that this is. So a solid, has 14 lines, ten syllables per line. And I prescribed rhyming scape. So that is what makes a poem a solid. So a 154 of these short poems, and they're actually thought to be autobiographical income from Shakespeare's own life. And they're mostly around a theme of love. So sauna IT team as possibly the most famous. Shall I compare the two? A summer's day by art, more lovely and more temperate, Rough winds to shake the Darling buds of May and summers leaf have all too short a debt. Sometime to halt the Eye of heaven shines and often a hisses gold complexion dimmed, and every fair from Frere sometime declines by chance or nature's changing course on trend. But thigh Eternal Summer shall not fade nor lose possession of the host, nor shall death brag that I won't trusts and is shared when at a terminal lines to time lag roast. So long as men can breathe or eyes can see. So long lives this and gives life to the. So whomever he wrote this song or two byte is immortalized by it. And just to finish this section on Shakespeare, I love this summit. It's actually in the movie of sense and sensibility, the one with Kate Winslet on emma thompson. If you're interested, it's quoted there. It shows something of Shakespeare's experience of humanity, of his beautiful use of language on all the little bit of wisdom. So let's finish just with the words of these poems, this section on William Shakespeare. Let me not. So the marriage of true minds admit impediments. Love is not love, which alters when it alteration finds are bends with the remover to remove oh, no, it isn't ever fix-it mark that looks on campus and as Never shaken, it is the star to every wandering bark who's worth on known, although his height be taken, loves naught times f2, though, Rosie lips and shakes within the banding sickles compass come but altars, not with his brief ours and wakes, but bears it. I'd even to the edge of doing if this B error on a pole me proved, I never read, nor No man ever loved. 28. John Milton: One of the major figures of English Literature at actually a world literature is this man, John Milton, who is most famous for having written an epic poem named Paradise Lost. So he was a poet, he was a polymath. And he was someone who very much fell from favour during his lifetime, as we shall see. John Milton, who lived from 1608 to 1674. So who lived through the English Civil War was a poet, an intellectual, and several fields he knew a lot of bytes, science, theology, philosophy, history. He spoke many languages. He was in general, a very bright guy, and he was a high ranking civil servant under Oliver Cromwell. Oliver crawl belt was the later of the British government and the wick of the execution of King Charles, the first, who has not really done very well in Australia. He's seen as a bit of an unsympathetic figure. He did some truly ghastly things but melt on the walls up. Big fan. He's best known for having written Paradise Lost, which is considered to be really one of the major works of world literature on one of the most important works in the English language. It's an epic poem and it's written in blank verse. He was an ardent Republican, as we've previously alluded to and during and after the Civil War. So after the English Civil War, he refused to recount on his previous political opinions. He was both praised on loathed by Samuel Johnson. Samuel Johnson famously said that Paradise Lost is a book that once put darn, there's hard to pick up again. But he was also an influence on William Blake, William Wordsworth on Thomas Hardy. He died completely broke after fallen from favor following the restoration in 1660, when King Charles the second reclaimed the throne. And here we see Milton as a young man. So John Milton was born and Bradstreet and London. So he was born and a middle-class home. The son of composer and Scriven or John melt him and his wife, Sara Jeffrey. John Milton had come from a very wealthy Catholic family and have actually been disinherited due to his attachment to Protestantism. And Milton is chitter, was Thomas Young who was a Scottish Presbyterian. He introduced him to religious radicalism, which is something that runs through his work. He had attended simple skill and there he learned Latin and Greek on the classics are obviously a huge influence on his work. Paradise Lost is really the English equivalent of the classic epic. At 15, he wrote his first poems, which were two psalms. Milton's brother Christopher remarked that when he was young, he studied very hard on setup very lit commonly till 12 or one o'clock at night. He took studying very seriously. And from 1625 to 1629. He completed his bachelor's degree at Christ's College, Cambridge, staying on to complete a master's degree and 1632. And the idea at that point was that he wanted to become an Anglican minister. He didn't get on very well with some teachers on it's rumored that he was actually suspended for some time due to a dispute with a teacher on theology. He didn't fare well socially up Cambridge, but he did write poetry while he was there and cleaning on the morning of Christ Nativity and epitaph on the admirable dramatic poet W. Shakespeare. I'm actually Mozart's first ever published work, appeared as an epilogue to the works of Shakespeare, and it was anonymous. He then, after completing his degrees, moved Horton and Barker and 1635 and he undertake six years of private study, which was a bit harder and 1635 and it would be today you obviously didn't have access to the internet, so he had to come buy all the books that he would need. And he studied ancient and modern theology, philosophy, history, politics, literature and science. And by this stage, this was intended to prepare him to become a poet. His commonplace book, which is a bit like a scrapbook of his intellectual development. As in the British Library. He could read and write Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, Spanish, Italian, Old English, and Dutch. And during this time, he wrote ARCADIS, calm us on lysate us unless say this was an elegy for a friend of his art Cambridge. From May 1638 to July or August 16th, 39, he turned in France and Italy. And there he became known as one of the foremost European intellectuals. He met several historians, theologians, poets, and writers. There. He returned home due to what he called SAB tidings of civil war and England. And in that civil war he wrote tracts and the Puritan on parliamentary caused the civil war have come about because Charles the first, the king, was in opposition to parliament. And it was becoming felt that the pars of the King where two extreme on that parliament should be given more powers. It's a bit more complicated than that, but this led to the English Civil War. And obviously, Milton was very much on the side of the parliamentarians. In 1642, age 35, he married the 16-year-old Mary piles. She wasn't very happy with a 35-year-old, and she went home to her family after only a month, not returning to him until 1645, although that was partly J to the Civil War. They had three daughters together on a son, he very sadly only lived for a year. Milton's daughters survive into adulthood, but they had a strained relationship with their father. He wrote a defense of divorce at this time, which was considered a bit controversial and brought him to the attention of the authorities. And because of this, he wrote his famous defense of free speech and the Parliamentary calls. Called aria PEG into a spaceship. Mr. John Milton for the liberty of unlicensed printing to the Parliament of England. After parliamentary victory in the Civil War, he wrote The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates in 1649. And it seemed to sanction register side. The execution of Charles the First, they only English king to be executed, sent shock waves all around Europe. Killing a king was considered, you know, a horrific as, and that time the, the notion of the divine right of kings and the king as being appointed by God was widely held. And, and so all the orders of the console of states, the governing body that had grown up after the execution of the king. Milton wrote a defense of the English people for having killed their king. And then he wrote a second defense, preserving all of our Kwame Raul. He was appointed Secretary of State for foreign tongues by the Council of State and help us post until the restoration and 1660. He had actually gone blind completely by 16528. And his work was carried out by several secretaries with most of dictating. And here is Milton's Sonnet number nine, obtain a bite his blindness and he entitled it. When I consider how my life is spent. When I consider Hi my lightest spent half my days in this dark world and wide and about one talent which is death to hide. Lodge with me useless though my soul more bent to serve there with my maker. I'm present. My tree account last hey, returning shied, does God exact day labor light denied. I followed they ask. But passions to prevent that murmur soon replies, golf doth not need either man's work or his own gifts. Who best? Bear has mild joke. They serve him best. His state is kingly. Bosons at his bedding spade, I'm post or land and ocean with light rest. They also serve who only stand on width. So that became quite a famous line. They also serve who only stand and wait. But that's Milton's thoughts on his blindness, which we don't really know the cause of his blindness, but we might consider it to be retinal detachment would think it's something that might have happened to him or so, some scholar in 1556 nodes and married Catherine Woodcock, who sadly died in 1658. So it wasn't a long marriage. When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, the new administration began to crumble. Milton fears the restoration of the monarchy on suggested several alternatives, but the restoration eventually took place in 1660. And Charles the second tick the throne. At that point, mountains books were burned on an order was issued for his arrest. And so he went into hiding. Things come dawn Tibet. And in 1663, he married 24-year-old Elizabeth, known as BAT eight mental. They lived quietly in London for the rest of Milton's life, apart from retiring to Milton's cottage and childhood son Giles during the great plague of London. And you can see a picture of Milton's called a chair, which you can actually go and visit if you happen to be in the area. Actually contributed to the exclusion Tibet which dominated UK politics following the restoration. And that was regarding the exclusion of James Stewart, the JICA Bjork from the succession due to his Catholicism. So Milton actually wrote several tracks on religious tolerance. It was just Catholics that he had some issue with. James jared, Of course, the father of bony Prince Charlie, who carried out a failed attempt to put his father all the throwed. Some decades later. John melted, died of kidney failure on the eighth of November, 1674. You can see his tomb here, uh, he's commemorated as the rider of Paradise Lost. His funeral was attended by the intelligentsia on, by the public. So by this stage, his republicanism doesn't mean that you could acknowledge him in public. Milton's many writings, polemics tracks on poetry. His magnum opus as considered to Bay, Paradise Lost, which is an epic blank verse poem. It first appeared in 1667. The first version had ten bucks and a thousand lines of verse. And our second version appeared in 1674, which had 12 bucks. It's very much written and the manner of Virgil's Aeneid, and it follows the biblical story of the fall of man. Milton stated that the purpose of Paradise Lost walls to justify the ways of God to man. So Milton was actually nearly 68 when it was first published. But he's actually written some passages all the N, his youth, as well as using classical motifs. For example, the character of sitting somewhat controversially when he journeys three chaos is slightly reminiscent of the journey and heroes of epic poetry in the classical world, such as Virgil's Aeneid on Homer's Odysseus. So some people claim that Milton was actually sympathetic to sit, but Paradise Lost is, is one of those works where people really see their own views reflected. Cs Lewis very strongly felt that this was not the case, that wasn't sympathetic to this. And then another literary critical amps and very much felt that it was so you can read it on makeup Bureau mind. But as well as following motifs of the classical world, he also used across texts which are a Hebrew form of writing that you find in the Book of Psalms quite long. For example, in book nine of paradise loss, averse describing the serpent or sit and serpent form. Trying to tempt AVE that creates an acrostic that actually spouse sitting. So another epic convention that's in Paradise Lost is the angelic war. Massive war between the angels and the fallen angels on a large-scale battle was common in epic poetry, such as the battle of the war at Troy. So Adam and Eve ask God for gris, within Paradise Lost and a low expelled from A1. Michael the archangel tells Adam he may find a paradise within the happier far on that very much reflects some of Milton's thinking. You'll see some more quotes from Paradise, Lost hair. The mind is its own place and in itself can make a Heav'n of Hell a hell of heaven. So as you can imagine, that was slightly controversial in his day. Another famous quote, all is not lost and all is not lost as, you know, we use that and call them parlance, the unconquerable will and study of revenge and mortal hit I'm carriage never to submit our yield on what else not to be overcome. So these grandiose statements on a very lofty themes that is Coleman of epic poetry. And remember English, apart from Beowulf at this point in history, didn't really have its own best-loved APIC until Paradise Lost at once as far as angels can, he views the dismal situation whisked and wild. A dungeon horrible on all sides rides as one grit furnace splint. Yet from those flames, no lights but rather darkness visible served only does discover sites of Whoa. So it's written in blank verse, which means that it doesn't rhyme, but it does follow iambic pentameter. And we talked about iambic pentameter on the video on Shakespeare as a, an unstressed syllable, followed by a stressed syllable and sets of tan, which you can see here. Of course, he was a big fan of Shakespeare. Not I happened to pick up my copay of Paradise Lost for 50 P and a second hand book shop. So if you can get a hold of it, it is an opposite classic, as I say, not just of English literature, but of world literature. Over the decades and centuries, there has been a fluctuated and response to build them. Partly because it has republicanism and also because of his Protestant, Protestantism. Sorry. And then as I mentioned earlier, people do say to interpret it from their own philosophical viewpoint, but it is an absolute classic of world literature on something. But I highly recommend that you Rate. 29. Jane Austen : Let's talk about one of the most popular novelists of this period, someone whose work captures our imagination even today. And that is Jan Austin. No, I, Jane Austen wrote novels which are an essence, Cinderella stories, where usually the heroine comes good in the end on marries the love of her life. But there was a little bit more to that than just pure roadmaps. And our novels have a lot to say about the role of women and especially the economic role of women in the late 18th century. We know what we don't know about Jane Austin. And as we'll see a little bit later in this video, there are some reasons why some of her life is shrouded in mystery. But what we do know was that she was born and Stevenson and Hampshire on the 16th of December 1775, and she was actually a month beyond her Jay did. So she was much anticipated a much rejoiced over. She was one of seven children born to George Austin, who was a Church of England rector and Minister, and his wife, Cassandra. And a lot of biographers have commented on high and the Austin household intellectual conversation with something that happened quite often. And they were very laissez faire. They listened to a range of opinions, often had intellectual discussions with their neighbors. So Jane Austen's novels mark an important transition from the Cult of sensibility to 19th century literary realism. And bought as part of her role in the English literature, cannon her observation of humanity. And she actually actively disliked the overblown emotion of the Celts of sensibility. Austin published six complete novels and her lifetime, all of which have an important role in the English literature. Callen. The first thing, sense and sensibility. Sense and sensibility is very much her response to the Celtic sensibility. We have two sisters and sense and sensibility. Marianne, who represent the sensibility and is very overly romantic and unrealistic and the very sensible, unpractical Eleanor. And of course, at the end of the novel, Marianne mix, a sensible marriage with a much older man. Partly for economic reasons, though hopefully a little bit out of love to the novel is a bit ambiguous. And whether it is rarely a romantic or, or a practical union. Because her, her kind of emotional awareness and her romanticism later into a bit of trouble during the novel. So northing or ABE, again, this was an attack on the cult of sensibility. There were 32 novels and one decade preceding the publication of North ang Rabi that had the word Abby. And because in the culture of sensibility and the sentimental novels, quite often there was a fame of a heroin Bing, secluded away in a castle or an ABI. Pride and Prejudice. Of course, the BBC did. An epic version of Pride and Prejudice many years ago with, with January lay and Colin Firth. And that really brought Austin into the public consciousness. We've had streams of movies based on her novels since down, but some very famous actors and actresses, But brighten prejudice. Again. It's a little bit of a Cinderella story. And Elizabeth Bennett and the ads marries. I wouldn't say that she's in love with Mr. Darcy for the whole of the novel. He's actually not the amount of our dreams, but he becomes that way. And she makes this sort of sideways remark when she's asked what attracted her to Mr. Darcy, and she said it's when she saw his excellent estate at Penn burly. So the kind of economic conveyed to be married especially comes across in Pride and Prejudice. When Elizabeth, sister Lydia, runs off with a soldier, Mr. Wiccan, that poses financial collapse for the whole rest of the family, as it means none of the rest of the sisters who've been disgraced, we'll be able to be married and no one's going to be able to support them. So whilst it is a Cinderella story, there are some very serious issues raised and Pride and Prejudice. Persuasion. So Persuasion again, has got Cinderella aspect, but the heroine of persuasion is a lot older at the age of 28 bits than the usual marrying edge in those days. And again, that would have economic ramifications for her future should she failed to secure a match. Amma, the controlling and manipulating, trying to set up all her friends. It's a fairly can make history, which again, raises some serious issues. Mansfield Park and I, it is very different to Austin's other novels. It has an element of adultery and very shocking and the time slightly more risque for Austin and my personal favorites, if I'm allowed to say that. She also left behind unfinished novel sounded him. The Watson's and an although she had begun under youth coat lady season. So her her juvenilia, as they are called, things that she wrote when she was younger, especially turn nieces are also very much worth reading. So Austen's novels were mostly published anonymously, as women actually couldn't sign contracts at that period in history. So she wasn't able to agree a publishing contract with ICT getting Amanda sign it for her. And whilst it was OK for women to write as a hallway and for their own amusement to want to be a professional writer was saying to undermine a woman's femininity. So austin couldn't publish her novels under her own name during her lifetime. So she actually did fairly well during her lifetime. And terms of modest economic success, but she certainly didn't become famous until around 183316 years after her death. When her novels were published as a book set. And at that point she started again, rail critical acclaim. So her older sister Cassandra, burned many if Austin's ladders because of her topless and forthright and marks up bite the neighbors what she thought were laid to trouble. And that means we don't actually have much of a record of her life. Other members of her family did the same. So we can't really turn to the Austin found late for biographical information. A byte Jan, sadly, we do know that in 1783, while Jana Cassandra were being educated in Southampton and just privately and the highest of a cheater. Jan developed typhus and she nearly died. So she was then educated at home until 1785 when she was sent to reading at a girls school, but had to withdraw and 1786 because the Austin's who were not a well-off family, couldn't afford the phase. George Austin and actually come from a family of willow merchants who were a well respected family and quite wealthy. But his branch of the family had fallen into poverty. His older brother had actually inherited a largest state. But sadly, George, not being a first son was just not in that position. The head see ended up in the church, which was something but younger sons and a wealthy family often did. Jan dead have several centers, but her greatest romance, perhaps with a trainee barrister, Thomas love Freud. They obviously spent a huge amount of time together, but his family sent him away as they felt a marriage would have been economically and practical. His training was being funded by a wealthy uncle and Ireland and marrying Jan was just going to take him off the course that they wanted for him. So maybe the sad personal experience that into the cynicism of Austen's novels. Another thing that really affected Austin was that in 1797, she met her cousin, Cousin, and future sister-in-law, allies of defeat, Who's first husband had been Gil attained in the French Revolution, which was just a horrible, grizzly death. And she related the story to Jan. And that gave Jan a lifelong horror of the French Revolution, which was of course associated with the cult of sensibility and England. And it was part of her objection to sensibility. This unrestrained individualism lead to violence in her mind. So the family moved to bath in 1800, and she wasn't particularly active and illiteracy sense in those years, which was either because she was an unhappy and Bath and she didn't want to write. Or maybe she loved bath in her social life was just ablaze there. And I happen to live in Bath at 1 the Jane Austin center there as somewhere very much worth visiting. So in 1814, she wrote to her nice, funny knighthood, asked for her love life advice and sad. Anything is to be preferred or injured rather than marrying with affection. So if you look at the sort of economic reasons from our edge in those days, which is something that really comes across. And her novels, Jane Austin wasn't going to do that. She was going to write a maker own money, and she wouldn't marry. And last sheep on someone for whom she had affection and Real Love. And of course, sadly, that just didn't end up happening for her. This is perhaps the most famous quotes by Jane Austin. Very, very well known quote. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man and possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. So there's several things about Jane Austin that come across in that one sentence. Her wet, her warmth, her humor, her observation of humanity, and the kind of social structure in which she lived. Marriage is a byte money. So if you look at the counts of sensibility on the overwrought emotions and knowledge comes through the Baldi. Jan Austin is very much focused on practicalities. The practicality of securing a husband so that you can actually have something to live on for the rest of your life. And it's this focus on the real world and real-world issues of practicality that make her such an important figure of this era. 30. Charles Dickens: We're gonna talk in this section of the course about the most prolific of Victorian writers, Charles Dickens. He was a novelist, he was a journalist and he was very much a social reformer. So what the Dickins that as a France that we call them the US. And also we used the phrase Dickensian, which means something or somewhere which is substandard, shocking, very harsh conditions. So he's made this contribution to the English language. So Charles Dickens, who lived from 1812 to 187 day, actually left school at the very tender age of ten and order to work and harsh conditions in a factory when his father was sent to debtors prison. This lead to a lifetime of campaigning for social reform, especially in the work place. He also had a very keen interest in education and in the rights of children. So he edited a weekly newspaper for 20 years and had been a political journalist. So he knew very much what was going on in the world and he reflects that and his novels. And Charles Dickens wrote 15 novels plus five Novalis shorter novels and numerous short stories and articles. So his most famous works include grit expectations, which is considered not only Dickinson's finest novel, but one of the most important novels in the English language. He also wrote Oliver Twist, a Tale of Two Cities. It is a far, far better thing and I do than I have ever done before. A famous quote from a Tale of Two Cities. A Christmas Carol, which has Boehm televised and made into films on numerous occasions. You may have seen them up at version. David Copperfield, which is the most autobiographical of Dickens is books and Blake, Hi, so here is a selection of some of his 15 novels. So this is the birthplace of Dickens pictured here. And he was born there. And Port Smith on the seventh of February, 1812, the second child of John analysts with Dickens. I keep saying it. If you want to have a child who's a famous writer, you need to be called Junk. Anyway. In 1815, the family moved to London and ban to Kant. John decades having vein Clark for the naval office. So in 1822, John Dickins was incarcerated and debtors prison. And it was the custom of the time that if that happened to you, your wife and children were to join you. So his wife and his youngest children also ended up in prison, which seems barbaric to us, but that was high. Things worked in those days. If you got yourself into debt, you were thrown into these Presence until you could work off the money that you owe on your family went with you, but not Charles because he was one of the older children. At the age of ten, he was considered old enough to work. So he may have done with family friend Elizabeth royal ads and Camden and London. And he actually characterized her as Mrs. pension and don't be an son. He later moved in with an agent of the insolvency court on his wife. Be characterized as the garlands and The Old Curiosity Shop. And it rolls Charles Dickens his practice to draw his characters from real life. He's known for the realism of his characterization and also the wit, all that. So he worked in very harsh conditions at Warren's blacking warehouse. And he later reflected, Hi, could I have been so easily cast away at such an edge? And he was determined to save other children from this fit. His supervisor there was called bulb Fagan. And of course we have they nefarious character of fig and Oliver Twist who trends the children to become faves. So eventually John decades mother, Charles Dickens, his grandmother died and left her son for a 150 pounds, which allowed him to Claire as debt and get out of prison. When they were released to Elizabeth did not request Charles is returned to the family and that lead to lifelong resentment towards women, which is something that people have criticized in his work. You look at, say, mischievous him on a Stella and grit expectations where mishap hits man because she's been tilted up, they alter. Her wedding didn't come off. So she trends up the beautiful Estelle LA to be harsh to man. These kind of attitudes towards women, slightly misogynist, are thought to started around this time. And it takes 30. Dickens met his first love, Maria bade know her parents disapproved. Well, obviously he wasn't from a very respectable background. His family had actually Bain and detritus president. So she's sent to school in Paris to end the relationship. It teen 36 was a huge year for decades professionally and personally. He published the pick quick papers in serial form. And thought was high. Novels were often published in the Victorian era. They were split up into installments. On each instalment would have a cliffhanger and dying. And it was sad that some of the so-called illiterate per, pay to hip and H to have Dickenson's novels read to them. So he also began writing Oliver Twist in 1836. And Queen Victoria apparently read both the picnic papers on Oliver Twist and stayed up past midnight to discuss them. Now I won't significant about that is that we look at Oliver Twist, which talks a lot about the plight of the PR, of unmarried mothers. What happens to those children? And it was actually a very important thing that the Queen of England and the establishment would have been discussing these things. So also in 1836, he married Catherine Hogarth. He had actually been quite friendly with Katherine's mother because she was a friend of Sir Walter Scott, whom he admired as a writer. So he had Katherine went on to have ten children, very large families being Coleman in the Victorian era, he traveled to America with a mixed response. It started to become possible for English writers to given an audience and America. But there are issues around international copyright, which was something that hadn't been really flashed ICT and those days, Dickens had proposals that he thought the American Congress should discuss the wrong copyright. And a certain number of Americans felt it wasn't really his business to interfere in American law. And so it was a mixed reaction that he received in the states the first time that he went. In 1843, a Christmas Carol was published in IT team 49 to 50, he wrote David Copperfield, which we've already mentioned was the most autobiographical of his novels. And from that time has novels became darker and theme. So Oliver Twist, we've already mentioned, covered some very serious issues. A Christmas Carol looks at the poverty of the crotchets and the redemption of Ebenezer Scrooge. There's some serious themes here, but it's really from this period that the humour of Dickens note that it's a bit last, but the subject matter becomes heavier. In 1846, he had become a patron of urine at Cottage for so-called fallen women, which was a much less punitive institution than its contemporary. See, remember an Oliver Twist, he had looked at the plight of the unmarried mother. So he is not only writing about social issues, he's kinda putting his money where as my peers and backing some causes. So Robert brining referred to decades as an enlightened Unitarian. He had criticisms of the church, but he was a professing christian. He just felt that the per, who worked very, very hard should be given some days to have fun on. The charge was sucking out of somebody's basically was his issue. In 1845, he began editing the liberal Daily News and I have been a political journalist in the past. He had attended parliamentary debates. He had his finger on the pulse of what was going on and current affairs and not very much comes across in his novels. He produced big cars and 1852 to three Hard Times in 1854 and little darts in 1856. So he's continuously right, in this period. It 50, 57. He fell in love with actress Alan Cernan, and he stayed in love with her for the rest of his life. Consequently, he separated from Catherine and iamb undertook rating tourists in England, Scotland, and Ireland. And at one rate, and he raised 3 thousand pounds for the children's hospital accurate Orban straight in London and 3 thousand ponds and Victorian terms was a vast amounts of money. So he released a Tale of Two Cities in 1859. And his, well, possibly his magnum opus, grit expectations in 18611865. He was on his way home from Paris with Alan when he was involved in the stable Hurst rail crashed larger member in the Victorian era trends where new technology and they haven't quite go everything right yet. And unfortunately in this case, the trend was traveling over a bridge and stable Hearst, which actually was a native repair on there was a terrible crash. Dickens being and a first-class carriage at the front survived the crash. He attended to the wounded and he actually managed to save some lives and away. Charles Dickens can be thought of as a bit like the Bono of his day, where some people think he's a hero and some people thought of him as a bit of a do-gooder. But there is no arguing that in this case, he really managed to do some good and that he responded very quickly to your crisis. So he visited America again in 1867, which was a successful literary visit. And Charles Dickins died and it takes M Davis stroke is 58. So he's left behind some amazing novels and it was quite difficult to decide which novels to discuss here. But one that has to be discussed is grit expectations, considered one of the finest novels in the English language. So Great Expectations. I don't know whether you've read it or not. But it's the story of a young man from an underprivileged background called pip, who happens to rescue Mag, which a criminal in his childhood. So pip later goes quite often, goes to visit. They kinda mad, miss having him around. I say she's mad. She was disappointed and love when she was filtered on the day of her wedding and she's left, her high satisfies satisfying enough in latin, exactly the way it was on the day she was delta. The clocks are stopped. The wedding cake, which is rotting, is still there. You know, some really horrific imagery of someone stuck and a moment of their lives. So much harvest them, adopts a beautiful ward called Stella. Him she trends especially to disappoint man. Estaba is basically to be her revenge all men. Pip discovers that he has a benefactor who is paying for his education, allowing him to rise in the world. And he imagines that it's mischievous. Mischievous him has plans for him to marry a stela. That as well. He believes. The thing of like grit expectations is it's ending is actually a let lawn care. We're going to look at an article about that noise. Here you can see the last line of Great Expectations on apparently Dickens had a couple of different versions at the end of grit expectations. And this is the one that we've ended up with. So talking about meeting again with a Stella from whom he has been a part of the PIP says, I took her hand in mine and we went out of the ruined place. And as the morning mists had risen long ago when I first left the forged. So the evening mists were rising live and add all the broad, expansive, tranquil lights they showed to me. I saw no shadow of another parting from her. I saw no shadow of another part and from her knowledge does not mean they couldn't be part they decided they could be part of and they basically lived happily ever after or that they wear that actually part of but he just couldn't for say it in this moment. And that is really up to the reader to decide. Another very influential novel by Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist. It's been made into numerous movies on a musical, of course, Food, glorious food and all that. Which may actually make light of a novel which actually has some pretty serious themes to it. You know, Oliver Twist as the son of a young unmarried mother. And neither mother nor child and Victorian society would have had much protection. He ends up being forced to live with and work for a gang of thieves who use young boys to break and devices because they're small and they can fit through small spaces. So the idea is that Oliver and Charney Bateson and the various other boys will sneak into the wisest and opened the door for Bill Sykes and his gang. Builds sites being one of the most evil characters. And Dickins, you also have Fagan who is in charge of the boys, treading them up for this life of crime. And you have the kindly, benevolent Nazi who actually has some empathy with the boys, affection for the boys. She's very sadly murdered by Bill Sykes towards the end of the novel. Novel, novel does have a happy ending. If you haven't read it yet or seen any of the movies, I won't spoil it for you. And things work out well for all of our uptight didn't for a lot of real life young boys of his time. And it also makes the point that these young people are entering a life of crime, not through choice. They are not criminal or immoral people. Their young children who have no protection on this is just one of the risks that they face, that they'll fall in with one of these guys. So Dickinson's making some pretty serious points in this novel. A Christmas Carol. I mentioned earlier on the Muppets version, there's been numerous televised versions of a Christmas Carol. So it's got two contrasting elements to it. It has a moral point to make, and it has a social points make, the moral point being made and the story of Ebenezer Scrooge on, of course, we use the term Scrooge to mean someone who is miserly and Maine and not particularly generous towards others. He is visited by the ghosts of his former partners who warned him of the damnation that awaits if he doesn't man his ways. Then visited by three ghosts, the Ghost of Christmas Past, where he sees his own younger life. The Ghost of Christmas Future, which is a pretty scary future where he'll basically end up in hell. And the Ghost of Christmas Present. In this visitation, he sees the life of Bob crotchets. No, I, that's where the social commentary comes in and the life of the crotchets bulb crotchet is an employee of Ebenezer Scrooge, who scrape just never taken much time to think about. But he has a son called Tiny Tim, who's famous for saying, God bless each and everyone. Tiny Tim is a very lovable that the boy who happens to have a disability. And it's very, very difficult for his family to care for him in Victorian England. So what happens during the novel is Ebenezer Scrooge learns empathy and eventually helps the crotchet found by walls Dickinson's belief when the rich have empathy with the PR, that you're going to have massive changes in society. And an awful lot of his writing is aimed at encouraging that kind of empathy. 31. William Butler Yeats: Let's talk about the first Irishman who won the Nobel Prize for Literature, William Butler Yeats. And I've entitled this lecture from English Romanticism to new Irish literature because he had stead lived for a time in England and he was inspired by English poets, especially Shelly and William Blake. But towards the end of his career, basically after 1900, he started to write on very Irish subject matter and he was actually a key figure in the Arab literary revival. So what Butler Yeats, who lived from 1865 to 1939, was a poet, a playwright, and one of the founders of the Abbey Theatre in Dublin. And why that's significant is before the finding of that theatre, which didn't start out as the app, as we'll find out, really plays were imported from England theaters. And yet since Vd sat empty until the English chose to fill them. So there wasn't an investment in Irish culture and Arish writing, which was actually suppressed for political reasons around the time. So that was very significant. He won the Nobel Prize for let certain light, 18-23, as we've mentioned. And he also served two terms as a senator of what was then called the Irish Free State law, known as the Irish Republic. He was absolutely fascinated by the all cult, which wasn't unusual in Victorian times. And by Irish mythology. His already works were and widths as we mentioned by Shelley on by Spencer, I'm by William Blake. But his writing did become increasingly Irish and we'll see why that was. So he was born in Sandy minds and Ireland and he was the son of John Butler, yet another John and Mary Pollak's when the family makes a slideshow the year after his birth on he called that the country of my heart. That's where he's buried actually its landscape and formed much of his poetry. It's very, very beautiful place if you've never been there. I've been to yet his grave and a couple of occasions. He was born a member of the Protestant ascendency. And to explain that briefly, when they plantation happened and you know, many English and Scottish settlers came over to Ireland. I'm really during the Elizabethan periods, the English needed control of Ireland because they didn't want it to be used by their enemies and Europe as a base to launch attacks from, against the English. So if you wanted to be married or buried or, or any of those kind of affairs for the family, you have to join that church of Ireland, which was the average brightness of the Church of England, that was the official state charge. And Protestants, although they were a minority. Did have a political par, that and a freedom that was denied to you, the net of Catholic population. There were certain members of society converted to Providence and it hasn't because of that. But that was a great way to get yourself ostracized by your community. So, yes, was a member of this Protestant descent and say, who by this period in history where starting to lose their par and to become sort of a thing of the past. So an 1867, the family moved to London to further John's career as an artist. So he was educated at home and that a good dolphin skull, which is actually not a garbled scope for four years. He has that kind of mix of English influence and his love of slide-show, his love of Ireland. In 1882, founding returned to Dublin for financial reasons. And that's around the time he began writing poetry, not uncommon, Of course, for teenagers to write poetry. In 1885, the Dublin university Review published poems by yets ont his essay, the poetry of Sir Samuel Ferguson. So at this point in his career, very influenced by English writing. His first poems, as I mentioned, we're influenced by chalet and the critic Charles Johnson described them as alternately on Irish. At that point in his career. From 1884 to 86, he attended the Metropolitan School of Art. And it was really at this point that he began to be influenced by Irish mythology, took an interest in Irish mythology and folklore which crept into his work, was also very influenced by William Blake. The family returned to London in 1887 or the butler Yes, family, as I should say. And it's joined the occult secret society, the hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. Not a fascination with the occult, was something that was quite rife. And Victorian England that wasn't an unusual in those days. But yet how to real devotion to the all coat, which lasted pretty much for the whole of his life. He also co-founded the Reimer's club at the time, which was a group of poets who met in Fleet Street to read their work aloud to each other. And he published two anthologies of the Reimer's work and 18901894. So whilst he was co-editing a volume of poetry by Blick, he actually managed to find an undiscovered Blake poem, Valla or the four Zola's. So real debit, you click, this would have been very exciting to him. He joined the ghost Club in 1911. We mentioned that goes club when we were talking about Alfred Lord Tennyson. It is one of the world's oldest paranormal societies. And he sat around that time. The mystical life is at the center of all that I do and all that I think at all that I write. So very important to him. We'll talk a little bit about his literary career at that time. His first poem, The Island of statues. Was serialized and the Dublin University reviewed his first solo publication which has father paid for, was Masada, a dramatic poem. So at Kmart 1886 and this father paid for by a 100 copies to be printed. So at that point, he's definitely not a celebrity writer. 1889, he published The wanderings of all Shane and other poems based on the Fabian cycle in ours pathology. So there's a key theme of his work that comes through in the world drinks that all Shane. And that's the life of contemplation as being superior to the life of action. He continues his devotion to all called orders. And during 1885 he's actually involved in the formation of the hermetic order. And Dublin, he attended his first sale throughout that time anti, based a lot of poems on the spirit guide, But he supposedly encountered when he was attending science as this character that cropped up. He was embedded into the Golden Dawn as a film member in 1890. And he took us as molto, daemon as Deus and verses devil is galled, inverted. So I think, I think you could call him in today's parlance as sort of quiz eyes sit must, really. That might sound a little bit strong, but obviously, orders like this are a little bit less Coleman Nye than they were in Victorian times. So let's talk now about the love of his life. Mod gone. So at 1889 he met mod gone and she was an English Eris and she was an ardent Irish nationalist. Gets walls in Irish nationalist but not to the extent that mold walls. And he wouldn't join in some of her nationalist activities, which led her to return his love sadly. So she had a profound effect on his poetry and on his life. He actually proposed her four times and was turned down four times. She married the Irish nationalist Major John McBride, which absolutely gutted yets. Yets derided McBride and his poetry. And he also resented malls conversion to Catholicism. He of course had been born protestant and he was an agnostic. But within Ireland you can have labels like Catholic and Protestant with their actually equating to a religious belief that Kanban ethnic term or a kind of political term. But she had converted to Catholicism tomorrow McBride, and that created a sort of difference between her and yets. The marriage ended after the breath of their sons Sean McBride. And yet some Mod finally consummated the relationship in 1908, they had one light of passion. Afterwards, she hits wrote The Tragedy of sexual intercourse as the perpetual virginity of the so o dare, after all that hard AIC, and it just didn't go well. And Mall didn't really want to pursue a sexual relationship with yet. So she wrote to him a bite the beauty of Potomac relationships. So his love life not going that well, at least his career was going well. So yet began to focus on Irish subject matter and he became a key figure and the Irish literary revival of the late 19th and early 20th century around that time, yets Liddy Gregory, his friend Edward Martin on George, may find that the Irish literary Theater, which is based on the French avant garde theater movement. And it was meant to assure the ascendancy of the playwright rather than the actor manager, aula lambda a. So it was meant to be different than English theater. It actually failed after about two years, but it was a forerunner of the ABE Phaedra and Dublin pictured here. So it was a grit contribution to Irish cultural life. Yes, met the American poet Ezra Pound pictured here in 1908. So pawn travelled to London to meet him calling him the only poet worthy of serious study. So he was real Fun Boy of yets. I'm from that until 1916, they spent the winters and the stone cottage and Ashdod forest with pined acting as yet says Secretary. So the poem, Easter 1916, yet re-evaluates has attitudes to the leaders of the Easter Rising who were Catholics from lowly social backgrounds. The Easter Rising in 1916, it was basically an attempt to overthrow the English in Ireland. There have been the Homebrew battle in England which had been debated. The Ireland relay should be allowed to govern itself. That hadn't gone through on the Irish are making a bid for freedom. It didn't go in the rebels favor. Most of them were executed, including John McBride. So, yes, often stayed with Lady Gregory at her home co Park and Galway, where he wrote The Wild swellings HIPK2 between 19161917. So yets also had a political career on some views that might not sit well with us and the Modern Day. In 1922, he was appointed a Senator for the Irish Free State. They, Irish Free State having been created after 1921 when the partition of Ireland OCT Kamen separating Ireland and to the Protestant Northern Ireland where I live. So as you can tell from my accent, and the Irish Free State, which is now the Irish Republic, my grandfather would have referred to it as the free state, but it's not a term that's used not. So he actually supported fascist movements in Europe and he vehemently opposed individualism and Political Liberalism. And he believed that fascism would bring a sense of order after the First World War, he became an art fond of miscellany. So now let's talk about his marriage. Joel McBride, as I mentioned, was executed for his role in the East arising in 1916 leaving mold or was a weather. So yes, proposed to her for the last time, to be rejected for the last time, and eventually went on to marry the 25-year-old Georgia hide lays pictured here yet, so it's 51 at the time. He basically it got to the point where he really wanted to have heirs. And they did have two children and myco, he wasn't always fit well to Georgia on she was aware of it, but she didn't. Want to separation. She was Well, I was gonna say she was happy to stay in the marriage. I don't know how happy she was by that, but she stayed within the marriage law. Let's talk about the Nobel Prize. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1923 for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form, gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation. And other words, it's not just yet, so he's been recognized, but the literature of Ireland. And he acknowledged this writing to several people who wrote to congratulate them that I consider that this honor has come to me last as an individual, then as a representative of Irish literature and is part of Europe's Welcome to the free state. His sales increased after he won the Nobel Prize. Not surprisingly, and for the first time he had money. So he was able to pay off his own depths on his father's debts. He wrote a vision in 1925, which was published in 1926. And also in 1925 he was reappointed as a senator. Now there was a debate at the time on divorce, and the Catholic Church was very much part of this debate opposing the introduction of divorce. Yet not only believed and divorce, but he didn't want to see in Ireland that was dominated by the Catholic Church. And he also stated that the Protestant North couldn't be brought on board to join a united Ireland. When Ireland was run by the Catholic Church. And his speeches around that time where considered very influential. Other didn't win the motion. He died and mental and France in 1939 at the age of 73, and he was initially buried in France. He'd actually asked Georgia to have him buried in France until the press. Oliver, over his death, died, died. There was a little bit last publicity and then to move him to his beloved slideshow where he's wearing. He was re-entered at Saint Columbus church and drum cliff. I've been there a couple of time yet since grave is actually it's an, a beautiful part of the world, but there's actually something really eerie abide it. I didn't say that. That's not promoting tourism here, but anyway, his grave bears these words from the last lines of his poem, Under band Bolden. Cast a cold eye on life, on data. Horsemen pass by. And I remember I saw that for the first time when I was about 1314 them. And for some reason that really scared me and I don't think it whit noise. So this poem by yet, many of us read at scale, if wishes for the cloths Of haven't, also known as had either heavens embroidered cloths. How dire the heavens embroidered cloths and wrought with golden and silver light, the blue and the DEM, on the dark cloths of night and light and the half light. I would spread the cloths under your feet. But I being PR have only my dreams. I have spread my drains under your feet, Tread softly Because you tread on my drains. Now you can clearly see the influence of the romantics and not Poet. It is very reminiscent of a chalet. It slightly reminds me of music when soft voices die. Alright? Famous poem by yets. When you are old, when you are old and grey and full of sleep on nodding by the fire, take down this book And slowly read and dream of the soft look your eyes had once and all of their shadows deep, high, many loved your moments of glad grace And loved your beauty with love, false or true. But one man loved the pilgrim, So menu And loved the sorrows of your changing face and bending down beside the glowing bars. Remember that little saddling high loved flat on, paced upon the mountains overhead And hid his face amid a crowd of stars. 32. James Joyce : In this video, we're gonna talk about one of the greatest of Irish writers and actually one of the most influential writers globally and the modernist movement, and that is James Joyce. So here we see him in a portrait of the artist as a young man, data anyway, James Augustan, our wishes, Joyce, While I'm mindful, lived from 1882 to 1941. He was a novelist, a poet, a short story writer, a literary critic and teacher. And despite his huge and influence we've seen before that he influenced Virginia Woolf, that he influenced William Faulkner, that infinite Samuel Beckett, but he was never a Nobel laureate. He was one of the most influential authors of the 20th century, as we've said, contributing to the modernist movement. His most famous works include Ulysses, which came out in 1922. Dubliners, which appeared in 1914. A Portrait of the Artist as a young man, which was published in 1916. And Finnegan's Wake, published in 1939. In 1904, he moved mainland Europe and he didn't really live permanently and Ireland after that, he may have there with Nora barnacle. Here was his lifelong partner, eventually his wife. He lived and tree st and Paris and in Zurich. He always based his literary works on Dublin though, no matter where he was living. And he said, As for myself, I always ride a bike Dublin because if I can get to the heart of Dublin, I can get to the heart of all the cities of the world. In the particular is contained the Universal. And we would say here in Ireland that if he could get to the heart of Dublin, he was not taking the Lis, little Irish joke there. James Joyce was born on the second of February 1882 and Dublin to John Joyce, another job and Mary Jan Marie. And he came from a Catholic middle-class background. In 1887, the family moved to the time of Bray. So happened while they were there, Joyce was attacked by a dog, which being a young child at the time, led to a lifelong kind of phobia affair of dogs. And that's actually a very limiting thing some of you might have experienced that it makes it very difficult to say Go for a walk in the park. So in 1891, when he was only nine years old, he wrote a poem about the death of Charles Stewart Parnell, who was an Irish nationalist politician and had been later of the home rule movement. And his father pay to have this poem printed and actually sent a copy of the poem to the Vatican. Because John Joyce was angry at the Vatican's alliance with the English Conservative Party, which had at that point collapsed home rule and Ireland. In 1893, his father was fired from his job and that began the family's descent into poverty. And John Joyce drunk and he was not grit managing money. A Jesuit priest who happened to meet his father on the street one day offered joy's a place at the Belvedere School, which was a Jesuit, Jesuit scope for a much reduced phase because Joyce had actually had to leave school because his family could no longer afford the phase and he'd been. Educated at home for a time. So this got him back into the school system. And when he was 13, he was elected a member of the Sudan today of our lead a, a Jesuit order by his fellow students, like Joyce's relationship with religion on, with Catholicism was a complex one. He at 1 clam to have completely rejected Catholicism and sad that he bulk data Hs couldn't live with it. But it does seem to be contained within some of his writings. And some critics suggest that he reconciled with Catholicism. Ts Eliot's was one of those commentators. He says that you can see a streak of Christianity and Joyce is writing it. It's, it's of course unusual to find religious references and a religious subtext and Modernist writing. In 1898, he enrolled at University College Dublin, where he studied English, French, Italian. And in 1900 he published his first work, which was a review of absence when we dead awake in the fortnightly Review. And he actually taught himself Norwegian so that he could send epsilon a fan letter. And when absent, got this letter, he wrote back a thank-you letter. When his college refused to publish his article on the Irish literary theater, Arthur Griffith, who was the founder of the political party Shen fan and Ireland Chin Fan mains ourselves printed a defense of Joyce and his newspaper, United Irishmen. And that introduced Joyce to the wider Irish pub. He graduated from University College Dublin in 1902, and at that pointy headed off to France to study medicine, but he abounds on that plan. He returned home from Paris when he got a telegram from his father to say his mother was dying. And she unfortunately died on the 13th of August 1902. Joyce and his brothers Thomas lists, which was his father's middleman, refuse to nail him prayer with other members of the family, which was much commented on on apparently distressed. His mother. Joyce began drinking quite heavily after his mother's death. He scraped together money to live on from writing book reviews, from teaching and from singing. He was an accomplished tenor. And he had one, a famous Irish singing festival called the cue, the music festival. He met this Liddy nor a barnacle in 1904. She was his lifelong companion and eventually his wife. He married her in 1931. Also in this year, he got into a fight and he was rescued and taken home by an acquaintance of his father, Alfred H. Hunter and joyce best, the character of Leopold Bloom and Ulysses, the protagonist of Ulysses, partly on the figure of Alfred H. Hunter. He was living in student digs around that time until a student fired a pistol over his head. So we lacked on the spot, well, being shot off as a quite good reason for leaving somewhere. So he walked it Niles to spend the night with relatives. And then he up and moved to mainland Europe with Nora. So they moved to Zurich, but he couldn't get work there. And then to try dxdy, which was part of Austria Hungary at a time. So this is before the First World War and before the mops of Europe where basically. Redrawn, so he eventually find a teaching job and polar, which was also part of Austria, Hungary at the time. And the Austrians expand all aliens from Paula and March 1905 because they have discovered aspiring. So he then move back to tree estate, which I believe is knowing Italy. And there he taught English and he stayed there for about ten years. His breast child, George, known as Georgia, was born in 1905. So per Nora, she'd hubs to flee to another sits a whilst heavily pregnant. It was a stressful time. I'm sure he got his brothers Donald's loss of job teaching it the same skill, hoping that his brother could put some money into the family Kitty. But his brother enjoys thought over Joyce's drinking on his mismanagement of money, both traits that Stanislaus had already seen and his father. In 1909, he visited Dublin to see his father aunt hub Dubliners published, and he took a sister, EVA, back with him when he went home to treat pasta to help nor run the heist. He visited Dublin again and the same year with business backend to launch Ireland's parsed cinema, the Valta cinema autograph. It was well-received, but it didn't survive Joyce's departure. He returned to trust it and January 1910 with his sister eileen. And even I returned to Ireland, but Eileen stayed on in continental Europe on she actually studied in Europe for the rest of her life, marrying a check cashier. In 1912, he returned to Dublin for the last time, where he had a massive falling right with his publisher George Roberts over the publication of Dubliners. And he wrote the poem, gas from a burner in a state of Ridge. His father and William Butler Yeats asked him to return to Ireland, kept asking him for visits, but he never again return to Ireland. The closest ego to Dublin walls, London. So while he was living in tree estate, heat developed very serious eye problems and ended up having 12 surgeries for these problems. And nitrogen-15 after the outbreak of World War one, he moved to Zurich and it was a condition of his exit primates from GSD that he take no action against the Emperor of Austria, Hungary. So around this time, he began to take an interest and socialism. And he was very much influenced by the philosophies of Benjamin Tucker and Oscar Wilde's The Soul of Man Under Socialism. Oscar Wilde, there's an Irish writer for you. I'm, in 1918 he declared that he was against every state. So that kind of individualism, rather than the control of state or church or institutions. That's something that comes across very much and modernism. And we know that James Joyce is a key figure in modernism. So in 1920 he moved to Paris and he finally finished USA's. And a grant from the Irish arts pit drawn the Shoah waiver meant that he could keep writing and devote his time to write are going to be financially okay. So his eyes continued to be a problem. They were very painful. And he started to wear an eye patch thought, obviously slow down the process of writing. In 1931, he married Nora, and on throughout the 19 thirties he traveled frequently to find treatment for his eye problem onto have surgery. He also traveled to find treatment for his daughter Lisa, who we mentioned to have dead Samuel Beckett or had been interested in Samuel Beckett who had rejected her. She had schizophrenia and she was actually seen by Carl Young. And when Carl Young read Ulysses heat became convinced that James Joyce was also schizophrenics. And he said of James Joyce that they were two people who were both headed towards a river. Only. James was diving and we say I was sinking. So that's how he describes their mental health. The sea, the sea enjoys, pictured here to the rights. And in Paris, Maria and Eugene has nursed Joyce as he wrote that against Wake. So his health was really quite bad at that moment. He needed their practical help in order to finish the book, which took him several years to write. And also he needed the ongoing financial support of Harriet's Shaw lever. So fortunately, he had both those things. He died on the 11th of January, 1941 following starch rate or a perforated duodenal ulcer. And he's buried in the flume turn sentiment tray and Zurich. Nora had offered to permit his body to be repatriated to Ireland, but the Irish government at that time turned towards on other last year in 2019, there was a controversial plan in Ireland to repatriate the bodies of the Joyce family. And wom article around that time sat that Irish people were more interested and monetizing their grit writers than in rating them. So, you know, there was a bit of a debate, a bite. This. Let's look at some of Joyce's poetry and his beautiful use of language. We have to very short poems here at Florida given to my daughter. Free will. The White Rose on frail are her hands that give whose soul is sere. I'm paler than times when wave rose, frail and fair yet freeList, a wonder, wild and gentle iss by Vail asked my blue then a child. So you can say that that sort of known non-linear, either very metaphoric, heavy way of writing but beautiful image she's of language. So here's another poem called Night space, golden gloom, the pale stars that are torches and shrouded with ghost fires from heavens far verges, phantom limb arches on soaring arches might send arc native serif and the lost hosts awakened to serve as till and moonless bloom H lapses, muted, then raised when she has and shaken their terrible. So Ulysses, of course, James Joyce's most famous whack. It basically follows the day in the life of a guy called Leopold blame. And the structure of it is, is quite interesting. What it does is it has 18 chapters and each chapter covers and are in the day of Leopold Bloom. And each chapter also refers to an episode at Homer's Odyssey. Ulysses, of course, being the protagonist of The Odyssey. So well. Odysseus being his great ma'am. But Ulysses or Odysseus, same personally said. It has a kind of a amorphous structure, common and modernism. It uses a lot of stream of consciousness. It's sort of a standard. The here is the Start, Here is the, and it actually received accusations of obscenity because of the streams of consciousness passages which were thought to be offensive to both church and state at the time. But, you know, the novel overcome those obstacles and is nigh pretty much up there. And the Irish literary candidates, probably the Irish equivalent to grit Expectation say. And most literature students in Ireland where at some point read Ulysses, a Portrait of the Artist as a young man. And of course the cover was Bind To have a Portrait of the Artist as a young man. You remember we talked about high publishers turned this work dine on, and Joyce revisited it in later life. It's very heavily autobiographical. And it's, it's pretty much a coming of age story. So if you're interested in the life and times of James Joyce, this really is the 1s rate Dubliners NIH. This is basically a collection of short stories on some of the characters from Dubliners become minor characters in USA's. So it's probably good to read Dubliners before you read Ulysses, if you know, you're intending to get into Joyce. So it was written at the peak of Irish nationalism, which is something that runs through it. And it's a very sort of naturalistic real life depiction of Arish, middle-class life. And of course Dublin, it's Dubliners. And each stories has an epiphany and that's where the character has a light bulb moment and something really changes. So it's, it is a little bit grim, little bit Blake. I thought when I read it as a student, I should probably go back and read it and see if I still feel that, that, that kind of not necessarily realism, but that kind of gritty depiction of, of, you know, real life family scenarios means that it's basically timeless. 