English Literature: Be as Informed as a Literature Graduate

1. Introduction : Hello and welcome to this course on English literature. On the aim of this course is to get you as informed by English literature as a literature graduate on. We're going to structure this course the way a degree and English would be structured. We're going to go right the way back to the earliest text we have in English. The dream of the roads written on the Rothwell Cross on. We're going to go through all the major periods off English literature from the early medieval period the later medieval period, the Renaissance Period, which will cover writers like Shakespeare, Marlowe and Spencer. The Regency period, where we're looking writers such as Samuel Richardson and Jane Austen. Then we'll move into the Romantics will Look a Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats moving on to Victorian literature. Where will talk about the Bronte Sisters will talk about Charles Dickens. We'll talk it by Alfred Lord Tennyson, and we'll talk about George Eliot. Then we'll move into the early 20th century. We'll talk about the war Poets on a bite, Rudyard Kipling and the later 20th century. We'll look at the fantasy writers such A. C S. Lewis Jr are talking. We'll also look at contemporary writers such as JK Rolling Mark Haddon here makin. There's also a section in the course on American literature. We'll look at Mark Twin, Louisa May Alcott, Harriet Beecher Stowe, William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald on Irish writers. Will will look at James Joyce Samuel back. It's George Bernard Shaw, Shamus Haney. That's gonna be an exciting part of the course to you, so hope you're excited Night. The reading list for this course is quite extensive, but I don't expect you to read absolutely every text that's on it or to stand a huge amount of money, so shorter poems are included in the resources section of this course. If you go on to the class project, you'll find a link to those resources. Andi. I've also listed places where you can get the other classic texts quite cheaply, and remember that you can get classics free on Kindle a lot of the time, so I hope you're excited to go on. Let's start the course 2. Project Gutenberg: The last thing I would want would be for this course to cost you a fortune in having to buy all the books that are on the quite extensive reading list. And that brings me to Project Gutenberg Orguttenbergdt Org, named after the Gutenberg printing press, of course, the first European printing press. So you can get nearly any classic text that you can think of on Project Gutenberg. If I type in one of the texts that's on the course, Hamlet by William Shakespeare, and go here it is, and you get a choice of formats. You could read it on your Kindle, you can read it online, You can read it as an Ep. There's lots of different ways that you can download it. You can, even if you really wanted to spend a fortune in paper and ink, print it out if you wanted to, I hope that you're going to find this a really useful resource and actually have some fun in exploring it. 3. Reading English Literature: So before we launch into the course, I just want to give a short lecture on reading English literature. Nice. Some of you may be doing this course for pure fun because you love reading, and that's fine. If you're studying English and you want a little bit more academic direction, we're going to talk a bite textual analysis, which is something that you may already be doing on placing the text within an historical and literary contexts, which is what happens at undergraduate level, whereas at school you may be simply carrying like textual analysis would like comparing the text toe other texts from the same period or in the same genre. So Wordsworth, William Wordsworth famously said, We murder to dissect and sometimes will be study thing too closely, and we tear it apart. We completely kill the enjoyment off it, and that's something that I want you to avoid. During this course, we want to learn a bite, the growth of English literature and the many different genres within it, but still have some fun. But sometimes we do have to dissect texts if we're studying English in that kiss. What you want to look at is What is the overall message off the text? What cultural names or norms is it conveying on High doesn't do this doesn't do it through a certain character and characterize Ishan. Does it actually make statements of certain cultural names and isn't in the use of language ? And certain things are good. Certain things about High is this message conveyed what is striking about the use of language. For example, J R R. Tolkien sometimes uses very archaic language, even though he was riding in the 20th century to show that he's influenced by Matti Evil literature. The likes of Virginia Woolf used stream of consciousness, the words that would actually be running through a character's mind, high as the use off language impacting your experience as a reader on which literary devices air used. I've given a few examples here. Pathos, in other words, does the text move you? Is there a certain sadness about their thoughts? Does it go from the very grand to the totally ridiculous stream of consciousness, which we've already mentioned a device of Virginia Woolf's and the modernists where you might not even have filled stops? It's just a stream off thoughts that are going through your character's head metaphor, where basically, the text is an image representing a deeper meaning simile, which is something very similar. Only similarly uses the word like So, for example, if I said I smile like a Cheshire cat, that is assembly, where as metaphor might be something like the Eagles Hotel California and in their master's chamber, they gathered for the faced. They stab it with their steely knives, but they just can't kill the beast that's actually about drug taking. On the steely knives are the syringes. It doesn't use the word like, though. So it is a matter for, rather than a similarly characterize ish in which characters have a significant character arc really move from one place to another one way of being to another during the story. So these are all things to be looking ICT for as you're reading, the texts on this course will be trying to put the text that we read within a context in this course the texture, divided and historical context, and also literary movements such as romanticism, modernism, anti modernism. We'll be having a look at all these things during the course off the course. That's not a good sentences, of course, of the course. Any right. We want to look at the text bearing in mind that there is a new idea within the study of English called intentional fallacy, and it was brought up in the late 20th century by a couple of literary critics called Wins at Beardsley. And the idea is, you can't say the author intended the audience to feel this sort of think this because you don't actually know what the author intended, especially if they're long dead and you can't have a conversation about it, except on those rare occasions where the author has somewhere told us or written a bite what they intended. So when you're writing an academic essay in English, you don't use words like the writer intended to. You know, that's not considered academic so high. Does the text reflect the social attitude of its time or, indeed, critic? They so a good example off a writer who protect social norms was Charles Dickens. So if you're reading work by Dickins, it's thinking about high. The social attitudes are portrayed. Are they portrayed by characters that we like or dislike Andi High? Are they being critiqued. Hi! Does the tax connect with the life of the author and I. We talked to bite intentional fallacy, but where we do have some knowledge off the life of the author and this course bring much talks a bite. The lives of the author's mentions and writers is the text. Autobiographical or semi autobiographical? Is the writer's own life on influence on the text on High? Does the text compared other tax from the same period or within the same literary genre? That's why it be really good, if you can, to read more than one book poem text from H section of the court. 4. Literary Devices : in this video, we're going to talk about some of the literary devices that you might encounter in the books that you read as part of this course on the other texts. Because, of course, we're going to cover poems on short stories as well as whole novels. Some of these devices are used through ICT, the different eras off English literature. Some of them pretend mostly to modern literature, but we'll talk about that as we go through the video. So let's talk a little bit about imagery and symbolism on high. It's used in literature. We're going to start with talking a bite matter for on what a metaphor is is a symbol used to tell a story where it's a picture that really describes something else. So we're gonna take an example here off the ships, going into the West in the Lord of the Rings final installment, The Return of the King. So here's a quote from J. R. R. Tolkien on the ship, went out into the high sea and passed into the west until, at last on a night of ran photo, smelled a sweet fragrance in the air and heard the sign of singing that came over the water night and literature. The sea is quite often used as a symbol off death on you know, proto. Passing to another shore is a symbol of his passing light of the world, so it's very much an image of death. And that is what a metaphor is when we use a picture to actually describe something else. A rad rose quite often symbolizes love. The sea and crossing over, the say, quite often symbolizes. Death went er quite often symbolizes death. Sometimes, you know, by talking about the C. We're not talking about the sea itself. Ni Assembly is a bit like a metaphor, only it uses the words as or like. So Here is a famous example off similarly, by Robert Burns, pictured here on the right. Oh, my love is like a red red rose that's newly sprung in June. Oh, my love is like the melody that's sweetly played in June, so the difference between Assembly a metaphor is really the use of words like like or as so it's it's making that deliberate comparison between his love on the red Red Rose pathetic fallacy is another use of imagery. It can be slightly like metaphor, but it's something much more specific. It's when a writer uses the natural world, as in the weather, the landscape to reflect the inner state off the characters in the story. So here is a great example from William Shakespeare's Macbeth Off Pathetic policy by the clock Tuesday. And yet Dark Knight strangles the traveling lump. It's night's predominance, or the day's shame that darkness does the fierce of Earth and tomb when living light should kiss it. So night strangles on. We know that the Lord and Lady Macbeth or actually murderous characters. And is it really the day that feel shame? Or is it Lord and Lady McBath? So the sort of spiritual state off the characters is described by imagery of nature. Another great example here from George R. R. Martin's A Game of Thrones. Ah, cold wind was blowing from the north, and it made the trees rustle like living things. So the cold wind from the north shows us that there is a sense of danger. There is a sense off unease. There is a sense of unhappiness that is human rather than just describing the natural world . Allegri is another form off imagery that you may find in some of the pieces. We encounter a very famous example off Allegri as George Orwell's animal farm, which on the surface level is about the animals in a farmyard but is actually a story told and symbols a bite the establishment of the Soviet Union on Communist raising. So this quote says the animals were happy as they have never conceived it. Possible to be every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure. Neither that was truly their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master. So you can tell that there are political undertones to this coat, as there are two, the whole off the work and that is Allah. Great imagery is another literary device that very much sets the tone of what we're reading . But who knows what she spoke to the darkness alone in the better watches of the night when all her life seems shrinking on the walls of her bar closing and a biter, Ah, hutch to Trammel Some Wild thing and that's from The Return of the King by J R R. Talking the final installment of The Lord of the Rings. So if you think of the image of the and here ah, Hutch to Trammel some wild thing in. So the character, Aylwin is trapped, she is enclosed. She is with ICT choice. So the image tells us something about the character, and it also creates an atmosphere of darkness alone. Better watches of the night, some completely different imagery in this quote by William Wordsworth from his very famous poem, Daffodils. I wanted lonely as a Clyde that floats on high or veils and hills when all at once I saw a cried a host of golden daffodils beside the lake, beneath the trees, fluttering and dancing in the breeze. So this host of golden daffodils, a very bright, sunshiny image, a very happy image sets a very different tone from the former quote. Foreshadowing is a literary device you're buying tive and kind erred. It's often used not only in Becks but in TV shows and movies as well. In military contacts, the two great examples I can think off one is Somerville, and Ross is the rial Charlotte Knight. In this novel, one of the principal characters, Francie, is eventually killed in a riding accident at the end of the novel. Hope that's not a spoiler if any of you are reading it, Andi. Throughout the novel, there are symbols off horses doing her harm. For example, at one point she is pricked by, Ah, Horseshoe Broach, which causes her some pin. And so these little incidents throughout the novel point to her eventual fit. George R. R. Martin's Game of Thrones is famous for the use of foreshadowing. Of course, they books a song of Ice and fire do the same thing. So a great example is the Dad Stag, which is being dismembered for Want of a Better Word by Tywin Lannister Night Stag in the World Off, A Song of Ice and Fire represents the Marathi um, family and as the sigil of house Baratheon. And so when we see Taiwan cutting up the stag, that foreshadows the fact that Taiwan's heist, the House of Lannister, will eventually destroy the heist of parathion. Let's talk about about high tone is created and literature stream of consciousness as one way of doing that. Neither man pictured the top here is a man called William Fortner. He was a modernist writer on stream of consciousness is something that's used in modernist writing. We don't really find it in Renaissance or many evil literature. It's something that happened much later. So here is an example off stream of consciousness from the Sign on the Fury, a novel by William Faulkner and, of course, the signs on the fury. The title is an illusion to McBath, it's it comes from a line of Macbeth. So when the shadow of the sash appeared in the cartons, it was between seven and eight oclock. And then I wasn't time again hearing the watch, it was grandfathers. And when Father gave it to me, he said, I give you the mausoleum of all hope and desire. It's rather excretion, a tingly at that. You should use it again, the Reducto absurdum of all human experience. So, as you can see, the story is told via what is going on in the character's mind and this sort of continuous flow. It's not the same as first person narration, a character in the story telling the story. It's more in depth in that it's that we're seeing the internal workings of the mind, and this kind of constant flow rather than you know, telling a sort of standard structured story. Virginia Woolf was another famous writer who employed the mechanism of stream of consciousness. Point of view Characters is similar but slightly different. George R. R. Martin mix very good use of point of view characters and has a song of ice and fire series , which became a game of Thrones on TV, Of course, so here we see one of the point of view characters is area. I wish I was at home, she said miserably. She tried so hard to be brave, to be to be fares as a Wolverine at all. But sometimes she felt she was a little girl after all. So it's not using I. It's not the person telling their own story, but yet we are seeing the story through the point of view, off off several specific characters, and that creates a certain slumped on the story. Let's talk a bite, the epic, which is a very high tone, very grand form of literature. Here we have a quote from the poem Bear Wealth, which is one of the earliest works in English. This is actually English and we're going to talk about Anglo Saxon English, which is very close to German. Just a little bit later in the course, let make our Dana and yet Dagenham Ufa, Kuningan three m If Ronan. So I'll actually read you a translation of that by the Irish poet Seamus Heaney. The spirit ends and days gone by, and the kings who ruled them had courage on greatness. We have heard of these princes, heroic campaigns, so it's very high. It's very lofty. If you think of classical literature, very famous epics would include The odyssey on the A needed, for example, of the themes are very ground on universal in Epic the polar opposite to the epic is the Kolok. Well, on a very famous example. Off the colloquial is to your my spy, this gentleman, Robert Burns. We slick it. Carlin timorous Beastie. Oh, what a panics in thy brass tea that I need. They start away so hasty with bicker and Brattle I would be live to religiously with murdering Papel, so he's using the Scottish dialect here to grit effect on. That is, of course, Kulik well, that she isn't colloquialisms and other words, words and phrases like Patil here, Brattle that are local to Scotland. But also the subject matter is a little bit more domestic, not on the grand scale that epic is. So this is on finding a little mice in her last. As you can see at the dedication of the start here, it's a great example off. The colloquial allusion is when one tax toe, one work of art mix reference to another text, a work of art or two on event. So a great example off illusion is in the Harry Potter books in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by J. K. Rolling the inscription on the tombstone of Ariana Dumbledore. It reads where your treasure is there will your heart be also And that is actually a quote from the Bible. It's a verb. Bottom quote off the King James version of the Bible of Matthew, Chapter six, Verse 21 or Luke 12 Verse 34 which are identical versus There's, of course, another biblical allusion in the Deathly Hallows. Because Harry goes to King's Cross, Anna's then resurrected, so that is also illusion, although it doesn't actually directly quote the Bible. But of course, the cross is a key symbol from the Bible, and the King's Cross is again a very biblical idea, as is the idea off resurrection. Another example of elation that we talked about earlier in this video is The Signs on the Fury by William Faulkner. The title, designed on the Fury, is actually taken from Shakespeare's play Macbeth. Life is a tale told by an idiot full of signed on fury signifying nothing. So that is a clear example off attacks, referring to another text. Let's not talk about the linguistic devices that you might find in some of these tax, so we're going to start with pathos. Pathos is a use of language that makes you feel sad on causes you to empathize with a certain character. So taking another quote here from tokens. Lord of the Rings at the Hills Foot photo find Aragorn standing still and silent, is a tree. But in his hand was a small golden bloom of Eleanor on the light was in his eyes on taking photos, hands on his. He left the hill of Karen on growth and came there never again as a living man. So here Aragorn, the future king in the story is leaving a place that he associates with his love, our win, and we're told that he's never going to return there again as a living man, which sort of suggests that he might hold this place at some point in the future. So the use of language here very sad, very emotional, that is pickles. Their thoughts may rhyme with pathos, but it's something very different. Here is an example off it from Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock, he said, the pitying audience melt in tears. But Fit and Jove have stopped the baron's ears. Invent the last rece with reproach. A sales for who can move when they're Belinda feels not half so fixed. The Trojan could remain, while Ana begged and died a ridged invent. So this is very high, epic language. We actually have allusions to characters from famous epics. Daido From There. Ned What? We have the Trojan here, an allusion to the Trojan wars, you know, big theme off the Odyssey in the early abso we're talking epic here, and all of a sudden we go from epic to say, Why are beauties praised on honored most The Wiseman's passion on the van man's toast. Why, decked with all that land and sea can afford when Angels called an angel like, adored so again hi language. But all of a sudden that becomes, Why ride our coaches cried the white gloved Bo. Why'd buys the side box from its in most rows? So we go from the epic on the ground to the very every day gloves and side boxes in other words, from the sublime to the ridiculous and that sort of descending in tone often to create humor. But often two to make a point and to Rounder something absurd is with us. Hyperbole is also illiterate device that can be used for comic effect or to make a point again. We're going to read some lines from the rape of the lock. This is It's very famous opening What dire offense from amorous causes springs? What mighty contests rise from trivial things. I sing this verse to Carol News is Jew. This even Belinda May foot sifter view slight is the subject, but not so the prayers if she inspire and he approved my lays. So the river the lock is actually the trees story off an aristocratic lady in England who was? I did a party on a gentleman at the party Kim and cut off a lock of her hair on in her time . That was considered very, very shocking. It was an absolute public disgrace. It suggested that she waas sort of sexually a moral at the time. Andi. Actually, it was a very small event which became blown out of proportion. And so Alexander Pope wrote the rape of the lock, and he is doing something here to mimic that feeling off. Things being blown out of proportion. He's using epic language. He's actually mimicking the opening of epic pose. If you think back Teoh Bear Wealth, Which Bucket? Which began with, you know, stirring opening lines. This is what he's doing here. He's giving a grand sentiment at the start. What dire offense from amorous causes springs? What mighty contests Mighty contest? That's big language rise from trivial things. And yet he's talking about someone's hair. Been cups, that is, hyperbole, exaggeration, basically blowing things up, um, for comic effect. Or to be critical juxtaposition is when we mentioned two things to people to ideas, or perhaps more than two side by side and in order to create a comparison between those things on. One of the most famous examples of juxtaposition is the Opening of A Tale of two cities by Charles Dickens. It was the best of times. It was the worst of times. It was the age of wisdom. It was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief. It was the epoch of incredulity. It was the season of light. It was the season of darkness, so constant comparison. Faster times west of times. Wisdom, foolishness, belief, incredulity, light darkness. You can see what I mean. But by putting those things to gather in one phrase, it mixed that comparison very sharp. So these are some of the literary devices that you will encounter going through this course , be on the lookout for them as you read the texts, a much used literary device in the Medi Evil period. But also three art English literature is alliteration on a little Asian is the repetition off continent signs. So here we have an example in modern English from Pearl Answer or few, which is actually a middle English text of medieval text. But it captures the alliteration that would have been present in the original manuscript because many evil poetry relies more heavily on a literary shin than on rhyme. So she shone and beauty upon the shore. She shown. Sure that is a little Asian long did my glance on her a light on. The longer I looked, I knew her more long plants, which also has an element a light longer looked on. The reason for the use of alliteration and medieval poetry is that it was an oral tradition , and if people were to remember the lines, alliteration actually helps us to remember phrases quite well. Abstinence is very similar to alliteration. It's the repetition off vile signs rather than continent signs. So here, as an example from Early Moon by Carl Sandburg. Poetry is old, Ancient goes back far. It is among the oldest of living things so old that no man knows high on why the first poems cam so that repetition of the O signed is creating a pattern in the words on the article that I find here suggests that the O signs old or mysterious 5. Literary Criticism : Before we get reading the texts on this course, we're going to look at different approaches to interpreting texts. I'm not strict prior to his literary criticism, which doesn't mean, you know, like reviews written of texts and newspapers. Literary criticism refers to the different schools of thoughts that are put in place in interpreting texts on placing them within their historical. So let's look at some of the major approaches to criticism. And if you're interested in this area, I haven't cleaned it. A very useful article as a downloadable resource. So formalist criticism, if you've studied English in high skill, that's probably the approach that you've taken so far. Formalism asserts that everything you need to interpret the text is within the text itself. So rather than look at the text would then say it's historical context, it very much focuses on things like the structure of the text, on the literary devices that are used within the text. Historical criticism, on the other hand, looks at the text within the social, cultural, and intellectual background of its time. And it necessarily focuses on the biographical details of the author and during so that's more of the approach that we're going to tick. And this course on you will be getting a lot of background information, a bite. The writers whom we're going to be looking at. Janda criticism as mostly feminist criticism, although sometimes masculinist. And this approach focuses on the attitudes to gender and sexuality. And high, those have changed and society and how we can see them reflected in literature. Psychological criticism mostly comes from the perspective of psychoanalysis on the work of Sigmund Freud. And this approach looks at the interaction between literature and psychology. So it's very interested in the internal world of the characters rather than the action of the text. Mythological criticism looks at recurring themes and archetypes and literature. So whether something was written in the medieval period or it was written last week, according to mythological criticism, there will be parallels, though, would be certain things in archetypes, but will be common to literature. So little quote here, um, but describes it quite well, is that it looks for the recurrence universal patterns underlying most literary wax. And it takes in the fields of anthropology, psychology, history, and comparative religion. When looking at literature. Reader response criticism is interested and what happens in the reader's mind when that person is interpreting a text. And in that sense, there is no one interpretation of attacks because every reader's response to the text will be different. Deconstructionist criticism ticks that little bit further and says that language is unstable on changes with time. So it cannot represent truth. And it doesn't actually deconstructionist criticism doesn't really believe in the concept of truth and that absolutely every reader over text will interpret it slightly differently. New historicism as a form of literary criticism that was really coalesced by an academic called Stephen Green BLAT from UCLA and America in the 19 nineties. And it goes a little bit further than historicism. And a nice quote I find is that it's a form of literary theory whose goal is to understand intellectual history through lecture and literature, through its cultural context. So you're both pitting the texts into the context of the society in which they were written and gaining information, a bite that society from the text. So you may belong to one of these schools. You may see merit. And several of them, it's really up to you what way you interpret the texts that were a byte to rate. 6. Old English: we're going to start by looking at the very oldest English literature, and that is old English or Anglo Saxon literature. Go to talk a little bit in this video just is an introduction about the language on the history off this literature. So old English is not Shakespeare. It's not these and eyes on the left hand side here, you'll see an example of old English, the autonomous medium switcher him, Allah, he f. It doesn't even signed anything like the language that we speak today. And that's because this is English, as spoken by the Anglo Saxons who had come over from Saxony in Germany. So it's very, very close to German on. Actually, if you speak German, you'll probably find understanding old English quite easy. Later on in history, the French, of course, invaded with the Normans. They threw a bit of French into German on the language of the church was Latin, which also got thrown in. So that mix of English French, Andi Latin gave us English. But this is it. Before a lot of that have happened, so you can see the language there with a translation. So this is what you need to know about the Anglo Saxons on the stories they told on the literature that we have inherited from them. Their language is a form of German. We've already talked a little bit about that on their literature was mostly an oral tradition, so they had these great, exciting, heroic tales for the dragons and monsters, which got passed down orally. But they tended not to write things dine, which means that not a lot off their stories have survived until they converted to Christianity Night Christianity is based on the idea of the word, so it was quite important to the Christians on, especially the monks off the dark ege early medieval period that things start to be written . Died nine. Actually, they were writing things down in Latin, which was the language of the church. But they also wrote a few texts in Anglo Saxon, which survived to today night. Writing things Stone in those days wasn't as easy as picking up your phone and texting. Writing was actually Bach breaking work, they wrote on vellum, which is like I hide and they wrote with very costly colored inks on DSO. Being ascribe was an important job, and it was actually quite back breaking work. They worked long ours, and it would have taken many, many, many R's of work to write a manuscript, perhaps weeks of work. So much of this literature was lost during the dissolution off the monasteries under Henry the Eighth. Very sadly, a lot of it quite literally went up in smoke so you can read the entire Anglo snacks and cannon. It's possible to do that because so little survives from that period, but we have enough to give us a flavor off the kind of stories and the kind of fame's that they were into at that point in history. So the two major themes of their work are the Christian on the heroic, So we've experienced a lot of cultural change within our lifetimes. But this was a seismic change from paganism and from the kind of heroic values, things like kinship serving your Lord, which actually didn't disappear under Christianity. Those things still survived on were subsumed into the Christian culture, but there is this kind of clash of cultures happening at that period in history and happening in the literature that we've received from it. So the conversion to Christianity happened to run the lit six century. Of course, Christianity had been floating a bite since the first century. But you have, and 5 98 the arrival of sin to Guston on. That's where in England, although there was no idea of one central England at that time. But when that part of the world started to contract, so also, during this period, the Vikings were causing a lot of trouble. They 1st 1st invaded in 7 93 And so the Norse myths and legends that were part of that Scandinavian folklore Kim in Tiu consciousness off the Anglo Saxon. So they kept attacking for several centuries, and also they formed colonies in England such as very famously in New York or your vic, as they would have called it. So England was in that times, but into several different kingdoms of different kings such as Northumbria on Mercia. There was SX and Wessex East Saxons in the West Saxons. So it wasn't the sort of coherent and today that it is nine. So, as with the rest off, this course you don't need to read all the texts is just about having a little bit of background and understanding in all areas of English literature. So you only need to read the ones that really appeal to you. We're looking at three text here. One of them is a longer taxed, so I'll include some links off translations of bear wealth, and the other two are shorter poems, which I will include in the dial audible resources in there entirely again. Bear Wolf. You might be freaked right by saying the old English written here. You don't need to read it in the original old English. It's totally fine to read in translation. So in this section of the course, we're going to look at three. Text the dream of the Rood bear Wolf and Wolf on Ed Walker. So let's have a look at those tax no. 7. The Dream of the Rood & Ruthwell Cross : In this video, we're going to talk about the oldest text in English, and that is a poem called the Dream of the Rod, which is found in the Verci book, which is in the British library, and inscribed upon a monument called the Rothwell Cross, which is in Rothwell in Scotland at the moment. So this is the Rothwell Cross. I went to visit it a couple of years ago. It's incredibly beautiful. Now, across may be associated with memorials for the dead in some cultures, in the Celtic culture and possibly also in the Anglo Saxon, Across was like a milestone a marker. Pop didn't have newspapers, they didn't go on to Facebook to get their news. This was a way of transmitting important cultural information by carving it in stone. So as you can see, it is beautifully carved with images from the Bible. You'll notice that it's inside a church. That's because it was unfortunately at one point in history purposefully dismantled, but then was later restored and put together and put in this church in Rothwell for safe keeping. On the photograph to the right, you'll notice some little etchings on the cross. That is the text. It is the dream of the Rod. Now, it's written in Runs, and Runs were not language, as they may be in some sort of Hollywood movies. Runs were letters. So it's the Runic alphabet, rather than the Latinate alphabet that we found on the Rothwell Cross. Found on the eighth century Rothwell Cross, and in the Vericlli book, named after Vericlli, in Italy, where it currently resides, the poem, the Dream of the Rood is the oldest text in English, possibly. On the Rothwell Cross, it's written in the Runic alphabet. Bruce Mitchell notes that the dream of the Road is the central literary document for understanding the resolution of competing cultures, which was the presiding concern of the Christian Anglo Saxons. In other words, the new Christian religion and the heroic literature and pagan religion that had come before Christianity. The poem uses heroic literary devices to tell the story of the cross, hence bridging those two cultures. So this is what is written in Runs on the Rothwell Cross. This is how it translates into Old English, when it's written within the Vermiclli book, now the Vermiclli book is so named because it is in Vermiclli in Italy, currently, but it is literature written in old English, ue er io, Apple. So that's what written. I know it doesn't sound very much like English. Now, if you see the second line after the little dah. That letter that looks a bit like a p, that is thorn. So it's pronounced TH. This is the modern English translation. Christ was on the cross, yet the brave came from afar to their Lord. So that is both a Christian and a very heroic idea. Heroic literature talks about the brave and coming from afar traveling, that is also something that you get in heroic literature. 8. Beowulf : Talk about the most famous of Anglo Saxon texts, Beowulf. It's a heroic poem in the Germanic tradition and it has 3,182 iterative lines, Anglo Saxon poetry doesn't rely on rhyme, it relies on iteration, as we're going to say a little later. The manuscript is part of the so called Noel codex, which also contains religious works such as the fragment of the life of St. Christopher. The manuscript was very sadly damaged by fire in 171 in the home of the collector, Sir Robert Cotton, who had possession of it at the time. Unfortunately, there are some lines of it that are missing. It's the most famous and actually the most translated Anglo Saxon poem. Scholars disagree on the date of the manuscript, but it was most likely written 975-1025, and I was transcribed from an earlier text as far as we can tell. Having presumably existed in oral tradition before then and been a story that had been handed down. Now, that is the thinking, but some scholars disagree with that concept of the poem. As with most texts of the time, the author is anonymous and there may have been more than one author is the thinking by scholars at the moment. It was written in the Late West Saxon dialect. Though other dialects are present, and that's led to a bit of a debate on its transmission. If it was an old Pagan poem passed on by oral tradition and then written down in a monastery, then the Christian elements were added to it as it was written, and that would make sense because, of course, things were written in monasteries at that point in history. If it was composed in Christian times by a Christian author, then the heroic and Pagan elements are intended to be poetic and archaic. The poem definitely had two scribes, even if we don't know how many authors it had. The first scribe breaks off mid sentence at line 1939. We don't know what happened to him, but the second scribe uses more archaic dialect and seemed to be a little bit less careful than the first scribe. They both made mistakes. But the second scribe doesn't really edit what he's copying, he doesn't change any spellings. We think the same person also transcribed the poem Judith. It's the same handwriting, and in both cases, just copied what was before him without correcting it. Balsbury Abbey, which you can see pictured to the top right here has been suggested as the place where these scribes worked because there are words in the text that come from the local dialect of that area. There are many theories on the origins of Beowulf, and these include that it was first composed in East Anglia at Randlesam in the seventh century near the site of the famous Sutton Hoo discovery. Now, Sutton Ho was a massive archaeological dig that discovered a ship burial from Anglo Saxon times and really illuminated the Anglo Saxon world to us in a way that we didn't understand it before. You can see the famous helmet pictured beneath here. The Sutton who find suggested a Scandinavian presence in that area, and the Wolfing the Royal House of East Anglia, may have been descended from the Gatish Wolfings who are portrayed in the poem. The poem has also been associated with the Court of Alfred the Great and Wessex, or with Cut the Great, the Viking King of England, Denmark and Norway. Some of the characters from Beowolf may be taken from real Scandinavian historical figures, such as Edges and King HRofgar. Genesis, Exodus and Daniel, the Biblical books are all referenced in the text. There's a very strong Christian streak going through Beowulf, even though it's a heroic Pagan story. The story itself is set in Pre Christian Scandinavia in the sixth century. It was first translated into Modern English in 1805 with nine translations appearing in the 19th century. People are starting to become interested in this poem and Anglo Saxon literature at the time. The most famous modern translation is probably that of Shamus Heeney. Although I love the work of JRR Tolkin on Beowulf, you can definitely see in the figure of Smog in the Hobbit, a reference to Beowulf and the Dragon in Beowolf, guarding its hoard. Tolkin discussed the poem in his famous essay on translating Beoolf, of course, and also in the monsters and the critics. Here's a brief synopsis of the poem, but I'm not going to tell you too much because of course, I would really like you to read it. You can find it on poetry.org or as part of Project Gutenberg, which I've linked to in the resources section. Rothgar, King of the Danes, is aided by the Gatish hero Bowf when his hall is repeatedly terrorized by the Monster Grendel. No. If you look at the spelling of H Rothg, you can see there's a letter there that we don't have in Modern English, that letter is called F, and it gives us that harsh TH sound like you get in with as opposed to the soft TH sound you get in words like there. Grendel's mother, who's equally monstrous to her son, seeks to avenge him. But Beowulf also defeats and kills her in single combat, a bit like Aeneas, almost like an epic hero from the classical world. Years later, Beowulf is king of the Gates, and his kingdom is attacked by an angry dragon whose treasure has been stolen from the burial mound where it was kept. Beowulf unsuccessfully attacks the dragon with his thans. His thans are like his knights, the servants of the King. Beowulf then travels to the dragon's lair with his Swedish kinsman Wiglaf and Wigaf means remnant of valor. Beowulf slays the dragon but is mortally wounded himself. His body is cremated and he is buried in a mound with great honor. Themes of Beowulf include heroic motives such as kinship, debts of honor, valor and the monstrous. A big issue that modern critics like to talk about is the role of women, women as hostesses and wives versus the aberration that is Grendel's mother, who is a warrior and a fighting woman, and that is much discussed by critics at the moment. The poem is reminiscent of an epic poem, as I mentioned before, and classical works and that it centers on a flawed hero, and it contains monsters and impossible odds. It also begins and ends with a funeral as it opens with the funeral for Shield shaving and of course, closes with Bowolfs funeral. Learning to read old English is not really the remit of this course. But as you can see from this excerpt from Beowolf here on the Poetry foundation, it's very different to modern English and actually isn't probably recognizable to speakers of Modern English. This is English in its earliest Germanic form before the Normans invaded and brought their French language with them. Of course, Latin was the language of the Church and formal things were done in Latin. Loosely, if we mix up German Latin and French, we get English, but this is it before all that it happened. Now, as you can see, Fay of Konge Trim Funn. We are saying that idea of iteration, off shield chafing Shefna. So not so much based on rhyme, more based on iteration. Some of these words may not at first seem to make an awful lot of sense to you, but I'm going to read it loud and see if anything stands out and sounds semi familiar. It starts with the word hit and W is like che in Latin. Behold, We're about to start a very grand poem, is what that word in essence means. W, W Gardena in dum, The una, una un means king, thm gels md. Ethyla Epling was the name for what we would nowadays call the Prince of Wales, the heir to the throne. Ethyln princes nobles, members of a royal family. Of shield chafing and shield chafing is a proper name. Athena. Now, that word maybe sounds a little bit. Familiar Treat Monogom, Mizom. Mo Dost of Tea Eda Alas. You can see the iteration and words like Tatum. Does that sound a little bit like threat to you? Let's now read a modern translation. What the translator has done here is to keep the sense of iteration, not necessarily the iteration of the original poem so that we can get a sense of the experience of reading it. Low praise of the pes of people kings, of spear arm dines in days long sped. We have heard and what honor the ethyl one. So that word has been a little bit difficult to translate into modern English, I think. Off shield the chafing from squadron foes, from many a tribe, the mad Bench tour, wing the Earls. You can tell right from the beginning that this is not spoken in the dialect that people would have used to chat to their neighbors or order beer or whatever. This is very poetic, very archaic, and it's really talking about the glory of the warrior right from the very start. 9. Wulf and Eadwacer: in this video, we're going to talk about one off my favorite poems. This as a very beautiful poem called Wolf on Ed Walker. No, Wolf is not about a literal wolfers in an animal. It was a very common name for a man in Anglo Saxon literature and add Wacker means property watcher like a guardian off a site. So that could either be the name off the woman who's speaking in this poem. Or it could be the name off her husband. So this is a story, a bite, forbidden love, so slightly like an earlier form of Romeo and Juliet, although it's a slightly different story. So I'm going to read a little bit of this to you in old English, and then we're going to read it in translation. So it is a little difficult to read old English if you're not a specialist in it. But you can tell looking at these words the relation to modern English, because, really, what happened in English walls when the French invaded from the Normans invaded? You know, French was the language of the court. Language of the church was Latin, so old English words became common. So some of our more frequently used swear words, you know, such as the effort. They come from an Anglo Saxon rate so the Anglo Saxon component in our languages sometimes dine upon. But Angus action is actually quite beautiful. So I'll read you a couple of lines here late Autumn is minimum switcher him on lackey for well, if he hina Bagan. Yet here on threat comma when you leak is us and you see that if I protect the Jusoh why there? No, that is high. We believe it was tonight's on three out common threat threat come with comma comes So if he comes with a threat So that little letter at the start of three out That's thorn on the very last letter At the end of that line works has come with that is ever so those are rounder t itch and modern English Thorn is is that the kind of th side and come f this slightly harder teach signed is f when you leak is us. Unlike is us, we are unlike which is not the same as saying we are different. It's sometimes translated a difference exists between us. So because thes two people are unlike in some way they can't be together. So I'll read you the poem in modern English night. It is to my people as if someone gave them a gift. They want to kill him. If he comes with the troop. It is different for us. That's one way of translating that line. Wolf is on one island. I on the other, that islands rind it by fans is secure There on the island are bloodthirsty man. They want to kill him if he comes with the troop. It was different for us. I thought of my wolf with far wandering hopes. Whenever it was rainy weather, I sought tearfully whenever the warrior bold and battled encompassed me in his arms. To me it was pleasure. But it was also painful. Wolf, my wolf. My hopes for you have caused my sickness, your infrequent visits. Ah, morning spirit. Not a dollar lack of food. Do you hear? Add Wacker Ah Wolf is carrying our wretched wealth to the forest that one easily senders which was never united our song together. So I would translate that as one easily tears apart that which was never brought together. Our song together. So the wretched Welp, presumably she's had illegitimate child by this man from another tribe. So there's a lot about Anglo Saxon society, the kind of feudalism tribalism that's coming across here, slightly violent interaction between those tribes. It's a beautiful poem, and it tells you an awful lot about the society that it came from. I was also about the role of women in that society on data, expectations of man. So I find this really beautiful poem, and I hope that you enjoyed it. 10. Making an Anglo Saxon Text: A very long time ago, I did a master of arts in old English, Anglo Saxon English. It so happened that recently I was out for lunch with my old tutor, Dr. Ivan Herbison, and he gave me some fascinating facts on how texts were produced in the Anglo Saxon Age. When you're listening to this, please bear in mind that I braved French toast and cappuccino to bring you this information. It took a flock of 300 sheep to produce enough vellum to create one Bible. Those sheep lived on monastic grounds and were reared by monks. Of course, goose feathers needed to be cooked and hot sand poured in the middle to make quills. The quill had to be flexible, but it also had to be rigid enough to actually use for writing, Otherwise it would just bend over and break. Ink was made with oak goals and that's a bad acorn infected by an insect. This was cooked and then ground and sometimes suit was added and the soup made the ink either black or blue. The colors that we tend to write in today, of course, the costliest color of ink was a certain blue which came from Afghanistan and contained lapis lazuli. That was a big investment. Yellow ink was actually quite dangerous because it contained arsenic salt. You would think that the job of scribe might be one of the better jobs in a monastery. Probably nicer than being out in the cold tending the flock of sheep needed to make the vellum, but scrivener's palsy or writer's cramp could lead to debilitating arthritis of the hands. Not just a bit sore, but something that really was a problem, the scribes hands could actually completely cease and that would end your writing career. As you can tell from this video, producing a text, especially something as long as a Bible, it wasn't as easy as it is nowadays, where you type something up on Word, you maybe save it as a PDF. It was painstaking work. Just think of the time involved in producing a Bible. First of all, you've got to rear the sheep, then you've got to produce the vellum. You've got to import the inks from places like Afghanistan. Some of the inks are not very safe. The individuals handling them have to be specially trained. If you make a mistake and you waste that expensive ink or you waste that vellum, that's a real problem as well. The Bibles and the texts that we have existing from the early Medieval Period are real treasures. 11. Middle English Texts: we're going to look ni at the later medieval period of English literature on the language of the later medieval period is known as metal English. It's quite different from old English. So this is from a poem called Sir Gotta Win on the Green Knight. Sir Gawain being one off the nights off King Arthur, who's a very big figure in later medieval literature. So if you know anyone called Gavin or you called Gavin yourself, that is the modern equivalent of gal win. So Folkl, enough, a wander off hiss way man, harder set and sambal on Santa Hey, Fair! The Fricker were fader on aural ankle Karina Full clean grit, Wonder of the Night Folk Hot and Hall I. Wayne Food fears he wants to cite on overall bright rain anchor arena. So you can basically read middle English if you're a modern English split speaker, as is, so long as you've got a good enough to translation of the text or good enough addition of the text to fill in the words that aren't that clear. But it's obviously perfectly fine to rate this literature and translation. So the face of England was radically changing the Normans had invaded on. William the Conqueror had defeated King Harold in 10 66 at the Battle of Hastings. So when I living in a Norman realm and the Normans managed to more or less unify the realm of England, they also had realms in Normandy, in fronts on. So there waas that vast empire belonging Teoh pumped Odgen. It's especially Henry the second, which really covered a large proportion of Europe. So literature on stories moved between those geographical locations. So the King Arthur stories have a big element off French influence and them so the ranting family for most of the later medieval period waas the plan tagine it's on. Some of the Plantagenet kings were very much into the Arthurian myth, which they used to identify themselves as being almost our theory and as being uniph IRS. I'm not helped to reinforce their own position on they were patrons of the arts. The church was still the record keeping organization on writing still went on in the church quite often in Latin, But writing in English actually became more and more common on towards the later part of this period, you know, official documents started to be written in English the earlier stages off this period. You know, speaking in English was considered a bit low. Bry, the language of the court of civilized society walls, French. So the major literary figures in this period who were going to find the bite are Chaucer, the Canterbury Tales, Malory Morte, Darter Julian of Norwich, who is the first woman writer in English that we have some record off on the anonymous poets of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight on off Pearl. So I'm hoping you're going to enjoy this little section of the course. 12. Geoffrey Chaucer: in this video, we're going to talk about a poet who sometimes known as the first English poet or the father of English literature. Sometimes on That's Geoffrey Chaucer on his importance to English poetry. It's really that he made writing in English popular rather than writing in French or in Latin. So let's find out a little bit about the life of Geoffrey Chaucer. He was born hurting for days on. He died on the 25th of October and 1400. He was the first poet in English. As we've mentioned, he was a civil servant for the whole of his working life, and he had some high profile public jobs. He worked for customs in London. He was a member of Parliament and Kent on. He had connections with the royal family and with court life. He also married an heiress, so he was well to do on well established in medieval society. So he wrote some very famous works, the most famous being the Canterbury Tales, which we're going to look at in this video. He also wrote Troilus and Cressida, the legend of good women on the high seas them amongst others. So he was close to the court circle, having been made a page to the kinds of Ulster as a teenager on, that was almost like an apprenticeship for working for the aristocracy. So in 13 70 it King Richard the second sent choosers an envoy, Teoh Milan on you know, military campaigns were a frequent feature off Plantagenet kingship, and also they have the great Creasy. It's of course, in the medieval period. So, you know, he was basically, I wouldn't say a spy, but he was sent with classified information. So he was someone who was trusted. He held several important posts during his lifetime. As we've mentioned on Richard, the second actually granted him an annual pension. He was a close friend of John of Gaunt, who was the father of Henry the Fourth Night. Henry. The fourth was considered to be ah, usurper. He was the first Lancastrian king Onda had basically I stood the highest of the Plantagenet . So there is a little bit of a political element to Charles is writing and that he has the patronage of John of God and he's very pro Lancastrian. So near the end of their lives, Lancaster and Chelsea became brothers in law. When Charles were married, Philip Otero, it's and 13 66 on Lancaster had married Villalba sister Catherine Swinford. So they actually become related. No, Charles are sometimes thought of as a bit anti religious because he attacked the institution of the church. He was himself a Christian, and it wasn't the actual 50 had a problem with Betty did highlight the corruption off this church as an institution. So, he says in the counter retail's not. I bag all those that listen to this little treaties or read it that if there be anything in it that pleases them, they thank our Lord Jesus Christ for it, from whom proceeds all understanding on goodness. So he's trying Teoh soften the blow of having attacked the church, which was an unusual thing to do in medieval society. So we've mentioned before that Chaucer's most famous work is called The Count retails. Many of you listening to this maybe read some of the counter retails at skilled, So this is basically a poem which is made up of 24 stories about pilgrims travelling from London to visit the tomb of Thomas Becket at Canterbury Night. Thomas Becket had beena powerful Archbishop of Canterbury who waas somewhat accidentally killed by Henry, the second, who had given off one light in front of his nights. Will someone please read me off this troublesome priest? Unfortunately, a couple of his knights took this bit seriously and he was horribly killed in front of the altar at Canterbury Cathedral. They basically chopped over his head on. His brands were all over the floor on. There is a shrine to him to this day and counter Break Cathedral, the earliest manuscript that we have of the country retails. We're not actually written by Charles or himself. They were transcribed, so they may not be word for word. What he wrote the poem sat arises religious life on political authority. So it's sad arises religious elements in society. In the partners tail. On some owners, tail on the night really represents the ruling classes or the aristocracy, so there's 24 stories in the counter retails. I'm going to look at two of them. Here to that are quite different. We're going to start with the partners tail on the way The counter retails works is quite often we're given a bit of background, a bite, the character telling the story in the prologue, which is their own voice. And then they tell us a moral story. So in the partners prologue, we can see that he is basically a swindler. The public had an appetite for religious relics, especially if you were ill or things weren't going well with you. It would have been believed that owning a relic would have helped you fight with that. So he basically trades on the vulnerability of others. He's not a moral character, but he does tell a very moral story. It's slightly along the lines off the story of the three brothers and Harry Potter. Some of you may have read. So there are these three rioters or, you know, drinkers merrymakers on. They hear a bell signaling a burial so their friend has been killed by a privy faith known as death, who's also killed 1000 other people. So the man want to advantage themselves against death. So an old man that they ask off tells him that he bagged out to take him. But death wouldn't check him, even though he's an old man, but he tells them where they confined death, which is at the foot of an oak tree. When the man arrived at this tree, they find a large amount of gold and forget about their quest to kill death. They're more interested in the money. They decide to sleep at the oak tree overnight, so that can take the the coins in the morning. So the three man draw straws to see who amongst them should thatch the wine and food, while the other two wit under the tree guarding the gold, the youngest of the three man draws the food while the other two are waiting under the tree . So the youngest basically hatches a plot two over par the other tea and and poison them whilst the two who a man under the oak tree, decide that they're going to over par and stabbed to death the younger one and keep the money for themselves. So when the youngest of the three returns, he has laced their wine with rat poison, so he returns his friends, kill him and drink the poisoned wine on. They also go to their deaths. So the love of money, ironically, leads to the death of these three men and Yet the prologue is full off. The partners own love for money. So having completist his tail, the partner, forgetful of having given the game away on the prologue, appeals to the other pilgrims for gold and silver so that they can receive the pardon of God. That's the idea. Your sins are forgiven, and all will go well with you if you give money to this man and by his relics. So there is a lot of criticism off the religious establishment on it's basically swindling people in this tale. It is a dark morality till very holding. I'm very much worth reading, so another off the country tears very different. One is the story of the Wife of Bath, which I've included here because of its interesting reflections on the role of women and the prologue. The wife Bath, the speaker, who's obviously female, questions the social convention that women should just accept things with serenity. And then she tells her morality tale. So there was a night at King Arthur's court who has ripped a fair young maiden a serious crime on King Arthur issued a decree that the night must be brought to justice when he is captured. He's condemned to death, but Glenna veer interestings in his behalf and asked the king to lie her to pass judgment upon him. The queen tells the night that he will be spared his life if he can discover for her what it is that women most desire on. He's given a year on the day in which to go wherever he wants and find the answer to this question. So everywhere the night goes, he explains to women, the predicament that he's in on asks their answer to this question. But no two answers that he's given are the Sims, so he has no answer to return to the queen with The answers range from FAM and riches to play or clothes or sexual pleasure, to flattery or to freedom. So sometimes the women want very serious, substantial things. Sometimes they won't quite trivial things when at last the time comes from him to return to the court. He doesn't have the answer that he needs to stay alive. So he finds himself outside a castle in the woods, and he sees 24 mins dancing and singing. But when he approaches, they disappear, as if by magic on the only person left as an old woman. The night explains his problem to the old woman and she as wise and seems like she might know the answer. But she forces him to make a promise to grant any favor she might ask him in return. And in medieval literature, our promise is something you are tied to. You have no way out of it. So he has no options left, and he agrees to this promise. Arriving at the court, he gives the answer that women most desire sovereignty over their husbands on in the court . The women there agree that this is true. This is what women desire on. Accordingly, the night has given his life. So the old woman who has to die, appear and tell him what she wants in return for her answer, um publicly requests his hand in marriage, and he's obviously, I bet, taken aback for this because she's old and he doesn't perceive her as being particularly attractive. But he has no other choice. He's made a promise, and he has to agree. On their wedding night, the woman is upset that he's repulsed by her and bad she reminds him that her looks can be an asset to him. She will be a virtuous wife because no one else will be chasing after her. She asked him what he would prefer. An ugly wife who's loyal, true and on humble or a beautiful young woman. A bite him. He would always have doubts concerning her faithfulness. The night responds by saying that the choice is hers. Okay, so he's trying to get himself out of this. But that answer pleases her greatly. Nausea is one par over him. She asked him to kiss her, promising both beauty and fidelity. The night turns to look at the old woman again. On I finds a young and lovely Woman on. They live happily and old edge together my to our modern sensibility. Here is a rapist who struck pay dirt in this particular poem. But it's not only criticizing women. Some of the women in the poem are quite then on proceed quite trivial things, but it also criticizes the interaction off man with women. I mean, the night here refuses to make a choice about whether he would rather have a loyal and true wife or a beautiful wife he doesn't even want to out to that, um and so that there are some interesting elements of gender politics in this story, which make it very much worth reading. So that's two stories from the counter retails. We've talked about the partners tear on the wife of Bath. There are, of course, 24 stories. It's perfectly OK to read. The counter retails in translation, but it is a major major work in the canon of English literature, so it might be one that you would like to Parise. 13. Thomas Malory: gonna talk in this video. A bite. Thomas Mallory's Mort Toe Arthur. So, as we've already mentioned, our theory and myth and legend was a total craze, actually for a couple of centuries during the late Middle Ages. And it still is today. You know, Merlin was a big show on the BBC a few years ago. There's been umpteen movies, a bite, King Arthur that we can all think golf. It's something that's still very much in the public consciousness. King Arthur on the medieval imagination with these stories really fired the medieval imagination on There was an R Therien careers that actually lasted for centuries. So, we think, give the Arthurian legend as the ultimate English legend up there with Robin Hood. But in fact, it Spaces was in French on, well, stories. So Mallory's Morte Arthur, which was published in 14 85 as perhaps the most famous medieval tax based on the our theory in legends. So way back before then, in 11 91 the supposed remains of Arthur and Guinevere have Bean find a glass and Abby so that's nigh believed to be a hoax on something that the monks that glass and redid to fuel tourism. But it further stoked Arthur mania. The Plantagenet Kings Henry the second on Edward. The first were associate ID with King Arthur because of their unifying rule on just reeling over vast swigs of land. So there was a little bit of a political element, and actually, some of the Plantagenet kings did everything they could to associate themselves with good King Arthur. So let's talk a little bit about Mallory's particular tick on the legend. He incorporated the existing French and English stories and added a little bit of his own material, such as the Gareth Story in his text so as well as the text being about the birth rule on demise of Arthur himself, and also incorporates other legends that had grown up around the artery in myth such a Sir Lancelot Tristan and Assault Answer Gareth of Orkney. So that was the thing about the r three, and it was a bit like Star Wars in a way where you have the original trilogy and they keep adding to that, then you have, like, Rogue one, a Star Wars story. It was the same thing with the Arthurian myth. First, it was Arthur's Bertha's the son of a three pen dragon, his death at the hands of his son Mordred. And then his nights, Such a sir Lancelot started Teoh Garner their own legends. And then there was this spiral of stories that lasted for center. So who waas this Thomas Mallory who so coalesced the Arthurian myth on whose work is still read today. Centuries later. Well, he happened to be the son of a night, Sir John Mallory, And he was born in 14 16. And he inherited the family estate in 14. 34 becoming Sir Thomas Malory. But he wasn't the moral noble figure that a night in the Arthurian myth would have been thought office being. In fact, he was accused of several serious crimes. He was accused of theft of two rips Andi the attempted murder of Humphrey Stafford, the first Duke of Buckingham. So he was imprisoned on. He's skipped on several occasions. He spent a lot of his adult life in prison. On in 14 61 he was granted a pardon by Henry the sixth. I'm changed his allegiance from the House of York to the heist of Lancaster Henry, that the six of course being a Lancastrian King. So Vest led to him being in present yet again. And 14 60 it when he led on Ailes elf it a plot to overthrow King Edward, the fourth during his imprisonment. And you get president, he wrote the more toe Arthur, so it's actually written in prison. He was released in 14 70 he died a few months later. So quite a colorful life on a life of crime in many ways and political intrigue. So if you compare that to the courtly noble figures off off Arthur on its nights, there was maybe a little bit of escapism to a sort of idealized world for Thomas Mallory. But people still read his work today, and it is very much worth reading. 14. Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght: No, I we're going to talk by another off the great Arthurian tales of the medieval period. On that is Sir Garwin on the Green Knight on This is a marry evil illiterate of verse. So more tales of Arthur's court, Sir Goblin and the Grand Anethe is a late 14th century metal English chivalric romance. So it was written in the electorate of style, Common and Matty Evil poetry. So what are edge? We expect poetry to rhyme. In the medieval period, it was expected to have a little Asian. You probably noticed that in the old English section on in some of the letter medieval works that you might have read, So we'll look a bit of the language in just a moment. So it contends the chivalric themes of our heroic knight, who's onerous, tested by a lady and his chivalry is proven in his response to the lady. So the author of the poem as unknown J. R. Told Pain, whose work we're going to look at a bit later in the course, which I'm excited bite on a V. Gordon, who were medieval scholars, surmised in 1925 that the author was a man of serious and divide mind, even though it's actually a little bit comedic. This poem, though not without humor. He had interest in theology on some knowledge of it, though an amateur knowledge, perhaps, rather than a professional. So he was not a priest. He had Latin and French and was well enough, read in French picks, both romantic and instructive. But his home was in the West Midlands of England. So much has languished shows on his meter and his scenery, so we may not know exactly who the author is, but we know a little bit a bite him from the work itself. So this boom has find in a manuscript, along with three religious poems, Pearl purity and patients and as well as being heroic and Cheval Record does have some religious things. So we're gonna look at the language hair on the alliteration for wander Off this way Man had a set in his psalm. Blitzen sat in his semblance sinner Um, and then we literally have fared as frigate, where Feder so that is common off middle English poetry. Like I say, it's not about rhyme. It's a bite. Alliteration on when it's translated into modern English. You know the translator needs to try on and preserve that So folk hot and hall I. Wayne full fare seawalls to site. So you know, folk and low fares, trying to preserve the sense of the original. So the story off Sir Gawain and The Green Knight, it's quite afar fat story, but you would expect that off on our theory and myth. So it's New Year's Day in Camelot on King Arthur, and his knights are celebrating when a gigantic green night turns up. He claims that the Knights of the Round table are too feeble to defeat him. But table stretch right his neck and ally one of them to cut off his head with an axe on the provides Oh, that habia lied to return the blue within a year in a day so understandably, no one's too keen to get involved. But the king's nephew and his youngest nights ago in who has the son of more, goes the sister of the king. He feels that his king has Bean insulted on dso. He severs the green nights head with an axe. The green knight stretches like his neck to like him to do that. But the green knight Sidley picks his head up that sticks it back on and says they will meet again in a year in a day. So as the date approaches, Sergo and sets off to find the green chapel, which is where he's to meet up with the green knight to keep his side of the bargain very important. We've spoken about this before A promise and medieval literature is unbreakable. You have no way I'd of it. So many adventures and battles are alluded to until Gowen comes across a splendid castle where he meets someone called Bert Lack the Heart's desire. Who is the Lord of the Castle? He happens to have a beautiful wife, so they're pleased to have such a reliant gassed. The nephew of the King also present, and the castle is a note. Lady is not named, but everybody treats her with grit. Almer. So Gallon tells him off his predicament, his New Year's appointment at the Green Chappell, and that he only has a few days remaining until this happens. So Berta lack laughs, explaining that there is a path that will take in there. That's lesson to Mars, way and proposes that Gowen rests at the castle. Intend Len, so relieved and grateful for somewhere to stay, Gallon agrees. So while he's staying at the castle, Bertel ex wife tries to seduce her, go in for three days in a row. Each day. She offers him a gift, but he keeps turning her dime chivalrous. Lately, her final offer to him is her gargle. What she claims has been enchanted on will keep him from harm. He thinks that might come in handy and his encounter with the green knight. And he doesn't want to offend a lady by refusing her gift. So accepts the girl on the exchange. Three kisses. At that point, Birth Lack returns home from hunting with a Fox also gives her Godwin three kisses Sergio and decides it's probably best not to mention the girdle thing to the lady's husband. So the next day, Gabby and binds the girdle twice a rider's west, he finds the green knight sharpening his axe as promised. So Gowen, tied to his promise, bands his bare neck to receive the blow. At the first swing, he flinches on the green Knight makes fun of him for it and he's ashamed of himself for his lack of brave right, so he doesn't flinch with the second swing. But again, the green knight would hold the full force of the blow. The night explains. He was test and gallons nerve angrily gallery and tells him to deliver the load. And so the night does, causing only a slight wound on gallons neck on the game is over. Gallon seizes his sword, helmet and shield, but the green knight laughing, reveals himself to bay. But lack. The Lord of the Castle, transformed by magic, explains that the entire adventure was a trick of the part of the elderly lady who is really Morgan Le Fay, the sister off King Arthur, who happens to have magical pars. So she has intended to test Arthur's knights and frightened Guinevere to death. Gallon is ashamed to have behaved deceitfully, but the green light laughs and professors him the most blameless night in all the land. The two part on cordial terms gallon returns to Camelot, wearing the garden as a token of his failure to keep his promise. So he's he's ashamed of us nights. The royal table basically make a bit of fun of him. They absolve a blin on they each. Where are green sash and recognition of gallons adventure with the green knight. So I want to say a little bit about the figure off Morgan Le Fay. So in the artery, in myth, Luther Pen Dragon gets the sorcerer Marlin to enchant the beautiful wife of Gorlois Grand into believing that Luther pinned Dragon s gorlois on sleeping with him. On this King Arthur is conceived. So Morgan Le Fay on more goes Who is the mother of Sir Gawain? Are the system are the sisters the Half sisters of King Arthur? They are the daughters of a grand night and earlier Maddie Evil myths. Morgan Le Fay is a supporter of her brother and is actually one of the queen's who carries him to the Isle of Avalon. Whenever he's killed, she becomes a bit more of a villainous as time goes on on. Quite interestingly, in the most recent retellings of the story, if you look at the BBC's Merlin or stars Camelot, she's no longer the daughter of a grand. She's the daughter of 1/3 pen dragon on after par. So she is a figure who changes throughout history on attitudes towards women are often conveyed in the roll off. Morgan Le Fay So very interesting character in mythology. So if you read this poem, it's perfectly fine to read in translation rather than end the original middle English. Although, you know, just looking a bit at the middle English lines. Getting a sense of the alliteration is a good thing today. It s fun. It's a jolly romp. It's not one of the more serious and tragic our theory and stories, so I hope that you enjoy it. 15. Julian of Norwich: So you've probably noticed that so far all the writers we've covered have bean men on where the writer has been unknown. We've tended to assume it, spin a man. So I wanted to talk a little bit about the earliest female English writer whose work actually survives. And that is Julian of Norwich. So she's pictured here in the statute that Waas erected in Norwich in 2014. So this is not a medieval statue, but we think she looks something along these lines. So revelations of Divine Love by Julian of Norwich is the oldest surviving book by woman in English, and it was written by the ankle, right Julian of Norwich. So do things here. What is an anchor, right? Well, it's someone who's not quite a nun but has chosen to live a totally secluded life who has moved? I'd of society for religious reasons on, they think in Julian's Kissed. Very sadly, it's believed she may have beena mother but have lost her family and so decided to embark on a spiritual life of solitary life. And then she wouldn't have bean that solitary because Norwich in those days waas the second city after London It was a very busy place, and she would have been engaged in activities like making clothes for the per. She would also have offered prayer and advice and comfort to people. So she wasn't with ICT interaction. You can see that she's pictured here with a cat on the kind of myth of the madcap, Clearly, in a way, originates with Julian of Norwich. She's often pictured with cats because it was believed that when you left society and unmoved into lived totally on your own, you couldn't be totally would like company. And so ANC rights, where it is believed, permitted to have cats for company. Probably helpful in keeping the mice and rats Dina's well. So Gillian may or may not have Bean her name. It was a woman's name, a female name at that point in history. But she happened to live in an Anchorage in a little sale attached to the Church of ST Julien in Norwich, so that could be the origin of the name or it might be her actual name. So her work was not only written by female writer, obviously, but it was actually preserved and transcribed by Brig. A teen on Benedict team nuns. So we see here that women as well as man were involved in the craft, off bookmaking and in writing. So Julian of Norwich was born in 13 42. On died in 14 16 meaning she lived through some pretty horrific things. She was only six when the black death was sweeping Europe that would have killed about 1/3 of the population of Norwich. She was also alive during the peasant's revolt of 13 81 when Norwich was overcome by rebels who were later captured and kills. So she lived three, a pretty turbulent on distressing period of history. She's actually considered one of the greatest English Christian mystics on theologians on people Still read her work for devotional purposes were not so much coming from the angle on this course. We're looking at her place within literature. As the first female writer of him. We have unawareness, so we've already mentioned that it's possible that she was a widow and a mother who became a Nike right. She was unlikely to have beena none because she's not commemorated in the Nun Cemetery and Norwich, and they would have given her that honor Here's another picture of her with a cat. Um, we talked to buy her daily life, her making clothes for the per her offering prayer. She actually possibly heardem eared on the cell that she lived in. It might have actually been that bad. It's believed she may have had a suite of rooms and a few animals to look after to provide her with sustenance. So it wasn't the very secluded life that we might think of, and she was living in a relatively busy places. Well, the message of her work is really that God can bring greater good, even from evil. So she's very much concerned with the kind of theological and spiritual concerns that were common in the medieval period. But she has a very different slant on them. Basically, she had what we would nae probably refer to as a near death experience when she was 30. We don't know whether or not she was already in. I cried at that point, but the priest was called. She was given last rites, totally believed she was about to die. She was obviously very seriously ill, and in the stitch he had a Siri's off visions So she wrote, These visions dine in what's called the short texts off revelations of divine love when she in fact, survived this illness on. Then years later, she wrote a longer version off the text. And here is a quote by Julian of Norwich. In modern English, Our life is all grounded. Unrated in love, on Without love We may not live, so if you type Julian of Norwich, quote into Google. This is the kind of thing that comes up, you know, these little means. So she's still in the public consciousness may be know as famous as Chaucer or Mallory, but still one of the most rad later Mary evil writers in English. So that is the end of the matter. Evil section of the course. Stick with it because we're a bite to go into a really exciting period off English literature in the next section, which is the Renaissance period. And that gives us the biggest writer, the most well known writer and English all over the world. William Shakespeare. So hang on for the next section 16. Renaissance Literature : So now let's talk about really exciting period in English literature, and that is the Renaissance period. It gave us some of our best known writers and English literature. So from left right, William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe on Admin Spencer amongst others. Of course, this period of history was the period off grit. Change on many of those changes impacted on literature. So in England, Henry, the seventh or Henry Tutor, had defeated Richard. The third at the Battle of Bosworth on the 22nd of August 14 85. On that end of the wars of the roses on the wars of the roses have been very destructive and had caused instability and poverty in England. So we have relative stability when the cheaters come to bar. So the first Tudor monarch is Henry the seventh. He is succeeded by his son, Henry the eighth, Of course. His own son died quite young on eso his daughters Mary and Elizabeth Elizabeth. The first succeeded him on Elizabeth. The first is succeeded by James, the sixth of Scotland on the first of England, my under Elizabeth and under jams, there was a flooring off the arts. They were both great patrons of the arts, especially a flooring off the theater on off playwrights, which is something that we really see grew on progress in this period. This really is the period of poetry on the theater. On the theater, of course, gave us some huge figures, such as William Shakespeare on Christopher Marlowe. Also at this time, the whole of Europe was changing. Gibran, you invention the printing press. So the inventor of the Gutenberg Press, which is pictured at the bottom right here legend increase in literacy on and changes and civil, political and religious life. Before the invention off the printing press manuscripts were created mostly in monasteries and it was back breaking work you were writing on vellum. But like I hide with very expenses of banks, it took months of work to create one manuscript and it was back breaking. So you couldn't mass produce manuscript on? No, you can. So, as before this happened, the Bible was interpreted to people by the priests on after the invention of the Gutenberg Press, which led to the Gutenberg Bible, people could actually read the Bible for themselves, so that clearly had an impact on religious life. But also on civil on political life as well 300 thighs and copies of Martin Luther's works , where distributed now that it was possible to mass produce and that added the Reformation. So Martin Luther had nailed his famous 95 theses to the door of church on the started a schism in Christianity, with reformers on one side on the older Catholic Church on the other side. I know it's a bit more complicated than that, but we're looking at the situation within England on the impact on English literature on those two very decided camps start to emerge around this time. Renaissance humanism was also on the rise. My the word humanism may be synonymous with atheism in our day. Not so in the Renaissance period. It was something a little different, But it did embrace the belief that humanity was responsible for their own destiny more than what had been believed in the medi evil times, and that the decisions that an individual man where definitely part off there, destiny and what happened to them also, at this time we see the authorship becomes more meaningful on more profitable. So we start to have the celebrity writer at this point in history, such as Shakespeare and Marlowe, you'll note, when we've looked at medieval text will be did talk about Julian of Norwich, but mostly they are anonymous on have been copied by scribes and so have maybe been changed in the process of being written down or being copied. Neither we have the printing press. Things could be mass produced. It's easier to become a celebrity author, and it's easier to actually make your living from selling your works. Language was also moving on, so we moved from middle English toe early. Modern English, sometimes wrongly referred to his old English old English is actually Anglo Saxon. So if you're a modern English speaker, you can generally read early modern English and know what's going on. There might be the art phrase of the old word that you might need a glass rate to Philly, Understand? But generally we can read Shakespeare and his contemporaries and get along fine. So this is the famous speech from Julius Caesar by Mark on today that, um, you've probably heard before just to demonstrate high language was moving on from the middle English period. So friends, Romans, countrymen lend me your ears. I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. The noble Britta's have told you Caesar was ambitious. If it was so, it is a grievous fault. And grievously hath Caesar answered it. So where's like half? We don't use the word half. It wasa grievous fault. Maybe not the way that we would frizz that sentence in modern English, but still completely understandable. So arrived this period. We have some of the most beautiful poetry and some of the most beautiful plays in English literature. So I'm really hoping you're going to enjoy this section of the course. 17. Shakeapeare : it's so I think it's fair to say that you can't be considered well, read an English literature without some familiarity with the work of this man, William Shakespeare. So Shakespeare is not only on top off the English literary cannon, but he's a very important figure in world literature. And that is to do with several aspects of his writing, his observations of humanity, his characterization on his beautiful use of language. So who Walls? William Shakespeare? Well, he was the son of a glove maker, John Shakespeare. He was not well to do in his upbringing. Although he did have a good education. His parents were actually practicing Catholics, where it was a difficult climate in which to bay a practicing Catholic so that could have caused some trouble for the family. Other Shakespeare's own religious affiliations are not particularly known. It's not something that he really went into, so he's traditionally believed to be born on Georgia's Day in 15 64. We don't really know this, but he was baptized on the 26th of April. ST. George's Day is the 23rd of it, bro. So sort of end the popular imagination. The English, like to think of him as born on their national. Since day, he did die on ST George's Day and 16 16 aged 52 at the age of 18. He married on Hathaway. No, not that Anne Hathaway obviously, and had three Children. His eldest daughter, Susanna, on the Twins Hamlet on Judith. Very sadly, Hamlet died at the age of 11 so she's honor and Judith both went on to have Children. But those Children didn't survive, so there are no direct descendents of William Shakespeare. He had been an actor in London, undecided. He would like to start writing his own material, so he started with comedies and histories on moved on to tragedy. His early place can be a little bit political in nature. He talked about the failure of leadership under the Plantagenet Saand under previous regimes, which sort of shored up the new shooter rim. So he was influenced in a literary sense by Christopher Marlowe, who were going to talk about soon on Thomas Kidd, playwrights of the time. He did very well commercially and in terms of becoming a bit of a celebrity. On a 15 99 his company bought the Globe better, and to this day you can go and see. She experienced plays performed at the Globe Theatre. So from the 15 94 his plays were sold and quarter on quarter simply means a way of making books. Where the paper is full did so quite cheap editions, sometimes a little unreliable. But his name was a big selling point. He was as well as a playwright, an impresario, a celebrity author. So after he had died, and around 16 23 his friends and fellow actors John Hemming and Henry Candle published what's called the Folio edition of his works. It wasn't the complete works, but I think it was only something like two plays off Night The Folio additions on the quarto editions. There's debates and academic over which of these additions are more reliable because obviously, the actors we're recalling lines that they had learned. Did they recall them with absolute clarity. We don't know. When Shakespeare was alive, he divided his time between London and Stratford upon. Even so, he moved between the two. But he did have some difficulties in his business, and I break a bubonic plague met that theaters were regularly closed from a bite 16 09 Plague is definitely not good for business. His earliest works had concentrated on the failure of leadership after it said, and justified the cheater in. So There is much off Shakespeare that it is influenced by his day, but also on awful lot of Shakespeare that is still relevant, even I in the 21st century. So as well as writing comedies and tragedies and histories, which we've already spoken about, he also wrote Romances and Renounces Doesn't Mean Mills in Beijing, you know, sort of sickly love stories. It means tragic comedies with a bit of a supernatural elements, so symbol ing the winter's tale The tempest thes air amounts is he also wrote Solids. On a Solid is a poem of a bite 14 lines that has a very specific rhyming structure on it. He also wrote two long verse poems, Venus and Adonis on the rip of lucre say sexual issues being a fame and Shakespeare so got a beautiful quote by Shakespeare. Here we are moving at this period in history from middle English, too early, modern English, not old English, because when you have these and eyes, people think that that's old English. Old English is Anglo Saxon, but the language of Shakespeare early modern English should be easily accessible to speakers of modern English. So here we have one off the many, many beautiful quotes that you can find online by Shakespeare. This is from Hamlet, from a soliloquies spoken by Hamlet. What a piece of work is, man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties in form and moving, high express and admirable in action high like an angel in apprehension. How like a god, the beauty of the world, the paragon of animals. And yet to me, what is this quintessence of dust? Have delights, not me. So man delights, not me. In modern English, we might say, Man doesn't delight me. But there's there's two things happening there in that she experience, obviously writing in early modern English, which is slightly RK exciting to us. But also he's using a dramatic form off early modern English. He's not trying to write in the conversational style people would have used on the street, so his style and writing drama is characterized by blank verse in a thing called I Am Beck Pentameter and I am back pentameter basically means the pentameter means tan sets. Often I am on my arm is an unstrapped syllable, followed by a stress syllable. So what a piece off work is a man. Hi, noble to reason. So every other syllable is stressed. That is, to help actors remember their lines. It also gives his work a poetic quality. So Shakespeare himself realised that interest in his work would last long after his death that he wasn't just writing for his own time out. Accordingly, he cursed his grave. So this is the inscription on his grave. Good friend for Jesus, sick forbear to dig the dust and close it here. Blessed be the man who spares thes stones and cursed be he that moves my boats night. You'll notice the spelling spelling in English didn't become standardized until Samuel Johnson wrote the dictionary couple of centuries after Shakespeare, so there was no such thing at that point in history as a right unroll spelling, we're going to look at a few off Shakespeare's works. No, some of us plays on a couple of his poems. It was very, very difficult to decide which off the canon of Shakespeare to talk about. So I've decided to go with picking a tragedy, a comedy, a history play on looking at some of his poetry. So pro, possibly his greatest tragedy is Hamlet. Other King Lear is starting to creep up the cannon alongside Hamlet so you can see Hamlet here. Portrayed by Benedict Cumberbatch. Many, many famous actors over the centuries have played Hamlet. Mel Gibson has played Hamlets. Laurence Olivier has played Hamlet. David Talent has played Hamlet. You know, it's it's a role. The doctors really well. So Hamas as a play follows a very Shakespearean theme. The hero who has flaws which caused harmed himself on to others. So Shakespeare actually didn't write any original stories. He didn't make up the stories of his place. He tended Teoh work from other sources. This is based on Scandinavian folk tales and possibly on a play that was a couple of decades old at the time, called Our Hamlet Other that's considered to be debatable. So this players at the top of the Shakespearean cannon, as we mentioned. So let's called to mind a very, very famous quotation from the play. This is from the famous nunnery scene, where Hamlet tells Ophelia, Get thee to a nunnery. To be or not to be. That is the question whether it is nobler in the mind, to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune or to take arms against a sea of troubles and by opposing and them to die, to sleep no more and by a sleep to say we end the heartache and the 1000 natural shocks that flashes heir to tis a consummation devoutly to be wished to die, to sleep, sleep, perchance to dream. Ay, there's the rub for in that sleep of death, what dreams may come when we have shuffled off this mortal coil must give us pause. So to be or not to be. Here's in essence, contemplating suicide in this very famous speech on that line to sleep, perchance to dream, obviously incredibly famous Shakespeare's work. As you know, you might hear it every week and conversation, and when you're watching TV, Shakespeare's quoted all the time. So what has got Hamlet into the state off despair? Well, when the play opens, Hamlet is confronted with the ghost of his father, who was the king of Denmark on what it transpires has happened is that his father has been poisoned by his own brother, Claudius, who then marries Hamlet's mother, Gertrude. So way. Ask ourselves. Why, then, has Hamlet not become king if his father is dead and he's the Prince of Denmark? Well, Claudius is the kind of Percy's just moves in and takes charge so Hamlets than fins, mental instability in order, basically, to keep himself alive on to try and work out some kind of revenge against Claudius. And he has been in love with the ill fated Ophelia. But unfortunately, there is a little mistake, which happens where Hamlet believes that Claudius is behind a screen waiting to kill him and stops the person behind screen who turns out to be Polonius. Ophelia. US father Ophelia van develops a mental illness, and she ends up committing suicide, her burial being a very moving moment in Shakespeare, um, the end of the play. It is, of course, a tragedy. At this point, Claudius decides to enter into a pact with Les Artie's Sophie Leo's brother, who is very angry with Hamlet for having caused the death of both his father and his sister , albeit inadvertently, so they arrange a deal with swords between Hamlet and Lay Artie's The sword is poisoned, as is the wine. Gertrude unwittingly drinks the wine to salute her son and she dies. Hamlet dies. It's basically one of those Shakespearean plays where everybody dies, then 14 brass. The Prince of Norway turns up on her issue. Hamlets friend explains to him what happened. And there's this beautiful, beautiful line where Hamlet dies and the Horatio says to him, Good night, Sweet Prince. Flights of angels sing thee to thy rest. So it's a very, very long story, so I don't know how I Well, I have summarized it there. But if the play was performed in its Folio version, it would actually take it ours to perform. So I believe there are about three different versions of Hamlet two from the quarter on one from the first Folio versions. So when when a director is staging the play, they have to make some decisions on what's going to be included on what is not ni. Let's Talk a Bite, one of Shakespeare's comedies, a very beautiful play called A Midsummer Night's Dream. You can see Gwendolyn Christie from Game of Thrones here in a Midsummer night's dream again . This is a play that has attracted Very Mitt many famous actors over the years. So A Midsummer Night's Dream. It's a bit complicated to explain the plot because it's got four of them, the first being around the marriage of PCs, Duke of Athens, to Polito, the queen of the Amazons. So while that is going on, Hermia, who is in love with Lysander but her father wants to marry her off to a guy called Demetrious, who's actually the object of her best friend, Holiness affections. So we've got a sort of love rectangle going on there. Then there are the mechanicals here, a group of actors who are set to perform at the Royal wedding on. There's also the story going on of the King and Queen of the Fairies, the fairies in A Midsummer Night's dream, being responsible for an awful lot of the mischief which happens. And that's a very classical motif coming from the classical world where supernatural beings are actually really in control. So King over all of the fairies and Queen Titania have been having an ongoing dispute. Oberon wants to make Titania fall in love with him again. decides to give her a love potion and sent his servant, the comical puck, to deliver the potion on. The idea is that Titania will fall asleep, and when she wakes the first person she sees, she'll fall in love with that person. So she falls in love with the ass head of bottom, which causes much comedy. That's all a little bit farcical. It's got a supernatural element. It's a fun play. It's a beautiful quote from A Midsummer Night's Dream. Love looks not with the eyes but with the mind and therefore is winged Cupid painted blind , not Shakespeare, normally wrote in blank verse. A Midsummer Night's Dream Does Rhyme. This is the kind of quote, you know, if you search for maims based on Shakespeare, that you'll find all over the Internet. But Shakespeare. I had a beautiful way of our articulating little points of human existence, and this is one example of that. So history plays aren't plays with a classical fame were also part of the canon of Shakespeare. Here is a scene from Antony and Cleopatra. She experience frequently references the classical world. We saw that in a Midsummer Night's dream, where he's talking about and Polyta, the queen of the Amazons. You used classical sources quite a lot. The source for Antony and Cleopatra was presumably plea talk and have been interested in the classical era in Roman politics. He, of course, also wrote Julius Caesar, So Antony and Cleopatra is classified as a history play. But it's also a tragedy, and it has comic moments and moments of romance as well. So the meeting off Cleopatra and Antony is legendary, so interestingly because he would have had access to elaborate staging. But he creates this impact entirely with language. I will tell you this is spoken by in a bar bus. Who's one of Marc Anthony's soldiers? I will tell you. The bar she sat in like a burnished throne burned on the water. The poop was beaten gold, purple, the sails and so perfumed that the wind were love sick with, um, the oars were silver, which, to the tune of flutes, kept stroke amid the water, which they beat to follow faster as amorous of their strokes. For her own person, it beggars all description. She did lie in her pavilion cloth, gold of tissue, or picturing that Venus, where we see the fancy artwork nature on each side. Her stood pretty, dimpled boys like smiling Cubans with diverse colors. Fans who's when did seem to glow the delicate cheeks, which they did cool and what they wondered, did. So Cleopatra has gone all out to win over Anthony Andi. She's obviously made a huge impression in a bar bus here, describing the sumptuous Golden barge and the Venus herself that is Cleopatra herself. So, using language to impress upon the audience walked. The part of this woman is she is enormously wealthy. She's enormously powerful, and more than that, she's very beautiful. Andi. She's also to use a modern term. She's pretty much the queen of spin. She mixed this very important Roman visitor wet on the dockside for her timing. And then she's very carefully set up the first impression she probably would have been amazing. All instagram, some other beautiful and famous quotes from Anthony and Cleopatra Edge cannot, whether her nor custom, stale her infinite variety. Other women cloy the appetites they feed. But she makes hungry where most she satisfied. So her infinite variety and a wonderful encapsulation of the character of Cleopatra, who is considered to be one of the most well developed female characters in Shakespeare. Incidentally, in Shakespeare's Day, female characters were not played by women but by younger boys interchange between Anthony and Cleopatra. Here, Cleopatra says, if it be love indeed, tell me how much unanswered the famously says. There's bag ary in the love that can be reckoned to, which Cleopatra replies, I'll set of born high, far to be beloved. Anthony then must die needs Find out. New heaven, New Earth. So Cleopatra saying I'll I'll set a boundary and high far. You should love May and Antonia, saying You'd have to actually create a whole new universe to do that very dramatic. So then very famous quote. Some are born great, Some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them. So that's quite often quoted, even in the modern day, usually in a political setting. So Antony and Cleopatra very beautiful play. I recently saw a version of it where it was performed as a comedy on the characters of Antony and Cleopatra, presumably well into their four days were kind of depicted Oz being eternal teenagers and lacking and maturity. But the ending over is of course, tragic on beautiful. On the loyalty off Cleopatra's women to her is actually another very moving aspect to the place of very much worth reading. Ni. We're going to look at one of the history plays I referenced earlier, and that is Richard the third, just because it demonstrates the impact off Shakespeare on the public consciousness because actually what we believe about the rial life, Richard. The third comes from Shakespeare's depiction. And yet the recent discovery off the body of Richard the Third has caused us to really question our attitudes towards him and what kind of a person he really waas. So Ian McKellen here, As you can see, he is not dressed in litter. Many evil garb. There was a fad around the nineties and early two thousands to perform. She experience in other time settings, just as a way of indicating that his stories are universal. So Shakespeare's Richard the Third is really a monster responsible for the murder of Henry's six. I'm not sure there's any historical evidence for that On off the princes in the Tar night, it is debatable whether or not in real life Richard the third killed the princes in the tar , the sons of his brother, who were standing in the way of his achieving the throne. But he does seem to be the person we have the most motivation. But that is a mystery which history has yet to solve. He did seem to do a number of quite positive things. Apparently, he invented bail. That was interesting fact about Richard the third. But Richard the third and Shakespeare is a total monster. So here is the very famous speech by Richard. The third, at this point in the play known as Gloucester Noise, went of our discontent. I'm just gonna find another version of it, but I can read a bit more clearly for you, which really encapsulates the play's attitude towards Richard, which has been so powerful through the centuries that it has come to bay. What the world believed by Richard the Third. Although these are not the words off Richard, the third himself, they were written by Shakespeare. No, I, as the winter of our discontent made glorious summer by the Sun of York, referring Teoh, his brother, who has just become king at that point that they believe that the Yorks had one light over the Lancasters and all the clause that lured upon our highs in the deep bosom of the ocean Buried Ni are brize bind with victorious wreaths. Our bruised arms hung up for monuments are starting alarms changed Mary meetings on dreadful marches to delightful measures. Grimm Visage War has smoothed his wrinkled front a ni. Instead of mourning Barbot states to fight the souls of fearful adversaries. He campers nimbly in the Lady's chamber to the lascivious pleasing of a lute. But I that am not shaped for sportive tricks nor made to court an amorous looking glass I that am rudely stamped on one love's Majesty struck before a wanton, ambling Men. Like an interesting depiction of Richard the third here, the discovery has body did prove that he had a physical deformity, but he's very much portrayed, and she experienced being hunched back, a monstrous and that was actually seen as being symbolic of his having a monstrous soul. That doesn't sit very well with the modern sensibility, I know, but that is the imagery from the place. So he's saying, here, I, um, Miss ship and I can't really expect to attract women so he's not only mistaken and monstrous. He's seen here, is quite lecherous as well. I've Adam cartons of this fair proportion cheated figure by the sampling nature deformed, unfinished, sent before my time. In other words, prematurely born into the breathing world, Scarce half made up and that so lamely and unfashionable that dogs bark at me as I hold by them. Why I, in this weak piping time of peace, have no delight to pass away the time unless to spy my shadow on the sun Onda scandal mine own deformity. And therefore, since I cannot prove a lover to enter T in these fair, well spoken days, I am determined to prove a villain and hit the idle pleasures of these days. Plots have I laid inductions dangerous by drunken prophecies Libels on dreams to set my brother Clarence on the King and Dad Lee hit the one against the other on If King Edward B is true and just as I am subtle, false and treacherous this day should Clarence closely beam you'd up about a prophecy which says that G off Edward's heirs, the murderer shall be dive thoughts during my soul Here, Clarence comes So what? He's in essence, saying he's going to attempt here is to turn his brother the king, against his other brother of the Duke of Clarence so that they'll wipe each other. I then he'll off his brothers, sons on become king. So not at all a pleasant character on, perhaps not at all, a treated life character we don't know. But what this does go to show as Shakespeare's par and the public consciousness to form our perceptions. Finally, I'm going to look at Shakespeare's sonnets. Shakespeare wrote. 154 So nuts. So I'm gonna I'm going to read you a little definition of what Asana is here. Just, um, so that we're clear on the kind of poetry that this is so a solid has 14 lines, 10 syllables per line on a prescribed rhyming scheme. So that is what makes a poem Asama. So 154 of these short poems and they're actually thought to be autobiographical and come from Shakespeare's own life, and they're mostly around a theme of love. So solid 18 is possibly the most famous. Shall I compare thee to a summer's day by art more lovely and more temperate rough winds to shake the darling buds of May and summers. Leaf have all too short a dit Sometime too hot the Eye of heaven shines on often his, his gold complexion dimmed at every fair from Frayer. Sometime declines by chance furnitures changing course on trend. But Thigh Eternal Summer shall not fed nor lose possession of the third Iost. Nor shall death brag Maiwand wrists in a shared when an eternal lines to time by grossed, so long as men can breathe or eyes can see so long lives this and gives life to thee. So whomever he wrote this solid bite is immortalized by it. And just to finish this sectional Shakespeare. I love this sonnet. It's actually in the movie of Sense and Sensibility, the one with Kate Winslet on Emma Thompson. If you're interested, it's it's quoted there. It shows something off Shakespeare's experience of humanity off his beautiful use off language on off a little bit of wisdom. So let's finish just with the words of these poems. This section on William Shakespeare let me not to the marriage of true minds admit impediments. Love is not love, which alters when it alteration finds or bends with the remover to remove. Oh no, it doesn't ever fix it, Mark that looks on tempests and is never shaken. It is the star to every wandering bark who's worth unknown, although his height be taken. Love's not time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks within the banding sickles compass come but alters not with his brief ours and weeks, but bears it. I'd even to the edge of doom if this be error on a palm Me proved I never writ nor no man ever loved. 18. Christopher Marlowe : Now let's talk about that great contemporary and influence upon Shakespeare. Christopher Marlowe, who was a port, a playwright. I'm quite possibly a spy. In fact, Christopher Marlowe's life and his sad and untimely death are as much of a mystery and an enigma as any of his works. So who Waas the mysterious Christopher Marlowe known by his contemporaries as Kit Marlowe? He was the foremost Elizabethan tragedy in until his mysterious murder. He died in very mysterious circumstances, very young, and after that he was succeeded by William Shakespeare as the foremost Elizabethan tragedy and dramatist. He was the sum of XI maker John Marlow and his wife, Catherine, so relatively humble beginnings. He was born encounter bray and baptized on the 26th of February 15 64. So he was two months older than Shakespeare. He studied a Corpus Christi college in Cambridge, where he gained a bachelor of arts Ont. He should have gained a master of arts, but the university refused to award him his master's degree due to their belief, he intended to go to rains to become a Catholic priest. Now that would have been quite subversive under the ran off the Protestant Queen Elizabeth the first. So he walls actually eventually awarded his master of arts at the insistence of the Privy Council due to his services to you, the queen. So we don't entirely know what these services to the Queen where, But it's quite likely it was some of form of espionage. It's entirely possible he was one officer, Francis Walsingham spies other. We have no confirmation of this. So the first play that he wrote was Timberline, which is considered the one of the two first successful plays of the London Theatre. Along with another play by Thomas Kid. He also wrote Died a queen of Carthage. He wrote Edward the second he wrote the Massacre at Paris on Dr Fyssas, amongst others. His poetry includes heroin Leander, which has commented upon and modern ties for the homoeroticism. It contains the homoerotic poetry Waas common in this period of literature on the passionate shepherd to his love. Unfortunately, his catalog is obviously fairly limited in that he died quite young in 15 93 so high on why did Marlowe die on? That still remains a bit of a mystery. But to cut a long story short, libelous leaflets had appeared attacking Hugo. No Protestants, which were concerning the authorities, these leaflets quoted Marlow, and they were actually signed Timberland. So when Marlo's colleague, Thomas Kid, had his apartment raided on incriminating text refined, he blamed Marlowe for these texts, and he described Marlowe as blasphemous, disorderly, holding, treasonous opinions, being an a religious rep, ribbit and in temperate and over cruel heart night when whether any of these things are actually true, we don't know. But being accused of blasphemy on actually off being a religious, you know, being accused of atheism under the rule of Elizabeth the first the Protestant head of the Church of England, you're actually being accused off political subversion off being an enemy of the state. So it was actually pretty serious. So a warrant from Marlowe's arrest was decreed on the 18th of May 15 93. He turned up when summoned to the Privy Council to find that the council wasn't sitting that day and it was gonna be postponed. But before he could be tried, he was stabbed by Ingram Fraser some 10 days later, Andi. As a result of those injuries, he died, so it's not actually clear if his murder waas connected. Teoh, the charge of bust may, Oh, different ideas off. What? The motivation for his murder might have pain. None of them have ever been proven that jealous of her husband Thomas's relationship with Marlo, Audrey Walsingham arranged for him to be murdered. One possibility Sir Walter Raleigh arranged the murder feeling that under torture Marlowe might incriminate him because we believe that Marlowe may have been a spy for for rally with Scares the man player. The murder resulted from attempts by the Earl of Essex to use Marlowe to incriminate Sir Walter Raleigh. He was killed on the orders of father and son Lord Burleigh and Sir Robert Cecil, who thought that his place contained Catholic propaganda. Another suggestion he was accidentally killed while Fraser and Scares were pressurising him to pay back money he owed them. Also possible on another suggestion is that Marlowe was murdered at the behest of several members of the Privy Council. He feared that he might reveal them to be atheists Night. We don't have a shred of evidence backing up any of this, but you'll just notice that all these suggestions are widely varying. But they all have to do with marl having some kind of secret life, a life off espionage. But of course, he also had a very public life as a quite famous, unsuccessful some other suggestions regarding the motivation for his murder that the queen ordered his assassination because of his subversive, atheistic behavior. Some people believe that his plays promote atheism, and other people actually see a religious message in them. I don't think either stunts has really Bean Clearly proven. Freezer murdered him because he envied Marlowe's close relationship with his master, Thomas Walsingham, and fared the effect that Marlowe's behavior might have on wall sing hymns reputation then . Another idea is that Marlowe faked his own death to save him from the trial that was coming on to protect him from possibly being executed. So we have no real answer. But it was still the tragic death off a grit, grit, talent. So Ni let's look at that early successful play Timberline. The play marks the ascent of the shepherd Tom Berlin, who goes from being a shepherd to eventually control off the Persian Empire on That's in Time, Berlin, Part one. There is a second part to the story in which he becomes more and more crew due to his part and Savage and he grooms his sons for par. In Part two, he burns the Koran and claims to be greater than God. So this is where the accusations off if promoting atheism, come and Marlowe's works. But actually he is here, just describing the overwhelming hubris off the character. In the final act, he becomes, Oh, but he defeats one more photo. He tells his sons to conquer the rest of the earth before he dies. So it is a theme, and Marlo tohave protagonists who just overrate, should just go too far. And then, you know, everything starts going wrong. That was something that Shakespeare very much picked up on. A lot of his protagonists have fatal flaws that impact themselves and others, so the play is considered one of the first successes of the London stage. It marks a departure from the clumsy dialogue that went before it to blank first to poetic speaking nature that framed us of four elements warring within our breasts for regiment does teach us all toe have aspiring minds so beautiful quote from timberline for a modern audience Marlowe's most famous play is possibly Edward The Second Night, just as when Shakespeare wrote Richard the third's, It went on to form our perceptions off the real life Richard, the third, which have recently being debunked with the discovery of his body. Edward the second is not completely historically accurate, but a lot of the things that we believe about the Plantagenet King come from Marlowe's play . So the full title of the play is the troublesome ran and lamentable death of Edward, the second king of England with the tragical full of pride Mortimer. But that's a bit of a might feel, so we'll just call it Edward. The Second Homoeroticism is a huge theme of the play, as it is in Renaissance literature generally, and especially in Marlow. We're gonna look at Hero and Leander a little later, which also has homoerotic things. We view Edward the second and the modern day as almost a gay martyr, someone who was killed for his sexuality, the actual historical reasons for the death of Edward, the second, which may or may not have been assassination. Most likely it was, but we don't know for sure are more complex than just being a bite. His homosexuality down Jones book on the plantar Genet's has a grit section in the arm. Edward, the second, who basically was quite a weak king. His father had been a great military leader, but Edwards the second was embarrassingly and humiliatingly defeated at Bannockburn, which was part of the reason for his fall, also his treatment of his wife, Isabella. In the play, she's very much vilified. She plots his murder and she takes up the lover. She's quite a better woman, but in real life Edward the second had more or less and present her and her castle. He wouldn't ally her to have French servants, which meant she was cut off from people she had known and loved her whole life. She was treated with a certain level of cruelty until Edward the second needed her to go on a diplomatic mission to France, which wasn't sin because that sent her back to her party's. She was both the daughter and over French king, and she was also the sister off three French kings who, sending her back to France, was giving her quite substantial allies against the husband who had treated her badly, so that's a bit more of the historical black run. But it's not exactly what goes dine in the play. So the source for the play is Rafael Hauling Sheds chronicles, which Marla Fall is quite faithfully, except for introducing the character of Light Born, which is an English way of saying Lucifer light carrying, which is just one slight difference. So the play was published in 15 94 soon after Marlowe's death, on only three copies remand by the 20th century. One was in Zurich, while most is destroyed during the Second World War On then, another one was fined in Germany. Bind up with the treaties, arguing against executing heretics, which was quite forward thinking for its day on another own Turkey and Islam. Let's look at the story of the play. It opens with Edwards recall off his lover Pierce Galveston from exile after the death of Edward the first. So he's now I become king. He can do as he likes on Galveston, tells the Qinghai he may not be high born, but he's a lover of art and of literature. He can please the king, so the nobles clamor for Galveston to be exiled again. He's not popular in court. Andi Edward gives in on Sanson toe Ireland. At this time, Queen Isabella persuades her future lover, Roger Mortimer, to help her argue for Galveston's return from exile. She knows that this will carry favor with the king, but also she wants to arrange Galveston's murder. So Edward seeks Comfort arrived this time from his new favorites, Spencer and son Isabella on her son, Edward. Travel two fronts to garner allies so that that differs a little bit from what actually happened in history, As I described earlier, so Edward is humiliatingly defeated at the battle of Bannockburn. He flees and take shelter in Neath Abbey, where he is betrayed by a mower with a side. So there's clear imagery of death there on the Spencers are executed. He's then and president of Barkley Castle, where he makes his executioner liked born or Lucifer on in the play, and this is really entered into the public consciousness, and these stories must have come from somewhere. The mode of execution is a hot poker to his biles, which would have left no external mark and could also be viewed as a savage punishment for his homosexuality. So Isabella warns Mortimer that her son Edward, the third, has discovered their plot. She bags Edward the third for Mercy, but he refuses. He imprisoned. So Isabella on executes Mortimer night. In real life, I believe that Edward the third did not, in fact, in prison. His mother, she was still part of the court, but she was kept a very low profile. According to the book In the Plant Arjun, it's by Dan Jones. So the play ends with Edward the third, taking the throat. So looking at a couple of very famous quotes from Edward the second. So this could here to the right about the divine right of kings. In essence, we've seen high Shakespeare talk to bite Plantagenet kings on Lancastrian kings in a way that waas to flatter the cheater regime. Marlowe. Although he's talking about the plan tagine, it's on criticizing the Pont Arjun. It's is definitely not doing this. Elizabeth. The first would have believed in the divine right of kings and, by extension, the divine right of Queens that she was especially chosen by God, that there was something special and noble, a bite her. But Marlo was saying here. But what are kings when regiment is gone but perfect shadows in a sunshine day? In other words, monarchs are simply puppets off the regime that's both bring them up. They are not particularly special people. This would have been considered subversive in his day, like there is a lot in Edward the second, which is about failures off leadership on in this quote by Galveston, which we seem here. See here to the left. It's talking about Edward the second's love off pleasure rather than kingly pursuits such as, you know, warfare politics. Generally running the kingdom, he is more given to pleasure. Music and poetry is his delight. Therefore, I'll have Italian masks by night. There is a slight criticism there. Another great play, by Christopher Marlowe, died. Oh, Queen of Carthage. So this is based, of course, on Virgil. Zany it so like Shakespeare, he loves to use classical sources place. So there's a love triangle going on, cause Daido suitor Jarvis is quite polite when she takes up with an ES Die does. Sister is in love with the RBIs on encourages her to pursuing an ES. And, as in The Midsummer Night's Dream and then in a lot off classical literature, the gods are really behind the events. Venus is the one who initiates the match between Did Win and S. Cupid encourages that keeps it going, but eventually Jupiter orders and years to seek his destiny in Italy. To continue with his quest, he leaves Daido, who at that point commits suicide. So compare the similarity of the fames of this play to a midsummer night's dream onto Antony and Cleopatra. Heaven envious of our joys is walks in pill and when we whisper than the stars fall done to be part acres of our honey talk so you can see the kind of verse employed by Christopher Marlowe, which set a convention for theater off his time. Going to look at Marlo's was famous poem hero and Leander. Here's a little quote from it. It lies not in our power to love. Our hit for willingness is overruled by fit. When two or stripped along air the course begin, we wished that one should lose the other win on one, especially to re effect of two gold ingots like in each respect the reason no man knows. Let it suffice what we behold a censured by our eyes, where both deliberate the love is slight. Whoever loved that loved not at first sight. So the poem was completed by George Chapman after Marlowe's death, and it's in a pillion or many epic, although it's not on the theme off the tragic hero who travels and has adventures. Like many epics in the classical world, it's on the theme of love. So again, something with a classical influence on influence from Greek mythology Common and Marlo, also in Shakespeare, So plot Summary goes a bit like this. It relates the Greek legend of Hero and Leander, her young lovers living in cities and opposite sides of the Hellis port, a narrow stretch for the sea and what is my northwestern Turkey? On what separates Europe and Asia. So two very different cultures Hero is a priest S or David T. Of Venus, who is the goddess of love and beauty as we know, and she lives and chastity. Despite being devoted to the goddess of love at a festival in honor off Venus and Adonis, she has seen by Leander on, he basically falls instantly in love with her. She reciprocates, although consciously as she is made of by of chastity, Venus Leander convinces her to abandon her fares. So here lives in a high tar overlooking the water. He asks her delight lump in her window, and he promises to swim the hellis point each night to be with her. She goes along with this on his first night swim, the Andhra spotted by Neptune, the god of the sea, who confuses him with Ganymede and carries him to the bottom of the ocean. Discovering his mistake, the gold returns him to shore with the bracelet supposed to keep him safe driving. Leandra emerges from the hellis Point, finds heroes. Tar unlocks in the door. Which hero then opens to find him standing stark naked. She lets him whisper in her air, so flatter and treat promised protest on swear and after a series of koi halfhearted attempts to defend her fort. In other words, keep her chastity. She yields to bliss, and at that point, when the dawn is breaking, the poem breaks off. That was the last that Marlowe had written 19. Edmund Spenser : video. We're going to talk about one of the finding fathers of modern English poetry because remember the language around this time in history is the start of modern English. It's not old English, so this little section is called Edmund Spenser, the social climbing poet, And we'll find out why in just a second. So who? Waas? Admin Spencer? Well, as I've already mentioned, he's one of the most influential poets in modern English. So we've looked at Marlowe and Shakespeare who reports and playwrights. Spencer is a poet on the translator. We haven't really got into the error off the novel quite yet, So poetry Andi Place are the men literary genre. Off the time Spencer lived from 15 52 or three until 15 99 dying at the early age of 46 or 47. His most famous work is The Fairy Queen, which is an allegorical fantasy. What basically celebrates Elizabeth the first in a very unveiled way on the shooter Dentist E. In an attempt to curry favor. I'm getting a place in court. So he was born in the fairly deprived area of a Smithfield in London, and his parentage is actually quite obscure, but he was probably the son of John Spencer, who was a journeyman cloth maker. So, like other great writers that we've looked at from this period, he had a fairly modest upbringing. Wasn't born wealthy. You compare that to the time of Chaucer, where writers, where from were privileged social backgrounds, and that's high their parents could have afforded to have them educated. Literacy is more common in this period of history. So, you know, writers air coming from more diverse social classes. So in 15 70 it he became secretary to the bishop of Rochester. So he works hard on. He's going up in the world. In 15 79 he published The Shepherds calendar, which was based on Virgil's clogs. So notes the classical influence similar to other writers that we've looked at from this period. Also, in that year, he married MCA. Bias Child is not written them. They had two Children. So Varmus and Catherine Ni you can probably hear my Northern Irish accent so you will be able to tell why I might have some issues with Edmund Spenser and 15 80 he moved to Ireland in the service of the Lord deputy Arthur Gray, who was the 14th Baron Grey of Wilton, Andi under Grey Answer Walter Raleigh. He took part in this Merrick massacre. This was when a group off local rebels, where will they basically surrendered to the English who brought a force against them? But despite the fact that they surrendered, the English under Baron Gray basically executed every soldier, every rebel who surrendered. So that is considered a massacre in our history. In 15 87 to 58 he acquired his ministate, which is called Kill Coleman, which was in North Cork. So he's gone from modest backgrounds to owning on a state being a property owner. And a letter bought a second property at Ronnie, overlooking the River Blackwater, so its ruins can actually still be seen today on their walls and oak tree nearby that was suddenly destroyed by lightning in 1960. But it used to be referred to his Spencer's oak on it was believed that he wrote the very queen under this particular trait. In 15 90 the fairy queen was published on Spencer, traveled to London to promote it, presented Lee with the patronage of Sir Walter Raleigh. He was actually paid a 50 point pension by Elizabeth, the first who recognized that she waas the fairy queen in the Fairy Queen. She was clearly quite flattered, and it was actually one of only two ports to be given a pension. He had aspirations of joining the royal court, but unfortunately, he happened to have fanned William Cecil Lord Burleigh, who was Queen Elizabeth secretary and very powerful when he published the satirical Mother Hubbard's Tail. In 15 94 his first wife having died, he married the much younger Elizabeth Boyle, who was the sister of the first Earl of Court. So it gets himself well and to Irish aristocracy. Will the English aristocracy in Ireland more correctly? He addressed a series of solace to her called a Moretti. Little Love on the marriage was celebrated in his poem Effie Fallopian that was quite challenging to say that so Spencer on English colonialism in Ireland. So he's an Ireland lie. He's a landowner, a powerful landowner and Ireland. In 15 96 he wrote a pamphlet so inflammatory that it couldn't be published until well into the 17th century, and it was called the presence did of Ireland and it, he argued the English could only pacify what he called pacify Ireland by completely destroying its indigenous language, Gaelic and culture by violence if necessary. Not unfortunately, this kind of thinking still causes problems in the present day and the Northern Irish Assembly, which is only just being reinstated this week. They are discussing an Irish language act on People have been quoting the saying, but every word spoken on N Irish is a blow to English colonialism in Ireland. So this kind of attitude, well, it causes me to view. Spencer is a sort of proto terrorist, but it wasn't unusual in his day, sadly so, as a result of his being involved in this movement by the English Teoh take over Ireland during the nine years war. Irish rebels burn Spencer's a state at Kill Coleman on According to the playwright Ban Johnson, one of Spencer's infant Children was killed in the fire. So at that point he moved back to London, where he died quite quickly after that at the early age of 46 or 47 he's actually buried in Poets Corner. So let's look at this famous work, the fairy queen on here you see the Penguin Classics cover. The fairy Queen actually features a painting of Elizabeth the first because it was clearly a political work. So here we have a quote from the fairy queen. The gentle mind by gentle deeds is known for a man by nothing is so, well bereted as by his manners. So it sounds quite moralistic, which it is, So it's actually one of the longest poems in English. It will take quite a while to raid if you decide to read it, and it's written in what's called Spend Syrian stanzas. So you have nine lines in iambic pentameter. We talked to buy iambic pentameter in the Shakespeare Video, followed by one and I Am backpacks Ometer. So that's five sets off I Am's on. I am being on unstrapped syllable, followed by a stress of syllable. On There is a repeating rhyme scheme. Ni, as we saw earlier marry evil poetry was all about alliteration on its around this period. That rhyme is becoming a key feature of English poetry, so Spencer presented books 123 of the Fairy Queen. There are six books of the fairy, Queen Elizabeth, the first and 15 89 before it was published in 15 90. So presumably he did this with the help of Sir Walter Raleigh making the introduction, she, of course, completely flattered by it and give him a pension. So let's look at a synopsis off the fairy Queen. It's very, very long, so this is counting at quite short in back one, we concentrate on the Rachael Off Holiness, and it's a bite. The Adventures of the Red Cross Night and his paramour owner. He's filled by a wicked wizard and believing that she's on chest, but they are betrothed by the end of the book. Big to We focus on the virtue off Temperance on Sir Guyon overcomes temptations to violence , idleness on left in black. Three. The virtues Chastity as embodied by Bright Amar, who's a lady night Think Brianne of Tarth Ernie a little bit better looking, and she rescues the red car across night. So we have a lady rescuing amount here like that, they mate Marlin us in Berlin from the Arthur entails. King Arthur is also a figure, and the very great who tells their that her destiny is to find the English monarchy and she's seen a vision off her future lover article and her father's enchanted mirror in Book four. Brighter Mark two Fates article in battle. But when her helmet falls off and reveals her fair fists, he falls in love with her but five as a bite justice, as embodied by the dates of Sir af ical. And it's the idea of justice with and with Light Marseille and Book six is based on the verge of courtesy, courtesy as a body by Cirque Alodor. So that is a very, very brief synopsis off the Very queen very much worth reading. 20. John Milton: one of the major figures of English literature at actually of world literature is this man , John Milton, who is most famous for having written on epic poem named Paradise Lost. So he was a poet. He was a polymath, and he was someone who very much fell from favor during his lifetime. As we shall see, John Milton, Hey, lived from 16 0 it to 16 74. So who lived through the English Civil War was a port on intellectual in several fields. He knew a lot of fights science, theology, philosophy, history. He spoke many languages. He was, in general, a very bright guy, and he was a high ranking civil servant on Under Oliver Cromwell on Oliver Cromwell waas, the later of the British government in the wake of the execution of King Charles. The first who has not really done very well in history. I think he's seen us a bit of an unsympathetic figure. He did some truly ghastly things, but Milton was a big fan. He's fast known for having written Paradise loss, which is considered to bay really one of the major works of world literature. On one of the most important works in the English language. It's an epic poem on it's written in blank verse. He was an ardent Republican, as we've previously alluded to on during on after the Civil War. So after the English Civil War, he refused to recant on his previous political opinions. He was both praised. Unload by Samuel Johnson. Samuel Johnson famously said that Paradise Lost is a book that once put down is hard to pick up again. But he was also an influence on William Blake William Wordsworth on Thomas Hardy. He died completely broke after falling from favour following the restoration in 16 60 when King Charles the second reclaimed the throat. Here we see Milton as a young man, so John Milton was born and Brad straight in London. So he was born and a middle class home. The son of composer and scrivener John Milton and his wife, Sarah Jeffrey Night. John Milton had come from a very wealthy Catholic family and had actually being disinherited due to his attachment to Protestantism. And Milton's cheater was Thomas Young, who was a Scottish Presbyterian who introduced him to religious radicalism, which is something but runs through his work. He that attended some poll skill on there. He learned Latin and Greek on the classics are obviously a huge influence on his work. Paradise Lost is really the English equivalent off the classic. At 15 he wrote his first poems, which were to some. Milton's brother. Christopher remarked that when he was young, he studied very hard and sat up very lit commonly till 12 or one o'clock at night. He took studying very seriously. On from 16 25 to 16 29 he completed his bachelor's degree at Christ College, Cambridge, staying on to complete a master's degree in 16 30 t on the idea. That point was that he wanted to become an Anglican minister. He didn't get on very well with some of his teachers, and it's rumored that he was actually suspended for sometime due to a dispute with a teacher on theology. He didn't fare while socially at Cambridge, but he did write poetry while he was there, including on The Morning of Christ Nativity on Epitaph on the admirable dramatic poet W. Shakespeare and actually Milton's first ever published work, paired as an epilogue to the works of Shakespeare and it was anonymous, he then, after completing his degrees, moved to Horton Embark Scher and 16 35. And he undertook six years of private study, which was a bit harder in 16 35 it would be today. He obviously didn't have access to the Internet, so he had to come by all the books that he would need on. He studied ancient and modern theology, philosophy, history, politics, literature, on science and by the stage. This was intended to prepare him to become a poet. His commonplace book, which is a bit like a scrap off his intellectual development, is in the British Library. He could read and write Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, Spanish, Italian, old English and Dutch. On. During this time, he wrote, are Katie's Comus on lycee dust. Unless CDO's was analogy for a friend of his at Cambridge from May 16 30 it to July or August 16 39 he turned in front of it later, and there he became known as one of the foremost European intellectuals. He met several historians, theologians, poets and writers. There he returned home due to what he called sad tidings of civil war in England and in that civil war he wrote tracts in the Puritan on parliamentary cause night. The civil War had come a bite because Charles the first the King Waas, an opposition to Parliament on it was becoming felt that the pars of the king, where to extreme on that parliament should be given more pars. It's it's a bit more complicated than that, but this led to the English Civil War. Um, obviously, Milton was very much on the side of the parliamentarian. In 16 42 age 35 he married the 16 year old Mary Pile. She wasn't very happy with the 35 year old, and she went home to her family after only a month, not returning to him until 16 45 other. That was partly due to the Civil War. They had three daughters together on the son who very sadly only lived for a year. Milton's daughters survived into adulthood, but they had a strange relationship with their father. He wrote a defense of divorce at this time, which was considered a bit controversial and brought him to the attention of the authorities on Because of this, he wrote his famous defence of free speech on the parliamentary cause called area Paige Attar. A speech of Mr John Milton for the liberty of unlicensed printing to the parliament of England after parliamentary victory in the Civil War. He wrote The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates in 16 49 and it's same to sanction regicide. No, the execution of Charles the first the only English came to be executed sent shockwaves all around Europe, killing a king. While it's considered, you know, a horrific as in that time, the notion of the divine right of kings and the King as being appointed by God was widely held on. So on the orders of the kinds of states the governing body that had grown up after the execution of the King, Milton wrote a defense of the English people for having killed their king on. Then he wrote a second defense praising Oliver Cromwell. He was appointed secretary of state for foreign tongues by the Council of State on held this post until the restoration, and 16 60 he had actually gone blind completely by 16 52 on his work was carried out by several secretaries with Milton dictator Aunt. Here is Milton Sonnet number 19 a bite his blindness, and he entitled it when I consider how my light is spent. When I consider high, my life is spent air half my days in this dark world and wide on that one talent, which is death to hide. Launch with me, useless though my soul more bent to serve their with my maker on present, my tree a cunt. Last he returning chide the god exact day lever. Like tonight, I found, they asked, but patients to prevent that murmur soon, replies called off. Not need either man's work or his own gifts. Who best bear his mild joke. They serve him best. His state is kingly Bison's at his bidding speed on post or land and ocean without rest. They also serve who only stand on whit, so that became quite a famous line. They also serve who only stand and wit. But that's Milton's thoughts on his blindness, which we don't really know the cause of his blindness, but we might consider it to be rational detachment. We think something that might have happened to him are so some scholars. Then 15 56 Milton married Katherine Woodcock, who sadly died in 16 50. It so it wasn't a long marriage. When Oliver Cromwell died in 16 50 it the new administration began to crumble. Milton feared the restoration of the monarchy on suggested several alternatives, but the restoration eventually took place. In 16 60 Charles, the second took the throne. At that point, militants books were burned on, an order was issued for his arrest, and so he went into hiding things. Can't Dina bet on? In 16 63 he married 24 year old Elizabeth Nunez Better Menschel. They lived quietly in London for the rest off Milton's life, apart from retiring to Milton's Cottage and Chalfont ST Giles during the great plague of London. And you can see a picture of Milton's cottage here when she can actually go and visit if you happen to be in the area. Milton actually contributed to the exclusion debate, which dominated UK politics following the restoration. And that was regarding the exclusion of James Stewart, the Jacob York, from the succession due to his Catholicism's. So Melton actually wrote several tracks on religious tolerance. It was just Catholics that he had some issue with James Jared, of course, the father of Bonnie Prince Charlie who carried out a failed attempt to put his father on the throat. Some decades later, John Milton died of kidney failure on the eighth of November 16 74. You can see his tomb here. He's, um, commemorated as the writer of Paradise Lost. His funeral was attended by the intelligentsia on by the public. So by this stage, his Republicanism doesn't mean that you couldn't acknowledge him in public. Many writings, polemics, tracks on poetry. His magnum opus is considered to be Paradise Lost, which is an epic, blank verse poem. It first appeared in 16 67. The first version had 10 but on a thighs and lines of verse on a second version appeared in 16 74 which had 12. It's very much written and the manner or Virgil's A Needed, and it follows the biblical story off the fall of Man. Milton stated that the purpose of paradise lost was to justify the ways of God to man. So Milton was actually nearly 60 when it was first published, but he'd actually written some passages over in his youth as well as using classical motifs , for example, the character of sentence somewhat controversially, when he journeys. Three Chaos is slightly reminiscent off the journeying heroes of portray in the classical world, such as Virgil's a Niet on Homer's Odysseus. So some people claim that Milton was actually sympathetic to sitting. But Paradise Lost is one of those works where people really see their own views reflected. CS lists very strongly felt that this was not the case that wasn't sympathetic to loose. And then another literate credit called Absent Very much felt that it was so you can read up on make up your own mind but as well as following motifs of the classical world here also used across texts, which are a Hebrew form of writing, that you find the Book of Psalms quite look. For example, in Book nine, Off Paradise lost a verse describing the serpent or sitting and serpent form. Trying to tempt eight creates un across that that actually spells sitting. So another epic convention that's in paradise Lost is the angelic war. The massive war between the Angel's and the fallen Angel's on a large scale battle was common in epic poetry such as the Battle of the War Troy. So Adam and Eve asked God progress within Paradise Loss on a low expelled from Eden, Michael the Archangel tells Adam he may find a paradise within the happier far. I'm not very much reflect some of Milton's thinking. You'll see some more quotes from paradise Lost hair. The mind is its own place and in itself, comic a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven. So as you can imagine, that was slightly controversial in his day. Another famous quote, All is not lost on All is Not Lost is a here. We use that in common parlance, the unconquerable will and study of revenge, immortal hit and carriage Never to submit. Are you on what has else not to be overcome? So these grandiose statements on very lofty fame's that is common of epic poetry and remember English apart from Bear Wolf at this point in history didn't really have its own best love epic until Paradise lost at once. As Faras Angel's Can. He views the dismal situation waste and wild a dungeon horrible on all sides rinds as one great furnace flint. Yet from those flames, no light but rather darkness visible, served only just discover sites of woe. So it's written in blank verse, which means that it doesn't rhyme, but it does follow Ambac pentameter, and we talk to buy iambic pentameter on the video on six Bear. It is a on unstrapped syllable, followed by a stressed syllable and sets of 10 which you can see here. Of course, he was a big fan of shakes. Not I happened to pick up my copy off Paradise lost for 50 p in a second hand bookshop. So if you can get hold of it, it is an absolute classic, as I say, not just of English literature of world literature. Over the decades and centuries, there has been a fluctuating response to Milton, partly because it is Republicanism and also because of his product, Protestantism. Sorry and then, as I mentioned earlier, people do seem to interpretive from their own philosophical viewpoint. But it is an obsolete classic of world literature and something. But I highly recommend that you read 21. The Novel and the Cult of Sensibility : this section of the course. We're going to look at the novel on the rising cult of Sensibility, which was the beginning of the genesis of some of the philosophies that we embrace today. So we're going to look at some major figures in philosophy and literature. John Locke, Matthew Gregory Loose on on the other side, Samuel Johnson on Jane Austen While Sensibility. Well, it was an idea put forward by John Locke and his essay concerning human understanding, where, he said, I conceive that ideas in the understanding Arco evil with sensation, which is such an impression, or motion mid in some part of the body as medicine be taken notice off in the understanding . So understanding comes through the body through physical sensation, a bit contentious and its day and let there were those that believe that certain and it understanding was given by God on others, he believed just that there were more ways of acquiring understanding than through your physicality. What's interesting about this concept of sensibility, though, is it marks the move towards individual ism, which we see today in literature on also in public popular culture. And so it was a bit of a moment in literary history. It was an idea that wasn't just contained within literature. Medical writers such as George Chains described this phenomenon as hysteria and women on hypochondria and man. So it was thought of as a medical condition along the lines of clinical depression. And there was the sense then that emotional fragility. Andi expressiveness. I was both an illness on departure, so sentimental novels of the time. My sentimental novel you might understand that term is meaning something a little bit trashy and markets it actually repairs to the novels in the Cult of Sensibility, and you'll get characters weeping, fainting, having fits, be having an quite an emotionally extreme way during that period. We're going to look at some of those novels in this course. So on the other side off this philosophical debates, where the anti sensibility writers most noticeably Samuel Johnson, who created the first reliable dictionary. There are other dictionaries, but he created the one that's was definitive in 15 75. He also standardize spelling by doing that. So when we get to this point in English literature, there is standardize spelling, which there there wasn't in earlier periods. On another critic of Sensibility, Jane Austen. Of course, she wrote Sense and Sensibility on Northanger Abbey, both of which criticized Sensibility. So Johnson described the character of Miss Gentle by saying she daily exercise is her benevolence by pitying every misfortune that happens to every family within her circle of notice, she is an Arleigh terrors. Last one should catch cold in the ran, on the other, be frightened by the high wind. In other words, all this excessive emotion doesnt lead to people actually doing anything useful. And Johnson's view on Johnson, of course, praised awesome Austin for her observation off humanity for her realism. Because Austin on Johnson appreciate realism rather than excessive emotion in literature. In the last decades of the 18th century, sensibility came to be associated with the violence of the French Revolution. And so it was something that not only fell out of favor but actually came to be feared. So let's look at some of the novels from this period 22. Samuel Richardson: we're going to talk a little bit Ni Abide a novelist called Samuel Richardson, whose novel Pamela is considered one of the prime examples of a sentimental novel. Richardson was also important in the development of the novel as a genre, because you'll notice in the sections of the course leading up to this. We've more being talking about poems on place. That's really as the period off the novel. So who was Samuel Richardson? Well, he was an important figure, and the development of the novel is a genre after he's just said. And he actually published three novels, Pamela or Virtue rewarded Claressa, or the history of a young lady on the history of Sir Charles Grandison. He was the son of a joiner who had worked for James Scott, the first chick of Monmouth. And so when the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion failed, the Richardson family were forced to leave London on. Richardson's father was