33. Molière: There are some people and you may have met people like this who are able to make a really serious point using coma died. And one of the most famous writers and history to have done that was molly air, one of the greatest writers in the French language, which is why I've called this video Malia, the serious colleague, Joel Matisse peculiar, which was molly airs, birth_name. Malia was his stage name as an actor, lived from 1622 to 1673. He was a playwright, an actor, and a poet. And he's regarded as one of the greatest writers and French. His works include comedies, farces, tragic comedies, and Khomeini ballet, which are, are spoken plays which include music and dance. So basically the equivalent to the modern day musical. He spent 13 years as a touring actor and the provinces which refined his skills and calm day. And he combined the Italian Commedia del arete, which was sort of client as humor, which was popular in Europe at the time with the more refined French comedy. He wrote 31 of the MD5 plays that his company performed during their time in Paris. And his most famous works and good limits on Tropp, tar tooth Navarre, which I have fond memories of reading at school, and a student of the French language, we'll have studied Malia. And they called the Murray the School for husbands, and they called the fam, the scope for wives. Malia was the official author of the royal court and his theater company became the royal trip of Louis the 14th. Malia was born in Paris and 1622, and as we've already heard, his name at that point was Joan bought TCE Buchla and he was the eldest son of Joan poke Allah and his wife Marie. I say no more. Eva's from a bourgeois breads family. Molly iris birth, Kim abides fairly soon after their marriage. Not too sure what happened there. When amid and the highest hold first saw the baby, Malia, she exclaimed, loony, walked on nose and linear became his family. Nick, ma'am. So an early introduction to accommodate their sadly, his mother died when he was only 11, and he doesn't seem to have been particularly close to his father, but he lived with his father about the pebbles on the root's Sentinel way, which was an affluent, an affluent area of Paris. And he attended quite a prestigious Jesuit school, the college declare mole, where he got his first taste of the stage. In 1631, his father bought the posts of violet of the King's chamber and keep our of carpets on a post straight. And his son assumed these posts in 1641. You only had to do three months of work. And basically you paid 1200 laborer. And for that you, you are paid back 300 labor. But it also brought in some great lucrative contracts so that basically it was molly airs fathers am to setup a bit of a family business through during this, Malia, studied as a prevention lawyer and 1642, but it's unknown whether or not he ever actually qualified because in Jane 1643. He abandoned the aristocratic contacts that he'd made at skill, at his father's plan for him on pursued a stage career, which was a bit of a it wasn't a respectable thing today about point in history to, to run off and joined the theater. So at this point he founded the illustrative data along with the actress Madeline Bajaj, and they were littered, joined by her brother and sister. The trip went completely bankrupt and 1645, Malia had find himself head of the trip, which was possibly because of his scales as an actor. And he ended up spending 24 hours and present. It could have been worse, only an unknown benefactor. Now, unknown Somalia, but unknown to history came along. I'm paid off the 2000 lever that the company owed for hiring a tennis court to uses a theatre. So Malia then returned to OCT on he wasn't put off by this experience. And this time he changed his name to Moliere. That's, that's where I'm not man began to stick, possibly to spare his father the shame of having an actor and the family. Actors had previously been vilified by the state, although that was changing under a king Louis the 14th. But for example, they couldn't be buried and sacred ground wasn't considered a respectable profession. So Molly era than embarked on a circuit of the provinces with Madeline and a new trip they had formed. I'm not actually lasted for the next 12 years. He attend the patronage of the kings, rather fill up the first few play survive from his touring periods. But the most noteworthy are later DUE council tone, which is known in English as the bundler and Lou Dr. umbrella, the doctor and loved. And she actually moved away from the Italian Commedia that RPA influence on showed his talent for satire on mockery. He also gained the patronage of normal prints of county around this time a named his company after him. The prince of county is pictured here to the right night. Their friendship ended and glorious Technicolor when our mole contracted syphilis from a courtesan and then became divinely religious. And he joined Molly airs, enemies in the partied they develop the party of the whites. Well, that's a very literal translation, but the party is more or less at the company dissonance, whack-a-mole, the company of the sacred sacrament. Moliere, pilloried religious hypocrisy in his writings and did incur the wrath of the religious establishment on occasions. Well, yeah, let's return to Paris, as you would imagine, was very well staged. He ran what we've been NIH probably referred to as a PR campaign to build his reputation in Paris before he arrived there. So he actually stayed ICT side the city for several weeks, promoting himself to society gentlemen and letting them talk about Tim and build his reputation before he actually arrived. And he raged Paris in person in 1658. And performed a command performance for the king at the Louvre. So this was, you know, pretty auspicious start to as Paris career. And the Louvre at the time was for ramped as a theater. You'll notice that the lack of actual theaters, people are using tennis courts, palaces. Because if theta is still very young at this point, his trait performed Cornell's neck, Ahmed and Molly Arizona. No doctor Amara for the king thought light. His trip was then a word of the title trip to monsieur. Now it must. Cia was the honorific title for his pitch and the Jacob Arlene. And with Mrs. help, the trip came to share the theater at the pity barebone and the Superbowl was they Bourbon, royal, royal family. Heist tiny house in Paris, not Palace but a tiny highs. So millionaires trip is given space there and they share it with the Committee adopt Arctic company of Tiberio fear. Oh, he's famous for the character of skirmish as an Scarborough MOOC, Kara MOOC, we will you do the fun dung go. And scholar Moshe was a sort of Finnish stock character coming from Italian calm day popular in Europe at the time. Tanks of November 1659. I play premiered called Lay Press years ridicule the, well, the effected young ladies is the translation of that that you'll find around the internet and think maybe clueless main girls as a modern equivalents. But, but young women who have been infected by the kind of negative aspect of the social norms of their day. And so that was performed at the pity verbal. And it was the first Amalia is plays to satirize social manners and France. And at he mocked the Academie francaise, the body that had been created by richness to, to establish the rules of the fledgling French theater. And it had been created under our royal pinned to. So you know, he was taking a bit of a risk here because he was of course, kind of end with the royal family and a bit of a favorite. Moliere became famous for calm day. And even though he actually personally really lights translate, but he became famous for call today and especially comedy which cast to get ridden, Dumouriez criticizes through humor, as we talked in the past. And I got signs like an Latin proverb, but it was actually a phrase coined by a contemporary French contemporary of Mali hours. He became famous for farces of one act which were basically performed right after the tragedy, which was the man item on the bill. And on some of these were only partially scripted and improvised over a combo catchier, which was a big plot outline. He did go on to write full five act comedies written inverse, such as later D, the bundler written in 1654 and lambda p Abdullah. The best way I can translate that is the spiteful man in love, written in 1656. Layperson ridicule had brought Moliere favorable criticism. He'd done well artistically through it, but it was not a commercial success. So he at that point asked Fiorello to teach him the techniques of commodity at that RTA. Now I heat aid used Committee at that RTI earlier in his career, but he wanted to make his knowledge a little bit more in depth. So it has 1660 play. Now neural, ou, know Cauchy, imaginary, imaginary cook, old as extensively attribute to Commedia del arte. I am to Theora personally. It's showcased Malia as pessimistic views on the falsity of human relationships. So he's got this kind of Jill thing going on and his writing of being funny and wet a comic. But also, yeah, pessimistic, good word. It was the first play and his so-called jealousy series, which also includes Dong RC didn't evolve, lake altimetry and nickel. They found the scope for husbands and the SCO for wives. When the petty bubble was demolished and 1660, to make room for an extension to the royal palace, Molly hours company was permitted to use the, a swing of the pele Royale. So he's really accepted into the establishment there. And they opened there on the 20th of January, 1661 to please the joke of Arlene, who was actually so preoccupied with the arts and entertainment that he was completely excluded from state of affairs. Malia wrote and performed. Don't go see did evolve. Ooh, Nepal's jelly or the jealous spreads on the fourth of February 1661. Other comedies were successful for him that year. Lake all day Mahoney and lay fascia, the unfortunate, which was also entitled comedy FET polar DVT Simmel Du Bois, a comedy mid for the entertainments of the king. So this was actually performed a series of Part a is given for the king by Nikhil AFI K, who was the finance minister and I patron of Malia. And he was later, because of these parties are rested on the orders of Jean-Baptiste Coburn, who was the Prime Minister, the First Minister for Western public money. And for this, he was sentenced to life in prison. Can you imagine what would happen in the modern day if we sentenced public officials who whisked it, public money to life in prison, probably wouldn't have a lot of them laughed, wandering the streets. Let's be honest. Molly airs, marriage was a bit of a scandal. On the 20th of February, 1662, Moliere might our moles Beijing, whom he believed to be Madeline measure sr. Otherwise possible she was actually her daughter with the jig of Medina and his enemies around the time that he produced a very controversial play, as we'll hear later, actually spread the rumor that he had married his own daughter. His marriage was reflected in his play of that year, lake ALL they found this go for wives. Nih considered a masterpiece at mopped, the limited education that was given to daughters of affluent families at the play was actually really divisive and it sparked a protest movement known as the quarrel of Lake home. They found Malia responded by writing luck high-tech delay called The Fall, in which he imagined the plays, audience members discussing it at dinner after the play. And he addressed their criticisms. The opposite side of the so-called gag comique was taken by writers such as dunno divvy. It made Warsaw. Mlf Larry, I'm all Flurry was a long term rival of Malia. The Qinghai ever supportive Malia, granting him a pension and becoming godfather to his first son. So it's pretty hard to attack. Malia was such a powerful protector behind him. The poet and critic also supportive Malia and his poetic, poetic art. The greatest controversy to survive Molly air though, occurred after the first performance of tar chief lamp hostile at Versailles in 1664. And the depiction of religious hypocrisy within the play on the hypocrisy of the dominant classes caused ICT ridge. It was opposed by a group called the Johnson lists. He were Catholic theologians. He believed in original sin and predestination. That people were called to the Kingdom of heaven at once. It's a path that you chose yourself. And you'll remember that, that Molly hires former friends and pitch and the principal called T, was one of those religious figures who opposed him at that time. Despite this public controversy and some powerful figures being pitted against him, Moliere continued to enjoy the protection on patronage of Louis the 14th. He suggested he suspend the play. So in order to replace that, he quickly wrote Dong Hua, who left Vesta to Pierre The faced with the statute. And that was actually based on the work of a playwright on monk called tears of de Molina. And the prose. If you read it today, actually still signs fairly modern. It's the story of an atheist who becomes a religious hypocrite unless punished by God. So the people who were already annoyed were likely to be further annoyed. And the play was quickly suspended. The king, again supplied has protection and became the official sponsor of Mali. There's new trick. Limoges, medicine, doctors love or medical loves. There's different ways you could translate that was presented with music by Lilly, by order of the king, on was warmly received. 1666 saw the first production of what is probably considered Molly Air's most famous work, not the missing top, the mess and throat. At my considered one of his greatest works, but it was a commercial failure at the time it was released. It did high ever went over dunno Devi, who had previously been opposed to Malia and the gap comique to Mali hours writing. Molly air quickly followed it up with the medicine. The doctor, despite himself, which was a biting satire against the official sciences on the medical profession. It was a success despite the treaties by the prince of contact attacking the Phaedra General. I'm Malia, and particular in the play, physicians are depicted as speaking terrible Latin just to impress other papal west, only being able to prescribe clusters or enemas, not fun, and buildings. So that was the practice of the day. If if you were unwell, like say you had a favor just just to have some blood taken from you. And that was the kind of treatment that would've been available at the time. 1667, Malia tried to perform tartufo again and he changed the title to Panos lamppost. The lump roster, of course, being part of the original title. As soon as the king laughed Paris on utter, the lawyer at La ammonia, the archbishop, bound the play again. So the King came to protect the play a few years later, when he gains a bit more control over the clergy, Malia became ill, arrived this time he was really bothered with tuberculosis. Arrived that point in his life and he started to write less other, He's still produced loose Cecilia novel punting, the love of the Pinto. And which depicted the love affairs of Louis the 14th of though about snot specificly standard obviously and George danza compound D. They can find that husband, which was unsuccessful, but his masterpiece, Laval, the miser. Unlike many of you, I read level and scale it, it, it's something that students of the French language quite often read. He again used the music of allele for plays including his masterpiece New Bush wall. Giorgio. They middle-class gentleman. And it's thought to be directed against callback who had condemned his patron vk. As you'll recall. His collaboration with OLA concluded with CK i of course coming from the story of psyche, they integrate story and that was written with Pierre Connie and Filipe candle in 1672, Madeline beige iodide, which would have been an incredible blow to Malia, and his health deteriorated at that point. Although he's still wrote to successful vivax bars, lay for Blu-ray discs, kept Skype pounds to seats. It has 14 years in Paris. Malia wrote 31 of the 85 plays stage by his company, which really was quite amazing. And his death is my legendary and still spoken off with them. The actin community. On the 17th of February, 1673, Malia collapsed on stage and instead of coffee and bleeding whilst performing and Numa lads imaginary, the imaginary invalid or the hypochondriac. A little bit of an ironic turn of events that happened to be the player. He was performed again. He insisted on finishing the play, however, and then he was taken home where he died a few hours later. He was actually wearing grain when he collapsed on stage and he died wearing grain, which began the superstition that grain as bad luck for actors to priests refused to give him the last stripes on one arrive to LET, give him the last rites. Since the actors couldn't be buried and sacred ground. Our mom to ask the Qing if Malia could be buried at night. And that's what happened. And he was laid to rest and an area of a graveyard that was normally used for the burial of unbaptized infants. That tells you something about the status of actors in society. Because though he had clearly been, maybe we could say he was a personal friend is really the 14th and he had royal patronage. He never became completely respectable. In 1792, Mali Rs remains were brought to the museum of French monuments, and in 1817, they were transferred to parallel shares Cemetery in Paris. And you can see millionaires monuments in parallel. Here below. Molly era. It leaves behind a lot of plays that we could talk about it and it was actually difficult to decide which of his works to include in this video. But I think we've definitely got to talk about Tatas because it was the play that during his lifetime calls the biggest star. No, I, in my personal view, to a modern audience, we wouldn't really see the play as an attack on the religious community generally. It's an attack on hypocrisy. Maybe if you've read it, you might not agree with me or when you read it, you might not agree, you know, see what you think. But in Mali hours ONE day there was a powerful religious establishment within society. And he was going to arc these people with this play, although he did enjoy the protection of the king. So he could get away with it to a certain extent. We'll talk a little bit, a bite that litter. So Malia actually played the role of our goal and the play rather than tartufo and self. And our goal is almost like someone who is in a cults. He's completely controlled and blinded by the charismatic seemingly branches figure of Tartarus. And the play is composed of a 1960 to 12 syllable lines called Alexandria. And actually the word Tartarus has come into the English language to describe a hypocrite Who fans virtue, especially religious piety. So the story of the play goes something like this. Oregon's family are distraught because or gone and his mother will no longer take any action with art consulting tarted. He has complete control over them. And B2v is a former Vagrant, has been rescued and take an n by Argonne and our lives with them. And my claims to speak with divine authority. So oregon further distresses his family by announcing his intention of marrying his daughter Marianne to tartufo, although she's already engaged to you, velar. So the family reaches a breaking points. They devise a scheme to get tartufo to convince his desire for our goals wife, Almere, and they hope that when are gone, hears this, he'll throw him out of the house. So in fact, tartufo does try to seduce al mare, but her son, Tommy, who's been eavesdropping, leases his Tab Bar on Russia's end to intervene. At that point, Oregon enters on dummy, triumphantly prevails. Waters just happened. But tartufo turns the situation to his, his advantage, basically by using reverse psychology. We will just be a missional, unkeyed Babylon and mallow her pesto, cheap plant and Equidae. Yes, my brother, I am a wicked one, a guilty one, a miserable sinner, completely full of iniquity. So he manages to come across as patents on bus, virtuous and religious. And basically, it all goes a bit, pair, slipped and so or gone becomes convinced that Danny was lying about tartufo and actually throws him out of the ice. And tartufo convinces orgology and crazy at the time that he spends with the L mayor as a lesson to her son. So he gets what he wants. And our goal also signs all his worldly possessions and cleaning his highs over to Tartarus completely just inheriting his son and his whole family basically. At a later stage, Almere convinces or gone to witness amazing between her Antarctic and convinced that she's completely wrong. Or girl hides under a table. And he hears al mare resisting tar tiffs quite forward on unsettle advances when tartufo has completely incriminated themselves and seems close to ripping al mare actually at that point or gone jumps right from under the table and orders him Art of the heist. Tar tiffs not gonna bay cleared ICT so easily though he reveals to 4G all that he has kept an incriminating box of letters and that our goal will be the one to leave the heist. He then exits the stage and the family tried to work out what they should do. Nine, very soon, a character called MRR loyal turns up with a message from Tartarus and a court order telling the family to move out of the high switch now unfortunately belongs to tart with Oregon's mother, Madame personnel at that point becomes convinced a tortoise, complete G publicity bilayer rushes into annoyance that tar tooth has denoised or gone for adding a traitor by keeping the ladders and as a byte to be arrested. So at this point, tartufo turns up with an officer, but the person who is arrested is not, or GL, it turns out to be Tortoise. The officer explains that the enlightened king, Louis the 14th presumably has heard of the events in the household on tar. Tooth has a long criminal history and has frequently changed his name. So the King who is wise, pardons or Gall, who's given grit service in the past for keeping the letters and invalidates the date giving the heist to tart. If so, this is what's known and drama as Das X maxima, where a seemingly unsolvable problem is suddenly turned around by an unlikely occurrence or an action by a powerful figure. So the play has a happy ending when or go on lights is the upcoming wedding of a layer and Marianne. So the original audience of this play obviously had a strong reaction to it. And Louis the 14th was put in the possession of not wanting to alienates the religious establishment, but on the other hand, not wanting to join in the attack on Molly air. So this is what he said at the time. Although it was fine to be extremely diverting. The king recognize so much conformity between those that are true. Devotion leads to the path to heaven. And those that are then ostentation of some good works does not prevent from committing some bad ones. His extreme delicacy to religious matters come out suffer this resemblance of bys to virtue, which could be mistaken for each other. And one does not direct the good intentions of the author, even so, he forbids it in public and deprived himself of this pleasure in order not to allow it to be abused by others and as capable of making a just disarmament. All that's another words. The king is clever and wise and he can tell what the play is really a byte. But some people might belt and they might not be able to tell the difference between a tree religious person and the hypocrite. And the play could be abused, abused, so it cannot be performed. So this is the king trying to keep everybody happy. But, you know, there is a certain amount of protection from the king towards Molly air being seen here. Molly airs response to the argument that some viewers might try to emulate tar tariff or that the play could be used to promote behavior was basically to say, the comic is the artwork and visible form that nature's bounty has attached to everything, unreasonable so that we should see and avoid it. It follows that all lying disguise, cheating the simulation would show different from the reality. All contradiction in fact, between actions that proceed from a single course. All this is an essence comic. In other words, it's a joke People, and it's obvious, it's a joke. That is clearly high Malia felt about the criticism he faced. His most famous work is probably limits on top, the missal group, also known as rapture believe, umbrella that can Tigris lover. And it was first performed the fourth of 666 at the tautology Pali oil by the kings players. And it's malaria's past noon work, but it wasn't particularly a commercial success at the time. It satirizes the hypocrisies of French aristocratic society and humanity generally, it could be sad. And unusually for Moliere at focuses more on character development than plot progression. It's kind of ambiguous whether Alsace, the protagonist is heroically all list or an idealistic foo. And that has led to some criticism of the play over the centuries. Perhaps this is because Molly, ours previous two plays, tartufo Don Juan, happy bound. So in this way, he decided not to go so far out there. It's a little bit more subtle. So Alsace basically rejects lap Holly tests politeness, the social advocate of seventeenth-century French saddle. And that makes him very unpopular in those circles, but he can't behave in a way that he sees as superficial. Famously sang, mankind has grown so base, I mean, to break with the whole human risks. And a very famous quotation from the missile top. Despite his missing throwback stance, he falls for the flirtatious and energetic Salomon, who he's wet and frivolity basically encapsulates the manners that he claims to hit or everything he's standing against. She refuses to change despite his ret, romance and calls him unfit for society. He attract other women. The British are sin away on the honest Eliott's are attracted to Alsace and he knows that there are more virtuous than, than Salomon, But he just can't give up and his feelings for her and his feelings for her counter has negative attitude to humanity and his massage therapy. Since they make him similar to the people that he's actually sighs. I'm so i'll SAS as call to stand trial because he criticizes a sonnet written by a powerful Nobel. Nobel been around, and he refuses to give up false complements. Basically, he's a completely honest character and he's charged and it's very humiliating. So he decides to go into a self-imposed exile, are sent away who wants to win his favor? Shows him a letter Salomon has written to another Sandra on. He realizes basically she's been leading him on on writing identical letters to various seizures, including himself and aren't. So he had believed her when she had lied to show favorite to him over others. Even so, he tells her he will forgive her, gives her an ultimatum saying he will forgive her and marries her and she'll join him in exile. She's not up for that. She refuses. She thinks that she's just too hot property to leave society. She's young and pretty, and she's in a world that she's quite enjoying. So Eliott's, he had been chasing after Alsace then becomes a gauge to Geico for lumped. So Alsace leaves for exile and philanthropy on Eliott runoff to convince him to return, to bring him back into the fold. And that is basically the story of the myths on top. So I'm hoping that you will read some Molly air. Still funny. After all this time. Still got some grid depictions of humanity in there. 34. Alexandre Dumas père: So let's talk about an author whose work brings an awful lot of us back to childhood. If you've ever sort of run Roger garden swinging a pretend swords, you might owe some of that to the legacy of this guy, Alexandra Duma pair as an Alexander Dumas, the older, the father, who of course gave us the three musketeers. Not, he may not be considered the grit intellectual of some of the other French writers that we're talking about, such as Voltaire or you go. But he did create an experience that has lasted the test of time. Do you mad Davida lab, that's quite a month. Vote lived from 1802 to seven day. And he's also known as zones will do MAC pair Alexander Dumas, father or senior because of course his son, Alexander humor faith, was also a novelist and playwright. So he was a novelist and playwright and most famous for his adventures The Three Musketeers. And then the second part of that story 20 years later. And the kind of Monte Cristo. Since the early 20th century, his novels have been made into more than 200 films on it's quite likely that you've seen at least some of them. He also wrote plays and magazine articles. And he found that the tablet, Easter week in Paris in the 18 forties ensemble Dima was born in Valais cultural integrity and France on the 26th of July, it to you. But here we can see a picture of d mass father as a young man and his father, generale toma Alexander Dumas, tab2, lab highlighter. Whoa, that took some effort to say, was the son of a French nobleman. I'm an enslaved woman of African descent. And because of his African heritage, rather unfortunately, Dumas did face a certain amount of racism during his life. And though he had a very good answer for racists, which we'll see litter. So do boss. Father had been born in the French colony of Santa mine, which is present day Hitachi. His father took him to France when he was 14, unsecured his freedom because although he was the son of an aristocrat and he was also the son of a slave and not born free. So in France, he started the military education, which led to an illustrious career in the military. And it was his father's ranked that helped Alexander Dumas to find work with Louis Phillipe that you could Orlean, who later ruled after the Bourbon Restoration. So that was quite a grit connection there until politics and political events kind of made things difficult. But what we'll hear a little bit about that later. So when Jim I left that juice employ, he became a writer. When Louis Napoleon Bonaparte took over in 1851, becoming Napoleon the third, he was the nephew of the original Napoleon. Domath fell out of favor and he flat fronts at that point, he went to Belgium for several years and then Russia, Italy. And his travels very much influenced his writing. In 1861. Find that the newspaper Land Day, LBL and befriended Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italy. Duma was a supporter of Italian unification, that separate Italian states should all be made into one state. Basically. The English playwright, what Phillips described him as the most generous, large hearted being in the world. He was also the most delightfully amusing and egotistical creature on the face of the Earth. His tongue was like a windmill, once set in motion. You never knew when he would stop. Especially if the theme walls himself. So unlikeable, egotist as high. He remembered Duma, the name Dima. And I've always find this quite interesting, was his slave grandmother's name. So he has this aristocratic French heritage, but he chooses to go by the slave Nim and his heritage. So, you know, seems admirable. And 1829, his first play, Henry the third, was a great success. And he followed it up with another successful play, Christine, and it takes 30. And these plays actually made him enough money to become a full-time writer. In 1830 do not take part. And the revelation, what's replaced Charles the tenth, Charlotte the tab they've been with Louis Phillipe Jacobs. Of course, his former employer. And Louis Phillipe became known as the Citizen King. So just a little bit of background history here. Of course. The brother of Louis Phillipe and of Charles shots, the tenth. Louis the 16th had been executed during the French Revolution. Then there was the rule of Napoleon. So when he fell and was exiled, there was then the Bourbon Restoration. The Bourbon family bag the royal family of France. And so Louis the 16th to brothers and Louis Phillipe and became rulers. And there really was very conservative. Ultimately though they couldn't undo what had been done by the French Revolution. And they lost territories, lost par. With Napoleon, the thirds. Seizing par. In 1851. He couldn't be elected, but he managed to seize control anyway. So the political situation in France in the 18 thirties, walls unstable with Republicans and under-privileged urban workers rioting. The nation began to industrialize at this time, as the economy improved, press censorship was relaxed and it became a really good time for Duma to write. There was money to be made in writing. After writing more successful plays, do Mao decided to try his hand at writing novels. And at that period, novels were printed as cereals and newspapers. We've seen that across Europe. And it takes 30 it dream. I rewrote one of his plays as a serial novel, that capita poll almost as an experiment at that point. It went quite well. And he ended up employing staff writers and a production studio who produced hundreds of stories which do my directed, edited, and expanded. From 1839 to 41, with the assistance of friends, he compiled a well-known project, celebrated crimes, which is it volumes of essays, I'm famous, European crimes and criminals and claiming Beatrice said, say, murdered her abusive father or killed her obese if father and was executed. And at late, Martin Guerre, who was a French soldier who basically impersonated a dead soldier and lived with his wife and family and his village and basically assumed his identity. And essays are under the caret CIA POSIX 4a family in Italy. Well, there was a lot of murders and intrigue there. I can't put my finger on just one crime, but they're very worthwhile reading a byte celebrated crimes. In 1840, he collaborated with his fencing master against nuclease yea, all the novel, the fencing master, which was written as crazy isoquant of witnessing the December's revolt and Russia. And which 3 thousand soldiers protested as Nicholas The first took the throne after his eldest brother Constantine, it removed himself from the succession. Tsar Nicholas the first bombs, the novel and Russia on Duma was prohibited from visiting Russia until after Nicholas de Forest had died. Didn't make himself popular there then. So do you refresh, respectfully, depreciate and they can't of Monte Cristo, the Corsican brothers and his memoirs. Someone who remembered, fondly known, not everyone who wrote with Duma. How does good an experience as grazie a. In fact, Duma was sued by one of his co writers. I've just done my k for copyright infringement as he had not been credited for the plots he had researched and suggested for the content Monte Cristo, which obviously was a huge success. He succeeded in getting better pay for his work, but not in getting credit. Do you? Matt actually aren't a lot of money, but he spent very extravagantly. In 1844, he built a country house, this Chateau de Monte Cristo, pictured here, and it was outside Paris at port Marley. It becomes though of visitors who, while they took advantage, they made the most of Dumas Famous generals today. And you have to sell at only two years later, but it's nigh on museum. Do about actually published quite lot of travel books. After he was forced to flee from France. He traveled to Belgium, as you'll recall, but he also went to spin, Italy, Germany, England, and Russia. And it so happens that in Russia, French was the language of their late. You'll recall that from when we talked to by war and peace. And his novels were popular there. So it seemed a good place to spend some time. Duma, despite his aristocratic background though, on his travels and in France, suffered racial slurs as we mentioned before, G, to his African heritage. On one occasion, he gave a famous reply to someone who subjected him to racial obese. My father was a mulatto, my grandfather was a Negro, and my great grandfather was a monkey. You see, sir, my family starts are yours ends noise. Just in case anyone gets offended by this. He's basically calling the guy among gay and playing into the stereotypes that are being thrown at him. In 1840, do not marry the actress either way. As you can see pictured here. Thought it was hard for him to tie himself died to only one woman. And we believe he may have had up to 40 affairs with four known children, although some scholars believe that he actually had seven children. I don't know all of our axons will do Matthijs, who was his son with the dress Baker, Marie-Laure Catherine Law Bay, and he became a successful novelist and playwright with his father's help. He's pictured here. He had a daughter, Marie Alexandra when do math with bout Nelson. He had another delta MCI, Alec clay lead your CFA and is a bet Cordelia, oh, my word. Imagine asking a child, what's your name? Again to get to him that love with political MLE cardiac. Now she's not known as Dumas, but you'll notice that she was born well after demo's marriage, whereas the first two were born before it. And he also had a son called Henry Bower. In 1866, he had an affair with the famous American actress into Isaac's Mencken pictured here. And then she was at the height of her fam. Dubois was a member of the club date, how she's shown. I don't know about prologues dot right atoll, which met, met monthly to smoke hash at a hotel in Paris. And other members included famous writers such as Victor Hugo, shall Buddha lived and all the way to Balzac. Dumas had died and December 1870 and he's buried at his birth place, Villa cultivate. And then the Franco-Prussian War, unchanging literary trends diminished the popularity of his work. But, you know, as we've mentioned earlier, his work has hugely successful today. So what happened? Well, his work was critically re-evaluated by scholars and the 20th century. And then of course, there's the 200 movies which helped to keep him and no NIM. In 2002 to mark the centenary of his birth of do Mao's birth, French President Jack shellac had doom us ashes re-entered at the mausoleum of the tail in Paris. Night, That is a high honor. It marks his contribution to the arts in France. The equivalent in England would be to be buried in poets corner, for example. So these proceedings were televised on the coffin was flanked by four Republican Guards dressed as door Tanya and the Three Musketeers. And you can see a photograph of the event to either right here. Chiraq said with you, we were dark. Tanya, Monte Cristo or Bolzano riding along the roads of France, touring battlefields, visiting palaces and castles with you. We dream. Now I may be Irish and I may be female, but I remember as a child running right my garden pretending to be dark tunnel, do mounted, give that experience to children for generations. Chiraq also acknowledged the racism with which Dumas had been treated and felt that his reinstatement, alongside grits of French literature such as Victor Hugo and Emile Zola, went some way to addressing that wrong. Do us last novel was actually published in June 2005. The night of Santa mean tells a fictionalized account of the assassin of Lord Nelson here of course, walls shot, but in history we don't really know who shot him. The novel had been written and partially published in 1869, but it was not finished. By the time of day mass death. Three Musketeers, One of the most famous French stories of all time. And I'm sure that you've all heard their famous slogan. All for one on one for all. So late TWA was getting what's published in 1844, but it set between 16251620. It, it's a fictionalized account of someone who did actually exist in real life, dark tunnel based on childhood bats, castle Mordor, Tanya, who was a musketeers to Louis the 14th. And, and we all know the story of high. He leaves gaskin a to join the Elite Musketeers and he mates the three most note where they notorious musketeers, Alsace, whose Nobel but melancholia inquiry as quiet and it has a mysterious past. He's been married to the nefarious malaria to winter. Then there's poor host who's known for his huge physical strength. He's honest, slightly gullible, and he loves wine, women and song. He's been at a party character. Then there's RMS who had a resume trend to be appraised, a much more serious character. He is involved in the political and Amaris intrigues. And at 1, he's the lover of the dishes to Chevrolets, who's the confidant of the quaint. And so he, of course, at the end of the novel, decides once again to become a priest. So the novel is on a superficial level, a swashbuckling adventure, but is a swashbuckling adventure. But do you, Mac gives details of the injustices of the ocean regime. And that was the French regime from the late Middle Ages, right the way through to the French Revolution. And that gives the novel political relevance at the time of its publication, when debate between monarchists and Republicans was fierce. So it was first serialized, which is the way the novels were published, as we mentioned before, in July 1844. And that was during the, the July Monarchy, which was a sort of liberal constitutional monarchy rather than an absolute monarchy so that the monarch actually have no real par. And that was under Louis Phillipe, The first who of course hot Bain demands previous employer. It was four years before the French Revolution, violently established the Second Republic. So at time of turmoil. And of course, we've talked about the events of 1851 when you eat Napoleon Bonaparte stage to Curia, made himself emperor Napoleon the third. So all that was just, it was a byte to happen at that point. But when the novel was first being serialized, There was a lot going on talking up by kings, monarchs, of course, the stories about the Musketeers of the king. But you know, a story in which the monarchy plays a large role, wall's going to be political about point. So the story of Dr. Tanya and of course, wasn't just told him The Three Musketeers, its continued in 20 years after the V count of brac alone, ten years later. So there were three different novels on this story. So let's talk a little bit about the plot of the novel. It does that the Kallman Mehta textural thing, that meditational device of pretending to have Bain based on a rail historical manuscript. So in real life, what happened was the Augustan Mackay, who, as we know, Suge Duma at 1 did the historical research and suggests that plots which do not expanded unrelated in his own inimitable style. So the story goes something like this. Dark Tanya, who's a PR, young Glasgow nobleman, leaves gaskin eight with a letter of recommendation to MRR to try them, whose commander of the musketeers on his way to Paris to meet specific, to try this. As an older man scoffs at Tata anions horse is quite frankly a bit of a hothead. He demands a jewel for this. The older man's companions bait Darton and unconscious. His sword is broken and his letter of introduction is stolen, which is a bit of a disaster for him. The older man is revealed to be the Compton rush for pays an agent of Cardinal Richelieu, who's passing the gardeners orders, cardinals orders to the spy lady do Winter, who throughout the novel is mostly referred to as melody. So in the end, our Tanya mix has made ang with travails, but he hasn't got the letter of recommendation. And with ITUT, trivial politely rejects his application, but he does write him an introductory letter to a training academy that may prepared our Tonya for recruitment and the features of the possibility of becoming a musket air is still there. It's just not going to happen, right? Not so while he's being interviewed by Missy editor, this dark Tanya and sees rush for the window and, you know, he's all pads, so he rushes out to confront him and unfortunately all the way bumps into out of fence off those portfolios and RMS, the most notorious at the musketeers A8 chip whom challenge him to a duel. So at this first Ju, authors seconds our power, those an arabesque. So dark Tanya reckons he might as well jewel the ball, which actually quite impresses them. In the middle of proceedings, cargo originally used guards arrive and tried to arrest all four Ban for illegal jet drilling. So a fight ensues and they Musketeers and dark tunnel when and actually dark Tanya and seriously wounds the Cardinals remind guard G0 sack. So on hearing this, Louis the 13th, appoint star Tanya and to date disaster to a SaaS company. Company, sorry. And This is a company of guards that are not quite as prestigious as the musketeers, but it might mean that he will become a mosquito here and omega two years. So the king also gives him 40 pistols, so gives him some money for his service. That's because he really doesn't like the cardinal. So dark Tanya finds lodgings, has a service called Pinochet and reports to misuse days ASR. And they kept under the commander of his new company. So his landlord, Telstar, Tanya, his wife Goldstone, spin up Valencia, has been kidnapped. She works for Queen Anne. So this is part of the reason for her kids up. She's a confidant of the queen. When she is released our Tanya and falls in love with her. So the quake is having a sacred affair with the English Jake of Buckingham, and she gives him diamond studs as a cape sick, which had been a gift to her from Louis the 13th. So carnal racially has find out about this and sort of manipulates this situation where the king asks the queen to where the studs, a very public swear I watched the cardinal will be hosting, hoping that the affair will be prevailed and public. And this will precipitate a war between France and England, which is something but the cargo wants. Constants tries to send her husband to England to retrieve the studs, but he has manipulated by racially. And so dark tunnel on the musketeers, then get involved. They are attacked by the cartels henchmen on their way to England. And only dark tunnel, I'm Paul Shea, reach London. So nearly kills the compte award. Here's Miletus lover and a friend of racialized. So he's really not getting and racialized good books. And even though he's a relatively lowly status at that point, malaria has actually stolen to have the stats, but the Jacob Buckingham monitors to replace them. And our Tanya is able to return a full set to the Queen just in time for the SUA, right? And she rewards him with a ring. Their Tanja about that point begins an affair with constants. He arrives to meet her at 1, but discover She has been imprisoned by the Cardinal and her husband. So dark, Tanya and his companions have returned to Paris and their time to mates validity and recognizes her as richly spy. But she's a very seductive Larry and he becomes infatuated with her until her mid tells him that validity is really not interested. He does high ever enter her, Raymond the dark and pretends to be her lover, the calm towards him he had previously injured. He finds that she's branded with the Florida L0, which means that she is a convicted felon and thus Brown does on her shoulder. So she eventually realizes that it start Tanya and in her room and she tries to kill him, but he policed from her, he manages to escape. So Darton middle is ordered to the Siege of La Rochelle. And that was something that happened at the height of the struggle between French Catholics on the Protestant Hugo. And it was actually one of the ends by Louis the 13th. So dot Tanya learns that the Queen has rescued constants for present at that point. And the musketeers overhear the cardinal ordering validity to murder the JICA Buckingham, who supported the Protestant Hugo knows at La Rochelle ratio it gives her a letter of protection saying that she's acting on his orders basically. But at those scales at an office MIX this bats that Hadar, Tanya and port those in RMS can hold the Sangiovese Bastian against the rebels for an r. So just the four of them against a whole band of rebels for on r. But they actually last for an hour and a half and they kill 22 rebels. And at that point, dark tunnel is at last mid a musket here, and recognition of his valor. So the musketeers worn lords winter on the Jacob Buckingham a bites the murder plot. And malaria is arrested on her return to England. But she, she's juices her guard, Felton, who in real life, John Felton murdered. They first Buckingham in 1628, stabbing him PUB. So validity returns to France on hides in a convent and constants as also staying there, constants is very naive and trusts molarity, who sees an opportunity for revenge on door Tanya, I'm poisons, constants fatally before he can save her. The musketeers then arrest biliary before she can reach cardinal racially. They put on trial and sentenced to death. And they've actually brought an executioner with them for this purpose. And then the four of them return to La Rochelle, rush for arrest are Tanya and takes him to the cardinal when he's questioned white millennials execution, Cortana and presents her letter of pardon out his own. The Cardinals actually quite impressed by this and secretly glad to be rid of validity. He destroys the lateral and rights and order giving the bearer the rank of Lieutenant in the musketeers. Leaving the damn blank. So dark, Tanya nobly offers it to authorize port is an arabinose. H refuses. Authors can, considers it beneath him to become lieutenants and this way, port those is retiring to marry his wealthy mistress, and RMS is joining the priesthoods suit dark Tanya, though regretful, receives the promotion that he's always wanted ads. Let's talk about another of Dumas adventure stories. This one is slightly darker than The Three Musketeers, and that is the kind of Monte Cristo. Nicholas de Monte Cristo was published in 1844, and it's expanded from plot lines by August tomake. As we discussed earlier. Bit Alva law state around that. And it also uses ideas from Dumas 1843 short novel George. So it's set between 18151839, during the Bourbon Restoration under Louis Phillipe. And actually the centering is quite important to the action of the novel. The novel begins just before the 100 days when Napoleon returned from exile. And this creates a kind of atmosphere of uncertainty within the novel. It's an adventure story, but the themes are quite beg, such as hope, justice, vengeance, Marcy on forgiveness, and actually the content multi Christos, which is a pseudonym for Dante Tez. But his quest for vengeance ends up hurting quite a few people. So there is a dark element to the novel. Do my claimed the revenge theme came from a story by French police archivist Jack Pugh Shea, which was published posthumously and it takes 30 it, so he's clubbing as sort of basis in reality other except very far-fetched tail. So the plot goes something like this. On the day of his wedding to MRSA desk. Edmund don't test the first myth of a vessel called the fairytale is accused of treason basically. So what has happened is that he has met a gentleman called The Claire, who is a supporter of the exiles, Napoleon Bonaparte, who dies at sea on charges don't test with two objects. I package to general Bertrand whose exiles along with Napoleon, and a letter from Elba where Napoleon as exiled, of course famous late to a man and Paris. So mall Daegu, who is for null, moldy ego, who is Dante as chasm, as jealous because he actually desires Marissa Dez for himself. Dong law, who is a colleague of Dante, says, resent his rise to captain so quickly. And there is another person involved, a judge cold veal for and it's his father to whom the letter from Alba has been written. And how that could be a real problem for veal for, because he has set himself up as being an ardent royalist. So all these three man have an axe to grind against on tests. And basically they have him accused of treason and he's imprisoned with no trial. And he's imprisoned on 80 def, sort of island fortress at Montpellier. And he actually ends up being there for 14 years. And after his first six years, he meets a guy called Abbe Faria, as the map praised, who teaches don't as all kinds of useful things about chemistry, history almost cheaters him and encourages don't eventually to escape. So when Faria dyes don't test, takes his place and they burial sack, they tended to throw the bodies into the sea. So the sack is thrown into the sea and dont as swims, as rescued by smugglers who passed by the Island of Monte Cristo. No, it so happens that Faria had informed Dante says that there is treasure hidden on the islands of Monte Cristo. So he. Asks to be dropped off there, and there's a complicated plot around that, but there he finds diamonds. So of course he doesn't want the crew to know that there's treasure there. So if the ship comes back for him and he sells the diamonds in order to return to Monte Christo, Rey finds the rest of the treasure and basically becomes to use modern word, mentored. He has not affluent gentlemen. So he purchases the Island of Monte Christo on the title of kinds of Monte Cristo. So traveling and Coke, nato, as they obey, don't taste meets a gentleman coat color OS, who he had known at the start of the, the affair here, nine regrets not having intervened to save him from prison. So done Tez and disguise gives him a diamond, which will either allow him to redeem himself or completely ruin him. It could go either way. And data is also learns that his old employer morale is facing bankruptcy and suicidal and so he pays off his deaths. So there's whole thing about Marcy and judgment going on there. So for normal Diego, as you can remember it is Dante says cows, and he's neither kind of way. And he's Mercedes, husbands, NYSE, he got what he wanted. Dangle R as this point, a barren on a wealthy banker. And veal four has become prosecutor for the king. So he has progressed in his judicial career. So the kinds of Monte Cristo as he's nine out, but France, Mercedes sun out there and arranges for him to be kidnapped and then goes out and rescues him so out their fields and obligation to him and introduces his suppose at riskier to Parisians society. So the moves to Paris and he manages to dazzle Dong law with his wealth and secures a loan of 6 million francs French from him, obviously, to try and completely ruin his business, which he does, the manipulates the bond market. I'm basically destroys Dong glass for change. So that is the beginning of his getting his revenge. So the content Monte Cristo, Christo learns that veil for had in the past had an affair with Madame Dong glare, which produced a son. Therefore, told his mistress that the child was stillborn and then attempted to bury the child alive, but the child was rescued and resuscitated by a smuggler called b2 CIO. So particular sister raise the child as her own Anansi embedded data. Unfortunately, better data robbed her and then killed her on flat. That being the case, better data is sentenced to the galleys and cultural risk is also on the galleys. He had sold the diamond that the kinds of Monte Cristo gave him, but killed his wife and the buyer ICT of grade. So he could have gone towards the light and the dark. He went towards the dark. So Dante's not going onto the alias Lord Wilma, your phrase them both and brings Benedetto to prescient society, saying another opportunity for revenge under the alias the VI kind, Andrea, Calvert county. So Andrea, as he's going ONE. Ingratiate himself to the Dunbar's, not knowing that Madame Dongara is his mother about pointes. He's not aware of that, but history. And he throws his daughter to their son. Qataris, blackmails metadata, threatening to reveal his identity as a criminal. So don't taste quarters, cataracts as he's robbing the kinds of forces him to write a letter revealing caval County as being an imposter. So Qataris leaves the highest at this point and as stabbed by metadata. So on his death bed, he writes a letter of veiling the identity of his murderer. On just before he dies, the content Monte Cristo reveals his true identity, and so this is another element of his revenge. The count then manipulates Dong law into researching on incident from Nolan's past, which leaves him publicly disgraced. Alba than challenges the kind to a Jew after this Mercedes. So who doesn't know that it's her former husband, begs him to spare her son. She learns the truth that this matters, don't test on, still begs him not to kill her son. She then realizes that dont has enhance to let Albert kill him and stat and reveals a tree to Albert. He mixed a public apology for what has happened to Don task because of his father and he and Mercedes actually disown funnel, leaving the heist frontal, commit suicide, he shoots himself. So don't then manipulates events in the view for households so that Eloise, who's been forced second wife, learns high to use poison to try and secure and inheritance for her son Edwin. And V4 actually find site that she's murdered a couple of people by poison and gives her the choice between public execution on suicide. So this is a pretty dark turn of events. Then a data is arrested, untried by v4, who doesn't realize that this is his son, but Burkitt's you at that point tells him the truth about his father. And veal four admits his guilt and trying to kill his infant son on flees the court. He rushes home, but he's too late to stop. Otherwise is suicide and she also poisons there sum. So before beta four can take anymore auction, Dante as confronts him and reveals his true identity, which actually drives me before and San, so don't As tries to revive the sun Eduardo, who's been poisoned as we know, and starts to wander actually, has he gone too far and seeking revenge? Don't flee east to Italy. And with the const receipt on 50 thousand Thanks. So he's basically stolen some money from hospitals. Not a nice man. He's kidnapped and Rome by the kinds agent and forced to pay exorbitant sum, sums for food or starve to death. So this forces him to give up his ill-gotten gains, but he repents. And because he repents his crimes as forgives him and gives him his freedom, 50 thousand francs. And so there is this moment of mercy. So don't test finds pace after he reunites, Maximilian has a son of morale, his former employer