forced to give up his business, although they did later returned to London, where Samuel was educated at Christ Hospital grammar school. So he was a printer's apprentice, his father having allowed him to choose a trade, and he ended up marrying the daughter off the printer. Very sadly, he lost his first wife on their five sons. So if we're talking about extreme emotion and literature, well, you know, to lose five Children and your wife is a pretty extreme thing to happen to anyone. He then went on to marry again and had four daughters who all survived adult hood, thankfully, but they couldn't inherit his printing business. So he published his first novel, Pamela, aged 51. He was a rival, Henry Fielding on Fielding on Richardson used to sort of poke fun of each other styles within their works, so but they were writing no, a completely similar kind of novel, but they were both very much influenced by Sensibility. On the other hand, Jane Austen, who couldn't stand sensibility, poked fun at Richardson's writing style and her personal letters. He used on a pistol restyle, as if the novel were a collection of letters, and she mimicked this and her own letters. He died of a stroke and 17 61 at the age of 71. So the most famous novel by registered is probably caresses Andi. It's considered his masterpiece. It's also one of the longest novels in the English language so ever because referred to as Richard Sony in It doesn't mean it's based on the cult of Sensibility or it's written in an epistolary style. It means it's really, really long. We're going to talk about Pamela in this section, however, because Pamela really wasa pivotal novel, both in the development of the novel but in The Cult of Sensibility. So Pamela was published in 17 4 Day and you'll know Time moralistic. The title is Pamela, or Virtue rewarded. So when we think of this kind of individual is, um, that's cropping up in the cult of Sensibility, it's not the kind of individual ism that we have in a more modern period. It's not got connections with, say, moral relativism. It's still profoundly moralistic. So Pamela Andrews, who Zamir is subjected to the unwanted sexual advances off her employer, the wealthy landowner Mr Babe. So in a series of letters and journal entries, we see her try to reconcile her religious beliefs with her desire to please her employer. So, after failed seductions on the actual light sexual assaults on a prolonged kidnapping, kidnapping, being a very common motif and sentimental novels Mr Bae Mix and offer off marriage. So Pamela, upon marrying him, must grow accustomed to life in the upper classes. So I know from a modern point of view we're possibly thinking this guy sexually assaults on , kidnaps her on. She agrees to marry him. Well, we're obviously talking about a novel that comes from a very different time. Yes, there there are aspects of the story, which are a little bit disconcerting, but the way Richard Nixon is framing it is that the the very moral and virtuous Pamela has actually one night and hit paydirt because she's managed to climb up the social ladder and secure economic security, and which tells you quite a lot a bite her time. And that's also a subject that's very much covered in Austen's novels. So Famine ist critics are are kind of divided on Richardson's work, some of them prayers, his telling the story from a woman's point of view and showing a woman's emotions. There's obviously some quite extreme incidents, and the novel some very strong emotions. It's very much a novel of the cult of sensibility, So here is a quote by Samuel Richardson. The life of a good man is a continual warfare, with his passions so being controlled by passions in life being all about emotion. That's very much of the cult of Sensibility on. We're gonna look in the next video at another quite famous author off this period. It didn't quite see it like that. 23. Jane Austen : Let's talk by about one of the most popular novelists off this period, someone whose work captures our imagination even today. And that is Jane Austen. Lijun Austin wrote novels, which are, in essence, Cinderella stories, where usually the heroin comes good in the end and marries the love of her life. But there was a little bit more to that than just pure romance, and her novels have a lot to say about the role of women and especially the economic rule of women in the late 18th century. We know what we don't know about Jane Austen, and as we'll see a little bit later in this video, there are some reasons why some of her life is shrouded in mystery. But what we do know was that she was born in Stevenson and Hampshire on the 16th of December 17 75 and she was actually a month beyond her Judit. So she was much anticipated, a much rejoiced over. She was one of seven Children born to George Austin, who was a Church of England rector and minister, and his wife, Cassandra, on a lot of biographers have commented on high end the Austin High School intellectual conversation with something that happened quite often on. They were very laissez faire. They listened to a range of opinions and often had intellectual discussions with their neighbors. So Jen Austen's novels mark an important transition from the cult of Sensibility to 19th century literary realism, and that is part off her role in the English literature can on her observation off humanity . And she actually actively disliked the overblown emotion off the cult of Sensibility. Austin published six complete novels in her lifetime, all of which have an important rule in the English literature Calum, the first being Sense and Sensibility. Sense and Sensibility, is very much her response to the cult of Sensibility. We have two sisters in Sense and Sensibility. Mariane, who represents Sensibility on, is very overly romantic and unrealistic on the very sensible unpractical Eleanor and, of course, at the end of the novel Marianne Mix a sensible marriage with the a much older man partly for economic reasons, though hopefully a little bit out of love to the novels a bit on Big, Big Us and whether it is really a romantic or ah or a practical union, because her, her kind of emotional awareness and her romanticism later into a bit of trouble during the novel. So Northanger Abbey again, this was an attack on the cult of Sensibility. There were 32 novels in one decade proceeding, the publication of Northanger Abbey that had the word Abbey in because in the cult of Sensibility and the sentimental novels, quite often there was a theme. All the heroin being secluded away in a castle or on Abby Pride and Prejudice. Of course, the BBC did an epic version of Pride and Prejudice. Many years go with with Jennifer Alien Colin Firth on That really brought Austin into the public consciousness. We've had streams of movies based on her novel since then, with some very famous actors and actresses. But Bride and Prejudice again, it's a little bit off a Cinderella story. Elizabeth Bennet in the Ends marries. No, I wouldn't say that she's in love with Mr Darcy for the whole of the novel. He's actually not the man of her dreams, but he becomes that way, and she mix this sort of sideways remark when she's asked what attracted her to Mr Darcy and she said it's when she saw his excellent estate of Pemberley. So look, the kind of economic need to be married especially comes across and pride and prejudice when Elizabeth Sister Lydia runs off with a soldier, Mr Wickham, that opposes financial collapse for the whole rest of the family. As it means, none of the rest of the sisters who have been disgraced will be able to be married, and no one's going to be able to support them. So once did, as a Cinderella story, there's some very serious issues raised and pride on prejudice. Persuasion. So persuasion again has not Cinderella aspect, but the heroine of Persuasion is a lot older. At the age of 20 it's than the usual marrying EJ in those days on again that would have economic ramifications for her future should she failed to secure a match. Emma, the controlling and a manipulative Emma trying to set up all her friends. It's a fairly comedic story, which again, raises and serious issues. Mansfield Park Night. It is very different to Austin's other novels. It has an element off adultery, and it was very shocking in the time slightly more risque for Austin on my personal favorite. If I'm allowed to say that she also left behind unfinished novel Sanderson on the Watsons and a novel she had begun in her youth cult lady season. So her juvenilia, as they call things that she wrote when she was younger, especially Turn nieces, are also very much worth reading. So Austen's novels were mostly published anonymously, as women actually couldn't sign contracts at that period in history. So she wasn't able to agree a publishing contract without getting a man to sign it for her . Andi, whilst it was okay for women to write as a hobby and for their own amusement to want to be a professional writer was seen to undermine a woman's femininity. So Austin couldn't publish her novels under her own name during her lifetime, so she actually did fairly well during her lifetime in terms of modest economic success. But she certainly didn't become famous until around 18 33 16 years after her death, when her novels were published as a box set on. At that point, she started again really critical acclaim. So her older sister, Cassandra, burned many of Austin's ladders because of her tactless and forthright remarks about the neighbors, which she thought would would lead to trouble. And that means we don't actually have much of a record of her life. Other members of her family did the same, so we can't really turn to the Austin family for biographical information. Abidjan Sadly, we do know that in 17 83 while Janet Cassandra were being educated in South Hampton just privately in the house of a cheater, Jan developed typhus and she nearly died. So she was then educated at home until 17 85 when she was sent to reading Abbey Girls School. But how do withdraw in 17 86? Because the Austin's, who were not a well off family, couldn't afford the fees. George Austin that actually come from a family of wool merchants who were a well respected family and quite wealthy but his branch of the family have fallen into poverty. His older brother had actually inherited a largest it, but sadly, George not being a first son, was just not in that position. The hence he ended up in the church, which was something but younger sons and a wealthy family often did so. Jan did have several suitors, but her greatest reminds, perhaps with a tranny barrister, Thomas Lefroy. They obviously spent a huge amount of time together, but his family sent him away as they felt a marriage would have been economically and practical. His training was being funded by a wealthy uncle in Ireland. On marrying Jane was just going to take him off the course that they wanted for him. So maybe this Saad personal experience that into the cynicism off Austen's novels. Another thing that really affected Austin was that in 17 97 she met her cousin cousin on future sister in law, ELISA Defeat, whose first husband had bean guillotined in the French Revolution, which was just, ah, horrible, grisly death. And she related this story to Jan, and that gives in, ah, lifelong horror off the French Revolution, which was, of course, associated with the Cult of Sensibility in England. And it was part of her objection to sensibility, this unrestrained individual ism glad to violence in her mind. So the family moved to Bath in 1800 she wasn't particularly active and a literary sense in those years, which was either because she was an unhappy and bath and she didn't want right or Maybe she loved Bath, and her social life was just a blaze. There I happen to live in Bath. At one point, the Jane Austen Center there is somewhere very much worth visiting. So in 18 14 she wrote to her niece Funny knighthood, us for her love life advice and said, Anything is to be prepared or endured rather than marrying with ICT affection. So if you look at the sort of economic reasons for marriage in those days, which is something that really comes across in her novels, Jane Austen wasn't going to do that. She was going to write a make her own money, and she wouldn't marry unless she find someone for him. She had affection and real love, Of course. Sadly, that just didn't end up happening for her. This is perhaps the most famous quote by Jane Austen very, very well known quote. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man and possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. So there's several things about Jane Austen that come across in that one sentence. Her wet, her warmth, her humor, her observation off humanity on the kind of social structure in which she lived. Marriage is a bite money. So if you look at the cult of sensibility and the overwrought emotions and knowledge comes through the body, Jane Austen is very much focused on practicalities, the practicality off, securing a husband so that you can actually have something to live on for the rest of your life. And it's this focus on the real world in real world issues of practicality that make her such an important figure of this era. 24. The Romantics and the Romantic Period: In this video, we're going to talk about the romantics and why we use the term romantic. It doesn't mean a mils of bone sickly sweet novel based on love stories at all. In fact, it's a literary movement that was a natural successor to the cult of sensibility. So let's have a little look at what we mean by romantic and who the romantics where you can see a few of them pictured here, all very famous. So romanticism or the romantic era, was a literary movement that was at its peak from around 1800 to 1850. And it was an intellectual, creative, and artistic movement that was basically global at the time. And it was focused on individualism. It was around the time of the French Revolution, where the idea of rejecting the authority of the state and church was becoming popular in some quarters and very much feared and others after the, well, the bloodshed of the revelation, it focused a lot on emotion, which makes it a natural successor to sensibility. It was more focused on emotion and intuition, then on reason, on rationalism, which makes it an, a polar opposite to realism and literature. Polar opposite to the work of people like Jane Austin and Samuel Johnson for example. So part of it was the glorification of the past and of nature. And that prefer the med eval to the classical. So we think of a romantic novel and this sense of romantic. Well, we've looked at Matthew gregory lewis says the monk, a Gothic novel, and Gothic novels are considered romantic. It really has a medieval rather than a classical theme. Other, Percy Shelley famously wrote Prometheus Unbound, which was based on classical mythology. So it wasn't like it never went anywhere near the classical. The German Sturm und Drang movement. And another big enhancing factor walls the French Revolution, as we've already mentioned. So most Romantics were actually very progressive in their views. I think if two fingers around this time who influenced Romanticism. One was William Godwin, who very famously didn't believe in marriage. He thought marriage was a repressive institution until the day that Percy Shelley rocked up on allies team is byte to run off with both God wins daughter and his stepdaughter. At that point, he seemed to go against a lifetime of philosophical thinking by grabbing the poker from the fire. So another thinker around this time, he influenced romantics was God, one's partner, Mary Wollstonecraft. She wrote a vindication of the Rights of Woman, which is still an influential text to this day. Their daughter, of course, was Mary Shelley. And Mary Shelley is considered a second generation romantic. We'll talk about that a little later. So the movement was global, but I was really lads by the French with Balzac Flaubert, the forum was French writers in America, well-known romantics included Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe. So Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven, famous for the supernatural aspect of his writing at the supernatural and the fantastical are a big component of Romanticism. Remember, it's the opposite to realism. So in England, the sentimental novel belonged within the Romantic Movement. So Matthew gregory lewis and Lawrence star and those kind of writers rightly considered romantics. But we more associated with poetry and his bag and bereavement within poetry. So the first publication and the romantic canon is considered to be the Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge. And you've probably read some of those, that skill quite likely. So we talked about how AI, there were two generations of romantics. The first had Bain to see the French Revolution, whose ideas they had first a breast. But when they actually witnessed the violence and the bloodshed, they were quite repulsed. On surveys include Wordsworth and Coleridge. The second generation didn't see the revolution firsthand. So they were riding a bike it up from more of a distance. And so they were more committed to its ideals. And these include Shelley, Lord Byron, and Kate's, not just talking about Lord Byron. Even though the romantics who are progressive social views and are fairly anti-establishment, many of them did come from very privileged aristocratic backgrounds. So Mary Shelley we mentioned, is also considered a second generation rebound Dick. She's most famous for the genre of the novel, of course Frankenstein, which is a Gothic novel in the van of the monk and is very much considered a romantic novel. But we're looking at this part of the course, more at the poets of the Romantic Movement. So let's find, I bet Barton, who these people where and what it was they contributed to English literature. 25. Matthew Gregory Lewis : Let's talk about a figure who was almost the anti Austin, and that isn't Matthew Gregory Lewis, he wrote in a style that's usually described as Gothic horror. So that is a natural extension off sensibility. People wanted to experience emotion when they were reading. They wanted stories that moved them in some way, often in an extreme way. And his brand of horror certainly did that. He also has a huge element in his work off the supernatural. Demons and Satan himself are key figures in his novels, which she can't really imagine happening in Austin. Who was the champion of literary realism. So Matthew Gregory Lewis. He was a novelist and dramatist who lived from 17 75 to 18 18 so he was born in the same year as Jane Austen on died, a year after her very much a contemporary. As we've said, his work is described as Gothic horror as well as being a writer. He was also a diplomat on a politician on he owned the states in Jamaica. He was the firstborn son of Matthew Loose Ameriyah Sewell list. They would eventually have four Children together, and Maria had an illegitimate child by her lover, who was the family's music master. He attended Westminster's go on. Then he went to Christ Church and Oxfords, so he did well academically. But while he was at Westminster School, his father, on his mother separate of his mother, left us. Rather and his mother subsequently began an affair with Samuel Harrison, the music master, so she changed her name to Langley when she left her husband in order to hide from him. Other. He did find her, and she had a child by her lover. Matthew Lewis applied for a divorce, but in those days it was very, very difficult to obtain a divorce, and he was turned down by the House of Lords, so they remained married until his death. Francis moved to France to get away from the scandal on, but eventually she returned to English society, and she actually became lady and waiting to the Princess of Wales. So she was very much accepted back into society and actually even into court circles. She was also a published writer at much to her sons to stand on. She helped him with his own literary career. No, she was very, very close to Matthew Gregory loose. They corresponded through lighter life on she Waas supportive of him. Part of his reason for taking up writing was to financially support her. So Matthew Gregory Louis very much wanted to write a novel in the Van of Horace Wobbles The castle of a Toronto, which is something that's worth reading because of its influence on the novel and this this period off the Gothic novel. Other. It's not as well written, undeveloped at some later works. So he ended up writing his own Gothic novel, The Monk, whilst he was working as a diplomat in The Hague, which was a post his father had secured for him and which he was, quite frankly, quite bored, He said that he find The Hague boring. I'm very, very sorry. Any Dutch people listening. That's only his opinion. So the monk was clearly influenced by on road close the mysteries of adult for which had edged towards Gothic writing. But where she suggested horror. He actually describes that itwas basically the game of Thrones of its day. It had blood, it had guts. It hunt some pretty emotionally uncomfortable moments in it, so it's secured him instant celebrity because it had the shock factor, basically on the kind of people that loved it. Where Lord Byron, who of course, famously described himself as mad, bad and dangerous to know on the marquee, decide their father off citizen, who actually praised Matty Gregory Loose and his essay Reflections on the novel. So those air a couple of people whose quotes you possibly might may or may not want for your dust jacket if you were a writer. So ah, year after the monk was published, an injunction was created to limit its tail to stop it being sold. It was considered pretty horrifying. But then again, that was the point of it. It was our so here from the cover off the monk, you can see the kind of story we're talking about. We've got the demon. We've got the eponymous monk Ambrosio in this scene. He's actually dropped to his death by the devil at the end off the book. So you know, pretty horrifying stuff and very, very right there. So it has quite a complex plot, which focuses on the dine fall of Ambrosio, who is originally a pious religious monk. But he's influenced by Matilda, who's a demon and disguise on also his dealings with the breakfasts. Antonio. So there is an element of sort of sexual torture going on there. It's quite lurid, on a little bit unpleasant. So the novel also features a subplot. The romance between Raymond on the nun Agnes, which includes the horrific episode of the bleeding. None, which is the kind of thing that will give you nightmares if you read the book, but I'll describe it for you here. Raymond has, of course, fallen for a nun on nuns wear veils, do they not? So he's expecting to unveil a figure who will turn out to be the virtuous and fresh first Agnes, who turns out to be a rotting corpse called the Bleeding. None who in her lifetime had Bean a prostitute, and she's damned to this eternity as the bleeding on so kind of horror thing we're dealing with here. So the work is, of course, pro finally anti Catholic and English literature to this day can remain profoundly anti Catholic if we think of Philip Pullman on the likes night, England was, of course, not a Catholic country, so you are basically attacking a minority. If you attack the Catholic Church. But the Catholic figures within the church, such as Ambrosio on the Prioress, are seen as overly superstitious, which is kind of strange in the supernatural novel. But there you go, very controlling on. There is a lot in the novel a bite, sexual repression, and it's his sexual repression, which causes Umbro zero to mistreats Antonia. The most controversial thing for the time was that, in the end, evil rather than good triumphs as Lucifer has one Ambrosio soul, Hey, then is allied to kill him. So he kills him by dropping the monk from the sky onto rocks where it takes him six horrifying days to die on. At that point, he's damned for all eternity. So let's face it, Austin, this end. But this is a natural extension of the cult of Sensibility, of trying to make readers feel something very acutely. Our Matthew Gregory loose does this through horror 26. William Wordsworth : in this video, we're going to talk about a poet whose work you may have some familiarity with already. Ah, lot of us read his poetry at school. On that is William Wordsworth. William Wordsworth was one of the finders of romanticism in England, along with his great friend Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and he had a very tumultuous life. So we're going to look a bit at William Wordsworth on High the French Revolution. The par of emotion and daffodils affected his work. So alongside Coleridge, he launched the romantic period with the publication Off, a collection of poems called lyrical ballads. His magnum opus is considered to be the prelude, which was actually published after his death by his wife. He also gave it a title ended, formerly being known as the poem to Coleridge. During my literature degree, it was the longest text that I read. It's a very, very long book, thousands and thousands of lines, So whether you want to read it in its entirety or you just want to read portions of it is entirely up to you. So he was poet laureate from 18 43 until he died from pleurisy in 18 50 So he did have public recognition in his own lifetime for his work. The child is father of the man and I just on that point there are some great quotes from Wordsworth. I find myself quoting him all the time. He also said, We murder to dissect, which is something I say to my students all the time, meaning when we try and look into something to deeply study it too closely, we killed the enjoyment of it, which I hope, but this course is not doing for you. But anyway, the child is the father off the man and that child, William Wordsworth was born and the Lake District in 17 70. He was the son of John Wordsworth on on Cookson. Have you noticed on this course high on awful lot of famous writers have fathers called John Interesting thought of your cold, John. Maybe your son or daughter will go on to be a famous poet. So he was the eldest of five Children on three artist life. He was particularly close to his sister Dorothy, who was also a poet on a diarist on a very interesting figure herself. So his father was mostly absent during his childhood wasn't really part of everyday life for the Children. But he did encourage William to memorize Milton Shakespeare on Spencer. He also was given access to his father's library, so he was encouraged to rate from a very young age at school and Penrith. He learned the Bible in The Spectator, but little else so a limited education and his local area. But one useful thing that came out of his time at school was that he met his future wife, Mary Hutchinson. Very sadly, his mother died in 17 70 it on. To follow that tragedy, William was sent to grammar school and lecture on his beloved sister, Dorothy, to live with relatives in Yorkshire on They didn't actually meet for nine years, which must have been incredibly difficult. So he made his debut as a writer in 17 87 when he published a solid and European magazine on At this time, he also entered ST John's College in Cambridge, and he earned his B A there in 17 91. So during and after his studies, he took an interest in walking tours. That's what he liked to do in his holiday. So while he was doing his degree. He walked around the lake district, and when he finished his degree, he went to the Alps. Sunny visited Switzerland, Italy and France, and this is where his interest in French ideas seems to have started. He visited revolutionary France, which was not entirely a safe place to be in November 17 91. And it so happened that he fell in love while he was there with a lady called Annette Vallon, who gave birth to his daughter. So he had promised to marry her. But he had to leave fronts due to financial problems on the hostilities between England and France made it very difficult to stay there. So although he had initially been sympathetic to French ideas, he was utterly horrified by the ran off terror brand of terror was a series of mass public executions based on revolutionary principles on on anti clerical ism. So unlike Coleridge, who abandoned the religious upbringing he had had on rebelled against it, Wordsworth actually remand our religious conservative for most of his life, unlike other romantics. And so this slaughter, based on empty clerical ism, was something that didn't sit well with him, he actually said at one point that he would give his life for the Church of England. The conflict between England and France meant it was very difficult to return to France, so Wordsworth couldn't cnet on their daughter for several years. So in 17 95 he began another very important relationship when he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge, with whom he had a simpatico, and they became very close friends. In fact, so close where they that William and Dorothy moved heist to live closer to Coleridge on Coleridge and Wordsworth began working on lyrical ballads, which included Wordsworth. 10 Janabi on Coleridge is famous rime of the ancient Mariner. So this is very much Wordsworth's attitude towards poetry, he said. Poetry is the spontaneous, overflow off powerful feelings. It takes his origin from emotion recollected in tranquility so you don't write it in the midst of the powerful feelings. You write it when you've had time to set time and reflect. I will be think of the idea of like the teenager starting to write poems in their bedroom. Mary. This is an attitude towards poetry that prevails until today he started writing the prelude . It's in 17 90 it. He'd visited Germany with Dorothy and with Coleridge, which had made him quite homesick on. He moved home and moved back to the lake district. So in 18 02 he married his childhood friend Mary Hutchinson. He actually went to France with Dorothy, first, to break this to a net. They had five Children together, very sadly. Their daughter, Catherine, died. Edge just three on Wordsworth wrote her a very famous allergy cult surprised by Joy, which begins with one of the most famous lines in English literature, going to look at a little bit later. So in 18 07 he published poems in two volumes, which included Deep Breath ode, intimations of immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood, which is a bit of a my field. So it's normally known as the Immortality Ode. In 18 10 his friendship with Coleridge started to break down a bet because of Coleridge is opium addiction. Many years later, he became poet laureate in 18 43 which is a position he held until his death. Other Robert Peel, the prime minister who met import laureate, shared a me wouldn't have to do that much work, and he didn't actually write on awful lot in this period. Hey, eventually stopped writing altogether after the sad death of his daughter. Dora, who was 42 not happened in 18 47 on Wordsworth himself died fairly shortly afterwards in 18 50. He, of course, leaves behind some off the most famous lines in English literature. So we talked about this poem earlier. Surprised by Joy, this C. S. Lewis, of course, used this title for his own autobiography. And after the death of his little daughter, Catherine, William Wordsworth writes a bite. You know, the shock that it is to feel happy again after a loss on that magnitude. So when he talked to by writing from powerful feeling, this obviously comes from a very powerful feeling. And it begins with one of the most famous lines in English literature. Surprised by joy, impatient as the wind, I turned to share the transport or with him, but the deep buried in the silent tomb, that spot which no vicissitudes confined love fifth, a love recalled be to my mind. But how could I forget the through what par even for the laced division oven are Have I been so beguiled us to be blind to my most grievous loss. That thoughts return was the worst pine that sorrow ever bore. Save 11 Only when I stood forlorn, knowing my heart's best treasure was no more, that neither present time nor years on board could to my site that heavenly fists restore it had to be done. Damn it! I mean, you just couldn't have a video onwards Rather not do this poem. It's not maybe considered one of his more influential poems, but it is one that we all rabbit skill on. A lot of people can actually cook this from heart. I wandered lonely as a cloud that floats on high or veils and hills when all at once I saw cried a host of golden daffodils beside the lake, beneath the trees, fluttering and dancing in the breeze, continuous as the stars that shine on twinkle on the Milky Way, they stretch to never ending line along the margins of obey 10,000 psoriatic glance, tossing their heads and sprightly dance. The wares beside them danced, but they I did the sparkling waves in glee. A poet could not but be gay in such a jock and company. I gazed and gazed, but little thought What wealth the show to me her brought for off 20 all my car Chai Lai and vacant or in pensive mood, they flash upon the N word I, which is the bliss of solitude. And then my heart, with pleasure, fills and dances with the daffodils. So we see in this poem the romantic tendency to glorify nature, and clearly all those Lake district walks had been planted themselves firmly and Wordsworth's mind. So finally, it just a little snippet from the Prelude night. Wordsworth was pride of his, using every day easily understandable language rather than the grandiose language that had previously been used by poems. So you can really see that in parts off the prelude one summer evening, led by her, I find a little boat tied to Willow tree within a rocky cove. It's usual, home stripped. I unloosed urchin on, stepping in, pushed from the shore. So very direct language are those still beautiful, very picturesque, the you know, this boat tied to willow tree. It's romantic, in the other sense of the words on this really marks ICT. Wordsworth's poetry, the direct language, the use of imagery on the powerful emotion and also the autobiographical nature of it. He's someone who tends to write from his own life, and that creates an ability on the part of the reader to form a connection with him, which is why he was such a powerful figure within the romantic movement. 27. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: in this video, we're going to talk about Wordsworth's great friend Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who was the co finder with Wordsworth off the romantic movement Night. His most famous poem is called The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. At Maybe a poem you're familiar with already on the key image of that poem is the albatross , and we get from that poem the phrase and albatross Bite my neck. Andi Coleridge really did have an albatross, a bite his neck that affected his life and work. Provide Lee and that Waas. He was an opium addict, so he was many other things as well. Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He lived from 17 72 to 18 34 was a poet, a literary critic, a philosopher and a theologian. And of all those things, he thought of himself primarily as a theologian. Lie in the video on Wordsworth, Ad mentioned high. He had rebelled against the religious upbringing of his youth. He was the son of a Church of England, bicker and he actually became a Unitarian minister himself and then returned to the Church of England is although he disassociated with political radicalism on also with a move towards individual ism on sort of moral relativism and that he was very into transcendentalism. He was never any pointed atheist, and our days we might associate those things with atheism. But that wasn't the case for Coleridge. So with William Wordsworth, of course, he find in the romantic movement with the publication of lyrical ballads, and we've talked a little bit about that before. His most famous works are The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which we talked about on Kubla Khan, which he actually wrote as a result of having a trip on opium on the pros work by a Graphia letter area. And as we've mentioned before, he had on Albatross and his opium addiction that addiction actually Kameron because of the ill health he experienced. Judah, having suffered dramatic favors, a child which was traded with laudanum. And he also had persistent bites of anxiety and depression throughout his life. So whether that was because of his drug use or the drugs were used to treat that is open to debate. So coal rich was the son of Reverend John Coleridge, E. C. It's another John. It's a pattern here who, as we mentioned before, was a church of England minister, and he was also a headmaster, so he valued education. He had three Children by his first wife, and Coleridge was actually the youngest of 10 Children by a second wife. It's a very big family. Coleridge is encouraged to rate a very young age. He happened to read the quite sexual Arabian Nights at the age of six, which both distressed on, fascinated him. He developed a literary test around the Gothic, the horrifying, the shocking. After that. So he attended Jesus College in Cambridge. But he laughed before getting his degree, which was possibly due to financial problems or because he'd been rejected by his love Mary Evans, So west he was there. He was introduced to radical political ideas by the poet Robert Subway, with whom he wrote the play The Fall of Robes. Pierre. So, like Wordsworth, he has an interest in revolutionary France, which was obviously something very much in the public consciousness of that period of history. In 17 95 subway and Coleridge became brothers in law by marrying sisters Eliza and Sarah Fricker. So so they were married to ELISA on Coleridge is married to Sarah, and it really wasn't a happy marriage. And in 17 96 he released poems on various subjects, which included four poems by Charles Lamb on a collaboration with something So Coleridge likes to collaborate on. He likes to publish collaborations. He, of course, met William Wordsworth and 17 95 and they published lyrical ballads. As we mentioned before Nike. Wordsworth perhaps contributed more poems, too lyrical ballads than Coleridge. But the outstanding poem of the collection was considered to be the rime of the ancient Mariner, which got courage some attention. So also, and 17 96 he became the minister of Mary Straight Unitarian Chapel and told him, not sure that was something he intended to do. You, But the setting minister had to go on long term leave when his daughter, sadly committed suicide on Coleridge, was asked to fill in on agreed to do so, so he later became a local minister. In Sri is brave, and so that looked like a career he might be following until Desire Wedge with the second give him in a new day. But like a salary of £150 a year, which was enough to relieve financial pressure But the condition off being given this money was that he was to end his career in the church, which he did in 17 90 it. Coleridge went on a walking holiday to Germany with William and Dorothy Wordsworth on. At that time, he became interested in German transcendentalism. Now the idea of transcendentalism Waas that your observations and perceptions of the world come from your own experience and your own sensibility. So we're starting to move towards individual ism on towards the moral relativism that we have in the modern day. It doesn't go quite as far as modernism, but the seeds of those ideas were being sown at that point, so Coleridge would actually be quite an influence on the American transcendentalist, including Ralph Emerson Waldir. In 17 99 he wrote a poem called Love for a Lady named Sara Hutchinson, not his wife. The poem was the inspiration for John Cates label Damsel Mercy. So we talked to by Coleridge as an influence himself was influenced by works like William Godwin's political justice, and we've talked about William Godwin before. So in 1800 he moved to the lake district. He wants to be near Wordsworth on the actually moves in with Wordsworth for 18 months. And it wasn't an easy 18 months for Wordsworth because courage is drug addiction. Madama Difficult Hike, heist guest and his nightmares would actually wick the Children at night. He was also a very fussy eater on Dorothy Wordsworth, who did the kicking find him a bit of a pin from 18 04 to 18. 06 He lived and worked as a diplomat and Malta on Dorothy Wordsworth was quite shocked of his condition when he returned, his addiction was clearly not getting any better. So knowing he was unwell, he traveled right at Les for his health, which was something that the well today Englishman would have done in those days. In 18 0 it he finally separated from his wife, and he has a run of off bad luck after this. In a team tan, he falls like with Wordsworth. In 18 11 he loses part of his annual income. So in 18 14 he finally began receiving medical treatment for the side effects of his addiction opiate addiction. If you've taken opioid painkillers yourself, you'll know this. It causes terrible constipation, which was painful and problematic, and he had to have regular humiliating animus for this condition. So around 18 09 he had launched a journal called The Friend, which got him into incredible financial trouble because he wasn't really a businessman. He was very much an artist in the philosopher. He wasn't good at balancing the books, so he had to get a few of his friends to bail them out of trouble, basically. But the friend went on to become quite influential, especially on philosophers and writers like John Stuart Mill on Ralph Waldo Emerson, who we've mentioned before. In 18 10. He began lecturing, and he did that to buy 18 20. That was really his men work in that period, and he lectured quite a lot on Shakespeare who actually wasn't that the huge figure within English Dexter that he is today on Coleridge really contributed towards the stocks of Shakespeare? The four Coleridge Hamlet have been denigrated by quite prominent critics like Voltaire on Dr Johnson, and it was really Coleridge who raised the place economical status. So in 18 16 he was successfully treated by a doctor called Dr Gilman for his addiction and four ailments that went with it, and he actually moved in with the Gilman family for 18 years. They built in annex for him to live in, and he lived there until his death. He very sadly died in 18 34 of heart failure on a lung condition which could possibly have been related to his opium addiction. Look at the most famous of Coleridge is poems the rime of the ancient Mariner. On the line that you're probably most familiar with from that poem is water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink. Not gonna look at that line at the moment, But here's some lines that really encapsulates the spirit off Coleridge. The many men so beautiful and they all Dad did lie on the thighs and thighs and slimy things lived on. And so did I. So we've seen Coleridge. Prayers matter. Gregory Lewis for the monk he liked. All things grow Task. It's a group task line. Here are thighs and 1000 slimy things, but also for finally moving lived on. And so did I. So it's not just nasty gory image rate. It really has an emotional core to it, like one that on a lonesome road death walk in fear and dread and having once turned run walks on turns no more has had because he knows a frightful famed death close behind him. Tread a frightful feigned again, a little reminiscent off the month The idea of the supernatural really comes across. And this poem he had a course rads. Arabian Nights. He was interested in supernatural elements of literature, right from a very early edge. And here we see it coming across in his own work. Kubla Khan Could McCann has actually thought to be a basically a trip that he had when he was on drugs. This kind of perfect world of Xanadu that's an inhabited by the great leader Kubla Khan. You know, he was interested in advancing society on and idea of society. So in Xanadu did Kubla Khan a stately pleasure dome decree where ALF, the sacred river ran through caverns measureless to man down to a sunless sea. So you say that the very tight rhyme here. So we night at this period of history, expect rhyme to be a feature off the poetry that we raid. Whereas if you'll recall in previous eras of English literature, it was a little ation that marked like poetry. So twice five miles of fertile ground with walls and tars were girdled runned on. There were gardens, bright and sinuous. Thrills were blossomed many and incest bearing tree on the here where forests ancient, does the hills enfolding sunny spots of greenery. So very descriptive, very pictorial, very beautiful. But oh, that deep romantic chasm which slanted dine the green hill of Fortis leader and cover a savage place as holy as enchanted as Arab beneath a waning moon was haunted by woman wailing for her demon lover, demon lover. So very cool, Ridge asked them There from this chasm, with ceaseless turmoil seething as if this Earth and fast IQ pants were breathing, I might find momentarily was forced amid whose swift, half intermittent burst huge fragments vaulted like rebounding, hail or choppy grand beneath. The pressures failed. So we have the beautiful imagery off the really peaceful, fertile grind in the last stanza on Lie. It's becoming quite horrific, and something clearly very bad is happening amid thes dancing rocks at once and ever. It flung up moment Lee the Sacred River, So Kubla Khan, Beautiful poem, rich in imagery, very direct language. Just like Wordsworth. Andi Kind, supernatural fame's transcendentalist themes, very much epitomizing the romantic period 28. Percy Bysshe Shelley : in this video, we're going to talk about the most prolific off the second generation Romantics. And that s Percy best Shelly and I've called him here the romantic Prometheus. He, of course, wrote a famous poem called Prometheus Unbind. Prometheus was that figure from classical mythology who challenged the gods by stealing their fire in order to try and create life himself. So he waas I kind of rebel and so very much was Percy Bysshe Shelley. So we talked a little bit in the first video about the difference between the first generation of romantics Wordsworth and Coleridge on the second generation Shelley Byron Cates that circle off friends on basically the difference, Waas that the first generation had bean difference and had seen the horrors off the French Revolution on the second generation didn't see that. And so we're more distant from it. So they took their radicalism slightly further. So Percy Bysshe Shelley, who lived from 17 92 till 18 22 dying before his 30th birthday, sadly was a literary, social and political radical and quite a a controversial figure. He belonged to Circle of Poets, which included Cates, Lord Byron, Thomas Love Peacock aunt, his wife, Mary Shelley. His most famous works include Ozymandias, which is another name for Ramsey's. The Second music. Grand Self Voices Die and, of course, Prometheus unbind the rebel who steals fire from the gods and, of course, Mary Shelley. After Shelley, staff wrote Frankenstein, the Modern Prometheus and answer to some of the ideas that Shelly put forward and Prometheus unbind. So he was the son in law off William Godwin, who be spoken to bite a famous thinker. Most publishers during Shelly's lifetime declined his work for fear of being charged with blasphemy or sedition on getting into trouble. Basically, so he did have a readership, but it was very much under grind readership at the time, So Shelly was born in Horsham and West Sussex. Honey was the son of the local and peas to Timothy Shelley out of Elizabeth Pilfered, who was a Sussex landowner. So he was from a very well to do back rind in 18 before he went to Eton, where he didn't do that well academically, and he was actually believed while he was there. He did manage to electrify his door handle so that when his teachers tried to come and see him. They got shocked, and he also managed to blew up a tree while he was there. So he ended Oxford and 18 Tan. So he started a fair bit better academically. And in that year he released his first publication, which was a Gothic novel called Zest Rosie. In 18 11 he got himself into trouble by publishing a conflict called The Necessity of Atheism Night. In our damage, you might see Same aims on Facebook by breaking surveys saying that atheist people don't do harm to each other. But that was not the thinking in the early 19th century. If theism was associated with the carnage of the French Revolution, especially the ran of terror, which had a anti clerical element, it on Waas. You know, a series of mass executions. It was a blood bath, so it was considered something violent. Other Shelley very manifestly was not. He wrote quite a lot on nonviolent protest. In fact, his works on nonviolent protest influence Leo Tolstoy, who in turn influenced Gandhi. But he was saying at this point, Miss life, it was the same. He was getting into something a little bit dangerous, so he was called before the Ecologist fellows, but he refused to attend, and he wouldn't answer the question whether or not he had written the pamphlet and it was really this non cooperation that got him expelled. His father tried to intervene to have a Maria's dead, but a condition of this was that he would recount his views, which he refused to do. So he remained expelled at a rift emerged between Shelley and his father at that time. So four months later, the 19 year old Shelley A looked with 16 year old Harriet Westbrook him, his father had forbidden him to see. He considered her to be socially beneath his son. She was very unhappy at school on, wrote Shelley letters saying she was contemplating suicide and he decided he was going to step in and rescue her. He, for some reason, believed he was a bite to die, and he wanted to make her his air. So this is almost like a sentimental novel taking place in in real life. Really. He was very young at the time, so Timothy and a Reg cuts off Shelly's alliance on refuses to receive him or his wife. So around that time he went to Kazakh to visit Robert Sunday, who introduces him to William Godwin, Or who tells him that William Godwin is still alive and high to contact him. So God, one was absolutely Stony Brook, and he had a large family to support. And he saw Shelley, quite frankly, as a potential source, all the cash. And for this reason, perhaps he encouraged Ellie to reconcile with his father. So his father's patron was the Catholic Duke of Norfolk, and he took an interest in the young Shelly, and it was perhaps under his influence. Shelley ended up traveling to Ireland in order to awaken in the minds of the Irish per our knowledge of their rail state because they needed a young Englishman coming over to do that . But I digress on suggesting a natural reason means of remedy Catholic emancipation on repeal of the union Act. So, of course, this was considered quite seditious on he brought himself under the notice off the British government by his activity. So when he returned to England, he went to visit Goldman again and for the first time meets with Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin , who later became Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, who was the daughter off William Godwin out, Of course, Mary Wollstonecraft had written a vindication of the rights of women. She was very bright and brilliant, and he fell in love with her instantly on. He repeatedly threatened suicide if she didn't reciprocate. So he abandoned the pregnant Harriet in 18 14 and ran away to Switzerland with Mary. And God wants adopted daughter Claire Clairmont, who was also the daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft. So they walked from France to Switzerland, these three together reading alive from Shakespeare, Russo on Wollstonecraft, returning home after three weeks when they ran out of money. So it was all a bit of a teenage esque appeared God one waas a your ius. He demanded money, which was to be paid to him under a false name to avoid a scandal in order to assuage his anger. So Shelly continuously writes. In fact, he has quite a prolific output for one who died so young on an 18 15 he wrote Alice store, or the spirit of solitude. You know, the words were the end title and the very words worthy and fame off solid jade. So in 18 16 Mary and Shelley went back to Switzerland, where Clare introduced them to Lord Byron, whose daughter, Allegra, she gave birth to in 18 17. And it was actually Shelly who supported Clare on her daughter financially, and he made provision for them in his well. So Byron was a real inspiration to Shelly. They had a simpatico, and he inspired Shelley to write his hate him, too. Intellectual beauty. On the 10th of December 18 16 very sadly, Harriets, Shelly's wife's heavily pregnant body, was recovered from the serpentine in Hyde Park. She had ostensibly died by suicide. It's believed that her lover of the time had left her. So Shelly then marries Mary because he wanted to sue for custody of Harriet's Children and thought being married would help him with that. But he was turned down on the grinds that he had a band and Harriet from Mary, and that he was an atheist, which remember, was considered politically subversive. So the Children were sent to foster homes. The Shelly's there moved to Marlow and Buckingham, sure, where they met John Keats, another romantic poet with him, Shelly formed a close friendship, so the Shelly's don't travel to Italy and turned around Italy on an anti 19. A baby named Elena. Shelley was born in Italy, and Shelley referred to her as as his Neopolitan ward. She was the daughter of Shelley and Marina. Madura is given as a mother's name, although the true identity of her mother is unknown. Some people think it may have been Claire Clairmont or the Shelly's None e. Sadly, little Elena died in June 18 20. So Shelly continued to travel around Italy, and he actually completed Prometheus on Bond and Rome. So we discussed earlier, High. Many evil rather than classical stories, were a feature of romanticism. But considering he's actually in Rome, it's understandable that he would have find a classical subject matter. In 18 12 he wrote, writes analogy for his great friend. Cates called Haneya's On. Very sadly, On the eighth of July 18 22 Shelley drowned in his boat, which was named the Don Juan and Amish, and all managed to Byron after one of Byron's was famous poems on the Gulf of Less bets. Yeah, he was committed on his ashes are in turn and room on. You can see his gravestone here, which bears the quote from the Tempest by Shakespeare. Nothing off him that tough bed, but suffer a sea change into something rich and strange on that idea of supernatural change is something that would really have appealed to the Romantics. Sadly, it had a real life bases in that by the time they recovered Shelly's body, the parts of it that weren't covered by clothing had started to decompose. In fact, it was so horrifying that Byron just walked away from the commission and in his pockets was find a copy of poems by his great friend John Cates. It is said, although it may just be a legend, that one off, the attendees at the commission grabbed Shelly's heart on that it was separately committed to the rest of his body and that Mary Shelley kept his cremated heart in England with her. That is such a romantic story in the sense of romanticism, the slightly horrible but emotional at the same time. And there is a way in which Shelley's life really does resemble, As I said before, a sentimental novel is one of Shelly's most famous poems on my favorite. It's here in its entirety, a very short work music when soft voices die vibrates in the memory odors when sweet violets sickened live within the sense they quicken rose leaves when the roses dad are heaped for the beloved's bed. And so the I thoughts when thy are gone, love itself shall slumber on. And here we have a quote from Prometheus on bond, which is a longer and more complex work. But you can see high, typically romantic. This is to suffer woes, which hope thinks infinite, to forgive wrongs darker than death or night To defy par, which seems on impotent to love on bear, to hope till hope creates from its own wreck the thing it contemplates neither to change nor falter nor repent. This, like by glory Titan is to be good, great on joyous, beautiful and three. This is a loan life, joy, Empire on victory. So a big dramatic fame that the slightly dark image of the omnipotence car, the Death and Night very philosophical. This is why Percy Bysshe Shelley was one of the biggest figures off the romantic movement 29. Lord Byron : This video we're gonna talk about the bad boy of poetry. And that is George Gordon, Lord Byron, who was described by a lever as mad, bad and dangerous to note, mad because he could be impulsive and reckless and very willful, bad because he claimed himself that he sought out Edison's to destroy it and dangerous to know him that if you were around him, you were going to get into trouble. But there was another side to Lord Byron as well. He could be incredibly generous and he could have a lot of courage. So let's find out a little bit about the man and his poetry. And this is the famous quote by Lady Caroline lab. He's BAB, BAB dangerous to though. When we find I bet up items, see if, whether or not you agree. So here we have pictured a statue of Lord Byron and Athens because in grace, Byron is considered to be a hero of their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire. So George Gordon Byron, the six Baron Byron, who lived from 1780 it to 18-24. Another second generation romantic who sadly died young, was a poet, a pair, a politician, and a revolution rate in the Greek war of independence. So unlike some of the other romantics who talked about revolution, byron walls actually a revelation rate on his money. Very much where his ideas, where his best-known poetic works are probably Don Juan, child heralds pilgrimage and a short lyric poem called she walks and BAT, which you may very well have. Rad. Byron was the son of John, known as mad Jack. Byron says something about his character out of Katherine Gordon who was Eris up the Geyte estate and Aberdeen shear and Scotland here she is pictured to the right, like Katherine was John, second wife. He had been brittle and vicious to his first wife, according to gulped who as a major biographer of Byron, when they married jom tick Catherine's name, which was posted just on, became John Byron Gordon. Catherine ended up having to sell her a stick to pay off Joel's debts, and then fleeing to France to escape his creditors with him. And this was an 1786, but Catherine returns in 1787 to give birth to her son and England. Here's a picture of the young Lord Byron. You probably noticed from the first portrait that we saw of him, he was very striking and apparently he was very aware of his physical beauty. And he used to enhance it by wearing papers or Carlos and his hair at night. Just a little quirky fact there. But Catherine, his mother, moves back to Aberdeen Shia and 1791 on Byron spelt his childhood barren Scotland. So his father had died in France in 1791, so byron never really knew him. His mother spoiled him, but she also had a bit of a drinking problem, and she could be verbally quite krill to him calling him a lamb brought, Which was because he had been born with a malformed, that his mother frequently withdrew him skill which disrupted his education until he went to harrow, which is one of England's was famous private schools called a public school in England. From 1801 to 180. So while he was there, he fell in love with the, for the first time with Mary che worth, but he also had what he called passions with his schoolmates, including the younger people, John Thomas carriage. So Baran was bisexual for all of his life. But remember this was a very different climate, the wheeler than, and homosexuality could actually be punished very harshly under the law. Occasionally you could be hanged for it. So in 1805, he entered Trinity College in Cambridge, where he met John Edelstein with Amy may or may not have had a romantic relationship, but he can pose there. So a series of allergies for Edelstein. While he was there, he also joined the wag Club and he began to take an interest in liberal politics. So his book of poems, fugitive paces, was printed during that time. It included poems that he'd written when he was 17. His friend, Reverend J. T. Becker advised him to recall a Bardot because it had explicit passages in it relating to marry che, with. So he revised his poems on published Rs of idleness as the final BEC, which prompted scathing reviews and the Edinburgh review barons response to this was to write the satire English bards and Scotch reviewers. So he did what our Socratic young man of his generation often did and went on a grand tour in it, you know, 09:00 AM ending in 1811. But he couldn't go wrong the whole of Europe. He could only stick to the Mediterranean because of the Napoleonic Wars. And before, on, during his ground terror, he ratcheted up incredible depths. So his poem, Teilhard's per child heralds Pilgrimage was published in 1812. And for this, he got great acclaim. In fact, he said himself, I woke one morning on flight myself famous. So unlike Shelley who have an underground readership, byron was really a celebrity. So he was a sought-after celebrity. He was invited to all the best parties, but he continued to write. He saw himself as a poet rather than just famous for the sake of being famous. Teen 15, on the initiative of the composer Isaac NIF and he wrote one of his most famous poems, she walks in beauty, which was published as part of the Hebrew melodies. And around this time he was involved with Lady Caroline Lamb, who was the one who had labeled him as mad, bad and dangerous to know. So even at this time, his reputation as a bad boy and society was being Samantha. And rumors circulated of an incestuous affair between Byron and his half-sister Augusta Lee and her daughter, and Madeira was supposedly fathered by byron. So in order to quell these rumors, and also because he really needed money, he was completely broke. In January 1815, he married on Abella Milbank. Noise due to his quite frequent affairs, it wasn't a very happy marriage, but they had a daughter and December 1815 called Ada, and she actually turned out to be a key figure in the development of computer science. So out of the ELA, considered Byron to pay mentally unstable. So she also could deal with his frequent affairs. So she left him and took at a with R and 1816 and began proceedings for a legal separation, divorce. Remember, in that period of history was very hard to come by. So to escape all the S rumors and financial problems, Byron left England and it will it 10-16, and he would never return. So he traveled throughout Europe. He actually became fluent and Armenian and was part of the English are medium dictionary. Little fact there. He particularly loved where he spent time with the chalets. To him, he was entities by Claire Claremont, who you'll recall was the half-sister of Mary Shelley onto had his daughter. While he was in Italy, he wrote the first five cantos of Don Juan and what? He stayed with the chalets. He very much did not come alone. He brought tan horses. It large dogs, five cats, three monkeys and a Galois Crow, a falcon, five peacocks to guinea hens, and an Egyptian CRAN. So I think that the chalets must have been fairly flexible hosts. I'm not too sure where they kept this menagerie. So he finished on one and piazza in 1821. And at 222, he attended Shelley's funeral, although he's sad to have laughed halfway during the cremation, because he couldn't cope with the decomposed state of Shelley's body. He then moved to Genoa, and it was while he was there that Liddy blessing TEN HOT her conversations with Lord Byron, what she famously published. In 1823, he accepted a request for help from the Greek and dependence may, but who were staking liberation from the Ottoman Empire. He stayed in Catalonia, Greek island, which was under British rule at the time. He was very, very wealthy. A multi-millionaire by today's standards, on really the contribution that the Greeks wanted him to mic was financial. He spent 4 thousand pounds, was owed money to refit the great fate. And he paid 6 thousand pounds to the ciliates, who were a Greek Orthodox community who were known for their military pi s. So they were important and they independence movements. And he paid them money and live with money that they were owed by the great government. But they kept coming back and asking for more money. So eventually he sent them home. And February 18-24, he actually sold has a state Rochdale manner and England to raise money for the cause of great independence and declared his resolved to spend his entire fortune on because of Greek independence. Lord Byron was very taken aback by the disunity of the Greeks who had several factions and were squabbling amongst themselves on each of those factions. Basically wanted him to fund them. So it was during this time that he adopted a nine-year-old Turkish Muslim girl called Hento. And that period of history, Muslim children didn't necessarily have Saddam's. And because there was enmity between. They Orthodox Christian breaks and the Muslim Turks. And it could have been that she was in danger, finding herself and Grace. So the great leader, maverick car to toasts and Byron plan to attack the Turkish fortress at the Pando, despite the fact that Byron had no military experience, he was to be given to late, but it never happened because after weeks of illness, Byron eventually died of a fever on the 19th of April, 1824. The Greeks mourned him as a national hero, and his heart's actually remand and grace while the rest of instruments were sent to England for interment, Westminster Abbey refused to bury him and poets corner, despite the fact that he was one of the most influential poets of this time due to his questionable morality. So he's actually buried and Mary Magdalene is church and hot bill and not, I'm not sure. But a memorial to Byron was eventually installed in Westminster eight, but in 196945 years after his death, he was finally acknowledged. And poets corner out a short poem by Lord Byron, which is perhaps one of his most famous. And it tended to be read a lot around the time that Princess Diana died, I recall. So you may have wrapped this at school. She walks in beauty like the night of cloudless climbs and starry skies and all that's passed of dark and bright maintained HER aspect on her eyes. Thus bellow to that tender light which heaven to Gaudi day denies. One shared the more one ray the last had half and paired the nameless grass which waves and every raven trusts or self the lightens or her face where thoughts serenely sweet express high, pure, high dare there dwelling place at all, not cheek and, or that bribe. So solve so calm yet eloquent. The smiles that when the tense that glow but Taleb Days and good misspent. A mind at pace with all below heart, His love is innocent. So you'll notice they focus on innocence here. Byron claimed that he sought ICT innocence to destroy it. I don't know if that was self aggrandizement or he actually really did this. But you can say that it's a theme of this poem, but he isn't looking dawn on innocence. He's actually perceiving it as something quite beautiful. Child heralds pilgrimage, as we mentioned before, that was the poem that really made him famous. So here is a short extract from it. Here, there is a pleasure and the pathless words, there is a rupture on the lonely shore there a society where none intrudes by the deep sea and music and its r4. I love not bomb the less but Mitch and more from these are interviews in which I steal from all I may be or have been before to mingle with the universe and fail. What I can now express yet cannot all conceal. So we've talked before a by a high, there's a huge focus on nature and Romanticism, which you can see here. This is like a pilgrimage into nature. So if it's something you'd like today, I very much recommend reading child heralds pilgrimage. So here we have a quote from Don Juan, which is a story told by many different storytellers and poets and writers throughout Europe. A byte. As a juicer who seek site innocence and order to destroy it for his own satisfaction. So very selfish character. It's obviously a very Byron ask theme. So byron says in this short quote, all human history attests that happiness for man, the hungry Center. Since Eve it, the apples much depends on dinner. So bit of wet coming across here. And he's also making light of a biblical subject which may have been part of his perceived questionable morality. So there is a little look at the man who's considered the bad boy of poetry. Very much recommend reading the texts that are mentioned here. And of course, some of his lyrical poems as well. Because despite his call to the dark side, his poetry is actually very beautiful. 