who's doubts he had paid off with his love Valentine, and they have been involved. And Eloise is murder plot. It was really she was trying to disinherit, volunteered so that Eduardo could receive an inheritance. So he, to make up for everything that's happened, leaves them a large sum. A large proportion of heads of states on the island of Monte Cristo, where there are no best. And he departs with a woman who had previously being enslaved by Fernel called hay day. And the last line of the novel is a very famous one. All human wisdom is contained in these two words, wit and hope. 35. Victor Hugo: Hugo is considered to be one of the greatest French writers. He has of course famous for Les Miserables. And if you're not French, that probably rings about from the musical. But it was a novel that not only influence literature at very much influenced society. And Hugo was also a profoundly political figure in France. He was born Victor Murray, who go in it. And he lived until 1885. He was a poet, a dramatist, and novelist, a politician, as I've mentioned, on the forefront of the Romantic Movement and France. And as we've mentioned before, in the Romantic Movement does not mean he wrote soppy love stories. The Romantic movement was a movement that was sweeping Europe. The world's in literature and in the arts generally. Think of pre-Raphaelite paintings. It was slightly fantastical and subject matter at heart, back to the medi, evil. It had a huge focus on nature and it was the precursor to modernism and the kind of texts that we read today night. In most of the world, you go as famous for his novels, but in France he's also known as one of their greatest poets. So not meaning Decide Anglo centric, but think Wordsworth, it would be one of the most famous Romantic poets in England. And that gives you an idea of the kind of poetry that Hugo was writing and French. His most famous works include Les Miserables, which we've already mentioned, and not a dam to parry. The title of which in English is the hunchback of Notre Dam. A famous gothic novel on the Gothic, medieval setting, was very much in keeping with romanticism. He was a politician on the social activist. And two causes that are very much associated with him are the abolition of slavery and the abolition of the death penalty on their walls are raised and why he believed so strongly and the abolition of the death penalty, it was something that had affected him personally as where a byte to say. He was a royalist in his youth, as was his mother, but he became an ardent French Republican and later life. His work touched on all the major political and social issues of his time, apart from arguably Algeria. But he did make one reference to Algeria and Les Miserables Law, which we'll talk a little bit about litter. You go, was born a baseline soul in eastern France on the 26th of February 1802, the same year that Alexander had been born. He was the youngest of three suns of a general in the Napoleonic army, pictured here to the right, labeled stinky SBA, who go and his wife Sophie trebuchet. So Leopold had enlisted in the army of the French Republic at the age of only 14. He was an atheist and a Republican, and his wife was a divide Catholic, anti monarchist, loyal to the deposed barebone fondly. So they must have had some interesting conversations of an evening. And since Leopold was an Army officer, the family moved from posting to posting. Leopold told vector that he had been conceived on one of the highest peaks of the village mountains. Sang, this elevated origins seems to have had effects on you so that your muse is not continually Sublime. So big expectations for the boy coming from his father there. And he go actually believed he was conceived on the 24th of June 18 or one, hence and Les Miserables LA John Paul Jones, prisoner number is 24601. So basically got tired of the military life and separated from Leopold and 1803 and she moved to Paris with her sons. She began seeing oooo goes Godfather, general vector fun eau de la. Only. In 1807, the family rejoined Leopold and he was no carnal, so I don't know how he got demoted, but that happened. So Colonel Hugo was governor of the province of ABA Alito. So they discovered on joining him that he had been living in secret with an English woman, Catherine Thomas. Leopold was sent to span to fight and the potential or war. And that was basically the Spanish on the court. She gaze with the aid of the British fighting against the occupying French for control of the Iberian Peninsula. Sophie understands returned to Paris in 18. Oh, it, living in an abandoned convent under deserted quarter of the Left Bank. And victory photo della only lived and an empty chapel and the back garden. He was basically on the RAM, having been condemned to death for conspiring to restore the bubbles. He became a mentor to Victor Hugo and his brother's during that time. But an 1811, the family joined Leopold again and span this time on the boys were sent to the ray owl Colegio de San Antonio, Dad, Bad, and Madrid. So if a return to Paris this time alone, formally separated from her husband, it 10-12, victory for nodes when Ollie was arrested and executed on this may have been something that led to victory, Burgos, real feeling about the death penalty. He was an ardent campaigner for the abolition of the death penalty in later life. It 10-15, Victor and his brother Eugen were taken from their mother, whom they were living with at that time by their father. I'm sent to a boarding school in Paris, the Poundstone core da. They were there for three years on. They attended lectures up the very prestigious le'ts, say Louis Lacan. So, you know this, this was a very good education. In 1817, you go entered a poetry competition run by the Academy. Phone says what she'll remember had been established by Cardinal Richelieu, and it was the academy that, that superintended all things to do with the French language. He got an honorable mention in this competition, but the judges refused to believe that he was only 15. He moved in with his mother, left school and started law school. He became secretly and good to his childhood friend Adelphi Shea, who's pictured here to the right, which was something his mother really didn't approval that was against her will. In June 1822, very sadly, Sophie, who goes mother died and lab who married Catherine Thomas a month later. And it 10-22, you go married Adele. In 1823, he published his first novel on DeLong and his second novel, bug Jiang Cao appeared in 1826. It was never really confined to one genre of writing. His first poetry collection of APL ISE, loads and poems was published in 1822 when he was only 20. And it did so well that it earned him a royal pension from Louis the tape. In 1826, he went on to publish odds, a ballad, odes, ballads, which showed a more mature slant on his rights on his writing was progressing. Between 18291848, he published five volumes of poetry, which led to his reputation as one of the greatest lyric algebraic poets and French, a lyric poem, a poem, a byte, feelings and emotions and the internal world. And that allegiant poem being a bite, the death of someone, the loss. And these are both very much in keeping with romanticism. So if you've been a student of the French language, you're very likely to have read some of the poetry, but Ugo wrote around this time. And the five volumes where they all lie on the Easterners written in 1829, they create data ultimately leaves published in 1831. Lei Zhang, student songs twilight published in 1835, Lavoie, Ontario inner voices published in 1837. And they had a layover race and shatters, published in 18401829. He published a very influential short story, which didn't do much at the time, but it led to some very important things. Later. It was cold journey, age-old dot com Donny, The first, last, sorry, the last day of a condemned man. And it basically acted as a precursor to his major work on social justice, Les Miserables law, and also influenced writers such as alba commu, Charles Dickens ON theodore Dostoevsky, acer is very influential. Foucault also wrote drama, as we mentioned earlier on, he actually became a figurehead of the French romantic movement within drama with his plays Chrome well, which appeared in 1829 and air nanny, which appeared in 1830. And actually when Ernie was first performed, there was rioting after its performance in the column a default says. As romantics and traditionalist is felt strongly, obviously strongly enough to riot over apply abidance, disregard for neoclassical form. There's an unemotional issue, if ever there was one. So he went on to write further plays, Marianne Delors in 1831, and the king amuses himself, which appeared in 1832, and we block, which appears in 18381831. He published what is probably one of his most famous works outside of the French speaking world and introduction to internationally. And that was his novel, not Rodin delay, which is known in English as the hunchback of Notre Dam. And the first translation into English have that title out. It's stuck. The hunchback bang the character of quasi motto, of course, which we'll hear a little bit, a byte litter. So the novel led to the restoration of Notre Dame Cathedral and other pre Renaissance buildings. And that was something that you go, had really wanted to come right about. There are Descriptive passages in the book which don't really need to be there. He's just calling attention to the fact that they have this beautiful architecture which was falling to rock and ribbon up the time. In 1841, Hugo was elected to the Academy, FAL says, after three unsuccessful attempts and he had been blocked in the past, really because of his romantic literary leanings. In the 18 thirties, you go began planning image or novel on the theme of social justice, but he didn't begin writing it until the 18 forties. It took 17 years to complete, and was published in 1862 as Les Miserables, The wretches, the unhappy ones, the unfortunate the Miserables. And after the musical Kim and the 19 eighties, the British press labeled it the gloms. But you get the general point. He had visited two ohms, Bosnia prison, and 18 obtained 39 on taken extensive notes. So this wasn't just something plucked purely from his imagination. The reason that it taken so long was that there had been a lot of research that went into the novel. And the novel, as was common in those days, was released in installments. Other, it wasn't serialized in a newspaper, it was actually split up into installments. It is actually one of the longest books ever published, as we'll hear later, at, at well over 600 thousand words. So there was a six month PR campaign before the release of the novel. And actually at that time, Hugo wasn't living in France. He was an exile and Guernsey a political exile when this was released. But nonetheless, the first installment of the novel, Fontaine's sold ICT in ours and it had a profound impact on French society had actually influenced the agenda in the National Assembly of fronts. Not Thai ever when universal acclaim. Gustav Flaubert, the author of Madame Bovary and other famous works, denounced it as having neither trace nor grimace and show Baudelaire give it good reviews and public, but in private he called it repulsive and an apt. You go himself. Felt strongly that this was going to be the high point of his career, however, and he wrote to his publisher in 1862, my conviction is that this book is going to be one up one of the peaks, if not the crowning point of my work. In 1966, he published his noble Tobias de la Mare, toy rulers of the, say, I'm dedicated to the island of Guernsey, where he spent 15 years of his life in exile from France. In 1869, he published long urea and other novel, The Bound who laughed, a critical depiction of the aristocracy. It wasn't the popular success that is previous two novels had Bain. He was slightly falling out of favor at this point, whereas the realist works of Lubeck and emil Zola were overtaking the romantic, more imaginative works of Hugo and popularity. In 1879, he published his last novel, capsule von Fez, 93, dealing with a topic he had previously avoided, the Reign of Terror. The Reign of Terror was a period of incredible bloodshed during the French Revolution where there were mass executions of the aristocracy. It was also very anti-clerical and in its tone as well. It was horrifying to the whole world was it was a bloodbath. And you go, who was a Republican? And walls quite anti-clerical, would have been an uncomfortable issue, but he tackled it. As we mentioned before. He was also involved in politics as well as in literature. And he was actually ennobled by Louis Phillipe in 1845. Here we see an artistic depiction of him and his garments of a nobleman. And he entered the higher chamber as a panel de France, the French Pierre. In his mid and spake speech, he spoke about the death penalty, something we know he felt strongly about on social justice. And he also led her argued for causes such as freedom of the press and self-government for Poland. In 1848, he was elected to the National Assembly of the Second Republic as a conservative, although he broke with the conservatives in 1849 and a speech calling for the end of misery and poverty. He also called for universal suffrage on free education for all children, as well as continuing to campaign for the abolition of the death penalty. And he became known internationally for his, his work on the death penalty. When Napoleon the third tick par on established an anti parliamentary constitution. We talked a little bit about, about periods and the video on Alexander Dumas, Hugo Koch, Napoleon the third, a traitor to prompts. And then he had to play. So he went to Brussels and then jersey, although he was expelled from Jersey for supporting paper on the island, which had been critical of Queen Victoria. He ended up in garden xj, where he lived with his family and exile from 1855 to 1870. Although in exile, he certainly did not stop taking an interest in French affairs. And he published the pamphlets. Napoleon, loop t, Little Napoleon and East while doing claim, done clean, sorry, story of a crime. And these were banned and France other there were still influential there. No, not everything that ego believed might sit well with us today. In fact, to May it seemed 79 during a banquet to celebrate the abolition of slavery, he justified colonialism as civilizing Africa. And colonialism as a civilizing force was of course, something that people believed in and that point in history. And he actually said God offers Africa to Europe ticket. That's uncomfortable reading from this point in history. Conversely, though, on the theme of colonial, Colonialism, he said In layman's la bla, all of Algeria, that it was too harshly conquered by the French. And as in the case of India by the English, with more barbarism than civilizations. So he did own the colonialism wasn't always. And in inverted commas civilizing. He go, as we've mentioned before, was an ardent campaigner for the abolition of slavery. And he wrote to the American abolitionist Maria Weston Chapman and 1851, the United States must renounce slavery or they must run lights liberty. And he wrote to the US government to ask them to spare the life of the abolitionist John Bryan Hits started an armed insurrection on huts, embraced violent means. Saying assuredly if insurrection as ever a sacred JD, It is against slavery. After John Bryan diets It was executed. He diffused and sold his drawing loophole day in his memory and said it was to keep alive and souls the memory of this liberate or of our black brothers, this heroic martyr jaw brine, who died for Christ just as Christ. In other words, he was a Christ-like martyr who goes most famous quotes on slavery. Only one slave on earth is enough to dishonor the freedom of all man. So the abolition of slavery is a bis, are the supreme goal of the thinkers. And he said this on the 17th of January, 1862. So, you know, in America, the Civil War was an event that was being talked throughout the world on the issue of slavery was the important issue of the age. On the 15th of September, 1840, it's which was only seven months after the 1848 French revelation. He delivered a speech to the assembly and concluded, you have overthrown the throne, NIH, overthrow the scaffold. So again, campaigning on the death penalty and the French Revolution had brought a lot of executions and a lot of suffering through them. So his influence lads to the abolition of the death penalty and Geneva, Portugal, Columbia, NIH. There are different rules I'll mess, and different countries at this point in history in Europe, the death penalty is, I think culturally probably considered barbaric For the most part. And ego had a profound influence on that. Napoleon the third granted amnesty to political exiles in 1859, but you go declined and stayed in Guernsey as his ability to criticize the government would have been curtailed and he wasn't just going to come home and be quiet. He did return to France after Napoleon the third fell from par on the Third Republic was declared in 1870. And he was great as a national hero on his return and quickly elected to the National Assembly and the Senate. A famous true story about ego was that during the Paris, the Paris siege by the Prussian army in 1870, he was forced to eat animals that have been given to him by the Paris zoo. And starvation, walls rife book, unpleasant. He believed that should be a United States of Europe saying a war between Europeans as a Civil War on Dare knows we've seen plants a, all those. The massacre of Balkan Christians by Turks in 1876 led him to write an essay, powerless OB and his sons newspaper low are pale and it's considered one of the finding texts of the European ideal. He was also involved in the development of copyright and he took the point of view, but a nominal theta should be paid for copying or performing works that were in the public domain. Let's talk up egos, religious views. If you've seen the movie of Les Miserables LA or read the book, it can come across as quite crew Catholic and quite Christian, but it's actually a little bit more complicated than that. In his early life, he had embraced his mother's Catholicism rather than his father's atheism, but later became increasingly anti-Catholic and anti-clerical. And that was actually a trend running three, French society, anti-clerical ASM. I mean, after the French Revolution, he experimented with separatism while he was in exile, and eventually he embraced a rational day isn't in other words, nature and reason lead you to the conclusion there was a god and a similar then to the French thinker Voltaire. He felt that the Catholic Church did not help the working classes oppressed by the monarchy. So there was a sort of social and political slumped to his anti Catholicism, but he might also have been personally peaked as his books were frequently bonds by the Catholic Church. And he kind of 740 attacks on Les Miserables and the Catholic Press. That's kind of hard to understand because part of the story of lemmas Radelet is that the convict Zhi Zhong. He has been sent to prison for stealing food to feed his sisters. Starving family. Is byte to be captured, but is actually rescued on let off the hook by a Catholic priest who encourages him to give the rest of his life to God, to repent for what he may have done. You know, stealing candle sticks from the praised, rather than stealing the brands, start and move on to a new life. And the character of Jean Valjean home really could only have been written by someone who really understood a personal faith. When his sons, Charlotte, a victim, Francois, very sadly died, he stipulated that they were to be buried with light across a fixed or a priest amid the same requests for his own funeral. But he nonetheless prayed every morning. And we had a personal faith, if not a public religion, and believed in an afterlife. Something that it go believed in was the progress of ma'am, things gulped continually better. And he said in 1879, in the 20th century, war will be dead, the scaffold will be dead, HIT truth will be dead. Frontier boundaries will be DAD, dogmas will be dead, man will live. It's kind of sad reading that from this point in history, but the optimism of the madness still admirable. He was elected to the Senate for the last time in 1879. But in this stent he achieved very little. He was a Maverick and didn't get much done. Let's talk a little about who goes marriage on personal life. We had seen that he had married Adelphi Shea and 1822, sadly, their first child, Leopold was born and 18-23, but died in infancy. And he had two daughters on two sons who actually survived into adulthood. But all did not really go well in his family. We, we've hired before that his two sons died. One of his daughters also died on his other daughter was admitted to an insane asylum, but his eldest and favorite dalda, Leopold Dane, died in a boating accident at the edge of owning 19 on her new husband died trying to save her. Hugo was traveling at the time and read about her death and a paper and the south of France, which must have just been her Ramdas. He was devastated and he never actually fully recovered. Two of his poems describe the loss. Vk demand lasers, which are both attached to this video, both in French and in English. They're very beautiful. Not always. Ok, tomorrow at dawn is perhaps his most famous poem on it describes his failings. He had a very long standing affair with this lady picture to the right, Juliet through a from IT team 33 until her death and it team at a3. So 50 years though he did not marry her after a Dow's death in 1860, it, she actually went with him into exile and he rented a house for her and Guernsey. Later writing, she saved my life and December it 251 from me, she underwent exile. Never has her. So for sake and mind, let those who have loved me love her, that those who have loved me respect her. She is my weather. I was very fond of the ladies on Juliet wrote letters to him where she complained about his womanizing. In fact, he was having his way with courtesans and ladies of his acquaintance right up till his death at the age of 83. And he also had affairs during their marriage. That was a very open thing. They were never really faithful to each other. Another affair that Hugo had was with a married lady, Leoni owner. They were actually caught me Act and that was punishable at the time you go escaped punishment due to his having a peerage. But Leoni spent two months in present on six months and a calm votes. So after they had split up, Ugo supported her financially in his later years and a relatively short space of time, you go to a mild stroke. His daughter, a Dow, was interned in an insane asylum, and his two sons, Charles and victim Francois died so very, very difficult time. And then of course, usually act died in 1883. To mark it goes it, if birthday parades were held and all drove him. So this must have been a high point on he was presented with a Safra vase. Safra at Bing. They porcelain making factory who produced, produced porcelain for the monarchies. That was traditional gift for monarchs. So this was a high honor. The parades past by his highest for six hours, that must have been grit but very exhausting. Some participants wore corn floors as a reference to Fontaine's song and Les Miserables law. And by that I don't mean I dream the dream. You need to read the novel to get that one. The city of Paris changed the name of the street where you go left from the avenue to Avenue Victor Hugo. And then people were able to write to him as Mr. Victor Hugo and his avenues Paris. Go died of pneumonia on the 22nd of May, 1885, at the edge of 83. Two days before his death, he wrote a note saying To love is to act. There was a period of national mourning for his loss. And he'd actually requested a paupers funeral, which you can see from the photograph to the right here, was definitely not what he got. He was accorded a state funeral by President Zhou Clavey. And 2 million people joined the procession from the Arc de Triomphe to the Pontiac, which was a very high honor to be buried in the Pantheon. And he shares a crypt with Alexander Dumas and Emile Zola. Most French times have a straight or square named after Victor Hugo. So I'm a huge figure within French culture, both in terms of literature and art, and also in terms of political development and thinking. Go left five sentences and his last whale to be officially published after his death. So this is pretty much the way he wanted to be remembered. I think we can assume Xudong cycle millivolt above a Java applet onto radon, the Kabbalah. Joe, whose love is all digits lazy please. You demand on player at cheek liaison Chicago. Andrea, I leave 50 thousand francs to the PR. I wish to be buried in their horse. I refused funeral orations from all churches. I demand a prayer to all cells. I believe in God. A little bit about his most famous work and Les Miserables bla. There are some differences in the plot of the novel, the musical, because, well basically, it's one of the longest novels ever written in the original French, akin to 655,478 words, which is just massive. If you basically MID, absolutely everywhere to that into a musical, it would probably last for years. But it was an enormously influential work despite its legs. And it's a very complex involved work. And ETS has many characters in it. But hey, we talked about war and paste. So we're able to do the same with Les Miserables. Let the plot begins in 1815 and ends with the June rebellion in Paris in 1830 or so ago. Had written this in the preface of the book. He had intended it to mic, a social death difference basically. So he wrote, so long as there are shall exist by raising of law or custom. Social condemnation, which in the face of civilization, artificially create hell on earth and complicates a destiny that as divine with human fatality. So long as the three problems of the edge, the degradation of Man by poverty, the ruin of women by starvation, the dwarfing of childhood by physical and spiritual night are not solved so long as and certain regions social asphyxia shall be possible. In other words, and from a yet more extended point of view, so long as ignorance and misery remain on Earth, books like this cannot be useless. So the title is lame as rapidly as discussed before, I'm gonna go with the wretched ones. It's not a cheerful rump and it has many characters in it, but the themes of poverty, crime, sort of darker side of life in France at the time are, are brought, right? So the themes are generally a great speech, Law and Gris, which we see in the relationship between the policeman Java, who's holding for recombinational involves Sean. French. History comes into it. Architecture and urban design. And Paris is much alluded to politics on moral philosophy, anti monarchists and justice, religion, romantic, unfamiliar love on poverty and social justice. So it's huge and it's themes. But just to try and give a brief outline of the story which is very involved. Zhao Zhong, as we've mentioned, has stolen some Brad's to try and keep his sisters found late from starvation. He is arrested from this, he sent to prison ship. And there's a little bit of a complex pot there, but he manages to escape egos on the RAM. He finds himself at the highest of a crazed, steals some candle sticks made of silver. In order to get by. He's caught. But the police, they traced, pretends that he had given the candle sticks to John Belgium, and basically spares, spares him and says to him, Look, I have shown you mercy. You must know I lead a spiritual life. And Jean Valjean becomes a very spiritual character. So he lit up, becomes mare of his time on, has many people working for him. And one of these as political Fontaine, The first part of the novel, bing bam Fontaine, as we talked before, she has had a child out of wedlock. She is a young woman, abandoned her. She's had to foster her daughter ICT. And she's having to work very hard to pay for the care of her daughter. There's a bit of the dispute and work, she loses her job. Eventually just three share poverty. She becomes L and dies. And zhong, zhong is horrified by this that he wasn't able to stop this and she bags him to take care of her daughter, KA-SAT. So volleyball and finds himself at the home of the TR, Nadia, who are, well, they're in capers there little bit morally spurious. After a quick buck, they're caring for KA-SAT, but he notices that they treat her much less favorably than their own to dollars. And then the novel, they have two daughters and the musical only one that she isn't being well cared for. But yet Monsieur to naughty, I fins concern for the child and talks about how difficult it would be to lose her. So in the end, Basel pays them off Gibson, the fairly large sum of money so that he can take the child and to his car. But he is being pursued throughout the novel at about this time by Giovanni. As an escaped convict. Java doesn't really have a sense of redemption or people haven't changed. In his mindset, the law has been broken and there must be redress for that. So he continues to pursue job. Cause that grows up into a beautiful young woman. And she attracts the attention of a young man named Marius. He is part of the revolutionary movement that is going on at the time. Apl name the daughter of the turnout, also has feelings for Marius and the younger generation of the novel. And really do see some terrible bloodshed and suffering within the novel whenever they're revolt is put. Dine Chavez is one of the officers in involved in that. And never really comes to ethos that this pursuit of Zhao Zhong throughout the novel, he sees the rule of law as being the center of everything. So there's this whole and they of mercy versus justice. And in the end, Giovanni just can't live like that and commit suicide jumping into the sand. So it's actually a very, very complicated plot, as I say, it is one of the longest novels ever written. And I'm sure you wouldn't want me to recite the story beginning to end because we would be here for a very long time. It has off the top of my head five harrowing him and Tansley, gut wrenching death scenes in it. So it's not a cheerful rate, but it is a classic of world literature. So I very much recommend at least trying to read Lennon's rabbit. It might take some time. Other very famous. 36. Albert Camus: In this video, we're going to talk about the French twentieth-century absurdist and existentialist. Alba can be lived from 1913 to 1960. You can see him photographed here. I think he looks quite phone storage in that photograph, right? They'll moire actually. So he was a French Algerian Philosopher, journalist, and author. And he actually was the second youngest person to win the Nobel Prize for literature, which he won at the age of 441957. So the youngest person to ever win it was Rudyard Kipling, who was 42 when he wanted just a little aside fact there. So he actually joined the French resistance during the Second World War and edited bear outlawed paper Columba. His best known works in literature include lay tonal J, which is translated into UK English as the outsider. If you bought it in America, it might be called the stranger, but the word late home J and French has overtones of both those things. He also wrote The Myth of Sisyphus, the rebel and the plague. His philosophy and writings tend towards observed as m. In other words, the world basically mix. No sense. There is no meaning or framework in our existence. And existentialism. And you'll all have heard of existential angst, which is according to the X decentralist this because human beings go through when they realized that there is no purpose to their life. So it's a kind of a purposeless at, listless and things not really having intrinsic meaning. Although alchemy was born on the seventh of November 1913 in Moldova, present day Drell and French Algeria. And his mother was Catherine lm, and his father was Lucien coming, who was a farm laborer. And he hadn't economically deprived childhood. His grandparents had been what were known as PA NWA Blackfoot, who had come from France to Algeria and the hope of a better life. And this, this term PA NWA, was getting to Algerians of European descent. Most of those people ended up leaving for Manmohan, France, when Algeria became independent in 1962, a couple of years after committees death. Lucien, his father died, and the Battle of Marne and world war one in 1914. And so comedy never knew his father. He was a baby at the time. Coming was very deprived during his childhood, the family lacked basic necessities and they lived in the bow CTE area of algae hair. He was a French citizen, unlike his honorable barbara countrymen and Algeria who had inferior legal status. In childhood, he loved football and swimming, and he actually used to make some philosophical points based on football as a demonstration. Like he could understand the authority and rows within football, but not within the state or the church. For example. In 1921, he won a scholarship to a prestigious Lyceum and my part of the world that would be known as Grammar School in Algiers. In 1930, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis, which was a bit of a long-term problem for him. And because tuberculosis was contagious, he was moved away from the rest of his family and he went to live with his uncle Gustaf, a co, who was a butcher. And Gustaf was a very strong influence on the young coming. He was taught by philosophers Zhong granny pictured here, who was also a strong influence. He took interest in the ancient Greek philosophers and Nate shit, not. Lets talk about the difference between the thinking of calming and Nietzsche. Nietzsche is of course known as a nihilist. He very much embraced utter hopelessness. And there is an argument in the academic community about whether or not that contributed to his failing mental health nature, of course, towards the end of his life was fine. Demonstrate talking to horse and at 1 believed that he was God. And His utter hopelessness, some fail may have contributed to that. We didn't embrace utter hopelessness. He did embraced nihilism to a certain extent, but he wanted to say some kind of positive aspect of it, positive depiction of it. He studied part-time and he had several jobs arrive this time that he was beginning to study philosophy. He was a private teacher, a car parts Clark, and Assistant to the media Meteorological Institute. 1933, he enrolled in the University of Algiers on he completed his liaisons to philosophy, the equivalent of a Bachelor of Arts in 1936. And his thesis was on Plotinus. And this was a Hellenistic philosopher living in Roman Egypt. Ancient philosopher who had this theory of the one, the intellect on the soul. So very similar to the thinking of Plato. Was also interested in the ancient Christian philosophers, but he embraced pessimism and atheism. And the van of Schopenhauer, the German philosopher whom we heard a bite earlier when we were talking by check-off and Nietzsche, who we've already mentioned. So when you read, you are expecting that kind of pessimistic, nihilistic, and way of thinking. He also studied novelist philosophers such as standard Herman Melville, Dostoevsky, and Franz Kafka. In 1933, he met this lady, Simona yea, who was at that time the partner of a friends but who would become Committee's first wife? She was a morphine addict, and so his uncle Gustaf really didn't approve of the relationship. And the end coming married her to try and help her with her addiction. But she had an affair with her doctor on the couple divorced night coming was a life long womanizer to use a phrase that I read online. So he relationships with a lot of women. He moved to Paris just as the Second World War was beginning to affect front starter member, he rolls, a French citizen. He was working at pi swap, the newspaper, but he was laid off from his job and he moved to Neil, where he married the pandas to mathematician Paul scene four on the third of December 1940. And they're picture together here to the right. They moved back to Algeria where he taught and primary skills for a time. But his doctor advised that he moved to the French Alps and the hopes of improving has tuberculosis, which was still a bit of a problem. There he began writing his second cycle, night comedies works. Fall into three cycles on an H cycle, there is a novel, An Essay on a play. We'll talk about that a bit later. His second cycle that he began writing in the Alps and codes, one of his most famous works, law passed the plague. And according to an interview with his daughter Katherine, he used to call his son and daughter the plague and cholera. She was, the plague law passed. That was his pet names for his children. And by 1943 he was actually quite famous for law passed. And he returned to Paris where he perfect, he befriended John Paul Sartre, the French writer, existentialist, philosopher. He moved to the circle of intellectuals which included Simone de Beauvoir. They, Samatha Strider and owns way battle surrealist writer. And there he met Spanish actress Maria Cassandra's with him. He later had an affair which had a devastating impact on his family, lived. On arriving in Paris. He worked as a journalist and editor at the band resistance newspaper Columba. He worked under a pseudonym, of course, and false ID cards to make it possible to do this work. He composed lead me, lead us to a German friend explaining why resistance was necessary at around this time. He actually continued writing for combat after the liberation of France. He also wrote lone label with Day. The rebel, only male rebel. And SI which attack totalitarian communism and advocated an Arco syndicalism. So outer key ASM, lack of later people leading themselves and syndicalism, sort of like trade unionism, people forming into grapes and libertarian socialism. So if you think of the libertarian authoritarian Access Committee was much more a libertarian. Hence, he couldn't fully support the Soviet regime of the time. He thought that the community full say putting federal law student you'll pay. And so he was a big believer and the European ideal in 1944. And he said, Europe can only evolve along the path of economic progress, democracy and peace if the nation states become a federation. From 1948 to 49, he founded the group they relate the grip daily ISIL into nasa, the GeoEye, a trade union movement. So Alice with other French writers, he was involved both in writing and philosophy, but also heat, hot, some political influence as well. In his writing, he wanted to express the positive side of existentialism and service surrealism, as we've mentioned before, rejecting the nihilism at the complete and utter blankness of Andre Breton. He criticized Soviet intervention and hungry Francis regime and spin. His personal life. In 1945, Braunstein gave birth to twins Catherine and Zhang, who you can see photographed here. And I have actually included an interview with Catherine k-means as a downloadable resource where she talks about her father's legacy and their family life in history and trusted. Can we have numerous affairs and creating a very public affair with Maria Kasaraja's, as we mentioned before. And this affair calls phone saying to basically have a complete mental breakdown and she required hospitalization. And the early 19 fifties, according to the interview with Kathryn, she was actually giving at electroconvulsive therapy, so she was very unwell. Komen went into a state of complete guilt over this on actually withdrew from public life for sometime. In 1959, as we mentioned before, he became the second youngest person to win the Nobel Prize for literature. And he was actually astonished by this. He knew he'd been nominated. Buddy harmed expected to win. He then at that point started writing his autobiography. The first man in order to examine moral learning, as he called it. And he used the money from the Nobel Prize to adopt Dostoyevsky's daemons for the stage, which was very successful critically. Tragedy was to strike though, when Kennedy died in a car crash on the fourth of January, 1960, His family have been on New Year holiday and the rest of his family decided to go home via tran only he wanted to have a ride. And his friends knew flashy car and his friend was trying driving when unfortunately, the car hit a trait. It was in the passenger seat without a seat belt. And so he died instantly and his friend who had been driving died. Several days later. A 144 pages of the Crimea were found in the wreckage coming how predicted that it would be his finest work. He was of course only 46 at the time that he died. He'd never intended that it should be unfinished. He's buried in lower moron symmetry and vocalise France where he lived. And Jean-Paul Sartre give the eulogy at his funeral at praising his stubborn humanism. Comedies, literary work was divided into three cycles. And each included novel, An Essay on to play, and each examined a face with the use of a pagan myth, a classical myth on a Biblical motif. The first cycle was the observed. It was comprised of latent j, the novel and then me, deceased and Caligula, the Biblical motif. There was exile and estrangement. And of course, the Sisyphus myth was the classical myth and Gault. His second cycle was on the theme of revolts and sort of Biblical motif that was rebellion. The classical famous that are Prometheus who stole fire from the gods, was punished. So another story in keeping with his thing, it was comprised of law, passed the plague, long labeled the rebel, which was the essay. And lays used the justice assassins and English the play. The third cycle, but complicated because he was coming towards the end of his life and it wasn't really formally cemented. But it's comprised of the first man, his autobiography, last sheet that fall. Also a novel and place that includes the adaptation of Dostoyevsky's The possessed and William Faulkner's Requiem For a Nun. So he, he also plaid An Essay on the theme of Nemesis. Let's talk my abide his most famous whack, Leighton j. And if you ever do any of those netlist challenges online and it's like a 100 best novels of all time you'll normally find later on j is listed as one of those novels and it seen as a wreck of absurdism and existentialism. As we've mentioned before, others come a rejected the latter. He didn't say it as an existentialist work. And so he had taken for his idea and writing the novel, a sentence that he had read and a paper which was what kind of man doesn't cry out his own mother's funeral. So he creates the character of mercy who shows no immune motion up his mother's funeral and is considered to be kind of all or cold or perhaps psychopathic because of this. So he then says of mercy, he is sentenced to death in the novel because he doesn't play the game. So the lead character is a citizen of France, domiciled in North Africa, amount of the Mediterranean in an OEM du Midi. Yet one who hardly partakes of the Mediterranean culture. So there is a little summary of the character. They're, the novel was actually written and of course published and not say occupied France. The Nazi sensors permitted publications as they felt it didn't contain anything that was damaging to the Nazi calls. But it was actually very well-received. And I'm say not saying circles at the time. Of course, his work for combat was under a pseudonym. So they obviously didn't work out so that it was the same person. So here is a little bit of a summary of the plot of lay tonal J. Mercy learns of the death of his mother and a nursing home, and he shows no emotion out her funeral. The story has actually told and first-person narration. And so we're seeing the internal workings of mercy, his mind, and it get comes into two sections. The novel, before and after the murder, that is the center of the action. So after attending his mother's funeral the next day, he meets a former colleague, Marie. They go swimming, they watch a comedy on, they have sex and then the following day is he helps us Breton neighbor Raman son Tez take revenge on his merged girlfriend, whom he, he suspects of infidelity. So Mersa writes a letter to her with a purpose of inviting her over so that Raymond's can have sex with her and then spit in her face. Let's just, just completely horrible. And basically Marceau shows no. Concern for what might happen to this woman emotionally because he believes Raymond's story about infidelity. And in general, his views of others are detached. He sees them as either annoying or entrusting, But he has completely with ICT empathy for them. So the latter ruse works. The girl returns. So there's a bit of a fight that is RAM and tries to kick her eyes and she slaps him. And in return for that, he Bates her up. He knows that he's going to be charged for that. So we asked Mercer to testify in court that she has been unfaithful. Mersa graze on. They go to a cafe together. On their return, they mate a solid Mano who's their elderly neighbor, who has lost his dog. That evening. On the next evening, Salamanca goes to mercy for comfort on the loss of his dog and explains that he had adopted the dog for company after his wife's death. He mentions as part of this conversation that the neighbor sad, nasty things as the phrase you used a byte mercy when he sent his mother to nursing home. And my son is actually quite surprised by this. It doesn't occur to him. The other people might be looking unfavorably on his actions. So it rosette ends up testifying in court on Raymond's behalf at Ramidus basically let off with a warning, but his girlfriend's family aren't going to take this lying down. Her brother and France began following Raymond. So it so happens that Raymond invites Mersa marae to friends bait choice for the weekend. And there they encounter the girlfriend's brother and his friends had gotten a friend with Raymond and they wouldn't him with a knife. Later, Mersa is walking back along the beach with a gum that he took from Raymond to protect him from US again, to try and stop him from doing something foolish. When he encounters Raymond's girlfriend's brother, who flashes a knife at him. And at this point, mercy shoots him Dad, and after his dad shoots him another four times. And he doesn't tell the reader why he fires so many shots. He describes as the hate and the intense sunlight. And that ends the first part of the novel. And the second part of the novel, Mersa is arrested. His detachments mixed prison tolerable for him. He sleeps and he mentally lists the objects in his apartment is how he passes his days. When he comes to trial, the prosecutor uses his passivity and his detachment to suggest a lack of remorse. And it mentions that Mersa did not cry at his mother's funeral. And that's used to indicate that he's basically just not normal and his emotional interaction with other people, he pushes Mersa to admit that he doesn't have any remorse, but most doesn't fall into that. He doesn't give in. But he tells the reader that he has never been able to feel remorse or any other emotion for his personal actions. The prosecutor than describes Mersa as a soulless monster who deserves to die for his crime. Mercedes attorney as hopeful that, that things will go well, but the judge condemns murder to be publicly guillotine. In-prison. Mersa widths for the results of his appeal. And he's visited by the prison chaplain, but he very strongly turns down the chaplain suggestion that he turned to God. So the Chaplin persists and arguing this, Mersa flies into a rage. And he wrote the absurdity of the human condition and his frustration at the meaninglessness of his existence, out of his freedom and all of his responsibility. He fails. No one has the right to judge him for his actions because no one has the right to judge another night. That's obviously problematic because he has committed a murder and he's within the judicial system. So this is kind of like a complex argument and I'm viewpoint big described here. It hot Bain imply that the praise tat originally believed the Marseillaise, a payload would be upheld. But it's unclear whether or not he maintains this view. So towards the end of the novel, we see Mersa and his sell at preparing for his execution. And he actually takes solace and his indifference to the world and the lack of meaning that he sees in everyone and everything. Basically, he asserts that the ad that a large crowd fill of HIT will a tad as excitation, but that his loneliness will come to an end. 37. Goethe sound fixed: This video we're going to talk about the German writer, statesman, botanist and scientists. Gerta. Johann Wolfgang Von Gerta lived from 1749 to 1832. He was a novelist, a poet, a playwright, a literary critic as statesman, out of scientist. And his works on bottom AR still read today. He's considered one of the greatest German literary figures. He was an early participants and the German Sturm und Drang movement, Sturm und Drang made storm and stress. It was a literary movement which focused a lot on heights of emotion and it was a precursor to romanticism, literary phenomenon which swept Europe. The world which focused on nature, strong emotion and subjectivity and individual, individuality, rather than the person and connection with society. His most celebrated drama is Faust, which is written in two parts, first part one and part two. And it's poem manual is also very influential, but he wrote a lot of literature, a lot of work. So it was quite hard for the purposes of this video to just zoom in on a few of them. Schopenhauer, the German philosopher called girders villa masters apprenticeship, one of the best novels ever written. And Ralph Waldo Emerson included Gerta as one of his six representative man, man that showcase the best of humanity. Basically. Gotta was born on the 28th of August 1749 in Frankfurt, which was then within the Holy Roman Empire, a collection of steps within Europe under one emperor. His father was called Johann Kaspar. Gotta unnoticed, He's good at not fun. Gerta, the font was added to go to his name when he became Endo bolt in 17 MDT. And his mother was Katharina Elizabeth texture. His parents might when his father was 30th and his mother was 17. So there was actually a generation's age gap between his parents, which made them very different people on Gerta had a very different relationship with both of them, as we'll see later. All their children's sadly died young, apart from Gerta and his sister Cornelia. His father on private tutors, taught him the popular subjects of the time, which included Latin, Greek, French, italian, English, German, dancing, riding on fat sang. I may be a bit of a geek, but that science quite fun to me. God, as father had studied law and LiveSafe and had been appointed imperial counselor. But he wasn't particularly involved in the city affairs in Frankfurt. Good as first grit passion was initially drawing, but he developed an interest and literature and his early favorites included homework and the German poet Friedrich Gottlieb clop stock. He loved the theater as well. And there was an annual puppet show and his home every year. And his love for these things is reflected and Vilhelm my stress apprenticeship. He also read history and religion and he sat himself. I have from childhood the singular habit of always learning by heart, the beginnings of books on the divisions of a work. First of the five books of Moses. And then at the Aeneid and Ovid's Metamorphoses. If an ever busy imagination of which that TO may bear witness. Let me hither and thither, if the madly variable in history, mythology and religion threatened to bewilder me. I readily flat to those Oriental regions, plunged into the first books of Moses. And there I met the scattered and shepherd tribes find myself at once and the greatest solitude and the greatest society. Social, IT basically hung out with actors. He was very interested in the Theodora, though from 1765 to 68, he studied law at Leipzig University. In the footsteps of his father. It wasn't really his first love. I think it's fair to say he attended christian of her artha got scholarships, poetry lessons while he was in university. Christian party got gallery, was along with the sort of generation of Lessing part of the golden age of German literature. Around this time he fell in love with Anna, Katharine, and Cherenkov, and he wrote hobby versus a byte char and the Rococo style. So right flowery ornamental style of writing. In 1770, he released his first collection of poems anonymous slate called Anita. Around this time he became interested and lesson and also a poet called Martin V. Land. It's fair to say around this time he actually wrote a lot, but most of it away, apart from damage, shoot the gun, the accomplices. He was fascinated by the legend of the restaurant, our backs Keller, which features in the story of. It costs 1525 barrel, right? So he began writing his closet drama, Fire Department on closet drama means a drama that's meant to be performed by one actor or rad rather than formally staged. His studies didn't progress very well, well obviously he was more interested in literature and writing. He returned to Frankfurt in 1768, and while he was there, he became seriously ill. And he had relapses of this illness. During that time, he was cared for by his mother and sister, but he was not on good terms with his father, who was not pleased by his obsession with literature and his lack of progress and his studies. In April 1770, he went to the university varsity of Strasburg. To finish his studies. There, he met Johann Gottfried Herder, who was a philosopher, theologian, poet and literary critic. He kindled his interest and Shakespeare an osteon, osteon bang, the fictitious name of a Scottish medieval poet on in folk poetry. Beginning in October 1778, he began an intense relationship with the lady pictured here, Frederica brand, a Parsons daughter, which he ended in August 1771. But several of his poems were written during the time of thought relationship, including Bill Coleman wound up sheet welcome on farewell or hello and goodbye would be possibly the best translation. Sondheim and later SAS Anaheim or songs on hydrous line. The end of August 1771, he obtained a license, yet a bachelor's degree in Frankfurt, and he began a law practice at night. He had been very committed to the idea of making jurisprudence more human. And he had written the bite back during his degree, but this was quite idealistic and his inexperience lambda over enthusiasm and the early cases he took, he ended up being reprimanded and he lost I-T on getting farther cases. And so his career as a lawyer ended after only a few months. Turned the biography of a noble born Highway been involved in the German Peasants War, which was a revolt on the part of the German lower classes into play goods from Berlin. And it appealed greatly to his contemporaries. Go to, was one of the editors of a literary periodical around that time, but he couldn't subsist on his income from that basically. And so he started another law practice at vet SLR. In 1774, he wrote a novel, The Sorrows of Young Werther, which brought him worldwide fam. It was an exaggerated, a kind of his relationship with political Charlotte Buff who had rejected him to my Johann Christian Kastner. Despite the fact that he had a lot of success with a novel, he didn't make a lot of money from it because the copyright laws at the time didn't enable him to earn much from the book. He later in his life got over the issue with copyright by occasionally authorizing new revised additions of his complete works. 75 because of the reputation he had gained from The Sorrows of Young, where either he was invited to join the court of Carl Rogers, who was Duke of Saxony, Weimar. Isaac good to actually lived in Weimar for the rest of his life. You can see the Duke and later life picture to the right hair. At this time the Duke was only 18 and Gerta, 26. He became the jigs friends on Advisor. And Carla ghost actually became grand GIC and anti 1 15th. And that is really a monarchical title. He was the monarch of this Duchy. In 1776, goods I began a relationship with an older married women called Charlotte von Stein. It lasted for ten years and then gets a left abruptly for ethylene with I-T telling her the modern word for that might be ghosting. He just disappeared. Not very nice. She was distraught, but they were led are reconciled. In 1779. Good to took over the war commission of the ground Duchy of sacks of Weimar as well as the minds and highways commissions. So he's becoming quite a big figure within the state. 1782, he replaced the Chancellor of the Exchequer for 2.5 years. Making can be equivalent of Prime Minister. The most important politician in the Duchy was ennobled and 1792. So instead of just being Plan old, Johann Wolfgang Gerta, it becomes Johann Wolfgang fun Gerta. As head of the war commission, he recruited mercenaries enter the Prussian and British armies during the American Revolution. From 1786 to 80 it, remember we talked about at high, he took that trip to Italy. Well. He termed the Italian Peninsula, and it greatly influenced his aesthetic and philosophical development. His father had taken a very similar trip as a young mom. There was the idea of the grantor for European gentlemen off the time. Around that time there was an interest and the classical art of Greece and Rome. While he was there, he met several very famous people, including Lady Hamilton, they lover of Lord Nelson, pictured here to the right, the alcohol test. Alessandro Kelly Austro, who was famous in the courts of Europe on Wills eventually find ICT to be a fraud. Good stories from this time became the basis for his nonfiction work, Italian journey travel book really inspired other young drivers to visit at late on. George Eliot refers to it satirically and her novel middle large. Led 1792, goods took part in the battle of Valmy against revolutionary France. He assisted Duke Carla Ghost during the failed and vision of France. In 1794. It was a pivotal moment and the literature of Germany because Friedrich Schiller wrote to offer his friendship to go to. They collaborated together and they remained France until Schiller's death and 18051806 goods I was living in Weimar with his mistress of a obtain years, Christiana Boethius on their son, Yulia, or ghost vault or Von Gerta. Napoleon's army invaded Weimar on the 18th of October and the French spoon guards, who were the least discipline soldiers actually occupied good as high. So it's quite scary experience. The spoon guards had broken in. They have drunk wine, made a great uproar uncalled for the master of the ice. Good. A Secretary Raman reports, although already undressed and wearing only his wide like-kind, he descended the stairs towards them and inquired what they wanted from him. His dignified figure, commanding respect, and spiritual man seemed to impress even then, but it was not to last long. Late at night, they burst into his bedroom withdrawn bandits, Gerta was petrified. Christiana raised a lot of noise and even tangled with them. Other people who had taken refuge and goods as high as rushed in. And so the Moroder is eventually withdrew again. It was Christiana who commanded an organized the defense of the highest on the frozen plan, the barricading of the kitchen and the seller against the wild pillaging soldiery was her work. Gotta noted in his diary, fires rape had a frightful night. Preservation of the highest through steadfastness and luck. The luck was good. The steadfastness was displayed by Christiana. That comes from Rudiger, have Wronskian, Schopenhauer on the wild years of philosophy. Middle of this drama on the 19th of October 1806, just after the Napoleonic armies invaded, go to married Christiana at a yak of skyrocket and Weimar, Jag Gibbs KFDA as an James's Church. They had several children by the stage. Christiana sadly died in 1816 and Gerta reflected, there is nothing more charming to say that a mother with her child in her arms and nothing more vulnerable than a mother among a number of her children. In 1823 at the age of 74, good to fell in love with the teenager pictured here, RecA von Levitt Sow, he wanted to marry her, but naturally her mother opposed the relationship. While your average mother is not to Cain with an elderly gays are taking up with her teenage daughter, or let's be honest. He wrote his famous poem, Marion bad allergy after their last meeting. As often associated with classical music. And he actually formed a close bond with one of the first professional pianists of the 19th century, Maria or gotta Sherman Oscar, 1821, he met the van, 12-year-old Felix Mendelssohn. And he was actually one of the, the first people to compare Mendelssohn with Mozart. They were, of course, both child prodigies. Mendelssohn set several of go-tos poems to music and go to inspired his compositions, prosperous voyage and the arrest of alpacas knocked the first file packets night while packets being sort of mythical spiritual realm on this was from a poem about dreads trying to practice their rituals and the heart's mountains. And the faster the growing dominance of Christianity died of heart failure. And 1830, his last words may have been more light, was reported by his doctor who was in attendance at the time, but the doctor wasn't actually in the rooms. He's buried in the Duke of Weimar as historical symmetry, there was some control over say, a byte building, a monument to Gerta because of his religious views, he described himself as not anti-Christian nor un-Christian, but decidedly non Christian. He seemed to have, what we might call these days are personal fifth. But he didn't like some of the elements of the institution of the church which he felt had been harmful. His influence on classical music or the use of his works and Costco music continued. After his death, he actually inspired music by Mozart, Berlioz, Wolf on Beethoven and better than in particular, was a big fan of Geta. Let's talk about good as greatest work and one of the greatest works of German literature, Faust, Faust as a tragic play in two parts. First part one and part two. Part one and part two are written and rhymed verse. It's rarely stitched and that's entire date, but it's the play with the largest audience numbers in the German language. The earliest forms of work are known as the lost on those were written between 17721775. The manuscript has actually lost, but a copy was found in 1886, and it's mostly written in prose. The first appearance of the work in print was Faust, a fragment on that was published in 1790. Day go-to basically spent the latter years of his life working on flies to part two. And he finished writing it in 1831. In contrast to five-part one, where the focus is on Faust's. So what she sells to the devil. Part two focuses on human endeavors, such as psychology, history, and politics, and also mystical and philosophical topics. The original 1800 German title page simply read Faust, foster tragedy, and it's the latter. The terms are startle as in part one were added. Similarly, Part two is entitled Faust to Target. D is vital for the tragedies. Second part, five-part one takes place and a lot of savings, but the first of which has haven't met the stuff delays. The devil makes a bet with God, but he can lure Feist away from righteousness and fastest God's favorite human being because he's trying to learn everything that could be learned. The next scene takes place and phi study where Foster's pretty much despairing of the vanity of scientific and humanistic on religious learning. So he decides he's going to take up magic, thinking that it could be a KDD knowledge. He suspect, however that has attempts are failing and so he's very frustrated on contemplate suicide. But he rejects this idea and he hears the echo of nearby Easter celebrations beginning. So he goes for a walk with his assistant Wagner and is followed home by astray poodle back and phi study the petal transforms into manifesto families. He proposes a wedge or too fast. So if metastatic relays can grant Foster moment of transcendence on earth a moment he wishes to remain forever, then he'll instantly die unserved the devil and ****. So this is the famous bargain where he sells his soul to the devil. Fives doesn't believe that delays can accomplish this. Basically, he accepts the wager. When Memphis police tells flies to sign the pot with blood escape plans that Mostafa Alice doesn't trust. Five-step word of honor. He's actually a little bit of fancy, but in the end, mesophiles Wednesday argument on FISA signs the contract with a drop of his blood not set, his soul has been sold to the devil. He then has a few excursions on mates Margaret, also known as Gretchen. And he's pretty attracted to her and with jewelry and with help from a neighbor or Marta masterfully is drugs Gretchen, and two fists, arms. So he's starting to get everything he wants through this pot for these may have a manifesto families. And with metastatic please help. Vice eventually suggests as Gretchen. Gretchen is mother dies from a sleeping potion. And so Gretchen discovers after that, but she's pregnant. So disaster for her. Gretchen is Brother condensed vice challenge him, unfolds dad at the hands of ice or metastatic delays. Progression drawings are illegitimate child and his convicted of murder fives tries to save her from the death sentence by attempting to free her from president, but she refuses to escape. And Firestone foster families flee the dungeon while voices from having announced that Gretchen shall be saved. Z is Garreta that she is saved. This actually differs from the fit that she had in the revised and what she had actually been condemned. Part two is quite different in tone, as we mentioned, it's got a lot of classical illusions in it. And it's the romantic story of the first Feist left and the past and put aside it first weeks and a failed of fairies to initiate a new cycle of adventures on a new purpose. This piece consists of five acts and their five sort of relatively isolated episodes, almost like vignette, each representing a different theme. The end phase goes to have on because he loses only half of the bats on Angeles who arrive as messengers of divine mercy declare at the end of Act five. He who strives on and lives disk drive can earn redemption still, even though he had sold has so to the devil. He's still mix it to have them. We've heard about manual song and here it is in the original German. I'm translated into English by Richard weg more. You know, the land where lemon trees blossom, where golden orange glow and dark leaves. Gentle wind blows from the blue sky, the Martel stand, silence the laurel tall. Do you know it? There? Oh, there. I desire to go with you, my beloved. Do you know the Haas, It's riff rests on pillars. The whole claims that chamber shimmer. The marble statue stand and gears at me, What have they done to you per child? Do you know it? They're over. I desire to go with you, my protector. Do you know the mountain and it's collided path. The mule seeks its way through the mist. In caves. The ancient breed of dragons dwells. The rock fall steeply and over at the torrent, you know it there. Oh, there lies our way. Oh, Father, Let us go. 38. Friedrich Schiller: Talk about the Friends of Gerta, Friedrich Schiller, the poet and playwright who along with Gerta, gave us what's known as Weimar classicism, which we're going to talk about in this video. If you're not a German speaker or you're not particularly familiar with the works of Schiller, it's quite likely that you've heard these words ploidy shown or gotten iPhone can talk to us and Lyceum, their butt tighten foil trunk and Him, Alicia done high lectin. Joy, thy beauty is godly lightning, daughter of Elysium, fire drunk and we are entering heavenly thy holy home. And you may have heard those words, performs like this. The Ode to Joy, of course, made famous by Ludwig van Beethoven and his Ninth Symphony. No, I, the Ode to Joy may have had another title intended. Andy Floyd was perhaps bent to be Andy Kali, height, ode to freedom. But that would have been considered subversive in Schiller's day. Your crystal Friedrich von Schiller. Friedrich Schiller, agile often finds them online or fritz to his friends and family, lived from 1759 to 1805. He was a poet, a philosopher, a physician, a historian, and a playwright. He was also a good friend, actually a productive on complicated friendship with Geta and their relationship. But on the discussions they had around things like philosophy and drama on classicism. Find it the literary and cultural movement known as Weimar classicism. And at fused ideas from romanticism. The literary movements sweeping you're at which focused very much on the individual and on strong emotion. Classicism and the enlightenment. The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Enlightenment, being a movement in Europe towards embracing the idea of reason as foundational in philosophy coming from Descartes's idea. I think therefore, I am. He believed strongly and individual freedom on an republican ideals. His most famous plays and had the ROI but the Robert and Maria Stewart, Mary Stuart or Mary Queen of Scots could member. He was a historian and he DRE very much from his knowledge of history. His best-known poem is arguably on deflator, which we've just seen, unheard, Ode to Joy. And of course it's enjoying popularity is partly due to Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. I was born on the tenth of November 1759. Mr. buck invert them books, and he was the son, all the military doctor pictured here, johann Caspar Schiller and Elizabeth Dorothea advice. They also have five daughters. Imagine being the only boy with five sisters. So Schiller's family was very religious and he spent much of his youth studying the Bible, and that wasn't influenced on his drama. His father was absent when he was born on for a few years afterwards due to the Seven Years War. And the family occasionally visited Johann Kaspar wherever he happened to be stationed during the war. When the war was over, he became a recruiting officer on the family moved to LA Schiller and his sister frequently. Well, the word we would use a Skype DOF. They played truant during their primary skill education, and Laura wasn't a particularly effective education. So there's parents around that time wanted him to grow up to be a priest. And so they asked the local appraise twist, instruct him in Latin and Greek, which he did very well out. And Shiller actually NAND or character in deal.II Baba, after father Moser, who taught him Latin and Greek, in 1766, Johann Kaspar had not been paid for three years, which is pretty catastrophic for any family. They'd been living from their savings, but they couldn't afford to keep doing that. He took an assignment to the garrison at lid Vicksburg. And whilst they're Shiller came to the attention of car OIG and Jim Barton Berg, a Jake being a royal title. And Germany at the time. In 1773, Schiller was enrolled in an elite military academy which had been funded by the Jake, the Karl's Sheila Stuttgart, and he studied medicine. They're following in the footsteps of his father. Noise. Schiller was ill for most of his life, dying at the age of 46, and he tried to cure his illness has himself based on this training, but he didn't really practice much AS a physician, as we'll see. He read Rousseau. Rousseau being one of the key figures of the Enlightenment and good of course, and discussed the ideas of classicism with his schoolmates. So his interests went beyond medicine and the military. He wrote de Roy was still at skill, and it centers on the conflict between two aristocratic brothers, the eldest brother, it leads a Robin Hood style bound of students in the behavior and forest and trusted and social justice. While the younger schemes to inherit their father's vastus did, it contained biting critique of social corruption and it was proto revolutionary and its ideas and it shocked it's original audience. Schiller became a sensation because of this as inhale, as much talked about. He was later made an honorary member of the French Republic because of the play. It had been inspired by a favorite play of Schiller's UTS of Toronto by lies of it's a German playwright. In 1788, Schiller became a regimental Dr. attached at guards. He went a well, he was absent without leave to attempt the premiere of the Eroica in Mannheim. And because of this, he wasn't present for 14 days on bonds from publishing, rather wax my car, Oregon. So in 1782, he flashed at guard and he took a pair of 0s circuitous route to Weimar. And all the way he had Mathare with this Liddy picture to the right that a married woman, Charlotte Von Caleb, who was involved in a circle of intellectuals. She is noted as having been very clever about very unstable. And he actually needed the help of France to extricate himself from this affair and to help them with the financial problems that we're developing up the time. Shallow settled in Weimar in 1787, and in 1789 he was appointed professor of history and philosophy and nearby Yana. And while he was in Yana, he wrote historical works, but not so much poetry or plays. On the second of February 1790, he married this Liddy Charlotte on Lana felt. They had two sons and two daughters, but there are no descendants of Schiller alive today. The last descendant of Schiller was a grandson of his daughter Amelia, Baron Alexander von glycogen roosts verb, who died in 1947. So he returned from piano to Weimar in 1799. On at that point, Gerta convinced him to resume writing plays. He and good finder, the Weimar theater, which actually became the leading theatre in Germany. He was ennobled in the same year as Giza by the Duke of sex of Weimar. She died of tuberculosis in 1805 at the age of 46. You can see his death mask here to the right. And here is a description of his funeral written by the Swiss poet and historian Conrad Ferdinand Meyer. To dim on poultry torches that the raging storm and ran and Adi moments threatened to pet ite, a waving poll, a vulgar coffin made of pine with not a wreath, not aimed the poorest on no trend as if a crime where swiftly carried to the grave, the barriers his and onwards, one unknown alone, Ron tube, a mantle waived of wide and Nobel fold, followed his coffin towards the spirit of mankind. So describing here the lack of fanfare at the death of Schiller, his remains were moved to the jiggle votes that the vaults of the royal family of Weimar in Weimar historical cemetery in 1827 where his friend ghetto would also later be buried. And an 1830 Schiller sister-in-law, carolina von Volkswagen, published the first biography of Schiller, Schiller's Leben, Schiller's life. I shudder of course, was a philosopher. And in his philosophy, he was influenced by a manual count, who was a German Enlightenment philosopher and Christian thiol suffering, which Rawls a threat of thoughts from different areas of Christianity where people believed in the direct experience of the divine. And that Kim with a sense of purpose. And both these things very much emphasized the experience of the individual. And he was particularly interested and human freedom. And trust and freedom. And the individual very much comes across and his play writing as well. The ROI that is considered a quintessential work of Sturm und Drang, storm on stress. They literally movement that led to romanticism and Germany. It's all about heightened emotion. And some critics consider the play to be the first European melodrama. He then wrote fiasco, also known as, known as the furrowing DPS Gu Xue Genoa. They conspiracy all fiasco of Genoa. So this is a Republican tragedy based on the conspiracy Giovanni Luigi fiasco against Andrea Daria and January in 1547. So his knowledge of history very much and forms his play writing any tends to focus on these Republican rebel type figures. Intrigue and love, cobblestone to lieber. It's a tale of love on court politics that's slightly reminiscent of Romeo and Juliet. Tragic and dying and star-crossed lovers who counts based gathering. It contains an anti-British same involving a firing squad. And the reason for that was at the time, young Germans who refused to join the Hessians, who were German auxiliaries to the British RMA and the American Revolutionary War were actually fired. A poem in the play Don Carlos, the figure of Don Carlos as another republican figure trying to free spin from his despotic father, King Phillip. There is a space in the play buyer, a character called the marquee Posen, who's, who's making a speech to the King. And I pretty much reflects Schiller's own belief and parcel, freedom and democracy. Look around at his majestic nature on freedom. It is funded on high wretched is through freedom. He, the great creator throws into a drop of jus the worm and even in the dead places of decay he's still lets that which is arbitrary delight itself. Your creation, high narrowing per the rustling of a leaf terrifies the lord of Christendom. You must tremble before each virtue. He, in order not to disturb the delightful appearance of freedom, he prefers to ally evils, cruel army ridge and his universe. He, the artist is not perceived mall display. He veils himself and eternal laws. These are what the free thinker Cs naught him. What's the point of God? He says, The world is sufficient unto itself on no Christian worship has ever praised him more than this free thinkers, blasphemy. So in other words, by having freedom thought, you are basically fulfilling the purpose of God who desires mankind to be an artist. And yet you'll see a lot in this speech about the nature of art and creation related to freedom. Einstein trilogy tells the tale of the last days and the assassination of the trays Miss command or Albert Einstein during the Thirty Years War. In various church, we have another kind of rebel figure, despite the fact that Mary Queen of Scots, the historical figure, would have saved herself as God's anointed queen. Schindler sees her as basically sticking it to the man the mound bang Elizabeth, the first ironically and disruptor of the political structures of her day. She is depicted as a sort of tragic heroine, misunderstood, a manipulated by Elizabeth the First on by others. The Maid of Orleans. You'll fly vault or Leon's story of Joan of Arc, who was of course, another rebel figure trying to overthrow the English. The bride of missing the boat full myths, Sina, It was actually controversial for its use of elements of Greek tragedy which were considered obsolete at the time. And it sentenced Sicily at a time of amazing between paganism and Christianity. Then there is the play Vilhelm towel, which is based on the story of the famous Swiss marksman. Remember he could shoot apples from people's heads. And the Swiss struggle for independence from the Hapsburg Empire and the early 14th century. So again, drawing on his knowledge of history, his last play was unfinished to make trade-offs on the story of Demetrios, the Czar of Russia from 1604 to 1605, a very short lived, ran. Unfortunately about plan was never finished. 39. Mark Twain : How not discuss American literature without discussing vest man, Mark twin, and the writer William Faulkner described mark to him as the father of American literature. So his actual name was Samuel Longhorn Clemens. There's no wonder that heat got panam where the name that long he lived from 1835 to 1910. So within the Victorian era. And he wrote under the pen name mark Twin, as we've discussed on here is a picture of Mark twin as we most picture him and his trademark white suit that he was famous for. So he was a writer, a humorist, an entrepreneur, a publisher and a lecture. He did many things during his lifetime. The works that he's best known for, Although he wrote many works, are probably The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, the prince and the pauper, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and an American Yankee in King Arthur's Court, amongst other texts. If you ever find yourself with some time on your hands, it's great fun to look up Mark twin quotes online. Here's one that comes up whenever there's an election. It's easier to fill people than to convince them that they have been fooled. He also famously said, I was educated with once, it took me years to get over it, better to remain silent and the thought of fail, then the spake, enter, move all died. And one that you've probably read many times on Facebook and Instagram, politicians and diapers must be changed often for the same reason. So Mark Twain was the son of Jan on John Marshall Clemens, another father called John. And he was raised in Hannibal, Missouri. Missouri. Became the background for Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn's stories. He kind of fictionalized his own childhood. So his father was an attorney, I'm a judge who died when Twin was only 11. He actually left skill after the fifth grades on pretty much educated himself at public libraries. He ended up being awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford University. Here we see him in his robes when he got that doctorate. So he was a learned and erudite man, but very much self-educated. He became a typesetter when he left school. And he also wrote for his brother a Ryan's newspaper at that time. Here he is as a young man, he did many other things. He was a river boat pilots, which was considered quite glamorous and his friends were quite jealous. He was also an inventor. He was always interested in science and technology. And he actually patented a replacement for suspenders to hold your trousers up. And a self-adhesive scrapbook where you could just moisten the periods of the scrapbook and stick in whatever you wanted to stick in, saving you from having to go and get blue. And they actually sold 25 thousand of those. His lifelong interest in science and technology lead has been visited by Thomas Edison in 1909 who filmed him? I'm not state only footage that exists at mark Twin. I can't include it in this video for copyright reasons. But I have included it as a D9 notable resource. So you can link to it if you go to the download section where he was also very widely traveled, which is part of educating himself. He traveled throughout the USA and he lived in many different places within the USA. He also traveled in Europe on the Middle East. And he published his travel address as the innocence abroad. And in 18691860 it, he had been offered honoree membership of Yale's scroll and keys Society, which was a secret society dedicated to fellowship, moral and literary self-improvement, and charity. So though we haven't been formally educated, he was one of the literati. He actually made a lot of money at certain points of his life, but he went bankrupt at 1 due to bad investments. He invested in a new form of a typewriter which didn't work very well. Several other things went wrong for him, though. He turned it around. And when he died, his estate was the equivalent of 13 million US dollars in today's money. He married political Olivia London in 1870. She's pictured here. He had met her brother on his travels. He had showed him a photograph of his sister and he just fell in love at first sight with the photograph. So her, he met intellectuals and abolitionists, including his famous neighbor, whom we've just talked about, Harriet Beecher Stowe. His son Langdon, very sadly died of the theoria is domain 19 months, but he did have three surviving children, three daughters, Susie, Clara, and Jane. The time he got married, he owned a stick and the buffalo expressed newspaper and he worked there as avatar and also as a writer. He wrote many of his novels during the 17 years that he lived in Hartford, Connecticut, which is where he met Harriet Beecher Stowe. And the 20 summers he's spent his wife's family's estate called quarry farm. So there he wrote Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, the prince and the pauper. Many of his most famous works. He actually suffered quite badly from depression after his daughters Susie died in 1896. And that didn't get any better when Olivia died in 1904. And he spent his later years and Manhattan and here he is pictured in his later years. This is actually an early photograph. I know it looks like a Pandan. Oxford awarded him the honorary doctorate in 1907. He wrote in 1909, but I came in with Halley's comet and 1835, it's coming again next year and I expect to walk with it. So Halley's comet had appeared shortly after his birth, and he actually died the day after it appeared again on April 21st, 1910. And he's buried at Woodlawn Cemetery and Elvira, New York. And here we have a picture of his grave right beside Olivia's grave. So he had some quite strong views which come across and his work and writings which we'll talk about. Before 1899, he had been very much on imperialist and he supported the US bang and the Hawaiian islands. And they called their world with span, the earliest ever fault. But he did a bit of a U turn after 1899 with the Philippine American War, where he read the terms of the treaty anti wrote, we do not intend to fray, but to subjugates the people of the Philippines. So he then supported the Boxer Rebellion and China saying they had a right to protect themselves against foreign intervention and foreign manipulation. He was also an ardent abolitionist. He said, Lincoln's Proclamation not only SAT black slaves free, but set the white man free. Also, very much in the same van is Harriet Beecher Stowe, that slavery is not just about the people who are involved in that. He's sales lives, our own them, or who happened to base live. But it's about the whole of society, the whole of the country. He supported women's suffrage. And he was very much a Presbyterian on. He actually raise money to build a Presbyterian Church at 1. But he had some real criticisms of organized religion, especially and the way it was practiced in the United States. Although he did criticize it and other countries to me. And he said of Christ, we're here now. I, there's one thing he would not pay a Christian. He was also a Free Mason and he was very opposed to vivid section on the grounds of cruelty to animals rather than for a scientific reason. He thought that caused unnecessary suffering. Of his most famous works, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, which was published in 1876, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, published in 1884. Now I know again, not a children's literature course, but these books are just so influential that we couldn't discuss American literature without making some reference to them. So Tom Sawyer is based very much on twins, ONE childhood, the fictional time of St. Petersburg and Missouri where tall blebs as very similar to the Hannibal, Missouri, all of his childhood. I'm Tom Sawyer is pretty much based on the capture of mark Twin as a child himself. He paced the character of Huckleberry Finn on a school, a friend of his, who was called Tom blanking ship. So there's a business in reality. Obviously, it's a fantastical tale and in some ways. So basically the story of Tom Sawyer when it begins tome as living with his aunt Polly on his little brothers said in St. Petersburg, Missouri. So Tom on his good friend Huckleberry Finn, he is a lower-class boys for what the phrase get better way. He's the son of the time, drunk basically. So they have adventures together. Many childhood script C also falls in love with a couple of girls in this class. But eventually Tom and a Huckleberry Finn go to a graveyard and the middle of the night because they think it will cure works. Well, there you go. They are children after all. While they're there, they witnessed the murder of Dr. Robinson By the Native American engine Joe. Engine Joe as a bit of a contentious character within that stir some claim that it is a racist stereotype on some say the writing is all of its time. I'll let you make up your own mind. So the boys see this murder. They make a blood oath to each other not to tell anybody what they've seen on they run away. So engine Joe. Blames a hapless TA1 drunk MF Potter for the martyr. And he's then arrested, which makes the boys failed pretty guilty because they know the truth. So Tom Huckleberry Finn, referred to as Huck, and their friend Joe Harper, run away and hide. And the whole time is terrified about what might have happened to them on, goes hunting for them. So tom is remorseful when he sees the distress that has loved ones who are looking for him. And he actually mix and the parents up his own funeral, much to everybody's astonishment. He then decides to testify against engine Joe out buffs trial other engine Joe escapes through your window and isn't brought to justice. So that summer engine Joe and I call rate of his hide, stolen gold on the boys observed the hiding place. So Huckleberry Finn starts following him at night. Doing this. He learns that engine Joe and his compound and plan to attack the Widow, Douglas, so hot it gives the warning on the widow as rescued from this happening, I think becomes a local hero. So whilst this is hotline, Tom, I'm Becky, His love and trust get lost in a kid and the time on they encounter engine job ours, pretty scary. But the children escape. And engine Joe as trapped in the caves on when they find him, he has starved to death in the caves. So Tom and Huck finds his buried gold which is invested on their behalf. The Widow Douglas adopts Huckleberry Finn. So it's very much on adventure. It has that sort of magic of the adventure of childhood. Some serious points on it, uh, by race relations. Like a lot of the American literary candidate has been bound at certain times, not as much as Huckleberry Finn because of its use of language. Huckleberry Finn, probably more so than Tom Sawyer makes use of a word that was in common usage in that period, which is normally considered to be a racial slur, a word that we would be uncomfortable with. Basically, no, I gotta talk about Huckleberry Finn and artist having way grit American author, sadness. All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark twin, Huckleberry Finn. Okay, so that means we definitely can't talk about American literature without talking about this spec. Tom Sawyer is a lesser character in this ostensible sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn. Obviously, probably most of us have seen movies and TV shows. A bite. This character, a character that captured the public consciousness. It's a darker novel than The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. I still got that childhood magic. Avoid it, but it captures some pretty serious issues, especially issues of race, identity and slavery, the big issues of American literature of that period. So awesome novel opens Huckleberry Finn, let's call them Huck. He's finding it difficult living with the Widow Douglas much that she's a nice lady, but he doesn't fit into a sort of respectable middle class. Like that's not what he's used to. So his drunken profligate father, referred to as pop, suddenly appears because he wants the money that has been an fasted on Hox behalf, you know, at the end of the Tom Sawyer novel. So Judge Thatcher and the Widow Todd, let's try to get custody of Huck. But a well-meaning judge thinks that he can reform pop and takes them into his own home, which is a total disaster basically. So the Widow Douglas, ends up warning pop to stay away from her house so he could not stop. And keeps him pretty much prisoner in a cabin across the river from St. Petersburg. And when he's drunk, he baits the boy. So, and this very cruel environment, hook decides to escape by taking his own death because a pagan leaves blood everywhere. But Grayson really, he hides on an island to keep away from his father. And there he makes the fugitive slave called Jim. Jim, also a contentious character within literature. He's a very sympathetic character. And the relationship between Huckleberry Finn on Jim as a very close one. But some people find his use of language a bit stereotypical. And although he's cleverer than some of the other characters in the BEC. They still fail the account they LL remaining depiction. But that's with more than a century having gone past. At its time. It was pretty ground breaking to show this friendship between a young white boy on this black escaped slave. So Jim, huckleberry, pretty much form a partnership there, both hiding all this island. Jim has belong to a lady called Miss Watson, and she planned to sell him to a plantation owner who was particularly known for his cruelty and that would also have separated him from his family. So I little bit similar to what was happening to Uncle Tom and Uncle Tom's Cabin. So as Jim Huck are on this island, a huge storm, Bruce, and they have to play on a raft. They find this floating ice while they're on the raft and they looked at to try and get some necessary provisions. There's a dead body, a mom who's being shot in the heist and gym protects hock from saying the dad mom, he refuses to let TMZ the dad mountain space. So they have actually learned that a reward has been offered for Jim's capture. And they decided to head up river to states where slavery is prohibited on Jim can be free. On the way they encounter a gang of slave traders. And at this point, Huck has a moral crisis because jim is after all, miss Watson's property and his mindset. But he eventually comes rind on, tells the slave catchers that it's his father on the raft who had smallpox. The slave catchers are obviously terrified of getting smallpox, which was a big problem at the time, and let them go. The next night, a steamboat hits the raft and Huck and Jim are separated. So has taken in by the aristocratic rancher Fred family here having a feud with another family and he gets called up and all this until Jim arrives with the repaired raft and they take off during the river again, there are joined by two colon artists through they can't seem to get rid of, refer to themselves as the Jake was pretending to be European aristocrat. And the DOA, This guy is pretending to be the heir to the throne of parents. And they do actually take people and with this cockamamie story. So they at 1 Sal, Jim, Farmer and Huck resolves to go on rescue him. And the farmer turns out to be Tom Sawyer is onco, his wife as Tom Sawyer's aunt Sally. And she actually mystics Huck for Tom because Tom is G developed. So when Tom arrives, Huck films are the men I'm told pretends to be his younger brother, said. So Tom forms a complicated plan as Tom tends to date, try and free gym, it all goes badly wrong and Tom ends up being shot in the leg. And Jim actually gives up his freedom to help Tom. It turns right after this that Jim has been a free man all the time because met Miss Watson had freed him in her will and she died two months ago. It also turns out at the end, but the body that they find in the floating highest walls path. So how has been frayed from pop as well out? Sally offers to adopt Huck, but he's been adopted before. He doesn't fancy that life and he decides to keep adventuring, go west. You know, either are some very serious points in this novel. Jim is an escaped slave, and Huckleberry is also a run-away, a fugitive. He's welcomed with open arms. Whereas, you know, Jim as very much halted and using satire, mark Twin really points out some of the hypocrisy of the age and there's some serious social points. And Huckleberry Finn, if you've never read it, or the Tom Sawyer stories, they are really great at badges and I hope that you'll perhaps read through them. It's possible that you've seen movies, that you've seen them on TV. As I say, there are stories that are very much in the public consciousness and deservedly so. 40. Louisa May Alcott: American story very much in the public consciousness is little women. As I record this, a movie of Little Women has only just bainite. There have been, of course many movies. And this is a story that many of us grew up with. So we're going to talk about the lady who gave us that story, Louisa May Alcott, who was a woman who became a feminist icon. So Louisa May all caught. He lived from 1830 to 1888, was a novelist, short story writer, and a poet. She was also a journalist at 1 in her life, and she'd been a nurse and the American Civil War. She was an abolitionist and a feminist. She's most famous for her series of novels, Little Women, published in 1868, Good Wives published in 1869, sometimes published in the same volume as Little Women. Little Man, published in 1871 on Jo's Boys, published in 1886. And these stories are very much based on her own childhood and her home family. And Concord and Massachusetts. She, like Joe, the protagonist of Little Women who was really based on Alcott, had three sisters. And so the four sisters become the four March sisters of Little Women. She was the second daughter of Transcendentalists, Abigail May and Amos Bronson Alcott. Notice Bronson Alcott and we've talked before about American transcendentalism. It's very similar to English Romanticism. It has its roots in English Romanticism and a German romanticism. And it has an element of Indian religion as well. So she worked from a very early age to support her family who underwent some financial problems. And her earliest works were spy adventures for young adults. And she wrote those under the panam AM Barnard. Little women's stories that I mentioned before, it was based on our own family life. So she had three sisters, just as Joe March had three sisters. Abigail, known as may, Elizabeth, known as Laissez, and Anna. So she was actually born and a time that's not a suburb of Philadelphia. And she moved to Boston in 1834, where her father established a skill and joined the transcendental Club, where he was friends with some very famous Paypal. So she was actually educated by Henry David Thoreau. And she hadn't instruction from Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret filler on julia Ward High. All of whom were family friends and famous intellectuals. Her father was also a big part of our education and he believed in what he called The beauty of self-sacrifice. And there were actually tensions between Ronson all caught on his wife and daughters because of his attitudes to their independence and also his inability to provide financial aid for his family. The family actually move 22 times 30 years at 1, they still the highest that Emerson had given the money to buy to Nathaniel Hawthorne. They called hillside, he called it the way side. In 1858, they moved to orchard highs in Concord, Massachusetts. And that's basically the backdrop for Little Women. And it so happened that all caught was the very first woman to register to vote and conquered. The family believed in plan, living on high thinking. And in 1847 by highs, a fugitive slave, remember that the ox that mid that LIGO came in, in 1850. So this was before the act. They also had discussions with the former slave and statesman Frederick Douglass, so very much an abolitionist family. In 1860, Alcott began writing for Atlantic Monthly. So she had been writing stories, she had been writing letters. She basically rights throughout her life. She volunteered as a nurse and the American Civil War, but unfortunately, she contracted typhoid and was pretty ill. But her laugh at home were turned into a book called Hospital Sketches, published in 1863. She was very critical of hospital administration during the war and of what she viewed as the coldness, unlucky event that they, on the part of some of the surgeons that she met, her father was so proud of her for her contributions to the war and her contribution to their high school that he wrote her a poem. And I remember she hadn't had a great relationship with their fathers. So this was very moving. And this is what he wrote. When I remember with what buoyant heart minced wars, alarms on rows of civil strife and youthful eagerness. Thigh dids depart at parallel di, safety pace and life to nurse the wounded soldiers. Swift, the dad, hi Pearson, soon bye favors poison dart, brought unconscious home with welders heads. So i ever since mid Langer and del pan to conquer fortune, cherish, kindred, dear, house with grids, studies, vex to sprightly brand in married households, kindled Levin cheer, narrow from myself by fans lied Trump, beguiled, sanding and this on the other hemisphere, I press the 2 million heart as GTPase faithful child. So this is famously entitled to Louisa May, all caught from her father. Elements of the Alcott family life that turn up in Little Women. Bass death relates to Lizzy staff in the rail all caught finally, on the rivalry between Joe on AMA mirrors the rivalry between Louisa May. I'll call on her system may. Unlike Joe, I'll call it never married. That's the one big difference between real life on the book. She said, I am more than half persuaded, but I am a man so put by some force of nature into a woman's body. Because I have fallen in love with so many pretty girls and never once the least bit for any man. But she certainly didn't fail us social pressure to get married if that was not what she was interested in. She did have an affair when she was traveling in Europe with a Polish man, manned lavas laugh this nice cake. She featured this inner journals, but she actually deleted the entries before she died. Rivalry with her system a, she actually adopted May's daughter when they died following childbirth in 1879. The GAR was named Louisa libraries and male called on Xi nickname term. And then which stuck for the rest of her life. And this is a picture of Lulu here to the right. In 1877, she had become one of the founders of the women's educational and industrial union and Boston. So she's still very Interested in women's rights. In the later years of her life, she suffered from chronic illness. Neither walls have day when that was believed to be due to mercury poisoning. But there is a portraits of all caught with a rash and her face that is associated with a condition called Lupus on auto-immune disease. She died of a stroke on March the sixth, 1888, only six days after her father died. At that point, it was only it on she's buried and Sleepy Hollow cemetery in Concord, Massachusetts. They all wrote many books, many articles, many letters, but she's most famous for having written these books, that'll women, followed by good wives, which is sometimes published in the same volume is Little Women. That'll men and Jo's Boys on a bet like they, a Song of Ice and Fire stories that became Game of Thrones. When you've read these books, she's sort of start to forget what happened and what book. They all become one coherent story really. But Little Women is the story of a family during the American Civil War. The father has gone off to war, leaving Mrs. March with her four daughters, Meg, who is the eldest and this sort of sensible, pretty respectable one. Joe, the Tom bias and fiercely and depends on the second-order based on Louisa male caught herself, ME, who's slightly snobbish and sometimes fights with the other sisters back. He's very good, unkind and caring. And there's also Laurie who lives next door, who is a big part of their adventures. Litter in the stories he ends up Mary to AMI, and Joe of course, ends up married to a much older professor, professor bear, and becomes a teacher. A character who embodies Luis's own feminist attitudes and our attitudes towards education. Even though she gets married, Joe's still has her own independence, her own career. We see women and the absence of man. And of course, Louisa maze, father, wasn't obsolete, but there was a difficulty in the relationship there. But it was the case in many families where the man had gone off to war, that the women had to become much more independent and rely on their own resources. And we very much see that in Little Women. And it tends to be thought of as a series of novels for children or younger people. But one credit commented that it could be enjoyed by young people age six to six data is something that you can read when you're slightly older and maybe say it in a different way once you've matured. And it's a story that really appealed to edges, though it does tend to appeal more to women. I remember when I studied American literature as part of my degree that the man on the course actually complained about having to read let the women, but I think some of them actually liked it once they'd read it. 41. F. Scott Fitzgerald: Another major figure in American literature as F Scott Fitzgerald, who was the tragic chronicler of what I call the Jazz Age. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald lived from 1896 to 1940. And he's regarded as one of the most important writers in the American literary common. Although he was popular during his lifetime, he didn't really receive this level of critical acclaim until after his death. He finished four novels, This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and The Damned. The Great Gatsby on Tantra is The Night and The Great Gatsby as really up there and the American literary candidates, maybe the American equivalent to Great Expectations site. So you have another novel, The Unfinished, The Last Tycoon that was published posthumously. He wrote many short stories and he also worked as a screenwriter and MGM before going freelance shortly before his death. He wrote N on a bite, the jazz age. So what do we mean about the jazz age? Well, this was an age when jazz music, music which had a black origin becoming popularized. It was also the age of Prohibition where alcohol was illegal. It was the age of celebrity. You know, really the obsession with celebrity that we have today was just beginning to gather pace in the jazz age. So this is the kind of environment that Fitzgerald find himself in. And he writes a bite, they hollow Lynch or in the hypocrisy of the Jazz Age. As founding history. It was pretty colorful, both good and bad. Was actually named after his third cousin Francis Scott Key. So he was Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald, but known as Scott Fitzgerald. And Francis Scott Key was a lawyer who happened to write the lyrics to the star-spangled banner, the American national anthem. On the other hand, his first cousin Mary Sarah, was the first woman to be given the death penalty in the United States in 1865. She was hind for being one of the conspirators in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. So during Fitzgerald's childhood, he moved around a lot, but he mostly grew up in Buffalo and New York. And he was sent to two Catholic skills there. And he showed an aptitude for let feature under entrust and literature. He went to a school called Holy Angels, and he was large to go for only half the day, and his mother left him decide which half he wanted to go. His father was fired from his job at Proctor and Gamble in 1908, and then the family moved to St. Paul and Minnesota where he attended the simple Academy from 19081911. And it was while he was there that he published his first work at detective story and the school newspaper. He enrolled in Princeton University in 1913, and he wrote for university clubs and newsletters. He was much more interested in writing, but in his studies, it's fair to say while he was there, he had a romance with misled age and every King from 1915 to 1917. And when they broke up, he asked her to destroy his letters, but he held onto hairs. After his death, his daughter Scottie, returned the ladders to Qing and she never made them public. Let's Gerald based the character of isabel bores a and this side of paradise on King and also the Odious does a in The Great Gatsby and Daisy is everything that Fitzgerald, HIPAA, the byte society. She is protected by wealth. She is careless of others and careless as the word that he used. So that's not entirely flattering thing. Didn't pay much attention to his studies. He was placed on academic provision in 1917, the unequipped Princeton to go join the Army. It was towards the end of the First World War. He was stationed at Fort Leavenworth where he was a student of Dwight Eisenhower who later became precedent on he thoroughly detested Eisenhardt. 30 might be killed in battle with I ever having published a novel because he really have literary ambitions on he appreciated that he was more than talented. So he submitted the romantic AIG attests to the publisher scriptures. They declined debts. Button invited him to submit more work. Wait a minute, you say, didn't you list four novels at the start of this video? And the romantic egotist was definitely not one of them that stray, there's a reason for that, which we'll see later. So here is the infamous Zelda Fitzgerald's, or Zelda Sayer as she was when Fitzgerald matter and the story of their romance is a legendary. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant and assigned to count showered on outside Montgomery, Alabama. And it was while he was living there that he met Zelda, who was the daughter of the Alabama Supreme Court Justice Anthony de sehr. The war ends up before he could be deployed. And he moved to New York City to begin a career in advertising because he needed to raise enough money to support. Seldom. If he was going to marry her. She agreed to marry him, but she broke off the engagement because she didn't believe he was earning enough money to support her and the way that she would like to become accustomed. So he returned to his parents eyes on re-wrote the romantic egotist as this Side of Paradise, repairing at car roofs for money during the time. And this novel was published in 1920. It was very successful by the standards of the day. So it's 41,075 copies in its first year, supplying enough money for Fitzgerald to marry Zelda. So they got married and their only child, promises Scott Fitzgerald, known as Scotty, was born on October the 26th, 19-21. And here is a photograph of Zelda with her daughter sculpture. In the 19 twenties, they traveled in Europe. Fitzgerald befriends Ernest Hemingway, who thoroughly loathed Zelda calling her in San, and claiming she encouraged the alcoholic Fitzgerald to drink so that he would write short stories and novels. He wouldn't be able to finish his novels. This and his view was because the short stories made a lot of money when they were published in popular magazines. Whereas the novels took up his time and didn't make money. Having where it referred to Fitzgerald sales and short stories as harangue. That was an issue between the two friends. That's Geraldine Zelda had an opulent lifestyle as New York celebrities, they were like the car Dacians of their time. That lifestyle cost Fitzgerald a lot of money and so too did Sal does health care until eventually ended up in financial difficulty. His publisher on his literary agent, loaned on advanced him money and in the end, when his literary agent refused to keep doing this, Fitzgerald cut all ties with him. Although he litter apologized and a story called Financing Finnegan. So in 1930, Zelda developed schizophrenia. It had been clear for some years that she was on well, she was hospitalized at the Phipps clinic at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore and Maryland in 1932. That's Gerald rented a nearby a state and began writing his fourth novel, which was a psychiatrist who falls in love with a patient. It was a semi autobiographical tail which talked about his problems with Zelda. The issues of that came with celebrity lifestyle and his own problems with alcoholism. And it was published with the title tender as they might in 1934, Zelda really angered Fitzgerald by submitting her own account of their life together descriptors, she called it, saved me the waltz. It wasn't that she was giving away any secrets. He felt she was invading his literary tariff. He called the story his material. F. Scott Fitzgerald did struggle with alcoholism throughout his life and he was actually hospitalized mine times at John Hopkins for problems relating to alcoholism. He and Zelda move to Hollywood in 1936. He been asked to write a flap or call today for a United Artists? He did in some sense think that writing for Hollywood was beneath him. That was selling, right? But he needed to make money. While he was there, he began an affair with this lady, the starlit lowest moron. He rewrote the character of Rosemary, height and tendrils, the might to reflect her. He signed with MGM and 1937 on at this point he was making the most money of his career, about $28 thousand a year. I'm not too sure what that is in today's money, but I would imagine a lot. He's mostly uncredited though as a screenwriter. Despite the fact that he was making a lot of money out of it. I'm not quite sure why that is, to be honest. So he began a very high profile affair with the English Bourne movie columnist Sheila Graham, and he actually moved in on lived with her hair. She is pictured here to the right. Around this time, he also began writing his final novel, The Last Tycoon, which he never completed. But he did leave a lot of notes regarding the novel and so it was published posthumously. Mgm had terminated his contract in 1939 on he'd become a freelance screenwriter. Again, he wasn't comfortable with writing for Hollywood's Pete E and some sense spouts that it was beneath him in a military sense. And so he mocked himself as a Hollywood hack and the Pat Hobby Stories. Towards the end of his life he claimed to have tuberculosis. He definitely was on, well, scholars are divided on whether he was actually unwell with tuberculosis or this was a Bronx to cover up his alcoholism, which wasn't something you could talk a bites openly at that period of history. So in September 1936 on article was published in the New York Post, which was entitled The other side of Paradise, Scott Fitzgerald, four-day engulfed and despair at Blue a lot of things in his life out of the water, and it really damaged his reputation. Fitzgerald is said to have contemplated suicide when he read it. He had been a bit dizzy spell on leaving a movie theater with Sheila Graham on December 20th, 1940. And he remarked her, they think I'm drunk, don't die and not reality. He probably had a heart attack. And the next day he died of a heart attack. Dorothy Parker, the American modernist writer who visited as body in the funeral home, tearfully quoted the character of Jay Gatsby from The Great Gatsby saying, poor son of a bitch. Some issues around Fitzgerald's burial. The Catholic Church would not lie, Fitzgerald to be buried and his family plot and St. Mary's Church in Rockville, Maryland because he was a non-practicing Catholic. So he was buried and rockfall union cemetery. In 1948, Zelda died and a fire at Highland mental hospital and Nashville, North Carolina, and she was buried beside her husband. In 1975, sculpt a convinced the Catholic church to lie, her parents to be buried and the Family Plot and St. Mary's Church, and they were reentered. So The Great Gatsby considered Fitzgerald's greatest work, not during his lifetime, but of more recent years. It is a tale that is in some sense modernist and it focuses on the internal workings, but it does have quite a lot of action. And it tends to, I would say, at the edges towards modernism, but isn't all I, modernism, it isn't all like stream of consciousness. The narrator of the story, Nick, is widely believed to be based on Fitzgerald himself on. And Nick holds the SAM, disgust for certain facets of Jazz Age society that Fitzgerald entertained. So Jay Gatsby is a character driven by hope and hope as represented by the symbolism of a green light which flashes across the bay to the island where he lives. And it is part of the land that belongs to the later. He loves Desi, whom we've talked about before as being completely OTAs. She's old money. She comes from a sort of aristocratic background. She's very influenced by money and by social status. Gatsby, although he becomes very wealthy and we're not sure high on the inferences, he's made his money in some kind of dodgy way, but money isn't really his motivation, his love for Daisy as Walt motivates him. So Daisy traits him quite coldly and clearly. There is a tragic ending to the novel. The novel is very, very thick in symbolism. It's actually quite a short novel with an awful lot to say. There is an area and the novel of geographic area described as The Valley of the Ashes. Which gives us a real indication of Fitzgerald's view of the landscape of his society. There's the image of the green light, which I've already mentioned. There's an image of a billboard with a giant pair of eyes and glasses staring darn, sort of a commentary on, on being watched. There aren't very many likable characters in the novel. In fact, the novel ends with this quote. They were careless people, Tom and Daisy. They smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together and let other people clean up the mess they had made. So I angry and I think this was genuinely an anger that Fitzgerald felt a byte. Careless. People. People who wear intrinsically selfish, who caused a great deal of destruction to others who may have a mass. And, you know, some of these careless characters in the book are reminiscent of some of the people that he met in real life. There are accusations of muscle Ginni about The Great Gatsby, but actually the figure of DSA based on generic King and also maybe slightly on Zelda, is perhaps coming from his real life. Of course, Tender is the Night, very much based on his rail knife. And after I had read The Great Gatsby it's skill on, absolutely loved it. I asked my English teacher what else I could read by F Scott Fitzgerald. And this was the novel that she told me. You really should read if you're interested in F Scott Fitzgerald because it's so autobiographical. We discussed before, Hi, it's abide, a psychiatrist who falls in love with the patient. But there really are overtones of his very problematic love for Zelda off his own alcoholism, he struggled with, again of celebrity culture, which is something he also wrote about in The Great Gatsby. Not all critics loved to Sandra's the night. Some people regarded that as disappointing after The Great Gatsby. Also it split up into this kind of three section structure, which I think at the time they didn't really gel with. But it's so personal, it's so pointed its coming from his own personal life on us. We've seen his own personal life was pretty turbulent. I think my reaction to F Scott Fitzgerald is that he writes a lot about hope, you know that green light as hope. Even though I think he himself did experience despair. He still has this reverence for the idea of hope. Jay Gatsby, who in very many ways is a kind of naive character, especially in his love for Desi is lauded by Fitzgerald on by net Q represents Fitzgerald for having hope when everyone a ride him, his so cynical. And that is what mix F Scott Fitzgerald is writing. Beautiful to me personally. I hope that you will read The Great Gatsby if you haven't already read it on Tantra sunlight and discover the beauty of fits gap Gerald, for yourself. 42. Harper Lee: We're going to talk about Harper Lee. Harper Lee is a major figure in the American literary canon, having published one, arguably two bucks. And why I say that is her bec, To Kill a Mockingbird is an obsolete Classic. And her second book, which was published many decades later. Go Set a watchman, is basically an early draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, although it was advertised as being a sequel. So Harper Lee has both being adored and the states and throughout the world, but also her back has been banned and we'll talk a little bit about that later. Now, Harper Lee, who lived from 1926 to 2016, was best known for To Kill a Mockingbird. And of course, Go Set a watchman and To Kill a Mockingbird was published in 1960, and she won the Pulitzer Prize for it in 1961. She was also awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the National Medal of the Arts, very significant honors for Americans. The book risk, many of the issues that were entered the American National Zeit geist around the time of the Civil Rights Movement. Now Harper Lee was born on April 20th, 1926, and Monroe Hill, Alabama, which became the fictional may val and To Kill a Mockingbird. And she was the youngest of four children to Francis coming in and the massa Clements Lee, who actually signed his name as Atticus Finch later in his life. She of course based that very famous character on her father, who was a newspaper editor, a businessman, and a lawyer. And he served in the Alabama State Legislature from 1926 to 1930. It night now was named now because it's Ellen backwards and that was her grandmother. And the Harper comes from the doctor who had saved her sister Luis's life. Her father had to fend with two black men accused of murdering a white storekeeper, and both ended up being hind. And that was something that profoundly impacted on the young lady who was a rind tan at the time. She spent childhood summers with her lifelong close friend treatment capacity, who was of course the rider of Breakfast at Tiffany's and encode blood, amongst other works. She followed in his father's footsteps by studying Law at the University of Alabama. But she actually left us a master short of obtaining her degrade. While she was there, she wrote for the college newspaper ad for humor magazines. So her entrusted, right, I'm well, it's developed during that time. And in 1949, she moved to New York City where she finds some jobs on rote and her spare time. And she picked up a literary agent in 1956. And in that year, her friends gave her a holier salary as a Christmas present with a note attached to use it to write whatever you want, which was pretty amazing. So in 1957, as a result of this Go Set, a watchman was sent to publishers and TE WHO Hall, one of the publishers who received the manuscript, solve real potential and described it as a series of anecdotes rather than a fully conceived novel. With input from Tahoe health, a JP Libin quote Company, which was later acquired by Harper Collins. She re-wrote, Go Set a watchman as To Kill a Mockingbird. And there was national interests and race relations in the sides of that time because of the desegregation of schools. It was something that was very much in the public consciousness as though it was a very arduous process. And at 1 Lee through the manuscripts height of the window into the snow and haul him. She called to tell her she doneness sad to go debit back. It was published in 1960 under the name Harper Lee as latent won't people pronouncing her name Nellie instead of now, it wasn't her trying to sort of masculinize her name. It was an instant best seller and it had huge critical acclaim. And that actually this concern Diddly who had thought that it wouldn't really mate with a very wide audience. The character of Skype's, the novel's narrator. It was based on Les herself as a child. And Atticus Finch on her father. And the character of delt was based on treatment capacity. And capacity claimed that BU rapidly and the novel was actually based on a real, Never a character who openly came out at night. And the adults gossip to bite this man, which made the children fare him as some kind of ghost-like character. The 1931 Scottsboro Boys case wasn't influenced on the novel. That was a miscarriage of justice. In the US. What basically happened was there was an altercation on a trend when some white youths tried to force a group of black teenagers off the trend. And as a result of this two white women and that they had been ripped on the trend. All the nine man, very young men who were involved in the case, they were aged between 1320 were harmed, except for Roy Wright, who was only 13 at the time. So they actually lived near capacity and New York for almost 40 years. He really enjoyed the celebrity lifestyle. Lee was very, very different. She didn't like the limelight. She didn't like to be interviewed. She did help Horton foot with the screenplay of the 1966 academy award winning movie of To Kill a Mockingbird, for which Gregory Peck here pictured one on Oscar. And at that stage, Lee's father had died and she actually give peck her father's gold watch to wear during the Oscar ceremony, they actually became very close friends and pack's ground sudden is actually named after Les. He's called Harper pack full. We see Lee pictured with treatment capacity. So Lee wrote a few essays, but she didn't publish again until 2015. She began to follow up killing a mockingbird called The Long Goodbye, but she abandoned debt and she didn't like to give interviews. So there aren't a lot to be fine swiftly. She cared for her father until he died in 1962 and others, she was resident in New York City. She did MC on the ninth to parents as at libraries and gatherings and Monroe, val, and Alabama before To Kill a Mockingbird was not universally admired. And in fact, a school in Richmond, Virginia bombed the Beck in 1966, describing it as a moral. And Harper Lee wrote a response to this to them. She said, Surely it is planned to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird spouses logged and words of seldom more than two syllables, a code of honor and conduct Christian in its ethic. The heritage of all Southerners. She went on to call the band Double Think, which is an allusion to George Orwell's 1984 ads. In other words, a confused kind of thinking and easy acceptance of a lie. In 1970, it, despite having this kind of reception in some parts of the South, she moved back to Alabama to live, and she intended to write a nonfiction crime, Beck at that time, but she had been on the project many years later, enjoying the solitude of being back in her home territory, she received an honorary doctorate from Notre Dame University. And when she graduated, the graduating seniors selected her with copies of To Kill a Mockingbird, which had by then become very much part of the American literary canon. In 2007, President George W Bush presented her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, a high honor in the States. And she received another high honor from President Barack Obama in 2010, when she was awarded the National Medal of the Arts. Harper Lee's later years were not entirely happy. By 2011, she was living in a care facility. She was losing her sight onto her hearing, as well as her memory, and she was using a wheelchair, so she was very vulnerable. Her friend, Reverend Dr. Thomas Lynn bots, sad and in Australia newspaper entity that he had asked her why she never wrote another book. That she had replied. Two reasons. One, I couldn't go through the pressure on publicity. I went through with To Kill a Mockingbird for any amount of money. Second, I have said what I wanted to say and I will not say it again. So that's quite interesting. She had a message and her work, and she felt that she got that message right there To Kill a Mockingbird and she didn't need to keep hammering at home. In 2013, she filed a lawsuit to reclaim copyright of To Kill a Mockingbird, which she believes she being duped idle while she was recovering from a stroke. So that court case ended up settling out of court. Go set of watchman was published in 2015, and it was billed as a sequel to, To Kill a Mockingbird, as you can see here on the right, although it is really the original manuscript of To Kill a Mockingbird. Concerns were raised at the time, overlays competence to consent to the publication since her sister Alice, who handled her affairs, had recently died and she was in a nursing home and a failing state of health. Go set of watchman Skype as 20 years older than she is and To Kill a Mockingbird. And she goes back to visit her father, Atticus Finch, who has started to associate with anti-black grapes. This upset a lot of people because Atticus Finch obviously is considered a bit of a hero character. And this seemed to go against the character that we had come to know and love. So several people, amongst them, the PEC family, felt it should not have been published as it was an early draft and it actually detracted from To Kill a Mockingbird. Now Harper Lee died on February the 19th, 2016 at the age of 89. She's remembered as one of the most influential of American writers. So To Kill a Mockingbird. When I finished my master's in English, you know, Wordsworth famously said We martyr to dissect as we heard earlier on. And I haven't read a book for fun and a time at, at albedo Bytes study on To Kill a Mockingbird was actually the first book that I read when I finished studying English that I read just for pure joy. And it's very hard not to love it. It's got that amazing central character of Skype. And what it does is through the innocence of a child's eyes, we see the preposterous attitudes of the adults, especially around risk, but also around things like sexuality. And that of course, there's the character of BU Radley who only comes i dot nights. And because he's a bit of a replace, the adults gossip abide by Tim, and then the kids come to think of him as a sort of dangerous, almost ghostly figure. So it's adult behavior in a way criticized through saying the story through the childs. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view until you climb into his skin and walk around. And that I'm not Atticus advising skylights and To Kill a Mockingbird. Another quote. Neighbors bring food with death and floors and sickness and little things in between was our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken watch and Chan, a pair of good luck pennies and our lives. So this depiction of a community, which it's not a completely negative depiction of the community. It is saying as bang, functional in some ways and to a certain extent, but with some really prejudicial attitudes. Of course, the most famous quotes and To Kill a Mockingbird is this. Shoot all the blue jays you want if you can hit him. But remember it's a sin To Kill a Mockingbird. So There's a parallel there. The difference that's made between blue jays on mockingbirds, between different kinds of birds is also made up by people that the lives of white people are considered to be more important and more sacrosanct than those of black people. And really, that is the message that Harper Lee is trying to get across in the novel. The inequality on the unfairness of the place where she has grown up. 43. LM Montgomery : In this video, we're going to talk about one of Canada's best-known writers, Lacey mod Montgomery. Montgomery, point herself struggling for much of her life against the expectation set of women. And the thermite wax personal. For a second, I think this video more than any other in this course so far, has caused me to reflect on the choices and the opportunities that I personally have today. So I hope you're going to enjoy learning about the woman who of course gave us the character of unshare early. For him, a lot of people have affection to this day. Lucy mode Montgomery OBA lived from 1874 to 1942. And in this photograph I find her, she's described as a woman history, can't forget. I'm rightly so. She was a children's author, a novelist, a poet, and essayist, a short story writer, very much a professional writer, which was something that was not always admired. And women of her day, it was fine for a woman to be a hobbyist and to write for self-expression. But once you started being able to make a living out of it and actually gain some Pham. Well, that was perhaps not considered feminine in her day, but yet it was something she was always committed to doing. She's famous, of course, for the Anne of Green Gables series. She also wrote the MLE of Neumann series and many other works. In fact, she published 20 novels, 530s, Short Stories, 500 poems on 30 assays. So she wrote continuously throughout her life. Most of her novels are set on her beloved Prince Edward Island, and that actually makes it a tourist destination to this day. Lucy mode Montgomery was born and Clifton, which is normally called New London Au Prince Edward Island, on the 30th of November, 1874, her mother was called Clara William natal Montgomery, and her father was huge. John Montgomery. Very sadly, when she was only 21 months old, her mother died of tuberculosis and her father placed and her and the care of her maternal grandparents that though he lived nearby NIH, We might be that as an abandonment at this point in history, but in those days it was sort of considered that man didn't really know hydras children, then it would be the best thing for the child. He actually moved to the Northwest Territories to Saskatchewan when she was seven. And so he was no longer on hand at that point. On Laci was raised by her grandparents and Cavendish on Prince Edward Island. Lots of Montgomery's childhood was spent a load. And so she invented imaginary friends and worlds such as KID Morris and Lucy Gray, who lived in the family room, which was behind the drawing room. In 1987 at the age of only 13, she wrote in her diary of early dreams of future family. She knew that she was going to be a writer. She actually submitted a poem for publication around this time, I was crushed when it was rejected. But still, she had the sperm belief that one day she was not only going to be a writer, she was going to be a famous writer. After she finished school, she spent a year with her father and stepmother, Maryanne McCrae. And notice that the ADD has no a if you've read olive Green Gables, you'll understand the significance of that. And Prince Albert and it team ninth day while she was there, a Charlotte's torn paper, The Daily patriot published her poem on can't lift force. So this was the start of her publishing, her work. It was an exciting moment for her. And she returned to Prince Edward Island and it takes 91. Just before she returned to Prince Edward Island, the paper and Prince Albert published an article. She had written, a bite, a visit to a First Nations camp on the grid plans. So remember she was also an essayist. So she's started to publish more and more at the moment. I type in Prince Albert had been pretty difficult since she didn't get along with her stepmother and she senses that her father's marriage was a pretty unhappy one. So she was glad to get away basically. And in 1893, she enrolled and teacher training at the Prince of Wales College and Charlotte's time. Something that greatly expire, inspired her at this younger point in her life was walks and niche or on Prince Edward Island. And she had these experiences that she referred to as the Flash, where she had a strong sense of pace on an awareness of a higher spiritual part through nature. And she described these experiences and her fiction via the character of Emily barred star and the emily of New Moon series. And they also inspired on Shirley sense of emotional communion with nature and the odd series. She wrote in her journal in 1905. Amid the commonplace of life, I was very near to a kingdom of ideal beauty. Between it and may hang only a thin veil. I could never quite draw decide, but it's sometimes a wind fluttered and I seem to catch a glimpse of the enchanting realm beyond only a glimpse. But those glimpses have always made life worthwhile. She actually finished her two-year teacher training course and only one there. And then she studied literature Abdel Jose University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. So she fulfilled her dream of becoming educated, of obtaining a degree. And that is something of course that on surely also dead, which was one of the things that I, as a young girl find quite appealing about that character. She wanted to be educated on. She got her degree, even though not everybody, uh, RON TR understood her need to do that. After leaving College, Montgomery taught at various Prince Edward Island schools. She didn't really enjoy teaching that much, but it gave her time to write, which was what she viewed as her real occupation. In the 18 nineties, she rejected a couple of proposals, proposals of marriage, one from Joel and a mustard, one from well, a Pritchard. Mustard had been her teacher and he tried to impress her by discussing predestination and other dry points of theology. So he basically Board her. And Pritchard was the brother of her friend Laura pressured they were on a camera, amiable terms, but he felt more for her than she did for him. She thought of him as the app brand. Although she corresponded with him for over six years until he sadly died of influenza. In 1897. In 1897, she finally accepted a marriage proposal from a guy called Edwin Simpson, who was a student in French River near Cavendish. She did this idea of a desire for love and protection as she described it, but also failing that her prospects weren't but grit romantically and she would take what came along, but she came to strongly dislike. Edwin Simpson, regarded him as self-centered on van, why she's teaching and Laura, but DEC she had a passionate, intense relationship with a member of the family. She was boarding with cold Herman layers, whom you can say pictured here to the right. She wrote, I loved Herman layered with a wild, passionate, unreasoning love that dominated my entire being. Allowed that in its intensity, same little short of absolute madness whatsoever when her friends and family objected to the relationship failing, but he was all inferior social standing to Montgomery. She ended the relationship and he died shortly afterwards of flu. And this devastated Montgomery, though she wrote that he was more hers and death that he had been in life and at least it meant she would never have to have the thought of his being with another woman. She moved back to Cavendish and it 10-90 it to care for her then whether grandmother, there's a picture here, I'll Prince Edward Island, and I think looking at it, we can understand what the attraction walls to being there. Although from 1901202, she went to Halifax on worked as a proofreader. Newspapers, morning chronicle, the daily ACO, Montgomery HEPA gun writing books during her time and Prince Edward Island, they actually provided a considerable income. She was able to be financially independent, and that allowed her to return on care for her grandmother who died in 1911. Despite being financially independent, she was aware of that marriage was a necessary choice for women and Canada. As she put it. Out of Green Gables, was published in 1908. It was obviously a phenomenon on still is. She then wrote and published material continuously for the rest of her life. And by November 1909, out of Green Gables have actually gone 3-6 printings. So it's sold like hot cakes. The Canadian press made much of her background on Prince Edward Island, describing it as antiquated a bit like going back in time, the genteel manners of the past and on charming Lee preventable. The American press where a little bit last time they described it as backwards on rustic. As I particularly patronising article from a Boston newspaper in 1911, no one could ever have imagined that such a remote and unassertive speck on the map would ever produce such a writer whose first three books should want it all be included in this six bestsellers. This was, this work was the story of a young school teacher who was ductless, as surprised as our neighbors when she find her sweetly simple tale of childish joys and sorrows, a redhead girl had made the literary heads of the season with the American public. Oh my goodness, hi nausea adding few points here, Amazon, which they described as being unusually tall in the BICS. And Montgomery was 37 and she was not a modest young school teacher on what seems to becoming across here is the idea of her as being Prevention and sort of an idealized version of a woman writer, not a professional. Because we know that she had written in her diary at the age of 13 that one day she was going to be a famous writer. So she was probably not surprised. As described here. She had actually worked to get here. She's not being viewed as a professional. This is as sort of like what we might call a message, a human interest story. She's, she's also almost being written the byte like she was a cute kitten. So Montgomery wrote to a friend, I am frankly, and literature to make a living out of that. Now, I don't think that meant that she was just in it for the money. I think it meant cheap walls are professional. She was doing it to be able to support herself. She was writing something that was commercial. She was in business. And so she was pretty much finished with the attitude that it was fine for a woman to write so long as it was a hobby, but it was feminine to aspire to be a professional. And I, that wasn't just an attitude that was prevalent. And Canada, you'll think of only a few years earlier of the Bronte sisters in England, all writing under pseudonyms. Because it was considered on feminine for a woman to aspire to be a professional writer. 1911, Montgomery married you and McDonald, who was a Presbyterian minister. And here they are pictured and slightly later life. And they moved to Ontario where he became Minister at simples Presbyterian Church and lick lick Dale. She actually wrote her next 11 bucks and the months which she can play and have no toilet, no bathroom. Doesn't sound fun. And it's neither Lucy mode Montgomery leaked Dale mouth's museum. Reverend McDonald, montgomery. Differences of interests, perspective. He didn't really read literature for thumb. They went on honeymoon to Scotland and they had a very different view of Scotland. They were both of Scottish descent. But element Guthrie had this idea of Scotland as being castles and licks. And I'm a romantic fairytale players. Whereas McDonald's family had last Scotland g to the Highland clearances, three, Violence they'd had to flee. So he had a last romanticized view that they, they basically had different views on various things and their relationship was often upfront. One, they have three sons, Chester hue, and Stuart. He very sadly was stillborn. And of course on Shirley has a stillborn child and highs of dreams. She joked to our portrait in Scotland, but those women whom God wanted to destroy, he would make into the wives have ministers. And she wrote a lot after her marriage as a form of escape from the difficulties of her marriage. In 1911, she published the story Girl, which draws upon her Scottish Canadian Heritage and her own teenage years. So Sarah Stan Lee is an idealized version of Montgomery herself. On pager Craig resembles Harmon layered, so she was never able to leave go of Harmons memory. But gamma and the First World War as a bit of an interesting topic, she practically had a bit of an obsession with it. She viewed as a quest to save civilization. And she regularly wrote articles encouraging young Canadian man to enlist. She wrote, I am not one of those who believe that this war will put an end to war. War is horrible, but there are things that are more horrible still, just as there are fits worse than death. So you can find many articles describing the things that she believed were more horrible than war. But she felt the war brought a welcome revival of Christianity, patriotism, and moral courage. What she felt had been lacking and Canadian society prior to the war. She actually celebrated alley allied victory. She flew flags in her highest, went all light, and she despaired and allied to fates. And she got very upset ever husband didn't bring her home the paper every day so that she could rate the war news. Although Macdonald would not preach about the war, and that disgusted Montgomery. All October the seventh, 1915, she gave birth to her third son's shirt, but she couldn't brass fate him. And so he was given cow's milk, may sign fairly straight forward to us, but this was in the days before pasteurization, so that was actually quite risky and she'd lost her second son. So this was a very anxiety provoking situation. Montgomery actually experienced severe problems with her mental health. She had depression, brought up white by dealing with motherhood on her husband's major depressive illness, which had an impact on the whole family. In 1918, she had some problems with their physical health. She in fact nearly died from Spanish flu. And around that time, Spanish flu killed between 5,000 million people worldwide. Her best friend, Frederica Campbell McFarland Friday, sadly died of the Spanish flu, which was a horrible blow from Montgomery. She felt that her husband had been pretty much indifferent to your illness on she considered divorcing him, which was a big deal. In those days, there was only a couple of 100 divorces and the whole of Canada every year it was something that was socially just not done, although she decided in the end it was her Christian JT to try and make the marriage work. But it started to feel guilty a bite. Her support for the First World War. And her diary became fill of a character called the piper, quite reminiscent of the Pied Piper of Hamelin, who of course lad the children away. So the piper starts ICT as being a sort of noble figure, leading the young man to war, playing Scott's war songs on the bag pipes. And a sort of romantic figure, he turns into something darker. And the figure of the piper appears in Rambo valley, part of the series published in 1919, umbrella of angle side, also part of the auxiliaries published in 1921. And it's this figure that inspires on son Walter to enlist with the Canadian expeditionary force. Mcdonald's illness around this time wasn't getting any battery. And he started to believe that he and his family were not among the elect. And other words that they weren't cold to have an bet they would be damned for eternity when they died and he began to tell his family that their souls were lost. So his illness, the cam, difficult for the family to manage on his behavior badly affected Montgomery's ON mental health of depression. And she wished that chant married someone else. She said that she wished she had never married, but she wished she'd married. Someone else. That kind of reminds me her situation of something a friend once said to me many years ago, that it's better to be on the shelf that end the wrong cupboard. And unfortunately, Montgomery, very much upon herself, trapped in an unfortunate cupboard. She wrote off a letter from some pathetic 10-year-old in New York who employers me to send her my photo because she wonders what I look like. Well, if she had a picture of me and my old dress wresting with the furniture this morning, casting the ashes and clunkers, she would die of disillusionment. I shall center our print of my last photo and which I sat and 3-OPT inspiration, apparently my desk with pen in my hand and gone of lists and soap hair. So Amen, a quite possible woman of no kin, whatever to the dusty ash covered Cinderella of the Florida seller. This was a problem that become R3 was starting to have that her public image, the public perception of her on the perception of her Raiders was very difficult, was very different from her real life. People weren't picking up on the fines. The in her real life, she really was starting to be in trouble. Writing was really her soulless during this periods. And she actually believed that the depression she was suffering on the migrants that she had were brought about by her repressed romantic passions and that Harmon lizards holding her on. That's why she was having these symptoms. 18-25, Reverend McDonald became estranged from his congregation when he opposed his church joining the United Church of Canada. So Montgomery's biographer, Rabia, asserts that leak deal liked McDonald's but loved Montgomery. She had been an asset to McDonald's and she was part of the community there. But unfortunately, she was forced to move. In 1926, the family moved to Norval Presbyterian College and Holton hills, Ontario. And you can see a picture below all the lacI mode Montgomery memorial garden in Norval. In 1934, after having been Ale for a very long time, McDonald's finally signed himself into a sanatorium. But there was an unfortunate incident when he was released. The pharmacy gave his medication to Montgomery, but unfortunately, the tablets that they gave her contained and set decide, which nearly killed McDonald. And he developed paranoia, having already Bain quite L before this incident. So this didn't make life any easier. In 1933, montgomery published pot of silver bush, which was darker than her previous stories. And she wrote, I gave on my imagination. And Emily star, am I not for scribbling, but the girl who's more myself than any other is popped of silver Bush. A couple of years later in 1935, but Dawkins retired and they moved to swell MSI, Ontario, at which was a suburb of Toronto. She named the highest. They bought their journeys and she began to write about ad again. On Wednesday, poplars appeared in 1936 in the order of raiding. It comes after out of the islands and before ads, highs of dreams who she's revisiting and sort of earlier part of the story then she'd got to and on of angle side appeared in 1939. In 1937 she published Jn of length, lantern Hill Montgomery. He was awarded the OBA and 1935 and she was really pleased to receive this honor. Her husband did not attend the ceremony, and she actually wrote on her diaries of her husband, but he had a medieval attitude to women on nothing a woman could do could merit being honored. Montgomery spoke at book fairs, clubs. I was active on the literary Circuit. She was quite upset by the outbreak of the outbreak of the Second World War. A very different reaction than when the First World War had begun. And she talked to by this nightmare that has been loosed upon the world, so unfair that we should have to go through it all again. And she was absolutely terrified that Stuart, her youngest son, would be conscripted, her eldest son chest or being unwell. So she didn't think about what happened to him. And she was afraid that Stuart was sent to war. She would lose everything I love was thing. A phrase that she used. Conscription walls introduced. But conscript days didn't have to go abroad unless they volunteered today. So she actually tried to raise the profile of Canadian literature through the Canadian authors association. But male avant garde Canadian writers such as Philip Grove FOR sculpts and rabid canister, look, dine on the CIA because of the percentage of its membership that was female. And for promoting the work of writers such as Montgomery, him they considered null a serious writer. So enter arrestingly. And ironically, I think for non Canadians, if you were to say name a Canadian writer, the first writer who comes to mind really is LM Montgomery, perhaps Margaret outwards in the modern age. And of course Michael dot j is. Residents in Canada. So Canada has produced some very intellectual writers and I'm not in any way sang. That may seem odd. Montgomery wasn't an intellectual that she's kind of associated with Canada in the same way as maple leaves. And most, you know, I remember going to the tourist shop at Niagara Falls. I'm coming arts with a set of the works, you know. And there's something in her writing which reminds things, which reminds people of the things they love about Canada when they visit it. The sense of community, a sense of humor. They all inspiring beauty of the natural environment. Montgomery's last diary entry was all marched the 23rd, 1942. And it reads, my life has been how, how, how my mind is gone. Everything in the world I live for is gone. The world is called mad. I shall be driven to end my life. Oh God, forgive me. Nobody dreams of what my awful position is. Nobody dreams of what my awful position as she felt alone, she felt isolated. She felt that people weren't realizing, hi, bad things were for her. In the last year of her life, Montgomery wrote the ninth and final and buck, the blinds are quoted, which included 15 stories, some of which had previously been published, but they were advised to include on and her family as peripheral characters plus 41 poem's ascribes on and her son Walter, who was killed in World War One. And the manuscript was actually delivered to the publisher on the day of Montgomery's death, but it wasn't published in its entirety until 2009, and I have no idea why that should be. And it was published in 2009 by Viking Canada. They, Sebald Montgomery McDonald died on April the 24th, 1942 because given on her death certificate was coronary thrombosis. But the true cause may actually have been suicide. And note was fine by her bad, which said, make God forgive me. And I hope everyone else will forgive me, even if they cannot understand. My position is too awful to endure on nobody realizes it. While an ad to a life in which I tried always to do my best. It's just so sad when you think about this young girl walking in nature on Prince Edward Island, experiencing the flash and carefree with a real sense of the future I had of her that she, she ended her life and such unhappiness. There was awake at the Green Gables farm highest on that a burial at Cavendish community cemetery and Cavendish and Prince Edward Island. Montgomery's most beloved works are the BICS within the Anne of Green Gables series. And as I record this, Netflix are currently showing and with an explain the eighth thing, actually, the character and Shirley believes that and spout a and n is prosaic and boring, whereas it's more romantic as she calls it with an a. And she has this idea of things being romantic. She loves Tennyson, she loves niche, or she has this vivid imagination, and that's one of the many qualities that we continue to love, a bite the character. So in the first book of the series and out of Green Gables, they, middle aged brother and sister, Monte Barilla Cuthbert, how the farm on Prince Edward Island called Green Gables. And they need some help with US farm. So they sent to an orphanage for a boy to come and help them on the farm. But by mistake, a girl is sent, and that girl is the red headed and who is a big personality. They have to learn to adopt to her. She's got to learn to adapt to life on Prince Edward Island, which she does as she makes friends. And there are some wonderful adventures within the novel is a great callback moments, for example, when on, on her friend Diana drink what they think is cordial, but it turns out to be alcohol. This completely horrifies Diana's mother who forbids her from saying on for some time, which is heartbreaking to time. She smacks her future husband, Gilbert blight, across the head with a miniature blackboards with her tablet in school because he refers to her as carrots. She's a very feisty character and often in scripts. And also it has one of the more tragic moments from most of our childhood literature, which is the death of Matthew Cuthbert. Sorry if that's a bit of a spoiler. But the book very much finds its way into the hearts of its early ridership on, I would say it's quite common that when especially girls get to the point where they can rage that members of their family will buy them the handbooks I know as soon as I could read and primary skill that I started being bought. The books. It's almost like a rite of passage. I'm part of childhood for young women to read these books. And there's no reason why young man or man of any edge shouldn't read them also and added evenly, the second Bittker adventures continue. And we see more at the delightful community of avidly, which has both its pros and cons and its characters such as the local gossip rich lend to, has an opinion on absolutely everything and on of the island and does something amazing. G goes off and gets herself odd-degree. She's educated. That was something I loved about the character. When I was a child. She was bright and she hadn't imagination, and she was going to pursue that. She was going to go off and get her degree and actually know all of the characters. Roger, understand her, dig this, but are quite proud of her. Rachel Lynn says to her as part of a conversation, I wouldn't know. I'm I'm not a BA, but the inferences, she's actually very proud that the ad is gone off and get, gotten this degree, which was not common for women at the time. And out of Wendy poplars, which you'll notice this written in 1936, she becomes a teacher and a place called Wendy poplars. And in the UK when I read it as a child, the title was on of Wendy willows. So you'll notice that it was written in 1936, whereas the next book in the series and reading order was written in 1917. Montgomery did go back and revisit part of the stories and revisit to points and the story, sorry. And as host of dreams, she marries Gilbert Blythe at last, she's been writing love letters all the way through. When the poplars and they move into their first home together, she makes friends and her new community. And very sadly, her first child as stillborn. And and that was something that had happened to Montgomery herself. So she said that pot of silver Biche was the character most like Kara. We can't see elements of Montgomery's own life running through the stories ands love of Prince Edward Island and of nature. Her education, her teaching, her marriage was possibly a lot happier them at galleries ONE and on of Angle Side continues the story of ads family. You can see it was written in 1939 and angle side is the home that she moves entity with Gilbert and on where her family grew up on out of angle side becomes a little bit more up by ads children on her family. Rainbow valley, published in 1919. And Rayleigh of angle side, rela as ABS daughter named after Morella who brought her up, Merlot Cuthbert, of course. And then of course the lives are coated, which wasn't published until 2009. And it's, the blue-eyed family are peripheral characters, but it's still very much part of the Adam Green Gables series. And add is a wonderful and delightful character. And it is a children's book. It's certainly not dark and tone. It's very Well. I would describe it as lovable. As I mentioned before. It sort of presents the best of Canada. The sense of community, the sense of humor, and the beauty of the natural environment, especially of Prince Edward Island. If you didn't read this when you were a child, if for some reason that experience bypass Jew, I, I'm actually jealous of you because you have the potential of having the experience of, of reading this with fresh eyes completely afresh. And I hope that that's something that you'll consider day. 44. Margaret Atwood: After talking a by l m and gum MRI, it seems natural to move on to talk about the contemporary Canadian writer Margaret Atwood. He also has a lot to say, I buy a position of women in society and women as writers. So I've mentioned here speculative fiction, politics, and history, not speculative fiction differs from science fiction. And science fiction is a byte on a margins world. Outward to herself would say, although in some of her works it is a fictional world, it's not something that could conceivably happen. Hence, she prefers the term speculative fiction. She also as interested in gender politics and in history. As we'll see. Margaret Atwood was born on November the 18th, 1939. She's a poet and novelist, a literary critic and academic and teacher and essayist and environmental activists on, I did not know this until recently. App inventor. She's published it teen books of poetry, it teen novels, 11 non-fiction books, nine collections of short stories onto graphic novels. So she's been pretty busy and she has received numerous literary awards, including winning the Booker prize twice. She flowing into the Griffin poetry prize on Writers Trust of Canada. So like LM Montgomery, she's very interested in promoting Canadian literature and actually in defining Canadian literature and certain points in her career. She invented the long panned device. Remember we said She was the inventor and other technologies which facilitate remote robotic writing of documents. Margaret Atwood was born on autopilot and Ontario to call Edmund outward, who wasn't entomologist. In other words, he studied and sex Margaret Dorothy NYC hilum, who was a dietitian on nutritionist. And because of her father's research into insects, she spent much of her childhood and the backwards of Northern Quebec on the environment as a big concern of hairs on comes across in her writing, but, but she has a concern about the destruction of the environment. She began writing plays and poems at the edge of only six. But she didn't actually attend school with no time until she was 12 when she attended Lee Side High School and lay side Toronto and she graduated in 1957. She read Tao pocketbook stories are popular fiction of the time. Grimms, Fairy Tales, Canadian animal stories on comic books. Nothing wrong with good comic. Atwood decided she wanted to write professionally at the edge of ODE 16, she had this goal again, there's, there's kind of like a parallel with Montgomery there. She studied at Victoria College, the University of Toronto, where she published poems and articles and the college general octave Victoria data on participated in the theatrical bulb comedy review. She studied under the myth of Hayek poet James McPherson. And with the poet means a poet who talks about philosophical and spiritual issues in the symbolism of their poetry. And she also studied onto the literary critic Northrop Frye. So she went old manner to write a byte Canadian literature on high, Canadian literature could be defined in some of our thinking, comes from Northrop Frye. In 1961, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts honors degree in English with minors and philosophy and French. She went to Woodrow Wilson scholarship to study at Radcliffe College at Harvard University and of course, the hominids tail as set and Boston. So she completed a Master of Arts in 1962 a, and that she pursued doctoral studies for two years others, she didn't end up finishing her doctorate. Her dissertation topic was the English metaphysical robots. In 1968, she married an American writer, Jim poke vase oddly divorced in 1973, and she then started a relationship with a Canadian novelist, Graham Gibson. And their dolt or Eleanor jazz outward Gibson was born in 1976. Things were going well in her career. In 1961, she had published her first poetry collection, double Persephony. Persephony I, of course, Queen of the Underworld and great anthology. And that won her the EJ Pratt metal. So it was a pretty remarkable debut. From 1964 to 1965, she was a lecturer and English at the University of British Columbia and Vancouver. Unlike a lot of academics, she had to move it by a lot to places where have their reposts available. So from 1967 to 68, she was an instructor and English atmosphere George Williams University in Montreal. And from 1969 to 1970, she taught at the University of Alberta. Outward continued to write while she was teaching. And in 1966, he published the poetry collection, the circle game, which won her the prestigious Governor General's Award, which was an honor and the arts. And that was followed by more poetry collections, kaleidoscope Baraka poem in 1965, talismans for children, also in 1965, speeches for Dr. Frankenstein in 1966 and the animals in that country in 19661969, she published her first novel, The edible woman. And that really covered a lot of the issues that she would talk about throughout her career. It was a satire dealing with North American consumerism. And it focused on issues affecting women. From 1971 to 72, she taught at York University in Toronto. And in the academic year, 1972 to three, she was writer in residence at the University of Toronto. In the 19 seventies, she published six collections of poetry. The journals have Suzanna, MMR, procedures for underground power politics. Are you happy? Selected Poems, 1965 to 1975 on two had a poems. And also in the 19 seventies, she published three novels, surfacing, Liddy, Oracle, and life before man. So her work continue to explore things of identity, social constructions of gender, nationhood on sexual politics. In 1977, her first short story collection, dancing girls. While the Saint Lawrence Award for literature on the periodical distributors of Canada Award for short fiction. In 1974, she published an important nonfiction work called survival I thematic Guide to Canadian literature. It has been academically superseded at this point, but it was a sort of pivotal text and Canadian Studies. And she saw this theme of survival as being central to Canadian literature. And the third was a kind of victim oppressor element going on. And Canadian literature, sometimes it was human beings and that role, sometimes it was the natural environments that had to be survived. But she saw this is that the key theme that tidal lot of Canadian literature together. In 1981, she published the novel bodily harm. And it's about a journalist who is a survivor of breast cancer. He travels to an island to write an article on there happens to be an uprising on the island. She tells herself she's going to remand non-partisan, a non-political, but she falls in love with one of the leaders of the uprising. In 1985, she published what is still probably her most famous work. You may be aware that it's been a TV series recently. I'm sure you are. The haunt me heads, tail. It's actually also being a movie and in the past, and it's also been an opera, so it's been adopted at many times for the screen. So Bahamas tail won the Arthur C Clarke Award and the Governor General's award, and it was shortlisted for the Booker prize. She described with a speculative fiction, which we've explained before, rather than science fiction saying there as a precedent in real life for everything in the book, I decided not to put an anything that somebody somewhere hadn't done. So it is described as desktop in the novel is a byte, a theocratic, theocratic regime which has overthrown the US government. And though it is of course fictional, she is saying that the kind of events that are depicted in the novel have happened in the world, in some places. So it can't really be called science fiction. Despite her literary success, she still continued with her day job academic teaching. In 1985, she was honorary chair at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa and the USA. In 1986, she was barred professor of English at New York University. In 1987, she was rider and residents at Macquarie University in Australia. In 1989, she was right her and residents at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas. So she went back to the states for that. And she sad that success for me meant no longer having to teach at university. Nih, having told it university myself, I can kinda see what she means. You'll notice that she's moving a by a lot. She did have a young daughter and she'd always wanted to be a writer, you know, that was her primary go. In 1993, she published a novel, robber bright. And in 1996 she published a novel, Alias Grace. And that was a fictionalized, a kind of 10-34 murders of Thomas can err and his housekeeper, Nazi Montgomery. So her, her knowledge of history coming to play here. Grace Marks, who was a household servants on James McDonald, Dharma up to where it convicted of the crimes. So Grace Marks is very much the villain of the piece on, when questioned about whether or not that was a feminist thing today you, she basically said, well, if you don't have female characters here, villains, you're not really showing the whole range of humanity. In 2 thousand, she published The Blind Assassin and it won the Booker prize. I'm Mohamad prize, which was a prize for crime fiction. Not I haven't embarrassing admission hair shouldn't be telling you this, but I'd got the Blind Assassin. I got a paperback copy of it. As you know, pretty much as soon as it came, I am 20 years have passed and I've walked past it many times and I picked it up many times, and I have yet to rate it. In fact, one of my friends asked me every Christmas, have you read The Blind Assassin yet? So please, please please post in the Q and a of this video on plague me with questions about whether or not I've read The Blind Assassin until I've actually done this because I have every hope, but it's a brilliant book and it's really not good. So in 2003, she published RX and CREAC, the first novel in them, madam series. And that was followed by the year of the Flood and 2009, I'm mad Adam in 2013. And it's an apocalyptic tale, a bite, things that are in the public consciousness and our edge, genetic modification, pharmaceutical on corporate control, on manmade disaster. So the environment, very much an important issue. And her work, she wrote that although mad Adam is a work of fiction, it does not include any technologies or bio beings that do not already exist, are not under construction or are not possible in theory. So outwards and her writing is not given to wild flights of fantasy. She would say that her work is fiction, that there is a basis and fact or basis and possibility for the events that she describes. In 2005, she published the novella, The Penelope ad, which tells the story of the Odyssey it from the perspective of Penelope, the wife of Odysseus. And the 12th plasmids martyred on Odysseus's order at the end of the Odyssey. So you may recall from reading The Odyssey bat, these meds had been lovers of the soldiers have Penelope who were eating the thalami, I'd apply send home. So this was seen as a sign of treachery as well as unjust a day. And so. Odysseus has them all executed. That is a story that Moglen Miller also refers to in her book Cersei. In fact, Cersei, Penelope out and the red tents by Anita diamonds, which is a retelling of a biblical story from a female perspective. All form that this modern thread of taken really ancient tales that are predominantly from a male perspective. And switching it to the female perspective, which tells us something about how attitudes towards women are changing. So a theatrical production of the Penelope add followed in 2007. In 2016, she published a novel, hag CES-D, which is a retelling of Shakespeare's The Tempest and bad only last year because I'm recording this in 202008, she published the testaments, which is the sequel to the hot mids Taylor, and it was joint winner of the 2019 Booker prize. Work is frequently referred to as feminist, and it's definitely been of interest to feminist critics, although she herself has expressed a certain amount of discomfort around the term feminists saying, I always want to know what people mean by that word. Some people mean it quite negatively. Other people mean it quite positively. Some people mean it in a broad sense. Other people made it in a specific sense. Therefore, in order to answer the question, are you a feminist? You have to ask the Carson. She came under fire for supporting former University of British Columbia Professor Steven Galloway, who was accused of sexual harassment and assault by a student. She had actually signed a petition in support of him and her signature was discovered and it raised a bit of a discussion. But she responded that what she supported was jus process in the legal system, a person shouldn't just be taken dawn on the basis of an accusation. She was also criticized for calling the me too movement a symptom of a broken legal system. I think this quote really sums up her ideals and her thinking about the role of women. When she was honored by the women's rights organization, equality NIH in 2018. She said, I am of course not a real activist. I am simply a writer with a job who has frequently asked to speak about subjects that would get people with jobs fired at. They themselves spoke, I hope people who gave Equality Now I lots and lots of money today. They can write equal laws and act equal laws and say that equal laws are implemented that way in time, all girls may be able to grow up believing that there are no avenues that are close to them simply because they are girls. And she actually partnered with equality NIH for the release of the Testaments. Talk about her most famous work, The Hunt mids tail. As we've heard before, it was actually published in 1985, but yet it was the most read book of 2017. And that tells you something about the power of TV. Around the time that it was written. It was during the Reagan administration in the US. And there was that the whole family values movement at the time and outward felt that what she had written walls, the sort of ultimate conclusion of some of those way of thinking, which he called it the logical conclusion of some of those arguments that were being put forward at the time. Although others of us might see it as what would happen if there was an extremist, an extremist way of, of looking at the kind of family values that were being pushed in the 19 eighties. And strangely enough, I read it in the 19 nineties, it was relevant band. And of course, it's still relevant lie on the TV version has of course, purposefully targeted some of the political issues of our day. Nine. There have been some accusations pitched against Margaret Atwood for the hotbeds tail. One being that she's anti-American. Because in the book, all the trouble is happening in America and Canada as the place she go to escape from. Shape doesn't really see it like that. It's set in America because of America's sort of cultural role in the world. So it's set in a fictional totalitarian states which has overthrown the US government on, she actually said this kinda theocratic state that we say in the hot maids tail, but the closest re-live country that she can think of to that as Afghanistan rather than the US. But there, there are elements all over the world of the kind of behavior that are in this novel according to her. So the title of the novel, the haunt me heads tail, obviously harks back to Chaucer on the Canterbury Tales, where we have the wife of baths tail, we have The Knight's Tale, We have the partners tail. So She's kind of making us think of something. Maddie, evil. I'm an antiquated way of thinking, even though this to this totalitarian state that she speaks off, it is meant to be in the future. It says it's a dystopian future. In the novel. The title also refers to the biblical Bella, who was the hunt mid, of Rachel. And Rachel actually give Bill hat to her husband Jacob because ritual was in fertile lands. It was gonna be bill House job to conceive on her behalf so she could have a family with Jacobs. So that's the kind of origins of the title. The plot goes something like this. The President of the United States is killed and the US government is overthrown by an extremist religious grape called the sons of Jacob. They install a military dictatorship, which enforces a very specific interpretation of the Old Testament on the population as the new social model. Women are really the worst affected by this new society. They're not lied to read, write ONE property, handled money, or control their reproductive functions. So as this Coleman and outwards novels that the environment is obviously a big issue. Radiation and pollution have created fertility crisis. And the narrator of the novel offer ads is one of the few fertile women remaining. So she becomes what's referred to as mid, a woman whose role it is to produce children for the commanders who are the ruling class of man. And the novel, women dress according to their roles in society. It's almost like wearing a uniform. So hat may ads where rad with the white head covering. So as you can see on the cover of the book here, the commanders wives who are the highest step, the pecking order and female society anyway, they wear blue. The amps who train the hot mids where brine. And actually if you watched the first episode of the TV show, Margaret Atwood's actually has a cameo as an attempt. And the Martha's are kicks and mids and they wear grain on the econo lives here, the wives of the lower ranking man dress and blue, red and green stripes. Unmarried girls dress and white, and widows and black. So there is this concept of the ceremony, which is when the hotbeds, the commanders have sex, the wife of the commander is present because she's meant to be part of this that, you know, like the child is technically meant to be. Whereas if a child is conceived, So the wife was always meant to be there and part of it, because they don't want the haunt mids and the commanders actually forming relationships. But thoughts, what happens, Fred ticks and interests and all Fred, this name, all Fred itself. It's not the original name of the character is not her breath name. It's all fred, like she's belonging to bread. So he actually play Scrabble with her, with artists wife and you know, they, they form this independent relationship which is actually a legal and that society. He ends up taking her to a brothel called jazzy bells. And there she meets her runaway friend, whom we met in various flashbacks called Moira, who is working there as a prostitute. And that's basically a punishment. Women who refused to conform are punished by being made to work as prostitutes and jazzy bells or by cleaning up toxic waste. So often learns from her friend, often of a grape called the May Day resistance here, a grape trying to undermine an overthrow, Geliebte. Although her friends off Grand, who's part of this grape, is eventually reported as us suicide. Although that's not like they tip being the trade calls of her death. So Serena, who is the commanders wife who's frequently quite crew to offer at suspects. The commander, brad isn't fertile and so sets up a relationship with his personal servant, Nick and offer that he actually enjoys their liaisons. That makes her a bit guilty because of the husband she left behind before she was basically abducted and made to live in and Gilliam, she was married and she had a daughter. And her daughter has also been kidnapped into the Gilly ad society. So she, she feels guilty, but she enjoys the human contact. So Serena finds evidence of the relationship between all Fred and the commander. Eventually, this actually causes all Fred to contemplate suicide. Either. Reptiles, Nick, she is pregnant. So near the end, the secret police arrive to take her way, get the secret police are referred to as the eyes of God or the eyes. And it's not clear whether the people who come in the van to take her away are actually the eyes because they could they be Mayday resistance operatives in disguise? All Fred content this point tau, if Nick is a Mayday member or maybe Hayes and I posing as a Mayday member. So when she gets since the band, we're not really sure what's happening to her. It could mean either escape or capture. The novel then concludes with a Mehta fictional epilogue. So we talked about it, metafiction though prologues before. So basically, this epilogue and academic is discussing all Fred's tips and what he refers to as the Gilly ad period. It's like a historian looking back on this period of time. But he cracks a sexist joke. I'm not basically tells the reader that, you know, the kind of issues that the novel is talking about have not changed and so still exist in the future. I would actually dedicated the handmade its tail to marry Webster, who was a Puritan ancestor all outwards, who was accused of witchcraft, but she escaped tang. So she has been accused on, and you could see why this would be a sort of anti religious stance on, surely, if she's trying to promote feminism of the rights of women, it is patronizing to women who happened to embrace a faith, to say that they choose to live in this kind of repressive society, but that's not high outward sees it at all. She had studied American puritanism on, she doesn't view it as, you know, that they were going to America to say religious freedom. In her view, they were trying to establish a theocracy which could have ended up being quite repressive. But she really counters accusations of being generally opposed to religion as opposed to discussing the extremes of puritanism by saying, I denote, consider these people to be Christian because they do not have at the core of their beliefs and behavior, what I and my feeble Canadian way would say as being the core of Christianity. And that would be not only to love your neighbors, but to love your enemies. And that would include also concern for the environment because you can't love your neighbor or even your enemy unless you love your neighbors. Oxygen, food, and water. Of course, faith can be a force for good and often has been, particularly when people are beleaguered on a native Hope. You can also have the iteration in which people have got too much par and start abusing it. But that is human behavior. So you can't play at dawn to religion. You can find the same in any par, situations such as politics or ideologies which purport to be atheist need I mentioned the former Soviet Union. So it is not really a question of religion making people behave badly. It is a question of human beings getting par and then wanting more, all of that. So what she's really railing against is totalitarianism and the removal of rights. 45. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz: We're going to talk about a very interesting Liddy, Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz, the intellectual rebel, playwright and poet, none of Mexico. So or sister, Juana Ines de la Cruz, who lived from 1648 to 1695. She was a Mexican writer, poet of the lead or rock period, composer at Hiroshima might none. She contributed to Mexican Literature, but more broadly to the literature of the Spanish Golden Age. And she was known for writing in the late Baroque style, which is a style that uses contrast, movement, exuberant detail at Granger, surprise on a sense of all the Catholic church very much got behind this movement because it was in stark opposition to the very plan on simple kind of art that was favored by Protestants at the time. She became known for philosophy in her teens, She was a widely respected intellectual by the age of 17. Subject matter for poetry and coded love, feminism and religion. She was very much concerned with the role of women in society, especially with women not being afforded formal education. She criticized misogyny and hypocrisy by man, and that caused her to come under the center of the Bishop of Puebla. She's noise seen as a sort of proto feminist. And her works are very much read from a feminist perspective. And in modern days, her Rex discuss colonialism, women's rights to formal education, and women's religious authority. She was born Juana enough to asthma hay, Iran areas to Santa ladder. It takes what lot of breath to be able to say that in one go actually, on the 12th of November 1640, it, and Sam began the planter, which is near Mexico City, and it's nine named after her as the planter Juana Ines Delacroix. If she was the illegitimate child of a Spanish captain, Pedro Manuel ABA. Hey, a Crayola woman, which means a woman all purely or mainly Spanish descent, called Isabel Ramirez. So quanta is also considered to be Crayola. Her maternal grandfather, owned a house, the NDA, and a mecca, Mecca, which you can actually see pictured here. Panel AIA, where she spent her early years with her mother, comforts, you know, it was a relatively affluent upbringing. She sometimes HD and the HACCP endless Chapel to rate her grandfather's books, which was an activity which was discouraged for girls. But she started to read very early in life, in life. And she could actually read and write Latin. By the time she was three. She could balance books and understand accounting. By the time she was five at it, she wrote a poem about the Eucharist. And at 13, she had mastered greek Logic and taught Latin to younger children. She also wrote poems and not fractal, which was the language of the ads texts, which she had taught herself to raid on, speak fluently. In 1664, when she was 16 years old, she went to live in Mexico City, and she actually asked her mother if she could dress as a male in order to attend the university there? The answer to that was no, that's not going to work. So denied a formal education. She studied privately. Now juris studying privately and educating yourself by taking this course. So you'll understand where she was coming from, but it was a lot less easy for her to obtain the information she needed. She became a Lydian waiting at the viceroys court. And there she came under the tutelage of the vice ran Leonore Colorado not. She was obviously very, very intellectually gifted. So the Viceroy, the Marquis de mon Thera, invited theologians, jurists, philosophers, and poets to an audience with Lama. They posed are some very difficult questions. I'm, we're very impressed by her answers. And she explained several difficult scientific and literary ideas. So she was 17 by the stage on became well, pretty much famous for her sharp intellect. And she was much admired at the vice Rico court. And she received several proposals of marriage, which she turned done. In 1667. She joined a community of Dusko said, Carmelite nuns. And that was an order of nuns which followed the traditions of the Hermit. Dabs are fathers and mothers. So fairly strict, fairly excluded from society. So in 1669, she joins a less strict order. They, Khurana might order the order of St. Jerome. She explained her choice of a religious life, sang she wanted no fixed occupation, which might curtailed my freedom to study. She really did want to commit her life to learning. And she became close friends with a fallow savant Rayleigh, I'm polymath and writer, Don Carlos to see Guanzi, eight Gun Gora. He visited her, the combat he's pictured here to the right. And she remained cloistered. And the Convent of Santa Paula and Mexico City from 1669 until her death in 1695. Viceroy and vice ran became her pit transcend, had her Rx published and span? No, everyone was a fam though, as we're about to say. In November 1690, the Bishop of Puebla, Manuel Fernandez de Santa Cruz, published a critique she had written of a 40-year-old sermon by the Jesuit Father Antonio to be era. Now there was a certain amount of antipathy between certain portions of the Catholic Church and the Jesuits at that time in history. If you've ever seen the movie, The mission, it tells that story very well. So the bishop published store Chronos work under a pseudonym sorrowful Atiyah, and that was without sarcomas consent. So she doesn't talk full control over her own. Writing and the publication of her right eye, her work, which had been untitled carta atonic Baraka. It's open to interpretation, but it's viewed as a criticism of the hierarchical structure of the Catholic Church. The bishop actually agreed with her points and her criticisms. But he published a letter along with a text stating that he felt that as a religious woman, or indeed just as a woman, she should be devoted to prayer, not to writing. Sor Juana wasn't going to take this with ICT making some comments. So she responded by writing an open letter defending a woman's right to educate education. And the latter has the title rescue SDA absorbed lettre de la Cruz, response to Sister Philadelphia. She also defended the right of women to function as intellectuals on published their writing. She added the byline, women, enough formal education to teach other women. Young female students could be protected from predatory male teachers or for any kind of impropriety happening. So I wanna became an increasingly controversial figure. She quoted in our agonies poet and echoed Saint Teresa of Avila when she said, one can perfectly well philosophize while cooking supper. In other words, she could be of practical service and intellectual at the same time, I didn't understand what the fuss was a bite. The Archbishop of Mexico and other high-ranking officials Hi, ever express concern over her way words, ness, and disagreed with her belief that writing could do as much good as philanthropic, community based work, which as a nun was what she was considered to be there to do. And 693, she actually stopped writing fairing Official Center. And she sold her collection of around 4 thousand bucks plus her musical and scientific instruments. Like it has been suggested that that wasn't of our own free well, that, that actually these objects may help in confiscated, but that's never been proven. Only a few of her 100 odd writings survive. And ironically known as the complete Wexler, obviously they're not completes a lot has been lost. Octavio paths, who is the Mexican Nobel literature laureate clan that sarcomas writings were saved by the vice RAM that the viceroy and stop them from being completely lost. Sorry Juana died during a plague on the 17th of April 16th, 95, after caring for her fellow nuns and sequencer Egon Gora delivered her eulogy. Let's talk about her literary works. She wrote a poem of a, by a thighs and lines called first dream. It's quite philosophical in nature and it's Silva, meaning it combined 711 syllable lines. She wrote plays including the cavities, poems at the highest on love as but a labyrinth. And ponds have a heist was first performed on the fourth of October, 1683 during the celebration of the birth of the viceroy of paradises first sum. And it's a comedy of errors about two couples who can't quite be together. Yeah. It's one of the most important works of Spanish American Barack literature. And it centers on a strong-willed female character who wants to be a nun. Imagine that called Lenore, the SAM firstname As the Vice RAM. Of course. Love is but a labyrinth was first performed on the 11th of February, 1689, during the celebrations of the inauguration of viceroy gas-powered della third eta e Mendoza. And it's based on the Greek myth of Theseus and the Minotaur. So we know that story of the mandatory is a creature with a human body and a bull's heads that has been trapped in a labyrinth is responsible once a year for loss of human life. On Theseus is the demigod great hero sent end to destroy the mandatory, falling in love with Ariadne during the story. So. 46. Esteban Echeverría: Now let's talk about esta ban at Chavez area, who was the leading figure all the Romantic Movement in Argentina and in Latin America. More generally. Jose S to ban on Antonio Bavaria lived from 1805 to 1851. He was an Argentine poet, fiction writer, prose writer. And actually, he published the first work of prose fiction in Argentina. And he was also a political activist. He played a key role in the development of Argentine literature. And he was one of Latin Americans, most important romantic writers, as we've just heard. On the second of September 1805 in Buenos iris. And he studied at the Sorbonne in Paris. And the five years that he spent in Paris made him familiar with European Romanticism, which was then at its peak. And when he returned to Argentina, he promoted Romanticism. In Argentina. In 1834, he wrote loss can swallows, the Consuela family. And in 1837 he wrote glossary mass rhymes. He was a member of the intellectual circle, which organize the MAY Association in 1840. And the MAY Association was named after the May revelation, which started Argentina's move towards independence. It was the aim of the organization to develop a national literature responsive to the country's social and political reality. Night, we know that literary realism is not a feature of Romanticism. It tends to concentrate more on the grotesque or the mythic. But despite being a Romantic writer, other walls and element of gritty realism in edge of areas where cows will see a little later. Edge of area also supported the movement to overthrow the dictator or the sort of warlord Aquinas IRAs. Juan Manuel de wrote that. And because of this, he was forced into exile in Uruguay and 1840. And while he was in Uruguay, he wrote indirect Sian does Sir, the southern insurrection and his famous short story l MCA Darrow, translated as the slaughter yard or the slaughter highs, which was the first work of prose fiction in Argentina. He wasn't living in Argentina at the time he wrote up, but it actually wasn't published until 187120 years after his death because it had a lot of political criticism in the story IS where a bites finite. So he died in 1851 aged only 45, and he's thought to be buried in a cemetery and Montevideo, and Uruguay. So let's talk about that very famous short story elements, a darrow, the slaughter yard or the slaughter high seated, right? Other things. But this is a very important work in that it's actually one of the most study texts in Latin American literature. It's only about 6 thousand words long, very much worth reading. As we mentioned before, it was published posthumously in 1871. And that was because it basically constituted an attack on the federalist regime of clan Manuel rose south and his brutal police force or sort of para, police wars. The mouth Orca. So it takes place in 130s during land to don't know which year the 130s, but, but sometime in the 19 thirties during the season of Lent. And preachers are telling the people that God is angry with a lot Unitarian party who oppose Rosa. So the city of Buenos Aries has been cut off by floods. The floods a bit, but there's a shortage of my Catholics at that period tended to abstain from mate during Lent. But the government orders to the slaughter a 50 bucks supposedly to feed children and the SEC. But the rater has led to understand that the mate as Ax day for a row sets himself and corrupt members of the clergy. That area at point pins a very detailed picture of the slaughter heist and the pickled bitches there, all of whom support ROS enough. He also describes the black female, awful scar, scavengers, carrion birds. I'm youths who pelts the women with mate. It's that the romantic element, you can see elements of romanticism and that it is almost gothic kids. It's a horrifying set of imagery that we're being presented with. And the slaughterhouse, not the slaughter house, is full of pro rosettes slogans all around the walls and the judge of the slaughterhouse presides over. It's almost Bastille congregation of people. So 49 books are slaughtered, flayed, and quarters, very grisly, very Gothic, very romantic. One remains, but it is suspected that he may be a bowl rather than Abella. In other words, he hasn't been castrated. Other goals are not alive on the Slaughterhouse there obviously, potentially dangerous creatures. The bow is driven mad by the coding of the cried and it charges add edit attempt to Lhasa the bowl. A horseman accidentally D competence a child. So the ROM paging bold than heads towards the city pursued by the cries trampling on an Englishman on the way. After a button are, the bill is captured and horrifically killed by a butcher. His name is MCA CHA, which literally means he killed seven, but figuratively means a billy Or a braggart. So the bow is cut open to reveal a large pair of retracted testicles to the amusement of The cried. Then the unnamed protagonist, etched by 25, enters the scene. The cried notices he is a Unitarian. They can tell this because his sideburns are cut into the ladder. You, he's not wearing the Legendre Rosie sta, emblem or addressed and mourning for rosy glasses, LET wife. So why he would go white dressed in a way that the belies the fact that he's a member of an outlawed part I. That's something that's not explained to us. So his horse has a seller or a gringo saddle which leads to the crisis in he's a city snob. So spurred by the cried, Matt STATA throws him from his horse, grabs him by his tie and hold them life to his throat. And the cried Yaso and Mata yesterday, matisse CIA date to cut his throat. At that point, the judge rides over an orders the amount to be taken to the shed, and the shed acts as a courtroom in the slaughterhouse. So there's a table and the room what's used for drinking or cards, but also for the torture and execution of the Federalists. Slaughterhouse thugs, decried Shi'ites, threats and insults, But the judge orders them to be quiet and sit down so that an angry dialogue transpires between the Judge, The cried on the protagonist, the judge and the crowd use colloquial language, but the protagonist uses more literary Spanish and he addresses the others and the third person. So the judge rules dropped this city selectors underpants and get him the barge to his bold buttocks. So that was orca, the name of the power of police actually translates as corn called because that was a form of torture he used around that time that corn cobs were inserted into the rectum. So the protagonist, it's stretched out on the table and he isn't a terrible ridge demanding his throat be kept and stab at being subjected to this complaint and dignity. So after a struggle, he bursts a blood vessel and dice on the judge remarks per adaptable, we only wanted to amuse ourselves, but he ticket to seriously a very barbara anti. So there are several kinds of important themes coming through here. The murder of the intelligentsia being one of them and represented by the horrible death of the protagonist. Masculinity and crisis and the torture he faces and the retracted testicles of the bow is also something that comes up. Some people perceive them as being a racist. Black, Afro, Hispanics employed by Rosas. And the story that's 11 way of viewing it. Political criticism of the sort of brutality on barbarity of the ruling regime is obvious. It's romantic in its use of grotesque imagery, as we've mentioned before. Although it does have this sense of photo realism when it describes the horrible way that animals are killed in the slaughterhouse. It was a very influential texts because it was the first work of prose fiction by an Argentine writer. Because of it's bringing romanticism to Latin America. Adopted for a Latin American culture. It's not quite the same as European Romanticism. And I am hoping that you will read it. 47. José Martí: That's discussed Jose Marti, Cuba's literary revolutionary. Jose who Leon Marty Perez lead from 1853 to 1895. And he did a lot of things during that time. He was a poet, philosopher, essayist, novelist, journalist, translator, academic publisher, political theorist, and revolutionary. And he's known as the apostle of Cuban independence. His death sparked an ICT cry from revolutionaries. I'm Cubans previously reluctant to revolt. He wrote for unpublished on number of newspapers plus a children's magazine and newspaper patriot became MySpace for the Cuban independence may have been Patriot, meaning can't write. Interesting fact, one of his Brussels then the simple verses was adopted into the song Guan data Meira, Cuba's best-known patriotic song. I'm sure a synergy here, that title, vests tune just goes Rhonda and Roger had yes, that song will know IB going round and round your head all day, or at least it will be going Rhonda and ride mine. So the theme of all Marty's written works is liberty and democracy. He was born on the 20th of January, 1853 in Havana, Cuba. Spanish parents, the Valencia and Mariana Martinez Navarro and Lenore Perez, who was from the Canary Islands. And he was the algebra there to Seven Sisters. The family moved to Valencia at when he was four, but they returned to Cuba two years later. And in 1865, he enrolled at the minute municipal superior elementary school for boys, where the headmaster, wrath and Maria Damon Dave, became an influence on his political thank gang. And another very influential figure in his life for a long time in his life was his best friend, skill, the son of an athlete, slave owning family for main Valdez Dominguez. In 1866, Marty entered the Institute of basic Enda as an Janzen. So he's had secondary scope by this point on mandate actually financed his studies spotting potential. And the boy. In September 1867, he enrolled at the professional school for painting and sculpture and Havana to study drawing. That wasn't the direction that he would eventually go. And also an 1867, he signed up at the San Paulo School, which was funded on rung by mandate to study for a bachelor's degree. Wiles helping mandate with administrative tasks. In 1860, it's the newspaper EL album, published his poem. So this is his first published literary work, which was dedicated to Mandy's wife Adams called OMB McCollough and love wet day to Miguel and gal. So TO MCI law on the death of the angel Michael. And it teens 60th, ten Years War started, which was a civil conflict in Cuba all around the issue of independence. And Marty and Firmin joined Cuban nationalist grapes. Around this time, he began writing poetry, a byte Cuban and dependence. For our main started a newspaper which actually only run for one issue called El Diablo cola, the Olympic devil. And that was where marty published his first political writings. And in that same year, he also published his drama, Abdullah and his own newspaper, La patria leap right, a free country. And the play is about the struggle for independence and the fictional state of Nubia. Also in 1869, it was a busy year. He wrote one of his most famous poems, that tenth of October, which was later published in his school newspaper. Unfortunately, in March 1869, colonial authorities shut down the scope so that very much put paid to his studies for awhile. And on the 21st of October, 1869, at the age of 16, he was arrested, portrays him on bribery. After the discovery of a lateral, he and for Maine had sent to a friend who joined the Spanish army. Obviously, they wished to discourage the spread. He admitted his guilt on, was sentenced to six years in prison. Marty's legs were so lacerated by his chance and present that he fell quite ill. And so he was transported to the ELA, the penis, the Iowa pines, after which he was exiled to spin. And he was permitted to study in span in the hopes that, that would encourage him to develop loyalty to span, which clearly didn't happen. So he settled in Madrid, and while he was there, he contacted fellow Cuban deportation, Carlos So valley, whose high hosted gatherings for Cuban exiles. So he became part of the Cuban ex-pat community and Madrid's. And in March 1871, the codec newspaper last Subramanian Aston out published his article, Castillo recontact the hardships faced by his friends and presence. So he's trying to get the message of the brutality of the regime in Cuba at the time. The article was reprinted in newspapers in New York and in Seville. He entered the Central University of Madrid as an independent student, studying law. And whilst there he debated Cuba independence on, he circulated his ideas about Cuba independence in the Spanish press. And he published a tract entitled political imprisonment in Cuba. And the aim of thought was to encourage the Spanish public to basically do something about government brutality in Cuba. Noise on the 27th of November, 1870, while there was a horrible incident. And Cuba. It medical students had been accused with no evidence of desecrating a Spanish grave. And all not day, they were executed in Havana, lie for main Valdez to mangas was arrested and Jane it teen 728 and connection to this incident, I'm not quite sure what his rule walls and this incidence, but he ended up being deported to span. And there he was reunited with Marty. In Madrid's, they circulated a printed article, the day of the 27th of November, 1871, which was written by Marty and signed by domain and also by Pedro De Latour, a Cuban grape actually held a funeral and Madrid on the first anniversary of the executions. And it takes 73 for Maine published Marty's to my dad, brothers of the November 27, IT teams 71. In February 1873, the proclamation of the Spanish Republic by the Cortes, the Spanish legislature, declared Cuba to be inseparable from span. So obviously, a Martini did not agree with this. And he sent the Spanish Prime Minister an essay entitled the Spanish Republic on the Cuban Revolution, stating that it was hypocritical for anew freely congregation of deputies to proclaim him at democratic republican span, but deny independence to Cuba. He sent examples of his work to the Central Revolutionary committed and New York, expanding his willingness to collaborate and the campaign for Cuban and dependent. So he's making the case for Cuban independence and span. And he wants to broaden the ICT and to the USA. And in May 1873, he moved his hour goes up where he continued his legal studies at the Universidad litter aria. In 1874, he graduated with a degree and both civil law and common law. He then signed up for a philosophy degree, which completed by October of that year, which is pretty impressive. And November 1874, he returned to Madrid and then he went to Paris where he met some famous Paypal, the poet August factory and Victor Hugo. In December 1870 for not being able to return to Cuba. He went to Mexico and then to Guatemala. And during these travels, he taught on, he wrote continually campaigning for Cuban independence. In March 1975, he published his first article and the Mexican broadsheet Rivest at Universal, Universal Review, which also serialized his translation of Victor Hugo's may face my sons. He then joined the editorial staff of the newspaper. He also joined that stays a society of writers and artists. And he met his wife there. This lady picture to the right carbons IS bizarre, whose father hosted the Society's meetings and his ice. Unrest. And Latin America was of course not confined just to Cuba. And on the first of January, 1876 and civil war broke out in Mexico when opponents of Sebastian larder debt to how does government signed a military plan to overthrow him, known as the plan to text to peck. Marty began writing for the newspaper Alice's released at, around this time, I was a supporter of Leonardo's at tada. The paper proposed him as a candidate to the new Congress of workers in 1877, using the man who Leon Perez, in other words, his middleman. He went to Havana to try to move his family to Mexico City. So he dead returned to Mexico, and he then moved to Guatemala City, where the government commissioned a play from him, patria eight Levertov drama, India or a country and liberty and Endian drama. And he actually met with the president usto to pheno barrios and person regarding the project. On the 29th of May 1877, he accepted an academic posts as head of the department of French, English, Italian, and German literature and philosophy at the University, death knots denial. In 1870 it, he returned to Guatemala, so he didn't stay in his academic post for log. I'm published his book, Guatemala, which have been edited in Mexico. After the death of this lady, Maria Garcia Granados, who had been in love with Bharti, but sadly it wasn't unrequited love. He returned at last to Cuba, where he was one of the rebels who signed the Pacto Zan home, which ends at the ten Years War. I'm the arms struggle for independence at night. He had not given up on the dream of Cuban independence, just on that particular struggle with them, the ten Years War, Jose Marti was pardons for his perceived political offenses under the amnesty, which was part of the pact. That year he married Carmen. And there are some. Jose Francisco, who was affectionately known as PIP2, was born on the 22nd of November, it turns 78. And in October 1870 at he had applied to practice law in Cuba, but walls refused. In 1881, he traveled to Venezuela on finding the Venezuelan review and Caracas. It angered the dictate or their Antonio Guzman Blanco, and he was forced to move to New York. And there he worked as a journalist for several publications. He also wrote poetry and he translated novels and to Spanish. He wrote plays and novels and a children's magazine, The Golden is oral. And his reasoning for writing a children's magazine was this. So that American children may know high people used to live and why they live nowadays in America and in other countries. High many things are made such as glass and iron, steam engines, on suspension bridges, on electric light. So that when a child sees colored stone, he didn't know why the stone is coloured. We shall tell them about everything which is done in factories where things happen which are stranger and more interesting than the magic and fairy stories. These things are real magic, more marvelous than any we write for children. Because it is they who know how to love. Because it is children who are the hope for the world. So. The Victorian age across the world, of course, a time of industrial and technological advancements. And it's quite interesting when he describes that as more magical than fairy stories for adults as well. And around that time, his newspaper patria became the official MySpace for the Cuban Revolutionary parts. A. He disagreed with some figures within the revolutionary movement, however, such as maximum Gomez on Antonia methane, because he feared that a military dictatorship would be established after Cuban independence. Also, they wanted to invade Cuba in 1884, but marty felt it was still too early to try and reclaim Cuba. And it is Gomez who's pictured with Marty here to the right. On the 13th of June, 1891, his wife and son arrived in New York. Carmen, however, realized pretty soon, but his devotion to Cuban independence lightweight, his commitment to her, their son. And so she returned to Havana with Petito on the 27th of August, 1891. On they never met again. Martini considered a, a personal tragedy in his life that his wife did not share his political ideals or did not share them quite as strongly as he felt them. He then began an affair with the Venezuelan land-living Maria Maria Yara mantissa. And it's thought that he fathered her daughter, Maria mantissa, and she was the mother of the American actor and singer. Psy's are pictured here to the right, who proudly proclaimed himself to be the grand sum of Jose Marti. On the fifth of January, 1892, he participated in a mating and Key West and Florida, where the busyness of the Cuban Revolutionary Party was passed. And he raised money and support for the part a across the USA, Central America, and the West Indies. So he traveled a lot around that time. On the 29th of January, 1895, he drew up on order of uprising and signed it along with General Jose Maria Rodriguez and Enrique Kellogg's though. Marty then moved to multi Christy and the Dominican Republic to plan the uprising with maximum Gomez de uprising actually took place on the 24th of February, 1895. And a month after that, Marty and Gomez declared the manifesto of Monte Cristo, an exposition of the practices and principles of the Cuban revelation. Marty than persuaded Go mass to lead an expedition to Cuba, which he very much intended to be part of. So before he left for Cuba, he made a literary well, leaving his papers and manuscripts to Gonzalo Dick sada with instructions for high to add up them. The expedition laughed for Cuba on the first of April, 1895, they experience some hardships on the way. There were some interruption to their travel on some of the members of the expedition mission. Basically abandoned them. But they landed on the 11th of April, made contact with Cuban rebels on began fighting Spanish troops. They were not widely supported by the people at that stage. However. On the 19th of May 1895, Gomez ordered Marty to stay with a rear guard. He was basically not a fighter really. He was not a soldierly type. He became separated from the rebels. However, I'm finds himself behind the Spanish line. And he was killed in the Battle of DOS Reyes that day, the 19th of May, 1895. Now you can see a painting of the event here to the right at said that he was on a white horse and wearing black and white and so that He was easily visible to the enemy. Although the Spanish didn't realize who he was, they buried the body and then I'll discovering its identity. They zoomed it. And he was actually buried in the Santa Iphigenia cemetery and Santiago de Cuba. Jose Marti had written in his versus ten thetas, simple versus do not bury me in darkness to die like a tractor. I am good and as a good man, I will die facing the sun. The death of Jose Marti was a blow to the rebels, but it was also a rallying cry, encouraging those who had previously been reluctant to revolt to join the fray. And dependence was finally achieved in 1898 when the USA joined the conflict. Now let's look at Marty's literary output. His prose was an, a modernist style and he was actually a key figure and Spanish American modernist mode. He didn't actually published books. His works tended to be disseminated and newspapers and journals until after his death. His novel, Amistad, Vanessa, pardon my terrible Spanish but dismal friendship is that the closest translation I can think of was published in 1911, having previously circulated under a pseudonym in 18851913, his poetry collections versus labor free versus was published. His first critical edition of his complete works wasn't actually published until 1983, and was followed up in 1985 by a critical edition of his Complete Poems. His versus set. The simple vs is quite autobiographical and it tells you a lot about his political thinking. And to bite the man himself. When you read his work, he makes frequent illusion to contemporary cultural events on current affairs. And so rating it from the perspective of 20-20 and, and also reading it as perhaps on non Latin American can make it a little bit difficult to understand. So the translators have a rail job to convey his work to us, but it's still very much worth reading. He frequently uses a for ASM and long sentences. So quick, short signed by the statements that make his political point, as well as more long complicated sentences are a couple of examples of As a fluorescence. Mankind is composed of two sorts of man, those who love and creates and those who hit on destroyed. And liberty as the right of every man to be honest, to think and to speak without hypocrisy. Now here is one of his autobiographical, simple versus it's actually provided as a downloadable resource. It's called essence. Essence Eora man, am I a sincere man? Am I from the land where palm trees grow? And I won't before I die, my soul is Vs to bestow, I'm a traveler to all parts on a newcomer to none. I am art among the arts with the mountains. I am one. I know hi to Nim and class all the strange flowers that grow. I know every blade of grass fit the lie and sublime. Whoa, I have seen through dat of night a Paul my head self befall rice formed of the purest light from beauty, celestial. I have seen wings that were surging from beautiful women's shoulders and same butterflies emerging from the refuse, hate that molars. I have known a man to live with a dagger at his side and never once the name gave of Xi Bi whose hands he died twice, for instance, did I my soul's reflection, the SPI twice when my father died and when she did make goodbye, I trembled once when I flung the ben yard, get on to my dread, the wicked horror that Ted stung my little girl on the forehead. I rejoiced once and felt lucky the day that my jailer, Kim, to rate the death warrant to me that Bohr has tears on my name. I hear a sigh across the Earth. I hear a psi over the date. It has no sign reaching my heart, but my son waking from sleep. If I say I have obtained the pick of the jewelers trove, a good friend is what I've, Gans and I have put aside love. I have seen across the skies of wounded ego still flying. I know the cabbie, where lies the snake of its venom dying? I know that the world is wake, I'm assume fall to the ground. Then the gentle brick will speak above the quiet, refined, trembling with joy and drag, I have touched the hand so bold, a one sprite star that failed dad from heaven at my threshold. All my Braveheart is engraved. The sorrow hidden from all eyes, the son of a land and slipped lives for it suffers on dyes. All its beautiful and write. All is as music and reason and all like diamonds is light. That was cold before IT season. I know when foods are laid to rest, honor and tears will a bond and that of all fruits the best is left to rot and holy grinds with art of words, the pompous movies. I've set aside an understood from a weathered branch. I choose to hang my doctoral hoods. So there is so much by his life in hair. You know. When my father died, I went, she bid may goodbye, talking about his personal tragedies, loss for parents, and also the loss of his wife when she laughed him, you know, talking about the day my jailer Kim and his experience of bang and present his dedication to give Cuban independence of eight. It's really all here. And of course this is a translation, it's being provided and the downloadable resources and Spanish as well as an English if you happen to speak Spanish, but do you know it's it's actually very moving. 48. Machado de Assis: I'm going to talk about the writer who talks the Brazilian literary canon must shadow GSEs. Maria much shadow GSC lived from 1839 to 1908. He was a Brazilian poet, playwright on short story writer. He was also a novelist and he's regarded as the greatest writer in Brazilian literature. He finder the OMB, became president of the Brazilian Academy of letters. And he was multilingual ON spoke French, English, German, and Greek, and rad literature and all those languages he actually taught himself Greek and his old age. His best known works include DOM cows, Moreau, memories, postmaster breath, Cuba's, the posthumous memoirs of brass Cuba's and King cast Baba, which is known as philosopher or dog and English. Michelle she essays was born on the 21st of Jane, 1839 in Rio de Janeiro. And his father was Jose GSEs, who was the son of freed slaves on, for all of his life. The shadow, what was fairly anti-slavery as you can imagine. And his mother was Maria at Leopold Dana did camera Madaba, and she was a Portuguese washer woman. So he was all mixed risks. He was actually born in the country house of political Donna Maria Jose de, middle-income borrows at pariah. Oh, my goodness. Imagine signing your name. It's quite that long. And she was the widow of Senator bento borrow cells pariah. And she basically acted as a bit of a protector to miss shadows family on a largest parents to live in her eyes. She was the young qua KMZ god mother and her brother and law, quack came Albert of disease or Desso Vera was his godfather, so he was actually named after both of them. Sadly, his mother died when he was only tan and he and his father moved to South crystalline. His father than married an afro Caucasian Lydia Maria and asked to Silva in 1854. His stepmother mid candles at a local girls go. And so she managed to get a place there for my shadow. And he was educated there. That must have been interesting. And in the evenings he learned French. When an immigrant Baker, as we heard earlier, he very much loved languages. And in his early teenage years, he met Francisco de Paulo Bristow, who owned a bookstore on a newspaper. He was the first person to publish my shadows literary work. In 1855, he published my shadows poem, ala her, and the newspaper marmot deaf luminance. The next year, Francisco hard the ban, 16-year-old shadow as a typographers apprentice At the end Prensa FCL, the official press which published government documents. And the director there was a novelist, Manuel Antonia to omega who uncovered. He encouraged me to shadow in his writing. It team 58, Francisco uptime piano, who was a journalist and Senator, hired bus shadow to work as a proofreader at the newspaper. Caret entail the merchant male. He worked there and he also continued to write for marmots OF luminance and other papers, but his RNAs were so low that he actually only it once a day, quite frequently. And that was quite usual for him. He wasn't living with his father by the stage. He was having to support himself. Arrived this time, he befriended the writer on liberal politician Jose to allen Carr, who told him english. And that opens up a whole new world of literature to him. He particularly enjoyed reading Laurence Sterne, Shakespeare, Byron, and Jonathan Swift. And so that's a pretty broad spectrum of influences that from, you know, started the sentimental writer, the Renaissance writers Shakespeare. He's getting a romantic influence which actually came out and his own writing via Byron, Jonathan Swift, kind of satirical observation of society. He later learned German and he told himself Greek and old-age. In 1860, he started working at the DRE eau de Rio de Janeiro newspaper. And he started writing plays around this time, although they weren't loved by everyone. His friends, the rider on politician container Buckeye of a commented, your works are meant to be read on, not played, stinging. But he did start to gain some notability As a writer around this time. He also established himself Liberal Party circles other later in life he was quite reluctant to discuss politics and public, but he defended Religious Freedom, which made them popular with the Liberal Party. Controversially, he defended the life of Jesus by the French writer Ernest rental. No, I, it was a controversial text and it claimed that Jesus managed to eradicate his Jewishness and become area. So we might today view the text as anti symmetric. It also theologically didn't receive universal acclaim everywhere because it basically undercut a lot of the main points of the Bible. He also attacked the grades of the clergy and his writings. Sadly, his father died in 1864, and that was a fact he actually learned from acquaintances. He then dedicated his poetry collection because Sally das to his parents crystallites. 1867, emperor Dom Pedro the second hired him as a director assistant at the Dario office Yao, and he got alighted. So things are going pretty well career wise at this point. He was honored again in 1888 when he was made an officer of the Order of the Rose, which was Brazil's order of chivalry. So becoming quite a prominent citizen at that point, some years later. But back in 1868, The quite shy shadow map's validity picture to the right, who was a colleague sister, and she was Portuguese. Carolina Augusta Xavier didn't device. And they married on the 12th of November, 1869, although her parents disapproved of the match because my shadow was what they would have referred to as mulatto. I'm sorry. If that word is insensitive to anyone, I quote, only because it was the word that was used at the time. The shadow kept himself busy and the 187 days working in the Department of Agriculture. He also published two poetry, Beck's ballerinas in 1870 and American business and 1875. These didn't receive a grit response. So he decided to explore other genres. And he began writing romantic novels. Romantic again as a naught, Mills and Boons love story, romantic but Robotic as n, romanticism as a movement, which is something that we've talked about before. So his novels included resurrection, the gloved hand, Helena, and EIR Garcia. Critical response was not particularly enthusiastic, but they were popular with the public. So after hearing of the death of his friend Jose allen Carr, much shadow began suffering from epilepsy. And I, we don't have proof that those two things were connected, but that is what is thought to have happened. The death of his friend, left hand, pessimistic symbolically. So that was too high. He was failing when he wrote his very famous work, memoria as Postmaster brass, Cuba's, the posthumous memoirs of Bros Cuba's null, also known as epitaph for a small winner in English. And it's considered a masterpiece. By the end of the 18 eighties, hippocampi are anoint writer. We talked a little bit about his politics earlier. He obviously opposed slavery, but he didn't like to discuss politics and public at this stage on so he received criticism for not taking a public stance on slavery. He was also criticized for having married a white woman. A big moment in the history of Brazil, Kim, on the 15th of November, 1889, when the monarchy was overthrown, thrown, not the shadow, happy, fond of the Emperor who had given him a job, a nitrogen, and he considered himself to be a liberal monarchist. And there's a story about high. Workman came into his office to remove the painting of the emperor. And basically my shadow GSEs, he wasn't particularly a political figure, you know, sad that he was just not permitting this portrait TB taken. These events basically made him a more critical observer of Brazilian society. And Walt he wrote, after the fall of the monarchy, is considered his greatest works, has his masterpieces really cave and that later period. And those included can cast Bordeaux, philosopher of DAW or dog and English. Dom has Moreau, ESA, a Yacco, Esau Jacob, of course, from the biblical story and memorial to address. In 1893, he published a Missa dugata, midnight mass, considered to be his greatest short story. I've actually included a link to it and the downloadable resources so you can read it on line in English or in Portuguese. It's got an amazing first-line. I'll just say that you just read the first line and instantly you're like, I want to know what this is all about. Well, that was my reaction that you can read it and see if yours is the same. In his later years, he and other intellectuals find that the Brazilian Academy of letters on he served as its president from 1897 to 19081908, the year that he died. Cowra Lena sadly died on the 20th of October, 1904. After 35 years of what he calls perfect married life. Again, here's a happy marriage for a writer, as we've seen in this course. Those have been few and far between. But after she died, he experienced depression and loneliness. And he died himself on the 29th of September 1908 at the age of 69. Here is his poem, Carolina, that's so sad. Honey at the third of the final bad, as you rest from that long life. Here I come on, come per dare. Bring your partner's heart to you. True affection pulses. But despite all the human deals, made our existence desirable. And he put the whole world and a corner. I bring you floors plucked romance from the lamb that SaaS, PaaS together. And my dad leave us on separate. But I, if I if I have bad eyes, thoughts of life formulated, they are thoughts gone and lived. A little bit of debate among scholars, but high to pigeonhole. My shadow GSEs in terms of his style, some critics see him as an AMT realists and, and others as a particularly daring realist sang there was a real basis and resilient society to his wax and he's just taken it to an extreme. Some view him as fusing Romanticism, which of course goes towards the Gothic and the dark. And also depictions of nature and mythological descriptions with realism and naturalism, you can of course, make up your own mind. Where do you think he stands when you read his works? The Shadow G as ceases, most famous works as of course, the pulse from his memoirs of brass, Cuba's lie. This is not a cherry romp pothole. It's actually narrated by bras Q. Bass himself, who happens to be Dad and his looking back over his life, and especially the mistakes that he made on the failed romantic relationships that he had. So, you know, it's not accommodate by any stretch of the imagination because he's dabs the character of brass Cuba's is able to sharply criticized Brazilian society and because no fear of retaliation. So the book is dedicated to the Worm who first gnawed on the cold flash of my corpse. I dedicate with fault remembrance these pulse from his memoirs, not that is just talking about Romanticism. That is a sort of gothic, slightly horrifying, grotesque image. Bear dedicated it to the worm. And it also suggests that nobody that he met in his entire life deserve to have the story of his life dedicated to them. So he starts the story with his death. He died of pneumonia. Then takes the story back to his childhood and his life. Following that, it's connected to his work. Can guess barba, philosopher or dog, which features one of the characters from memoirs at a secondary character. But other works of the author or hinted at the chapter titles. So, you know, it's, it's a good place to start with his work, but there may be some illusions in it that make more sense if you've read more of his work, basically. So the novel was very, very influential to a lot of postmodern writers such as job Barth or Donald Barthes. And to Brazilian writers in the 20th century. It's a very, very pessimistic novel. Heads the subtitle, which is sometimes the title that it's given an English epitaph of a small winner. He's not looking back on his life with a sense of having had success. But as, as we've heard earlier, he had lost a good friend at the time that he wrote it, and he just wasn't psychologically in a good place. Has Moureau is another one of my shadow GSEs is famous novels. It was written in 1899 and it's widely regarded as a masterpiece this time of realist literature. We talked about the slightly romantic introduction to the pulse from his memoirs. This is definitely hinges towards the ArrayList. It's written as a sort of fictional memoir by a jealous husband. But the narrator of the novel is not really seemed to be a very reliable teller of that story and it's basically a dark, calm day. So dom cosmo is considered by one critic a fraud. You can do a true Brazilian masterpiece on maybe Brazil's greatest representative piece of writing. So if you're interested in Brazilian literature out and the writing of the shadow GSA sets. It's, it's also a good place to start. And especially if you're interested in sort of modern writing is what we are coming into the realms, moving away from Romanticism, slightly into modernism here, in that it's from the perspective of one character, but that character's internal life. And that it does have a lot of use realism. So jealousy is a huge fame of this novel. And intrigue is as actually a van that runs through shadow GSEs works. So it's a very representative of his work in that sense. The strategy is C shows a very different version of your usual adultery story. Because the story is told through the eyes of bento Santiago, who is the betrayed husband. And throughout the story, this character rinse, this suppose of betrayal by his wife, capita Lena. But we're not really entirely sure what has gone all Mac. According to bento Santiago, his wife cheated on him with his best friend, giving birth to a son that he only later point right? Not to be his. So if you'd like a little bit of intrigue, you know, entrusted and love triangles, that kind of thing. This could be the back for you. 49. Henry Savery: In this video, we're going to talk about Henry savory. He may not be Australia's most famous novelist, but he is arguably the first Australia novelist. And I would like to thank the National Museum of Australia for the useful information they provided, which helped to create this video. Henry savory lived from 1791 to 1842. He was a convict and arguably Australia's first novelist. We'll find out why that's arguable, literal. His works are significant for their historical value rather than their literary merits. That seems to be the consensus. He was born on the fourth of August, 1791 and Somerset in England, the son of a wealthy banker, he married a lady called Elizabeth Elliot Oliver, the daughter of a loved one businessman. So very middle-class existence at this point. Their only son was born in 1816. He was actually quite unsuccessful in business. He had a sugar refining business which left him bankrupt. And his newspaper at the Bristol observer lasted for only two years. After that, he returned to sugar refining with catastrophic results financially. So unfortunately, he took up crime. He didn't admit to his partner that he had over extended the firms Credit and he began forging those of credit, which eventually totaled around 30 thousand pounds. And I'm not too sure what that is in today's money, but a lot of money. His partner alerted the authorities when hip skull ANDed with 1500 pints. He was arrested on the ninth of December, 1824. He'd actually but a ship to take him to America to try and Runaway. And I'm beyond the lab, but he jumped off the boat and ended up being arrested and present. His behavior was so erotic that his trial had to be postponed. On the second of April 18-25. He pleaded guilty to the charges on was sentenced to hang on the 22nd of April, but influential friends were successful and having his sentence commuted to transportation. And this was only a day before his plans execution did. In August 18-25, he left England forever on a ship called the Medway with a 171 other convex ship packed CFO with a journey that lasted months. It would not have been pleasant. I didn't Hobart and what was then known as bound demons lands, now known as Tasmania, at the end of 18-25. And there he entered the service of the kernel treasurer at NIH. The local press were not happy about this. They didn't fail it convex should be given government posts. And the issue was actually used to embarrass the left-hand at Governor George Arthur, who had to explain himself to the British government. And in retaliation for this, the administration and Hobart ordered that all salaries, possessions be auctioned in 1820. It, so he's a controversial figure right from the off. Also in 1828, his wife and son joined him. The arguments between savory and Eliza where so bad, so bad that it led to his attempted suicide. Nih. Each of them have their own points of grievance. Savory may have been annoyed that there were rumors concerning allies, his behavior with her chaperone, who was the Attorney General on her journey from England. And she may have been angry that he had exaggerated his position and the colonies and the letters he had written her. Within three months of allies as a rival, savory was imprisoned for debt, and Eliza took their son back to England, and they never met again. While he was in prison. He wrote sketches of people and activities in the colony and these were published in the colonial times. Now, one of the subjects of these sketches actually took a loss it, and which was taken against the publisher rather than against savory himself. But when that was all resolved, they were published as one volume, the Hermite and Van demons land, which was published in 1829. And they were published under the pseudonym Simon strictly as a combat could be sent to the drag at Macquarie harbor for publishing, writing it, it was something that convex just weren't allied to. Do. We know the state of race authorship though G2 and note, and Henry Melville's call banned. Henry Melville walls, his publisher. After he got either President savory, it was assigned to the high-skilled of major huge Macintosh, who was one of the founders of cascade prairie. They were on friendly terms and celebrate managed long farm for him whilst writing Australia's novel or it's extensible. First novel, Quintus 17, a tail founded upon incidence of rail occurrence, which was published anonymously in 1831. Night. It is considered to be not only Australia, but the Antipodes first published novel, but it's arguable because Mary Lehman grim stones, womans love having written in Hobart between 182629, but it wasn't published in Australia. It was published in London. So Quintus Darlington receive fairly good reviews in the colonial press. Save raise authorship was pretty much a public secrets and it was actually referred to the ticket of late, he was granted in 1832 and a ticket of leave granted a convex certain freedoms that they had previously been denied. These freedoms were short-lived Thai ever, as they were revoked due to his writing for the newspaper, the Tasmanian. But this suspension of his writing was later relaxed when it was fine to be the pretext for embarrassing and trying to harm the reputation of the Governor General. So George Arthur, whom we talked about earlier on, first Barron at Arthur, who was an office during the Black War, which was a campaign against Aboriginal Tasmanians. In his later years, savory was granted a provisional part and so it looked like all was going well. But in 1840, he was once again caught forging bells and was sentenced to transportation. And the magistrate who tried him was the same magistrate who had chaperones his wife. You remember there have been rumors, a byte, the Attorney General and his wife. So if you'd already Bain transported on you got sentenced to transportation a second time. Where could they Sanjay while they sent him to a place called Port Arthur, which was not a charming plans by any stretch of the imagination. A notorious prison where he died in 1842, possibly due to having cut his own throat. And he's buried on the aisle of the dad, which is off the coast of the present. You can see a photograph to the right of his grave. There are no surviving pictures of savory. So this is really all we have to remember him by. The savory national Short Story Award honors him. And there are actually streets named after him in Canberra and in Victoria. Let's talk about his novel, Quintus servants than a tail funded a poem, incidence of rail occurrence. And by incidents of real occurrence, he means his own life. It is a sort of fictionalized autobiography. It's also a morality tale on a portrayal of convict life. Now what's interesting is that printing presses hot arrived on some of the earliest chips from England. But they were mostly used for government documents. And this was the first time that one of the printing presses in the colonies, having used to publish a novel. And the novel tells the story of Quintus 7-10. He's future troubles are predicted by a fortune teller before his birth at then follows his life as he goes to boarding skill and he then runs a business. He then becomes a forger. And he then ends up transported called vect. At what's interesting is Quintus as Latin for fifth and savory was the fifth surviving child and his family and servants wasn't old family name. So that's why it was a public secret that he was the author. He lacked some clays and their reviews, as I mentioned before, we're okay. You know, they were decent. No one was saying he was a genius. But our review and the spectator in 1832 said, We can say truly that that is an affecting story at times, even powerfully written and full of curious details on those curious details that make it worth reading. It didn't actually make as much money from sales as savory would have hoped. But nonetheless, as an historical artifact, it's well worth reading. 50. Jeannie Gunn: Genie gun lived a very long life and she only wrote abides a very short period were then That long life. But it was very much a period worth writing a byte. Jeannie gun OBA lived from 1878 to 1961. She wrote under the name Mrs. Aneas gun, and she was a novelist, a teacher, are returned on services lake volunteer as well. And that means that she had an octave and trust and currently serving and returned military personnel, especially during and after the First World War. She was born on the fifth of Jane it teens nafta in Carlton and Melbourne. And she was the youngest of five children born to Thomas Jonathan Taylor, who was a Baptist minister, who then went into business. And he also wrote for the Melbourne newspaper, Argus, and it was considered the general Australian newspaper of record of the period. Janie was educated at home, and she then attended Melbourne University. Then she and her sisters ran a skill from 1889 to 1896. After that, she became a visiting teacher. In 1901, she married this dashing young man, a Nye's Jim's gun, who was unexplored or a pastoralist On a journalist. So her life was applied to get quite exciting. They traveled to Palmerston's, which is known as Darwin in 1902. And they went van write 2p has called out say, which was an outlying cattle station on the rubber River. In 1903, very sadly, her husband died. And after such a short marriage, jenny returned to live in Melbourne and you do field g2 ads, I think even more than a century later when you read that. Friends encouraged her to write, and in 1903, she published the little black princess, true tale of life and never, never land nearby, never, never-never land. She's not talking about Peter Pan. That is not a J Barry reference. She's talking about living in the wilds of Australia. So this book was the story of bet bat, who was a little Aboriginal girl who had taken refuge with gun while she was an LC and 19020 for a little while, she revise the story to tell us what happened next bet, bet. In 1909. In 1908, she published way of the never, never. It was billed as a novel, but it was really a true depiction of her time and the northern territories where she'd just changed the names to mask people's identities. By 1990, million copies of the book had been sold. During World War one. Janie gown became octave and work for Australia and service personnel overseas. And she campaigned for the welfare of returning servicemen after the war. She never published another novel, but she did publish short stories, a byte characters from her earlier works. So she always stayed and her imagination and that sort of two-year period of her life and her marriage. In 1939, she was awarded the OBA, the Order of the British Empire on national honor for her advocacy work for service personnel. And she died and Hawthorne in 1961. So let's talk a little bit about we of the never-never. You can see on the cover here this beautiful picture of the Australian landscape. And basically the novel is regarded as a significant precursor to the 130s landscape writers in Australia. By the time it was published in 1908, Australia was significantly urbanized. So the book provided symbols from nature that mid Australia a unique place to be because they ecology of Australia is pretty much unique in the world. I mean, I think we're all fascinated by its landscape and also by the variety of animals. You know, it's something that has fascinated both locals and visitors for a very, very long time. So she wrote in the book, Man on a few women still lived heroic lives in rhythm with the Gallup Baba horse. So having been raised in an urban setting and Melbourne, she'd gone to Melbourne University. She finds herself in this relatively wild place and it clearly had a huge impact on her penguins new literary history of Australia, called the book a minor masterpiece of Australia letters. So interestingly, the book was actually referred to during the judging of a land claim in 1991 when they were trying to establish who wear the traditional owners of the land of LC capital station. So as I said, Well, some novel but actually a lot of what she describes happened in real life. If you have an interest in Australia and its writers and its landscape, it's definitely a good book to read. 51. Africa Section Intro: So y plus a whole continent and only one section. Isn't there something a bit wrong about that? And I have to apologetic Lee say, yes, there is. World literature as an academic discipline has tended to focus on European literature and the literature of the Western world. Although that is very much changing at the moment. And I have to say that my own academic background was an English Literature and the classics, and French and European literature. So African literature is something that I am myself learning about a little bit later and life. So I had to choose african texts for this course. And, you know, you've got thousands of years of culture, many different languages, many different countries. And also there was the issue of, should you include writers of African descent to aren't necessarily resident in Africa. So just not wanting to have a course that was going to be weeks and weeks long and having to narrow it dine. I have chosen to look at modern African writers who are post colonialist and are very interested in reclaiming the story of Africa. For Africans, there are examples and European literature, for example, Joseph Conrad's Fama's Heart of Darkness, where Africa is very much described from the perspective of the non-African, the perspective of the stranger basically. And so for the point of view of this course, I wanted to focus on African stories told by African writers. So I'm hoping that you're going to enjoy this section of the course. 