30. John Keats: we're going to talk night by another, off the second generation romantic poets who died young. In fact, he only wrote poetry for six years, but the work that he created in that six years has lasted for centuries, and we're going to talk a bite. John Cates Ni f. Byron was considered the bad boy of poetry. Kates is considered the fragile romantic, the sensitive one. In fact, Byron writing a bite. Cates, in essence, said too strange the mind that very fiery particle should let itself be snuffed tight by an article on this was around. The idea that was circulating that keeps his early death, which was actually from tuberculosis, was to do with his over sensitive reaction to negative criticism off his work. So this picture, it's not a death mask don't get freaked out. This is a life mascot made of Keats during his lifetime. So since they didn't have photography at that period in history, this is the closest we could get to knowing what he actually looked like. So John Cates, who lived from 17 95 to 18 21 was not well received during his lifetime, as we have previously alluded to. But by the end of the 19th century he had become one of the best beloved off English poets . He's known for sensual imagery, and that doesn't mean sexual immigrate means imagery from nature, most notably in Oh, Turn Nightingale. Sleeping Poetry on on first reading Chapman's homer. So John Cates was born and merge it in London to Thomas Cates on Frances Jennings, and he was the eldest of four Children. He came from a relatively modest background, unlike the likes of Byron and Shelley, and his father was a Hosler. He looked after the horses at the stables of the Swan on Hoop N, so his parents couldn't afford to send him to public skill, which is what the English called privates go for those of you who don't happen to be English. And he went to John Clarke skill in Anfield, where Fran described him as always in extremes, which is a kind of temperament that seems common to the second generation romantics. He developed an interest in classics, history and Renaissance literature while he was there, especially, she experience Spencer, so you'll notice that a love of Shakespeare is common to both generations of romantics. in 18 04 his father died in a riding accident. His mother remarried only two months later, but she quickly left her new husband. And whilst all this was happening, the Children were sent to live with her grandmother, Alice Jennings, Kate's. His mother sadly, died in 18 10 when he was only 14 and his grandmother was left with custody of the Children , and she appointed them guardians. But no one who had the care off Keats managed to tell him that he had been bequeathed for some of around 200,000 pints in today's money from his grandfather and his mother. So he struggled with his finances the whole of his life, not knowing that he was entitled to this. So Judi financial pressures. When his mother died, he left school and became an apprentice to Thomas Hammond, who was a surgeon. Adam, on a pocket three. In October 18 15 he became a medical student guy's hospital, and he showed an aptitude for medicine. However, it took up a lot of his time, which he would really have loved to devote to writing poetry. His brother, George, wrote that Kates fared. He should never be a poet, and if he was not, he would destroy himself. So we see that excess of emotion that we associate with Sensibility on. Then later with Romanticism, So having to make a big career on life decision In 18 16 Cates received his Pocket Threes license, which meant that he could also practice as a physician or surgeon night. Remember, a lot of money and time had gone into his acquiring this professional status, But he told his guardian he intended to be a poet, So he had written on imitation of Spencer and 18 14 his first poem, As Far As We Know and as well as being inspired by Spencer, he was also greatly inspired by Leigh Hunt, who was another friend of firing on Shelley's on the second generation Romantics on by Lord Byron. He actually studied literature informally, and he experimented with burst forms, especially the summit. So Lee Hunters Hero published his solid O solitude in his magazine in 18 16 So in 18 17 poems was published. His publishers, Charles and James, earlier, were actually quite embarrassed by this publication. Ah, lot of the reaction to it showed that people just didn't understand it. So he decided to find alternative publishers and ended up moving to Taylor and Hasi. They were more supportive of his work and actually paid him in advance for another volume of poetry. They also happened to publish Coleridge on Charles Lamb. Leigh Hunt took an interest in the work of Kates, saying a lot of potential there on published on First Looking into Chapman's Homer, which today is a standard of English poetry. He also introduced Kate's to his literary circle, which made Cates part of the literate e. So in his personal life and 18 17 Cates moved in with his brothers to help care for his brother Tom, who have tuberculosis knife. It wasn't really understood in those days that tuberculosis was an infection, and this could have been the time that keeps himself, you know, first acquired the infection. It was called consumption in those days, and it was sort of associated with moral weakness, repressed sexuality, you know, it was quite a negative thing with a stigma attached to to develop tuberculosis. And so Cates never actually names the illness and any of his letters. It so happened that cool, Rich and Leigh Hunt live nearby on Cates used to go for walks and with Coleridge on Hampstead Heath, where they were talking about all kinds of things, including poetry. So, very sadly, Tom Kates died on the first of December 18. It After that, Kates moved into Wentworth Place, which belonged to his friend Charles Armitage Bron, because Cates really was reliant on his friends financially to quite a large extent. So Wentworth Players is now known as the Kates Museum on You Can See at pictured here in 18 18 to 19 he had his honest Mirabelle lists. We've all heard Queen Elizabeth the second talk about her annus horribilis. Well, this is completely the opposite. The year where everything went well, everything seemed to flow on. He wrote his most outstanding work during this period, including the ode to Psyche on Ode to a Nightingale. His work at the time was damned by the critics John Gibson Lockhart described and debt end Imean as imperturbable dribbling idiocy. Harsh night. There could actually have Bean a political element to this, because Keats was not from a well off background. He waas a boy from a lower class background near good, which was something that the establishment of the day find threatening after Kate's death. But as we've seen earlier, some of his friends postulated. But it was his reaction to this really harsh reception, which eventually led to his physical decline. So even Cates publisher had some issues with his work that I am calling Syntagma Save a poem unfit for the ladies on. I'm sure that those of you who are ladies are gonna rush out and read it to see if that's true. So these poems were eventually published in 18 20 the year in which Keats died. And what isn I thought of as one of the most important collections of poetry in English literature called Lamia Isabel the Eve of Sand Agnes on other poems. And it actually met with great critical acclaim and an important publications such as The Examiner on The Amber Review. So the love life of Kates as a great deal more innocent than that off the other second generation romantics, we've talked to bite. He had a couple of crushes and infatuations, but as likely not have had a lot of actual sexual experience. Unlike the likes of Byron and Shelley, who were leaving love Children all over Europe. So in 18 17 he began infatuated with Isabel Jones, the oh sweet Isabel from his poem Hush Hush. But he writes no war, abide her when he made political funny Bram and he met her around the time that he was nursing his very old brother. So things didn't develop too far at that point. But eventually she and her mother moved into the other half of what were placed, so he actually saw her every day. At that point, Love story between Cates and Fanny Braun is actually quite a tragic one. His lack of financial stability meant he couldn't marry her, which caused a lot of hurt to him. Basically, she was from a well to do background, although not massively wealthy. She was comfortable on. It would have bean marrying beneath her in the eyes of the society of the time to have married Cates, who just couldn't have supported a wife. So he gave her the soul that bright star, which may originally have been written for Isabel Jones but which he had rewritten to give to founding. In 18 20 he realized that he had tuberculosis. He had medical training, and he knew that he was very unwell. So doctors advised him to go to Italy for his health. He left the room knowing he would never see funny again. He couldn't bear to write to her or to read her letters, but he maintained a correspondence with her mother. Only five months after leaving England, John Keats died of tuberculosis at the age of 26 and he's buried and Rome, where he died. He requested that his epitaph e Here lies one whose name was written in water That's Look Night at an excerpt from Ode to Nightingale. So an ode is an elaborate puma kind of grandiose poem, which praises are glorifies something. So this is an ode to a nightingale, very much in the van of romantic poetry, with nature and its very title on in its imagery. My Heart aches on a dry Z numbness pins my sense as though of hemlock. I had drunk, are emptied, some dull opiate to the dreams one minute past and let the words had sunk. Does not three and be off my happy lot. But being too happy and my happiness that thigh light wing dryer dove the trees in some melodious plot off beach and green and shadows numberless Singh ist of summer in full throated ease. So there is the juxtaposition here, off the misery of the poetry's and dries ing num less. That's like he drunk hemlock, which is a lathe post poison compared to the Happy Nightingale in some melodious plot on the beach and grain and singing of summer with Full throated A's a poem Very much worth reading, very beautiful in its imagery. No, this is the poem unfit for the Ladies and Agnes Ive Or on the eve of said Agnes. Let's be accurate. So very short. Quote from it hair. But it's worth reading The food poem sent Agnes E. R. Better chill it Waas the ill for all his feathers was a cold, the hair limped, trembling through the frozen grass and silent was the flock and Willie fold. So you'll notice again. The nature image rate, the imagery off animals, which is a course Coleman to the romantic period and also is used here to describe a human condition. La Belle damsel Mercy, which we heard earlier, was inspired by Coleridge. So this is only an excerpt from its not the full poem, which I'll attached to this video as a downloadable resource of what she can find online. So she find me roots of relish. Sweet on honey, wild and manner do and sure in language, Strand, she said. I love the truth. She took me to her elfin Groff's and there she wept inside full store. On there I shut her wild, wild eyes with kisses for and there she loved me asleep and there I dreamed our whoa betide on Let us dream I ever dreamt on the cold hillside I saw pale kings and princes to pill warriors Death pill where they all they cried Labelle down. So mercy the happen thrall. I saw their started lips in the gloom with horrid warning. Gated white on I awoken Find me here on the cold hillside, and this is why I sojourn here alone and holy loitering, though the savages withered from the lake on no guard saying so. This may be slightly reminiscent off the Green Knight, the Medi Evil poem recovered earlier, especially looking with kisses. Four. The green light also very specifically numbers the kisses and the idea off this woman who just has an almost supernatural hold over the narrator and is keeping him fixed in one place. That's very much a Matty evil fame. Other. We do see some classical themes and Kates as well. Again, you'll notice they image off Honey Wild, the Jew, the Cold Hillside, the nature coming into the poem. And so I hope that you'll you'll Dwight unread some John Cates, and I hope that you'll enjoy it. 31. Victorian Literature: in this section of the course, we're going to talk by a very exciting period of English literature. On that is the Victorian era Queen Victoria actually Rand from a bite 18 37 to 1901 She was England's longest reigning monarch before Elizabeth second. So during this period there were huge technological advances. So they invented the steam train in that era. The pedal bicycle, the sewing machine, the chocolate Eyster rag. Apparently the postage stamp. Many things that impact our daily lives even nice. So we think that we live in an edge off huge technological progression which Medio, But for the Victorians it was dizzying on it. Waas are very much on industrial period when the sewing machine was invented, you could their mass produced clothes to fund a lot of the industries that were established around that time, especially the railway industry. Cool was needed. So man on women worked long hard days don the minds. There was a huge class separation in the Victorian era, and there was this idea off the deserving per amongst the more well, today. And we know, of course, that they had per highs is in those days and it was a terrible thing to end up in the price . So the sort of social structure off Victorian England as something that writers, especially Dickins off the time comment on a lot. Of course, until Lord Shastri Children were also expected to work, they worked in factories they wear sometimes chimney sweeps because they could fit up the chimneys. So an awful lot of things happened in the Victorian era, especially in the working world, which would be quite shocking to us. No other factors of society that influenced the let sure the Victorian era there was very much an interest in the supernatural. In the Victorian era, you have famous spiritualist such as Arthur Conan Doyle, and that's encouraged an interest in sort of Gothic literature. Carry on for the romantic period, which is the literal period which preceded the Victorian era. So some major writers off the Victorian era are included in this course, but I obviously can't include them all because the course would just be massively, massively long. If I did that, in fact, it would be several courses in itself. The key literary genre in this period is the novel on social memes and ideas are very much conveyed via the novel. But there was some really interesting poetry, and there was a great place being written around this time, too. So going to read you a list of some of the major writers? I have to read it because I just wouldn't remember it. Sorry about that. So in the world of the novel, Charles Dickens, of course, one of the most prolific novelists, all the Victorian era and still today as well. William Factory with Vanity Fair, the Bronte sisters, Emily Charlotte on on George Eliot, of course, and Thomas Hardy. I really don't like Thomas Hardy, but that's only my personal taste, and I find it very depressing. Love the Bronte's. You don't really need to know what I love and don't love, but I just thought I'd mention it. We have some great ports that time. Elizabeth Barrett, brining Robert Brining and Alfred Lord Tennyson amongst them and playwrights included George Bernard Shaw and actually Oscar Wilde wrote during the Victorian era with the importance of being earnest being released in 1900 Queen Victoria reigned until 1901 so we could kind timbers. Victorian playwright is not included in this part of the course, So I'm hoping that you're going to enjoy some of the works that we have to raid in this section of the course. My just a little word on this. Dickens's novels tend to be very long on some of the Bronte sisters. Novels are also quite long, as are some of George Elliott's novels, so it could take you a while to raid the text that are associated with this part of the course. It's perfectly fine, as with the rest of the course, not to read the bulges. Two debt in tonight as you want T o. And I don't know if you've noticed, but I am actually recording this course in a Victorian mansion, and it's a stormy night in a Victorian mansion. I don't know if you can tell that by looking. That's why the lighting is what is at the moment. So I think I'm gonna enjoy this part of the course. It's gonna be quite atmospheric for May 32. Charles Dickens: going to talk in this section of the course about the most prolific of Victorian writers, Charles Dickens. He was a novelist, he was a journalist and he was very much a social reformer. So what the dickens? That is a phrase that we commonly use. And also we use the phrase to Kanzi and which means something or somewhere, which is substandard, shocking, very harsh conditions. And so he's made this contribution to the English language. So Charles Dickens, who lived from 18 12 to 18 70 actually left school at the very tanned ridge of Tan in order to work in harsh conditions in the factory when his father was sent to debtor's prison. This led to a lifetime of campaigning for social reform, especially in the workplace. He also had a very keen interest in education and in the rights of Children. So he added a weekly newspaper for 20 years and had been a political journalist, so he knew very much what was going on in the world on. He reflects that in his novels on Charles Dickens wrote 15 novels, plus five novellas, shorter novels on numerous short stories and articles, so his most famous works include Great Expectations, which is considered not own, May Dickens's finest novel but one of the most important novels in the English language. He also wrote Oliver Twist, a Tale of Two Cities that is a far, far better thing I do than I have ever done before. Famous Quote From a Tale of Two Cities. A Christmas Carol, which has Bean televised on and made into films On numerous occasions, you may have seen the Muppet version. David Copperfield, which is the most autobiographical of Dickens's, is books. And like I so Here's is a selection of some of his 15 novels. So this is the birthplace off Dickins pictured here, and he was born there in Portsmouth on the seventh of February 18 12 the second child of John and Elizabeth Dickens. I keep saying it. If you want to have a child who's a famous writer, it you need to be called John anyway. In 18 15 the family moved to London and then to Kent John Dickens having Bain Clark for the Naval office. So in 18 22 John Dickens was incarcerated and debtor's prison, and it was the custom of the time that If that happened to you, your wife and Children were to join you. So his wife and his youngest Children also end up in prison, which seems barbaric to us. But that was high. Things worked in those days. If you got yourself into debt, you were thrown into these presents until you could work off the money that you owed on your family went with you, but not Charles. Because he was one of the older Children at the age of Tan, he was considered old enough to work. So he moved in with family friend Elizabeth Royal Ants in Camden in London, and he actually characterized her as Mrs Pip Shin and dominance. Um, he later moved in with an agent off the insolvency court on his wife, whom he characterized as the garlands and the old Curiosity Shop. On it rolls Charles Dickens's practice to draw his characters from real life. He's known for the realism of his characterization and also the wit, all of it. So he worked in very harsh conditions at Warren's blacking warehouse, and he later reflected, Hi, could I have Bean so easily cast away at such an edge? And he was determined to save other Children from this fit. His supervisor there was called Bulb Fagan on. Of course, we have the nefarious character of Fagan and Oliver Twist, who trends the Children to become faves. So eventually, John Dickens, mother Charles Dickinson's grandmother, died on laughed her son 450 pines, which allowed him to clear his debt on get out of prison when they were laced. Elizabeth did not request. Charles has returned to the family, and that led to a lifelong resentment towards women, which is something that people have criticized in his work. You look at, say, Miss Havisham, Estella in great expectations, where Miss Havisham hits man because she's been jilted at the altar, her wedding didn't come off. So she trends up the beautiful Estella to be harsh to man on these kind of attitudes towards women, slightly misogynist, are thought to have started around best time. In 18 30 Dickins met his first love, Maria Bait. No, her parents disapproved. Obviously, he wasn't from a very respectable background. His family had actually been and doctors present, so she sent to school in Paris to end the relationship. 18 36 was a huge year for Dickins professionally on Personally, he published The Pickwick Papers in serial form On That Was high novels were often published in the Victorian era. They were split up into instalments on each instalment would have a cliffhanger ending, and it was said that some of the so called illiterate per paid a happen each to have Dickinson's novels read to them. So he also began writing Oliver Twist in 18 36 and Queen Victoria apparently read both The Pickwick Papers and Oliver Twist and stayed up past midnight to discuss them. Why? What's significant about that is that you know, we look at Oliver Twist, which talks a lot about the plight of the per of unmarried mothers. What happens to those Children, And it was actually a very important thing that the Queen of England on the establishment would have been discussing these things. So also in 18 36 he married Catherine Hogarth. He had actually been quite friendly with Katherine's mother because she was a friend of Sir Walter Scott, whom he admired as a writer. So he and Catherine went on to have 10 Children, very large families being common in the Victorian era, he traveled to America with a mixed response. It started to become possible for English writers to begin on audience in America. But there are issues arrived international copyright, which was something that haven't been really flashed out in those days. Dickens's hard proposals that he thought the American Congress should discuss the Rahn copyright on a certain number of Americans felt it wasn't really his business to interfere in American law. And so it was. It was a mixed reaction that he received in the States the first time that he went in 18 43 a Christmas Carol was published in 18 49 to 50 he wrote David Copperfield, which we've already mentioned was the most autobiographical of his novels, and from that time his novels became darker and theme. So Oliver Twists, we've already mentioned, covered some very serious issues. A Christmas Carol looks at the poverty of the crap shirts and the redemption off Ebeneezer Scrooge. There's some serious themes here, but it's really from this period that the humor of Dickens not that it's a bit last, but the subject matter becomes heavier. In 18 46 he had become a patron of urine it cottage for so called fallen women, which was a much less punitive institution than its contemporary see. Remembering an Oliver twist, he had looked at the plight of the unmarried mother. So he is not only writing about social issues, he's kind of putting his money where his my fears and backing some causes. So Robert Brining referred to Dickins as unenlightened Unitarian. He had criticisms of the church, but he walls a professing Christian. He just felt that the per who worked very, very hard should be given Sundays to have fun on that. The church was sucking fun. I'd of. Sunday's basically was his issue. In 18 45 he began editing the liberal Daily News. Now you have been a political journalist in the past, he had attended parliamentary debates. He had his finger on the pulse of what was going on and current affairs, and that very much comes across in his novels. He produced big heists in 18 52 to 3 hard times in 18 54 on Little Dorrit in 18 56 so he's continuously writing in this period. In 18 57 he fell in love with actress Ellen turn in, and he stayed in love with her for the rest of his life. Consequently, he separated from Catherine, and he undertook reading tours in England, Scotland and Ireland. On one reading, he rears £3000 for the Children's Hospital Great Ormond Street in London. On £3000 in Victorian terms was a vast amount of money. So he released a tale of two cities in 18 59 and his, well, possibly his magnum opus, Great Expectations. In 18 61 in 18 65 he was on his way home from Paris with Ellen when he was involved in the stample Hurst rail crash. And I remember in the Victorian era, trends were new technology and they hadn't quite got everything right yet. And unfortunately, in this kiss, the train was traveling over a bridge and stable Hearst, which actually was in need of repair. And there was a terrible crash. Dickins, being in the first class carriage at the front, survived the crash he attended to the wounded, and he actually managed to save some lives nice. In a way, Charles Dickens can be thought of as a bit like the bono of his day where some people think he's a hero and some people thought of him as a bit of a do gooder. But there is no arguing that in this case he really managed to do some good on that. He responded very quickly to a crisis. So he visited America again in 18 67 which was a successful literary visit on Charles Dickens died in 18 70 of a stroke aged 50 It so he's left behind some amazing novels, and it was quite difficult to decide which novels to discuss here. But one that has to be discussed is great expectations, considered one of the finest novels in the English language. So great expectations. I don't know whether you've read or not, but it's the story of a young man from an under privileged background called Pip, who happens to rescue Margret, a criminal in his childhood. So Pip later goes quite often goes to visit. They kind of mad Miss Havisham when I say she's mad. She I was disappointed in love when she was jilted on the day of her wedding, and she's left. Her host satisfies satis, meeting enough in Latin exactly the way it Waas on the day she was jilted, the clocks or stopped the wedding kick, which is rotting, is still there. You know, some really horrific imagery of someone stuck in a moment in their lives. So Miss Havisham adopts a beautiful ward called Estella, whom she trends especially to disappoint. Man Estella is basically to be her revenge on. Then Pip discovers that he has a benefactor who is paying for his education, allowing him to rise in the world. And he imagined some. It's Miss Havisham on that. Miss Havisham has plans for him to marry Estella. That is what he believes. No, the thing about great expectations is it's ending is actually a little unclear. We're going to look at an article about that night here. You can see the last line of great expectations on apparently, Dickins have a couple of different versions of the and a great expectations on this is the one that we've ended up with. So talking about meeting again with a Stella from whom he has been part of, Pip says, I took her hand in mine and we went out of the ruined place. And as the morning mists had risen long ago when I first left the forge. So the evening mists were rising Ni and in all the broad expanse of tranquil light they showed May I saw no shadow of another parting from her. I saw no shadow of another parting from her Lord. Does that mean they couldn't be parted? They decided they could be parted on. They basically lived happily ever after, or that they wear eventually parted. But he just couldn't for see it in this moment. And that is really up to the reader to decide. Another very influential novel by Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist. It's been made into numerous movies on a musical, of course, food, glorious food and all that, which may actually make light of a novel, which actually has some pretty serious themes to it. You know, Oliver Twist is the son off a young, unmarried mother, Andi. Neither mother nor child in Victorian society would have have much protection. He ends up being forced to live with a network for a gang of thieves who use young boys to break entices because they're small and they can fit through small spaces. So the idea is that Oliver and Charlie bits and on the various other boys will sneak into the house is open the door for Bill Sikes and his gang, Bill Sikes being one of the most evil characters and Dickins. You also have Fagan, who is in charge of the boys, trading them up for this life of crime. And you have the kindly benevolent Nancy who actually has some empathy with the boys. Affection for the boys. She's very sadly murdered by Bill Sikes towards the end of the novel. No, the novel does have a happy ending. If you haven't read it yet or seen any of the movies, I won't spoil it for you. And things work out well for Oliver. But they didn't for a lot off Rheal life young boys off his time, and it also makes the point. But these young people are entering a life of crime, not three choice. They are not criminal or immoral people, their young Children who have no protection on. This is just one of the risks that they face that they'll fall in with one of these going. So Dickins is making some pretty serious points in this novel. A Christmas Carol I mentioned earlier on the Muppets version, there's been numerous televised versions of a Christmas Carol, so it's got to interesting elements to it. It has a moral point to make, and it has a social point to make the moral point being made in the story of Ebeneezer Scrooge on. Of course, we use the term Scrooge to mean someone who is miserly and main are not particularly generous towards others. He is visited by the ghosts of his former partners, who warn him off the domination that awaits if he doesn't mend his ways. He's then visited by three ghosts the ghost off Christmas past, where he sees his own younger life, the ghost of Christmas Future, which is a pretty scary future where he'll basically end up in hell on the ghost of Christmas present on. In this visitation, he sees the life off Bob Cratchit. Now that's where the social commentary comes in and the life of the Cratchit. Bob Cratchit is a employee of Ebeneezer Scrooge, whom screw just never taken much time to think about. But he has a son called Tiny Tim, who's famous for saying God bless us. Each and every one and tiny Tim is a very lovable little boy who happens to have a disability, and it's very, very difficult for his family to care for him in Victorian England. So what happens during the novel is Ebeneezer. Scrooge learns empathy and eventually helps out the Cratchit family. And it Woz Dickinson's belief when the rich have empathy with the poor, that you're going to have massive changes in society on an awful lot of his writing is aimed at encouraging that kind of empathy. 33. The Brontës: in this video, we're going to talk about literature's most famous siblings. The Bronte Sisters, on their connection to the York shimmers the role of women in their work on the romanticism , which influenced their work. So there were several factors that fat into the work of the Bronte's. They had an enormous capacity for imagination, but also the early experiences in their family lives on the early deaths of their two elder sisters on their mother greatly influenced them on the isolation off. Living in the parsonage in a small village in Yorkshire was also a factor. So Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte are possibly the most famous such sisters and literature. They were poets as well as novelists. They were interesting in terms off being inspired by romanticism, especially by the figures of Sir Walter Scott on Lord Byron, but also using realism. So if you look at Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, you have the horrors off lowered school, which is very much based on her elder sister's experience of actually being it's girl. As well as having the kind of romantic theme of the madwoman in the attic they were forced to write under male signing pseudonyms because other women have been writing for about a century at this time. Professionally, it still wasn't considered a lady like thing to do so. Charlotte took the pseudonym Kerbel Emily Tick. The Sydenham Ellis Bell on On took the Sydenham Acton Bell, so they retained their own initials. Their most famous works include Jane Eyre by Charlotte. Weathering Heights by Emily, which is Emily's only novel on the talent of Wild Fell Whole by, UM, Let's talk About the early lives of the Bronte sisters have been pictured here to the right as their father, Patrick Bronte a who was actually born Patrick Brunt. But he changed his name because his brother was one of the United Irishmen. So who, rebelling against British rule in Ireland? Andi was on the run from the British government's Well, that's possibly the reason why he changed his name. Another reason may have Bean that he was born and kind to dine in Northern Ireland, which is actually where I live on. He moved to England to study it, Cambridge, where he studied divinity and inch of modern history, and he may have wanted to angle if I his name to fit in a little bit more there. But he is obviously from an educated background, and he very much wants his Children, including his daughters, to be educated. In 18 12 he met and married Maria Braun Will, who's remembered as being vicious and very caring. They had six Children together, very sadly. Maria died of uterine cancer in 18 21. So the Bronte sisters were very young when they lost their mother, and Charlotte retained a memory of her. But Emily and on really didn't have very clear memories of her, except for on her deathbed. They're two eldest daughters. Maria and Elizabeth suffered cold hunger and deprivation at Car Enbridge School, which was a skill for the daughters of the clergy because the Bronte's just couldn't afford to send their daughters to a more expensive skill on this was subsidized. So both the elder girls were returned home with tuberculosis, from which they sadly died in 18 25 and they were aged 11 and 10 at the time. So that had a massive impact on the younger sisters in the family. So the family, which lie included Charlotte, Emily and Anne on their brother brand well, who was an artist on? Also a writer on sometime casual worker lived and the relative seclusion off the parsonage in the village of Fourth and Yorkshire. The parsonage where they lived is today the Bronte Parsonage Museum. It's a very interesting place to visit in that there is a sofa in the living room, which is where Emily Bronte is supposed to have died. Other evidence suggests she died and bad because there are letters that mention her dog lying with her on her death. That but people say they have an eerie feeling. They're like Emily doesn't want them in Nice. I've bean there, can't comment on that, but it's a very interesting place to visit. So after his wife, staff Patrick, devoted himself to his parish on, he went like, quite often, leaving the Children in the company of their Aunt Elizabeth Brand Will, who had moved from Cornwall to come and help take care of the Children. And they referred to her as Aunt Brown. Well, they were also often in the company off Tabby, who was Tabitha Ackroyd, who was there, neared and she liked to tell local legends. She had a very Yorkshire accent. She was definitely an influence on the Bronte's writings on Brand Well taught the girls and rithmetic the alphabet on suing, which was considered a respectable pastime for young ladies. She also subscribed to magazines so that they would be able to read and discuss current events. When she died in 18 42 she left enough money to the girls so that they could leave their pearly paid and quite demoralizing jobs as governesses on teachers. So after this early education with Ron, well, the girls attended various educational institutions. Charlotte unrolled up Miss Margaret Wheeler skill. It was common practice in those days for especially unmarried ladies to open up a school for girls. And actually, the Bronte sisters at one point considered doing this themselves, although they made money from teaching. But they had no grit, passion for it, and eventually they're writing Tick off, and they didn't have to do it. Anyway. Miss Wheeler employed Charlotte as an assistant on her salary, actually covered Emily's face, but Emily really didn't settle there and was replaced by arm. So, as I say, none of the Bronte's had a great passion for teaching. But when Charlotte married Miss Wheeler actually accompanied her to the altar. In other words, she was a sort of matron of honor. So Charlotte and Emily attended a boarding school in Belgium for six months in 18. 42. On when they were finished, Thurston There they were offered free tuition in exchange for doing some teaching themselves. While she was there, Charlotte fell in love with the headmaster. Mushier. Hey, care, um, in her famous biography off Charlotte Bronte, Elizabeth Gaskell, famously the author of North and Size. He was a friend of Charlotte Bronte's met Monsieur Heger. Andi was shown some of the correspondence that Charlotte had sent him, which was very emotional, and he didn't replied it, but Gaskell decided that she didn't really want to publish it. So the sisters decided to publish a collection of poems which had contributions from all of them. 19 poems by Charlotte on 21 by Emily and add in 18 46. Sadly, it only sold three copies back in the days. Obviously, it would be a pretty amazing to get a copy off that book knife, so they decided to work on their pros. They liked to discuss what they were writing at the dinner table, and they did engage in conversations. But they wrote secretly and in private, so they weren't actually influencing each other's worker, asking advice on each other's work as they were writing. So in 18 47 they released one novel, H, and actually, two of these novels would be released, kind of in tandem and one volume. So Charlotte released Jan Air. Emily published her only novel, Weathering Heights. If you're only going to publish one novel in your life, you kind of wanted to be something like Weathering Heights, which was published in Tandem with ons Agnes Gray, all very different novels. Jenn Air, as we've discussed before, has that element off the Gothic on the romantic The Madwoman in the Attic. It has an almost off stands in Cinderella Story in the Jan. Ends up with Mr Rochester in the and despite the obs on that element of realism when it talks about lowered school and it's very, very critical off the boarding school system. There were horror stories in the news around that time off the boarding school system, with students actually getting malnourished on Patrick Bronte to give him his due had really tried to put someone research into where he sent his daughters to school and couldn't really have Bean accused of neglect and sending them to a school that was for the daughters of the clergy. So weathering heights. It was perhaps the most controversial of the novels. Some considered it to be morally dubious night. The Bronte sisters were actually quite politically and socially conservative. In fact, they backed the Tory party of the Of course. Women weren't allied to vote, but they were, You know, readers of journals and understood what was going on in the world around them. Weathering heights is anything but conservative. You know, when you think of that, halt me, Kathy Hard, May it to buy wild passion on the Yorkshire mirrors. Not everybody warm to that. Agnes Gray is perhaps the novel which most mixed the use of realism, and it's very much based on on Bronte's personal experience of being a governess. And remember, the Bronte's were not entirely happy as governesses, and in fact, they tended only to stay with a family for a short period of time. The Children tended to be very spoiled. They didn't have an actual love of teaching, though Man managed to stay with the same family for five years. So as I mentioned before, the novels generally met with a clean. So even though their book of poetry had gone unrecognized, Die there. Novels are grabbing some attention. But of course, as women, as we mentioned earlier, they couldn't publish the novels under their own names. That was clearly a use of pseudonym, So a rumor circulated that the novels were actually the work of one author pretending to be sisters. So Charlotte, a man went to London and visited their publishers to prove that they were, in fact, separate entities. The publishers are meeting. These two lanky teenagers were quite surprised that such works of genius had come from such young women on. They were actually quite happy to entertain Charlotte on, and they took them to the opera. They met some of the publishers mothers. I think they had a great time in London, several influences on the work of the Bronte's, as we've mentioned before, as well as their capacity for imagination there waas the life of their family on having and kind of death so young on their seclusion at horse, which might not entirely have bean. Ah, happy place. People comment on the number of early deaths in the Bronte family, but that was actually not unusual in north at the time. It was a village of about 1000 people that had grown to 3000 people very small. But the sewerage system was not really in place to cope with the increase in population, and so the water they were drinking may have bean polluted with fecal matters, so infection spread rapidly. Ride the village. There was also a cemetery there on the decomposition of the bodies might have further polluted the water, so infection and early death was rife. They're not entirely a happy place. In the Victorian era, Um used her experience as a governess and writing Agnes Gray. So, drawing on her own life, Charlotte described her love of Walter Scott, who was an influence on the Bronte's writing in a kind of romantic, then saying perfection, read Walter Scott and only him. All novels after his are without value. So a quite strong statement off her love of the work of Walter Scott. There, Charlotte on Brown, well had an imaginary world called angry in and they wrote Angry and tails together on the Heroes From These tales are basically the heroes of Lord Byron's poetic works on his club in Weathering Heights and Mr Rochester in Jane Eyre exhibit traits of the Byronic hero. So a sort of magnetic sexuality, passion, extremes of emotion. I mean by passion and arrogance. So it's quite interesting as I snagged that the romanticism and realism should be polar opposites and literature, but the Bronte's managed to combine them both. So let's talk a little about the life off Charlotte Bronte. A. We have no photographs of the Bronte sisters ago, photography was being invented around the time There are some Portrait's of Charlotte Bronte, but really the only pictures we have of Emily and Arm are from the picture that I used in the first slide of this presentation, which was actually a portrait of the sisters painted by their brother brand. Well, so Charlotte wrote Jane Eyre, Shirley Villa on the Professor, so she wrote more novels than either of her sisters. But that was because she lived a little longer. She married the much derided curator who was not popular amongst the sisters they used to make fun of him. And in fact, when he first proposed a Charlotte, she said no, although she was somewhat moved by his devastation when she said no, although eventually she gave in and married him. On the 29th of June 18 54 she wrote to her friend Ellen Nazi that her husband was a good husband and that she had a happy enough ride life. But she was finding it hard to become acclimatized to being a wife. After all, she still had an identity as a poet, a novelist on she had published her own work and had her own career. So Charlotte, very sadly, died a year after her marriage. While she was pregnant with her first child in the early stages of pregnancy, she was nearly 39 she died off tuberculosis, referred to as consumption about period in history. So all of her novels, Jan Air, is probably the most famous on we've talked to buy it before. We've talked to buy it motif off the madwoman in the attic. We've talked about its description off boarding school. One of my favorite passages in it is when Jan returns to the heists off. Well, he's not her lover at that point, but the man that she's involved with Mr Rochester on it has being burned down. And she's expecting to see high since she actually sees a shell. And she compares this to the loss of a lover. It's actually incredibly moving, writing, very passionate writing, a very different style of writing to literature that was popular with women before. That's a Jane Austen, which is all about realism, Andi, manners and observation of character. And it's not that that Charlotte Bronte doesn't have any of those things, but she has a much grand or sweep to her work. There's that romantic element off the Gothic horror. The madwoman in the attic, the heist being set on fire much, much more dramatic than of writing Sonae. Let's talk about Emily Bronte, who leaves behind one truly great novel, one of my personal favorite novels. Actually, if you've never read weathering heights, I am so jealous of you because you still have the opportunity to experience reading Wuthering Heights for the first time. She also left behind some truly beautiful poetry. So Emily Bronte A was quite timid outside her family, and she didn't really like to engage much in conversation, although in her writing she is the most arts there in terms off Gothic influence on you can definitely see the influence of things like Matthew Gregory Lewis is the monk and weathering heights. She had an obsessive connection with your customers, which comes across and weathering heights on. She actually pined when she had to leave your sure to take up a teaching post. It was like being cut off from the Yorkshire MERS was like cutting off her life blood. She just couldn't thrive anywhere else. She died of tuberculosis in 18 40 it in December 18 40. It her brother, Bron well had died in September of 18 48. So that was a truly horrible time for the Bronte family. It's possible she left behind an unfinished manuscript, which was destroyed by Charlotte due to the controversy surrounding Weathering Heights, her only novel. So Weathering Heights, the story of Heathcliff on Cathy um Heathcliff is, in the sense, almost a bit of an empty hero. He is this outsider who's brought into the heists weathering heights by Cathy's father, this kind of urchin who dares to fall in love with the daughter of the highest. She, of course, marries another man. But in her heart of hearts, she's always in love with Heathcliff, who marries a hapless wife to whom he's actually quite cruel. Neither Heathcliff nor Kathy are instantly likable, warm, cuddly characters. They're both very strong willed, very passionate, UM, and have a connection which nobody else can really access. There are some scenes in the novel, which you can understand the Victorians find a little distasteful. There's a scene in the novel where Heathcliff actually Exum's Cathy's body after she's been dead for some time because he just wants to see her face again on that, really harkens back to the kind of Gothic novel of the romantic period. The Likes of The Monk by Matthew Gregory Lewis. As I mentioned before, it's an incredible story. It's a very haunting story. It's been made into movies many times. Laurence Olivier famously played Heathcliff Heathcliff, this one of those characters. He can be incredibly crew. He could be incredibly selfish, but yet we fail for him intensely, and the novel is narrated by Lockwood, who's a talent and weathering heights many years after the action of the story on by Nelly Dean. Who is they? Heist Caper of the Heart. So it's, it's told, almost in terms of being a ghost story. I mean, Lockwood here's of banging on the window the first night that he stays there, and he says to Nelly Dean, you know what's in this heist? And then she tells the story of Heathcliff and Cathy. Here is Remembrance by Emily Bronte, which is an absolutely beautiful poem. I'm going to read it for you here, cold in the earth, on the deep snow piled above the far, far removed cold in the dreary grave. Have I forgot my only love to love, the severed at last by times, all severing with No, I went alone to my thoughts no longer hover over the mountains, all not Northern Shore, resting their wings where Haytham thurn leaves cover the noble heart forever, evermore cold in the earth and 15 wild December's from these Brian Hills have melted into spring. Faithful, indeed, is the spirit that remembers after such years of change and suffering sweet love of youth. Forgive a five. Forget the when the world's tide is bearing me along other desires and other hopes beset me hopes, which obscure but cannot do the wrong. No letter light has lighted up my having no second morn has ever shown for May. All my life's bliss from my dear Life was given all my life. Bliss is in the grave with the and when the days of golden dreams had perished on, even despair was parlous to destroy, then that I learned high existence could be cherished, strengthened and bad with the aid of joy. Then did I check the tiers of useless passion, weaned my young so from yearning after line, sternly denied its burning wish to hiss and dine to that tomb already more than mine. And even yet I dare not let it languish. Darren all indulge in memories, ruptures pin once drinking deep of that divine ist anguish. Hi, could I seek the empty world again? So this reads very much like a poem by one of the romantic spy, perhaps Byron. It's actually slightly reminiscent off. Surprised by Joy by Wordsworth, it's got the natural imagery going on in the first few stanzas. It's got the idea of tears of useless passion, which is a very romantic idea, extremes of emotion, that sort of wealth illness that can't be overcome. Very, very beautiful problem. Talk about the youngest sister, Anne Bronte. She's perhaps slightly less prolific than her sister's. This is partly because after she died, Charlotte really didn't want her novel, the talent of Wild Fell Hole to Remain and Circulation. She didn't make any effort to preserve it because she felt the subject matter of the novel was a mystic, and we'll have a little look at that in just a sec. So the tenant of Wild Fell Hole is actually counted as one of the first feminist novels. It's got fames in it off alcoholism on domestic violence on Higher Heart The lives of wives could be in the Victorian era. This obviously didn't come from her own personal experience. Agnes Gray, of course, did come from her own personal experiences, a governess, and I think Charlotte just felt baffled as to where this novel actually came from, although not in favor and her day it received quite mixed criticism. Some people felt it was course in its depiction off a marriage relationship. Today, it's something that is lauded. So in 18 49 on. I knew that she was basically dying on her. Doctors had suggested that she go to Scarborough by the sea, thinking that that might end in a recovery from tuberculosis is their consumption, as it was called in the day. So she wrote to the Bronte's friend Alan. Nessie, of course, was to accompany her to Scarborough. I have no horror of death, but I wish it would please go to spare me for Pappas and Charlotte. Six. Because, of course, only the year before, both Broadwell on Emily had died. I long to do some good in the world before I leave it. Arguably, she did do some good in the world. Through the talent of Wildfowl Hall, she wrote a bite. The issues that Fist women on made them part of a public discussion. So, very sadly, she died in Scarborough in 18 49 and she's actually buried in Scarborough. So the talent of Wild fell hole is a lady called Helen. She's moved there with her young son, although she doesn't describe why to the local community. But it eventually comes ICT that she has bean the victim off an abusive and alcoholic husband on as a woman, she had really no protection from this person. So she's hiding in this remote place in wild fell whole, although eventually her husband becomes very ill and she decides to nurse him. There was a similar theme in Ruth by Elizabeth Gaskell, the friend of Charlotte Bronte, off the long suffering heroine who actually does good to the person who's being cruel to them. That was a common fame in Victorian Let's your especially Victorian literature by women. So, as I mentioned before, it is widely healed, is one of the first of the feminist novels on. Very interesting to read in that, as I mentioned before, we just really don't know why. On Brown, Tay wrote this hymn shift match. The inspired this. She wasn't a wife herself. She was never married. She did high ever have a brother who wasn't addicted to both alcohol on laudanum. So she knew what it was to live with someone with an addiction and perhaps that had fat int it. But nonetheless, Agnes Gray is also a wonderful novel. I personally love the tenant of Wildfowl Hall. It has that kind of sweeping scope of the Bronte's novel that's kind of romanticism, but also is grinded in some kind of realism in the answer by a Social Champ challenge that women really dead face in the Victorian era and still fist today. 34. George Eliot: in this video, we're going to talk about another great female writer off the Victorian era who's actually considered by some to be one of the greatest novelists in English. And that is George Eliot. Now I know George Eliot doesn't sign very much like a female name, but that was the norm to whom? Off Mary Ann Evans, who later went on to become Mary Ann Evans, Lose, who later went on to become Mary Ann Evans, Lose cross. So I think, referring to her as George Eliot just for the sake of brevity. And this video might be helpful. So why the name George Eliot? Why did she go under? I said in them we've seen that the Bronte's published their work under a nom de plume because they felt that there was an association of women's writing with, you know, so light, fanciful plots. And they felt their writing something more serious. Mary Ann Evans have the same kind of thinking, but also she was having an affair with a married man who she actually moved in with, and she wanted to shield her private life. She actually published seven novels under this name. Her novels are published and quite quick succession. She published Adam Bathed in 18 59 which was a favorite novel of Queen Victoria's. She published The Mill on the Floss in 18 60. Unlike any grip classic, it was made into a serial by the BBC. She published Silas Marner and 18 61 Ramallah and 18 62 to 3 Felix Hope, the Radical in 18 66. Her greatest novel, Middlemarch, in 18 71 to 18 72 on letter. Modernist writers such as Martin, Emma's and Julian Barnes have described Middlemarch as the greatest novel in the English language. Her last novel, which was published a little bit later, was Daniel Day Rhonda What she published four years before her death in 18 76 the novel was published in 18 76. She actually died and 18 Getting So. Mary Am was born and on a TEM in 18 19 and she was the daughter off Robert on Kristi, Anna Evans, Robert Evans being the manager off a largest it. Her father thought she was unattractive, that she wasn't good looking enough. Teoh end up married, but he realized that she was clever. So with this in mind. He spent more on her education than was normally spent on women, and that had the result that she had a very good education. She attended a series of three private girls skills, and when she turned 16 having left the last of these girls schools, she was able to use the library off. The are very holistic, which her father managed on, so she self educated herself. In a sense, she was also one of the earliest graduates of Bradford College, my part of the University of London. So a female college graduate in that period in history was something quite unusual. Sadly, her mother died in 18 36 on, she had to move home as housekeeper for her father. Her brother, then married when she was 20 months on, took over the house with his family. So she and her father moved to Fools Hill near Coventry, where she befriended Charles and Cara Bray like they hosted. A number of radical thinkers at their hosts on Marianne became part of that set. There she met David Strikes. He caused great controversy in the Christian world with his the life of Christ, which Marianne translated into English that was actually her first publication. It argued against the divinity of Christ on Tried to Present on historical human crisis. She also met untranslated. The work off Ludvig foyer back not for your back influenced the likes of Sigmund Freud, Charles Darwin. He argued that the concept of the divine is basically the cop, a human construct, human traits that are kind of projected onto a divine character. His work was called The Essence of Christianity. He didn't actually have a real grip of the essence of Christianity, but his work waas influential nonetheless. She also met the eminent American poet Ralph Waldo Emerson. During her time at Full Tilt. Sobre took an interest in her, and he actually published her writing in the Coventry Harold on Observer, Mary Ann's father, than died in 18 49 when she was aged 30 and at that point she visited Switzerland with the Braves and decided to stay on after they went home. So she actually stayed in Geneva until 18 50 and when she came back to England, she stayed with the publisher, John Chapman. So he owned the left wing journal, the Westminster Review on Mary and became its assistant editor until 18 54. And when I say she was its assistant editor, she was really a lot more hands on. The Chapman was it was really her that was writing the content. She also was interested in its layout. It's printing the business side of things, the articles, which she wrote up this time where sympathetic to the lower classes and quite critical of organized religion. She also engaged a lot with the ideas off the day. She was quite sympathetic to the 18 48 rebellions across Europe. So we've moved on from the romantic period. We see the likes of Shelly, who, because he was sympathetic to the French Revolution on his atheism, was considered subversive. He waas basically under the notice of the British government. This is not so much the case by George Elliot's time, but she wasn't really promoting any kind of violent rebellion. She thought that the gradual social reform was what would work better in England. In 18 54 she moved in with the married George Henry Lose. That was a mutual decision. They'd actually been seeing each other since 18 51. He had a wife, Agnes Jarvis, although they seem to have had what we might refer to as an open marriage. But he had three Children with Jarvis on. Jarvis also had four Children from another relationship, so you know, there was a lot to be flashed right in that situation. But Marianne considered herself to be married to be fully committed on, actually changed her name to marry and lose after loses death ago. From the time that she moved in with lose, she signed her herself as Mary and lose in the Westminster Review. Around that time, she criticized contemporary female writing as trivial and ridiculous and prayers. The realism off contemporary European literature and realism is a key feature off the work of George Eliot. It is not the sweeping romantic Gothic landscape off the Bronte's, for example, so she privately decided she was going to start writing novels herself but thought it would be wise or not to publish them under her own name. In 18 57 she published a series of three stories scenes of clerical life in the Black would review on the Black Would review was a favorite of the Bronte sisters. Their publication, she really did achieve her end of realism because the assumption walls at the time these stories were published that they had been written by a country pastor. In 18 59 she published Adam Bait, her first novel, and she was very prolific and writing novels for a bite the next decade, As we've seen despite her use of a pseudonym, her private life did eventually become public knowledge, but it didn't harm her readership or her book sales. She and lose were not really accepted into polite society, however, until 18 77 when they were invited to meet Princess Louise, Queen Victoria's youngest daughter, Queen Victoria actually read all of Eliot's novels. On Was such a fan of Adam Bait that she had paintings of scenes from out of eight commission. Lose died in November 18 70. It's very shortly after their kind of recognition by society Andi. In May 18 80 Marianne married John Cross, a Scotsman 20 years her junior, which was another kind of social scandal. He attempted suicide on their honeymoon by jumping from a balcony into the Grand Canal in Venice, which it didn't actually manage to die Interesting that she was so committed to literary realism, and this reads like something right right off one of the romantics. But Mary Ann Evans lose Cross, known as George Eliot, died on the 22nd of December 18 80 of an infection on kidney disease. She had been considered one of the greatest novelists off her edge, along with Dickens and Thackeray. But she wasn't accorded a place in Westminster Abbey due to her rejection of Christianity. You know, if you're if you reject Christianity, you can't in essence, be buried in a cathedral on because of her adulterous relationships. So she's subsequently buried in Highgate Cemetery, which is a place where religious dissenters, agnostics and general social outcasts were buried on. She's buried alongside her beloved George Henry. Lose Greatest work is generally considered to be Middlemarch, which we previously heard was praised by the likes of Martin Amos on Julian Barnes. Some think of it as the greatest novel in the English language. Some, of course, think of great expectations and that place. If you read them both, I'll leave that judgment up to you. But Middlemarch was published in a series off it to monthly instalments. Remember, publishing novels and instalments was quite common at that period. It This was partly because the novel that preceded at from Elliott, Felix Holt the Radical, hadn't sold that well for her publisher, John Chapman, and he didn't want to take a huge risk at other. Between the publication off Felix Hold a Middlemarch Dickinson Thackery had both died on that left George Eliot as being considered basically asked the greatest living English novelist. So that was going to ad sales, and it was decided that publication could go ahead. No, Middlemarch is again a work of realism. It's not one consistent story. It's really a collection of four stories, some taking preeminence over others on that. Maybe Kim from George Elliott's upbringing, a part of the estate where her father was monitor, where the very wealthy, the per the middle class all lived these very different lives going on concurrently in the same place. That's very much a theme off Middlemarch. So there are four plots to Middlemarch. There's the life of Dorothy, a brook who is on orphaned at the age of 19 living with her sister under the guardianship off their uncle. So quite well to do. Young man falls in love with her about being a pious lady. She rejects him in favour off a 45 year old reverend, Reverend Kassabaum Andi. She accept his offer of marriage much to the disgruntlement of her sister, and then discovers on honeymoon that her husband doesn't really intend to involve her in any of his intellectual pursuits. And so the marriage isn't gonna be what she thought it was gonna be. Basically, In the end, her husband ticks very ill and agrees to leave her his money, but only if she does not marry someone that she had actually really quite like to marry. So there's quite an interesting story in that throughout of the novel. Another threat of the novel is the courtship of Mary Garth by France FNC Night. Fred Vincey gets himself into a spot of financial bother and needs to borrow money from the Garth family, which basically ruins Mary's parents. And her father warns her not to marry Fred. So that is a you know, ill fated love story. Very much worth reading for advance. He takes l at one point honest rated by the doctor Tortillas lead. Get on. He's got touches. Lead kits, Sorry and trashes. Let get has some quite new ideas about practicing medicine and Middlemarch, which may or may not go down well with the locals. Another concurrent storyline is the disgrace of Nicholas Bulstrode. A dark figure from his past turns up to blackmail him. He's married a wealthy widow at the wealthy. Widows Air should really be her daughter, who has disappeared on Nicholas. Bulstrode basically knows that the daughter is alive. He finds her, but doesn't inform her mother so that he can inherit the money. So you know not a very moral character there. So these are the concurrent threads off Middlemarch, and I hope that you enjoy reading it. Other of George Elliot's past No novels is Silas Marner, which actually is a very beautiful story. Silas Marner is basically a Calvinist who is accused of stealing money from the congregation, which, you know a crime. Anderson. So there's a suspicion that his friend William Den may have been the one that stole the money, so they decide to draw lots and believe that God will show who the guilty party is. Rather, unfortunately, Silas Losers and his fiancee marries William, so he decides to move somewhere where nobody knows him after all this on moves to Ravello in the Midlands. So there's a little bit of a convoluted plot from this point, but he basically ends up taking in a little girl called Happy, whose mother has collapsed and died on the snow on the way to New Year's Eve party. She eventually finds like that she's the daughter off a gentleman. He offers to raise her as a gentleman's daughter with all the privilege that that would mean. But she decides she'd rather stay with Silas, whom she loves. She ends up marrying a local, more working class boy. They move in with Silas on Basically, everybody's happy. He returns to London to, you know, the place that he had. Teoh escaped from to find that it's no longer the place that it wants Waas. And he doesn't know what happened to the people who lived where he used to live, but realizes that the years that he spent raising happy have brought great happiness to him , to her onto the family that she goes on to have, and so basically it has a happy ending. So it's also known for its realism, even though it signs a little bit like a fairy tale story. So I hope you're going to enjoy reading it 35. Alfred, Lord Tennyson: so far in this section of the course we've looked up Victorian novelists on. I would like to look night at one of the greatest of Victorian poets and not is Alfred Lord Tennyson. He, amongst many other famous lines, panned the words Tis better to have loved and lost the never to have loved it all. So that quote just batter to have loved and lost the never to have loved a tall It's from Tennesseans poem in Memoriam, a quite long poem that he composed when his friend Arthur Hallam died at the age of 22 of a cerebral hemorrhage. So another quote from Tennison that you might recognize there's is not to reason why theirs is but to do or die into the Valley of Death rode the 600 that is from the charge of the Light Brigade, another very famous poet by Tennison. Yes, in the spring, a young man's fancy lightly turns to thoughts of love. Another well known quote from Tennison, Waas, Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Well, he was the poet who succeeded Wordsworth as poet laureate, and he actually held that position longer than any other poet, right through a three until his death. He was famous for his influence on the pre Raphaelite brotherhood. So the pre Raphaelites, where a Greek off Pinter's artists, poets writers who were interested in the Medi evil on the Arthurian on, had a very specific style. So here is a pre Raphaelite painting by John William Waterhouse called The Lady of Shell Lot Best on Tennyson's very famous poem, The Lady of Sherlock. So Tennison was born on the sixth of August 18 0 night in a place called Summers Bay in Lincolnshire and his father walls, the rector there, the Church of England minister. His mother was Elizabeth Fitch, who was a vicar's daughter. So despite the fights that Tennison became a Lord, he actually had quite a middle class upbringing, and he entered Trinity College in Cambridge in 18 27. His father had very much encouraged his education. Actually, telethons Father was a bit off a polymath. He was gonna architecture. He was getting painting. He was getting writing on. He really wanted his Children to be educated. So in the year that Tennison entered Cambridge, he also published his first collection of poems called Poems by Two Brothers, which he wrote with his brother, Charles, and you can see a picture here off the rectory and summer space, which is where Tennison was born and brought up. So in 18 29 he was awarded the chancellor's gold medal for writing a piece called Timbuktu . Chancellor's Gold Medal in Cambridge was a very high owner on it was unusual for someone so young to achieve it. In 18 30 he published poems, chiefly lyrical, which included Kristen Bell and Mariana, which are two of his most rad poems. And that brought him to the attention off Samuel Taylor Coleridge. And there is an influence off. The romantic in tennis is quite sentimental poetry, as we'll see later. So he didn't end up finishing his degree because, very sadly, his father died in 18 51 just before he was due to take his final exams. So he had to move home to care for his family on Arthur Holum, his friend from Cambridge came to stay at the rectory on actually became engaged to Tennison, sister Amelia. In 18 33 he published a second book of poetry, which included The Lady Offcial Lot, which I completely love. But the critics at the time, didn't love it. In fact, he was very harshly criticized, so much so that he didn't publish any poetry again for several years. Also in that year, Arthur Hallam died whilst on holiday in Vienna, and he died of a cerebral hemorrhage very, very suddenly. At the age of 22 Tennison composed in Memoriam for Hallum, which contends the immortal lines. I hold it true what air before I feel it when I sorrow most. It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all. But he didn't publish the poem right after Hallam's death. It was a few years before it would be published. In around 18 37 the tennis is moved Epping Forest in Essex and Tennison really liked being so close to London. It was the dine side of being a church minister that you didn't own your own home. So when Tennesseans father died, they were allowed to stay on in the rectory for quite a good period of time. But they couldn't stay there indefinitely. Tennison befriended a doctor, Alan, while he was living in assets. He actually round the local asylum and Tennison rather unfortunately decided to invest money and islands woodcarving business and ended up losing most of the families money and that caused him to go into quite a bad depression. He moved to London in 18 4 day and lived in Twickenham In 18 42. He published the two volume poems, which included Locksley Hall. In the spring, A young man's fancy lightly turns to thoughts of Love brick brick brick uses on an updated version off The Lady of Shell Lot. This collection did much better for him and met with instant success. And then he finally published in Memoriam some years later in 18 50. He also became poet laureate in 18 50 he held that post until his death in 18 92 night being poet laureate Menthe Waas, a political and Stitt aspect to his poetry writing. So he wrote some rather dull poetry in honor of visits by foreign dignitaries, and he also wrote the famous charge of the light Brigade in that post into the Valley of Death, etcetera, which was based on a rather ill advised mission by the British Light Brigade and the Crimean War. It was a big year for him in 18 50 because he also got married that year to Emily Celibate , and they had two sons column named after Arthur Hallam Online Families. Next move was to firing for Hearts on the Isle of Man in 18 53. Tennison wanted to skip from his celebrity somewhere a bit quieter, but he was actually plagued by fans on the Isle of Man. Mostly tourists on moved to West Sussex in 18 69 although he kept Langford as somewhere to stay in the winter in 18 84 after he had previously refused a peerage, Queen Victoria created him Baron Tennison, the first Baron Tennison, and he did this basically so that his son could inherit the parents, and that would sat Holum up for life. He was a bit of an uncomfortable Pierre. He had some quicks, as we'll see, which made him an unlikely member of the House of Lords. His role is part poet Laureate was quite constraining, but he did write unofficial political verse. He was very much a wig. Other one occasions he voted with the Liberal Party. He believed society would change through gradual reform rather than with a revelation. Nothing crazy there that was fairly common and his day. And he felt the universal suffrage would only be possible when the masses were educated. Otherwise, they couldn't make an informed decision on who to vote for. So in the modern day, we might have some issue with that. Or maybe not, but it doesn't seem crazy. Where it all gets a little bit old is in his religious views he was upon day ast night. To be a pound dais is not the same as being a pun theist who see gold in all things pound deists believed that there was a creator God who became the universe at rather than walls in charge of the universe are part off the university. It was something that happened in the Victorian age that people mixed sort of conventional Christianity with the occult. Arthur Conan Doyle, of course, was famously spiritualist, are cultist on the Our culture was a fascination for the Victorians. So Tennison seems to have combined those two things into his own personal religion, which is fine, but within the context off, they the sort of establishment of being in the House of Lords, he would definitely have been considered as having his quirks. So Tennison actually died on the sixth of October 18 92 at the age of 83 he is buried in Westminster Abbey in Poets Corner. So let's look at this poem that I love. This is, of course, not the whole of the poem. It's a longer poem on. It really has a romantic influence on it. As we'll see, it's got that marry evil theme. In fact, Tennison really managed to reboot on interest in all things Are Therien with the Lady of Shell lot riddles of the King mauled. There was a sort of renewed and trust in our theory and myth. I'm not then spread into hinting and other art forms as well as literature. So we see here, John William Waterhouse is famous panting off the Lady of Sherlock. So on either side, the river lie long fields of barley and of rye, the clothes the world and meet the sky on through the field. The road runs by too many towered Camelot. The yellow leaves water lily. The green sheath definitely tremble in the water. Chili rhymed a bite shall lot. No, you won't get that particular line in all versions of the poem. As we've seen before. There's two versions, but the yellow leave water lily, the Green shift, Daph, Italy. You know, the barley on the right. All these images off nature are very romantic as well as the subject matter. So willows white and aspen shiver the Sunbeam Schaars break and quiver in the stream that runs ever by the island in the river flowing down to Pamela so that run earth ever ni. This is a period where modern English is spoken, spoken, so you wouldn't have said run up, you would have said runs. So he's purposefully adopting on archaic style to try and make this poem feel really old because of its many evil things. Four gray walls and four grey tars overlook a space of flowers on the Silent island borrowers. The lady offcial lot underneath the bearded barley, the Reaper reaping lit on early. Here's her ever chanting cheerleader like an angel singing clearly or the stream of Camelot piling the shaves and furrows airy beneath the moon. The weeper weary listening whispers test a ferry lady offcial lot, so we have this mysterious lady singing in her bar as we later find ICT forbidden to leave her room, seeing the world basically three a mirror, and then she waves the scenes from this mirror into a tapestry. But look at the linguistic devices here. Bearded, barley chanting cheer Lee Alliteration is known as a device used quite often by Tennison. Te Edison's poetry is considered to be very musical. It's all about signed the sign of the words. So it's actually great fun to read Tennison allied. I hope that you'll consider reading the whole of the Lady of Sherlock. I'm going to link to place in the downloadable resources where you can find online because it is exceptionally beautiful. I'm not short poem ni a sonnet because, Tennison wrote, and all kinds off literary forms so you can see a romantic influence in this solid as well , or where I loved as I desire to be, what is there in the great spare of the earth or range of evil between death and birth that I should fear if I were loved by the all the inner all the archer world of pan Clear love would pierce and cleave if my work mine, as I have heard that somewhere in the man freshwater springs come up through bitter brine for joy, not fear. Class pound in hand with e to wit for death. Mute, careless of all ills. A part of Paula Mountain, though the surge of some new deluge from a thighs and hills flung leagues of roaring foam into the gorge below us as far as I could see so you can see the nature images here on their dramatic nature averages the thighs and tails, the surge, the Dahlia judge roaring foam into the gorge. It's quite reminiscent off cool Rich who, of course, was an admirer of Tennesseans on then. This idea of range of evil between death and birth is also quite romantic. Idea. The man criticism of Tennison is of sentimentalism off his poems, which definitely comes across in this poem, which is something that our reader is going to either lover hit on. I'll leave. The decision is whether you're going to love her, head it up to you 36. Early 20th Century English Literature: in this section of the course, we're going to look at the early 20th century night. The 20th century produced a vast array of very different authors from Ruddy or Kipling right the way through to JK Ruling at the end of the 20th century and this section of the course were really going to stick with the early part of the 20th century, and that was marked. I'd buy something very specific on that was war. So what influenced early 20th century English literature made it really different from what had gone before. Well, the first World War, known at the time, is the Great War. There wasn't one single way of reacting to the war, and many riders rode a bike on in different ways. For example, welfare, Dorrance and Secrets assumed the war. Poets wrote poetry that described exactly what was happening in the war to let the people at home know what the experience of those soldiers waas on its poetry that still managers took to shock and move us today. Robert Grizz, another war poet, he also wrote I, Claudius and Claudius the Guard, two of my favorite novels and then the likes of J. R. R. Tolkien, who wrote a bite. All the issues that the war raised for him emotionally but coached in the veneer of fantasy , which distance the audience slightly from the events on, give that kind of safe space to discuss really major issues. Hope. Fifth Death. All these kind of things are prevalent in early 20th century literature, a mid 20th century literature. There was also a reaction to this time to the sort of moralism off the Victorian edge. Moral absolutism. So we have a movement towards what's called modernism, which is the rejection of moral absolutes on the idea of their being no concept of truth, of course, being an absolute So we're moving towards individual ism on the individual being the focus rather than the society. And that is the Sade's of the kind of philosophy that very much impacts are worldviews today. And of course, not everyone writing in the 20th century was a modernist, but really the emissary Modernists include Joseph Conrad, Virginia Woolf and E. M. Foster, and we're actually going to do a section on Modernism. But there were other writers who were writing, but we're not modernised. Roger Kipling, who kind of straddles the end of the Victorian edge on the beginning of the 20th century, was not a modernist, but still managed to you quite well. Thomas Hardy also straddled the Victorian age in the early 20th century. But he waas moving towards modernism, and he's almost a bridge between the Victorian edge on early modernism. Other people who were writing at the time who weren't modernise where G. K. Chesterton, who? A Christian writer who wrote well, the Father, Brian Siri's, is probably his most famous work, though that was a series of short stories rather than novels. He wrote a lot of academic works. He wrote essays on Dickens that were very much praised at the time, considered both a novelist and an intellectual. I get the Christie began writing in this era. So what's interesting? A bite. Christie and GK Chester's on both writing detective stories, but we're starting to see the seeds. They're off literature that would impact popular culture that wouldn't just be read by the glitterati in the century to come. G. K. Chesterton was a huge influence on both C. S. Lewis on J. R. R. Talking as we'll see a little later on Agatha Christie. I mean, we're still watching those stories on TV today, so I hope you're going to enjoy this section of the course. 