52. Chinua Achebe: The first African writer we're going to look at in this section of the course is Chinua Achebe. And towards the end of his life, he started to become known as the father of African literature. Not he told African stories from an African perspective and he had some issues quite understandably with Africa being depicted by non-Africans in literature and sort of described as almost Other. And he's quite famous for taking African stories and presenting them to a global audience. Chinua Achebe lived from 1938 to 2013. He was a Nigerian novelist, poet, short story writer, academic, critic and political activists who was also an egg boat chief, a children's author on up broadcaster. That's quite look to have achieved in one lifetime. His debut novel, things fall apart, is the most widely read work of modern African literature, having being published in 1950 it other novels by a table include no longer at A's R0 of God amount of the people on out tells of the Savannah. He also published children's books, short stories and essays as we've just seen. He wrote in English and he defended the use of English in African literature because even though it was the language of the colonisers, he wanted to get his stories ICT as far as possible. And his reason for writing in English is basically that it's a very widely spoken language. In 1975 has famous lecture entitled An image of Africa. Racism and Conrad's Heart of Darkness caused real controversy, as we'll see later. As mentioned before, a Che Bei was an Igbo chief and his novels depicted Igbo society, the influence of Christianity and the clash of traditional African on Western values before and after the colonial period. And his style derives from the Igbo oral tradition. So he includes folktales and proverbs, but he's also famous for his realistic use of dialogue. He held several academic posts in his career as well as being a writer. He was professor of Languages and Literature at Bard University and New York states in the United States. And professor of Africana studies at Brown University in Rhode Island and the United States, as well as teaching at the University of Nigeria. He was born Albert Chen you Alamo goo, JB. And the AICPA village of a good eight which has currently in the state of a non rub on the 16th of November, 1930. And he was the son, Isaiah a cathode Achebe, who was a teacher at the evangelist, and Janet Achebe who was a women's leader and the church and a vegetable farmer. So Isiah, ICT-based father had been an early convert to Christianity on shape-based parents were caught between traditional Igbo culture and Christianity and that impacted on their children a lot. And it definitely influenced, influenced at eBay's writings. On the name GNU Alamo means may galled fight on my behalf, which is basically a prayer for peace. All six of the HAB children have names which referenced their parents Christian beliefs, and their ego heritage. After the birth of the family's youngest child. That move to get a which as I mentioned, is not in the state of a camera and happened to be ISI's ancestral home place. Storytelling was a huge part of egg Bo, community life. And at shape-based mother on his sisters and Olbia, Rhizoma told him many stories as a child and he would request his favorite stories. But he also read stories from other cultures, is early reading and cleavage. Shakespeare's a Midsummer Night's Dream and an Igbo version of John Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress. And he was well versed in world literature. Although his writing has a distinctly African flavor, but he was knowledgeable about all kinds of literature. A Che Bei enjoy traditional events such as masquerades, ceremonies on he referenced these and his writing. In 1936, he started son Philip central skill and a giddy. And the chaplain there noticed that he was particularly intelligent and he was moved up a year. Nigeria's first university opens in 1940. It's, it was an Associate College of the University of London, then known as university college noise, known as University of Ibadan. And a chamber amongst the university's first intake of students. Although he didn't initially attend University to study literature, he'd actually been awarded a burst rate to study medicine. His time at university achieved, I became critical of European literature which depicted Africa. He read Joyce carries 1939 novel Mr. Johnson with some horror. Joyce carry being a male then by the way, begun Anglo-Irish writer. And the novel depicted Nigerians as savages and methanes. It's very much the thinking of colonialism. We need to come over and on civilize these Paypal. And having read this, Achebe decided to become a writer himself to counter these advocates. So he changed his degree path from medicine to English history and theology, but unfortunately meant, but he lost his burst right, and he had to pay tuition fees. Somebody became a bit of an issue. Although he was successful in getting government help and his family donated money to enable him to finish his degree. There were several famous writers who attended university college, which was actually quite famous for the arts. Amaze included the Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka, the poet and playwright John Pepper Clark on the poet Christopher okay, Ge Bo, who would later become a good family friend of a chair bass. And rather sadly, that friendship ended in tragedy. A champion is W as an author Kim, in 1958 when he published polar undergraduate and the university Harold and it was esoteric, humorous look at university life. He followed this up with essays and letters on philosophy and academic freedom and university magazines. On from 1951 to 52, he served as editor for the university Harold University, he wrote his first short story in a village church. It combined things that would be prevalent and his later work, including Nigerian rural life and Christian images and institutions. He graduated with a second-class degrade, which she was pretty disappointed a byte, and returned to a good aid to consider what he was going to do with his future. And he ended up teaching at the merchants of light, SCO and Oba. It was pretty ramshackle building and it was built on what was known locally as bad Bush. And that was long thought to be frequented by hostile spirits. And it may have been the basis for the evil forest and things fall apart where the missionaries are given land to build a church. In 1954, he moved to Lagos to rec for the Nigerian Broadcasting Service. And he wrote scripts for oral delivery. And that helped him to master the nuances between written and spoken language, which contributed to his ability to write realistic dialogue, which is an important feature of his writing style. He started writing a novel. Other African novels and English were pretty rare at the time. There weren't a lot of them. So he basically pioneers the nigeria novel. And he worked very hard on developing his own unique style. In 1956, he was selected to join the staff SKU of the British Broadcasting Corporation, the BBC, and to get some training and broadcasting. And that enabled him to advance his technical production skills and broadcasting, but also importantly to get feedback on his novel. So he ended up in London as part of the BBC staff SCO. And while he was there, he showed his work to the novelist Gilbert Phelps. And he was pretty excited to buy a chair Bayes work. I wanted to show it to his editor and publishers, but Achebe didn't feel it was ready. At that point. Back in Nigeria, he revised an additive the novel into what is now I, things fall apart. On the title actually comes from a line in the poem by the famous Irish poet WB. The second coming, as I mentioned, activity was well-versed in literature from all around the world. So he cut out the novel second, third sections on, focused on the story of a CW onco, a yam farmer living during the colonization of Nigeria. In 1957, he said the only copy of the manuscript that he had, along with a 22.8 to accompany in London, months went by and he had no response by the novel starts gap but worried. And it so happened that a former colleague of his was visiting London. And she went to the company's offices to ask what was happening to the novel. I managed to retrieve it and that meant that it wasn't permanently lost. Thank goodness. And 1950 it, he sent it to the edge and had been recommended to him by Gilbert Phelps who sent it writes several publishers, several publishers rejected it. Fanning there was little commercial potential and African writing, they couldn't be more wrong. But finally it reached Hanuman. The educational adviser bear Donald McCrae, had just returned from a trip to West Africa. So he read the novel and reported, this is the Basque novel. I have Arad since the war. 2 thousand copies were published on the 17th of June, 1950. It And it was well received and the British press, the Times Literary Supplement said at genuinely succeeds in describing tribal life from the inside. Because remember depictions of Africa and literature, how that until that point basically pain from the perspective of non-Africans. So this was very much fresh and new for Western readers at the time. The observer cold at an excellent novel on time and tide remark. But Mr. Achebe style as a model for aspirants that must have been gratifying because as we know, he'd worked very hard on creating his own unique style. Reception in Nigeria. On the other hand, walls mixed. Some people were skeptical, abide it, and it was met with some ridicule. On the other hand, the magazine Black Orpheus wrote the book as a whole creates for the reader such a vivid picture of Igbo life, but the plot on characters or little more than symbols representing a way of life lost irrevocably within living memory. At this point in history, things fall apart, has sold 20 million copies and it has been translated into 57 languages, making a Che Bei The most translated African author of all time. The book appears and the book could have been worse. Library collection, which was accomplished and creative and 2002 by the Norwegian book club to reflect world literature with books from many countries and time periods is sort of representative books of various cultures. It also appears in the, in the Encyclopedia Britannica is list of the 12 novels considered the greatest books ever written. And the Nigerian Nobel Laureate rural Asanga described it as the first novel in English, which spoke from the interior of the African character, rather than portray the African as exotic as the white man would see him. And that was really, it's important that was Africa from an African perspective on the fact that it was written in English gave it a global audience. To talk momentarily about a chain base Family Life. In 1950, it, he was promoted within the Nigerian Broadcasting Service to oversee the networks eastern region coverage. And he moved to a nigger where he met this lady picture to the right, Christiana chin way, a callee, Christy. She also worked for MBA. She was an employee of a CHE bays and she had an ax to grind when she first met him because she had a friend who had been employed at the same grid as her while at the same time, who was being paid more than her. And she quite rightly went to eBay to argue a bite this good for her. She later that was hospitalized with a panda cytosol and she was pleasantly surprised when actually they visited her in hospital bearing gifts on magazines. They might on the tenth of September 1961 at the Chapel of the resurrection and the campus of a CHE Bayes alma mater, the University of Ibadan. And Christy described their marriage as one of trust on mutual understanding and Chido. In this course, we've looked at a lot of marriages and relationships which were a disaster. I'm very unhappy. It's great to know that just because you're a famous author doesn't mean your love life is doomed. Basically. Their daughter, Chanel, was born in 1962. There is some catch. Your CPU was born in 1964 on their son shitty was born in 1967. Their final child, their daughter and Wanda was born in 1970 after the nigeria Biafra War in it how to provide impact in their family life. As we'll find later, my wham, the younger children started school. Their parents were pretty concerned about the worldview that were being taught by their mostly white teachers. And to conjure this, I decided to write a children's book, cheek and the river, published in 1966. Talk about a two-phase writing again. In 1960, he dedicated no longer at ease to cristae whom he was dating at the time. And it's a bit like a sequel to things fall apart. It tells the story of obey, who's the grandson of a, who was the protagonist of Things fall apart. And OB is a civil servant called up and the corruption of Lagos. So the novel reflects the challenges facing a generation on the threshold of Nigerian independence. The first novel depicted Igbo culture and was very rural and at sampling. And the second depicts modern Nigerian city life on eBay was equally competent and describing both those things. Later in 1960, he was awarded a Rockefeller fellowship to travel and he went to East Africa. So when he arrived in Kenya, he was asked to tick a box on a form indicating his ethnicity and its choices where European is the Arctic, Arab or other. So he was forced to take other, which he was astonished by. And he actually took a spare form as a souvenir. While he was travelling, he find Swahili to be the most spoken African language. But he discovered that there wasn't an apathy to reading literature and Swahili, which reinforced his belief that he should write in English. In 1962, he traveled as part of a unesco Fellowship for creative artists. On, he went to the United States and to Brazil. He met some pretty famous writers including Ralph Ellison on Arthur Miller, the famous playwright, of course wrote the crucible and Death of a Salesman, amongst other well-known works on was married to Marilyn Monroe. In Brazil. He met authors who wrote and Portuguese, and he worried that their work would be lost if it was not translated and tell more widely spoken language. So again, your choice of language was just to do with broadening your audience. On his return, he was promoted to Director of External broadcasting, the Nigerian Broadcasting Service. And he helped create the voice of Nigeria network. And he worked hard to maintain objectivity during a turbulent political period following Nigerian independence. In 1962, a Che Bei attended a milestone conference at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda. It was a pivotal moment and African literature. And while he was there, he met the Ghanaian poet Kofi Annan, lunar, Nigerian poet and playwright Wole Soyinka and the US poet and author Langdon. He's not one of the major issues that they were discussing at this conference. Was whether the term African literature should include the diaspora, are only writers living on the continent. And that's actually something that I've thought a lot about in this course. You should African writers who live elsewhere in the world be considered for this section? Uneven? Say I'm talking about Irish writing. Should that include, say, Irish Americans are just people who live in Ireland. It's actually a huge issue within literature, a Che Bei felt. But at that time in 1962, there was not a large enough body of work to really judge. At Chez became editor of high Newman's African writers series until 1972. And that was part of his huge role in African literature. He was not only a successful African writer in his own right, but he also enabled other African writers to bring their stories to a world audience. So the African writer series brought post-colonial African writing basically to the rest of the world. In 1964, he published R0 of God. Unlike his previous works, it explores the making of Igbo tradition and European Christianity. Specifically European Christianity. And which is a little bit different and it's healthier than say, American Christianity. And of course, European missionaries had been going to Africa for a, by a century at that point. The book as the story of as a ruler who is a chief priest of Euler, who sends his Son to discover the secret of the par, of the British on tragedy and sees. The novel was widely praised by critics and he wasn't happy with the structure of that though, and he published a revised version in 1974. The US writer John Updike actually wrote THE of eight to express his admiration for a chickpeas description of the dawn fall of the protagonist and ending few western novelist would have contrived. According to update, a champion responded that the individualistic hero was rare and African literature that is really a feature of Western literature and African literature and stat prize community and characters subject to nlm Cuban forces in the universe. So it was an ending few western novelist could have contrived because it wasn't written with NO Western Culture. In 1966, Achebe published a man of the people, which was a dark satire set and an endless African state which had just attend and dependence. Some of the things he wrote byte in the BEC actually later came to pass. And a friend jokes that he must have the gift of prophecy. So soon after the book was published, major chick woman could Dina NEA segways seized control of the northern region of Nigeria as part of an intended mission wide K commanders and other areas failed. And this k and a military crack dawn followed. 3 thousand people from the eastern region living in the North were massacred. And stories of attacks on Igbo Nigerians reached Lagos. The ending of a man of the people had unfortunately brought to the attention of the military. He suspected him of having prior knowledge of the k, which really wasn't the case. It was just completely coincidental. He sent his pregnant wife on children on a boat to the Eastern stronghold of Port Harcourt. Sadly, Christie had a miscarriage at the end of the quite arduous journey. Achievement joined his family and a giddy soon afterwards and they were safe there as a site-based would later secede from Nigeria and it was free from military incursion. The family settled and a new game, which was where I champion Christie had matched, you'll recall historic Keiko who had been at University College, was also a writer. And a J Bay started citadel press to provide a greater range of reading materials for younger readers. Christopher, a cake bot actually became a good family, a friend, friend, and he joined this secessionist RMA during the nigeria Biafra War. As a result, the eBay's highest was bombed. But fortunately, Christina taken the children to see her mother pseudo levels at home. Biafra was intending to declare its independence from Nigeria. And the conflict that followed was quite bloody. Five days after the eBay's heist was bombed, Christopher KDKA was killed on the frontline and achieve a was Barry shaken and he wrote dirge for a cake bow and the Igbo language, which he later translated into English. The family was forced to leave. And for the Biafra and capital of ABA, a champion mostly wrote poetry at this time because he felt he wouldn't be able to actually complete a novel and all the turmoil that was easier to write shorter works. And these poems are collected in 1970, one's beware. So brother, he became a foreign ambassador for the new state of Biafra, as well as continuing his work with the African writers series. And Achebe, framed the nigeria Biafra conflict and terms of colonialism, saying the Nigerian writer fine, but the independence his country was supposed to have one was totally with ICT content. The old white master was still in power. In 1960, it ABA foul to the Nigerian military and achieve a moved his family to image AIA, the new center of the Biafra government. And while he was there, he chaired the national guidance committee who were charged with drafting principles for the post-war era. He joined a writer's tour of the US to raise awareness of the conditions in Biafra. He was actually quite shocked by racist attitudes that he encountered and America and reflected that world policy is absolutely ruthless and unfailing. In 1970 by offers surrendered to Nigeria, a champion is found me returned to a giddy where their home had been destroyed. He took a post at the University of Nigeria and sick, but was unable to travel because the Nigerian Government revoked his passport because of his support for the biofilm State. In 1972, he released girls at war, a collection of stories written between his university days on the Nigerian biofilm conflict. And it happened to be the 100th book and the African writer series. Later that year, he was offered a post at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst and the United States. And the family moved to the United States and it seemed to be a good time to move. He began to study perceptions of Africa and Western scholarship around that time. And until he remarked that Africa is not like anywhere else. They know there are no real people in the dark continent forces operating and people don't speak any language you can understand. They just grunt, busy jumping up and down in a friend's eight. But I think he had a point. And having that view of depictions of Africans in western writing to be honest. Work of Western literature depicting Africa that achieved by most famously took issue with was Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Naive. Joseph Conrad was Polish but living in England on well-defined or of the modernist movement within England, modernism focuses on the individual and is very much a byte individual freedom. And not everybody was receptive to, while a chubby had to say, no, I, I read Heart of Darkness as an undergraduate because Heart of Darkness was the basis for the movie Apocalypse NIH, which is actually set in Vietnam. And the fact that a movie set in Vietnam was based on this novel set in Africa, shows how generic Africa and Africans where in the novel I personally did take issue with it. You might read it on, you might have a different response. But a Che Bei more than take issue with it. On the 18th of February 1975, he presented his famous lecture and image of Africa racism and called rods Heart of Darkness at Amherst. So his title didn't pull any punches on. He asserted that the famous modernist novel dehumanizes Africans. He felt that AT described Africa itself as a metaphysical battlefield devoid of all recognizable humanity into which the wandering European enters at his peril. He was also critical of another beloved Western figure, Albert Schweitzer, the physician on the Nobel Peace Prize winner of 1952. She fights or had said, the African is indeed my brother, but my junior brother. And a Che Bei accused him of providing a lesser standard of medical care to Africans than he may have done for white patients. After the lecture was finished, one English professor exclaimed, How I dare you on just stormed off and the others present actually saw a Chavez point. A chip based views on Heart of Darkness are not universally accepted by literary critics and fight the British credit Cedric waltz describes Heart of Darkness as anti-imperialist and critical of racial prejudice. If you read it, I'm sure you'll make up your own mind, which stops you take the lecture, although it calls controversy dead. When a Che Bei some international recognition, he was presented with an honorary doctorate from the University of Stirling and Scotland and one, the lotus Prize for afro isn't writers in 19751976, he returned to the University of Nigeria. And in 1983, he became more and more involved in politics. And in that year he became Deputy Vice President of the left-leaning people's redemption party. In 1987, he published On tells of the savanna a, by a military coup and the fictional West African state of Canada. And it was actually a finalist for the Booker prize. He had a personal, well, disaster really in 1990 when he was a passenger in a car traveling to Lagos. When the axle of the car collapsed on the car, overturned, his son on one other person had only minor injuries but achieve a spine was damaged. He was flown to the products Hospital and Buckingham. Sure, England's, but he was left paralyzed from the waist down for the rest of his life. Continued to work in academia nonetheless, and he's seen afterwards became professor of Languages and Literature at Bard College in anodal on Hudson, New York state in the USA. And he actually held that post for over 15 years. In 2009, he joined Brown University in Rhode Island, USA as professor of Africana studies. In 2010, he was awarded the $300 thousand Dorothy and Lilian Gish prize, which is one of the highest paying prizes for writers and artists. It was around this time that he started to be referred to as the father of African literature. Chinua Achebe died on the 21st of March 2013 in Boston after a short illness. The New York Times a bit tray called him one of Africa's most widely read novelists and one of the continents tarring man of letters. The BBC described him as revered to throughout the world for his depiction of life in Africa. He's buried in a good day and an umbra, his families on ancestral time. And his funeral was attended by four heads of state and the Archbishop of Canterbury, the most Reverend Justin wellbeing. Talk up by it's a Che Bayes debut novel, things fall apart, which as we heard earlier on, as the most widely read modern African novel. It's taught in African schools across Africa and it's, it's very widely read and English-speaking countries. So it is the story of a conquest who is a member of the fictional ooh, oh FEA plan, all of egg boat people and site-based Nigeria. And basically a conquest has this, this work ethic and thus this kind of very masculine persona. He's a wrestler known as the cats because he never lands on his back. He's been working hard to build a reputation on, to build a business because his own father died, a shameful death with unpaid debts, which was kind of like a blocked on the family's history. So this dedication to sort of masculinity and machismo causes him to sometimes bait his wife and children onto B. Sometimes it can be pretty unkind to his neighbors. However, he becomes the chief of his village and he's pretty much striven for position all his life to undo the damage done to the family's reputation that was done by his father. So a cocoa is chosen by the elders to be the guardian of a camera and thrown up as a boy, taken by the clan as a peace settlement between you and another clan after the boy's father killed and Omo fan woman. So the boy lives with a conquest family on a quote, gu, gross fond of him. Although he doesn't show faultless because that would lick weight can he considers not to be not masculine? The boy actually really looks up to a clunker and considers him to be like a father. So the oracle of IMU Sophia eventually pronounces that the boy has to be killed. So as AJ, who's the oldest man in the village, words are Congo, that he should have nothing to do with the murder because it would be like killing his own child. This is his adopted son. But to avoid saving wake and feminine to the upper bound of the village, a Q1Q2 disregards the warning because a parent's is more important on reputation as more important. So he strikes and kills the blow himself, even as aka I'm Fiona bags his father for protection. And for a long time after killing the boy, a Quantico feels guilty on saddened. So shortly after it came food as death, and things go pretty wrong for Congo, he falls into depression. He's really been traumatized by the active, murdering his own adopted son. So his daughter, as enough, Falls unexpectedly, ale and it's fair that she may die on that during a gum oscillate. As a jazz funeral, a conquers gun oxidized explodes and kills as AD sun. And because of this, a Q1Q2 and his family are sent into exile for seven years to appease the gods that he has a fantastic. So that's part one of the novel. In part to while a Q1Q2 as a way and exile, he learns that white man, or living in Ethiopia. They're there to spread Christianity there, their mission raise the number of calm Bartz is increasing. And that means that the par of the white people and their influence is increasing at a new government is introduced, the village can respond, and one of two ways with appeasement or with resistance. And so a Q1Q2 son noise starts getting curious about the missionaries and the bite their religion. And he's beaten for his father for this. But for the last time, he decides to leave his family behind and live independently. And he wants to be with a mission raise because his beliefs have changed. After being introduced to Christiane de by one of the mission race, Mr. Brian. It's the last year of a conquerors seven-year exile. And he wants his best friend obey reactor. Ob Erica, Sorry, to sell all of his yams onto by two men to build him two huts so he can have a high stickleback to with his family when he returns from exile. He also wants a face for his mother's can kinsman before he leaves his exile. In part three of the novel, a quote unquote, on his family returned from exile. And he finds his village has been very much changed by the presence of the white man. One convert to Christianity commits a horrendous act and the eyes of the locals by unmasking and elder as he embodies an ancient ancestral spirit of the clam. And the village retaliates by destroying a local Christian charged and response. The district commissioner, who represents the colonial government, takes a quote, unquote, on several other native leaders prisoner, pending payment of a fine, a very high fine. Despite the district commissioners instructions to treat the leaders of Sophia with respect, the net of court messengers, basically humiliating them by shaving their heads and wiping them out. As a result, the people of amblyopia gather for what could be basically an uprising. A quote quot, who's a better warrior by knit shirt nature. And he really wants to follow a MOOC and custom and tradition despises any form of car does or anything that could be perceived as car does. And he has really for a war against the white man. When messengers of the white governments try to stop the meeting going ahead and aquatic UPA hads, one of them and the cried allies, the other messengers to skip and doesn't fight alongside with him. And he realizes that the people are not going to join in uprising, the uprising that he'd very much hoped for. So it shows that his society and its attitudes towards conflict is really changing. The traditional ways of thinking are are beginning to change at this point. So when they district commissioner comes to a conquest heist to take them to court, he basically finds a Quantico as hanged himself to avoid big tried and a colonial court, among his own Paypal, a caucus actions have tarnished his reputation that status. And remember he reputation status after his father had shaved, the family had been wat, he had striven for his whole life. It's strictly against the teachings of the egg bow to commit suicide. So in his final act, he has walked away from the traditions of his people. The district commissioner reflects the Kq1q2 story will make for a good pitch and his book, or perhaps a reasonable paragraph, which shows the sort of lack of concern on understanding for local people and for Walt is happening to their culture. 53. Wole Soyinka: In this video, we're going to talk about a TE Bayes contemporary and compatriot, Wole Soyinka. He has the distinction of being Africa's first Nobel laureate, inlet temperature. Wole Soyinka is a Nigerian playwright, poet, essayist, actor and theater director. He's also had a distinguished career in academia as well. He was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize for literature, the first sub-Saharan African to when the price for literature. He has written plays for theatre on radio in Nigeria, on the UK. Other works of being performed throughout Africa and in the US as well. He's also had plays performed in Italy. I believe. He played an active role as a writer and the struggle for Nigerian independence. He's quite political figure in Africa and globally. He's had some quite controversial things to say and race ears about freedom of speech and religion within the UK, for example. I'm not gonna get too deeply into his thoughts, not because I don't want to start the equivalent of a Twitter storm in the Q and a. So if you have issue with Soyinka is beliefs, there are about a 100 people claiming to be Wole Soyinka on Twitter, so you can take it up with one of them. His writing is concerned with the oppressive boats on the irrelevance of the color of the foot that wears it. As I mentioned before, he's had a distinguished academic career, including teaching at Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, on Yale. In December 2017, he was awarded the Europe fit or prize, or someone who has contributed to the realization of cultural events that promote understanding and exchange of knowledge between peoples. He was born OK. And one day, about ten days, Soyinka on the 13th of July, 1934, and Dakota in Nigeria. And he was the second of seven children and a family that was a royal descent. His father, Samuel IO Dalai say NCA, was an iBeacon Minister and he was also headmaster of San Pedro skill and a BioCarta. And his mother Gris at Eolas Soyinka owned a shop and a nearby market. And he referred to her as the wild Christian because she was an activist, a political activist, and the local women's movement, and also an Anglican like his father. So sorry, I grew up with syncretism between Anglican Christianity and the indigenous Yoruba religious traditions. He became an atheist and lead her life and has won awards from humanist associations are though he has written a bite, his experiences, his spiritual experiences, and the sanctuary of an African daddy whom he views as his companion on protector. And we'll talk a little bit about that later. In 1981, he published a memoir of his childhood. Okay. The years of childhood. He attended a Barracuda Grammar School, where he wants several prizes for alliterate composition. And in 1946, he was accepted into the elite government College, which was a secondary skill. I'm from then he, there he went on to the University of Ibadan, which was of course, a Bayes alma mater. And he was there from 1952 to four. And his degree path focused on English literature, great, and western history. In 1953 to four, he began writing cafes birthday trait, which was a short radio play for the Nigerian Broadcasting Service, which aired in July 1954. So this was his first foray into writing drama. While he was at university. Soyinka, on six other students find the parities, comfort targets a which was anti-corruption, and it was also a justice seeking student organization. Later in 1954, he moved to England to study at the University of Leeds under his mentor Wilson Knight, who was a literary critic known for his interpretations of mythic content in literature. While he was in Leeds, he wrote for an edited the university publication The Eagle, and he often criticized his peers and his column, I wonder why popular that made him down the pub after lectures where you don't know. He graduated with a T1 as an second-class first division degree, and then began a master's degree. His intention was to write new works combining Europeans, they utter traditions with elements of his Yoruba heritage. And so in 1958, he produced his first major play, the swamp dwellers. And that was followed up in 1959 by the lion on the Jew. And when it was performed at attracted and trust from members of London's Royal Court Theatre. So you can get them moved to London, working as a play reader for the royal court theater. His plays were also performed in EBITDA and they dealt with the tension between tradition and progress in Nigeria. The invention was the first of his plays to be performed at the royal court theater. And the Nigerian magazine Black Orpheus published his poetry. He, poet and playwright at that time, including poems like The Emigrants on my next door neighbor. So I incur, then received a Rockefeller Research Fellow from the University of Ibadan to study African theater on. So he returns to Nigeria and in 1959, he became co-editor of Black Orpheus. And why we've mentioned Black Orpheus when we were talking about Chinua Achebe. So the title of this literary magazine came from an essay written in 1948 by Jean-Paul Sartre. They French existentialist philosopher. Or if they NWA. And which was published as a preface to ontology. Dylan nouvelle Plessy, NACA, a malloc ash, which we're going to talk about a little later in the course. 19 sixties saw his satirical play, the trials of brother Jarrow produced, and also in 1960, His play, a dance of the forests was produced. It criticized Nigeria's political developments and actually want to contest to become the official play for Nigerian independence day. But it wasn't this sort of warm, fluffy play. It's basic message is that the present is no more a golden age than the past. In 1960, he wrote the first full-length play produced a Nigerian television, my father's burden. So Yankee satirized the nigeria Biafra conflict. And as his yuriga homeland became increasingly controlled by the Federal Government, it was hard for our writer to remain a political in that particular context. He used his Rockerfeller grant to buy a Land Rover on. He traveled throughout the country as a researcher for the English Language departments at the University of Ibadan, my remember, US Civil War was kicking off. So, you know, that journey might have been a little bit scary at some points, I'm sure. Around this time he wrote a famous essay criticizing the magnitude movement and established by Leopold Senghor, who had been President of Santa gal. And it was aimed at raising what he called Black Consciousness across Africa and the African diaspora. So Soyinka find the bereavement overly nostalgic and felt that it didn't see the benefits of modernization that was too stuck in the past. He sometimes misquoted that's having sat. A tiger does not need to proclaim His tiger chewed. He's simply pipe says. But what he actually wrote walls that do occur will not pinned during occur on its beautiful back to proclaim His do, do recur at Jude. You'll know him by his elegant late and in case you've never encountered a do occur. There's one pictured here to the right of very beautiful creature find Ann, nigeria. In December 1962, he published his essay Towards a tree Theatre. Yes, he was very involved in politics, very concerned with politics, but he had other passions. They enter of course being one of them. And also around that time, he began teaching English language at Oberth, ME awhile Ohio University and a FA. And he became known for his condemnation of government censorship. 1963. So the release of his first feature film, culture and transition. And in April 1964, he published a novel, The interpreters. In December 1964, he find the drama association of Nigeria. And in 1965 he was arrested for the first time for holding up a radio station at gunpoint and replacing a recorded speech by the premiere of Western Nigeria with a tape accusing him of electoral malpractice. So he describes this incident and his own words in his memoir, you must set forth OK, DOM, published in 2006. He was released some months later, Gita protests by the International Writing Community. In 1965, he wrote the drama before the black guides on the culminate Congress harvest. He also wrote the play, the DNA for the BBC and London. And his play, The Road premiered in London at the theater Royal as part of the Commonwealth Arts Festival. In late 19651965 was a pretty busy year. He was promoted to headmaster on senior lecturer at the English Language Department at the University of Lagos. His political speeches around this time criticized the cult of personality and corruption and African dictatorships. In 1966, the road was awarded the Grom pray at the Festival of Negro arts in Dakar, Senegal. He became chief of the Cathedral of drama at the University of Ibadan. So following the military coup of 1966, he took a huge risk and secretly met with the military governor chick where Mecca Oda mag Wu OJ qua to try and prevent a civil war, and he was subsequently forced into hiding. He was fined and imprisoned for 22 months. He was denied books, pens, and paper, but he still managed to write poems on notes and present, mostly criticizing the Nigerian government. Despite his imprisonment. The lion and the Jew was produced an opera and Ghana and September 1967, the trials have brother Jarrow out the strong braid were produced at the Greenwich music theater in New York. So there was interest in his work internationally. He also published a collection of poetry while he was imprisoned, it Don Ray and other poems that was inspired by the diaetae we've mentioned before. He'd visited the sanctuary of Hogan, who is a Europa Data him, he describes as his companion and protect her. So it was, it was based on a kind of spiritual experience. In October 1969, the Civil War ended on Soyinka and other political prisoners were afraid. So he went to stay at a friend's farm and Southern France seeking solid shoot basically. And there he wrote the backend of your epidays or re-working all the Pentheus Smith naught Pentheus and Greek mythology walls. The King of Thebes who bombed the worship of Dionysus or Backus and n, revenge. Dionysus learners him to view the backend Elliot, which are like a series of am, quite drunken writes. He believes basically is going to see some live porn. But what happens to him as he has been disguised as a tray and the women who are in a tablets out the back and alea are in a state of friends a, and they tear the tree apart on so Pentheus is killed and one of the women who terrorism apart as his own mother. So it's not a chair, a tail by any stretch of the imagination. And late 1969, he published poems for president, and he published them in London, not in Nigeria. Much safer. And in 1978, he produced his play Cauchy's harvest while adopting it into a film. In June 1978, he finished his play, madman on specialists. And the plane was premiered by 15 actors from the University of Ibadan at the Eugene O'Neill memorial Theater Center and Waterford and Connecticut in the USA. So his work is as increasingly International. In 1971, he published his poetry collection, a shuttle and the crypt. And he also traveled to Paris to perform the role of Petraeus law mumbo, who was the Margaret first Prime Minister of the Republic of Congo, and his murderous angels that you took to it. But if acting and his career as well as writing and directing, and in 1971, he was so concerned political events Nigeria that, uh, he went into a self-imposed exile. It would be several years before he would return. In 1972, Oxford University Press published his novel, season of anomie and his collected place. He's more known as a dramatist and poets than a novelist. Potato publish at least two novels. And in 1972, he published the man died, which was a collection of his notes from present, which would later be banned in Nigeria, as we'll see. In 1973, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Leeds. And also in 1973, the National Theater in London commissioned on performed a play version of the back of your epidays. In 1973. He also published the place com weighed on the leaves on gyros metamorphosis. And thought year, he spent a year as a visiting fellow at Churchill College in Cambridge. While he was there, he wrote Death and the King's Horseman, which had its first rating at Churchill College. And also that year he gave a series of lectures at a number of European universities. And 1974, Oxford University Press published his collective plays, volume two. So his pet was actually incredible. He was writing a lot of plays. In 1975, he moved to Ghana as editor of the magazine transition. And this rule, he protested against Negro files as he called them, and military dictatorships, especially the military agenda of Idi Amin in Uganda. So Wole Soyinka has never been a fan of dictatorships. He had some very vocal things to say about Robert Mugabe as well on several other African dictators. After the subversion of Gawande's military regime in Nigeria, he was finally able to go home and he obtained a post at the Cathedral of Comparative Literature at the University of IIFE. In 1976, he published a poetry collection, Ogata, who was his patron data, OK, and a baby man at a collection of essays, myth, literature on the African world. In 1979, he directed, performed in a drama that he did not in fact, right? It was John Blair on Norman sentence drama, the Baco and Quest. And it was based on the rail story of Steve Baco, who was a South African students on human rights campaigner who was beaten to death by the police during apartheid. In 1981, he published the first part of his autobiography. As we mentioned earlier. Okay, the years of childhood, it actually won the 1983 on-field wolf Award for BICS, which contribute to the understanding of racism. Also in 1983, has played Requiem for a future, just Requiem for a future biologist, sorry, premiered at the University of IIFE in 1983. It was a busy year. Several prominent Nigeria musicians recorded an album of his musical compositions, I love my country. In 1984, he directed the film Blues for a protocol. And his play, a play for giant's was produced. He criticized the Nigerian President Shea, who's Shogun. And when he was replaced by General Muhammad day Bihari, Soyinka finds himself at odds with the military. So he was never in a really CIF. Plus, when he was speaking about politics in Nigeria. In 1984, a Nigerian court bond, the mound died his prison notes. 1986 was a great year for Sarah Soyinka. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, the first African literature laureate. And he addressed his acceptance speech to Nelson Mandela, who was present at the time. And it was entitled the past must address its present. He also received the Prize for Literature in 1986. In 1988, he published his poetry collection, Mandela's earth and other poems, as well as publishing an essay collection, art, dialogue and ICT rich essays on literature and culture in it. So you can get became professor of African studies on theatre at Cornell University and New York State and the USA. And in 1990, he published another novel. This one was based on his father's intellectual circle, and it had the intriguing title, is Sarah, a voyage around essay. In 1991, his play, a scourge of highest sense, was broadcast on the British Broadcasting Corporation, African service, which meant that it was broadcast continent wide. And in 1992, his play from Z0 with love premiered in Italy. Like both these plays were better political power days. In 1993, he received an honorary doctorate from Harvard. And in 1994, he, he released another installment of his autobiography, and this one was entitled to Abidjan, the pink column is years, a memoir, 1946 to 1965. In October 1994, he was appointed our unesco Goodwill Ambassador for African culture, human rights, freedom of expression, media and communication. That's quite big remit there. And November 1994, he had to flee to the USA. In 1995, he published his play, the bass notification of Area Bay. And in 1996 he published the open sort of a continent, a personal narrative of the Nigerian crisis. In 1997, he was charged with treason by the government of General Sandy, a batch us or it's obvious why he had to flee to America. And from 1997 to the year 2 thousand, he was president of the International Parliament of writers, which is an organization that provides support to persecuted writers. Obviously something close to his heart. In 1999, he released another poetry collection, this one entitled outsiders. In 1999, the BBC commissioned a play for Radio three called a document of identity. And it was based on a pretty dramatic experience that happened to yanked his daughter. She actually give birth prematurity prematurely during a stop over in London. And that meant that her child was stateless. In 2001, his play King Babur premieres and leg also that was another political satire. This one was a byte African dictatorships. And in 2002, he released and other poetry collection, summer counts and other markets I have known. In April 2006, he published his memoir, you must set forth at dawn. And an April 2007, he called for the cancellation of the Nigerian elections due to fraud on violence. He was awarded the 2014 international humanist toward other. As we've seen. He is a involved and humanist organizations. And I'm sure he classes himself as an atheist, but he does have an attachment to a personal deity and African dieting, which we've discussed before. He served a scholar in residence at New York University's Institute of African American Affairs. Probably noticed that I've said lasts about Wole Soyinka is personal life than I have a by other writers on the course. And that's pretty much because he doesn't like to talk about it. And law really says that he has to. But if you're interested, he has been married three times on divorced twice, and he has three surviving children. He married the British writer barber Dixon in 1950. It, and his second wife was the Nigerian librarian Alicia IT DO Wu. And he married for LacA Docker day in 1989. In 2014, he revealed he was battling prostate cancer. And if you want to find a bite him and interact with them, be careful who you chat to you on Twitter because he has many impersonators on there. As we've seen his literary output as just being huge. He's written a large number of plays, a couple of novels, and an awful lot of poetry. It was difficult to decide exactly which of his works to cover in this video. On the reading list for the course, you'll find a number of his plays and other works. But I thought I would read you a couple of his poems as part of this video to give you a flavor of his work. So the first poem I'm going to rate as procession, one, hanging day. Hanging day. A hollow Earth echoes footsteps of the grid procession. Walls and sunspots lane to shadow of the short-time mourn. Behinds an eye patch Lashley blew the Wall of prayer, has taken refuge and a piece of blindness closed. It's gray recessive stapes, frightful limbs, and glances that would sometimes conjure up a drawbridge raised but never lowered between their gathering on my Sway, withdrawal as all the living world, the lie, their absence in a fatal of eyes, Bard and secret and the empty home of shuttered windows. I know the heart has journeyed far from precedent. Trad, drop, dread, drop, dead. And the second poem is, I think it runs. I think it runs, that tongues may loosen from the parts unclean rooftops of the myth hang heavy with knowledge. I saw at raise the sudden Clyde from Asch's settling, they joined in a ring of gray within the circling Spirit. Oh, it must ran these closures on the mind, blinding us in strange despairs, teaching purity of sadness and Holly at Bates skins, transparencies on wings of our desires, searing dark longings and crew baptisms, ran reads practiced in the grips of yielding yet on banding from afar, this your conjugation with my earth bears crunching rocks. 54. Kofi Anoonor: In this video, we're going to talk about Kofi Annan Or who was a poet and author who combined elements of African oral tradition with our knowledge of European writing and his own unique style to describe Africa after colonialism. Kofi Annan Or lived from 1935 to 2013. And he was a Ghanaian author, poet, academic, diplomat. He was actually God has its permanent representative to the United Nations where he chaired that committee against apartheid. In his literary works, he used the poetic traditions of the AUA people as well as religious on contemporary symbolism to depict African during decolonization at a period in history where more and more states were becoming independent. He published under the names George under nor Williams on Kofi neve AD undo. Nor. He taught African literature at the University of Ghana. He is unfortunately AS famous for his death as his life in that he was killed and the West get Shopping Mall attack in Nairobi in Kenya and September 2013. He was born George neve AD undo, nor Williams and wetter. And what was then the British colony of the Gold Coast, present-day gamma, on the 13th of March, 1935. And he was the eldest of ten children of a family of Sierra Leone Creole descent. He was educated at, at Shamata School, which was a boarding school in the Ghanaian capital of Acura. And he graduated from the University of Ghana in 1960. His first poetry book, Rediscovered was published in 1964, and it was raided an African oral poetry. In fact, his early works were inspired by the songs and verses of his native UI people. Today later published translations of the works of three, a way dodge singers, guardians of the sacred word, AUA poetry published in 1973. As well as his literary work and his academic career. He managed the Ghana Film Corporation and he was one of the founders of the gaba play high. So we have a significant role in developing theatre and Ghana. He was the editor of the literary journal OK EMA and co-editor of transitions magazine. He obtained a Master of Arts degree in literature from University College London in 1970. And while he was in London, he wrote several plays for BBC Radio. And it was around that time that he began using the name Kofi anew nor. The early 19 seventies, a new nor studied on, taught at Stony Brook University in New York, completing a PhD in 1972. And we've seen that he obtained his masters in 1970. So to do a PhD in only two years is pretty remarkable. In 1971, he published a novel, this RF, my brother, I'm, the preface was actually written by Chinua Achebe. And he also published a poetry collection, night of my blood. Both days are load to African traditions and also to dumped a TS Eliot on European writers. So here is another modern African writer with a wide knowledge of world literature. In 1975, he returned to Ghana as head of the English department at the University of Cape Coast. And only a couple of months later, he was imprisoned without trial for helping us soldier accused of trying to overthrow the military government. His sentence was revoked, an October 1976. So he wrote the house by the sea, which is a poetry collection, a bite his time and present. And after that, he became more politically active and he wrote mostly non-fiction. 84 to 1988, he was God as ambassador to Brazil, and after that, he became ambassador to Cuba from 1990 to 94. He was God is permanent representative to the United Nations as we heard earlier. And he chaired the committee against apartheid. At a time in history when Apartheid was basically horrifying the whole world. From 2009 to January 2013, he chaired the Council of State, which advised the president of Ghana and was made up of some of Ghana's leading citizens. I mean, or was due to perform at the story Mocha hey Festival in Nairobi and Kenya on the evening of the 21st of September 2013. They festival was a four-day fast role of literature on storytelling. Sadly, earlier that day, he was one of the 71 people who died as a result of an Islamic extremist mass shooting at the Westgate shopping mall in my row by his son. One of his six children was injured in the attack. He's buried and wetter and in accordance with his well, there was no crying or morning at his funeral. They, terrorists carried out the attack where killed, as were members of the military and 67 civilians. A lot of the press attention was on, on know n4. And it really was a terrible atrocity. And when you go, go Kofi Annan Or you'll find an awful lot of ICT, his death. But of course he also had a completely fascinating life. And that's very much reflected in his literary works. And in her was a devoted practitioner of the traditional way religion. And his work laments the western influence on his culture and the enthusiasm that some African people embraced it with. And he has a little bit of a satiric better at when he writes bite that. Give you an example here. You showed your dirty fist first and Detroit slandered me and you're ugly missionary voice. If the season we're right, I would have broken your bones across my knees. I heard you have taken to playing an accordion and the Washington night scaring foreign diplomats with your horror show. You joined the revolutionaries of a Xenia only to betray them from multicolored blankets and a battered copy of the Pilgrim's Progress. And that comes from his poem, African memories stopped rising. So-called revolutionaries. Themes of Kofi Annan ors works include christianity, death, and exile. And it's often commented the poem that many of his poems and vision his own demise. In the preface to a new Norse novel, this earth, my brother Chinua Achebe Coleman and his rather unusual personal form. So he writes very much from his own perspective. And again, as we've mentioned before, combining elements of African oral tradition and the vernacular speech of the EY paper with modern and contemporary language. And also referencing world literature. Like get his literary eye pit. He wrote poetry, of course, re-discovery on other poems was his first published literary work in 1964. He wrote night of my beloved, which was a collection of poetry the explored his African rates and the impact of foreign rule in Africa. The heist by the sea reflects on his time in prison and the promise of new hope, new unselected poems appeared in 2014 posthumously. He also wrote novels, of course, this earth, my brother, we've talked to by an, it's basically a cross between a novel under poem, according to Wikipedia, that's how it's described. There comes the Voyager at last was published in 1992. He also wrote nonfiction, the breast of the earth, a survey of the history, culture, and literature of Africa south of the Sahara appeared in 1975. Gather up political history from pre-European to modern times, appeared in 1990, and the African predicament Collected Essays appeared in 2006. Now let's look at his poem, songs of sorrow, which is based on a traditional a way dirge form. So joke pays a Liza has treated me thus, it has led me among the sharps of the forest. Returning is not possible. And going forward as a grit difficulty, the affairs of this world are like the chameleon faces and to which I have stepped when I cleaned it cannot go. So you can say the use of colloquial nomenclature here. And some of the imagery as well, the sharps of the forest is coming from those traditional rates, but adding a little bit of a modern edge. I am on the world's extreme corner. I am not sitting in the row with the eminent, but those who are lucky sit in the middle and forget. I am on the world's extreme corner. I can only go beyond on forget my people. I have been somewhere. If I turn here, the rand baits me. If I turn that the sun burns me. The firewood of this world is for only those who can take heart. That is why not all can gather it. The world is not good for anybody, but you are so happy with your fit. Alas, the travelers or back all covered with debt. So this idea, just not good for anybody but you are so happy with your fit, relates back to what we were saying earlier, a bite, his failing that some of his compatriots were actually celebrate and cultural forces which where in essence eradicating there's traditional culture that he so loved. Something has happened to me. The thing so grit that i cannot wait. I have no sons to fire the gun when I die. And O daughters to wail when I close my wife and real life, he had six children. I have welded on the wilderness, the great wilderness man called Life. The ran has beaten me and the sharp stumps cut us Kenya's knives. I shall go beyond and rest. I have no kin on no brother. Death has made war upon our highs and capacities. Grit household is no more. Only the broken fence stands and those who dared not look in his face have come out as man high. Well, their pride is with them. Let those go on before take notes. They have traded their offspring badly. What is the whaling for? Somebody is dead. A goes to himself. Alas, a snake has bitten me, my right arm is broken, and the tree in which I lean has fallen. A cozy. If you go tell them, tell me of ADD capacity and Kobe that they have done AS evil. Tell them their height is falling and the trays in the fence had been eaten by termites. But the Martel curse them, ask them why they idol there while we suffer on eight sand on high, the crow on the vulture hover always above are broken fences on strangers walk over our portion. So you can see that all the elements of Kofi and-and coursework that he's famous for, come together and this poem, strangers walk over our portion, you know, talking about the invasion of, of Western ideas and to African culture. And using colloquial nomenclature names and the poem referring to traditions from his AOA background. In the kind of form of the poem at being a dirge. The idea of strangers walking over our portion, we had mentioned earlier that Christianity is a major feature of his writing and that's part of what he saw as the sort of western cultural takeover. So there's an awful lot in this poem, so it's very worthwhile readings. So I've attached it as a downloadable resource if you want to take time to read it yourself. 55. Anthology of African Poems in French: In this video, we're going to talk about a movement we heard a little bit about earlier on, Negro achieved and the ostensible manifesto for Negro 2D walls, a poetry collection compiled by Leopold Senghor, who was a poet who later became the first president of Senegal. And it was entitled ontology Dylan event who I see NACA, a memcached and long Francaise. So anthology of new black and Malagasy poetry and the French language, Malagasy, a language spoken in Madagascar. Maker Tod's, which could be rendered into English as black attitude, was a movement of byte reclaiming words and culture. As we've heard in previous videos, it wasn't embraced by the whole of the African intelligence yet. In 1948, the famous French existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, analyze the Negro 2D philosophy in his essay, orphaned wire, Black Orpheus, which became the preface to the poetry collection that we're going to be talking about in this video. So Orpheus and Greek mythology was a musician, a player all the liar whose love your registry was bitten by a snake and died. So he traveled to the underworld to bring her back. But unfortunately, as they were obliged to leave the underworld, he looked back, which meant that he lost her forever. Sartre viewed magnitude as a form of anti-racist racism, which would bring a white racial unity. Eventually. It's philosophies where essentially AMT colonialism and a pan African sense of being amongst those of African descent worldwide. So not just people who were resident in Africa, it was a global movement. And the embracing of African ideas on culture, which of course are suppressed under colonialism. And it was very much a Marxist movements and the embraced Marxist philosophies. The literary style was realist on increasingly surrealist. As I mentioned, it was not embraced by the whole of the African intelligencia. We've seen before that rely Soyinka thought that it had some deficiencies that it locked forward thinking. And the South African Poets and k arrow, a pet say kickoff, Staley and felt that it defined black according to a Caucasian aesthetic. They, they, they white opinion of what was black. In essence. The themes explored by its riders included some very emotive themes including diaspora, asserting one's own self and identity, home going on belonging. And the term magnitude basically comes from the French word Niagara, which means black. But it had a slightly derogate tray pejorative overtone at that word. And so the aim was to reclaim the word on give it a sense of empowerment. So the term nigger 2D was first used by MAC Zara in late 2D Anwar, The Black Student and magazine he had started in Paris along with Leopold Senghor and others. So hi, this all came about was that during the 19 twenties and thirties, black students and scholars from French colonies and territories who was studying in Paris were introduced to the writers of the Harlem resistance. And the Harlem resistance being a movement and Harlem New York, which was a social, cultural and artistic movements amped up black empowerment of this introduction, all the students to the writers of the Harlem resistance was facilitated by the Nordau sisters pictured here, Paulette and Zhang, who was known as Jan. They came from Martinique and they ran a tea shop called the Kalman solo. And it was frequented by the Afro French intelligentsia and magnitude was discussed there often. Pull that on the Hessian doctrine. Leo says, start a little lead demand. The world review, which ran from 1930 to 1931, and it was a literary journal published and French and in English, which appeal to African and Caribbean intellectuals and Paris solace, but further disseminated the ideas of magnitudes. And MAC Zara, who we've mentioned before, was also an important figure and the finding of magnitudes. So he was a poet, playwright on politician of actually from Martinique and in the Caribbean a French Islands, French colony. So it, his concept of maker Tod's was the fact of being black and acceptance of that fact. And also an appreciation of the history and culture of black people. That was obviously the polar opposite to the thinking of colonialism, which was very much about, we have to civilize these people on impose culture, a palm them. So he felt that this was the past to what he called date colonization of the mind. So he sought to recognize the collective experience of colonialism on black people across the world. Those living and colonized territories, and those who had been forced or born into slavery and the plantation system. So it's not just an African based philosophy at, applies to those of African descent globally. So his ideas, his ideology was the important ideology during the early years of magnitude. After he finished his studies, say Zara was elected Mayor of Ford to France and he became a representative of Martinique in France's parliament. So he pursued at political career sangha, or of course, also an important figure in magnitude. He became the first president of Senegal. So he also was a writer who follows a political career. He felt that maker 2D would let black people and French territories have what he called a seat at the French table as equals. And he advocated a modern expression of traditional African Customs and ideas on his thinking about negative was the most common form of magnitude in its later years. And it was an active movement right the way through to the 19 sixties and beyond. It has had a little bit of a resurgence. And American universities in recent years. Another important figure in magnitude, it was the French DNAs poet Leon. He was militant and he rejected the concept of reconciliation with Caucasian people. Important poetry anthologies became pivotal to the magnitude of movement. I'm both could have served as its manifesto. The first was Thomas's poetic expression unfold says. So. Poetry expressed in French might be the best way of translating that 1900 to 1945 that was published in 1946. And the second was sandbars, ontology, Dylan event poems, he, Nikos, AML gosh do long-haul says 1948. That is quite a mouthful of a title. So I'm often referred to in English as the French anthology of African poetry, which is just a little bit easier to say. The preface to Sanger's work by Sartre gave the anthology and international potential at, at propelled to enter the international intellectual sphere. And so it took over from Damasio's collection as the manifesto for nitty-gritties. So given that they Anthology as such an important work of African literature, I was quite shocked that I couldn't find any translations of the poems and English easily online. Just to explain, I'm recording this during the coronavirus crisis, so I'm not able to access the university library. But it actually, to me, quite shocking that I can't find such an important work translated just from my own home online. I Have I ever find this quite interesting article by Leopold Senghor as an African Whitman? You can see the link here and it does have some of the poetry. I've included an article soil being able to read you a little bit of it. This first quotation from his poem prior to the masks is very African and flavor. Mosques, mosques, black mosques, wet masks, you masks, black and white masks that all four points from whence the Spirit breathes and silence isoleucine, and not least of all you, my lion had an ancestor. You keep r of holy places for bitten. You have painted this picture of my face over an altar of white paper and your own image here, mate, here dies the Africa of empires. It has the agony of a ruined princess on of Europe to whose naval we are bind. So a lot of the issues of magnitude coming through there, colonialism, we can definitely see that referenced and this little snippet of poetry, traditional African culture with the idea of the masks. And, you know, this is as very much representative of what you will find and the anthology of African poetry in French. So quite an interesting article here. And I know it's not the point of this video to compare sand Gore to Whitman. But you know, if you, if you want to write this article, I'll definitely link to it and the downloadable resources because it's quite interesting. We've got another quotation here, this time from the poem, Song of Myself. You, my rich blood, your milky strain, pale stripping of my life. Breast that presses against other breasts. It shall be you, my brand. It shall be your occult convolutions. Rate of washed sweet flag, Tim Russ, poet's night nest of guarded duplicate eggs. It shall be you. Some so generous, that shall be you vapors, lighting and shading my face. It's shall be, you know, if you're interested in reading these poems, you can actually find them in French via Amazon. I'm going to keep doing a little bit of work on this and try and find an English translation for those of you who had rather rate the poetry and English. And I will send runs on a night splint as soon as I find I get English translation. 56. Breyten Breytenbach: In this video, we're going to talk about Britain. Britain back, who is the unofficial Poet Laureate of African speaking South Africans. Britain, Britain back was born in 1939 and he's a South African poet, novelist, painter, anti-apartheid campaigner and academic. He's considered the unofficial Poet Laureate of African speaking South Africans because he can't really be an official poet laureate because he spent a little bit of time in prison due to his beliefs and ended up moving to France for some time. He also holds French citizenship. He's quite a nice South African. Where does that very odd phrase come from? Well, in the 19 eighties and early 19 nineties, protest songs a byte, South Africa appeared in world culture and cleaning lobby suffering is something inside so strong and Eddie grants, give me hope, Johanna, I'm one of the songs that came out around that time was a song put together by the spitting image tame and the UK. And spitting image was a TV show that did political satire. And they released a song called, I've never met a nice side, African. Not if you're South African, please don't be offended by that. The point was to criticise apartheid. And I personally have met some lovely South African people with k might be happy to go down the pub any day of the week. Anyway, the punchline of this song was that breads and Britain back was in fact a nice South African. And the very last line of the song is, and that's why they put him in prison. Riots and breads. And Bach was born on the 16th of September 1939 in Bologna. Veil in the sight of South Africa. He studied at the Makayla School of Fine Arts at the University of kipp time. And he's the brother of the finder of the first reconnaissance commanders of the South African Special Forces, yon Britain Bach, and obviously they have diametrically opposing political beliefs. He's also the brother of war correspondent clutter Britain back. He was forced to leave South Africa in the 19 sixties because he married a French woman of Vietnamese ancestry. You alarmed, and that was in contravention of the prohibition of mixed marriages Act 1949, the immorality Act of 1950, which made it illegal to have sexual relations with someone who was not of your own risks. On a secret trip to South Africa in 1975, he was arrested and sentenced to nine years in prison for high treason. And he describes this experience in true confessions of an albino terrorist. In 1977 at well, he was charged with something pretty preposterous. He was charged with having planned a submarine attack by the Soviet Navy on the prison at Robben Island. The judge actually find him guilty of having smuggled letters and poems side of prison. Not quite as serious. And he was fined $50 as a result of international protests. He returned to Paris in 1982 and became a French citizen when the ruling national party was defeated and free elections in 1994 that brought up by the end of apartheid. And after that, Britain back became a visiting professor at the University of Cape Town. He didn't move back to South Africa, but he was able to go there. He also teaches creative writing at New York University. He's 81, still active and teaches at the gory Institute and Senegal. His poem Ballard of unfaithful Lovers, which is based on a French poem, hence the spelling of ballad here, compares himself, Peter bloom and Ingrid Yonkers to unfaithful labours for their abandonment of Africa. Loves poetry, which has always been his literary first love. He has had some of his works translated from Africa, moves into English and he has published some work in English, originally, the Africans poetry, Israeli, his literary first glove. I going to read two of Britain backs poems which were written in Afrikaans and have been translated into English hair. These are provided as a downloadable resource if you'd like to read them for yourself. In the nights when everything was black, burns to across the ash on the blind glass and the dogs bark and dark kites blowing away and darkness to where the moon terrorists like the kala sinking boat. I dropped my language. The title page smeared black with signs like indecipherable Raul. And inside the book, I saw my reflection standing there three times. First among dad friends with multipled grieving faces, like dog staring directly into the blind window while their thoughts like empty glasses turning in the hands. And I was there. Then that can moustache are poems are slaves. H with a foo with feathers proudly on the head there and a tableau at departure in the garden of the knights with Cape of white tear. My mother, an aged Virgin, and my embrace on further back in the folds of memory, all other trusted as torches of forgetting. What do I know the prophet sent to spy if there is life in this world or the senseless exile, returning to say, our language was a footnote under the illegible page, history. I last time on a bench and the empty Garden, although MOD harvest of toothless edges as skeletons with little better flesh swirled in the blanket and wild, tough denies blind marbles by a much or by letter. Many words, so many words but only the whispering of dads lives but not enough to groove or make boat. And outside of the book, Beyond all listening, the bark and the wind and the ash of the moon is dark winter. Words against the Clyde's for Yehuda, MCI, shoe, desert rose, MET luck, won't it? That I could today pick up a few words for you to be able to describe. That one doesn't only walk and think about nothing on the ground, but also about words and their mating be same between toilet rose images. Fossilized fish. Don't step on the wrong words. Laying the terror of minds you want said, is in the delayed action plunger bulb on one day much later, someone who you don't know as blow and sky high. So the word also becomes flesh. I have read your Vs and fairs like desert roses. They are anachronistic with an outside and an inside. They come from date with Art, past or future. And yet they can withstand the soft explosions of sands and time. In times of war, people eat mud to survive like frogs on Landon and Walter in times of peace, it is a beauty cleanser. It doesn't matter. The main walks on, even if she day-by-day becomes more of an empty shoe with abundance or rhythm. The moon carries her steps across the sprawling dove gray June's of the Kalahari and the restless hills of Judah. At least she doesn't at all the file the mud in a shoe for live meds, I would want to plant your desert roses to give the moon a sentence and a little word. Some I shall write on the list is, when you sleep on too long, you eventually wrote that Walt is known as death on the fate. Like this, I tried stopping the words in the verse, Daron SAB Yehudah is death and the Picking up or in the words. And these poems have been translated from the Africans by AMP vacancy. 57. Introduction to Far Eastern Literature: So why did I choose texts for the far eastern section of the course? Well, this is a section of the course which will hopefully grow over time. But there were some things about the Far East and writing that I find fascinating. For example, it was the birthplace of the printing press. Western people like to think that Gutenberg invented the printing press. That's just not true. I really wanted to talk about that. I wanted to talk about the tale of Ganges simply because it's a classic texts which is from the medieval period in Western terms, but written by a woman. And that would actually be very unusual in the western world. So I really wanted to cover that. Looked at the writing of Confucius because they are so influential on world literature, especially on the literature of the Far East, and not just on literature, on political thinking, on culture. Something I thought was important to understand. And I also helping fascinated at the way in which far eastern writers have made use of the Internet. They have fans writing fanfiction online. They make use of communities online. And for that reason I wanted to talk about Kim Yung ha, South Korean writer because I think he's really the cutting edge of releasing literature in our contemporary world. But as I say, this section of the course could grow. And if you have any suggestions for texts that you would like to see included, please do. Let me know. 58. The First Printing Presses: Something very important that the Far East give where outlet feature was printing. Um, there are people in the Western world who believed that the printing press was invented by Gutenberg, but that's not actually the truth. Chinese monks used carved wooden blocks to press and gone to paper around 600 years before the Gutenberg press in the late 19th century. And the earliest complete survival of a data printed book to use a phrase used by the British library is the Diamond Sutra pictured here, which was created around it a 160 it a date. And it was discovered in a cave near Dunhuang and China by the explorer Sir mark RL Stein in 1907. And it's nice and the British Library in London. The same process was used in the same period and Japan and Korea where it wouldn't or metal blocks were used to print books, primarily Buddhist and Taoist texts. In the 11th century, Chinese peasant base Shang developed an early form of movable type by producing casts of hundreds of individual characters. And you can see examples of those casts pictured here to the right. This was a major development on the road to the creation of the modern printing press. The printing press allied Buddhist untie us text to be printed quickly, large volumes and disseminated across China on neighboring regions and that facilitated the spread of Buddhism. The contemporary scholar Shen Q has researched jags movable type and concludes that his casts used baked clay and that the ANC was made from pine resin walks and paper ash. It wasn't efficient and fast way of copying documents, but it took centuries for this method to be adopted across China. Another important development in the history of prints and came with wine Zan, who was a government official in the 14th century during the Yuan Dynasty. And he introduced rotary tables that typesetters could sort and processed carved wooden blocks for printing more efficiently, which made the process more efficient and faster. The printing press was slower to spread and the Far East and in Europe though, presumably because of the complexity of characters and Far Eastern languages, as compared to the relative simplicity of the alphabets of European languages. So the information in this video came from a website called entrusting engineering.com. They have a great article, all the development of printing, which includes videos. There's a great video on Wang zan and won on the Gutenberg press. And if that's something you're interested in, I'll link to it and the downloadable resources. 59. Confucius: In this video, we're going to talk about Confucius. Like some of you might be asking, wasn't Confucius a religious figure or a philosophical figure rather than a literary figure about something that's actually open to debate. But it can't be denied that he did come up with some fantastic quotes. You've probably same mains all over the internet with the words Confucius says at the start. And he's also thought to have authored some pretty foundational philosophical texts called the Five Classics. Confucius lived from 551 to 479 BC. If we're using the Gregorian calendar, the Western way of counting years. And he was a Chinese philosopher, a politician of the Spring and Autumn Period in China, which was from a rind 770 to 476 BC. And he's traditionally thought to have authored or edited the Chinese classic texts. And those are texts which originated before the imperial unification of China by the Chin Dynasty in 221 BC. Confucianism as the philosophy of Confucius. And it addresses personal, non-governmental morality, social relationships, justice on kindness. And it's a very influential way of thinking in Far Eastern literature, but also across the world. And this is why I really felt we could talk about the literature of the Far East or about world literature with art talking about Confucius because some understanding of Confucianism as, as really helpful to understanding those things. His philosophy competed successfully with many other philosophies during the 100 schools of thought, which lasted from about the sixth century, 221 basi, unification. But his philosophies were suppressed under the chin devastate. Following the collapse of Qinghai ever Confucianism was officially sanctioned by the new government. So it spread widely. At that point. It progressed into Neo-Confucianism neither ought to Western term. During the Tang dynasty, who wrote from a byte 618 to nine 07 a date on later modern Neo-Confucianism, also a Western term during the Song dynasty from 1960 to 1270, it hits principles were compatible with Chinese traditional cultural beliefs, loyalty to family and is a huge concept within Confucianism. Respect for one's parents on Wives having respect for their husbands. He actually advocated family as the basis for an ideal government. Confucius as a traditional day, a day of tires him. Although there is some debate as to whether his worldview is actually a religious one, or could it constitute an early form of humanism? And we'll talk a little bit about that later. The name Confucius is not a Chinese nim. It was actually coined by Jesuit missionaries to China and the early 16th century. And it's a Latinized or Europeanized form of Kong Fuzi, Master Kong. He's thought to have been born on the 28th of September 451 BC and the Gregorian calendar and x2 and modern Shen dong province. And his father calling hay, was a commander of the local garrison and the Lu state. At this point in history, China was divided up into principality states who were often at war with each other. He traced his ancestry back to the Song dynasty, which ruled the middle and lower Yellow River Valley and the second millennium BC. As though his family at this point in history was not aristocratic. Kong hey died when Confucius was only three and his mother, Yan Zheng xy, raised to the family and poverty. His mother died before she reached the age of 40. Each 19 Confucius might Ci Guan and their son Cong Li was born a year later. They also had two daughters, one of whom may have died in childhood and the descendants of Confucius, the family tree of Confucius is the subject of much study. Even today. Confucius was educated at schools for commoners where he learned the six arts, where, which were the six very important subjects for Chinese students of the ancient world. And this included writes music, archery, charioteer in calligraphy on mathematics. His social, social class. We mentioned before that he was not aristocratic can social class was shaped. So that was between the commoners and the aristocracy, middle-class, as we might think about it today. In his early twenties, he worked in various government jobs. He worked as a bookkeeper and as a keeper of shape and horses, earning enough money to pay for his mother's funeral. And he mourned for his mother for three years, which was the custom in ancient China. N50 one BC. He became the governor of a time and lay and so entered politics. His teachings were useful to the ruling families of the time who had just done a rebellion and wanted to encourage loyalty and proper conduct. And they felt that the teachings of Confucius would be helpful to them. At that time, he would eventually rise to the position of minister of crime. And Confucius wanted to return the authority of the state to its exile, to Jake. And to do that, he needed to dismantle the fortifications of the city strongholds which were held by the three ruling families, the Ji family, the mang family on the Chez Family, that would enable the establishment of a central government, which was his, him. He relied on diplomacy as he had no military capacity to achieve this. In 500 BC, who thought, governor of the ton of who rebelled against his lords, the sheath, oddly, the Mangan sheath on delays than unsuccessfully besieged who under a loyalist official, the papal of who forced, who'd gone to flee to the chief state. Confucius subsequently convinced the she found me to dismantle the walls of H20, which as you'll remember as part of his grid or political plan. And he tried to convince the J family to dismantle the walls of bay and the mang family to dismantle the walls of Chiang. Shortly afterwards, Gong Shen for our asked Confucius to join his revolt against the Ji family once was ostensibly adjust calls, but Confucius eventually decided against it as he disapproved of violent revolution by principle, even though the Ji family dominated the loosed it by force and had exiled the previous jig. And it was an aim of Confucius to restore the Jake. Par. Gongsheng for out took control of the forces of Bay. At that point, he was actually considered an upright rebel, and he continued to defend louis even after he was forced to flee. In 498 BC, Dang led an army to try and raise the walls of Chang, but he was unsuccessful. This map that Confucius could not bring it by it, the ideological reforms he had hoped for, including restoring the role of the Jacque. He made powerful enemies around that time and cleaning Viacom, Jie Guan, they, one of the three leaders under the Jacque and the head of the Ji family. And he was forced to leave the Louis step and for 97 base eight, after his failed attempt to dismantle the fortified walls of the ruling families. He remained and a self-imposed exile unable to return while Jay, who was alive. After going into his exile, Confucius as thought to have undertaken a long journey around the principality states in northeastern on central China and coding Zang, Chu, Shi Chan on chi. And at the courts at least it's he explained his political ideology, but he didn't see it put into place. He was invited back to the loosed it when he was 68 years old by its Chief Minister, DJ Kinsey. And the Analects of Confucius, a compilation of his teachings put together by his disciples, describes him as having taught 72 or 77 disciples and the later years of his life and as preserving and disseminating His wisdom and a set of books called The Five Classics. He acted as an advisor to government officials and lay including J Kongzi. After the loss of his son on his favorite disciples, he died at the age of 71 or 72 and he's buried and calm lend cemetery and J3 and Shandong province has original tomb on the bank of the river was in the shape of an ox and it had an altar for offerings of sandalwood on freight. Exactly is Confucianism the high will, you know, if you come across it in Oriental literature. Well, as I mentioned earlier, there's some debate about whether or not it is a religious school of thought. Some see it as a secular code of morality because it lacks an interest at the niche of the soul. And its Coda Conduct doesn't involve service to a universal par, or a dietary. Others do very much see it as a religious practice on point dot, but it does have a concept of heaven, and it has a concept of the afterlife on a spiritual world order. In fact, it was one All Confucius is political aims to restore the Mandate of Heaven, which we'll talk a little bit about later. But that was basically the ancient Chinese equivalent to the divine right of kings. In Europe, the idea that there was a sort of cosmic world order. Confucius said Heaven, sense Dawn, it's good or evil symbols on Wiseman octa accordingly. Now that's pretty much open to interpretation, but some see this as a reference to astrology. One of the most important concepts and Confucianism is the value of personal example following a moral exemplar rather than learning a set of rules for ethical behavior. So the individual amps for self-cultivation on emulation of, you know, people have good moral character, who are good examples, and using skilled judgment that's relevant to the situation rather than just learning a set of rules. It's coined what's known as a silver row. The golden rule, of course, having been coined by Christ, he said, do unto others as you would have them do unto you ate the Silver Rule as cold the cellular r2, because it's phrased in the negative. What you did not wish for yourself Do not do to others. The analects really at high when the stables barred dawn on returning from court, Confucius said, was anyone hearts, he did not ask about the horses. And the idea is that you're meant to ask yourself what values are coming across in the statement. So Confucius valued human life above the loss of valuable property. Nor Of course, if you love animals, you might actually have a valid ethical reason for asking where the horse is hurt. But the idea is that you're meant to evaluate your response to such a situation compared to Confucius is on and see what that says about your own perceptions. It was Confucius as view that a virtuous disposition without knowledge may be corrupted. So knowledge is hugely important and Confucianism, but virtuous acts which lack sincerity or not true RACI. So knowledge and sincerity to major values of Confucianism. And early Confucianism was the concept of doing the right thing at the right time. So balancing, maintaining social norms that preserve unethical society. I'm breaking social norms when it's necessary to accomplish good. Yj is the concept of knocked octagon self and dressed, though self-interest is not always seem to be bad. But Abington haunts the greater good and other Red's not living selfishly. And ran means the five basic virtues which end Confucianism are seriousness, generosity, sincerity, diligence on kindness. That's translated and his political thinking and that he wanted to emulate the wise leaders of the past thinking that that was a way to stability during the instability of the interstate wars. And we talked before about how he wanted to restore the Mandate of Heaven. That was an ancient Chinese political and religious concept regarding natural order where the emperor was the son of heaven, ruling wisely. So as I mentioned before, very similar to the European concept of the divine right of kings. So what should I read? If I want to understand Confucianism? Well, that depends on your interest and Confucianism There are many, many books like Confucius, whether you want to read a byte Confucianism as a religious philosophy. Whether you want to read about his contribution to the literature. But the tape place to start would be the five classics which we've talked to buy and the Analects of Confucius containing sayings by Confucius himself, thought to have been collected by his disciples. Now you will of course find quotes by Confucius, such as the two below, all over the internet. I particularly love these. Te, a great man is hard on himself. A small amount is hard on others. And another one, the man he says he can and the man who says he cannot are both correct. 60. The Tale of Genji: In this video, we're going to talk about what is possibly the world sparse novel. There is another title and they contending for that title, The Tale of Ganges, a Japanese story of the court. The tale of Ganges as a classic work of Japanese literature. It was written in the 11th century by the Western way of counting years, the Gregorian calendar. And, and it was written by the noblewoman on Larry. And we're tying up the imperial court, Marist saccade shaky bu. The original manuscript no longer exists. Unfortunately, it would've dated back to the Heian period, which was the last period and Japanese classical history. From a bite 974 to 1185 AD. It gives a unique depiction of court life and the Heian period. And it uses archaic poetic language which actually would not be particularly readable. And the Japan of today it needs to be translated. So it was translated into modern Japanese in the early 20th century by the poet Aikido Yohana. It's arguably the world's first novel as we mentioned earlier. Other, there is another runner for that title, the Roman work, The Golden Ass. And, but it is the oldest novel still to be considered a classic. So Morris aki was writing during the rule of the Fujiwara clan when Fujiwara no mention Agha was reagent in all but name. And he was the one that tickets clans part to its zenith basically. So it murder Osaka is believed to have partly based the character of Ganges on her experiences of Him. The story may have been written and installments presented to other ladies and we're dang, it was written as CT entertainment. It contains many elements of the modern novel. A protagonist, major, a minor supporting characters, well-developed characterization, and there's a sequence of events, but it's not what we might refer to you as a plot in the conventional sense. It's more that events occur on the characters get older and a lot of people remark about in the tail of Ganges, there is quite amazing continuity. All the characters get older to gather, everything comes together very sensibly. The language that the tail was written in May nine, due to its use of vocabulary, was already completely incomprehensible a 100 years after it was written, and so on, annotated on illustrated versions of the tale have been read and Japan since the 12th century. So there are many different versions of the story. There's been debate about whether most aki was the only author or whether other writers contributed to the tail because there are differences in style occurring in some of the later chapters, but there's inconclusive evidence. Either way. Some belief that the character of morose Aki noway, who have Ganges, Mary's is actually based on Moore's sack a Chicago herself. The text has a bit of an abrupt and dying, and we don't know if this was intentional. Some think that there may be later chapters which are missing and some that murderous Aki basically have no plan structure. She didn't have an antigen mind. She just kept writing as long as she could. A few factors that make the tail of Ganges a little bit difficult to read. It's very much worth reading. One of them is the naming people was considered rude and the hay in court. And so male characters are referred to by the Reich. I'm female characters by the color of their clothes, words They may have used in meetings or in relation to a ranking male relative. This leads to multiple ways of referring to each character and it can make the tail a little bit confusing. You're not always sure who, who's being referred to. Basically. The tail follows the Heian period custom of referring to poems to make allusions and conversation. And Marist Aki references lines from poems, just expecting her original audience to know what follows. For example, if I was to say in an English speaking audience when in Rome. And the audience will know that the second part of that sang as do as the Romans. And so quite often people just say, oh, when in Rome. And so it's the same idea. So if you don't have that context, it's hard sometimes to pick up on the illusion that's intended. And there are a number of homophones and the text, in other words, words that potentially have more than one meaning. And a modern audience may not have enough context to decide which meaning of that particular words was intended. So the translators have to do quite a lot of work on our behalf to make the story comprehensible to a modern audience. There are about 300 manuscripts of the work, although as we heard before, the original as lost. Unfortunately they all differ from each other. There's another, I'm quandary for translators and it's thought that morose socket often edited the text to ensure continuity. Hence, the differences between the scrolls. A 12th century scroll called Ganges, Monica, Atari, and Maki is the earliest Japanese picture scroll scrolls which contained illustrations and calligraphy related to the work work known as picture scrolls. There are a couple of images from the Ganges, monarch, Atari and Mackey here to the right. So at comprise ten to 20 rolls of paper containing all 54 chapters of the tail of gadget. The tale of Ganges, was written for the entertainment of the ladies of the court, as we've heard it as a romantic story. I'm just gonna read you the synopsis on Wikipedia if that's okay, because it is a little bit involved just to give you a flavor of what the story as byte, the worker kinds the life of hickory again j or shining Ganges, the son of an ancient Japanese emperor, known to readers as emperor Karatsuba's on a low ranking but beloved concubine called Karatsuba's consort. For political reasons, the emperor removes kanji from the line of succession, demoting him to a Calman art by giving him the surname minimum photo. And he pursues a career as an imperial officer. The Taylor concentrates on Ganges romantic life and describes the customs of the aristocratic society of the time. Ganges mother dies when he was three years old on the emperor cannot forget her. The emperor Karatsuba's then hears all the women marry foods. Cbo, formerly a princess of the preceding emperor, who was resembles his deceased concubine. And later she becomes one of his wives. Gohyangi loves her first as a Step Mother, but later as a woman, and they fall in love with each other. Ganges frustrated by his forbidden love for the Liddy Fujitsu. And he's all Bob terms. 61. Kim Young ha: In this video, we're going to talk about the contemporary South Korean writer Kim Yang Hua, who really has quite a large following on the Internet and fans of his writing ten to write fanfiction, produce art. So he's right at the cutting edge of disseminating literature and the 21st century. His rating can be a little bit uncomfortable though, because one of his key themes as death came, young ha was born on the 11th of November 1960. It, Kim is his family name on young ha has given them. He's a South Korean author, short story writer. I'm screenplay writer. And he was born in hot shale and South Korea. He's known for his 1996 novel, I have the right to destroy myself, amongst other novels, short stories, screenplays. He suffered gas poisoning, is a child and lost all his memories from before the age of ten. And I think that contributes to the sense of Sarah's surrealism and unfamiliarity. In his writing. He holds both undergraduate and post graduate degrees in business administration from Yonsei University in Seoul. But that wasn't the direction that he tick in his career. After he graduated from university, he began military service as an assistant detective. And the military police. And detectives and crime are strands that RAM through his writing quite a lot. His first published work was a short story called a meditation on mirror, which was published and review and South Korea. In 1996, he won the first New Writers Award for I have the right to destroy myself. The protagonist of this novel is a suicide assistant, someone who encourages and helps people to commit suicide. And it pioneered a new style of fantasy novel, very, very dark. He has worked as professor of drama at the Korean National University of arts. And he hosted a book themed radio show. He has also translated English language novels and to Korean, including F Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby. It has several themes in it that run through Kim's work. Capitalism and isolation. Beg a couple of them. He was, he was a visiting scholar at Columbia University in the USA. And the academic year September 2010 to June 2011. Let's talk about literary works. I have the right to destroy myself has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Polish, Turkish, Chinese, I'm assuming that means both Mandarin and Cantonese. Vietnamese on Mongolian. So it has been widely read throughout the world. His second novel, why did our Ang as based on an ancient Korean legend of a girl named Wang who is murdered by her nanny. So her ghost appears to the DAC today's and Maryanne to try and reveal who killed her. But when the deputy see her ghost, they die of terror until at last one arrives and marry Yang who survives seeing her and finally abandons her. So it's taking on board ancient writing and an ancient story with very modern. Writing, it's pretty much a detective story with clues. Bang laughed at light, the murder throughout the novel. His historical novel block floor one, the dog and Literary Award in 2004. And it's the story of Korean immigrant workers and Mexico during the military uprising led by Pancho Villa. His influences for black floor are very widespread and coding Bildungsroman, which is the literary term or a novel which follows the psychological development of the protagonist and the film Titanic, the ethnography of religion and exile and immigration in Korean history. So it has mixed influences are showcased again in his novel, you're republicans calling. And it's a story about identity in a democratic and consumerist unchanging Korea. It tells the story of a North Korean spy who's living in Seoul. And it's both a work of crime fiction, but also a sort of reduced family saga, a short family saga. And it's got very realistic depictions of everyday life within the novel. He has also published short story collections including summoning, what happened to the man caught and the elevator door of the subject matter of those stories is considered quite unusual. And grand literature. Subjects include homosexuality, computer gaming, plastic art, and hostage crisis. Unfamiliar settings to look at the byproducts of capitalism, such as lack of communication and social isolation and narcissism. Let's talk about Kim Yung has most famous work. I have the right to destroy myself knife. Just before we talk about this BEC, it has to be sad that depression is a serious illness on suicide can be the worst result of that serious illness on people suffering from depression have a medical problem which should be treated by properly qualified professionals. So it's not in any way to downplay the seriousness of that or the suffering that goes with depression. Just within the literary world of the novel. Well, Kim Yung ha is talking about is the concept that if humans desire life count, they also desired death, which is a part of life. And he's basically working on Shakespeare's question, which, which the protagonist quotes. Then is it sin to rush to the secret house of death, air, death, dare come to us. So that is the question of the novel, poses neither protagonist of the novel refers to himself as I, simply as I, we don't know his name. And he seeks like people who are lonely and depressed and recommend suicide. And then he runs errands for them and does things to facilitate suicide to women, UCSD succeed and committing suicide. And the novel, Judith, who kills herself and a planned gas explosion on May, May, who is a performance artist who's never saved her performances. And after watching a video of her performance, slips her wrists. So after overseeing their deaths, I goes on a trip on fictionalize has their lives. There are three paintings referred to in the novel, which are philosophically important to the story. The Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David, which depicts the demise of the French revolutionary morale, and so represents the end of Revelation. Then Judith by Gustaf clipped, which shows the character from the Apocrypha and the Bible, The Warrior Woman Judith, waving the head of her enemy, Hello RNAs. And that represents eroticism and the vicinity of death, a very uncomfortable concept. The third, panting as the death of Sardanapalus, depicting Sardanapalus killing his courtesans before the fall of Babylon. And that represents what can young, how refers to as biopolitics That the government rule and relation to death. So korean literature NIH and a very interesting article suggests that death has been excluded from social narratives in Korea. And that by depicting it so graphically and talking about it so much in his novel came young ha, is in fact carrying out a form of social protest because it is a topic that has been excluded from discussion in his society. 62. Asian writers section intro: So why did I choose writers for the Asian writers section of the course? Well, again, I wanted to avoid Asian stories being told by colonialist Europeans basically. And look at Asian writers telling stories, but not necessarily those who are resident in countries like India and Pakistan and Bangladesh currently. So I did look at writers who spent their lives in those countries. We looked at Rabindranath Tagore, who was the first known European Nobel laureates and literature. But also up modern, isn't writers such as Monica LA and robots who have lived and Western countries and just the experience of being Asian. There. There are some absolutely amazing texts to read on this section of the course, and I hope that you're going to enjoy it. 63. Rabindranath Tagore: The first known European Nobel Laureate and literature, Rabindranath Tagore. The draft Tagore lived from 1861 to 1941. He was an Indian poet, novelist, essayist, composer, philosopher AM pinto, amongst other things. And he very much reshaped band galley, literature, music, and art. He was the first known European to win the Nobel Prize for literature as we just heard, and also the first lyricist to win the prize, what she won in 1913 for his poetry collection, tom delay or song offerings. He was very much an internationalist and an update nationalist, and he didn't want the British Raj and India and advocated Indian Independence. He was of course a contemporary of Gandhi. He find it the visit by Baratti university, visible apparati meeting communion of the Worlds. And his best-known works include Gita Angeles, song offerings, Gora, meaning white faced, sort of insulting term for a white person and Garr bear, the home of the world. He actually wrote two national anthems as well, India's Jada Gana Mana, and Bangladesh is Ammar Shauna Bundler. He was born on the seventh of May, 1861 and the Tagore family mountain, his family were wealthy and influential. There mansion was called George anchor, which is pictured here to the right of it was in Calcutta. He was the youngest of 13 surviving children to band runoff to Gore and Saratoga DevOps. His mother died early in his childhood and his father was frequently absent. So he was basically raised by servants. As I mentioned, the two Gore family was very influential and they were influential figures and the band gala Renaissance, and they published literary magazines. They hosted theatre and performances of bandgap and western classical music. So he was exposed to all those things as a child. He didn't fare well in a school environment and he was cheated at home by his brother had mandrel math. He loved drawing, anatomy, geography, history, literature, mathematics, Sanskrit, and English, which was his least favorite subject. He also wrestled, swam height on practice judo and gymnastics. So he's very physically active as well as mentally active. Yeah, actually lasted only one day in formal education at the local Presidency College skill. After his coming of age ceremony at the age of 11, his father took him to Amritsar for a month. And he was greatly influenced by the sake music that he heard there. And in fact, he wrote six poems on a number of articles for children's magazine on Sikhism around this time. On returning to your assigned go. And he wrote a major set of works in 1877. And he thought he play a little joke and claim the one, all the long poems which she had written was actually a newly discovered work by a newly discovered 17th century poet BATNA CEMA. And I'm actually the story was believed by literary critics, which tells you something about the standard of writing than he was producing at that young age. In 1882, he published his first short story, The beggar woman. Also in 1882, he published a collection of poetry, sound just sang it, including his famous poem, the rising of the waterfall. His father wanted him to be a barrister. So an 1870 it, he was set to public school in Brighton, England and England. A public school, it means inexpensive, private scope. His sister-in-law, his niece, nephew, came to live with him. And Medina villas, which was owned by the Tagore family near Brighton. After that, he briefly studied Law at University College London, but left. Formal education was never really his thing. And he undertake a private study of Shakespeare's Korea loudness and Antony and Cleopatra and told us bronze religious mandate chain. In 1808, he returned to bandgap and he intended to fuse European, uh, Brahma traditions and both literature on music. He regularly published poems at this point as well as stories and novels, although his work was bass note and bad girl, I'm not particularly well at that point outside of it. In 1883, he married that, that 10-year-old, Rinaldo Devin. Now that might sound strange to us at this period in history, but it was actually Coleman practice them. They eventually had five children, all of whom sappy died in childhood. In 1898, he began monitoring the family estates and shall Idaho, which is now a region of Bangladesh. And around this time he published one of his best-known works. But his Manasseh poetry collection. You have an interesting life at that point, he basically traverse the Padma River and the family barge to collect the token rents owed by a villagers. He blast the villagers and in return, they honored him with banquets. The period from 1891 to 1995 as known as has subdata period after one of his magazines. And he managed to write more than half the stories that are defined in the three-volume Eddie four-story Galois Gotcha. Which described the poverty of life and rural band gal. He moved to sound tended Catan and my gal to find an ashram or a mala straight and experimental skill because remember, traditional formal education did not appeal to him and a library. His father died in 1905, and after that, he was paid his inheritance and monthly installments. He published Nevada offering to God in 1901 and chaos in 1906. And again, both band GAO on foreign readers. So as international popularity and is placed within wild literature was expanding. And November 1913, he won the Nobel Prize for literature based on translations of his 1912 get Tom's LA song offerings. And the English edition of gigaton Julie included a preface by William Butler Yeats. King George the Fifth awarded him a knighthood in 1915, but he renounced it after the 990s jelly and wallah bag massacre, when British troops fired on Indian civilians, killing 379 people on wounding 1200 people. He wrote to the Viceroy Lord shelves verge. The time has come when batches of honor make our shim glaring and then Congress context of humiliation. And I from my part wish to stop shorn of all special distinctions. The side of those of my countrymen who for their so-called insignificance, are liable to suffer degradation not fit for human beings. Actually very well traveled for his time. Between 18781932, he visited 30 countries and five continents, and he met some very interesting people. For example, you have a chat with Albert Einstein, which she recorded as a note on the nature of reality, which has included as an appendix to administer dharma, the religion of man. In 19-21, along with agricultural economists, Leonard Elm Hurst, he find at the Institute of rural reconstruction later. And that Catan abode of welfare. And part of his em and doing that was to moderate Gandhi's Swaraj self-rule protests. Here you can see a picture of her with Gandhi. They have similar MZ and that they both wanted Indian independence. They just have different ways of approaching things. There are an awful lot of articles available if you google Gandhi and to go or up their differences on their similarities. I'm not going to go into that too much in depth here because it's quite an in-depth topic in itself. But if it's something you're interested in, it's very much worth reading a byte. He spoke out against the caste system and actually feature Dalit heroes and his poetry and drama. So the word Dalit means broken or scattered. The very lowest caste and almost an underclass of people who were considered untouchable, meaning that they were often excluded from certain functions and of society. And to Gore successfully campaigned to open Gerta their temple to Dalits. On one of his travels in May 1932, he visited a Bedouin camp and the Iraqi desert. And the chief that remarked to him that our profit has said that a tree Muslim, he, by his words and deeds, not the least of his brother man, may come to any harm to Gore was very struck by this reflected in his journal that I was startled and to recognizing and his words, The voice of essential humanity and this idea of essential human today is a key value and to Gore's works on also a principle that he shared and common with gown day. Of course, as mentioned before, there weren't differences between Tagore and Gandhi. For example, when an earthquake hit Bihar in 1934 on canopies. And so people gown debuted as a karmic recompense for the oppression of Dalits. It was karma, it was payback to Gore, rebuked him for this, not liking the implications of that, but the people who had died had some high being responsible for their deaths, that they have done something wrong. He was also very concerned about poverty and band gal and he published 100 line poem, I'll miss talk. Also around this time he published 15 prose poetry works. And these included, put asha, a sceptic, I'm Pat trumpet, as well as three novels do a bone. Milan, Xia, char, add, Hey, so I put towards the end of his life, was quite prolific. He studied on motorbikes science and his later years as well. And the poetry from his later years is considered to be his finest. Following a painful chronic illness. And he had actually fallen into a coma twice. He died on the seventh of August, 1841 at the age of 80. Most famous works for which he won the Nobel Prize, of course, is get Tom's LA, song offerings. It's made up of these little short poems. You can see examples of them here. Lie has made money and less, such as by pleasure. This frail vessel via empty asked again and again and filleted ever with fresh life. This little flute of arrayed VI has carried over hills and Dells and how spray through it melodies a totally new up the immortal touch of Thy hands, my little heart loses its limits and joy and gives birth to utterance and affable. By infinite gifts come to be only on these very small Hans of mine. It just passed on still VI poorest, and still there is no room to fail. So it's very much a spiritual work. Our religious work, as we heard earlier, the English, well, the first English edition of it featured prefaced by William Butler Yeats. Very, very prolific literary output. And there were so many texts I could have talked bite, but I'd like to talk about his novel Gora, because it features an Irish protagonist, believe it or not, it's applied on orphaned Irish boy, sappy mutiny. Who is the Gora of the tidal and Gora means white, a white faced, a sort of slightly derogatory term for someone who is there of skin. He's raised by Hindus. I'm, he's unaware of his Irish background. And he's actually very, very nationalistic and traditionalist and his views, in fact, he chastising his Hindu backsliders in His zeal for native tradition. Then he falls in love with the Brahma girl. And at that point, his foster father is forced to reveal his tree path to him and ask him to save his nativist Z L. So the novel examines some pretty big themes, the arguments for and against traditionalism, personal freedom on religion. 64. Saadat Hasan Manto: We're going to talk about one of the most influential modern writers in Erde, who is famous for telling the story of the partition of India. And that is sadat Hasan Manto. He was an Indian and later Pakistani short story writer, screenwriter, playwright, and author. And he's considered one of the greatest modern writers in the Urdu language. He produced 22 collections of short stories, a novel, five series of radio plays, three SI, collections on two collections of personal sketches, which is pretty good going since sadly, he only lived to be 42. He's best known for his short stories about the partition of India in 1947 to which he was opposed. He often wrote about taboo subjects, things that he felt actually happened in real life and in society but weren't discussed. And because of this, he was tried for obscenity six times, three times in British India, at three times in Pakistan. But he was never convicted. And he can play and at 1, I am not a pornography, I am a story writer. Was born on the 11th of May 1916 in the village assembler Allah in the pueden Job. And his father was a local court judge. His mother was a lawyer as well. He was ethnically Kashmiri and pride of his heritage and faculty won't sad, but to be called Kashmiri was to be called Beautiful. 1933, when he was 21, he met Abdulla Barry olig, who was a scholar and polemic writer. He encouraged Sadat Hasan Manto to follow his talents and to read Russian and French writers. He ticked the reading French writers think seriously as we know, because shortly after that he translated victory goes the last day of a condemned man into RD and it was published under the title a prisoner story. He then joined the editorial team of Masarat, which was a daily paper published in Ludhiana. 1934, he attended Aligarh Muslim University. On, while he was there, he joined the Indian Progressive Writers Association. And then he moved to Bombay and wrote for magazines and papers, as well as writing scripts for Hindi films. He actually lived in Bombay is red light district. On his surroundings definitely impacted on his work. He took a job writing for the RNA service at the All India Radio in 1941. And that was a very productive period for him. And only four months he published for collections of radio plays, I, collections of short stories and on essay collection. Ended up falling with the director of all India Radio and return to Bombay and July 1942, where he began writing in the film industry and he wrote for some famous films of the time, shall carry on Marissa leap, amongst others. He published a collection of stories to God at this time. After the partition of India in 1947, he moved to Lahore and Pakistan and January 1940 it with his wife and children and the family became Bihar j's, in other words, Muslim Indians living in Muslim majority Pakistan. In Lahore, He associated with intellectuals and the pack teahouse, which was known for being a place where any topic could be discussed openly, even during times of military dictatorship. In his later years, he developed problems with alcoholism and that lead to cirrhosis of the liver. Sadat Hasan Manto, who sadly died and a mental asylum on the 15th of January 1955, aged only 42. He was survived by his wife Sophia on daughters neg hat, news hat and this rat and one of his daughters, I'm not too sure which still actually lives very near the apartment block where they lived when they first moved to Pakistan. On the 50th anniversary of his death, he was commemorated on a Pakistani stamp and very much considered a major literary beggar in Pakistan. And as I say, one of the most noteworthy modern writers in our day. I've included a link and the downloadable resources, two short stories by Sadat Hasan Manto, because it's probably better for you to read them then for me just to describe them to you so you can get a flavor all them. And there's some threads going through them. Of course, he had opposed the partition of India, but he talks about its consequences as writing is quite socialist, quite progressive. And remember he was tried for upset a day. So, you know, and he'd lived and the red light district. So if you're easily shocked, I have worn j, but I hope you're going to enjoy histories. 65. Monica Ali: Monica Alley is an Asian British writer who really brings a flavor of what it's like to be from an Asian background on living in the Western world to her work. She was born in 1967 on, she's a Bangladeshi born British writer on novelist. Her novel Bricklin, published in 2003, was shortlisted for the Man Booker Price, and it was adopted and tear film in 2007. And she's also published three other novels. Monica Allie was born on the 20th of October, 1967 and dot-com and East Pakistan, present day Bangladesh. Her father was Bangladeshi and her mother English. She was educated at both in school and England. On ban attended Walton College at Oxford. And she's married to Simon tolerance. They have two children. She was criticized by the critic German glare whenever wreck land was first published in The Guardian for lack of authenticity, since she's not a member of the brick land community, she doesn't live there on she no longer speaks fluent Bangladeshi. And gt rare accused her of caricaturing British Asian Muslims. That actually provoked an angry response from Salomon Rushdie. They're controversial author of Midnight's Children, The Satanic Verses, who called Greer's comments Philistine sanctimonious on disgraceful but not unexpected. So the whole issue of high ish and members of the community are traded and Britain, very much Kim, under discussion or on the publication of alleys novel. Ali also published an essay and penguins collection of essays called free speech as No offense. And that was in response to the proposed introduction of the racial and religious hatred act in Britain in 2006, and which molecule Ali viewed as attempting to curtail freedom of speech. She also coined the term marketplace for ICT rich. I'm referring to a system of laws and Southern Asia where works of art could be banned for causing heart to religious grapes. It's easy for certain groups to have Works band. And she felt that that was actually being monetized. She was one of the women featured and Marks and Spencer's women ASM campaign, along with the singer LE Golding, There were also Olympic athletes are women who are prominent in British society, where features in that campaign. So far published four bucks, Bricklin, of course, being the most famous, published in 2003, followed by advantageous blue and 2006 in the kitchen in 2009, and untold story in 2011. Welcome by alleys most famous work, Bricklin. This side here, if you've never been to break gland, it's an area of London famous for being home to the Bangladeshi community. On it is the best place I can think of and my whole life for getting a caret of the food that was amazing on there. Who, who placed just smells fantastic. Sorry. Let's maybe information you don't need, but just in case you ever find yourself in London or you live in London, you'll, you'll already know of it. And it's thought I would mentioned that. So they novel at Brooklyn is a bites the immigrant community in Brooklyn who are all at different points of assimilating into British life and are also very attached to their Bangladeshi isn't culture. And it really centers on two sisters, on, on this concept of two kinds of love. One sister is not name, who has been pledged a marriage to a much older man living in London, finds herself living there with him. Her life with him is slightly stifling. It's certainly not a grand epic. Romance or a grip passionate love, other. They slowly fall into a sort of contented life together. Whereas her sister has Santa, has a really passionate for months, but it descends into domestic violence. So both the sisters have very, very different experiences of love. So it, it looks at the role of women. It looks up the role of immigrant communities at, looks at clash of culture. It's got a lot of very contemporary things going on in it. So just, I've picked out some quotes from good rates here, there, there are some very interesting quotes from this novel. But the first one, if you think you are powerless than you are, a nice little aphorism there. And the second one basically tells us what Monica Alley is talking about. Interestingly, it's a success story, sad shadow exercising his shoulders. But behind every story of immigration success there lies a deeper tragedy. Kindly explain this tragedy. I'm talking about the clash between Western values and our own. I'm talking about the struggle to simulate on the need to preserve one's identity and heritage. I'm talking about children who don't know what their identity is. I'm talking about the feelings of alienation and gendered by a society where racism as prevalent. I'm talking about the terrific struggle to preserve one's own sanity while striving to achieve the best for one's family. So some very, very real issues that are faced by members of the community in the UK and all over the world today. That the last quote talks about the idea of the, the two kinds of love, which is something that is pivotal in the novel. Walt, I did not know I was a young man, is that there are two kinds of love. The kind that starts off, begun slowly wears away. That seems you can never use it up. And then one day it's finished. And the kind that you don't notice at first, but which adds a little bit to itself every day like an oyster, Nick's apparel, grant by grant, a Jew from the sand. 66. Roma Tearne: This video, the last rider that we're going to look at in the course is aromatase. And I'm basically, it's because I want to give you a book recommendation. Herpetic Brixton beach is basically one of the best books I've ever read and I'm gonna tell you why shortly. But I'm just written beneath her name. Watch this space because I really think she is a writer to watch. Heard was born in 1954 on she's a Sri Lankan born artist and writer living in England. Her debut novel mosquito was shortlisted for what used to be known as the wet Brad prize law, the cost of Book Awards, first Nobel Prize in 2007. She holds a Master of Arts from the Ruskin skill of drawing and Fine Arts at Oxford. And her 2012 novel, The Road to our bainite, was shortlisted for the Asian Man Booker prize. She has directed and sharp five short films to other works apart from novels, but her novels include mosquito 2007, bowed China 2008, Brixton Beach 2009, the swimmer 2010, and the road to Arduino 2012. Ok, up white, Brixton Beach, which is a very interesting noble to talk about within the context of world literature. Because it's written by a Sri Lankan woman living in England of the book talks about the experience of a Sri Lankan woman living in both England and Srilanka. But it also refers to dumped to the Divine Comedy as sort of seminal work of world literature. Only it does Dante backwards. It starts with Paradiso, then Purgatorio than inferno. And basically Paradiso as her very happy childhood in Sri Lanka, where she discovers Arts and is encouraged in arts by her artist grandfather who she really loves. But a terrible tragedy drives her away from Sri Lanka. And she finds herself in London, trapped in a Loveless marriage with a sudden. So she fulfills her grandfather's prophecy, prophecy that she will become an artist and she finds true love. But then the London bombings hit. It's an absolutely amazing book and I hope that you'll consider reading it. 67. Conclusion: So well done on getting to the end of this course on World Lecture. I know it's a very long course and there's been a lot of reading involved, so congratulations. Well done for sticking with it. You are, of course, welcome to join us at the Book Club, which I run for my literature students. It's usually the first Friday of every month. So watch your, your messages for an invitation to that. And that's something that you'd like to come along and experience. And as always, if you have any questions or comments, please feel free to get in contact with me. If you have any recommendations of any books that you would like to see in this course. Also, please do get in touch. And once again, thank you so much for taking part in the course.