37. The War Poets : talk about the war poets If you're from England to have, maybe read the war ports while you were skill and we're going to talk about three of the poets from the First World War in particular seek Briggs Sassoon, Wilfred Owen on Robert Graves. So at this point of history, if there's a terrible atrocity somewhere in the world, we sometimes see horrific pictures on the news. But of course, television was not a medium that they could use in the First World War. And so those awful graphic descriptions that we associate with war poetry was conveying the reality of the war to the people at home onto a future generation. So the first poet, we're going to talk about the secrets of soon, who lived from 18 86 to 1967. So he was porch that enough to survive the war, live well, pastor and be able to inform a new generation about the war. And the reason that I'm starting with so soon is that he was the poet who seemed to coalesce the other war poets, partly because a lot of the war poets were gay or bisexual. On quite a few of them were attracted to so soon. He was one of those rare individuals that just seemed to always have people chasing after him, so he tended to former cried around him. Well, you can see from this picture he did have a very nice face, so safe. Even Sassoon was a decorated war hero. He was decorated for bravery on the Western front. Actually, he had more than one honor during the war. Yet he wrote a letter calling for an end to the war, which he referred to as the Soldiers declaration in 1917 some viewed as treasonous. But he wrote it after the death of a friend. He just couldn't take the horror anymore. His good friend Robert Graves also war. Pote argued that he shouldn't be court martialed because he was suffering from shell shock . So instead of potentially being shot for treason, says so he was actually treated in a psychiatric hospital. His poetry is full of gritty realism, ont. He also para days or sat arises. The pro war writers people like Rupert Brooke, who was the poet laureate of the time radio, kept playing before he sadly lost his son in the war also wrote Prue were poetry on writers were being brought in to defend the cause of the war on Soon regarded. This is patriotic jingoism, completely divorced from the reality of being at war, and he wanted to inform people about what it was actually like. After the war, he wrote pros, including the Sheraton trilogy, which is a fictionalized, a kind of his own life. And then he wrote on actual autobiography as well, a little bit about Siegfried Sassoon. I seek frayed signs like a German name, which during the first World War in England, would have done you no favors. He was actually called sacred because his mother was a big fan off bargainers operas, seeing afraid, of course, being the hero off the ring cycle. So he had a Jewish barber, Alfred, as dress too soon, who had come from a wealthy family of merchants but was actually disinherited for marrying outside his fifth, he married an Anglo Catholic Theresa, so his parents separated when he was four, and it was very acrimonious. When Sison's father used to come and visit, his mother would lock herself in the drawing room on, refused to come out so his father, sadly, died off tuberculosis in 18 95 so soon went on to read history at Clare College, Cambridge. But he went Diane, meaning he kind of got thrown out without his degree on. He took to playing cricket night before he went to war. He doesn't come across is particularly mature, but obviously he went through some horrific experiences, which caused him to have to grow up quite quickly. He eventually inherited money from his aunt, Rachel Beer, who had being the editor in chief of both The Observer on The Sunday Times. You know which for a woman in her days was pretty unusual. It was actually enough money for him to buy a Grand State, hits pre heist and Will Shirt. His first published success was a PlayStation the Daffodil Murderer in 1913 and he brought that element of pastiche into his war poetry. Later, before the first World War, he had stated that he find crickets more important than European politics. That was the stage of life. He was out of the time, but he sometimes played cricket with Arthur Conan Doyle, so he was already meeting members of the literary establishment so here is a portrait off sustain in the seventies were used to saying photographs of him and army uniform. What a good looking choppy. So he joined the Army when war broke IEDs on. He was in service in the Sussex Human in August 1914 my young man of his generation were promised that the war was going to be an adventure, that they were heading with their midst, their comrades in arms. They really have no idea of the horrors that we're facing them. And a lot of them were actually quite keen to enrol. As soon as the war broke, I'd so he happened to break his arm quite badly in a riding accident, and so he had to convalesce for much of the spring, he was commissioned as a second left hand at M. We call a left talent in the UK and be a lieutenant in the States. And so he was second left hand and the Royal Welsh Fusiliers. No J. R. R. Tolkien wrote that officers were basically killed. A dozen a minute was the phrase that he used because you would have thought it would be a little bit more dangerous for the non commission soldiers. But actually officers were quite often in harm's way. His younger brother was killed in the Gallipoli campaign on the first of November 1915. On that very same month, he was sent to fronts where he met Robert Ribs, Who we've discussed. Are there another major war poet? One of the earliest work puts on. They read and discussed each other's work so soon. Early poetry, which he wrote before the war, was romantic and influence. But during the war it became grittier, a more realistic. So he has images in their things, like rotting corpses, mangled limbs. It is really horrifying night in a romantic poem that might be considered a Gothic image on part of romanticism. But because it was actually happening to him, it was a huge shock to his early readership, and he had this concept called No truth unfitting. You know that what was actually happening deserved to be told on that greatly influenced the development of modernist poetry, which became an awful lot more realistic. So Robert Graves spoke off his suicidal feats of reverie on Graves, actually describes one of subsumes suicidal feats of bravery, and his memoirs goodbye to all that where he says he went over with bombs and daylight under covering fire from a couple of rifles and scared away the occupants over German Trench. Ah, pointless feet since instead of signaling for reinforcements, he sat dying in the German trench on began reading a book of poems which he had brought with him. When he went back. He did not even report Colonel Stockwell, then in command. Reg did him. The attack on moments would have been delayed for two hours because British patrols were still reported to be out. British patrols were Siegfried and his book of poems. I have got you a D s o a mantle. Basically, if you'd only shown more sent Storm Stockwell So he's still ration and patches taking things lightly, lightly the way he did before the war but incredibly brave so soon was actually awarded the military cross, although he later apparently threw it into the River Mersey because he was looking for some kind of active catharsis. He wanted to express his anger against the war, but he did achieve other military owners which I believe were sold by his family a couple of years ago, so so soon spent years and grief after the death. His brand. William Cuff Bert Thomas Nye In the generation of the First World War because of the carnage, all ride them. Men were quite often missing. Franz Brothers, cousins, uncles, fathers. Um, there was a lot of loss on sometimes you know that grief did last for years, So Withs assumed this was a sort of turning point for him, and he decided to write a letter to his commanding officer calling for the end of the war. It was entitled, Finished with the War. A Soldier's Declaration. It actually ended up being read in Parliament for by a sympathetic MP who wanted to raise the issues of high soldiers were actually living. But some people consider that to be treasonous. Remember that you could be shot for desertion. On speaking I'd against your military leaders was something that wasn't generally accepted in the Great War, so he could have been court martialed for this arm, perhaps shot. But Robert Graves intervened and argued that Sassoon was suffering from shell shock as we mentioned early earlier, and he was sent to create Blockers War Hospital, which was near Umbra at which was a psychiatric unit. There he met Wilfred Owen, who was to become his protege and eventually became a More famous were poets. Vansen on Wilfred. Owen was quite in love with him, quite infatuated with him on completely idolized. And he described him as my Jesus, my Elijah on my Cates. There you go. Pretty tall. Order to live up to that. Very unfortunate happened in July 1918 and that was that a British soldier, mystics assume for German and shot him in the head. He didn't die, but it was obviously a pretty serious injury by this stage. He was a captain, and that's the right that he left the army with when he resigned his commission on health grounds in March 1919. After the war, he became literary editor at the Socialist Daily Herald, and he dabbled in the labor movement. So during the first World War, the class is mixed to a degree that they hadn't previously you know the well to do and the not so well to do. We're facing the horrors off the trenches together. And so the more well off started to notice the plight of the last well, often start to think about high. This could be turned around. My not all societies had that reaction to the war. It didn't happen, for example, in American society. But in England it did sort of precipitated the labor movement on so soon, who was completely a political news youth and actually said that he would rather have crickets, becomes very involved in the labor movement. For a time, he traveled to America and he started writing novels. He wrote the Sheraton trilogy from 1928 to 1936 and he then wrote a straightforward autobiography, The Sheridan trilogy, Being a sort of fictionalized autobiography of the Life of Siegfried Sassoon so soon had affairs with several men before marrying Hasta Gatti in 1933. And they have a much longed for son. George apparently sustained very much wanted to have a child. The marriage sadly broke, dine after the Second World War on, they separated in 1945. Towards the end of his life, he converted to Roman Catholicism's, and he visited the nuns at Stone Brick. They published commemorative sense of his poems. He was also very much interested in the supernatural and he joined the Ghost Club, which is one of the world's oldest paranormal society. You know, they they were the original ghost hunters. If you like this waas a reaction to the first World War, people started to become interested in the big questions of life. Is there an afterlife, life and death, that kind of thing. Although not everybody came to the same conclusion as we'll see when we talk about a bite. Robert Graves, who had a very different reaction to the war in a spiritual sense. Then it's assumed it Secrets of soon died of stomach cancer a week before his 81st birthday on the first of September 1967. Let's read one of Sassoon's poems, so imagine that it's the era before television or radio and that you maybe have loved ones here at the war. You're wondering what it's like on you. Read this abdominal. The ridge emerges mast and done in the wild purple of the glaring sun smoldering three spikes of drifting smoke that shrive the menacing scarred slope on one by one tank, scraped and topple forward to the wire. The barrage roars and lifts, then clumsily bide with bombs and guns and shovels and battle gear. Man jostle and climbed to meet the bristling fire lines of grey. Muttering face is masked with fear. They leave their trenches going over the top while time ticks blank and busy on their wrists on hope with furtive thighs and grappling fists. Blinders in mud. Oh Jesus, make it stop so you'll note, they Oh, Jesus, make it stop. And we don't have high falutin archaic language here that this is very, really very gritty. Everyone signed by secret system. Everyone suddenly burst tight singing, and I was filled with such delight as present birds must find and freedom winging widely across the white tortures on dark green fields on, on, on out of sight, everyone's voice was suddenly lifted on Beauty came like the setting sun. My heart was shaking with tears and horror drifted away. Oh, but everyone was a bird on. The song was wordless. The singing will never be done. I think you can see the romantic influence in that poem. No, I will talk. Are bites the most famous of the war. Poet Wilfred Owen, who wrote a very famous poem called Douche at Decorum, asked from a very famous phrase in Latin culture. AP Decorum asked Pro Patria More I It is a sweet on pleasing thing to die for your country . He didn't agree with that sentiment, obviously. So Wilfred Owen lived from 18 93 to 1918 very sadly, being killed in action at the edge of only 25. He's perhaps the best known of the war reports. He was a soldier and he was a pro touche off seek foods too soon with home, as we've seen earlier, he was quite in factory that I don't know if it was reciprocal, but soon definitely cared about him on some level. So his most famous poems are dull chap decorum Asked which we've imagined an anthem for doomed youth on, We're going to read both of those later. He's famous for the stark realism of this work that was the influence of so soon really and contemptuous satires for the likes of Rupert Brick. So he's writing very much in the van off system. So he happened to be born in Shropshire to a middle class family, and he was an evangelical Anglican. So early influences on his writing before the war included the Bible on the romantics, especially keeps. He passed the matriculation exam for the University of London in 1911 but he didn't get high enough marks for scholarship, and his family just couldn't afford the fees. So he had to find another way of getting an education. And he did this by working as an assistant big vicar from 1911 to 1913 for the vicar of Dunn's Done, which was near reading. And whilst he was doing that, he studied botany and old English at University College Reddick. So Bob needled English. That's quite a diversity of subjects there. In 1913 he went to Bordeaux to teach English and French as a private cheater were broke Kite. He obviously had to return to England, but he was a no his to enlist at that period, though, if you didn't sign up, people would have refer to you as a card. You might have been spatter in the streets. You were considered to be laughing the sideline. So on the 21st of October 1915 he did enlist on. He spent the next two months training at Hair, Whole Camp and SX, and then On the fourth of June 1916 he was commissioned as a second left hand and the Manchester Regiment. So again remember, the officers were often in danger, and he happened to be hit by a mortar shell. Western fronts. And he spent several days lying unconscious and the remains of a fellow officer That is horrific so you can see why he ended up in hospital with what they called shell shock. What we know I call post traumatic stress disorder, and he was sent to create Lockard Hospital near Ambrose. And that's of course, where he met Seefried, so sick. He also taught at times side high school and quite a deprived area of Edinburgh while he was there. So he decided to return to active duty and fronts, which soon really discouraged him from doing so. The anti decided just not to tell so soon he was going back. Andi. He arrived in France in July 1918 he believed, because soon at this point had been shot in the head, as we saw earlier, and he believed that it was his moral responsibility to tell the story of the war. If he hadn't have gone back to the war. I think he would have suffered from the most horrendous guilt. So in August 1918 he led units of the second Mon testers to storm enemy strongholds, and he received the military cross. The citation read. Second Leftenant Wilfred Edward Salter Owen, fifth Battalion of the Mont Chester Regiments, etcetera, etcetera for conspicuous gallantry and devotion to G. D and the attack on the False Online. On October, the first to 2nd 1918 on the company commander becoming a casualty. He assumed command and showed fine leadership on resisted a heavy kind of attack. He personally manipulated a captured enemy machine gun from an isolated position on inflicted considerable losses on the enemy. Three Height. He behaved most gallantly. Wilfred Owen Hart being introduced to many literary figures by secrets. Assume he had met Robert Grids him, several prominent writers off the day on. He had the potential of a great literary career ahead of him. He had also, through hanging light with these people who were, for the most part gay or bisexual, come to terms with his own sexuality. On homoeroticism is definitely a feature of his work on Remember Oscar Wilde had gone to president for homosexuality. You know, Orion, back time it was something. But you couldn't talk about openly. So ah, bright future was ahead of him when, very sadly, he died. Killed in action only a week before the signing of the armistice. So he said he died on the fourth of November 1918 on the war ended on the 11th of November 1918. He was killed during the crossing of the somber Wascana he's buried and a commune als sanitary and or with an inscription from his poetry that his mother had requested. Shall life. We knew these bodies off the truth. All death will hear No, on this is his grave. Pictured here to the right, This is Wilfred Owen's most famous poem on actually, one of the most famous poems in English literature on something that has really culturally shifted our understanding off war. So let's re bus together bent double like old beggars under sacks, knock kneed, coughing like hags. We cursed through sludge till on the haunting flares we turned our backs on towards our distant rest began to trudge. Man marched asleep. Many had lost their boots but limped on blood shod. All went limb, all blind, drunk with fatigue, death even to the hoots of gas shells dropping softly behind gas gas. Quick boys on ecstasy of fumbling, fitting the clumsy helmets just in time. But someone still was yelling out and stumbling and floundering like a man, and fire or lime dim through the misty panes and thick green light as under agree, etc. I saw him driving in all my dreams before my helpless sight. He plunges at May, the guttering choking drowning. If, in some smothering dreams, you could piss behind the wagon that we flung him in on watch, the white eyes writhing in his face, his hanging fist like a devil. Stick of sin. If you could hear every joke, the blood come gargling from the froth. Corrupted lungs, Obscene as cancer. Better us. The card off vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues. My friend, you would not tell with such high zest to Children ardent for some desperate glory. The old lie douche at Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori and Don't chapter core mass pro Patria. Mori means it is a sweet, a noble thing to die from what for one's country. So here sustain is attacking the jingoism off the poet laureate on of other pro war ports off the time, the second most famous kind of last rites. No proper barrier. They're dying like animals. Basically, he sang, they're being dehumanized. So again, this is very shocking. Very moving. I'm very excited to talk about this man pictured here. This is Robert Graves, a soldier. Ah, war poet Classicist, also on historical novelist who wrote one of my personal favorite novels I Claudius. And if you only get one thing are this course Please, please read I Claudius. And if you're the kind of person that cries when you read books read I, Claudius with bite six boxes of tissues besides you. Anyway, I digress. Robert Graves lived from 18 95 to 1985 so you can see that he survived the war by quite a long time. He was, as we've mentioned, a poet and a historical novelist. I Claudius read it on a classicist. His father was offered personal ribs who was an Irish poet and was a prominent figure in the Gaelic revival. So Robert as well was interested in all things Celtic and Celtic mythology. His Mother Amalie von Branca was the niece of historian Leopold von Rankin. Like it wasn't a good idea to go a bite being cold. Robert von Runkel Graves during the Great War, when all things German were considered Bob. So he just changed his name to Robert Ribs. He wrote about 140 works, including, Of course, I, Claudius, Claudius, the Guards, The sequel Die Claudius, The White Goddess, which was on the nature of poetry and mythology on his memoirs, Goodbye to all that which included his experiences in the First World War. He didn't and later Life republished his war poems because he felt there being a sort of Fahd for war poems, which he didn't want to be part off. So Graves won a scholarship to Charterhouse Public School, which is the English time for a private skill. I know in 1909 and he took up boxing there due to the 1,000,000,000 he experienced. He will turn his riches some of the other boys. He was very serious, very studious, and so he was picked on a bit. While he was there. He fell in love with a younger student, which caused a scandal, and he was actually called to the headmaster's office. He later tried to deny this was a homosexual relationship by describing it as chest and sentimental on that it was proto homosexual. You can understand that in the days where you could go to president for homosexuality, that this would be the tack that you might tick. He then wanted Blustery to study classics at ST John's College, Oxford, but he didn't take that place until after the war. He enlisted immediately when the war broke out, and he took up a commission as a second lieutenant and the Royal Welsh Fusiliers while he was in fronts. He, of course, met Siegfried Sassoon on. They discussed each other's work. Um, there's no real indication that's assumed was an influence on Graves. But they did have the support of finding another poet and writer. He was actually one of the first war poets. Robert Graves published the collection over the Brazier in 1916. He nearly died when a shell fragment lodged in his lung in the battle the psalm on. After that, he spent the rest of the war in England. He convalesced in Oxford with Siegfried Sassoon, so they were fortunate enough to end up in the same hospital. It would be nice to have a friend nearby. While he was there. He fell in love with a nurse cult Marjorie, But she was engaged. We let it go. It was Graves who talked the under secretary of state for war into admitting sustained to a psychiatric hospital rather than court martialing him whenever he wrote his soldiers decoration. So when Graves Reitze bites too soon, his writing is quite sexualized, which was something that's assume himself actually comment to the Palm. But he denied homosexuality, so its own introduced Robert Graves to Welford Owen, who used to sent me poems from France. Graves suffered quite badly. From what we would know. I call post traumatic stress disorder shellshock, saying the sign of a car backfiring with Sandy flattened my fist or running for cover. This lasted for years after the war on. He was never actually treated for up, So I've decided to include, in this course a poem that he wrote after the war that talked about the consequences of the war. In September 1917 he was said to Limerick in Ireland, where he started to develop Spanish influenza. Remember, after the first World War on off, a lot of people actually died off flu. They were very much weakened. And he decided, in his own words, to make a run for it. No, a good idea. You could be shot for desertion. But it so happened that he happened. Teoh get in a taxi When he got back to England, in which was an officer who could supply him with discharge papers, eso he got tired of being court martialed. After the war, Robert Griffin married political Nazi Nicholson and he took up his place in Oxford. Finally. But he changed from studying classics to studying English language and literature, which around that time was quite a new subject which was being developed by one professor told Kane and his good friend, C. S. Lewis arrived, but that point in history or just a few years after this. So that's the kind of generation that where talking about he actually failed his bachelor of arts. But he was a larger to you, his bachelor of literature by dissertation so that he could teach. And in 1926 he became professor of English lecture and Cairo in Egypt, of course, and he moved there with his family on with a poet called Laura writing. So he returned to England on his marriage, completely broke down. His wife actually tried to commit suicide, and he then moved in with writing. So he continued to write for much of his life, and he published 140 works, as I say So the most famous, including Lawrence and the Arabs, as in Lawrence of Arabia, which was a biography of T. E. Lawrence. Goodbye to all that, his memoirs, I, Claudius read I, Claudius and Claudius, the God read Claudius the Gold as well and, of course, his Greek myths, which is considered a sort of standard work for anyone who wants to learn about Greek mythology to this day. So he married Elliptical Barrel hajj in 1950. He ended up having a total of eight Children, four by each of his wives, and he actually turned Dine a C b, a commander of the British entire, a national owner. In 1957 he began to suffer memory loss In the 19 7 days on. He needed regular care, basically until he died from heart failure In 1985 at the age of 90 he's buried and day and majora in the sight of a shrine once secret to the white goddess of Pelli. And, of course, he wrote, the white God are symbolizing myth and poetry. After the war, he had become an atheist. Unlike, um, sincerity, he became a Catholic Andi so not buried in church. But it seems to be a perfect resting place for Robert Graves. So let's now I look at some of his poetry, So Robert Graves of style as support was very different to that off Sassone and his protege , Owen. As we're about to find ICT, this poem is called Ghost Rattled comes early, fellow Come a song. What bad man Sing to you. Choose from the collided Tales of wrong and terror I bring to you often light so tourney with cries honest man sleeping stare awake with glaring eyes, bone chilled flash creeping off spirits in the web, hung room up above the stable, groans knocking in the gloom. The dancing table off demons in the dry well, that cheap and mutter clanging oven unseen bell blood choking the gutter of lust frightful pass belief lurking unforgotten, unrestrained herbal, endless grief from breasts. Long rotten a song. What laughter or what song could this heist remember? Do flowers and butterflies belong to a blind December? So this is much more romantic in its style. It's much more a metaphor andan image rather than a sort of graphic report of the war. But it's still very emotionally impactful. I'm going to read the foreboding because I'm, as I mentioned earlier, I wanted to read a poem which was a bite. The ongoing effects of the war, the PTSD, basically after it had landed. Looking by chance in the open window, I saw my own self seated in his chair with gears abstracted, furrowed forehead on camp tear, I thought I had suddenly come to die. That too cool corpse. This was my farewell, until the pan moves slowly on the paper on tears, foul. He had written a name yours and printed letters, one word on which, bemusedly to poor, no protests, no desire, your naked name, nothing more. Would it be tomorrow? Would it be next year? But the vision was not false. This much I knew, and I turned angrily from the open window. Aghast at you? Why Never a warning either by speech or look that the love you cruelly give me could not last already. It was too late. It's the bit swallowed the hook fast. I'm just gonna say it again because I really want to get this story read. I, Claudius, it will change your life. Well, maybe that's a bit of an exaggeration, but it really is exceptionally beautiful. 38. Rudyard Kipling : So in the last video, we heard high the War Poets Such a Secret so Soon and Wilfred Owen very much attacked what they perceived as patriotic jingoism on the part of some of the propagandist poets of the day. So I thought, to make sense of that, it was good to look at a propagandist of the day, though one who very much changed his mind, a bite, the war on whether or not it was doing any good after the death of his only son. On that it's Rodeo Kipling night. Kipling straddles the Victorian edge on and the 20th century as we've mentioned before, So the Victorian age was very much an edge off empire on. Kipling is a pretty controversial figure in literature because off his perceived imperial ist views well, not perceived imperialist views, he had some imperialist views, but that waas, of course, the edge that he lived in. So I'll let you decide through a study of his work, whether or not you think that some of his views are pardonable. So Roger Kipling, who lived from the 30th of December 18 65 until the 18th of January 1936 was a journalist, a poet, a novelist on a short story writer. His works include some very famous works if, which was voted the UK s favorite poem in 1995. Nothing too controversial by If Kim the Jungle Becks Night. The Jungle Books are a very different beast than the Disney telling off the story. Same characters Mobley, Bagheera share can. But on awful lot darker on Absolutely beautiful story called The Gardener, which will talk about a bit later. Poems such as My Boy Jack and of course, he wrote Gunga Din on the just so Stories for Little Children. So quite a wide I put from Roger Kipling. He was actually the first English language writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1909 He declined the poet laureate ship, and he also turned down the offer of a knighthood more than once. Apparently, reactions to kept going, as we've mentioned before, are a bit mixed. So Henry James, the American novelist, described him as the most complete man of genius I have ever known. Henry James actually give the bride away at Kipling's wedding. So knew him well. I would imagine he was described by George Orwell as a Jingo Imperial ist morally insensitive on ecstatically disgusting. So strong criticism there again. Once you grab some of his work, I'll let you make up your own mind on your stunts on Kipling. So this is the kind of thing that he was writing at the start. All the first World War on This is the kind of writing that the likes of Sassoon and Owen, where trying to satya rise where opposed to. So this is called to Canadian memorials. It's from his collection of epitaphs, as he called them in the first World War. We giving all gandal neither Lamento snore pres only in all things recall it iss fear not death that slaves from little times in a far land We came to save our honor on a world of flim by little time in a far land we sleep and trust that the world we one for you to keep so very much the glorification of those who have died in war and you'll notice the little dig At card is people who don't take up military service. It is fear, not death, that slays. So this is the kind of thing that he was writing as the war broke kite on us. I say there was a certain kind of writing that was opposed Teoh this kind of glorification of war. But let's have a little look at the background of Roger Kipling so that we can ascertain why it rolls, that he might have prayers. The First World War when it first broke it on high it will said he came to a different view . So Joseph Roger Kipling was born to John Lockwood Kipling. I keep saying it, you have to have a job in order to have a famous writer child on his wife, Alice, in Bombay in India. And he always felt a very strong association with India. His parents told themselves as Anglo Indians. That's what the British living in India during time Garage described themselves as being so He was a cousin off the conservative prime minister, Stanley Baldwin. And here we have a picture to the right of Kipling with his father. So Kipling wrote a Bombay mother of all cities to me, for I was born and her get between the palms and the sea, where the world and steamers wit And that's from to the city of Bombay, which he won't wrote in 18 94. So throughout his life, his writings on India slightly idealized, but I think he always thought of it as a spiritual home. So aged five, he was sent back to England, away from India, to be educated and sightsee, and his three year old sister, Alice Noda's tricks, went with him. So they lived with a family called the Holloway Family and a place called Lauren Lodge, where he experienced the cruelty and neglect that he would write a bite and his short story Baa Baa black sheep. The Children's only reprieve was that every Christmas they went for a month to visit their aunt Georgiana, known as Aunt Georgie, and her husband, Albert, in their home, the Grinch, which shortly before his death, Kipling described as a paradise, which I verily believe saved may so very unhappy childhood in Lauren Large. Fortunately, his mother returned to England in 18 77 un removed the Children from the care of the hollow ice on Kipling was there and to a military skill, so he's bein to military skill. He's being born in India and part of the empire. So the glorification of empire on the glorification of the military are some things that are going to come naturally to Roger Kipling. So at 16 as he was leaving skill, it was felt that he wouldn't get into Oxford on a scholarship on. His parents just couldn't afford the fees, so his father got him a job and Lahore. So he goes back to India to be the assistant editor off the Civil a military. Is that so again, there's a military string to what he's doing, and he's buying to have some kind of sympathy with the Army and with military life, he wrote of his return to India. My English years fell away nor ever, I think, came back in full strength. So he wrote this in 1935 a year before his death. In 18 86 he published a little collection called Departmental Ditties, so he's starting to write Creatively Ni as well as for his work on. He was asked to contribute short stories to The Gazette, who actually published 39 of the stories between 18 86 on 18 87 an 18 idiot he published a prose collection called Plan Tales From the Hills, which was loosely best on his summer holidays. High up in the hills, where the weather was cooler with his family in November 18 87 he moved Allahabad become assistant editor of The Pioneer, which was larger sister Paper of the Gazette. So it's basically a promotion, although unfortunately he was discharged after dispute, which basically means fired in 18 89 he Waas paid a sort of holding salary and live notice , but he had to sell the rights to short stories onto plan tales from the hills. So he decides at this point, to move to London because he thinks that London is a literary city on that his career will go better. There, on the way he traveled through the U. S. A ont, he struck up a friendship with Mark Twin. He received Greater Klim in London Literary Society and went on to publish his first novel , The Light. That Field All was not well, though, because he actually ended up suffering a nervous break. Dine arrived this time, but things started looking up for him in 18 92 when he married an American lady called carry or Caroline ballast ear. Henry James says. I mentioned before it gave the bride away. And here is Carrie with her Children pictured to the right. They honeymooned in her near the remote. On while they were there, they heard that their bank it field, so there was no insurance scheme to pay you back your money If your bank field in those days you had lost everything on rather than view this as a total disaster, they rented a modest little cottage, which they named best college, and we're actually pretty happy there. Their first child, Josephine, was born there on the 29th December 18 92 and it so happened that her birthday was the 29th . Rudyard Kipling's was the 30th and then carries was the 31st So they saw this as auspicious . Whilst they were living in Bliss Cottage, Kipling began writing the jungle books. So the lure of India and his imagination was still there, and he liked writing for Children. Once he had his own Children, their family expanded. They had another daughter on. They bought land from carries brother to build a new house, which they called Nile AKA again harking back to Kipling's time in India, so they were pretty happy in the States until they're two. Things happened one and international politics on one. On the kind of personal family level, Anti British sentiment began to surface in the USA due to the Anglo American crisis of 18 96 on High that Kim a bite. Waas Venezuela Waas, disputing Britain's claim over Guyana on the Americans, offered to intervene to help the negotiations. Britain said no. And then the American said that since they have sovereignty over the continent of America, it was their right to intervene at this. Put British noses well, either joint as you can imagine. So it became a little bit harder to be English in America at that time. Or that's what Kipling felt also around. That time carries brother Beta, whom she'd never really gotten on with, basically threatened Kipling with assault in the street on that lead to a court kiss, which created a scandal. So at that point, Kipling decided it was time to move back to the UK, so they moved to Turkey in England in 18 96 and in August 18 97 their only son John Kipling was born, kept playing, published his most controversial works around this time Recessional and 18 97 on the White Man's Burden in 18 99. So I greater regional little portions of these poems so you can know what the controversy is. A bite. So from the white man's burden, which is, it's a pretty uncomfortable title to a modern air. But here are some uncomfortable words. Take up the white man's burden. Send forth the best T breed Gobind your sons to exile. To serve our captives need to wit and heavy harness on fluttered folk on Wild, Your new caught sullen peoples half devil and half child, half devil and half child, he describes those have Bean colonized by the U. K. That is pretty uncomfortable. Let's be honest. Then, in Recessional, he wrote Far cold. Our navy's melt away on June and Headland sinks the fire. Though all our pump of yesterday is one with no never and tire judge of the nation's spare us yet lest we forget, lest we forget comparing the British Empire, the Western world, to the sinful cities of the Bible, none of the entire, um, a sense of empire passing away. But there's also a sense in that the empire is something that should not be alive to pass away. So from a modern perspective, it's kind of uncomfortable reading this kind of verse. So in 18 97 the family moved to East Sussex, and they lived in several different highs is before buying a place called Bettman's in 1902 It had actually been built in 16 43 so pretty old heists. And that's where Kipling lived for the rest of his life. Joseph in Kipling picture tears. The right, very sadly, died of pneumonia, and 18 99 edged only six. Kipling wrote the just So stories for young Children after her death as a sort of reaction to her death. And he also produced Kim, which, amongst other things, demonstrated his Buddhist world views on his love of all things Oriental. So such was his love of all things Oriental that he developed pretty strong, empty German feelings. When the German Kaiser made a speech in which he announced he planned to send troops to crush the boxer rebellion in China and 18 90 neither boxer rebellion and China was opposed . Teoh Western colonization off China. It was supposed to things like empire Christianity in a way which the locals felt was being foisted upon them all things tied to the West. So Kipling told a French newspaper, Le Figaro, that he would like to see an Anglo French alliance to kind of the part of Germany. No, that was way back. In 18 90 we we'll see what happened politically in the coming decades, where you know his wish for an Anglo French alliance to fight the Germans, Kim to pass, but in the most horrible way. So he won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1909 on the citation, read the Swedish Academy and awarding the Nobel Prize in literature this year to Roger Kipling desires to pay a tribute of homage to the literature of England so rich and manifold glories onto the greatest genius and the realm of narrative that that country has produced in our times. Neither is no arguing that Roger Kipling waas a genius and the realm of narrative, and even if you sometimes don't like the views, he's expressing his way off depicting what was going on in the world around him. is very memorable, interesting here that it's basically saying the literature of England is a particularly glorious literature, rich and manifold glories on that. Amongst the writers of the time, Kipling is one of the foremost that can't really be argued with either. So Kipling was involved in conservative politics globally, not just in the UK The Canadian conservatives asked him to write articles in 1911 because they were opposing a pact between the U. S A. And Canada that have been made by the Liberal Party, which they felt favored. The USA didn't benefit Canada that much. That article was published in a lot of Canadian newspapers. In the end, he also argued against the Irish Home rule bill. Ireland wanted to have its own government at the time, arguing it was only British rule allied the savage, his word Irish to advance. And he wrote a controversial poem named Ulster Night. As a Northern Irish person myself, I would view that poem and his remarks as, of course, pro finally colonialist. Maybe, let's be honest, slightly racist. So he advanced through the ranks, the free medicines when he wasn't doubling in politics and writing, and he used their imagery in the man Who Would Be King. When the first World War broke Kite, he started to write Prue war poems and pamphlets. Just completely office. Um but But then in September 1914 the government asked him officially to write propaganda on offer, which he accepted. So this is what he wrote off the Germans at the time. There was no crime, no cruelty, no abomination that the mind of man can conceive of which the German has not perpetrated is not perpetrating on will not perpetrate if he is allowed to go on today. There are only two divisions in the world human beings and Germans. Pretty shocking. Let's be honest. But he saw the war as almost a fight between good and evil, with the Germans being evil. And he he says here, if they are allied to go on, in other words, they cannot be allowed to go on. So his view of the war Waas that you were stopping barbarism, that you were stopping some form of evil by going to war with Germany. Of course, today we would see the war itself as barbaric and a form of evil with not a lot of point, Tim it. So he absolutely poured scorn on those who shirt military duty. So in a pamphlet called New Army Training in 1915 he wrote this much we can realize even though we are so close to it, the old safe instinct saves us from triumphant exultation, triumphant excel, Titian, very poetic language, slightly archaic language glorifying war hair. But what will be the position in years to come of the young man who has deliberately elected to cast himself from this all embracing brotherhood, this all embracing brotherhood? You know, the nobility of soldiers, the close relationships between shoulders. This is something you don't withdraw from, what of his family? And above all, what of his descendants when the books have been closed on the last balance struck of sacrifice and sorrow and every Hamlet, village, parish, suburb, city, Shire District province on Dominion throughout the Empire. So you know there will be sacrifice and sorrow, and in Kipling's mindset, that is a good thing. And it's a bad thing not to be part of that sacrifice. It is, in fact, a bit selfish in his view that waas until the death of John Kipling pictured here. I don't know if some of you have seen it, but a few years ago, I TV in the UK did an amazing drama called My Boy Jack. Which is, of course, the name of a poem by Roger Kipling, which looked at the relationship between John and Roger Kipling on the impact on Roger Kipling of John Kept Ling's death. It was absolutely beautiful. If you can find it somewhere online, it's very much worth watching. So John Kipling was actually turned down three times for military service due to his per eyesight. He was very short sighted. I believe his father intervened and he was accepted into the Irish Guards. He was actually quite disappointed at not being accepted for the army because remember when war broke, I'd ah, lot of young men very willingly joined the army, thinking it was all going to be a great adventure, which was high. It was sold to them, and also there was the sense that you were loving the side dine if you didn't go to war. So John Kipling was last seen in September 1915 at the Battle of Loose. He was stumbling in the muds unable to see very well, and it's possible that he had official injury. He was buried in a calm Yunel grave on it took the Kipling family quite a lot of time to establish high here, died on where he was buried. Kipling then reevaluated his attitude to the war, and he wrote an epitaphs of war. If any question why we died, tell them because our fathers light. He also wrote the pro finding realistic The Gardener Night. This as a short story about unmarried lady who comes to be the guardian off her nephew and her nephew is killed in the first World War, and it actually pretty much takes you through the stages of grief. It takes you through shock. It takes you through denial. It takes you through pro find sadness. Then it has rather a beautiful ending. I've attached as a diner suitable resource to this video, and I please please, do you read it? It's quite short, only about four pages long. I believe it really does portray the feelings of a parent on losing their child in the first World war. So moving away from using phrases like triumph on exultation on looking at the gritty reality of death and World War One. He also wrote the poem My Boy Jack at though it's never really been proven that that poem was about John Kipling. He was never refer to his Jack within the family, but it's possible that it was by the loss of his son. Have you news of my boy, Jack? Not this tide. When do you think he'll come back? Not with this wind blowing. And this tide has anyone else had word of him? Not this tied for what it's sunk will hardly swim. Not with this wind blowing and this tide. Oh, dear, what comfort can I find? None this tide nor any tied. Except he did not share his kind. Not even with that wind blowing and that tide. Then hold your head up all the more this tide and every time because he was the son you bore and gave to that wind blowing. And that tide. This is dated 1915 here, which was the year that John Kipling died in 1918. Following the war, Kipling became part of the War Graves Commission on. It's actually Kipling, who's responsible for the freres known unto guard on the graves of unidentified soldiers. He also chose the fares. The Gloria stared for the Cenotaph in Whitehall, where the queen or senior members off the rail family go every year on the 11th of November of the anniversary of the armistice to honor those who have died and world wars on other conflicts. Kipping continued to embrace conservative politics. After the war. His political views didn't change too much. He branded the newly emerging Labour Party as Bolsheviks with light billets. Hey feared anything that waas to the left, which was common in those days after the bloodshed off the revolution in Russia. We talked a little bit before about high. The Labour Party grew out of the first World War and that the more affluent for the first time could come into contact with those less well off than themselves and at a very close level and wanted to improve their lot to bet when they got home. Also, the working classes wanted more political power and felt they deserved more political part . But this was something that was at odds with Roger Kipling in 1935 a year before a staff he gave a speech warning that Nazi Germany posed a threat to Britain, which, of course, four years later Britain was again involved in a world war. He didn't agree with any attempt to lessen the penalties off the verse I treaty, which was made at the end of the first World War with Germany. And it was actually some argue, the Versailles Treaty, which created hyperinflation in Germany, which created a sense of national shame in Germany, which created an environment in which Hitler could come to park. But he had felt that the Germans deserved to pay the penalties that were put in front of them in that treaty. Nonetheless, he recognized the dangers off very far right nationalism in Germany. Kipling died of a perforated Judita ulcer, age 70 on the 18th of January 1936 so his ashes are in tired and Poets Corner beside Charles Dickinson. Thomas Hard A. You can see the photograph here. His funeral was very nationalistic. His coffin, being dripped with the union flag on his coffin, was carried by his cousin, conservative Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin. We can see Rodeo Kipling as a man who straddled the Victorian edge on the early 20th century where things were really changing. You know, he had that Victorian dedication to empire on two country onto colonialism, which after the carnage of the first World War, you Britain still had an empire. But but very traditional conservatism starts to be challenged. Kipling, of course, holds on to it. You can see why some of his ideas off triumphant exultation were challenged by the likes of Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, who were actually right on the tranches themselves. Because, of course, Kipling didn't actually see life in fronts. But the tragic death of his son dead. Turn around his views. I'm hoping that you'll read the free dine loads that come with this lecture. There's a free copy of if, which is one of the nation's favorite poems. Still, on Kipling's most famous poem, there's a free copy of The Gardener, The short story we talked to bite about losing a child in the First World War. It's pro finally moving, and I hope you'll read it. There's also a free copy of the poem My Boy Jack, which I read as part of this lecture on a link to buy the short story Barbara Black sheep, about his experience off cruelty and neglect in childhood for only $1. 19 I I just couldn't find it for free, so I'm hoping you'll have a look at those resources. 39. Modernism in England : The Bloomsbury Set: section. We're going to talk. Abide on artistic Andi philosophical movement known as modernism, and we're going to talk about modernism in England. At the modernism was something that existed throughout the Western world and the most famous grape of modernists. We're known as the blame spray sat on. Of course, not all modernists were members of the blooms. Reset. Joseph Conrad, who was a Polish writer who moved to England and wrote an English, was probably the first modernist rider in England. Other, not a member off the Bloomsbury set. So what do we mean by modernism? Because doesn't the word modern just main something off the current times? Not necessarily. So Modernism is a philosophical on arts movement. As I've already said on it covers not only literature but other areas, including panting economics, literature on sociology, of the progression of society. It probably had its rates, actually in romanticism on the romantics rejection off the industrialization around them. They had a huge focus on nature on their desire to change social structures and hierarchies , so it it really went way back to that time. But some of the events off the early 20th century would be a catalyst to giving us the modernist worldview. So there are two basic core values off modernism. Relativism, it rejects absolute. So it rejects the thinking of the Enlightenment. It rejected the morality of the Victorian edge, the very harsh absolutism of the Victorian. It on most modernists rejected religious belief, although not all so. It's other value as social progression on also progression in the arts progression generally. And as I've said before, that was a reaction to Victorian values. Also the industrial age on the way people were being treated during industrialization. I'm very importantly, the First World War, which raised huge issues off life of death, the way society was structured. It raised questions about morality. It raise questions, a bite, politics. It raise questions about class and social structure. It changed the whole of life in England on the UK, so modernism basically endeavors to find out what is holding back progress and to find new protease processes, artistic and social, to move progress forwards. It can be criticized for being interested, and progress for progress is sick, and also the kind of relativism obviously throws up some problems. Some things are completely subjective, but some things are not so modernism on science, sometimes in tandem, sometimes at odds, modernism created a style that it's early readers would have been completely unaccustomed to. It was very different from what had gone before in terms of literary devices. So it makes use of a literary device called Stream of Consciousness Quite a lot. So William Faulkner, the famous American modernist, uses this to great effect in his novel, signed on the Fury, where he has one character who has a learning disability. And we see the story from this character's point of view, just told in terms of the thoughts that come into his head even with ICT punctuation. To separate those thoughts, James Joyce also makes use of stream of consciousness. And, of course, Virginia Woolf, the most famous off the Blooms reset makes use of stream of consciousness. So everything is from the internal perspective off the character rather than traditional narrative storytelling. The rejection of realism so the use of new literary devices, literary devices that are associated with the past are are often used just to be Parad eight and modernist texts as replies Concept of make it new was sort of pivotal to this night when I say Ezra Ponds contact, he had very much taken that from Chinese literature, which he was very interested in. But the modernists held. This is almost decreed to make everything new to be different from what had gone before. Nonlinear storytelling is a huge feature off modernise tax, so you don't just start at the beginning of the story and then have a middle and an end. Sometimes you'll start right in the middle of the story. Go back and see what's happened in the past. And for this reason, some people love modernist texts, and some people find them a little difficult to follow. So here we see the Bloomsbury set gathered in the sub, So the Bloomsbury set were an informal group off not just writers, but painters, literary critics, art critics, economists on writers, of course, who worked and studied in the Bloomsbury area of London. They influenced modern attitudes to things like family ism and sexuality, and to pacifism in a way that still continues today, Dorothy Parker said of the blooms reset that they lived in squares painted and circles unloved and triangles. Here are two off the most famous members off the Bloomsbury sat photographed hair, of course. Virginia wealth on E. M. Forster. But it also included Clive Bell, the art critic. Vanessa Bow, post Impressionist painter on sister of Virginia Woolf. Roger Fry and art critic and post impressionist painter John Maynard Keynes, an economist. Desmond McCarthy, a literary journal journalist letting Struck, a biographer landed wealth. Essayist. A nonfiction writer, of course. Married to Virginia. Will Virginia Woolf, of course. A fiction writer and essayist on E. M. Forster fiction writer The Men and the group had all been educated at Cambridge. That's how they initially met on Toby Stephens, who was a member of a group. Had two sisters for this bell on Virginia Woolf. Andi, That's how the men and the woman of the brooms reset where introduced on when the man came to time. They stayed with the women in Bloomsbury. Vanessa Bell started the Friday club in 1905 on Toby Stephens hosted Thursday evening meeting, so they met roughly twice a week. Toby's death in the 1906 brought the group closer together. They united in the tragedy. A second generation emerged us. The first members grew older and became interested in other things and the blames preset. You know, we've seen high. They loved in triangles. They have many affairs with each other. They also promoted each others careers on. For the most part, they were friends for life. 40. Virginia Woolf: lecture. We're going to talk about modernism. We're going to talk about feminism. We're going to talk about stream of consciousness. We're going to talk a bite. Virginia Woolf. So Virginia Woolf. Born Virginia Stephen, who lived from 18 82 to 1941 was one of England's most influential modernist writers. As we've discussed before, she was also a pioneer off stream of consciousness. I told you we'd be talking about stream of consciousness in the section she's also credited with inspiring family is, um, she's a big inspiration to many feminist critics on. Remember she Lived, arrived the time where women were fighting for suffrage. They were fighting for the vote. She was a novelist and also an essayist. Her most famous fictional works include To the Lighthouse, Mrs Dalloway on Orlando, all of which we're going to talk about a little bit later. So Virginia's mother Waas, the well known pre Raphaelite artist model Julia Princess Jackson, who's pictured here to the right on you can very much imagine that fierce in a pre Raphaelite painting, the pre Raphaelites were quite sympathetic to modernism. That has to be, said her father, Leslie Stephen, was amount of letters. He had an enormous library, which Virginia was able to make good use off that bad sentence in English off which Virginia was able to make good use. Let's be accurate. So she was the seventh child and a landed family off it. And you can see her pictured here at the bottom with her sister, Vanessa, who became Vanessa Bell, the post impressionist Pinter who we've talked a little bit earlier. So her brothers received a college education. But the girls were home skilled, and at home she was taught English classics on Victorian literature. Tragedy struck in 18 95 when her mother died on. Only two years later, her half sister, Stella Duck Worth, had been quite a mother figure to Virginia also died, so she went through significant trauma early in life. On arrived. This time she had her first mental breakdown. She actually suffered from poor a mental health to ride her life. We all know that she died by suicide. She was institutionalized several times on. She also made two other attempts at suicide before she was finally successful. It's thought that she was possibly suffering. From what we would know, I called bipolar disorder. There wasn't really a treatment for that condition in her time. Here we see the Stevens first home in bloom spray the first place and blame spray that they lived in Compton Square. They have been living in Knightsbridge, but after the death of Virginia's mother and sister, it was quite painful for the family to stay where they have been living. So that's why they decided to move to glimpse free, and the rest is history. So Wolf claimed that sexual abuse by her half brother during her childhood lead to rejection of male authority in later life, like some people have disputed, whether this actually happened, or she believed that because she had a mental illness, that there's debit on this topic. But something happened to make her what to move away from the prescribed social rules off women. In her time, from 18 97 to 1901 she attended the ladies division of King's College, London, where she studied classics in history, and it was there that she came into contact with the women's rights movement. Remember, arrived this period in history suffrage for women, it is started, be something that is coming into the public consciousness, and the campaign is really kicking off at that point. So, sadly, her brother throw be died of typhoid in 1906 and we've talked to bite high, that hard up, refined impact arm. The blooms reset. It really coalesced those friendships, so she had a bit of a support network through that tragedy. So she then moved in on lived with some of the man off the Blues reset in what was described as a Minaj. It was cannot considered seemly in those days for a single woman to be living with a group of man at all, but she became a bit more respectable and marrying Leonard Woolf in 1912 she published her first novel, The Voyage ICT, in 1915. And then in 1917 the Wolf set up the Hogarth Press, which published their own writing. But it also published work by people like T. S. Eliot on Lawrence found a post on the paintings of the NASA bell, so not content completely with London life. The wolf's ranted a high since Essex, although they didn't move there permanently until 19 4 day, when, really, sadly, their heist in London was destroyed during the blitz. Wolf spoke of bit being wanted a wife, So she seems to have been quite happy at the start of marriage, although she did make a suicide attempt soon after the marriage, Mrs Dalloway was published in 1925 On That remains to this day one of her most rad novels, Orlando. Another Why The Rad novel was published in 1920. It. She also lectured that year on women and fiction at Cambridge University, so well done to her because lecturing not only studying at Cambridge in 1928 as a woman was a remarkable accomplishment. So from 1925 to 1920 it she had an affair with a writer who was more famous than her during their lifetimes. Other probably a bit less so. Ni Beta Sackville West, who's pictured here to the right, looking every bet, What we imagine of a 19 twenties women. Um Vada tried to raise her self esteem on, also tried to encourage her to use writing to help her with her mental health problems with her mood swings. In 1929 she wrote one of her most influential essays, A Room of one's own. In 1935 she produced her only play, Freshwater, and in 1936 she completed the years, So she's constantly working on her writing. Then, as I mentioned before, in 1940 her home was destroyed in the blitz, which was very traumatic and didn't do her mental health much good. In 1941 Virginia will put stones in her pockets and submerged herself in the river, is at loose, dying by drowning between the acts was published in 1941 after her death and her Ashes Our Entire Beneath the Tree at Monks Heist, which was the cottage. She and Leonard had Lipton from 1919 until her death. So let's talk about Wolf's 1925 novel Mrs Dalloway, probably in my personal favorite of her novels. So it was published on the 14th of May 1925 and it's by a lady called Claressa Dalloway, who's, Ah, High Society woman in post war England. On our such has certain social constraints placed upon her, her husband is a politician. She has toe hold the side up on DSO. The novel begins by showing us this lady preparing for a party in her heist. No, Virginia will pull the story together from two short stories on. It's basically tool from an interior perspective, so we don't have the kind of Amish incineration that we get saying Jane Austen. It is a trade universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a large fortune must be in want of a wife. Well, that tells you right from the start of the novel who's telling the story and kind of gives the authors slammed on the story. This is told from the perspective off various characters, and it doesn't have a linear progression. It doesn't start the beginning and then have a final conclusion. It travels back and forward in time. So the man action is ostensibly taking place in mid June 1923 which is the day of the party . But we have flashbacks on the part of various characters that that take us into other time periods. Another very interesting character in the novel is Septimus, who is a bathroom of the First World War and has what we would know. I call post traumatic stress disorder, and as a result, he has hallucinations of a dear friend who died in the war, and, sadly, he eventually commit suicide by jumping out the window of a psychiatric hospital. Andi to the novels early readership that would really have resonated. Ah, lot of people had come back from the war with mental health problems, so it does have some kinds of ammunition description. But as I say, it moves between this idea off internal thought or stream of consciousness on. We've already talked about High Virginia Woolf was a pioneer and using stream of consciousness. You know that thing? Action is no just describe to us, but we're experiencing it through the eyes off the characters. It's sort of divided into two different forms. Interior monologue. What's going on on the character's mind? But it in a way that's not speaking directly to the audience and soliloquy, which is where the audience is being addressed. It's being compared to James Joyce's Ulysses because of the narrative form that it uses. It's also considered on early feminist work. We look at that, the character off Claressa doll away. She's a bourgeois woman. She has very little to do with lower social classes. She can't imagine their life it all, but she's in this kind of stultifying rule where she's not really allied to express herself . Um, you can see this quote here. Mrs. Dalloway is always giving parties to cover the silence. So it's expected off her to give those parties on. Something else is going on at an internal level that other people don't see. Also a famous quote for Mrs Dalloway, it might be possible that the world itself is without meaning. That's a very modernist way of thinking. And actually, sometimes modernism is accused of nihilism. Um, you know, just a depressing sense of there being nothing like there, which comes from the works of people like nature and enters into literature. I'll let you make up your own mind whether or not you think it's a positive, enlightening, joyous thing that the world should have no meaning or quite a depressing thing. That is entirely to do with your own experience on your own rating as high. The modernists would see it, another famous novel by Virginia Woolf to the light ice. So here's a nice coat from to the lighthouse. For now, she need not think of anybody. She could be herself by herself and that was, what nine. She often felt the need off to think Well, no, even to think, to be silent, to be alone all the being and the doing. Expansion littering vocal evaporated on one shrunk with a sense of solemnity to being one south a word shit core of darkness, something invisible to others on this South, having shared its attachments, was free for for the strangest adventures so that I d dare upping Freddie for the strangest adventures being treated yourself finding the core of yourself. That is the core of modernism, which is more about the South than a bite society, especially for women who were economically dependent. All man still at this point in history and often in repressive social rules. And this was something that Virginia Woolf was really promoting about, that finding off self so to the lighthouse was published in 1927. It doesn't really have much of a story. I don't say that in a critical way. What I mean by that is there's not a lot of action. There's only a little dialogue. It's really about a Siris of thoughts on observations on perceptions, individual perception, of course, being huge and modernism. So it's about the Ramsey Families visit to the island Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920 on it's divided into three distinct sections. In Part one, which is called the Window. Mrs. Ramsey promises her young son, James, that they'll go to visit the lighthouse the next day. But Mr Ramsey says, Well, I don't know. The weather might not be good enough, and that causes a lot of friction between him and his wife. On this is an incident that is referred to quite often in this section. Also in Part one, we meet Lily Briscoe, who's a painter whose there depend James of his mother. She's plagued by diets, which is fuelled by another gas coal, Charles Tansley, who claims that women can neither pinned nor right on. Of course, Vanessa Bell was a painter for Jen, you oaf, a writer. So not something that she believed. But the second section of the novel is 10 years later on the first World War has come and gone. During that time, Mrs Ramsey has died, and so have two of her Children. Her son, Andre, has been killed in the war on her daughter, Prue, has died and childbirth. So this section is actually told by our mission generation, but also from the point of view of Mrs McNab, who's the heist caper and because she's being there right from the start. From when the Ramseys started visiting the Isle of Skye, she's able to describe the changes of the family and the changes in circumstance that have taken place. So the third section off the novel is called the Lighthouse, and this is when they eventually actually do make it to the lighthouse soup. Mr. Ramsay takes gyms and his daughter, Camilla. They're actually a bit reluctant to go on. The section is really about high. The Children's resentment of their father becomes empathy. Their father, since their mother's death, has really lost confidence and has changed and character so that there's changes in the family dynamic there, which you know a lot a lot of people can recognize. Also in this section, Lily finally finishes her panting, and she uses her memories of Mrs Ramsey to try and find an image of this woman, a vision of this woman that she can be true to, and she comes to realize that fulfilling that vision is more important than leaving a legacy in art. So that is to the light heist, a Bic that I hope you'll consider reading. So Orlando is something very different from the other two novels we've just discussed. It's described on Wikipedia as a high spirited rump, which sounds quite appealing on. It was inspired by the high spirited Beat a Sackful West. So it's basically a potted history of English literature in satiric form, and it's by a poet named Orlando who's born in the Elizabethan engine. He's a member of the Elizabethan court on. Then at the Israel Bite 30 he changes gender from amount to a woman, and he then goes on to live for another 300 years, meeting some very famous literary figures during his lifetime. So it's considered to be a bit of a famine ist classic. So a couple of quotes from Orlando here night had come night that she loved of all times night and which the reflections in the dark pool of the mind shine more clearly than by day . It's a quite poetic language there. I am sick to death of this particular self. I want another Ni, the sense of self self is basically at the core off modernist writing. So, Orlando, something I remember reading long ago in my student days. Well, worth picking up a copy if you can. 41. E.M. Forster : in this video, we're going to talk about another member of the Bloomsbury Sat, E. M. Forster. He wrote about a lot of the same things that really are. Kipling did, but from a very different slam, two very different point of view. You may have seen the Merchant Ivory movies off some of his novels. Helena Bonham Carter famously appeared in a room with a view on passage to India and, of course, hards and with Emma Thompson was also a bit of a hit. So E. M. Forster, who lived from 18 79 to 19 7 day, was a novelist, a short story writer and also a librettist. In other words, he wrote the words to operas. He was a friend of composer Benjamin Britain. He was a member of the Bloomsbury set in the 19 tens on the 19 twenties. And as we've mentioned before, his most famous works include A Room With a View Hearts and On a passage to India. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize for literature on 16 separate occasions, high annoying with that aid be nominated 16 times. I'm not win e. M. Forster have been born Teoh Angle Arish on Welsh parents. Alice Forster, who was known as Lily. On average, Forster, who was an architect. He was actually originally named Henry Morgan washed ER, but there was a mistake of his baptism. Money ended up being called Edward Morgan Forster, which I think might have worked in the well in the end, because E. M. Forster signs like a good name for a novelist, it Champ poster signs a bit like a prison. Let's be honest. So his ancestors have be members of the Clapham sect who were a group of social reformers within the Church of England. On the blooms, Reset regarded the clap insect as their spiritual forefathers. He inherited a some of it 1000 points, which is actually nearly about a 1,000,000 pints in today's money. When his aunt, Marianne Thornton, died in 18 87 so he was only a child, and it was kept in trust for him, but it allied him to become a writer. He had financial independence, So like other male members of the Bloomsbury sat, he attended King's College, Cambridge from the 18 97 to 1910 where he was a member of the so called Cambridge Apostles who like to discuss things like philosophy and sociology and letter this Ba Kim a core off the Bloomsbury set. He substantively joined the blooms reset on the Schlegel Sisters, end hards and our best on Vanessa Bell on Virginia Woolf. Other famous members off the Bloomsbury sat in 1906 He fell in love with a student whom he was teetering in Latin age 17 on his name was sired Ross Mustard. So I stayed had a sort of poetic romantic idea of the relationship. I'm confused Per Forster, by standing him these vials of love, which he didn't know how to interpret very well. He wasn't really very lucky in love in his life. Unfortunately, it has to be said. By 1914 he had written all but one of his novels, a passage to India, which would come in 1924. Forster was a conscientious objector in the first World War. He didn't want to be a soldier, but he took up a post for the Red Cross as chief searcher, which meant he went looking for missing servicemen in Alexandria and Egypt. And there he was, again, unlucky in love. He lost my respectability Well, actually, he phrased it as I lost My are to a rendered servicemen in 1917. So after the war, he worked in India in the 19 twenties as private secretary to the maharajah of Daiwa's. I'm sorry if my pronunciation there isn't Grant. He wrote the hell of Davy, which was in a kind of his time in India. He didn't have the romantic notions of the rash out of India that, say Rodeo Kipling had. He saw the racial and class tensions that were happening there, and he betrayed them in a passage to India. So he returned home to London on completed a passage to India in 1924. So here he is a little bit older in this picture. In the 19 thirties and forties, he became a podcaster on BBC radio on also around that time, he came involved with the Union of Ethical Societies, which is Nike all humanists UK, which is a little bit easier to understand, then the Union of Ethical Societies. Andi. The cause of humanism was something he was involved in the rest of his life. He also advocated individual liberty, which we see very much of his novels painful reform, and he opposed censorship. He was word of the Benson Madala Lechery Prize in 1937 and around this time he began a long term affair with Bob Buckingham, who was a married policemen. His social circle included management Britain, as we mentioned before on Secret Sassoon secrets. The same thing to just know everybody. In 1940 it he was elected on honoree fellow of King's College, Cambridge, which gave him a right to live in the college, which he did without having really to do you much work. In return for the accommodation, he turned down a knighthood in 1949 but was made a companion of honor in 1953. He wrote his laughed fiction pace and short science fiction story when he was 82 years old and it was called Little Ember night. We think of his stories mostly in terms of the movies that have been made of them. But initially he refused to ally his stories to be made into films, as he felt that would involve American financing, and he was strongly opposed to American foreign policy. At the time, E. M. Forster died of a stroke on the seventh of June 1970 aged 91 on his ashes were scattered in the Rose Garden of Coventry's crematorium. Now you may be asking yourself, Why do I keep telling you where people are buried? Does not look but macabre. It's just that there are people who like to go and visit the graves of their favorite writers. Luke MCN Aces buried quite close to where I live and people go there all the time, Um, and also whether Buried gives a sense of the esteem that the country held a writer and or the esteem in which the country held a writer to be grammatically accurate. Okay, so let's talk Ni a bite e. M. Forster's novels on were specifically going to talk about a room with a view on a passage to India. So a room with a view. It's very famous for the movie starring Helena Bonham Carter, but it's very much a story off class, and it's very much got that modernist theme off Individual liberty versus a repressive society. This young lady called Lucy Honeychurch is touring Atlee with her older cousin, who's her chaperone, Charlotte Bartlett, on their given a room, which has no view you, despite the fact they've been promised a lovely view. They end up overlooking a courtyard when they're staying in a pensione in Italy and in Florence. So across the whole way is a father on son Mr Emerson and his son George. They happened to have lovely views from their rooms, so they offer to swap with the ladies. But Miss Bartlett thinks that bat would, in her words, create an unseemly obligation. So she says no, but an Anglican clergyman who happens to be another guest at the pensione Mr Baby persuades the women to accept the offer. There's no harm in taking this room, so they do that. So it so happens that Lucy and George Emerson, the sun across the way separately, come to witness a murder which obviously really disturbs Lucy. And they end up having a very sort of deep a meaningful conversation on feelings start to develop to develop there. But that causes Lucy to avoid George because she doesn't really understand her feelings, and she knows that Charlotte won't approve. Also, another clergyman who's staying basically claims that Mr Emerson has murdered his wife. So the Emerson's are not thought of as respectable. They're not all of us, the kind of society that a young lady should be hanging out with. So George and Lucy end up having a bit of a kiss. At one point, Charlotte catches the matter it, and she feels like she's a failure as a chaperone. The women leave for Rome the next day and mostly doesn't get to say goodbye to George. So time passes on Cecil Vyse, whom Lucy knew back in England, proposes to your twice, but she says no. When they returned to England, he proposes again. Aunt Lisa accepts this time, but as fate would have it, the Emerson's and up moving into of us a villa in the local area. So Freddie, Lucy's brother for Franz George on Mr Baby and convinces them both to go skinny dipping. You'll remember this scene from the film in the local pond, losing her mother on Cecil accidentally stray upon them in their state of naked mists on Lucy and George, basically, sometime later, end up a loping to Florence. And initially, if you read the first published imaginable of the novel, that's a happy ever After ending, where you know, true love has one night the repressive social society represented by Charlotte and Cecil has lost. They're gonna have a great time together. But E. M. Forster ended on a panda six years later, and in that George goes off to World War Two and he basically cheats. Only see there. Lucy is left homeless when the flat that she is living in and Watford as bombed George ends up going to Florence when the fascist dictatorship in Italy falls and he tries to find the Penske only Bertolini, which is where they had initially stayed on. He can't find it. It's not any there anymore. But he says the view was still there. The room must be there to, but could not be fined. So what looked like a happy ending later on, replaced with a sad around it. But you can see the kind of issues that are going on there that are of interest to modernist. The freedom of the individual is the big one, the individual in conflict with society class divisions. The idea of the other, the Emerson's, is these people that you just don't hang out with their not respectable, all coming through. It's not written in this super modernist style that Virginia Woolf used by a North a lot of the same themes coming through my by a passage to India on as I've mentioned before it talks by India under British rule in very, very different terms. To the likes of Roger Kipling, it's definitely not an imperialist. Peace On is, to a large extent, influenced by the four old years that E. M. Forster lived in India. So the title, a passage to India, derives from the title of the poem by the American poet Walt Whitman. So it's a bite political Miss Adela Quested on. Basically, she is quite naive. She doesn't have much experience of the world on when she finds herself alone in a cave with an Indian doctor, Doctor is a Z shaped panics and goes into a fluster and runs off, and everybody then believes that he has sexually assaulted her on the following trial brings to an apex racial tensions that were already going on there night. It also shows the divisions within the British society in India at the time when failed in a character called Fielding believes that is is innocent and he states this belief. He's basically ostracised by the British of the the Indians were happy to take him in. Another British person Mrs Mirror believes is innocent. But she doesn't do anything to help him because that would threaten her own social position by end the end of the trial. Adela admits that she was mistaken. She Hobbs, just there being Allied echo in the cave, and she, just being overwhelmed by her circumstances and gotten confused on the case, is basically dismissed. So but her fiance, after this running, he's let breaks off his engagement to her on she leaves India never to return. Fielding convinces doctors is not to sue Adela, but when he returns to England when fielding returns to England, is believes that he's gone back to marry Adela for her money, and he sees this is a huge betrayal advised not to befriend another white person, although two years later Fielding comes back to India, married to somebody else entirely, Andi, he and does is buried the hatchet, although, as is tells him right at the end of the novel that they can never be true friends until Britain is free of the British Raj. So this is obviously a story that could never have been written in Victorian times on would not have been written by an imperialist. It's looking at some really important social issues here. Colonialism, repression, race divisions, class divisions, the struggle of the individual against society as well. It's not written and stream of consciousness, and it's it is written in a more standard, literally technique. Then we sometimes associate with modernism, but it's definitely got some very modernist things. It's my personal favorite of E. M. Forster's novels, so I hope you'll consider reading it. 42. The Inklings: So as 1/20 century progressed, modernism became a feature off literature in the 20th century on off popular culture on the zeitgeist, eventually growing into the postmodernist edge, which we have Ni. But it was by no means unchallenged. There was a group of writers who are very much part of our popular culture today who were pro, finally anti modernist in that they were pro fifth. They were Prue Community. They had a quite different value set on one grape of such writers, Waas The Inklings. The angling Zehr, also known as the Oxford Christians, are, though not all of them self identified as Christian. So that's a bit of a loose term. The most famous members of the inklings, where J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis C. S. Lewis was the leader of the Inklings. Charles Williams, who wrote novels like The Place of the Lion, was also a member on Owen Barfield. They also had occasional members as well as a regular core Bloomsbury set. The inklings met twice a week. They met every Tuesday lunchtime at the Eagle and Child Pub in Oxford, which is a great place to go. If you're a fan of Tolkien or Lewis or you just Happen to Love Fish and Chips on. They met on Thursday evenings at C. S. Lewis's Rooms in Model in College Ni List was very much the leader, C. S. Lewis, of course. Waas, a novelist, a Children's writer, a Christian apologist, AH, broadcaster Onda on Oxford Academic. So he wore many hats. His absolute closest friend, Jr are talking also attended night in there lifetimes or in Lewis's lifetime. It was loose. Who was the celebrity tokens? Celebrity didn't really take off until after loses death. When the Lord of the Rings became popular in the United States, he won't I ever higher up the academic tree unless very much respected his opinion on sometimes tokens. Opinion of Lewis's work could be a little harsh. Lewis, on the other hand, tended to be very appreciative off talking's work. So Warney Lewis also attended C. S. Lewis's brother, He Waas, a member of the Army. He was also a writer, but he wrote history rather than fiction. Hugo Dyson, who along with J. R. R. Tolkien had bean behind Lewis's conversion to Christianity, also attended. At one point, he vetoed ratings from the Lord of the Rings, though, by saying not another effing elf up meetings of the Younglings people would read from what they were currently writing. And, of course, Talking's works are quite long talking. Got us own back, though, on Dyson because at one point C. S. Lewis was writing a book, a bite. Hell entitled Who Goes Home on Talking, suggested it should be re titled He Goes Home. Owen Barfield also attended. He was an anthropologist, and it was his philosophical arguments that helped C. S. Lewis to embrace theism, although he didn't become an actual Christian and choose a religion until a very famous discussion that he had which they are talking, and Hugo Dyson on Addison's Walk an Oxford very late one night. So his discussions with one bar failed are described in surprised by Joy. No, Charles Williams. Here's a contentious figure within the inklings. He was the author of novels, plays and portray list, loved his novel The Place of the Lion. He was fascinated by the occult on his work, considered on his work, contend, an element of sexual sadism. So the very conservative jrr Tolkien wasn't very fond of him on he felt that Williams exerted an undue influence on list on Lewis and Williams's friendship. Really? Perp talking's no slightly out of joint. Others attended. Um, Dr Robert Havard, who was C. S. Lewis is doctor whom everybody called the useless quack. Christopher Tolkien, who very sadly died last week, was the son of J R R. Talking his third son, talking hard for Children. Three sons on the daughter. His daughter is still with us. Thankfully, Priscilla Austin Farah, another writer on Roy Campbell on the interesting thing about Roy Campbell. He was a Northern Irish poet. He also attended the blames reset occasionally, so he had a effort in two camps. So we look ni at some of the most important literary viewpoint shared by C. S. Lewis and J. R R. Talking who are really the most prominent figures within the inklings. Combining imagination on rationalism Ni in the area we now find ourselves, and it was sort of moving in that direction back in their time. Imagination on rationalism are considered to be opposed on subjects like Madison physics, math stem subjects are considered more important than the arts and that they add to our sort of biological survival on anything imaginative is sometimes viewed within modernism with a little bit off suspicion on that going on flights of fancy isn't some way dangerous for your well being. That's obviously not what list on talking believed. They very much believed that you could be imaginative on Rational At the same time on as fantasy writers on Oxford academics, you can understand that they were pro. Find Lee anti modernism. You'll see a quote by talking here. Living by Fifth includes the cold to something greater than currently self preservation. They viewed the focus on self within modernism on the focus on things that pretend to biological survival as being infinitely more important than things like the arts. For example, they were very worried about that move within society. Neither blooms reset where, obviously on other modernists were devoted to the part of the arts. But talking unloosed could see a time coming that the ultimate end of that thinking would be that the arts would be denigrated. And I have to say, I'll find that myself personally. When I applied to do a PhD in music, you have to combine that with a science. I have to add an element off psychology into that, because the arts are ni kind of considered decoration on the kick of life rather than part of its actual foundation. And Louis Andi, talking sort of foresaw that the modernism would lead down that road in a way. So, in the words of Colon jury, as he wrote a book called J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis the story of their friendship, he said, Lewis and talking increasingly saw themselves as against the modern spirit against modernism, both as a literary movement on more deeply as an intellectual stunts, they shared a mission against the zeitgeist. So the interesting thing about Tolkien and Lewis is that they are huge figures in a popular culture that valued up the values of which they diametrically opposed night. I want to add here that there are some modernists and postmodernists who do make a point of supporting the part of imagination. Philip Pullman wrote a very interesting article, a bite William Blake and the power of imagination. It isn't across the board that modernists I don't see the arts is being on a par with science subjects. Better is an element of some kinds of modernist thinking. And obviously that was not going to sit well with C. S. Lewis and Jr talking because they were people of fifth on because they were writers on Also , Oxford academics on they felt that they could combine all those things. 43. Tolkien or Lewis Quiz: I'm going to do a little quiz with, you know, that I first did at the C s Lewis festival in Belfast and 2017. This quiz is going to task your knowledge of these two huge figures in popular culture and teach you something about their friendship. So who said I am a Christian on? Of course, what I write will be from the essential viewpoint. Wasn't Jr talking or C. S. Lewis on? When I delivered this lecture in Belfast, pretty much 100% of the audience thought it was C. S. Lewis. The answer is J. R. R. Tolkien, who said this when interviewed by American scholar Clyde Kilby. So he put away three points in a very short session. We had this morning and said he was going short for Lent. Is that lose talking about total pain or talking? Talking about Lis and the answer is it's talking, writing to his son, a bite CS lous. So an alleged Christopher talking who very sadly died last week as I record this in March 1944. Talking said Lewis is getting too much publicity for any of artists. Peterborough did him the delightful honor off a peculiarly misrepresentative an acid nine paragraph in the Daily Telegraph. It began ascetic. Mr. Lewis, I ask you, he put away three pipes in a very short session. We had this morning and said he was going short for lead. Ni C. S. Lewis did like a little drink on occasion that could get him into trouble. Jr are talking like two little drink, too. They used to hang out in a pub called the Eagle and Child in Oxford, which is a great place to visit if you're in the vicinity. There's some interesting points coming through here. A bite. Lewis getting too much publicity. We have to remember that Joe during looses lifetime it waas loose. Who was the celebrity author? The juggernaut of the Lord of the Rings didn't really take off until after his death. On that swam J R R toking became a celebrity author. It also shows us the C. S. Lewis is being misrepresented in his lifetime. He's being stereotyped as being very conservative, in fact, aesthetic, which he really wasn't at all, in fact it out of the two of them, it was actually talking. Who wants the more conservative I fell deeply under the spell of dwarfs the old bright, hooded, snowy Baird and worse we had in those days before Arthur Rockets a blind or Walt Disney vulgar arised the Earth Man. Nine. Neither Lewis nor talking were found Walt Disney Will Who said this wasn't C. S Lewis or jrr talking? And the answer is, it was C. S. Lewis who wrote this and his quiz I autobiography. Surprised by joy. There's no harm in him. He only needs a smacker to We all want to smack our friends at some point. But who wrote this? Is that talking, writing on loose or loose writing on talking C. S. Lewis wrote this and his diary on the night that he first met Talking, which was at a meeting of the staff of the Oxford English School in 1926 my C. S. Lewis had only just begun teaching at the English school in 1926. Before that, he had taught philosophy, and at that point of history, English was considered a sort of soft subject. Why would you study the literature of your own language when you could go out there and study classics so There was a bit of debate about high. The teaching of English should be taken forward on talking Waas, tasked with implementing a curriculum for the skill of English. He was a philologist philology, literally meaning love of words, and he access literature by a language. It was really language that he was very interested in. Hence he was an old English scholar. C. S. Lewis was more interested in literature for literature's sick, but they can't take consensus. And in the end, Lewis was instrumental and helping Professor Talking implement a new curriculum for the Oxford English girl who was Martin College Oxford chair of English language and literature . Was it J. R Are talking or C. S. Lewis on? The answer is, it was talking. He had that position from 1945 until he retired in 1959 night. An academic circles jrr. Tolkien was known as the Lord of the Strings because he had an ability to get people into the posts where he would like them to be. But it didn't work when he tried to point C. S. Lewis as his replacement for chair of many evil literature at Oxford on also loose was passed over for the position of professor of poetry. That was partly due to his growing celebrity as a fantasy novelist, which wasn't considered a very academic thing to engage and writing fantasy Onda Christian apologist. Not necessarily that it was his fifth that stopped him from being promoted, but more the celebrity that he was acquiring, which wasn't considered very academic. He was eventually appointed chair of medieval and Renaissance literature at Magdalen College in Cambridge on J. R. R. Tolkien was one of the electors to that post, so that was in 1954. But his spiritual home was always Oxford, even though he was born in Belfast. His childhood was in Belfast, not far away from where I spent my childhood. He travelled home but weekends while he lived in Cambridge, and he retired due to ill health in 1963 the year that he died. I miss you very much, very moving, very visceral. They were very emotionally open with each other. So who's writing to whom? Here is this talking to loose or lose to talking? This is C. S. Lewis, writing to J. R. R. Talking in a letter dated 1963 very sadly, the year that he died. By that stage, their friendship had cold tokens. Nose was put out of joint by C. S Lewis's friendship with Charles Williams and then by his marriage to Joy David Main Gresham. Um, we'll talk a little bit about that later. Which of these popular fantasy works was first sold in a Christian bookshop as a specifically religious work? Was it the Chronicles of Narnia? Or was it the Lord of the Rings on? The answer is, it was the Lord of the Rings. In a letter to family friend Reverend Robert Murray in December 1953 Talking responded to Murray's comments that the figure of Galadriel reminded him of the Virgin Mary by saying, The Lord of the Rings is, of course, a fundamentally religious and Catholic work, unconsciously so it first but consciously in the revision, I remember this as an edge of growing modernism. Modernism is entering the site, Geist and so to write 1/5 best work, Waas too pretty much go against the zeitgeist. This is why I have not put in or have cut. I'd practically all references to anything like religion to culture practices in the imaginary world for the religious element is absorbed into the symbolism. So let's look at the symbolism of The Lord of the Rings. I've taken some images from the Peter Jackson movies here, which really do look biblical. The eagle, which is reminiscent off a verse in Gitarama Me, where the Lord sweeps down to save Israel like an eagle Galadriel, who is a mother Mary figure Aragorn, who has a Christ figure and that we have the return of the king. Just as in revolution, we have the return of Christ on order is restored in the Lord of the Rings. When the king returns, order is restored to the bottom right. We have the very satanic looking Balrog. Gandalf fights the Balrog. A man falls through fire and water, just as during the period between his death and resurrection Christ and Kinder sitting on false three fire and water. There is a verse in the Book of Psalms that talks about falling through fire and water, and it's obviously a reference to baptism. So the Lord of the Rings are fundamentally religious and Catholic work according to its author. So if you bore May I shall take my revenge. That's quite a threat. Is that lose to Tolkien or talking to lists on? The answer is Tolkien wrote this to loose as part of an apology letter. A bit of a funny way to apologize, But there you go. So here we have some audio clips off Lewis. Until Cain. There's no trick here talking, of course, characterized Loose and The Lord of the Rings as Trey Baird, the big, booming voice, Jr talking more softly spoken, more time genteel. So let's listen to them in these talks, I've had to say good deal about crowd. And before going on to my main subject tonight, I'd like to deal with difficulty Some people find about the whole idea. Somebody put it to me by saying I could believe in God all right, But what I can't swallow is this idea of misting. Several 100 billion beings were all racing with the same boat, but I find quite a lot of people feel that difficult. The voice of CS, loose from one of the radio talks he gave during the Second World War, which were later published as mere Christianity. My here is J. R. Are talking. I have always for some reason I don't. I am enormous distracted by true Oh, my legs for the tree. I suppose I have. Actually, it's all of the action. Would like to I should have liked. Unable to make contact tree Anybody feels about talking hard on absolute fascination with trees. We think the silver Merrill Ian. He has thes two trees laurel in and tell Perry in which really remind us of the tree of knowledge of good and evil and the tree of life in the Book of Genesis. So spiritual things are represented by trees and the work off, I told Cane, it says quite interesting that he casts C. S. Lewis as Trey Baird, the sort of tree like character. I'm hoping that you'll have worked out from this quiz that sometimes our perceptions of C. S. Lewis on J. R. R. Tolkien are, in fact, the wrong way. Rind. We think of C. S. Lewis as ascetic conservative, which, in essence, he really wasn't. He liked a bit of a drink. He liked a bit of a smoke. He had an interest in the occult on we think of Jr talking as being your pig and perhaps slightly hippy ish. But in essence, he was actually a very conservative Catholic 44. A Short Note about George MacDonald : just going to talk for a brief moment of by this gentleman pictured here. Why? I know he looks a little bit like Rasputin, but this is actually a Scottish writer called George MacDonald, who was writing at the end of the 19th century on what both talking and loose loved by McDonald was that he wrote Fairy tales for Adults have actually just finished rating the Light princess myself, which is amazing. Tori Amos turned it into a musical recently at Supplied a princess who is cursed at her christening by a bitter old aunt who's not invited to the christening to be without gravity . And she's without gravity both and her physical body. Andi in her personality. And so they were, quite that the only way to restore her gravity is to get her to cry. So this was the kind of story that was not popular, and Tolkien and Lewis is time We're coming into the modernist era. People are talking about taking trips to light highs is family fights things that are much more connected today? Today, reality on the kinds of dragons and monsters and mythical beings off the world of method legends are not featured very much in the literature of the time night and our days. We have, of course, the Lord of the Rings. Um, absolute juggernaut within fantasy game of Thrones has bean very popular recently. Star Wars, Marvel and DC You know, we're surrounded with fantasy stories, but that wasn't so much the kiss for Tolkien and Lewis. So when they find one, they were pretty excited. So George MacDonald was an author, a poet. He was a Christian minister and a Christian apologist at the time that C S Lewis discovered McDonald Oh, I'm felling over those works. He was a professing atheist night McDonald's particular form of the theology Waas, that he was a Christian Universalist, which meant that he believed that anyone could be accepted by God could become a Christian , not just a chosen few. So in the very Calvinist thinking off Scotland, where they believed in predestination and you are preordained to become a Christian, his theology was somewhat light off favor. So C. S. Lewis famously wrote when he read McDonald's novel Fantastic Days that night, my imagination walls in a certain sense, baptized. The rest of me, not unnaturally took longer, have not the faintest notion. What I had let myself in for by buying fantastic is my fantastic is as the story off a man who basically is in search off. The ideal woman goes through many adventures searching for this ideal of femininity on the and realizes that he has to give up his ideals. Quite an interesting novel if you can get a copy over well worth reading. But I mentioned George MacDonald because he was a huge influence on talking on loose, and the literary paths that they went dine are partly to do with their fascination there their mutual fascination with the works of George MacDonald night. There were other factors that they shared in common military sense. They were both absorbed by all things Northern, Talking famously said he held a grudge against Hitler for Hitler, having rooms northern mythology by associating it with the Nazis. And then when he wrote Lord of the Rings, he was trying to take it back. In a way, C. S Lewis also loved all things Northern European. He loved Wagner's ring cycle, for example, he talked about being engulfed by northern nous, so that was another an element of fantasy literature coming from that kind of northern mythology that informed their work as well as the work of George MacDonald. 45. J.R.R. Tolkien: in this video, we're going to talk about Jon. Ronald Rule. Talking on talking has been named by some the father of fantasy because he is a big influence on fantasy writers who followed. There's a lot of videos on YouTube by George R. R. Martin, where he's interviewed, where he talks about the influence of toking on high talking, really was able to invent this very detailed world. And that's what writers like JK ruling George R. R. Martin have tried to dio subsequently, like Invent a World which has its own customs, its OEM lam skip its own history on tokens, kiss its own language because he was a philologist, which meant that he studied languages. He apparently spoke about 26 languages, not just modern languages but ancient languages. He actually lectured old English at Oxford Andi. He created two forms of Elvish for Lord of the Rings. This all sounds very geeky, doesn't inventing a language of these forms of Elvish, Quanyou and Cinderella, where very much inspired by Welsh, the language of the people of Rohan in the Lord of the Rings is basically old English. And it was that love of language and words that really informed whole King's work like every name had to mean something, Galadriel means Lady of Light, for example, he really was someone who was in love with words. So John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born in the third of January 18 92 in Bloemfontein and South Africa. He moved to England when he was three, with his mother, Mabel, on his younger brother, Hillary. Their father was going to join them, but very sadly before he could. He died of rheumatic fever. So the family moved in with Mabel's parents in Kings Heath Birmingham and then to a village called Sir Hole and Wister Shirt on that is widely believed to be the influence for the shire. J R. Talking loved the country life, the fresh air, the scenery. He hated the big city life on the industrialization that comes across very clearly and his work. So Mable talking, converted to Catholicism's in 18 90 on her Baptist family, cut her off without a penny. She died at the age of 34 of Type one diabetes when John Ronald was only 12 years old. No, I I myself have type one diabetes as it happens, and This was before the invention of insulin, so she wasn't realistically going to survive. But talking always viewed his mother as a kind of Catholic martyr who ended up dying because she'd been cut off by her family because of her. Fifth on, he wrote. My own dear mother was a martyr indeed, and it has not everybody that God grants easier way to his grip gift, as he did to Hillary and me, giving us a mother who killed herself with labor and trouble to ensure us keeping the fifth . So talking holds on very strongly to his Catholic fifth throughout his life, partly because of its association with his mother on when he was a soldier in World War I, he attended Mass every day in the trenches. So Mabel, as well as teaching her son's her own Catholic faith, taught John Ronald Latin and made sure that he ran various types of lecture that he was widely read, and he particularly liked the works of George McDonald, whom we've already mentioned. After she died, Father Francis Morgan became the toking brother's guardian. It was their legal guardian, although they didn't always live with him on token, attended King Edward's School and Birmingham, which was a grammar school, as opposed to the kind of public skill that C. S. Lewis would have attended on that some of the other writers we've discussed had attended. But he thrived there academically While I was there. He was a member of a group dedicated to archaic and invented languages, and they called themselves the T Club Peruvian Society after Barrows tea rooms, which is where they hung out. Not when I was at school. There were various cliques and gangs, but we definitely didn't have a group that was dedicated to archaic and invented languages . Thes people were the super geeks. So in October 1911 he goes to Oxford to study classics. But he changed English language and literature in 1913 which was quite a new subject in those days. I'm considered to be a bit of a soft subjects they hadn't really totally grappled with. High English was going to be taught at that point, and it was thought that studying literature in your own language was pretty second rate, as opposed to studying classics and Latin. But he graduated with first class honors in 1915 so he did well. So we here we see a young Jr talking who had fallen in love with a dead rat when he was 16 and she was 19. She was lodging in the same house is him? Father Morgan thought he was a bit too young for this relationship on for bed him to get engaged until he finished his education when he was 21. So on the night of his 21st birthday, he wrote to eight of To Propose. Father. Morgan also points out that she's not a Catholic, which was an issue to him. So she did later convert to Catholicism to marry talking. So on a soon as she becomes engaged to a Catholic, her landlord a vector for being engaged to a Catholic. So there's this thread of sort of anti Catholic feeling that's running through talking's early life. Eight of converted to Roman Catholicism's I mentioned, and they married in the 22nd of March 1916 and very soon after on the second of June. Talking is summons to Folkestone for transportation, two fronts in the First World War, and, he wrote, junior officers were being killed off a dozen a minute parting from my wife. Then it was like a death. It was a horrible thing that happened. Just looked like he was going to be happy. And he suddenly called off the war on this idea of junior officers being killed off a dozen a minute. I know. I mentioned that quote. We were talking about the war poets. There is a misconception that it waas the non conscripted soldiers who we're on the front lines who are more likely to die, but actually junior officers who tended to lead from the front where the most likely people to be killed when there was an assault. So talking's friend from the teacup Peruvian society, Gordon Smith, wrote to him, May God bless you, my dear John rattled on. May you say the things I have tried to say long after I am no longer there to say them, if such be my lot. And very sadly, it was his lot. Gordon Smith was killed in the first World War, so talking hot, this sense and his writing in later years that he had to convey the experiences off his lost comrades. He actually said that by 1918 all but one of his closest friends were dead. Um, and that is just a horrendous thing to think golf in this generation. And it's part of the reason that he was so close to C. S. Lewis because meeting a man of your own generation when so many of them have been killed was something pretty special. So talking fights in the psalm ont he contracts trench fever. Alice traded in a military hospital, he wrote. As I said before, by 1918 all but one of my close friends were dad. So the war was just horrific for Toki Nozette walls for most people who were part of it after the war, his first job was as a lexicographer for the Oxford English Dictionary. He put together the air section of the dictionary on my cheater when I was studying all English. I have been reading a bit of talking, which he didn't like. He thought it was not a proper academic thing to do, and he told me if I really wanted to get into Tokyo, I could go and read the air section of the Oxford English Dictionary. I'm sure tokens version has been superseded by night So in 1920 he becomes Raider, an English language at the University of Leeds. And in 1925 he became professor of Anglo Saxon. Oxford on. To be a professor, not just a lecturer at Oxford at the Edge was pretty remarkable, actually. So wh Auden was a student of token, and he wrote to him, I never told you what an unforgettable experience it was for an undergraduate hearing. You recite bail Wolf. The voice was the voice of Gandalf and actually in the movies of The Lord of the Rings. When Ian McKellen was preparing for the part, he listened to recordings of J. R. R. Tolkien so that Gambles Voice would be similar to Talking's talking hot four Children. John Francis, real toking who was born in November 1917. He actually became a priest. Michael Hillary, Riel Toking, who was born on October 1920. He was a war veteran. Christopher John Rule talking. Born in November 1924. Sadly, he died last week. He was famous for editing his father's work posthumously, and he was the person who published tokens Magnum Opus er, as he considered at the Sylmar, really in on Priscilla Mary Ann Rule talking, who was born in June 1929. She is still with us. Thankfully, all of tokens. Children went to Oxford, including his daughter, which was considered a remarkable thing at the time. And it was really for his Children that he began writing. There's the famous story of High. He was sitting, marking quite boring exam papers one day when suddenly he wrote in a Hole in the grind, there lived a hobbit, and he wrote his hobbit stories primarily for his Children rather than for wider publication. At that point, when he did finally published the Harbert, his good Mitt C. S. Lewis wrote him a review in The Times Literary supplement, which wasn't considered nepotism in those days on really helped launch the Big. He also wrote his Children the Father Christmas letters. So when talkies Children wrote to Santa, they got letters back from Santa detailing what was going on in the North Pole on, according to John talking, they honestly didn't realize it was their father writing these letters until one night as he was sneaking the letters up the stairs from the Children were bad. He stubbed his toe on wet. Damn on. At that point, the game was up. So in 1926 in the English department talking meet someone who has radically to influence his life on his writing. And that s C. S. Lewis. And if you read the letters of J. R. R Talking, he mentioned C. S. Lewis a lot more than he mentions his wife. At one point, they were seeing each other four times a week until King read The Lord of the Rings on various of his other writings. To Lewis, Lewis was the primary audience, and Loose would give feedback and Mick suggestions and also provide encouragement. Talking was to say that it was encouragement rather than influence that created his debt to loose. So you can't really talk about the life of J. R R Talking without talking about CS Lis. I worked that I when I read his letters, I had first had a lot of interest in CS Lewis, but I was very interested in J R R talking, and I really entered the world of Louis through reading Talking's letters. So Colin Jury as who's written an excellent book, Jrr Tolkien and C. S. Lewis the story of their friendship, said when Lewis first met talking, the two had radically opposing world views. Talking was an old fashioned super naturalist who had believed in the Orthodox doctrines of Christianity since childhood. Lewis was at first staunchly opposed to idealism. It's a misconception that their friendship was best on their mutual Christianity because when they met, Lewis was an atheist, and it was actually Jr are talking who converted him to Christianity along with Hugo Dyson . What I think connected these two men was that Lewis had lost his mother edge. Tan talking had lost. His mother edged 12. They had both been through that horrific experience of the Psalm on. They had some shared views on literature. They both headed modernism, for example. So there was a natural click between these two men. I'm talking, wrote of Louis friendship with Louis compensates for so much, and I think we can understand that because by 1918 he had lost all but one of his close friends. And so, as I mentioned earlier, to meet another man of his own generation with whom he could have a friendship, was a pretty amazing thing to talking. Besides giving constant pleasure and comfort has done me much good from the contact with a man at once honest, brave intellectual, a scholar, a poet and a philosopher on the lover, at least after a long pilgrimage of our Lord. So once they have the shared fifth as well, they really do become incredibly close. My talking wasn't always quite this complimentary, but Lewis he called on the most impressionable man he'd ever met. At one point, Hey did get frustrated with Lewis and Lose got pretty frustrated the talking to I have a video on YouTube about the friendship which lists some of their insults to each other, which, if you're interested and watching that I will link to it and the resources section No, I. C. S. Lewis wrote of his friendship talking friendship. Talking marked the breakdown of two old prejudices at my first coming into the world, I have bean implicitly words never to trust a papist. He was, of course, from a Northern Irish background and at my first coming into the English faculty, explicitly never to trust a philologist. Tolkien was both. So Lewis is here making the point that here were two men who possibly should never have bean friends on the surface, it didn't seem like they have that much in common, but they actually became incredibly close. So there was that fable. Let night talk on Addison Walk, which I have talked by when talking. And Hugo Dyson had gone to visit C. S. Lewis and his rooms at Oxford, and they attempted during the discussion that evening to dress looses misgivings, a bite, Christianity, and I've written 3 a.m. here, but apparently they actually talked to toe 4 a.m. Lewis had already converted from atheism theism, but he hadn't actually selected a religion. But with the influence of Tolkien and Dyson, he comes to understand Christianity. On the argument that Tolkien put forward was the whole argument of true meth, that this saw the heroism and classical poetry an old English poetry on a sort of honored the heroes off those literary works, but that the story of Christ was a similar story with a savior or redeemer in it, but that it was a myth that happened to be true. That was part of talking argument. It's quite a complex theological argument. There's quite a lot written by the online and on YouTube if that's something you're interested in. But basically there's a quote here from talking. We have come from God and inevitably, the myths woven by us, though they contend error will also reflect a splintered fragment of the true light. The eternal truth that is with God like that says a lot about his view off literature that literature is on. Stories are there to reflect truth, to reflect something off the spiritual being of man. Unlike modernism, where, let's sure conveys individual ism on the individual, very worldly experience of mom, Talking is is attempting to write at a spiritual level. So he wrote a poem, a bite that evening. Asked at C. S. Lewis C. S. Lewis's naturally shorter, I will include the poem as a dime. Notable resource is called Ethiopia. It's very long, but here is part of it again reiterates talking's theological stance and his belief about literature. The heart of man is not compound of lies but draw some wisdom from the only wise and still recalls him. Though Ni Long estranged man is not wholly lost nor wholly changed disc rest, he may be yet is not dethroned and keeps the rags of Lordship once he owned his world Dominion by creative act, not his to worship the grit artifact. So the modernist to talking worship the artifact. They worship what has been created rather than the source off creating and creation, which is God in talking's worldview. So I talked to buy high. He wasn't always completely flattering to C. S. Lewis. On this occasion, he writes a letter to C. S. Lewis are on C. S. Lewis's views of marriage because talking had very, very conservative views on marriage. I have been reading your booklet Christian behavior. I have never felt happy about your view of Christian policy with regard to divorce. On the surface, your policy seems to be reasonable. C. S. Lewis had argued for almost civil partnerships system where you had legal marriage that was recognized by the state on a Christian spiritual marriage Should be something separate was was really his point. It is, at any rate, the system under which Roman Catholics already live. But I should like to point out that your opinion in your booklet is based on an argument that shows a confusion of thought discoverable from that booklet itself Naive s is really cutting because of your academic. The last thing you want to be accused of. As confusion off thought, we have to remember that talking was higher up the academic tree that C. S. Lewis on CNN's list actually valued his opinion. Now, this was a draft letter written in 1943 and we don't know if C. S. Lewis actually ever received this quite captain criticism. The other idea that really influenced loose from talking's writing, which he mentions in surprised by joy, is you catastrophe. So you catastrophe is basically the opposite idea to catastrophe. So in a Greek tragedy, everybody's getting along great. And then there is a catastrophe. In other words, some moment where everything changes, everything goes wrong on that drives forward the story talking believed in you catastrophe in the possibility off, everything coming to gather on suddenly order being restored on everything going right. That is a very Christian idea. It's basically the idea off redemption only put into a literary rather than a theological contacts. So he wrote in his very famous essay on very stories, the resurrection was the greatest. You catastrophe possible and the greatest fairy story on produces that essential emotion. Christian Joy, which produces tears because it is qualitatively so like sorrow because it comes from those places where joy and sorrow are at once reconciled as selfishness on altruism are lost in love. So he sees fairy stories folktales very ancient traditional literature as conveying both cultural names on spiritual messages. I love this quote I have in this were a burning private grudge, which would probably make me a better soldier 49 than I was a 22 against that ruddy little ignoramus, Adolf Hitler, for the all thing about demonic inspiration and is that in no way enhances the purely intellectual stature it chiefly effects the mayor will. So he thinks that Hitler is basically possessed, ruining, perverting, misapplying. I'm making forever a curse it that noble northern spirit, a supreme contribution to Europe, which I have ever loved and tried to present in its true light. So, in writing his myths, Talking is trying to take back northern European literature from the Nazis who have associated it with Aryan ism because he loved Finnish folk tales. He loved German folk tales and stories. He loved old English, and he felt that the Nazis had cast a dark shadow while not literature, which he loved, which is true. So there was a little bat between C. S. Lewis and J. R. Toking. Lewis had sad to talking if they won't right kind of pics we like to read. We shall have to write them ourselves because we were in the modernist period where modernism didn't embrace realism. But it took to talk to bite every day events, visiting light houses, staying in hotels, that kind of thing, not dragons and elves and, um, those kind of things. So as a result of this bat, C. S. Lewis wrote the Ransom trilogy or the cosmic trilogy, as it's also known either the Silent Planet Voyage to Venus Oh, also called Para Landra and that hideous strength other. By the time he wrote that hideous strength, he was influenced more by Charles Williams than by J R R. Talking. So Lewis was to write on space travel on talking on time travel. So talking who find it very hard to get right into things and to finish things, argued that the Lord of the Rings kind of as a novel, a bite time travel, big question mark there. But that's what he said. So talking on loose. The unpayable debt that I owe to him was not influenced but share encouragement. He waas for long my only audience. So he rates the early drafts. Lord of the Rings two C. S. Lewis on his poetry on his general mythology on looses response was this. I can honestly say it is ages since I had an evening of such delight on the personal interests of reading. A friend's work had very little to do with it. The two things that come out clearly are the sense of reality and the mythical value. So reality and myth are not polar opposites. They're not divorced one from the other. In the work of Tolkien and Lewis, they can live side by side. This is a letter which Jr are talking, wrote to his daughter only a few days after the death of C. S. Lewis Night. Lewis had married Joy. David Gresham and Tolkien had never being happy about that. Firstly, because Lewis didn't tell anybody. Bite the marriage on one of your closest breast gets married on. Not only are you not invited, but you don't even know about it. That's got to be hurtful. Reverend Robert Murray, who was a friend of the talking family, said that he felt that talking took C. S Lewis's marriage personally. In other words, he had Bean C. S. Lewis's intellectual companion, and he didn't like being pushed right off that rule. Ah, lot of commentators, though, have commented on talking's very conservative views on marriage being an issue between Louis and talking, and that when C. S. Lewis my Joy David aggression, she wasn't American and she had an alcoholic husband who was abusive and moved another woman into the home light. And those days women in America couldn't own property. She was left very vulnerable. So C. S. Lewis basically married her aunt became the stepfather of her two young sons, David and Douglas, to protect her. And they weren't really in love. It was not a marriage of convenience, but it was not a marriage of romantic love at the very sadly Joy was then diagnosed with cancer on loose, cared for her, and they really did fall in love. So after having had a sort of state marriage, they then had a a spiritual Christian marriage and really did consider themselves married. Tolkien referred to the marriage as strange that May of being a factor. But talking zone son had become divorced, and he certainly didn't, you know, cut off relations with his son and actually was quite concerned about the welfare off his grandchildren. So I don't know that there's any evidence that it was his conservative views, that lad to the cooling off in this very close brand ship. There was also the fact that at this point, C. S. Lewis had moved to Cambridge and was only coming back to Oxford at the weekends, so they just couldn't see each other so often. But this is what talking rights to Priscilla toking dearest, Thank you so much for your letter. So far, I have felt the normal feelings of amount my edge, like an old trade that is losing all its leaves one by one. This feels like an explode nearer the roots. This feels like an explode near the roots. That's how much C. S. Lewis mentum that to lose him is to lose his very roots on note the tree imagery on letter in this letter, he says that the grave is under a large tree on. You know, there is that Aiden element, and talking's riding Trees represents spirituality to him. It would have been comforting to him that C. S. Lewis Waas buried under a tree. So he says, Very sad. We should have Bean so separated in the last years. But our time of close communion injured a memory for both of us. So although they haven't bean as close the influence on the impact that hard on each other with something that lasted. So Charles Williams on D. C s Lewis's friendship with Charles Williams may also have Bean a factor in this killing off J. R. R. Tolkien felt that Charles Williams had on hungy amount of influence over C. S. Lewis, whom he described as the most impressionable of man. And he didn't feel that Charles Williams was a good influence. He was into the occult. He like to write about sexual sadism. You know, the very conservative Tolkien was not going to be a big fan off Charles Williams. Charles Williams very sadly died the day after the Second World War ended. The inklings were due to meet to decide what they were going to do to celebrate the end of the war. Everybody was celebrating at the time. Onda, Warney and Jack Loose were lit, which never happened. And they eventually came into the pub on annoyance that Charles Williams had died and he had died of kidney disease. And this was actually a big shock to the inklings. So after the death of C. S. Lewis, who actually died on the same day that Kennedy was assassinated, the Lord of the Rings unexpectedly became a juggernaut in the USA. And that mere talking, a wealthy celebrity. So very sadly, C. S. Lewis did not live to see the huge success of the book, which he had enabled his friend to finish. And I think it is widely accepted that a lot of Tolkien's work being unfinished. He never would have finished the Lord of the Rings. On last C. S. Lewis had been standing over him, making him did, in essence, so talking was not able to complete his magnum opus. The silver merrily in would like the encouragement of Louis. He laughed a lot of notes on a lot of stories, which Christopher talking put to gather on, published after Talking's death. In fact, he only published one short story after C. S. Lewis died. So he basically did not write significantly again after the death of Louis that stories called Leaf by niggle. If I confined and it's legal, I'll attach it to this lecture. Talking died on the second of September 1973 at the edge of anyone he had moved to born meth from Oxford when his wife, eight, of the taken ill and then when she died, he moved back and lived in rooms at Oxford until his death. So he wrote the Harbert. He wrote Lord the Rings. He wrote the Sylmar illion. He wrote many short stories. He wrote Tales from the Perilous Lab. But what he's probably best known for writing is the Lord of the Rings, and I'm sure many of you have ratted on have seen the movies Night. He had been asked to write a sequel to his haul, but story and so really. His publishers were looking for another short ish Children's novel, and he ended up writing the gargantuan Lord of the Rings. It took him about 16 years to write it does start with the whole puts on its very much the story of proto but also becomes the story of Aragorn, who is like a hero off Scandinavian mythology and also a Christ like figure. Which photo is in a way, Photo makes a huge sacrifice for others. Aragorn. When he becomes king, order is restored. So there was a shortage of paper for quite a while after the Second World War on The Lord of the Rings was a huge book on. The publishers didn't know whether or not it would sell, so they divided it into three installments. Three separate books, The Fellowship of the Ring. The two tars on the Return of the King. I personally feel it's probably better to read as one novel rather than three, because that's what talking really intended it to be. He didn't have much of a plan when he was writing it, and he admitted that, you know, he didn't really know how it was going to end. It just sort of came to him. And bits and pieces. Here is a beautiful quote from Return of the King in the film's gowned off uses these words in a speech to Pepe as they think they're going to be killed. Menace Terrace The Orcs have invaded in the book. It's actually photo who has a dream and has these words on the ship went I'd into the high sea and passed into the west until at last, on the night of ran photo, smelled a sweet fragrance on the air and heard the sign of singing that came over the water . And then it seemed to him that as in his dream in the House of Bomb, Bodo, the grey curtain turned all to silver glass and was ruled back, and he beheld white shores beyond them, a far green country under a swift sunrise. This is an image of heaven, which is lifted or adapted from the Book of Revelation in the Bible. The sea of glasses is a biblical image, as is the white are. It's very, very beautiful. You can notice that high C um, the sweet signed of singing the alliteration of the language, which very much reflect old English poetry, off which talking walls, of course, a professor, a total of Oxford so use of language is a very big deal in talking. There's some other beautiful, beautiful quotes from The Lord of the Rings on when it was first published. One of the reviews in The Times of the Lord of the Rings said that the world was divided into two camps. Those who have RAB, the Lord of the Rings on those who are going to read The Lord of the Rings. If you've never read it, I really hope you will because you'll enjoy the adventure of it. There is also a new element of poetry. And Lord of the Rings, This is a very famous quote here. All that is gold does not glitter. Not all those who wander are lost. The old that is strong does not. Whether deep roots are not reached by the frost from the ashes of fire shall be woken. A light from the shadow shell Spring renewed shall be blade that was broken. The crime Lis again shall be king 46. C.S. Lewis: in this video, we're going to talk about C. S. Lewis, Clive Staples. Lewis Night. You may associate C. S. Lewis with The Chronicles of Narnia. That's what he's most famous for, But actually C. S. Lewis dead. Quite a lot of things. He was a bit of a polymath. He wasa Children's author. He was also a novelist, a pop theologian. Ah, broadcaster. He was in Oxford and later a Cambridge academic. He was a would be poet. He was electric chair reviewer. And he was, of course, the best friend of J r R talking Clive Staples. Lewis was born on the 29th of November 18 98. So he was the son of a solicitor Albert loose on Florence Hamilton, the daughter of a Church of Ireland minister and African Anglican minister. And he was, of course, board in Belfast. So people sometimes ask, How do you get Jack out of Clive Staples? Why was he known as Jack loose on this was because the family had a dog who was killed when C. S. Lewis was only three on the dog's name was Jack, See, And after the dog died, the only name that he would answer to was Jack. Bit of an odd story. I know, but that's high That happened. So C. S. Lewis hard on older brother Warren Hamilton Lewis, who was known as Warning and Warney and Jack, wrote anthropomorphic stories together when they were Children called Animal. And so he actually began writing stories. Andi experimenting with fun, to see literature at a very young age. At the age of seven, the family moved to a high school, literally in the Strand tiene area off Belfast, which, coincidentally, is where I grew up. Luis's mother very sadly, died of cancer and 19 0 it and he was 10 years old. So we've looked at J. R. R. Tolkien's response to his mother's death. He very much turned towards his fifth. During that time of trauma, C. S. Lewis had a very different react here. So in surprised by Joy, he wrote, There came a night when I was ill and crying and distressed because my mother did not come to me. And then my father and tears came into my room and try to convey to my terrified mind things that had never conceived before. My father never fully recovered from this loss. Under the pressure of anxiety, his temper became incalculable. He spoke widely and acted unjustly. We were coming, my brother and I to rely exclusively on each other for all that have made life bearable. Prayer hadn't worked, but I was used to things not working on thought, no more Abida. So after his mother's death, his father becomes well. We can tell here he was pretty difficult to live with and to the brothers become incredibly close, and they are the support network for each other. Very soon after his mother's death loom has List and his brother were sent to When your Skill and Watford in Heart Butcher, where he was unhappy even by the standards off the day. It was a fairly abusive environment on. Actually, the school was closed when the headmaster ended up in a mental institution. He later attended Campbell College in Belfast for a short time. When when you're closed but left due to illness, the middle classes in Northern Ireland at the time didn't really want their Children to be educated and Northern Ireland and end up with accents like mine. They wanted them to have English accents and they wanted them to be able to succeed in England, and it was quite a common thing to send your Children away. So C. S. Lewis was sent to Malvern in Worcestershire for his health, and he enrolled at Cherbourg High School. There, a preparatory skill. And then, in September 1913 he wasn't ruled in the secondary school associated with Cherbourg, Malvern College, But he only really stayed there for one academic year until June. He didn't fit into the social hierarchy there, which he describes in surprised by Joy, and his brother didn't thrive academically there. So they were sent to study privately with their father's old headmaster, William T. Kirkpatrick, the old knock. He had been headmaster of large in college in Northern Ireland night. He was living in England so that the contribution of William T. Kirkpatrick to C. S. Lewis's life and work was his devotion to logic. If you had, said Teoh Kirkpatrick, it's cool this morning, he would replied. Really, is it cooled? Have you taken either thermometer to check high cold? It is, and it's cold relative to what wouldn't Siberia be a bit colder, so he would not accept pat statements that had no research are facts to back them up. And that was something that stayed with C. S. Lewis for the rest of his life, especially when he became an academic. Louis was very, very widely read. He had read the classics. He had read Norse mythology. He had read the moderns modernism, which he hated. But he had read them the romantics on gentlemen, we've discussed before, George MacDonald, A very big influence. He entered Oxford in 1917. I'm joined the officers Training Corps. He arrived at the front line of the song on his 19th birthday on on the 15th of April 1918 . He was wounded by a shell which killed the two people standing next him, one of whom was the sergeant of his unit whom he had seen as a bit of a father figure. So that was un incredible loss to Lewis. He was in hospital for three months following his injuries, during which time his father did not come to visit him. He didn't want his daily routine in Belfast disrupted by having to go to England to visit his son. He was demobilized in December 1918 aunt, he returned to Oxford, where he received a first in autumn honor. Moderations, That's Greek in Latin literature in 1920 at first in grits, philosophy and Ancient history in 1922 under arrest in English in 1923. So he did really, really well academically. And in 1924 he became a philosophy cheater at University College at Oxford, and in 1925 he was elected a fellow and changer in English literature up model in college, and he served there for 29 years until 1954 when he moved to Cambridge. Like English was a very new subject at the time. It was considered a bit of a soft subject then. It's most certainly not. NY hasn't add a degree in English is well worth having. I've got to. But there was still some discussion at the time about High English should be taught, you know, because why would you do a degree and the literature of your own language when you could do one and say Latin? So when he first met Jr are talking, They had some differences in opinion. Abiteye English should be taught talking Kim very much from a linguistic point of view on D . C. S Lewis. From a literary theory point of view on eventually, you know, there was a meeting of minds on Seattle. Lewis was really instrumental and helping told Cane create a curriculum for the English department at Oxford. No, this is the Kills C. S. Lewis is very famous Home less hot. Promised his friend Edward Notice Patty Murray that he would look after his mother after the war Should party happen to be killed in the war which, sadly, he waas So Jimmer was 45 on loose 18 whenever he took her to live with him party having very sadly being killed in the war. Um er was separated from her husband, so they're living Arrangement was described by some as a Minaj. At one point, her daughter Maureen also moved in to the Kills and warn a lived there to warn E. Lewis could not stand. Mrs Mur, she was also known as Mento. She did not really appreciate C. S. Lewis, but for his creative ability or furs. Academic ability. Those were worlds in which she had no interest and she could be rather Billy ng towards him and their home was an uncomfortable place to be. Owen Barfield believed the chance that the relationship between Murray and Loose with Sexual was 50 50. Lewis actually refused to talk to his brother or any of his Costa's Franz bite the relationship, although he did write to his childhood friend in Belfast, Arthur Graves of Ida. But Grave scored right the passages and letters that were related to murder, and he actually burned letters that were a bite jammer completely so we don't really have a record of that relationship Night Lewis lived with Mento until she was hospitalized or basically taken into a nursing home in the late 19 forties. On, as I mentioned before, her daughter, Maureen also lived in the heist on in the 19 thirties, Mental loose on Warney moved into the kilns. The host that we've spoken off it today belongs to the C S. Lewis Society. You can actually go and stay there if you are studying C. S. Lewis academically three months after Jen's mors death or Jenni Murray, as she's sometimes refer to you as well as also being known by the nickname Minto, Jack wrote in a letter. I have lived most of my private life and a high switch was hardly ever a piece for 24 hours amid senseless wranglings. Lying's back. Fighting's follies on scarce. I never went home without a feeling of terror as to what appalling situation might have developed in my absence, only neither that it that it is over do I begin to realize quite how bad it WAAS. So we might then wonder why he stayed in this relationship, why he didn't do something about it. Spots John Braber, who is a biographer of C. S. Lewis. He wrote an article called The Mistress of C. S. Lewis postulates. That's because he made that promise to party. He had given his word on once he had committed to something he wasn't gonna renege on it. So he wrote to warning in 1930 I have definitely chosen on. I don't regret the choice, whether I was right or wrong. Wiser finish to have done so Originally, it is nigh only in a historical question, once having created expectations one naturally, both those, um, the meeting of minds. So saying hi, unhappy Lewis's home life is we can understand why he spent so much time with J. R. R Talking. They met twice a week of the inklings. They went down the pub together twice a week on they work together. But having lost so many companions during the first World War, which they both had, you know, male friendship begins something really important on since C. S. Lewis's intellectual pursuits weren't necessarily appreciated at home, other warning appreciated them. You know, he'd had to have that light let somewhere and his friendship with toe cane which, you know, became the foundation for the inklings very much. Give him that. So J. R. R. Tolkien had written, as we've seen that by 1918 all but one of my closest friends were dead. And similarly and surprised by Joy, C. S. Lewis writes about his contemporaries at Malvern College. Peace to them, April on the psalm It up, most of them. So, you know, many thought generation were missing. Brothers, fathers, cousins, neighbors, friends. There have been a lot of gaps left in their life, and I think for both Lewis and talking that friendship, you know, met up for some of that loss. So lists at the time that he mats talking hard bein on atheist. You know, he had lost his mother Young on, you know, here, as he said in surprised by Joy, he had believed that prayer hadn't worked. He had very much taken on board the logic and rationale of the old knock on. He couldn't see anything that explained Christianity to him, so his initial thoughts and religion were this. The impression I got was that religion in general, the utterly false was a kind of academic nonsense into which humans Day tended to blunder in the midst of 1000 religion stewed, our own labeled true. But on what grounds could I believe in this exception? And it was really talking. Who explains that exception to him on their famous walk on Addison's Walk in Oxford? So another quote by Lys here Dyson hasn't Hugo Dyson on talking where the immediate human causes off my conversion is any pleasure on Earth as great as a circle of Christian friends by a good fire. And that's what the inklings came to bay for. C. S. Lewis. Other We have seen that they weren't all Christians in the sort of conventional sense of so meth obeah by J. R. R talking, which was written the bite that fabled talk they had on Addison's work. We read. It's a very long poem. This is C. S. Lewis is on. It's much shorter. No list doubled in all kinds of writing. He wrote novels. He wrote fantasy novels and the cosmic trilogy or the Ransom trilogy. As we've seen, he wrote theological papers. He wrote academic papers, but the one area of writing he really wanted to succeed in which he never really completely mastered, was poetry. However, this poem which is attached to this lecture if you want to read it, is a very beautiful one, and it's called what the Birds said early in the year I heard in Addison's Walk a Bird Sing clear This year, the summer will come true this year. This year wins will not strip the blossom from the apple trees this year, nor want of ran Destroy the peace. This year, Times nature will no more defeat you, nor all the promised moments in their passing Cheechoo. This time they will not lead you random back toe autumn one year older by the well worn track this year, this year, as all these flowers for tell. We shall escape the circle and undo the spell, often deceived. Yet open once again your heart. Quick, quick, quick, quick! The gifts are drawn apart. No, in terms of literary style. There was a pretty big difference between Tolkien and C. S. Lewis Jr talking in the preface to the second edition of The Lord of the Rings, described at Length High, he hit a allegory, and he really got annoyed when people suggested that the Lord of the Rings might be on Allegri off the Second World War, saying, I cordially dislike Allah Great in all its manifestations. I think that many confused applique ability when you know you can apply your own life. Or you can see things in the text that resonate with your own life with Allegri. But one resides in the freedom of the reader on the other and the purposed domination off the author. So when you use Allegre in j. R. Tokens point of view, you are forcing the reader to embrace a certain point of view. So lose argued back. The the Nordion Series is not exactly Allegri. Rather supposing the Narnian world. Let us guess what form the activities off a creator redeemer. Our judge might take their This, you see overlaps with Allegri, but it's not quite the same talking. It really actually slated The Chronicles of Narnia, which he didn't really like a toll because he felt they had a heavy handed use of Allegre Lewis, Of course, saying, it's not quite Allegri, I'll let you make up your own mind. Surprised by Joy? Of course we've seen before that this is the title of a poem by Wordsworth. It's also the title off C. S. Lewis's sort of quiz I autobiography. It's not an autobiography in the conventional sense of the term, but it's more about his literally and sort of philosophical and intellectual development. But he won't surprise later in Life by a woman called Joy Joy David Main Gresham pictured here to the right. So he said, I never expected to have in my sixties the happiness that passed me by and my twenties. Now that could mean that he wasn't in a romantic relationship with Jammer, or it could be that he wasn't happy with Jimmer. We can read either of those things into the statement, But nonetheless, C. S. Lewis had engaged in a correspondence with an American novelist by the name of Joy David Man Gresham. Nice. She was quite a lady. She had Bean a Communist at one point, which is not a good thing to Bay and McCarthy era America. She had been born in a Jewish background but had converted to Christianity. And so she had quite an intellectual correspondence with C. S. Lewis and they married in a civil ceremony on the 23rd of April 1956. But they weren't actually in love. And it wasn't a traditional marriage, as we've seen when we talked about Tolkien's reaction to it. It was a platonic relationship at this point, because David man had an alcoholic ex husband who had moved another woman into the heists on British citizenship would protect her from him. So C. S Lewis married her, and he also became stepfather off her two sons, David, on Douglas. You'll find a lot of videos of Douglas on YouTube and online. He is a great guardian off the legacy off C. S. Lewis. And he was very, very fond of C. S. Lewis David not quite so close to C. S. Lewis from what we can tell. The wedding took place in secret, of course, talking on learning of it because he wasn't invited, which he was upset. A bite described the marriage as strange, so they had started it as intellectual companions. But gradually they actually fell in love. If you've seen the movie Shadowlands, you may know something about this story. Sadly, Joy was diagnosed with terminal bone cancer, and after that they had a Christian ceremony and at that point believe themselves to really be married in every sense. So they got married in hospital on the 21st of March 1957. After much prayer, her cancer went into remission for three years, which actually wasn't expected to happen. But sadly, Joy eventually died. On the 13th of July 1960 Loose began suffering from inflammation of the kidneys and June 1961 not long after, and he died on the 26 2nd of November 1963 at the age of 64 which happened to be the same day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. So this is the grave under the large tree that we heard Jr talking right, a bite annual noticed There's a quote from Shakespeare on this grave, which is also warning Hamilton's grave man must endure. They're going hence night. The reason that this coat has been put on his grave walls that C. S. Lewis, his mother, had a calendar which had a Shakespeare quote for every day and this waas the quote on the day that she died, J. R. R. Tolkien wrote on barrettes after C. S. Lewis's death. CSL, of course, had some oddities and could sometimes the irritating he was, after all, undermanned and Irishman of Ulster, right? So northern. Ours people are irritating, says Northern Irish person. Nonetheless, let's move ahead. But he was generous minded on guard against all prejudices, though a few were too deep rooted in his background to be observed by him. Talking, of course, believed that C. S. Lewis had an anti Catholic prejudice. But then we've seen that talking was kind of hypersensitive to those things that may or may not have been the kids. But talking continues. I wish that it could be forbidden that after a great man is dead, little man should scrabble over him who have not a must know they have not sufficient knowledge of his life and character to give them any key to the truth. This is talking, complaining at the time about something that kind of Mars the memory off C. S. Lewis to this day. You know, I believed when I was younger, before I really rab much c. S. Lewis that he was very, very conservative. And, you know, there was group off people when I was at university, the C S. Lewis Society, and I just imagined they would be the kind of people that band wine gums for the alcoholic content. And that was actually not true of C. S. Lewis at all. He was actually socially quite liberal, like two little drink, like two little smoke, like hanging out with his friends down the pub, lived in what was described as a Minaj. For 30 odd years, he was a very different character than is portrayed to us in the present day. Basically. So we talked about high Tolkien and Lewis had a little challenge. Teoh writes stories that the other would enjoy on that C. S. Lewis was too right a bite space travel. So he wrote the ransom trilogy, and I'm talking about it rather than The Chronicles of Narnia here, because this course doesn't really have a remake of covering Children's literature so much . So the first installment off the Ransom trilogy or the cosmic trilogy out of the Silent Planet on the protagonist is called Ransom Elwin Ransom L. When meaning Elf Lover and Old English. Andi Ransom is a philologist at Cambridge University, where, as Tolkien was a philologist of Oxford University, so very thinly veiled depiction off talking, really in the lead role. On token, of course, cast C. S. Lewis as Tree Baird in The Lord of the Rings with the Lloyd booming voice. So Para Landra is C. S. Lewis's version off The Eden Story. Basically, only it takes place in parallel, Andhra or Venus. And again, the hero as this, this fictionalized version of J. R R. Talking standing against modernism against the values off self over community on off self preservation. By the time that Lewis wrote that hideous strength, he was much more influenced by Charles Williams on Actually, Elwin Ransom is not the protagonist of that hideous strength. It's almost like a proto 1984 and actually George Orwell wrote of it. It would have been a great novel had it not been for the sort of religious and meth ago element. And then he went on to write 1984 which is actually strangely similar in some ways. 47. The Late Twentieth and Early Twenty First Century : a lot can happen in a century. Think of the end of the first World War in 1918 on where we are night in 2020. As I record this, we're in the age of the Internet. The biggest literary genre is no possibly film rather than the novel or poetry on the way that people rate has changed with a Raiders, especially the Kindle. So Amazon really changed the way that people buy books. And Kendall really changed the way that people read books. It used to be a. If you're over the age of about 30 you'll remember going into actual bookstores. Maybe you still do that. Something that I love to do. But Amazon made any book that you happen to want to read, available without ordering it in Ter bookstore. It's gives you a wider choice of Becks on any particular subject on with Kendall. Instead of having a huge book, Shelf of Books, you can carry hundreds of books right with you in your pocket. So the way texts are consumed and created has necessarily changed because of this cause. Basically, anybody can publish a book on Amazon. You don't have to be a celebrity author or have a publisher you can self publish on Amazon film. As probably know the most popular form of texts. People still published novels. People still write poetry, but I think cultural names are probably put their three film on off a lot more in our edge . You think of films like Green Book, which had some really interesting points to make it by American culture and society. Similarly, the Irishman, which was like this year, had quite a lot to say about American politics. Messages of political and cultural nature are no more likely to be conveyed through film or to be shared on social media. But there still is room for the voice off the author on the writer Celebrity authors. Marriage include JK Ruling. You couldn't possibly talk about literature at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century without talking about JK ruling, and I know that I've mostly not talked by Children's literature in this course, because that's an entire course in itself. But we will be talking about JK rolling on the Harry Potter. There's also down Brian, Philip Pullman, Mark Haddon and John Grecia. Night I had to think very carefully about whom to talk about in this section of the course . I haven't talked about Philip Pullman because it really hasn't Bean. Of course, that's covered Children's literature much. Mark Haddon. We'll definitely be talking about John Grisham and Don Brian. I know it signs really snobby because they've had a huge impact on the zeitgeist on a lot of people love their works, but I just don't feel that they meet the academic definition off literature. It's really more pulp fiction on, you know. A lot of people love it so and they've obviously been very successful. So not bad. My thing them. But I had to make a decision. The course is already quite long, and I will probably not cover those authors night. Anybody can publish a big on Amazon, as I've already mentioned, so there are so many voices I there and so many authors there. You could publish a book on Amazon, have it on Kindle without a publisher self published, and share it to your own mailing list or your own social media. If you've got a following there so ideas are propagated much more frequently, they would then they would have been previously in history. You know, we're almost flooded with information and ideas here at quite near the start of the 21st century, so that has certainly changed high. We consume texts. It's also to a certain degree changed. High texts are created and got right there. But I think when you look at the themes that we're still interested in, the kind of stories that we like to hear, they're possibly isn't a change. You know, the kind of fantasy writing of JK ruling. She's drawing on fairy tales she's drawing on C. S. Lewis. She's drawing on very ancient folk tales. You know, really, it's the same kind of story that people were interested in in Anglo Saxon times. What has changed, though, is that at the start of the 20th century, we were entering into the edge of modernism, where Nye and the Age of Postmodernism, which goes even further darn that line postmodernism is things like moral relative a day. Moral relativism, even the end of Veg O is at the center of their own life. And of course, it's often criticized for a loss of a sense of community in society and individuality, Um, is considered to be something pretty important respect for differences as a huge thing in postmodernism. So we're in a completely different culture than people. Whereas they were just coming ICT of the Victorian age into the Edwardian edge and into a century of to major wars. Really, if anything, being the edge off social media, where we all tend to gather and little hearts of people who are quite like us, we could define this as the post modern edge. So let's have a little look at some of the novels that were written in the post model modern edge in this section of the course. 48. J.K. Rowling : in this video, we're going to talk about the most commercially successful author off the late 20th century and early 21st century. On that is JK ruling. At one point, she was actually rumored to be richer than the queen. She was definitely the first billionaire author that we had in the English language, but she actually lost her billionaire status by giving away a lot of money to charity. And actually, in 2016 the Sunday Times rich list ranked her joint 197th richest person in the UK. But she could have bean way up there so high. Did this woman have this staggering success? We know she has a bit of a rags to riches story were basically the ultimate rags to riches story. So Joanne Rolling here she is pictured receiving an honorary degree at the University of Aberdeen. She was born in 1965 on. Actually, she doesn't have a middle name. She's no JK ruling because it was thought that a fantasy book that was by a woman, my not appeal to boys. And so they asked her to come up with two initials instead of just being J rolling. So she chose the middle name Kathleen after her paternal grandmother became JK Rolling. She's many things now. She's a novelist, a film producer, a TV producer, a screenwriter, a dramatist, having written the cursed child on a philanthropist. So she once said that she was, as per it is, as it is possible, to bay in modern Britain with, like being homeless. She'd gone through a nasty divorce and moved toe ambro from England subsequently and ended up on state benefits with the child to support. So she really was in a financial bad state at the moment on. Because of this, she gives a lot of money at the moment to child poverty. She also supports multiple sclerosis charities as her mother died of multiple sclerosis on one parent family organizations. On her own charity, Lamo says, in Light works against the institutionalization of Children worldwide. So while she was working as a bilingual secretary, she had a train to take between Manchester and London that happened to be delayed on on that journey. She came up with the Philly fledged idea behind hurry polder. This was in 1990 so enthused while she by this idea that she started writing the book as soon as she got home. No, it was turned dying by 12 publishers. Bet they're kicking themselves nine until it year old Alice Newton, who was the daughter of blames Breeze chairman. The big publishers read, the first chapter on Really Wanted More So Today, the Harry Potter brand is worth an estimated 15 billion U. S dollars on the books, have sold 500 million copies. And put that in context. The works of J. R. R. Tolkien have sold 200 million copies and in about 60 years on the works of C. S. Lewis have sold 100 million copies. So she is basically the most popular fantasy author in terms of sales of all time, as I record this. So the years between writing the book are starting to write. The books on having them published were difficult years for ruling. Her mother died after 10 year battle with multiple sclerosis. She had her first daughter, and she had a painful divorce, and there was some suggestion of domestic abuse in that relationship. And then, of course, Harry Potter on The Philosopher Stone was published in 1997. It became a global phenomenon on this really changed rulings. Financial status in a big way. The original print run of Harry Potter on the Philosopher's Stone was only a thighs and copies, many of which were given to libraries. If you happen to have one such copy there no, I valued at between 16 and 25,000 great British points. She didn't just write the high porter Siris, of course. She wrote the casual vacancy and 2012. What I find interesting about that novel, Waas, that the strength of the Harry Potter series was its characterization. We have a fantasy world, but we've got got a people by very riel characters. You might know people like Molly Weasley. You might know people like Luna love good. You might have a SWAT in your class like her mind grandeur. And in the casual vacancy, she uses her knowledge of characterization on her observation of human character to create characters here, actually, really not that likable. So it's almost like the opposite off a reporter unlikable characters in a very riel world. She also wrote the Kormoran crime fiction Siri's under the pseudonym Robert Gilbreth. She married Scottish Dr Neil Murray and 2001 and she now has three Children on by 2011. She had taken over 50 actions against the press Manly for publishing unauthorized photographs off her Children. So you know she is a huge celebrity on. Unfortunately, there's been some unwelcome intrusion in her personal life, so some of the influences that she herself has mentioned include Dickins and talking. She actually studied French at the University of Exeter on I Think it comes across in her writing that she knows a lot about language and European languages. But she said that while she was a student, she spent more time reading Dickens on talking. And that's kind of interesting in relation to the Harry Potter series and that Dickens, until looking both put a lot of thought into the naming of characters, as does JK Rolling It Mean Remus Lupin Ramos from the classical tail off Romulus and Remus , who were raised by wolves on Lupin. Lupine wolf. Like so that's something she seems to have taken from decades and talking Dickins writing about the reality off society and his time. I'm talking, writing in a fantasy world Teoh cover this kind of spiritual issues that were prevalent and of concern to the society of his time. And I think that J. K. Rollings ruling has both that sense of reality and the fantasy. So it's interesting that she cites Thies to others. She also planned that C. S. Lewis was an influence in an interview that she did with the Vancouver Sun. Um, in 2007 No, they episode and Harry Potter towards the end, where the death agers think that Harry is dead before he's resurrected on. They are basically celebrating this very reminiscent of the scene in The Lion, the Witch on the wardrobe when the servants of the White, which think that as long has died. And of course, in both cases we have a resurrection, so you can see that influence there she and her husband or gay Arantes, who is a Portuguese television presenter, her first husband, dies. She's not, of course, married Teoh, a doctor in Scotland, but they bald it over Jan Austin and according to ruling her favorite, because Emma Emma is all a bite observation of character. I'm creating very riel, very relatable characters is one of the great strengths of JK Rollings writing. She loved Jessica Mitford for her rebelliousness. She was given her autobiography as a teenager, so Jessica Mitford was one off the Mitford sisters, famous in the UK for having very opposing political views. They were an aristocratic family, and Jessica Mitford actually went off to fight for the so called grabs in the Spanish Civil War. She's actually a professing Christian on I Know that she was criticized by a small proportion of the Christian community who thought that she was actually promoting witchcraft, which I think is not really something that you can draw from her books. But, she said in an interview in 2007 I believe in God, not magic. But she felt if she let readers know she was a Christian, they'd be able to guess the ending of certain character arcs within hurry polder. So she didn't really discuss that before all the books have been published. She center left politically, and she actually gave a 1,000,000 pines to the Labour Party at one point, and she voted to a man and the European Union and the Brexit referendum. So Harry Potter on the global phenomenon many people have tried Teoh distill the formula behind the huge success of Harry Potter, but we can only really gas at what made it the phenomenon that it became. But look at a few ingredients off JK Rollings success. We've mentioned this before her very strong sense off characterization. And she was, of course, a found of writers like Dickens and Austen, who were famous for their observation of humanity, a very well designed fantasy world with a comprehensive culture in history. You can see the influence of J. R R talking him. She also read a lot in that the sense of wonder that C. S. Lewis creates for Children like I'll just say at this point, I did say earlier that this was not a Children's literature course on. I wasn't going to focus too much on Children's literature because that would be a course in itself. But I don't think you can talk about the literature of this period without talking about JK Rolling. And actually, I think that though the Harry Potter series is basically a Children, Siri's, that it's pretty much read by adults quite widely as well. And also the Children who were reading with the loss of her stone. As they grow older, the books become slightly darker, slightly more adult. So So you know, the initial readership almost grew up with Harry Potter. She has a brilliant use of language, especially in Norman Glitter, which I mentioned before. Remus Lupin, Minerva McGonagall, Minerva being the Roman goddess of wisdom. Dolores Umbridge, Delores. Meaning great for Sorrowful on to take umbrage, meeting to take offence so we know something about that character from the name. So the Becks Reference Classical mythology. I've mentioned Remus Lupin, also many evil literature. So you think of the fast rolls on some of the other magical creatures cared for by Hagrid. They're kind of reminiscent off the questing, based on other mythical bastes. In the Arthurian legend, she references European folk tales, as in the Vale Yah, Florida liquor is one of the video. You're very beautiful creatures who can luhrman into their spell. That is a classic theme in European folk tales. I actually love Florida. Leclere is one of my favorite parts in the novel where Molly Weasley, after you know her son, has Bean attacked by aware Wolf and she says, and he was going to be married. And Flor, who is her son's fiancee, takes offensiveness and said, Says, What do you mean he was going to be married? I am pretty enough, Uzi, both of us. I just love both the realism on the comedy and the characterization off the Harry Potter tales. In a blatant, you can see that kind of boarding school tail all chums together in this big old castle thing happening there. Obviously, that's quite standard in English Children's literature. The Bible, actually, because she sort of turns Matthew six on its head, Matthew six says. Where your heart is there, will your treasure be also, where is JK ruling rights where your treasure is there, Will your heart be also so That is a reference to the Bible. Some people also see a biblical reference in the fact that Harry goes to King's Cross. Anna's then resurrected. So you know that's very Christian symbolism. But it's could also be a reference to the fact that JK Rollings parents met at King's Cross station in London. And if you go to King's Cross, you know that they have a sort of Harry Potter tourist shop there. So C. S. Lewis that we've mentioned before the whole scene of the death eaters rejoicing over Harry supposed death on Hi. This is reminiscent of the Lion, the Witch and the wardrobe. Charle sir, We can also see an influence of Charles. The story of the Deathly Hallows and the three brothers in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is quite reminiscent off the partners tail and the counter retail's. We can also see perhaps a little influence of Charlotte Bronte, especially Jane Eyre. Harry. Sleeping space in the broom cupboard is quite reminiscent off the Red Room and the horrors of the Red Room in January. So JK Ruling is drawing on European on English literature and actually my own cheater at University commented on the Harry Potter books, which had just been released of the time that they were very derivative, derivative but brilliantly written on. I think that history she's using a huge number of sources on creating something that's really unique 49. Mark Haddon: in this video, we're going to talk about one off the most well known novels off recent decades. The Curious incident of the dog in the nighttime. On that it's Mark Hatton, whom I've called the curious author, and that he likes to keep his personal life private. When I tried to find interviews with him, they're very much in literary publications. He's not the celebrity author that J. K. Rolling, for example, is other. I'm not sure she ever really wanted that, although he could be if he wanted to be So. Mark Haden was born on the 28th October 1962 in North Hampton. Andi. He's most famous for having written, as I mentioned before, the curious incident off the dog in the nighttime. If you haven't read it, read it. It's an amazing book. It basically informs the reader what it might be like to have an autistic spectrum disorder . It's in a way it's kind of similar to William Faulkner's The Signs of the Fury and American author in that it's written from the perspective of this character who maybe doesn't see the world the way that the people around him do, and we as the audience or trying to piece together what has actually happened within this family steam kind. Set up a sign of theory if you're American or if you're familiar with the work of William Faulkner. He was actually a Children's writer before writing this on. This was the first novel that he wrote intentionally for adults, but he was quite surprised when it's publishers suggested it should be marketed to both an adult on a teenage audience. And I actually think it's a brilliant book for teenagers to read, because it gives you a real insight into All Testament. I think it helps you to understand that, um, in a way that I hadn't experienced in any book the I drabs before. So he won the wet Brad Book of the Year for this book. Andi. He won that in the novel category, not as a Children's story. So I know that I'd said this isn't a Children's literature course admin exception for the Harry Potter books. But I think the curious incident of the dog in the nighttime you know, it's a family drama on there's some very adult themes going through it and my personal opinion, other It's an amazing book for teenagers to read as well. So Mark Haden also won the Guardian Prize on the Commonwealth Writers Prize. So in the world of literature, he's done quite well. Rad English at Oxford University, then completed his master of arts in English literature at Admiral University in 1984. And here he is pictured as a good looking young Chappy way back in those days, his private life is, as I said before, just that is private. He doesn't want to live the celebrity lifestyle. If you Google him, you'll find interviews and literary publications such as Guardian Becks, but not so much sort of gossip magazines or or the tabloids. So he lives in Oxford with his wife of sauce, lt Us, who lectures 19th and 20th century literature at Oxford University, and they have two sons. He describes himself as a vegetarian on a hard line, if ist and he went underwent double bypass heart surgery just over a year ago. Wishing him all the best with recovery from that That is not nice Hadn has written a wealth of Children's literature, but he has also written some other works for adults, which include a spot of bother written in 2006 on 20 nineteen's The Pork Was which I haven't Rad yet, but there's some very exciting things written. Abide Online. He's also written poetry, including The Talking Horse of the Side Girl on the Village Under the State. Yes, that's all one title. So here is the book that we all know him for, although he did write other works. The Curious Incident of the Dog and The Night Time. As I've said, it's very similar. Teoh signed in The Fury by William Fortner, which is a modernist work, and this is a post modernist work. Postmodernism is sometimes criticised for its focus on the individual, and that sort of postmodernist site Geist has lasted our sense of community. But this is one example of post modernism's positive side, and that seeing the world through the eyes off a teenager with an autistic spectrum disorder is actually very illuminating on the family drama that's going on a rind. This teenager, it's something that a lot of people would resonate with, and it's a book very well worth reading 50. Ian McEwan: and I'm going to talk about Ian McEwan, who is the author off Beck, such as on Chesil Beach, Andi, Atonement and he as a celebrity author, possibly due to the fact that several of his novels have been made into movies with quite high profile movie stars. Atonement famously star James McAvoy on Keira Knightley, for example. If JK Ruling is on author Plagued by celebrity and McCuen is an author plagued by controversy on We'll see Why that is in this short Let so am acute. Here we See Him Here was born on the 21st of June 1940. It He's a novelist on a screenwriter, but he's also written short stories. The Vallas. His output is actually quite large. He's most famous, as I mentioned before for Atonement on on Chattel Beach in 2000. It he featured in the Times list of 50 greatest English writers since 1945 quite an achievement there on and 2016. He was right, Number 19 and the Daily Telegraphs 100 most powerful people in British culture. Let's first look at his literary career. He started I by writing Gulf IQ short stories. His early works did tend to be quite dark. In fact, he was nicknamed in MMA Cabra. After his 1st 2 novels, The Cement Garden on the Comfort of Strangers. He won the Man Booker Prize for Amsterdam, and he's actually be nominated for the price six times, which is pretty impressive. In 2006 he was accused of plagiarism by Lucilla Andrews, who claimed that he had taken a passage of her memoir, No Time for a Months, which was written in 1977 on which to base a passage in Atonement. And he did admit in Atonement that he had used her novel as a source. In fact, he's being accused of plagiarism repeatedly, But he's being defended by some quite high profile authors, including Martin Amas, a Margaret Atwood, you know, who basically argued that writers do have to have sources. Shakespeare, of course, never wrote on original Story do tend to focus on current political and social issues. For example, in 2010 he published Solar, which is Abita scientists fighting to save the world from climate change. He published Sweet Tooth and 2014 about family law on the right to die on his ex wife quite embarrassingly publicly heckled him at the launch, will find out why that walls but later. But she was very angry about the injunction that he had taken out against her and her current partner. His latest novel, published in 2019 is the science fiction historical novel machines Like May, in which Britain loses the Falklands War on Tony Ban, who, if you're not from the UK Tony Band was born Sir Anthony Wedgwood Benn into an aristocratic family on give up his title so that he could become an MP in the Labour Party. And he's to the left of the Labour Party. So in this novel, Tony Ban leads a Labour government after 1987 election, which is obviously not what happened in real life. So he has quite a turbulent personal life, as we've mentioned, he's been married twice, once to Penny Allen and later toe Anna Lena McAfee, who's the editor of The Guardian Review section. So after their divorce, Alan absconded to France with their two sons. After McEwan had one sole custody of the boys, the eldest boy actually returned to him and then went on holiday with him, and he eventually gained custody of the younger boy, too. He took I an injunction against island, barring her from talking of like the kiss on During that legal proceeding, the judge Brown did. Alan, a troublemaker. He's never been a stranger to controversy, and he's actually not afraid to air controversial views. For example, he was strongly criticized by the press on the left wing in the UK for remarks he made a bite. Islam, although he later defended himself by saying it had been taken out of context, that he had grown up in Libya and what he called a warm and dignified Islamic culture. On that he was in fact attacking examine extremists, and he felt that many Muslims might share his views. He accepted the Jerusalem Prize despite being very vocal critic off Israeli policy in the Middle East towards the Palestinians. But he remarked that if you didn't go anywhere where you didn't like their domestic or foreign policy, you would never get out of bed. He also criticized Stephen Hawking for refusing to go to Israel, and he's recently published some quite anti Brexit articles, so on author, no off bread to air political views and it does seem to be that in the 21st century, writing on politics can be very closely associate Associate ID Night. This was true back in Dickens's day. It was true for the romantics who made social points. But today it seems to be quite pointed that a lot of what we read has a political subtext. So we're going to talk my by one of his most famous books on chattel bait, Sherry sees sorcerer Ronan in the film version, this is a very modernist book and that there's not a lot of action to it. It's really about the sexual relationship between two characters from very different back rhymes. One is Edward May he who is a graduate history student, and the other is Florence, pointing, who is a violence. So it's set in July 1962 when this pair have just got married on their own honeymoon in Dorset. Basically, Edward is very sexually motivated on Florence has been sexually abused by her father, and so she actually fares the consummation of the marriage, which goes disastrously. She suggests that maybe her husband can find other women to sleep with, but he doesn't like that idea on the marriage is basically annulled. On the action of the book is Edward, looking back on the decades that passed on, wondering what would have happened if he'd taken her up on her offer. So there's not a lot of action. As I say, some people love this book on other people find it quite dull. So I don't know which way you would go on this because there isn't a lot of action. It's very much about the internal workings off these people on what's happened in their lives again. Control Versi because in an interview about the novel on BBC Radio four, McEwan admitted taking some pebbles from Castle Beach and not very much angered conservationists. Oh dear. Well, you know, leave the environment alone, people atonement, probably his best known work because of the success of the Maybe, which starred James McAvoy and Keira Knightley. Him you see here it's actually quite a powerful story, are bites. Basically, I'm a stick that's made by a young girl who's too young to have sexual experience and so misinterprets a letter that is sent by a young man to a young woman that he's in a relationship with that there then happens to be a rip in the aristocratic heists in which they're staying on the young girl, falsely well, not falsely but wrongly, and mistakenly accuses the center of the letter off. Being the rapist aunt, you know everything that follows after that on the whole idea of atonement. Is she, as she gets older, realizes what an awful mistake she made one awful impact she had on life of her. Her sister, who's the women in question on dawn, this young man who was of a different social class than her. So he was sort of an easy target to be billions. It's quite a powerful novel. It has quite a lot to say about the social norms off the 20th century, in which it sat on also bite social norms of our day. It's set in and around the time of the Second World War, so if you've never read it, it's quite long. But it's definitely quite a powerful read. Maybe is quite good, too. 51. American Literature: on American literature. No, it's taken a long time to talk about the history of English literature. We have had to cut a lot, right, And since we only have one section on American literature, I can't cover every great American writer. But we're going to give a brief overview. I've written here big, so good they bomb their entire literary canon, and that is true. I once visited Barnes and Noble, and there was a stand saying banned books. They obviously were bound at that time. They'd been banned in the past, and it was basically their entire literary canon. In fact, all these books you see in front of you here, Tom Sawyer, The Scarlet Letter, The Catcher in the Rye, The Crucible, the signs and the Fury have all been bombed at some point. So there are some common themes and the American literary canon, and I suppose I should explain what I mean by a literary canon. A cannon is really the works that are considered to be influential within a nation's literature in which other works have been best. So race relations is a big feature of American writing. Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin was a book that was much referred to during the American Civil War. We're going to talk a bit about that letter. Maya Angelou, of course, in more recent times has written about rest relations on what it's like to be known white in the United States, the European on the idea of the European Rikers and American literature. Henry James, of course, wrote a novel called The Europeans. Puritanism is something which American writers discuss. Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter on arguably Arthur Miller in The Crucible. Other watch Arthur Miller intended to criticize in his depiction of a Puritan society was 19 fifties McCarthyism. The role of women. Louisa May Alcott and her Little Women stories. Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter on the Canadian writer Margaret Atwood also comments on American Puritanism on attitudes to women. But she's a kid, Canadian and not Americans, so we can't include her in this section off the course. Capitalism, materialism and class issues are also a recurring theme, for example, and F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby look at some of the literary movements which have occurred within the United States. Ah, lot of them occurred in English literature as well because, remember, we have travel across the Atlantic, and American writers influence English writers. We saw there earlier. We talked about the signed in the fury on its influence, possibly armed. The curious incident of the dog In the nighttime, English writers have traveled to the states Charles Dickens, for example. And so there has being that kind of movement. So sensibility and the idea of the Gothic is represented an American literature by the figure of Edgar Allan Poe. And if you've ever read The Raven on being creeped out by it, you'll know what I'm talking about. It's a wonderful piece of writing where the English had the romantics the Americans had. The transcendentalist American Transcendentalism owes something to English romanticism, Teoh Indian religion to certain forms of biblical scholarship to all sorts of things. On what were Whitman on Ralph Emerson Waldo, where quite open about the fact they were influenced by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. So modernism was also a move in the States as well as an England under other parts, the world. William Faulkner's The Signed on The Fury is to May, the ultimate American modernist novel. It it's basically the same story told by. I think it's four different people. It's a while since I read it. Sorry on you're saying the same story from different points of view gets got that stream of consciousness, which is common to modernist novels on that sort of individual ism. 52. Harriet Beecher Stowe : first author we're going to speak about it in the American literature section is this lady , Harriet Beecher Stowe, whose son claimed that Abraham Lincoln had said to her. So you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war. So let's talk about that book on. That's talk about that war. So Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Stone, known as Elizabeth to her family, lived from 18 19 until 18 96 and she was an abolitionist, which means she supported the abolition of slavery in the United States, and she was an author. She actually wrote about 30 books, which included three travel memoirs on a collection of letters and articles. But she is particularly famous for one very influential work on that is Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was influential in coalescing abolitionists in the Northern States. It angered some people in the Southern states, but it was also actually influential around the world. It sold a 1,000,000 copies in the year after its publication, and Great Britain, for example, So she was born in Connecticut in 18 11 and she was the sixth of 11 Children born to Calvinist preacher Lyman Beecher. So she was from a well known religious family on his wife, Roxana. Very sadly, her mother died when she was only five. Her brother, Henry Ward Beecher, was a famous preacher, and he was also a famous abolitionist. So this was something that the family had calm and something they felt strongly a bite. She studied up the Hartford female Salmon Re, and she received in education and classics, languages of Mathematics on In those days and the United States. Such an education was usually reserved for men are not just in the United States. That would have been true and other parts of the world as well. Let's look at some of the events which impacted on her attitude to slavery. In 18 32 when she was only 21 she moved to Cincinnati in Ohio, where her father taught of the Land Theological Seminary. And there have been some trouble in Ohio around this period in history. In 18 29 18 36 118 41 there were riots and Cincinnati fueled by anti abolitionists on. Also, there have been attacks on former slaves by ethnic Irish groups who we're worried about the competition for jobs on the economic impact of the arrival off a large number of former slaves. So be Justo actually met victims of these attacks, so she did have a sort of academic interest in slavery. She certainly read newspapers. She attended lectures, but she she really did interact with people who had experienced slavery as well. She was very influenced by the Lin slavery to bits, which were held in the seminary for 18 days and February 18 34. NY From this period in history, it's very hard to understand why they had to debate slavery for Whole 18 days. Isn't not obviously just morally, completely wrong. But this is what happened. Back in 18 34 the debate was decisively won by a guy called Theodore Weld on the abolitionists. As a result of these debates, there was a mass exodus of students from the salmon rate, and actually one teacher left as well, and they formed their own institution to a very, very divisive issue at the time. At land, she met Reverend Calvin Ellis Stow. He was also an ardent abolitionist on they married in 18 36 in 18 50 the U. S. Congress passed the fugitive slave law, which prohibited people from providing assistance to fugitive slaves. To Beecher Stowe, that would have just been utterly wrong. So she was in a church service and then where she was living at the time, and she apparently had a vision off a dying slave. What she claimed inspired her to write Uncle Tom's cabin. Also around that time, she had lost her 18 month old son. And she wrote of this, Having experienced the loss of someone close to me, I can sympathize with all the per parlous slaves at unjust auctions. You will always be in my heart, Samuel Charles Stone. So what I find moving about but is having experience pretty much the worst loss that a human being can the loss of a child. She doesn't just wallow in her own great. She empathizes with the slaves who are having this experience, you know, all the time off, Bang torn apart from their Children. So all this having happened, she wrote to the editor of the anti slavery journal, the national era in 18 51 anointing that she planned to write on anti slavery story, and she said this. I feel now that the time has come when even a woman or a child who can speak a word for freedom and humanity is buying to do so. I hope every woman who can write will not be silent. So the national era published the first installment of Uncle Tom's Cabin, NJ, in 18 51 so similar to the set up in the United Kingdom at the time novels were published, an installments on Uncle Tom's Cabin was published in installments every week, up until April, the first 18 52 on You notice I'm saying April the first instead of the first of April because we're in the American literature section. Like So, The Fold Book was published in March 18 52 and in its first year at sold 300,000 copies in the U. S. A. Which was unprecedented at the time. And as I mentioned before, a 1,000,000 copies in Great Britain, people all over the world, we're reading and commenting on Uncle Tom's cabin. Its key message was that slavery affected the whole of American society, not just the people who were involved as traders or owners or the slaves themselves. It was about what kind of culture Do we Want to Be? A play based on the book opened in New York and November 18 52 and that was also popular. There was obviously an angry reaction in the Seif to the novel, and empty Tom novels were published. Some of those became best sellers, but none of them have stood the test of time the way that Uncle Tom's cabin has. When I say the Uncle Tom's Cabin has stood the test of time, some of it may make us feel uncomfortable. In the modern era, it's written in a sort of sentimental, melodramatic style, which was common and the Victorian era, but it has been accused of propagating certain stereotypes about black people. You have the sort of warm, lovable mommy you have Children called picking and Season and then Tom himself, the very dutiful, long suffering servant on In recent times, that hasn't been considered to be particularly positive. But there is no diving the impact it hard in its day. So stone that with Abraham Lincoln on November the 25th 18 62 just after the outbreak of the Civil War, she didn't write a lot a bite this meeting herself. She was a little bit vague. And William Bidet, although her son later claimed about 30 odd years later that Lincoln had said, So you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war Ni. There is an argument that says that people want to believe he said this because it it suggests that literature has the part to really move society and move politics, which I think is true. Whether or not Lincoln actually sad, this is actually unknown. After the worst, she moved to Florida, and she calls some controversy We can't Painter Here is a total sent because she defended Elizabeth Campbell, who was the duck chest of argyle who was a key figure in the Highland clearances in Scotland, where people were just thrown off their land where their families had lived for generations . It was a great injustice. Some of those people moved to Canada and told their stories on Bond Beecher Stowe try to refute them and really she came under fire for fighting against injustice in the States, but supporting and injustice that had happened in Scotland, she returned to Connecticut on became one of the finders off the Hartford Art School, my part of the University of Hartford, Calvin Stowe. Her husband died in 18 86 and after that her health really declined. She developed dimensions. Sadly, it's no. I thought she may have been suffering from Alzheimer's disease, and as a result of that, she started writing Uncle Tom's cabin again for bottom, forgetting that she had already written it. Mark Twin, who was her neighbor at the time, said her mind was decayed and she was a pathetic figure on. He describes her sneaking up on people and yelling in their heirs and really startling them and sitting out her piano singing sad songs. She eventually died on July 1st 18 96 at the age of 85 she's buried at Phillips Academy Cemetery and and over in Massachusetts. Harriet Beecher Stowe, as I mentioned, wrote about 30 works, but we're still going to keep focusing on this one book, Uncle Tom's Cabin, because it was so influential in society in politics, Andi in literature. So it was actually the best selling novel off the 19th century and the second best selling book after the Bible. So a lot of people read this book as much before it did popularise certain stereotypes, and that is sort of the negative aspect of it that might be mentioned today. It was inspired by the autobiography, All the former Slave Juice I, a handsome who actually ended up a free man living in Canada. There are other factors which influenced at which we've talked to bite before. But the sort of literary inspiration was probably just CYA Hansen's book. So the plot of that goes something like this. A Kentucky farmer, Arthur Shelby, is about to lose his farm because he has depths he needs to pay. So he decides to sell off two of the slaves, Uncle Tom, who is a middle aged man with wife and family from whom he's going to be separated on Harry , who's his wife's mids son. So Emily, his wife, had promised her mid Eliza that her son would never be sold, so this is problematic to her on George Shelby, who's the couple's son, really is fond of Tom and sees him as a friend, a mentor, so he really doesn't want to see him sold. Overhearing a conversation, a bites the proposed sales. ELISA decides to take her son on run for it, basically understandably, and leaves a note for Emily. Tom is not so lucky he doesn't get away. He's sold on his put on, really doesn't try to get away. But he sold, and he's put on a riverboat where he frowns. A young white girl, Eva, whose father looked, isn't Claire buys. Tom and Tom Uneven really connected a deep level over their shared Christian fifth. So Eliza, meanwhile, meets her already escaped husband George Harris on they are hunted by a slave hunter coat. Looker on George is very unfortunately, forced to shoot 10 in the side so they can escape. They don't want to leave him for dad. Hi, ever. So they find a Quaker settlement on Leave him there from medical treatment. Two years goes past on Eva very sadly dies. But before her death, she has a vision of heaven, which she shares with the people around her, and they all resolved to be better people under change their attitudes on this part of that , Sinclair pledges to free Tom, but before he can actually do this, he is stopped to death outside a tavern on Thomas bought by the very cruel Simon Legree. He refuses his new master's order to whip another slave. And because Whippets not just being sort of struck hard with a Web you're actually tearing . And to people's flash, it was a cruel and horrible thing. Tom refuses to dip, and he's on a bad fitting with the slave owner. While he's there, he meets another slave called Cassie on her son and daughter have been sold, And she actually was so traumatized by this that she kills her third child because she can't bear the thought of such a thing happening again. In the meanwhile, Loker has repented due to his time with the Quakers and George. Allies and Harry are free on end up living in Canada, so back at degrees, establishment Tom and carriages Cassie and another slave, Emma line to escape. Once they do, he absolutely refuses to tell the great where they have gone on because of this. The gray orders Tom's death. He orders his overseers to kill Tom Tom for gives the overseers they are so humbled by his genuine fifth that they themselves become Christians. Just after Tom's death, George Shelby arrives to buy Tom's freedom, but it's too late. Cassie and M. Align meet George Harrison's sister, and they all travel together to Canada, and it so happens it turns ICT. But Eliza is Kasi's long lost daughter, who were sold on their reunited. I'm sorry. That's a bit of a spoiler if you haven't grabbed the book. Apologies for that. But the family then travels to France and then to Liberia, which was an African states set up for former Americans lives George Shelby at the end of the novel Freeze all the family slaves, telling them to remember the example of Tom Sacrifice and his adherents to true Christianity, with the lessons subtle. Hint there that if you support slavery, you cannot be a true Christian. And Beecher Stowe's mindset in Beecher Stowe's completely accurate mindset, I think most people would agree. So the novel is sentimental. It's melodramatic that was common in Victorian era literature throughout the world, but it does deal with some very riel issues the s use of families being torn apart. When one member of the family was sold, that was what really happening to people. The issues of slaves being hunted by slave hundreds, you know, all this was actually happening to people. It was a great evil off the time against which Beecher Stowe took a stance. Her novel is a course night quite dated, but we can't but argue that it had a huge impact. 53. Mark Twain: I cannot discuss American literature without discussing this man. Mark Twin and the writer William Faulkner described Mark Twin as the father of American literature, so his actual name was Samuel Longhorn Clemens. There is no wonder that he got a panorama, the name that long. He lived from 18 35 to 1910 so within the Victorian era. And he wrote under the pen name Mark Twin. As we've discussed on here is a picture of Mark Twin, as we most picture him and his trademark white suit that he was famous for. So he was a writer, humorist on entrepreneur ah, publisher and a lecturer. He did many things during his lifetime. The works that he's best known for, although he wrote many works are probably the adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Prince and the Pauper. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn on on American Yankee in King Arthur's Court. Amongst other texts. Do you ever find yourself with some time on your hands? It's great fun to look up Mark Twin quotes online. Here's one that comes up whenever there's an election. It is here to fill people than to convince them that they have been fooled He also famously said, I was educated once. It took me years to get over it. Better to remain silent and be thought a fool than to speak and remove. All died and one that you've probably read many times on Facebook and Instagram. Politicians and diapers must be changed, often on for the same reason. So Mark Twin was the son of Jan on John Marshall Clemens, another father, Cold John, and he was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, on Missouri became the background for Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Fends stories. He kind of fictionalized his own childhood. So his father was an attorney and a judge who died. One twin was only 11. He actually left school after the fifth grade on Pretty much educated himself a public libraries. He ended up being awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford University here. We see him in his robes when he got that doctorate. So you know, he was a learned and erudite man, but very much self educated. He became a typesetter when he left school, and he also wrote for his brother Arriens newspaper at that time, Here he is is a young man. He didn't many other things He was a riverboat pilots, which was considered quite glamorous, and his friends were quite jealous. He was also an inventor. He was always interested in science and technology, and he actually patented a replacement for suspenders to hold. Your tries was up on a south adhesive scrap pick where you could just moisten the page of the scrapbook and stick in whatever you want to stick in saving you from having to go and get blue and actually sold 25,000 of those. His lifelong interest in science and technology lead has being visited by Thomas Edison in 1909 who filmed him. And that's the only footage that exists of Mark Twin. I can't and polluter in this video for copyright reasons, but I have included it as a die notable resource so you can link to it if you go to the download section here. He was also very widely travelled, which is part of educating himself. He traveled throughout USA and he lived in many different places within the U. S. A. He also traveled in Europe and the Middle East, and he published his travel ladders as the innocents abroad in 18 69 in 18 60 it he had been offered honoree membership of Yale's Screw and Key Society, which was a secret society dedicated to fellowship, moral and literary self improvement on charity. So though he hadn't been formally educated, he waas one of the little ratty. He actually made a lot of money at certain points of his life, but he went bankrupt. At one point due to bad investments. He invested in a new form of a typewriter, which didn't work very well. Several other things went wrong for him, though he turned it around, and when he died, his estate was the equivalent of 13 million U. S. Dollars in today's money, he married elliptical Olivia London in 18 70. She's pictured here. He had met her brother on his travels, who had showed him a photograph off his sister, and he just fell in love at first sight with the photograph. So through her, he met intellectuals on abolitionists, including his famous neighbor, whom we've just talked about Harriet Beecher Stowe. His son Langdon, very sadly, died of diphtheria aged only 19 months, But he did have three surviving Children three daughters, Susie, Clara and Jean, on the time he got married, he owned a Stick and The Buffalo Express newspaper, and he worked there as editor on, Also as a writer. He wrote many of his novels during the 17 years that he lived in Hartford, Connecticut, which is where he met Harriet Beecher Stowe on the 20 summers he spent at his wife's family's a state called Quarry Farm. So there he wrote Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, The Prince and the Pauper, many of his most famous works. He actually suffered quite badly from depression after his daughter's Susie died in 18 96 and that didn't get any better. When Olivia died in 1904 on, he spent his later years and Manhattan, and here he is, pictured in his later years. This is actually an early photograph. I know it looks like a painting. Oxford awarded him the honoree doctorate in 1907 he wrote in 1909 but I came in with Halley's Comet in 18 35. It's coming again next year, and I expect to live with it. So Halley's comet had appeared shortly after his birth, and he actually died the day after it appeared again on April 21st 1910 and he's buried at Woodlawn Cemetery and Elvira, New York And here we have a picture off his grave, right beside Olivia's grave. So he had some quite strong views, which come across in his work and writings, which will talk about before 18 99. He bean very much an imperialist, and he supported the US being in the Hawaiian Islands, and he called their world with Spend the worthy ist ever fault. But he did a bit of a U turn after 18 99 with the Philippine American War, where he read the terms of the treaty and he wrote, We do not intend to free but to subject hits the people of the Philippines. So he then supported the boxer rebellion and China, saying they had a right to, you know, protect themselves against foreign intervention on foreign manipulation. He was also an ardent abolitionist, He said Lincoln's proclamation no only sat black slaves free but set the white man free, also very much in the same banas. Harriet Beecher Stowe that slavery is not just about the people who are involved in up who sells lives are owned them or who happened to base live. But it's about the whole off society, the whole of the country. He supported women's suffrage. He was very much a Presbyterian on. He actually raise money to build a Presbyterian church at one point. But he had some real criticisms of organized religion, especially in the way it was practiced in the United States, although he did criticize it in other countries, too. And he said, If Christ were here, neither is one thing. He would not be a Christian. He was also a free Messam, and he was very opposed to vivisection on the grinds of cruelty to animals rather than for a scientific reason. He thought it caused unnecessary suffering. But two of his most famous works, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, which was published in 18 76 on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, published in 18 84 Ni I Know again, not a Children's literature course. But these books are just so influential that we couldn't discuss American literature without making some reference to them. So Tom Sawyer is based very much on twins own childhood, the fictional time off some Petersburg and Missouri, where Tom lives as very similar to the Hannibal, Missouri off. His childhood on Tom Sawyer is pretty much based on the character off Mark Twin as a child himself. He pissed the character off Huckleberry Finn on a school friend of Hiss, who was called Tom Blankenship. So there's a basis in reality. Other obviously, it's a fantastical tale in some ways. So basically the story of Tom Sawyer when it begins. Tom is living with his Aunt Polly and his little brother said Instant Petersburg, Missouri. So Tom and his good friend Huckleberry Finn, who is a lower class boy for want of phrase, get better way. He's the son of the time drunk, basically. So they have adventures together, many childhood scripts. He also falls in love with a couple of girls in his class, but eventually Tom on the Huckleberry Finn Goto graveyard in the middle of the night because they think it will cure warts. Well, there you go. They are Children, after all, While they're there, they witness the murder of Dr Robinson by the Native American engine Joe. Like Engine Joe is a bit of a contentious character within literature. Some claim that it is a racist stereotype on some say the writing is off. It's time I'll let you make up your own mind So the boys see this murder on. They make a blood oath to each other, not to tell anybody what they've seen, and they run away. So Engine Joe blames a hapless time drunk Muff Potter for the murder, and he's then arrested, which makes the boys failed pretty guilty because they know the truth. So Tom Huckleberry Finn refer to his Huck on their friends. You Harper runaway Andi Hide on the whole Time is terrified about what might have happened to them and goes I hunting for them. So Thomas, remorseful when he sees the distress of his loved ones here, are looking for him, and he actually makes an appearance at his own funeral, much to everybody's astonishment. He then decides to testify against Engine Joe at Muffs trial. Other engine Joe escapes through your window and hasn't brought to justice. So that summer engine Joe, on a comrade of his hide stolen gold on the boy's, observed the hiding clears to Huckleberry Finn, starts following him at night on three. Doing this, he learns that Injun Joe and his companion plan to attack the widow, Douglas. So Huck gives the warning on. The widow is rescued from this happening, and he becomes a local hero. So whilst this is happening, Tom on back a. His love and trust get lost in a kid in the time on, they encounter engine job there. It's pretty scary, but the Children escape. Andi Injun Joe is trapped in the kids on When they find him. He has starved to death in the gives, so Tom and Huck find his buried gold, which is invested on their behalf. On the widow, Douglas adopts Huckleberry Finn, so it's very much an adventure. It has that sort of magic of the adventure of childhood. Some serious points in it about race relations, like a lot of the American literary candidate, has been bound at certain times, not as much as Huckleberry Finn because of its use of language. Huckleberry Finn, probably more so than Tom Sawyer, makes use of a word that was in common usage in that period, which is not considered to be a racial slur, a word that we would be uncomfortable with, basically. And I'm going to talk about Huckleberry thin on Ernest Hemingway, Great American author. Sad. This all modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twin, Huckleberry Finn. Okay, so that means we definitely can't talk about American literature without talking about this book. Tom Sawyer is a lesser character in this ostensible sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer , Huckleberry Finn. Obviously, probably most of us have seen movies and TV shows a bite, this character, a character that captured the public consciousness. It's a darker novel than the adventures of Tom Sawyer has still got that childhood magic. Avoid it. But it captures some pretty serious issues, especially issues of risk, identity and slavery, the big issues of American literature off that period. So as the novel opens Huckleberry Finn, let's call him Huck. He's finding a bit difficult living with the widow Douglas, much as she's a nice lady, but he doesn't fit into a sort of respectable middle class life. It's not what he's used to sew. His drunken, profligate father refer to his pup suddenly appears because he wants the money that has been in fasted on hooks behalf. You know what the end of the Tom Sawyer novel So Judge Thatcher on the widow. Douglas try to get custody of Huck, but a well meaning judge thinks that he can reform Pap and takes him into his own home, which is a total disaster disaster. Basically, so the widow, Douglas, ends up warning PAP to stay away from her heist. So he kidnaps Huck and keeps him pretty much prisoner in a cabin across the river from some Petersburg on When he's drunk, he beats the boy so endless, very cruel environment Huck decides to skip by faking his own death. He kills a pig and leaves blood everywhere but Greece. Um, really. He hides on an island Teoh keep away from his father. And there he makes the fugitive slave called Jim My gym, also a contentious character within literature. He's a very sympathetic character on the relationship between Huckleberry Finn on Jim is a very close one, but some people find his use of language a bit stereotypical, and although he's cleverer than some of the other characters in the book, that they still feel that it can be a little bit of a demeaning depiction. But that's with more than a century. Having gone past at its time. It was pretty grind breaking to show this friendship between ah young white boy on this black escaped slave. So Jim on Huckleberry pretty much form a partnership. They're both hiding on this island. Gem has belonged to a lady called Miss Watson, and she planned to sell him to a plantation owner who was particularly known for his cruelty and that would also have separated him from his family. So a little bit similar to what was happening to Uncle Tom and Uncle Tom's cabin. So as Jim on Huck are on this island Ah, huge storm bruise on. They have to flee on a raft. They find this floating heists rather on the raft, and they loot it to try and get some necessary provisions. There's a dad body. A man who's been shot in the heist on Jim protects Huck from seeing the dad man. He refuses him to let him see the dead man's face, so they eventually learned that a reward has been offered for Jim's capture and they decide to head up River to stands for slavery is prohibited on. Jim can be free on the way they encounter a gang of slave traders. And at this point, Huck has a moral crisis because Gem is, after all, Miss Watson's property in his mindset. But he eventually comes Rind and tells the slave catchers that it's his father on the raft who has smallpox. The slave captures, obviously terrified of getting smallpox, which was a big problem at the time and let them go. The next night, a steamboat hits the raft on Huck and Jim are separated. So how was taken in by the aristocratic Ranger for family here, having a feud with another family? And he gets caught up in all this until Jim arrives with the repaired raft and they take off down the river again. They're joined by to call on artists through They can't seem to get rid off who refer to themselves as the Duke one is pretending to be a European aristocrat on the dough, for this guy is pretending to be the heir to the throne. Off front, they do actually take people in with this cockamamie story, so they at one point sell Jim to a farmer, and Huck resolves to go on rescue him on the farmer. Turns out debate Tom Sawyer's uncle his wife as Tom Sawyer's Aunt Sally. And she actually mistakes Huck for Tom because tall mystery to visit. So and Tom arrives Huck Films of the Men and Tom pretends to be, his younger brother said. So Tom forms a complicated plan as Tom tens today to try and free gym. It all goes badly wrong on Tom ends up being shot in the leg on Jim actually gives up his freedom toe help Tom. It turns ICT after this that Jim has been a free man all the time because Mets Miss Watson had freed him in her will and she died two months ago. It also turns out at the end that the body that they find in the floating heist walls pap so Huck has been freed from pap as well. Aunt Sally offers to adopt Huck, but he's being a doctor before he doesn't fancy that life, and he decides to keep adventuring on Go West. Neither are some very serious points in this novel. Jim isn't escapes Live on Huckleberry is also a runaway, a fugitive. Yet he's welcomed with open arms where, as you know, Jim is very much haunted on you using satire Mark Twin really point site some of the hypocrisy off the edge, and there's some serious social points and Huckleberry Finn, if you've never read it, or the tome Sawyer stories they are really great adventures on, I hope that you'll perhaps read through them. It's possible that you've seen movies, that you've seen them on TV, as I say, their stories that are very much in the public consciousness, undeservedly so. 54. Louisa May Alcott: American story very much in the public consciousness is little women. As I record this, a movie of little women has only just be night. There have been, of course, many movies on. This is a story that many of us grew up with. So we're gonna talk a bite. The lady who gave us that story, Louisa May Alcott, who was a little woman who became a feminist Icahn. So Louisa May Alcott, who lived from 18 32 to 18 Idiot, was a novelist, short story writer and a poet. She was also a journalist at one point in her life, and she'd been a nurse in the American Civil War. She was an abolitionist on a feminist. She's most famous for her Siris of novels. Little Women, published in 18 68 Good Wives, published in 18 69 sometimes published in the same volume. Must Little Women. Little Man, published in 18 71 on Jo's Boys, published in 18 86 on these stories Our very much best on her own childhood on a home family in Concord in Massachusetts. She, like Joe, the protagonist of Little Women who is really based on Alcott, had three sisters. And so the four all court sisters become the 4 march Sisters of Little Women. She was the second daughter of Transcendentalist, So Abigail Mae and Amos Bronson Alcott notice Bronson Alcott We talked Before by American Transcendentalism. It's very similar to English romanticism. It has its rates and English romanticism and in German romanticism and has an element of Indian religion in it as well. So she went from a very early age to support her family, who underwent some financial problems On her earliest works were Spy Adventures for Young Adults, and she wrote those under the Pan name AM Barnard. The little women's stories of a mention before was based on her own family life, so she had three sisters. Justus Jo March had three sisters, Abigail, known as Mei, Elizabeth Nunez, Lizzie and Amma. So she was actually born and a time that's not a suburb of Philadelphia. And she moved Boston in 18 34 where her father established a skill on joined the Transcendental Club, where he was friends with some very famous people. So she was actually educated by Henry David Thoreau. Andi. She had instruction from Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Filler and Julia Ward High, all of whom, where family, friends and famous intellectuals. Her father was also a big part of her education, and he believed in what he called the beauty off self sacrifice. And there were actually tensions between Bronson Alcott on his wife and daughters. Because of his attitudes to their independence and also his inability to provide financially for his family, The family actually moved 22 times in 30 years. At one point, they sold a host that Emerson had given the money to buy to Nathaniel Hawthorne. They called Hillside. He called it the way side. In 18 50 it they moved toe orchard heist in Concord, Massachusetts. And that's basically the backdrop for little women. And it so happened that all caught was the very first woman to register to vote, and Concord, the family believed in plain living and high thinking. And in 18 47 they hires the fugitive slave. Remember that the act that made that illegal Kim in in 18 fifties of this was before the act. They also had discussions with the former slave and statesman Frederick Douglass suit very much on abolitionist family in 18 60 all Cop began writing for Atlantic Monthly, So she have been writing stories she had been writing letters she basically rights throughout her life. She volunteered as a nurse in the American Civil War, but unfortunately she contracted typhoid and was pretty ill. But her letters home were turned into a book called Hospital Sketches, published in 18 63. She was very critical of hospital administration during the war, on off what she viewed as the coldness and lack of aunt that they on the part of some of the sergeant's that she met her father, was so proud of her for her contribution to the war and her contribution to their high school that he wrote her a poem and remember, she hasn't had a great relationship with their father, So this was very moving on. This is what he wrote when I remember with what buoyant heart missed war's alarms on woes of civil strife and youthful eagerness, Thigh deads depart at peril of thy safety, peace and life to nurse the wounded soldiers swear the dead. Hi, pierce it soon by favors Poisoned dart on brought unconscious home with Wilder. Had I ever since mid Langer and dull pen to conquer fortune. Cherish kindred dear has with grave studies vax to sprightly brand in myriad heist holds kindled love and cheer. Nair from myself by fans lied. Trump beguiled signed ing in this. On the farther hemisphere, I pressed the team my heart as duties faithful child. So this is famously entitled to Louisa May Alcott from her father elements off the Alcott family life that turn up in little women baths. Death relates to Lizzy's death in the rail. Alcott family on the rivalry between Joe and Amy mirrors the rivalry between Louisa May Alcott on her sister May. Unlike Joe Alcott, never married. That's the one big difference between real life on the book, she said. I am more than half persuaded that I am a man so put by some force of nature into a woman's body because I have fallen in love with so many pretty girls and never once the least bit for any man. But she certainly didn't feel a social pressure to get married, and that was not what she was interested in. She did have an affair when she was traveling in Europe with a Polish man and lattice Laugh Visnovsky. She featured this in her journals, but she actually deleted the entries before she died. Rivalry with her sister May. She actually adopted May's daughter when May died following childbirth. In 18 79 the girl was named Louisa like Louisa May Alcott, and she nicknamed her Lulu on In, which stuck for the rest of her life. And this is a picture of Lulu here to the right. In 18 77 she had become one of the finders of the women's educational on Industrial Union in Boston, so she's still very interested in women's rights. In the later years of her life, she suffered from chronic illness, neither walls a day when that was believed to be due to mercury poisoning. But there is a portrait off, all caught with a rash in her fist that is associated with a condition called Lupus on auto immune disease. She died of a stroke on March, the 6th 18 idiot only six days after her father died. At that point, Little Lulu was only it, and she's buried and Sleepy Hollow Cemetery and Concord in Massachusetts. Mail call wrote many books, many articles, many letters but she's most famous for having written these books. Little Women followed by Good Wives, which is sometimes published in the same volume, is Little Women, Little Man on Jo's Boys and a Bit Like the a Song of Ice and Fire stories that became Game of Thrones. When you've read these books, you sort of start to forget what happened and what book they all become. One coherent story, really. But little women is the story off a family during the American Civil War. The father has gone off to work, leaving Mrs March with her four daughters, Mag, who's the eldest on the sort of sensible, pretty respectable one. Joe, the tomboyish and fiercely independent second daughter based on Louisa Male, cut herself any who's slightly snobbish and sometimes fights with the other sisters. Um, Bap is very good, unkind on caring. There's also Laurie, who lives next door, who is a big part of their adventures litter in the stories he ends up married. Teoh Amy Jo, of course, ends up married to a much older professor, Professor Bear and becomes a teacher, a character who embodies Louisa's own feminist attitudes in her attitudes towards education . Even though she gets married, Joe still has her own independence. Her own career. Um, we see women in the absence of man. And, of course, Louisa May's father wasn't absent. But there was a difficulty in the relationship there, but it waas the kiss. In many families where the man had gone off toward that, the women had to become much more independent. Andhra lie on their own resources, and we very much see that in little women it turns to be thought off as a series of novels for Children or younger people. But one credit commented that it could be enjoyed by young people aged 6 to 60. It is something that you can read when you're slightly older on maybe see it in a different way once you've matured on. It's a story that that really appealed toe oil edges. I thought it does tend to appeal more. Two women. I remember when I studied American literature as part of my degree that the man on the course actually complained about having to read little women, but I think some of them actually liked it once they'd read it 55. F. Scott Fitzgerald: another major figure in American literature as F. Scott Fitzgerald, who was the tragic chronicler off what we know I call the Jazz edge. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald lived from 18 96 to 1940 he's regarded as one of the most important writers in the American literary cannon. Although he was popular during his lifetime, he didn't really receive this level of critical acclaim until after his death. He finished four novels This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and the Damned. The Great Gatsby on Tender Is the Night on The Great Gatsby is really up there in the American literary canon. It's maybe the American equivalent to great expectations. Like So he had another novel, the unfinished The Last Tycoon that was published posthumously. He wrote many short stories, and he also worked as a screenwriter of MGM before going freelance. Shortly before his death, he wrote En una Bite the Jazz edge. So what we mean about the jazz edge? Well, this was an age when jazz music music, which had a black origin, was becoming popularized. It was also the age of Prohibition where alcohol was illegal. It was the edge off celebrity. You know, really that the obsession with celebrity that we have today was just beginning to gather Pierce in the jazzy edge. So this is the kind of environment that Fitzgerald find himself in, and he writes about the Hollow net. Teran hypocrisy off the Jazz It family history. It was pretty colorful, both good and bad. He was actually named after his third cousin, Francis Scott Key. So he was Francis Scott Key. Fitzgerald's but known A Scott Fitzgerald and Francis Scott Key was a lawyer who happened to write the lyrics to The Star Spangled Banner, the American national anthem. On the other hand, his first cousin, Mary Sir it was the first woman to be given the death penalty in the United States. In 18 65 she waas hanged for being one of the conspirators in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. So during that's Charles childhood, he moved around a lot. But he mostly grew up in Buffalo in New York, and he was sent to two Catholic skills there, and he showed an aptitude for let future other interest in literature. He went to a school called Holy Angel's On. He was lied to go for only half the day on his mother, let him decide which half he wanted to go. His father was fired from his job at Procter and Gamble in 19 0 it. And then the family moved to ST Paul in Minnesota, where he attended the Simple Academy from 1908 in 1911. And it was while he was there that he published his first work, a detective score story in the school newspaper. He enrolled in Princeton University in 1913 Ont. He wrote for university clubs and newsletters. He was much more interested and writing than in his studies. It's fair to say, while he was there, he had a romance with this, let Agent every king from 1915 to 1917 on. When they broke up, he asked her to destroy his letters, but he held on to hers. After his death, his daughter Scottie, returned the letters to King, and she never made public. Fitzgerald based the character of Isabel bore J in this side of paradise on King, on also the odious Dizzy and The Great Gatsby. Eight Night Dizzy is everything that Fitzgerald hinted about society. She is protected by wealth, she is careless of others, and careless is the word that he used. So that's not entirely are fluttering thing. I didn't pay much attention to his studies. He was placed on academic probation in 1917 and he quit Princeton to go join the Army. It was towards the end of the first World War. He was stationed at Fort Leavenworth, where he was a student of Dwight Eisenhower, who later became president, and he thoroughly detested Eisenhardt. He feared he might be killed in battle without ever having published a novel because he really have literary ambitions, and he appreciated that he was more than talented. So he submitted the romantic egotist to the publisher, Scribner's. They declined it, but invited him to submit more work. Wait a minute, you say. Didn't you list four novels at the start of this video? And the romantic egotist was definitely not one of them. That stray. There's a reason for that, which we'll see later. Ah, so here is the infamous Zelda Fitzgerald or Zelda Sir, as she was when Fitzgerald matter on the story of their romance is a legendary. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant on assigned to Camp Sheridan, Whiteside, Montgomery, Alabama. And it was while he was living there that he met Zelda, who was the daughter of the Alabama Supreme Court justice Anthony d'Isere. The war ended before he could be deployed on it. He moved to New York City to begin a career in advertising because he needed to raise enough money to support Selda. If he was going to marry her, she agreed to marry him. But she broke off the engagement because she didn't believe he was earning enough money to support her and the way that she would like to become accustomed. So he returned to his parents. Eyes on rewrote the romantic egotist as this side of paradise, repairing at car roofs for money during the time, and this novel was published in 1920 it was very successful by the standards of the day. It sold 41,000 and 75 copies in its first year, supplying enough money for a Fitzgerald to marry Zelda. So they got married on their only child. Francis Scott Fitzgerald, known a Scotty, was born on October the 26th 1921 and here is a photograph off Zelda with her daughter, Scottie. In the 19 twenties, they traveled in Europe. Fitzgerald befriended Ernest Hemingway, who thoroughly loathed Zelda, calling her in San and claiming she encouraged the alcoholic Fitzgerald to drink so that he would write short stories instead of novels, he wouldn't be able to finish his novels. This and his view was because the short stories made a lot of money when they were published in popular magazines, whereas the novels took up his time and didn't make money, having where it referred to Fitzgerald seals of short stories as whoring. That was an issue between the two friends. Fitzgerald and Zelda had an opulent lifestyle as New York celebrities. They were like the Kardashians off their time. That lifestyle cost Fitzgerald a lot of money and sewed it did. Zelda's Healthcare Anti eventually ended up in financial difficulty. His publisher and his literary agent loaned on, advanced him money, and in the end, when his literary agent refused to keep doing this, Fitzgerald cut all ties with him, although he later apologized in a story called financing Finigan. So in 1930 Zelda developed schizophrenia. It had been clear for some years that she waas unwell. She was hospitalized at the Phipps Clinic at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore and Maryland. In 1932. That's Gerald rented a nearby. A Stitch on began writing his fourth novel, which was a by a psychiatrist who falls in love with a patient. It was a semi autobiographical tale which talked about his problems with Zelda, the issues that came with celebrity lifestyle on his own problems with alcoholism, and it was published with the title Tender Is the Night in 1934. Zelda really angered Fitzgerald by submitting her own account of their life to gather descriptors. She called it Save Me the Waltz. It wasn't that she was giving away any secrets. He felt she was invading his literary turf. He called the story his material. F. Scott Fitzgerald did struggle with alcoholism throughout his life, and he was actually hospitalized nine times at John Hopkins for problems relating to alcoholism. He and Zelda moved to Hollywood in 1936. He been asked Right, a flapper comedy for United Artists. He did in some sense, think that writing for Hollywood was beneath him that was selling ICT, but he needed to make money while he was there. He began an affair with this lady, the starlet Lewis Moran. He rewrote the character of Rose, Me Hoyt and Tender is the Night to reflect her. He signed with MGM in 1937 on. At this point, he was making the most money of his career about $28,000 a year. I'm not too sure what that is in today's money, but I would imagine a lot. He's mostly uncredited, though as a screenwriter, despite the fact that he was making a lot of money out of it. I'm not quite sure why. That is, to be honest. So he began a very high profile affair with the English born movie columnist Sheilah Graham , and he actually moved in on Lived With Her Here she is pictured here to the right around this time, he also began writing his final novel, The Last Tycoon, which he never completed. But he did leave a lot of notes regarding the novel, and so it was published posthumously. MGM had terminated his contract in 1939 on, he'd become a freelance screenwriter again. He wasn't comfortable with writing for Hollywood's B E, and some sense felt that it was beneath him a military sense. And so he mocked himself as a Hollywood hack in the pat hobby stories. Towards the end of his life, he claimed to have tuberculosis. He definitely was unwell. Scholars are divided on whether he was actually unwell with tuberculosis or this was a brunt to cover up his alcoholism, which wasn't something you could talk a bite openly at that period of history. So in September 1936 on article was published in The New York Post, which was entitled The Other Side of Paradise. Scott Fitzgerald, 40 and Guilt and Despair and blew a lot of things in his life out of the water, and it really damaged his reputation. Fitzgerald is said to have contemplated suicide when he read it. He had a bit of a dizzy spell on leaving a movie theater with Sheilah Graham on December 20th 1940 he remarked her They think I'm drunk, Don't die. In actuality, he'd probably had a heart attack. On the next day, he died of a heart attack. Dorothy Parker, the American modernist writer who visited his body in the funeral home, tearfully quoted the character of Jay Gatsby from The Great Gatsby, saying Per Son of a bitch. Some issues around Fitzgerald's burial The Catholic Church would not lie Fitzgerald to be buried in his family plot and sit married Church and Rockville, Maryland, because he was a non practicing Catholic. So he was buried and Rock Full Union Cemetery in 1940 it. Zelda died in a fire at Highland Mental Hospital in Nashville, North Carolina, and she was buried beside her husband. In 1975 Scotty convinced the Catholic Church to lie her being parents to be buried in the family plot in ST Mary's Church, and they were re in tears. So The Great Gatsby considered Fitzgerald's greatest work not during his lifetime but off more recent years. It is a tale that is, in some sense, modernist in the it focuses on the internal workings, but it does have quite a lot of action in it, too. So I would say it edges towards modernism but isn't are like modernism. It isn't a light stream of consciousness. The director of the story, Neck is widely believed to be based on Fitzgerald himself, and Nick holds the CME discussed for certain facets of Jazz Age society that Fitzgerald entertained. So Jay Gatsby is a character driven by hope, and that hope is represented by the symbolism of a green light, which flashes across the bay to the island where he lives. And it is part of the land that belongs to the lady he loves. Days A, whom we talked about before, is being completely odious. She's old money. She comes from a sort of aristocratic background. She's very influenced by money and by social status Gatsby, although he becomes very wealthy and we're not sure high on the inferences, he's made his money in some kind of dodgy way. But money isn't really his motivation. His love for Daisy is what motivates him, so there's a treat him quite coldly and cruelly on. There is a tragic ending to the novel. The novel is very, very thick in symbolism. It's actually quite a short novel with an awful lot to say. There is on area and the novel of Geographic area described as the Valley of the ashes, which gives us a riel indication off. That's Gerald's view of the landscape of his society. There's the image of the green light which I've already mentioned. There's an image of a billboard with a giant pair of eyes and glasses staring down, sort of a commentary on being watched. There aren't very many likeable characters in the novel. In fact, the novel ends with this quote. Careless people Tom and Daisy. They smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together and let other people clean up the mess they have made so angry. And I think this was genuinely on anger, that Fitzgerald felt a bite. Careless people, people who were intrinsically selfish, who caused a great deal of destruction toe others who made a mess on. You know, some of these careless characters in the book are reminiscent off some of the people that he met in real life. There are accusations off misogyny about the Great Gatsby, but actually the figure of dears, a best on June, every king and also maybe slightly on Zelda. You know, it is perhaps coming from his real life. Of course, Tanda is the night very much based on his real life. After I had read the Great Gatsby it skill on absolutely loved it. I asked my English teacher what else I could read by F. Scott Fitzgerald on This was the novel that she took. May you really should read if you were interested in F. Scott Fitzgerald, because it's so autobiographical we discussed before High. It's a by a psychiatrist who falls in love with a patient. But there really are overtones off his very problematic love for Zelda off his own alcoholism that he struggled with again of celebrity culture, which is something he also wrote a bite in The Great Gatsby. No, all critics loved Tender is the Night some people regarded it as disappointing after The Great Gatsby. Also, it split into this kind of three section structure, which I think at the time they didn't really jail with. But it's so personal, it so pointed. It's coming from his own personal life in us. We've seen his own personal life was pretty turbulent. I think my reaction to F. Scott Fitzgerald is that he writes a lot. A bite hope, you know, that Green Light has hope, even though I think he himself dead experience, despair. He still has this reverence for the idea of hope. Jay Gatsby, who in very many ways is a kind of naive character, especially in his love for days a is lauded by Fitzgerald on By Neck, who represents Fitzgerald, for having hope when everyone around him, his so cynical. And that is what mix F. Scott Fitzgerald's writing beautiful to me. Personally, I hope that you will read The Great Gatsby if you haven't already rather on tender is the night and discover the beauty of fits Camp Gerald for yourself. 56. Harper Lee: we're going to talk about Harper Lee, not Harper. Lee is a major figure in the American literary canon, having published one arguably two books and Why I Say That Is Herbeck To Kill a Mockingbird is an absolute classic on her second book, which was published many decades later, Go Set a Watchman. It's basically an early draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, although it was advertised as being a sequel. So Harper Lee has both being adored in the States and throughout the world. But also Herbeck has been banned on. We'll talk a little bit about that later. Now Harper Lee, who lived from 1926 to 2016 was best known for To Kill a Mockingbird on, of course, Go Set A Watchman and To Kill a Mockingbird was published in 1960 she won the Pulitzer Prize for it in 1961. She was also awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on the National Medal of the Arts. Very significant honors for Americans. The big risk many of the issues that were in the American national zeitgeist around the time of the civil rights movement. Now Harper Lee was born on April 28th 1926 in Monroeville, Alabama, which became the fictional Mayville in To Kill a Mockingbird. And she was the youngest of four Children to France, is coming in on a massive Clement Atlee, who actually signed his name, is Atticus Finch later in his life. She, of course, based that very famous character on her father, who was a newspaper editor, a businessman on a lawyer, and he served in the Alabama state Legislature from 1926 to 1930. It night now was name now because it's Alan Backwards, and that was her grandmother on the Harper comes from the doctor who had saved her sister Louise's life. No, her father had defended two black men accused of murdering a white storekeeper on both ended up being hanged on. That was something that pro finally impacted on the young Lee, who was a rind 10 at the time. She spent childhood summers with her lifelong close friend, Truman Capote, who was, of course, the writer off breakfast at Tiffany's and encode blood amongst other works. She followed in her father's footsteps by studying law at the University of Alabama, but she actually left us a master short of obtaining her too great. While she was there, she wrote for the college newspaper on for Humor magazines, So her interest in writing was developed during that time, and in 1949 she moved to New York City, where she finds some jobs on wrote in Her Spare Time, and she picked up a literary agent in 1956 on in that year. Her friends give her a whole year's salary as a Christmas present, with a note attached to use it to write whatever you want, which is pretty amazing. So in 1957 as a result of this go set, a watchman was sent to publishers and Tejo. Hough, one of the publishers who received the manuscript, saw real potential in it, but described it as a Siris of anecdotes rather than a Philly conceived novel With input from Tejo, a JP Live uncut company which was later acquired by HarperCollins. She rewrote Go Set, a Watchman as to Kill a Mockingbird, and there was national interest and race relations in the size of that time. Because of the desegregation of schools, it was something that was very much in the public consciousness, although it was a very arduous process. On one point, Lee through the manuscript right of the window into the snow on Ho off him, she called to tell her she done this sad to go get it back. It was published in 1960 under the name Harper Lee. As late, didn't want people pronouncing her name Nellie instead of now. It wasn't her trying to sort of masculine eyes her name. It was an instant best seller, and it had a huge critical acclaim and that, actually this concertedly who had thought that it wouldn't really mate with a very wide audience. The character of Scoped, the novel's narrator, was best Onley herself as a child on Atticus Finch, on her father on the character of Dill was best on Truman Capote and Capote claimed that Boo Radley in the novel was actually best on a riel, never a character who only came, I'd up might on the adults gossip to bite This man, which made the Children fear him as some kind of ghost like character. The 1931 Scottsboro Boys rip kiss wasn't influence off on the novel that was a miscarriage of justice in the US What basically happened. Waas There was an altercation on a trend when some white youths tried to force a group of black teenagers off the trend and, as a result of this to white women, claim that they have been ripped on the trend. All the nine man, very young man who were involved in the case they were aged between 13 and 20 were hanged, except for Roy Wright, who was only 13 at the time. So Lee actually lived near Capote and New York for almost 40 years. He really enjoyed the celebrity lifestyle. Lee was very, very different. She didn't like the limelight. She didn't like to be interviewed. She did help Horton Foote with screenplay of the 1966 Academy Award winning movie Off To Kill a Mockingbird, for which Gregory Peck here pictured won an Oscar and up that stage. Lee's father had died, and she actually give Peck her father's gold watch to wear. During the Oscar ceremony. They actually became very close friends on Pecs. Grandson is actually named after Lee, he's called Harper, packed full breezily, pictured the Truman Capote. So Lee wrote a few essays, but she didn't publish again until 2015 she began a follow up to Killing a Mockingbird called The Long Goodbye. But she abandoned it and she didn't like to give interviews, so there aren't a lot to be fined. With Lee, she cared for her father until he died in 1960 t on Although she was resident in New York City, she did make un anoint appearances at libraries and gatherings in Monroeville, Alabama. Before, to Kill a Mockingbird was not universally admired. In fact, a school in Richmond, Virginia, banned the book in 1966 describing it as immoral. On Harper, Lee wrote a response to this. To them, she said, Surely it is playing to the simplest intelligence that to kill a mockingbird spouse light and words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct Christian in its ethic, that is the heritage of all Southerners. She went on to call the ban double think, which is an allusion to George Orwell's 1984 and in other words, are confused kind of thinking and easy acceptance Off a lie in 1970 it's despite having this kind of reception in some parts of the site. She moved back to Alabama to live, and she intended to write a nonfiction crime book at that time. But she abandoned the project many years later, enjoying the solitude of being back in her home territory. She received an honorary doctorate from Notre Dame University on when she graduated. The graduating seniors related her with copies of To Kill a Mockingbird, which had by then become very much part of the American literary Callen. In 2007 President George W. Bush presented her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom Ah, high owner in the States, and she received another high owner from President Barack Obama in 2010 when she was awarded the National Medal of the Arts. Harper Lee's later years were not entirely happy. By 2011 she was living in a care facility. She was losing her sight on her hearing as well as her memory, and she was using a wheelchair, so she was very vulnerable. Her friend, Reverend Dr Thomas Lynn Butts, said in an Australian newspaper interview that he had asked her why she never wrote another book. On that. She had replied two reasons. One, I couldn't go through the pressure and publicity I went through with to Kill a Mockingbird for any amount of money. Second, I have said what I wanted to say, and I will not say it again, so that's quite interesting. She had a message in her work and she felt that she got that message right there with To Kill a Mockingbird and she didn't need to keep hammering at home. In 2013 she filed a lawsuit to re claim copyright off to kill a Mockingbird. What? She believes she been duped. I'd off while she was recovering from a stroke so that court kiss ended up settling out of court. Go set! A watchman was published in 2015. On it was Build a sequel to To Kill a mocking Barretto, as you can see here on the right, although it is really the original manuscript of To Kill a Mockingbird. Concerns were raised at the time overlays competence to consent to the publication since her sister Alice, who handled her affairs, had recently died and she was in a nursing home in a failing state of health. En go set a watchman Skype as 20 years older than she is in to Kill a Mockingbird, and she goes back to visit her father, Atticus Finch, who has started to associate with anti black groups. This upset a lot of people cause Atticus Finch obviously is considered a bit of a hero character on this seem to go against the character that we had come to know on love. So several people amongst them, the Peck family, felt it should not have been published as it was an early draft, and it actually detracted from To Kill a Mockingbird. Now Harper Lee died on February the 19th 2016 at the age of 89. She's remembered as one of the most influential of American writers, so to kill a mocking birds. When I finished my masters in English, you know, Wordsworth famously said, We murder to dissect as we heard earlier on on. I haven't read a book for fun in a long time and all Be Divide Study and To Kill a Mockingbird was actually the first birth book that I read when I finished studying English that I register for pure joy on. It's very hard not to love it. It's got that amazing central character of Skype on what it does is through the innocence of a child's eyes. We see the preposterous attitudes off the adults, especially around risk, but also around things like sexuality. And then, of course, there's the character of Boo Radley, who only comes out at night. And because he's a bit of a place, the adults gossip about him, and then the kids come to think of him as a sort of dangerous, almost ghostly figure. So it's adult behavior in a way criticized through saying the story through the child's. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. And thats Atticus advising Skyped in To Kill a Mockingbird. Another quote. Neighbors bring food with death and flowers and sickness on little things. In between, boomers are never He gave us two soap dolls, a broken watching Chan, a pair of good luck pennies on our lives. So this depiction off a community which it's not a completely negative depiction of the community, it is seen as bearing functional in some ways and to a certain extent, with with some really prejudicial attitudes. Of course, the most famous quote and To Kill a Mockingbird is this. Shoot all the Blue Jays you want if you can hit him. But remember, it's a sin to kill a mockingbird, so there's a parallel there. The difference it's made between Blue Jays on mockingbirds between different kinds of birds is also made a bite. People that the lives of white people are considered to be more important and more sacrosanct than those off black people. Really. That is the message that Harper Lee is trying to get across in the novel, the inequality on the unfairness off the place where she has grown up. 57. William Faulkner: in this video, we're going to talk about a writer who is one of the foremost modernist writers of the United States and also a writer. Very much represents the American side on ladders. William Faulkner So William Comfort Faulkner. Incidentally, that's not a typo. When he was born, that's why his name was spelled Lived from 18 97 to 1962 he was the only Nobel laureate from Mississippi, having won the Nobel Prize for fiction for literature. He was a novelist, short story writer, and, like Fitzgerald, he was also a screenwriter. He won the Pulitzer Prize twice once for a fable in 1954 on Once for the Rivers, which was written in 1962 in 1998. The Modern Library right. His novel The Signs in the Fury, Number six on its list of 100 best English language novels of the 20th century, also featured where his novel as I Lay Dying on Light in August on his novel Absalom. Absalom has pictured on similar lists. Faulkner was born in Albany and Mississippi, and he was the eldest of four sons, born Teoh Mary Comfort Faulkner on more butler, the family's name was spelled Faulkner. As I said earlier, with out the U and the U was added when his publisher made a mistake in the 19 twenties on , Faulkner basically commented He didn't mind either way. He didn't really care how it was spelled. So his brother, John Faulkner, was also an author, and Murray, William Faulkner's father, worked for the family railroad business, which he hoped he was going to inherit. But his father didn't have faith in them to be able to run it, and so he sold it. Just before William turned for the family moved to Oxford, Mississippi, on Volcker spent most of his life there. His grandfather owned several businesses there on That made it easy for his father to find work. And here we see a picture off Oxford, Mississippi, as it is today. His mother, Marge, I told her Children to read before they went to school. She really believed in the merit of education, and she introduced her Children to the works of Charles Dickens. Anta grins, fairy tales. Storytelling was a favorite pastime of the family. When they all gathered rhymed, they told legends of Civil War hero William Clark Faulkner, who waas foreigners. Great grandfather. Plus, they told stories about Civil War and of like the Ku Klux Klan. Imagine sitting right oven evening talking about the Ku Klux Klan. But that was what they did in that era. So Wagner went to Yale on, pursued his goal of becoming a writer. He had a friend. They're called Phil Stone, who mentored him and saw the merit of his writing. And he introduced him to the writing of James Joyce, the Irish modernist writer who would be a big influence on Faulkner's writing. His early works were pretty much uniformly rejected by publishers. His upbringing in Mississippi is life of Mississippi greatly influenced the characterization in his work, the humor of his work. Although I have to say Faulkner is not the most humorous of writers on the themes of his work, he talked quite a lot about risks, relations the White American, the black American. He really is a sort of, in a way, a spokesman for the site. But he could be very critical of it as well. He wasn't able to join the U. S army and worked were one because of his height was only five foot 5.5 so only slightly told me. And he joined a British reservist unit, Best and Toronto, Although he never actually saw active service in the first World War during adolescence, he wrote poetry as a lot of adolescents do. But he didn't begin his first novel, which was called Soldiers Pay until 1925. His second novel, Mosquitoes, published in 1927 was a satire set in New Orleans, and it very much drew on the history and the traditions of the Saif. In summer 1927 he wrote the first novel set in his fictional York No part of Kaindi. I think I might have to try saying that again. Yeah, no pot Author Kaindi apologies people from the American side. It was entitled Flags and the Dust on. It also made use of the history and traditions of the Saif. His publisher rejected it, though, on that crushed Fortner. He was actually quite depressed about that. He made significant addicts to the novel and it was republished a Solaris in 1929. But this experience with this publisher made him decided he wasn't going to pay any attention to the opinions of his publisher on just write Something for himself on. The result was that he started writing the signs of the Fury in 1920 it probably his most famous novel. It's a very, very modernist novel. It's actually written in a very odd style. We'll talk a bit about it later. It takes the idea of stream of consciousness to extreme. In fact, it doesn't even have grammar or punctuation. There are no full stops, Serrano commers. It's really the thoughts and three phrases that are going through the characters minds in a couple of its sections, and he refused to allow it to be edited or punctuation to be out of for clarity. He didn't want it to be touched. In 1929 Faulkner married the lady that Receive, pictured here to the right Estelle Oldham. He'd actually did at her at school, and he's been really in love with her. But she accepted a proposal from someone else on her first husband was from an old Southern family. He was part of the American Army in Hawaii. Her parents really favored that match over the match of Faulkner, but it didn't work. I, they got divorced, and she ended up marrying William Faulkner. She had two Children from her previous marriage on Faulkner, and the style had a daughter, Jill, in 1933. And here we see Estelle photograph with Joe so continuing to write all through this time in 1929 Faulkner wrote As I Lay Dying, which is one of his most famous novels whilst he was working shifts in the Mississippi Par host heists. So at that point, he wasn't sustaining the family financially. Through his writing, it was published in 1930 and in 1930 he managed to publish enough short stories in popular magazines to be able to buy his family a heist on Oxford, Mississippi, where she named Ruin Oak. So there's a similar van running here as the story off Fitzgerald, and that he really was a novelist. He loved the form of the novel, but it was short stories that actually made the money. In 1931 he published a novel called Sanctuary, and there was a bit of a backlash to sanctuary because of its criticisms of the Seif. Wagner, of course, was very influenced by the site, but that didn't necessarily mean that he always depicted it positively. In 1932 he find himself a bit short of cash, so he accepted a contract with MGM to write screenplays. I moved to Culver City in California, so you can see the parallels with Fitzgerald here again. But he worked much longer as a screenwriter than Fitzgerald did. He worked as a screenwriter from the 19 thirties, right the way through to the 19 fifties and in 1957 1950 it. He was also writer and residence at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville. Several extramarital affairs and Tear This Mistresses wrote books of Item Made a Wild wrote a loving gentleman on Joan Williams, who's pictured here to the right, wrote the wintering and 1971 after Faulkner had died. He was awarded that Nobel Price in 1950 he went to Stockholm to receive the prize. And there he began a three year affair with Elsa Johnson, pictured here on the bottom right. Who was the widow off? Thorsten Johnson, Faulkner Hobbs have been interviewed by Thorsten Johnson, who was a Swedish journalist on that interview, really introduced him to a Swedish audience, which you know was part of off his ending up being awarded the Nobel Prize. William Fortner died on July 6th, 1962 after a riding accident led to him developing a thrombosis, and he eventually had a heart attack. He's buried in the family plot and some Peter Cemetery in Oxford and Mississippi, so let's go on and talk a bite. What is arguably his most famous novel? The sign on the Fury and the title comes from a quote from Shakespeare in Macbeth. Life is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. So that's where that title comes from. The novel is very famous for its construction on it style. It takes stream of consciousness to the 10th degree, as we said before, without even punctuation on will look at a little passage from it in a second. It's set in Jefferson, Mississippi, and it's a bite a family called the cops and family who are basically disintegrating at this point in their history. They fall into financial room, they lose their fair thunder reputation. Several members of the family die tragically. The story sort of mirrors the decline of the site after the Civil War. So the novels written from four points of view the first section is the point of view off a character called Ban J. He has a 33 year old man with a significant learning disability. He's a bit of a source of shame to his family because of this, but two people are kind to him. His sister Kati, on Dills E. Who has a black servant of the family. The second section is written from the point of view of Quenton, who is very articulate member of the family. He has some very Southern views towards sexuality. He's quite bright. He's a student Harvard, but very sadly, we follow his path to suicide. So the next section is written by Jason, who is Quentin's younger brother, who ends up inheriting the estate. He's very driven by money, although that's partly because he has to basically support Ban Ji and his mother on. He ends up supporting his sister's daughter on the servants. He's not entirely likeable character. This is the most linear off sections. The 1st 2 sections are very much written in stream of consciousness there, very, very complex. They are non linear and that there are big time jumps backwards and forwards in those sections. So the Jason section is probably a little easier to read than the first to. The last section is written in third person Amish integration, so it's a little bit more standard. It focuses on Dil Z, who's a black servant of the family, and from her vantage point, we can see you know that the family is basically come to the point off its total destruction. So in 1945 he wrote in a pan next to the site of the Fury, which gives the background to the history off the cops, um, family. So good to talk about the different sections and a little bit more Death Ni and Section one , which is Part one, which is narrated by Ban J. We're getting little glimpses of the story of his sister, Kati, whom he's very fond off who's kind to him. She's basically banished from the family when her husband divorces her for having a child who's not his. So we also see the story of Bandy being castrated after he sexually assaults women. But because of his low I Q. His disability, he doesn't really understand what he's done. Part two Quentin's story Quentin is, as I mentioned, a freshman at Harvard on There's two strands going on here. His contemplation of death and his memory of carries banishment on his relationship with Cappie. He's obsessed with the idea of virginity and purity, although his father tells him that virginity is just something made up by man. It doesn't really exist in. It's not to be thought off much, and he spends a lot of time trying to prove his father wrong. He actually goes out and fights a guy called Daalder names, who he believes to be the person who's got carry pregnant on carry promises not to speak to Ames again for Quentin Sick. He actually tells his father at one point that he committed incest with caviar words. Father knows that this is a lie. Why would he tell such a terrible lie? Because he wants to be punished with her. If she's gonna be ejected from the family, he wants to go with her. So County ends up marrying a guy called Herbert had because she's pregnant, let alone, and she needs to find a husband basically before her child comes, Oh had realizes that the child, a girl called Miss Quentin isn't his and sends her away. So, in the end, heartbroken over the loss of his sister Andi, ruminating on the dine fall of the site after the Civil War, Quentin drives himself. So we're going to look at a passage of this slightly later. It it's written without punctuation. As I say, we like grammar. It's the ultimate end off modernism that the character is not only not constrained by social norms or not even constrained by the rooms, rules of grammar and punctuation, that it's all the bite, focusing on the internal workings of one character rather than on mission duration. Although there is some Amish inspiration and the novel so very, very modernist, Part three is the written by Jason, who's the mother of the family's favorite child. It takes place the day before Benji section on Good Friday. He has a strong desire for wealth, but he makes some bad investments, and that is sort of symbolic of the economic decline of the site and general, so part for its Easter Sunday, the matriarchal black servant Dills a who really draw strength from her faith as she sees the family around her disintegrate, takes her family on Ban Ji to what she refers to as the colored church. She's actually quite badly treated by the family, abusively treated even. But she remains loyal. She cares a lot for Ban J. On a church. He actually cries for the Culberson family, realizing she's witnessing its ultimate destruction. So Miss Quantum Caddy's daughter runs away with a carnival worker. She takes the money that her mother had laughter, which Jason has actually basically stolen from her and hidden. And she also takes all her money obsessed uncle's life savings. So he decides to call the police. But he'd have to tell the police that he had capped her money from her, so instead decides to search for her himself. He can't find her, has to admit that she's gone. So does ease. Grandson Luster drives Ban Ji home and goes the wrong way, which upsets Panji suggestion slaps luster and he yells, Shut up a Bansi Manji, and he ends up slapping Vangie. And then he notes, When band years at home up much more settled that Benji's eyes are empty and blue on serene again. So emptiness, nothingness. Life is a tale told by an idiot signifying nothing. A sense of decline throughout the novel Apple here, off the prose style I was talking about when the shadow of the sash appeared on the cartons , it was between seven and eight oclock. And then I wasn't time again hearing the watch. Well, you can say that there is punctuation and this particular section. So it was Grandfather's on. When father gave it to me, he said, I give you the mausoleum of all hope and desire. It's rather excruciatingly apt that you will use it again. The Reducto absurdum of all human experience, which can fit your individual, needs no better than attended his or his father's so very much the thoughts that are going through your characters minds and little disjointed raises. If you read the book, you'll see that there are passages that are much more complex than this. You have to work out where one sentence starts on another ent. But despite its non linear style, the story behind it is really tragic and really moving, and that story being seen from four different perspectives. Actually, you would think that you would get bored hearing the same story for times. But no, you keep being introduced to little facets of the story that you haven't seen before. You get an understanding of the characters from their own perspective. Really well, The sign of the Fury really is a novel well worth reading. Another famous novel by Faulkner is Light in August. I'm not going to talk about it in this much detail, but what I find fascinating about it when I was an undergraduate and I was doing a module in my degree on Faulkner, was that it basically is almost like the Southern equivalent of The Great Gatsby. We've talked to bite the parallels between Faulkner and Fitzgerald before, so if you are interested in reading Faulkner, this would be another one I would recommend. 58. Arthur Miller: in this video, we're going to talk a bite. The playwright Arthur Miller on here I've called him the great un American American playwright because he was actually summoned in front off the heist UN American Activities Committee during the sort of McCarthy witch hunts in the 1950 days. Arthur Miller, who lived from 1915 to 2000 and five, was a playwright on an essayist, and he wrote essayists on drama on the theatre, in which he was quite self reflective. His most famous words works include The Crucible, Death of a Salesman, All My Sons on a View From the Bridge, As I mentioned before he was called before the House Un American Activities Committee. He was actually convicted, but later his conviction was overturned. He was married to Marilyn Monroe on We'll hear a little bit about that relationship leader . He won many aka labs, including the Pulitzer Prize for drama on the Jerusalem Price, which is for writers whose writing has added to civil liberty. And he also received the National Medal of Honor and the Arts and the State. So Arthur Miller was bored all October 17th in 1915 and Harlem in New York took white, affluent family. He was the second of three Children off Augusta and as a door Miller. So you can see his sister here, his younger sister, the actress Joan Copeland, with his wife, Marilyn Monroe. He was of Polish Jewish descent on his father as a door employed around 400 people in a women's clothing business, so they were an affluent family and respected in the community. But they lost their money in the Wall Street crash of 1929 removed toe last affluent neighborhood. Miller graduated from the University of Michigan in 1936 so originally he'd been there to study journalism. But his play new villain earned him acclaim. Ont. He changed his major to English after that, and he studied the dynamics, have played construction with a well known dramatist, Professor Penna Throat. In 1935 he joined the League of American Writers on some of the members of the league where communists and ended up getting him into hot water. A couple of decades later, he worked as a psychiatric it after he graduated on a copywriter, eventually obtaining academic posts at New York University on the university of New Hampshire. In 1938 he joined the Federal Theater Project, which was part of what was called the New Deal, which was a number of project ends at restoring the economy and getting people working after the Great Depression. So he actually turned. Don worked as a screenwriter for 20th Century Fox, preferring to work on the federal theater project. In 1940 he married Mary Grace Slattery, and they had two Children, Jim, on Robert. He was exempted from military service and World War Two Duty, a knee injury that he sustained playing sports and skill in 1947. His play, All My Sons, was a huge success on Broadway, and he won a Tony Award as best author in 1940 It. He wrote one of his best known place, Death of a Salesman, and he actually wrote the first act in less than a day and completed the play within six weeks. It premiered on Broadway in February 1949 and for it he won a Tony, a New York drama Circle. Critics work on the Pulitzer Prize for drama, so he did very well with Death of a Salesman, which is a great play if you've never seen. In 1956 he left Mary I'm married actress Marilyn Monroe, and we could see a picture of their wedding here to the right. She actually converted to Judaism in order to get closer to Miller and his parents and his parents were said to have a George her ass did his Children. She got on very well with his family. She herself had not come from a particularly stable family background, and this was not her first marriage. But she started to actually acclimatized to life and the Miller family quite well. In 1956 Miller was summoned before the heist UN American Activities Committee and Monroe actually rest her career by attending with him. He was given a prison sentence and a fine. He was blacklisted, which meant he couldn't work in Hollywood on denied a passport. But his conviction was actually eventually overturned in 1958 by the Court of Appeals, and in 1960 he worked on the screenplay for The Misfits, which was directed by John Huston, and it starred Marilyn Monroe and Clark Gable. If you've never seen The Misfits, it is a great movie, and it actually showcases Monroe's talent as a serious actress rather than some of the light comedies that she is known for. Marlyn Monroe, unfortunately, had an addiction to prescription drugs. She was taking sleeping tablets, and then she needed other tablets to help her to wake up on. Over the years, this formed and tear rail problem that's created difficulty and the marriage ad. It came to the fore during the filming off the Misfits, So Monroe A. Miller eventually divorced in 1961. Marilyn Monroe, of course, died on August 4th, 1962 ostensibly off a barbiturate are barbiturate overdose there. There is, of course, a certain amount of controversy around her death and conspiracy theories, so it can't totally say what she died off. But it did seem at the time that it was a drug overdose. In 1962 Arthur Miller married the photographer. Anger, morale. They had two Children together. Rebecca and Daniel by Daniel had dined syndrome on in that periods. It was quite common to send a child with down syndrome to an institution on DSO. Daniel lived in an institution. Miller apparently rarely visited him, although his son in law. Daniel Day Lewis, who was married to Rebecca, was known to go and visit Daniel. He actually stayed married to anger until she died in 2000 and two. Elia Kazan was a friend of Arthur Miller's Until his testimony at the heist on American Activities Committee. You were expected up the committee to name your friends and implicate your friends. This really didn't sit well with Miller. It ended the friendship. So after questionings on a bite is testimony, Miller started researching the Salem witch trials. He could see a parallel between the Salem Witch trials on the McCarthy era. Finding a of people with left wing views. I'm not form the basis for his best known play, The Crucible. The critical opened up the Back Theater and January 1953 and it's not his best known A most performed work. But it brought him to the attention of the authorities on as we know, he was questioned by the House Un American Activities Committee. A handful of years later, Miller was actually denied a passport by It's you, I say so he couldn't attend the London opening in 1954 in 1997 he wrote the screenplay for a movie version off The Crucible, which starred his son in law, Daniel Day Lewis and Winona Ryder. And 1987 Miller released his autobiography, Time Bands Night. He famously would not talk about Marilyn Monroe in interviews, although he did talk about the relationship in time Banks and it also written a play, which depicted the relationship called after the fall in 1964. In 1993 he was awarded the National Medal of Honor and the Arts, and in 2004 at the age of 89 he a nice he was going to marry the 34 year old Pinter Agnes Barley, pictured here to the right. His final play, Finishing the Picture, opened in Chicago and 2004 on Arthur Miller, died on February the 10th 2000 and five, at the age of 89. Off Bladder Council on Heart Failure and Roxbury and Connecticut are not swear he's buried , Talk a Little Bit and I a bite. His best known work, The Crucible. So the protagonist of The Crucible is John Proctor, and John Proctor is a moral farmer who has unfortunately had an affair with a teenage girl called Abigail Williams. Night, Abigail Williams and a group of her teenage friends start accusing local women, and eventually they start accusing men as well. Off witchcraft on this creates absolute hysteria. They are believed, with our questioning on their basically able to have anybody, that they happen to have any kind of grudge against executed. And so these girls are given a huge amount of par on. Um, really, that kind of superstition on the hysteria takes over. There is a character you can see on the cover picture hair called Reverend Hale, who has a very famous quote. The devil is precise on. That is an ironic quote because there is no precision. There is no questioning into this procedure that is all actually best on real life events, which happened in Salem and Massachusetts in 16 92. Arthur Miller, off course, saw parallels with the McCarthy era so called witch hunts against people with with left wing views. It was similar and that if you were called in front of the highest UN American Activities Committee, you were expected to name friends, and so there was proliferation off people being accused which is what happens in the Salem . What chance? So we have a quote from The Crucible here. I do think I see some shred of goodness. And John Proctor. This is a line spoken by John Proctor himself. Not enough to wave a banner with but white enough to keep it from such dogs. Give them no tear tears, pleasure them show honor, and I show a stony heart state think them with. So he is saying this to his wife, Elizabeth Proctor. They know that they are going to be executed because Abigail, of course I'm having have an affair with John Proctor. Has it end for Elizabeth Proctor, Basically. And in the and John Proctor has a very powerful line. Give me my name. Hi, Can I live with my name? And so there's that focus on reputation on what happens to a person when their reputation is blackened. Andi taken away. Um, it's a very serious play at House of very serious things to say, but very much worth watching or reading. There is, of course, the 1997 movie version, which we talked about before Arthur Miller himself wrote the screenplay for the movie off The crucible on it is his most perform work. Death for Salesman has also great to read unto Watcher as our any of his plays. But The Crucible is really the place toe to start with Arthur Miller because it's so reminiscent of his own life experience off having beamed, basically persecuted on, wrongly convicted of, though that conviction was eventually overturned. 59. Other Noteworthy American Writers : obviously many more great American writers than we really have time to cover in this course . Look how long it took to cover English literature without doing the entire lecture of another country. But I'm just gonna mention after you in no particular order that you might like to rate Maya Angelou a woman off great warmth, Andi wit and intelligence. I know why The Caged Bird sings her autobiography like You may have noticed that I haven't included very many black writers in the course that so far that's because black writers really didn't enter the cattle and especially not a female black writers until fairly recently in history. Unfortunately, so Maya Angelou famously said, people will forget what you said. People will forget what you did, but they will never forget how you made them feel very wise. Women. Great female Black rider from the US Toni Morrison, her best known book, is Probably Beloved, which deals with slavery, misogyny, Ishan another lot of key issues and American history on in its more contemporary culture. It's a very modernist style. It's non linear. It's got that stream of consciousness very much worth reading. She also wrote a bit cold song of Solomon, which is also very much worth reading. George R. R. Martin. Have I been watching Game of Thrones? I hear you ask. Well, yes, but hasn't everyone I have included him here in that he is really taking us into the post modern era? He cares very much to her bein influence By J. R. R. Tolkien. Well, George R. R. Martin tokens view off Evil was very much a post Second World War view off this sort of fight of good versus evil. That was, of course, our religious viewpoint as well. Whereas in the work of George R. R. Martin Martin, Evil is something that comes from within. People on most of the characters have a good mix of good and evil within them, except for arguably Joffrey, whom were allied to just hit, and the serc of the novels. The surface A off the TV shows is a bit of a different based, you know, we look at characters like jamming, who has stabbed King in the back, but we also see that he is a man of honor who wants to stand by his word. We see the redemption of feel you know, good naval and all the characters. Of course, people are criticizing George R. R. Martin at the moment for not having finished the next book in the series The Winds of Winter. So the TV show has completed the story. The novels are not yet finished, and I'll be interesting to see if he goes in a different direction from the TV show Arthur Miller, the great American playwright, his most famous play being the Crucible. It's ostensibly a bite, a early American Puritan village where a couple of teenagers basically accused some of the neighbors off witchcraft on the witch hunt on executions that follow it had the subjects of being about McCarthyism in the 19 fifties. He also wrote Very famous place, including All My Sons, on Death of a Salesman. He was married to Marilyn Monroe. One point Interesting little fact. Melville's Moby Dick, with its classic opening line, Call Me Ishmael, is a classic of American literature and adventures at sea. There's a lot in that novel describing different breeds of whales on off a lot of maritime information cried it into there, so it may be your thing and it may not, but it is an absolute classic of the American Cannon. Three James Nights. Probably a disgrace that I haven't done a longer section on Henry James because he's an important figure in American literature and that he marks the transition between realism on modernism. Help here. I've chosen the turn of the screw for the picture. He also wrote Wings of a Dove. The Ambassadors. The Europeans on a lot of his novels deal with the relationships between Amber Gray Americans on English people or continental Europeans. Ernest Hemingway. He won the Pulitzer Prize for this book, The Old Man and the Sea, which he wrote in Cuba, and it's by an aging Cuban fishermen who is struggling to catch a marlin. So Ernest Hemingway was quite Prue War and some of his writings, which makes him a little controversial. He went off to see the Spanish Civil War, but his use of language was amazing on we saw earlier that he was a friend of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Nathaniel Hawthorne, who we mentioned when we were talking about Louisa May Alcott, one off the American Transcendentalist. This is one of my favorite American novels ever. The Scarlet Letter, which is a bite a woman who commits adultery and her punishment is to have to wear this scarlet A for adulteress that the amount, of course, is not punished in a similar way. On it looks at a lot of issues within American history and society. Puritanism attitudes toward sexuality, attitudes towards women. It's a very moving story, so we haven't so far. The last American writer we're going to talk about is the poet Robert Frost. He wrote several of famous poems. Some of his famous lines include To Pass, Diverged in the Woods and I. I took the path less traveled by and that has made all the difference. And I were going toe read a poem of his, which a lot of people read in skill called stopping by Woods on a snowy evening. And it's a bite. The horse riding through the woods on the words actually follow the sign of the Hope Bates , whose words there are. I think I know etcetera, whose words thes are I think I know. His hice is in the village, though he will not see me stopping here to watch his words fill up with snow. My little horse must think it queer to stop without a farmhouse near between the words and frozen lick the darkest evening off the year he gives his harness bells a shake toe. Ask it. There is some mistake. The only other signs. The sweep off easy wind and dining flick. The words are lovely, dark and deep, but I have promises to keep on miles to go before I sleep and miles to go before I sleep. And some people think that is actually a reflection on suicide. He's thinking of ending the journey, but he has promises to keep and miles to go. I'll let you make up your own mind. What you think this poem is a bite, and I hope you enjoyed it. 60. Irish Literature: talk in this section. A bite. Irish literature. There are overlaps between Irish literature on English literature. For example, William Butler Yeats was associated with Romanticism. On with the Pre Raphaelite Brotherhood. There's Oscar Wilde. For generations, people have traveled between Ireland and Great Britain, and you know, people like myself have lived part of their lives. And either of those places, Irish literature s most often actually sat in Ireland. When you think of English literature, you know, Shakespeare was writing stories that were set in Danmark that were sent in Italy. Most often, Irish literature is based in Ireland. Brown Strokers, Dracula, of course, setting Transylvania and Romania as a famous exception to that. So angle Irish relations and history is a common theme. And Irish lecture and periods of history such as the potato famine on the troubles are often alluded to on exile as a common theme in Irish literature. Our music. Because, of course, we have the Irish diaspora all round the world where people had to leave Ireland during the potato fireman. A lot of people think of themselves as Irish who don't necessarily live in Ireland. Four Irishmen have actually won the Nobel prize, and given that it's quite a small place, this is quite an achievement. William Butler Yet WANNA in 1923. George Bernard Shaw Wanna In 1925. Samuel Beckett one in 1969 and share. Massenet. Heaney won in 1995. So we're gonna talk about all those writers. There was actually a point in history just before Shamus Heaney died that Northern Ireland as a region had the most Nobel Laureates per head of population off anywhere in Europe. I don't think that's the case anymore. Of course, they didn't all win for literature. We have some winners off the Nobel Peace price in Northern Ireland. David Tremble and John Him. So Ni, let's talk a bite. The literature off Ireland. Of course, as with the American literature section, he can't really cover the entirety of Irish literature. In this course, the course is already quite long, but we're gonna hit the highlights 61. William Butler Yeats: Let's talk about the first Irishman who won the Nobel Prize for literature, William Butler yet on I've entitled this lecture from English romanticism to a new Irish literature because yet did live for a time in England on he was inspired by English poets, especially Shelley Andi, William Blake. But towards the end of his career, basically, after by 1900 he started to write on very Irish subject matter, and he was actually a key figure in the Irish literary revival. So William Butler Yeats, who lived from 18 65 to 1939 was a poet playwright on one of the founders of the Abbey Theatre in Dublin. On Why that's significant is before the finding of that theater, which didn't start. I does the Appiah's we'll find out, really. Plays were imported from England on theaters and yet says word sat empty until the English chose to fill them. So there wasn't an investment in Irish culture and Irish writing, which was actually suppressed for political reasons around the time, so that was very significant. He won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1923 as we've mentioned, and he also served two terms as a senator off what was then called the Irish Free State nine. Known as the Irish Republic, he was absolutely fascinated by the occult, which wasn't unusual and Victorian times. Andi, by Irish mythology. His already works were and blintz, as we mentioned by Shelley on by Spencer on by William Blake. But his writing did become increasingly Irish will see why that Waas. So he was born in sandy mind in Ireland, and he was the son of John Butler, yet another John and Mary Palexpo. The family moved to slide go the year after his birth, and he called that the country off my heart. That's where he's buried, actually, on its lamb, Skip informed much of his poetry. It's a very, very beautiful place if you've never been there. I've bean to yet his grave and a couple of occasions he was born a member of the Protestant ascendancy on to explain that briefly, when the plantation happened on, you know, many English and Scottish settlers came over to Ireland. I'm really during the Elizabethan period. The English needed control of Ireland because they didn't want it to be used by their enemies in Europe as a base to launch attacks from against the English. So if you wanted to be married or buried, or or any of those kind of affairs, the family, you have to join the Church of Ireland, which was the Irish branch of the Church of England. It was the official state church, and Protestants, although they were a minority, did have a political par that on a freedom that was denied to the net of Catholic population, there were certain members of society converted to Providence. That isn't because of this, but that was a great way to get yourself ostracised by your community. So, yes was a member of this Protestant ascendancy who, by this period in history we're starting to lose their par and to become sort of a thing of the past. So in 18 67 the family moved to London to further John's career as an artist. So he was educated at home and that Godolphin school, which is actually no I girls go for four years. So he has that kind of mix of English influence on his love of slag. Oh, his love of Ireland in 18 82 finally returned to Dublin for financial reasons. And that's around the time he began writing poetry. Not uncommon, of course, for teenagers to write port Drink. In 18 85 the Dublin University Review published poems by yet on his essay, The Poetry Off Sir Samuel Fergusson. So, at this point in his career, very influenced by English writing. His first poems, as I mentioned, were influenced by Shelley and the critic Charles Johnson described him as utterly unknown Irish at that point in his career. From 18 84 to 86 he attended the Metropolitan Skill Off Art, and it was really at this point that he began to be influenced by Irish mythology. Took an interest in Irish mythology and folklore, which crept into his work was also very influenced by William Blake. The ex family returned to London in 18 87 or the Butler Yyets family, as I should say on it, joined the occult secret society. The hermetic order of the Golden Dawn, not a fascination with the occult, was something that was quite rife in Victorian England. That wasn't unusual thing in those days, but yet had a real devotion to the occult, which lasted pretty much for the whole of his life. He also co find of the Reimers Club at the time, which was a group of poets who met in Fleet Street to read their work allied to each other , and he published two anthologies of the Reimers work in 18 92 in 18 94. So whilst he was co editing a volume of poetry by Blick, he actually managed to find an undiscovered Blake poem, Vala or the Fours OAS. So, real devotee, you click. This would have been very exciting to him. He joined the Ghost Club in 1911. We mentioned the Ghost Club. When we're talking about offered Lord Tennison, it is one of the world's oldest paranormal societies. And he said around that time, the mystical life is at the center of all that I do on all that. I think at all that I write so very important to him. We'll talk a little bit night about his literary career. At that time, his first poem, The Island of Statues, was serialized in the Dublin University Review. His first solo publication, which his father paid for, was Masada, a dramatic poem. So it came out in 18 86 and his father paid for about 100 copies to be printed. So at that point, he's definitely no, a celebrity writer. In 18 89 he published The Wanderings of Ocean and other poems based on the Fignon cycle in Irish mythology. So there's a key theme of his work that comes through in the wanderings. Washing on That's the life of contemplation as being superior to the life of action. He continues his devotion to occult orders. On During 18 85 he's actually involved in the formation of the hermetic order in Dublin. He attended his first sale to run that time, and he based a lot of poems on the spirit guide that he supposedly encountered when he was attending Sansa's This character that cropped up. He was embedded into the Golden Dawn as a full member in 18 90 he took us his motto. Dammann s Days and versus Devil as God Inverted. So I think I think you could call him, in today's parlance and sort of quiz. I sit NIST really, that might signed a little bit strong, but obviously orders like this are a little bit less common neither they wear in Victorian times. So let's talk now about the loving off his life marred gone. So in 18 89 he met more Gone on. She was an English heiress and she was an ardent Irish nationalist. Gets was an Irish nationalist, but not to the extent that Mod Waas and he wouldn't join in some of her nationalist activities, which led her to not return his love. Sadly so, she had a pro find effect on his poetry and on his life. He actually proposed her four times and was turned dine four times She married the Irish nationalist major John MacBride, which absolutely gutted yet yes to right of McBride and his poetry. And he also resented mods conversion Teoh Catholicism's he, of course. Happy board, Protestant on Um, he was an agnostic, But within Ireland you can have labels like health, like in Protestant without their actually equating to a religious belief. They can be an ethnic term or a kind of political term. But she had converted to Catholicism. Mary McBride Andi, you know that that created a sort of difference between her, and yet the marriage ended after the birth of their son, Sean McBride. And yet Lord finally Consummated their relationship in 19 0 it they had one night of passion, after which she, it's wrote, the tragedy of sexual intercourse is the perpetual virginity of the so oh dear. After all that heartache, and it just didn't go well on Marr didn't really want to pursue a sexual relationship with yet, so she wrote to him about the beauty off platonic relationships. So his love life not going that well, at least his career was going well. So yes began to focus on Irish subject matter, and he became a key figure in the Irish literary revival Off the Lip 19th and early 20th century. Around that time, yes, Lady Gregory, his friend Edward Martin on George Murray find of the Irish Literally Theatre, which was based on the French avant garde theater movement. And it was meant to assure the ascendancy of the playwright rather than the actor manager Allah Longley. So it was meant to be different than English Theatre. It actually failed after about two years, but it was a forerunner of the Abbey Federal and Dublin pictured here, so it was a great contribution toe Irish cultural life. It's met the American poet as refined. Pictured here in 1908 Supine travelled to London to meet him, calling him the only poet worthy of serious study. So he was really Fanboy of yet, and from then until 1916 they spent the winters in the stone cottage in Ashdown Forest with fine acting. As yet, says secretary. So in the poem Easter, 1916 yet re evaluates his attitudes to the leaders of the Easter rising, who were Catholics from lowly social backgrounds. The Easter rising in 1916 was basically an attempt to overthrow the English in Ireland. There have been the home rule bill in England, which have Bean debated. The Ireland really should be allied to govern itself that hadn't gone through on. The Irish are making a bid for freedom. It didn't go in the rebels favor, and most of them were executed, including John McBride. So it's often stayed with Lady Gregory at her home Cool Parking Galway, where he wrote the wild swans up cool between 1916 and 1917. So, yes, it's also had a political career on some views that might not sit well with us in the modern day. In 1922 he was pointed a senator for the Irish Free State, the parish priest, it having been created after 1921 when the partition of Ireland, act Kim and separating Ireland and to the Protestant Northern Ireland, where I live. As you can tell from my accent on the Irish Free State, which is neither Irish Republic, my grandfather would have referred to it as the Free State. But it's not a term that's used nine. So he actually supported fascist movements in Europe, and he vehemently opposed individual ism on political liberalism. And he believed that fascism would bring a sense of order. After the first World War, he became an ardent fun of Mussolini. Sonae. Let's talk about his marriage. Jon McBride, as I mentioned, was executed for his role in the Easter rising in 1916 leaving Model where a widow, so yes, proposed to her for the last time to be rejected for the last time and eventually went on to marry the 25 year old Georgie Hyde. Lees, pictured here yet was 51 at the time. He basically had got to the point where he really wanted to have heirs. They did have two Children on Michael. He wasn't always faithful to Georgia, and she was aware of it. But she didn't want the separation. She was. Well, it's time to say she was happy to stay in the marriage. I don't know how happy she was by that, but she stayed within the marriage. Ni Let's talk about the Nobel Prize. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1923 for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation. In other words, it's not just yet. He's being recognized, but the literature off Ireland. And he acknowledged this writing to several people who wrote to congratulate than that. I consider that this honor has come to me last as an individual than as a representative of Irish literature and is part of Europe's welcome to the Free State. His sales increased after he won the Nobel Prize. Not surprisingly, on for the first time, he had money, so he was able to pay off his own depths on his father's debts. He wrote a vision in 1925 which was published in 1926 and also in 1925 he was reappointed as a senator. Neither was a debate at the time on divorce on the Catholic Church was very much part of this debate opposing the introduction of divorce. Yet Snow only believed in divorce, but he didn't want to see in Ireland that was dominated by the Catholic Church. And he also stated that the Protestant North couldn't be brought on board to join a united Ireland when Ireland was run by the Catholic Church and his speeches around that time. Where considered very influential, although didn't when the motion he died in mental in fronts in 1939 at the age of 73 he was initially buried in fronts, he'd actually asked Georgie to have him buried in front until the press her lover over his death died dine. There was a little bit last publicity and then to move him to his beloved Sligo, where he's re in Tech, where he was re in tears at CIMB Columbus Church in Drum Cliff. I've been there a couple of times yet, says Grave is Actually it's in a beautiful part of the world. There's actually something really eerie about it. I didn't say that That's not promoting tourism here. But anyway, his grave bears thes words from the last lines of his poem Under band Wilbon cast a cold eye on life on Death Horsemen pass by. Remember, I saw that for the first time when I was about 13 14 and for some reason it really scared me. I don't think it would know. So this poem, by yet many of us rabbit skill if wishes for the cloths of heaven also known as had either heavens embroidered cloths hot. Either heavens, embroidered cloths in rock with golden and silver light, The blue and the dim and the dark cloths of night and light and the half light I would spread the cloths under your feet but I being per have only my dreams. I have spread my dreams under your feet. Tread softly because you tried all my dreams. No. You can clearly see the influence of the romantics in that port. It is very reminiscent of Shelly. It slightly reminds me of music when soft voices die Famous poem by yet when you are old. When you are old and gray and full of sleep. A nodding by the fire Tick Dinos book and slowly read and dream of the soft look your eyes had once on off their shadows deep. Hi. Many loved your moments of glad gris and loved your beauty with love, false or true. But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you and loved the sorrows of your changing face and banding. Dine beside the glowing bars, murmur a little sadly high love, Glad on, based upon the mountains overhead and hid his face image a cried off stars. 62. George Bernard Shaw : talk about the second off the Irish Nobel Laureates, George Bernard Shaw. Although he spent much of his life in England, he was interested in the literature of Ireland. George Bernard lived from 18 56 to 1950 so he lived to the age of 94 which meant that he had time to write Ah, lot on. I just couldn't possibly in this video give you a really in depth, complete view of the life and works off George Bernard Shaw because it would be a the length of this whole course again. But we're going to hit the high points. I think so. He was a playwright. He was a critic. He was a music critic and art critic, a theater critic and military critic. He was a polemicist. He had some very strong political views on a political activist. He was a member of the local borough council. He was very involved in socialism and he had a sort of fascination with dictators, which will talk about later. So he wrote more than 60 plays, including Man and Superman in 1902 pig 1,000,000 in 1912 which was used as a basis for my fair lady. The musical aunt sent Joan in 1923 after he'd said he was going to stop writing place Actually, so he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1925. He also won an Academy Award on Oscar as a screenwriter in 1930 It, which he described us on Insult coming from that body, he thought, Winning an Oscar walls beneath him. Like many of the writers that we've looked at on this course shawls works were very much influenced by his politics. He had joined the Socialist Fabian Society in 18 84. Before that, he had spent a year right reading Dust Capital on. I was really interested in Marxism, but he came over to a more moderate view. That gradualism in other words, gradual social change, as opposed to revolution, was the way forward on he joined the Fabian Society in 18 84 on, he wrote their first amount of faster for them, and it became a member of their executive committee in 18 85. By the late twenties, though he had renounced Vivian, isn't he didn't see it as actually making much of a difference. He didn't think that the working classes would get behind it. When 26 labor and Peace, the Labour Party being quite new at the time, were elected in 1916 he said, I apologize to the universe for my connection was such a body? There you go. So he became obsessed with dictators, as I mentioned earlier, both fascist and communist dictators. He was an admirer of the fascist Mussolini. On our meeting, the Communist Stalin in 1931 called him Ah, Georgian gentleman who had no malice in him. Oh dear. On in 1933 he described Hitler as a remarkable man, a very capable man again. Oh dear. But you know, 1933. They didn't know everything at that point. But, you know, there still were some worrying signs. In 1933 on the question of Ireland on of home rule, he advocated a federal system whereby Ireland would still be part of the UK but governing itself. He was never really an Irish Republican, but he was very, very critical of British policy In Ireland. He met Michael Collins, who was the leader of the government in the new free state in 1922 the year after the partition of Ireland, when Collins was killed by an anti trading faction, he wrote to Collinses, Sister that I rejoice in his memory and shall not be so disloyal Tip as to snivel over his valiant death. He didn't see eye to eye with Collins politically, but he really, really liked him as a person. He invested the tires and bones into the socialist weekly The New Statesman in 1912. I'm not too sure what that is in today's money, but ah lot the New States. One, of course, is still in circulation, You may remember as the publication in which Hugh Grant first went public with his views on press intrusion a couple of years ago. So during the First World War he founded a lot of people by expressing the belief that all sides in the war were culpable on that offended people so much that some people actually walked out of the room when he walked into it. Here he is is a young man, so his political writings over his life were many. He published many essays and articles, but they include the first manifested for the Fabian Society onto essays for the Fabian Society newsletter. He also wrote a piece called To your Tents O Israel, which waas condemnation of the liberal government for ignoring social issues on focusing too much on Irish home rule, which in Shaw's mindset had nothing to do with socialism, he wrote. He also wrote The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism, and it took him four years to do. Soon, he said, socialism can be brought a bite and a perfectly constitutional manner by democratic institutions. He was not an anarchist, and he didn't believe in revolution life of George Bernard Shaw, who at first was known as George Shaw. He became known as George Bernard Shaw when he became a critic and Heat entitled his column G. B s. So he was the youngest child of George Car Show on Bessie Shaw on He was there, only some. He had sisters, but he was born in a middle class area of Dublin cold portabello. He was of English descent on a member of the Protestant ascendancy, which we discussed when we were discussing William Butler yet so his father was an alcoholic which had a negative financial impact on the family and he described what he called their shabby, genteel poverty. His mother was a mezzo soprano who was taught by the unorthodox vocal coach George John Lee . And Charlotte had a in his head that his mother had had an affair with Lee, and he was actually Lee's son. But there's no proof of this. The heist was frequently fill of musicians and singers on the show was himself musical. In 18 62 the Schaars only agreed to share a host in the last salubrious part of Dublin for financial reasons. Between 18 65 and 18 71 he attended four skills hit of the Mall, though students of ladies would bring sharp books and he actually became quite widely read . He left school in 18 71 on he became a Clark for a firm of landed Jin's. In 18 76 he left Ireland. He actually didn't return to Ireland for 29 years, and, sadly, he left to attend. His sister, Agnes, is funeral in England with his mother aunt. His other sister, Lucy Atlas, had died of tuberculosis while I was in England. He led for free and his mother's heist in South Kensington in London, but he still had to make money some high. So he wrote a music column and the satirical weekly The Hornet and Lay, who remained in touch with Shaw, find him work as a rehearsal pianist. And the singer he secured passed for the reading room up the British Museum and spent weekdays their reading and writing. My father used to take me to the reading room on I loved It on recently they've got rid of it and turned it into a store heist and put a cafe and the top of it. And it was an amazing place. I mean, George Bernard Shaw wrote there. Karl Marx wrote there. Charles Dickens wrote There, Going on Mourn its loss. It was actually the forerunner off the British Library. So his first novel, called Immature Day, which he wrote in 18 97 was a dame to grim, to appeal to publishers. And so it actually wasn't released until the 19 thirties. After 18 90 he embarked on a career as an author, but he didn't actually make much money at best for about four years, and so his mother was supporting him on. There was tension between Shaw and his mother. He wrote the novels The Irrational, Not in 18 80 Love among the artists in 18 81 but he couldn't find a publisher. Writing novels generally didn't go that well for sure. So they were letter serialized and the Socialist magazine Our Corner. He collaborated with the critic William Archer in 18 84 on a play, but the project fell through. The association with Archer, though, was very useful and Advancing Shoals career. So he had an affair with a widow who was a few years his senior at the time, known as Jan Jenni Paterson in the mid 18 eighties, and he actually lost his virginity On the night of his 29th birthday. He published two unsuccessful novels, but at least these ones he got published. Cashel Byron's Profession written from 18 82 to 3 andan unsocial Socialist in 18 83 and that was later serialized in Today magazine. Remember. In the Victorian era, novels were were often published in serial form, so William Archer helped him to get work as a critic, And so from 18 84 to 18 94 he was a music critic, a theater critic on art critic on a literature critic and as a theater critic, he didn't like the sentimentalism on the conventions of the Victorian theater off the day on sort of argued for greater reality and drama. As we've mentioned, writing novels didn't go very well for sure, but he did achieve success as a playwright. Widowers host, which was the play he salvaged from the abandoned project with Archer, was performed twice in London in 18 92 and in 18 94. Arms, and the man really did well for for him brought him financial success. It was critically panned. The critics really didn't like it, but it was really popular with audiences on extra matinee performances were actually added . It turns the province, isn't it opened in New York? Sonae. He is actually I play right, and he was able to leave his job as a music critic and focus on writing. So one of the stars of the London production, Off Arms The Man was Florence, far with home shop, have been having a relationship, and that was much to the horror of Jenni Paterson. In 18 98 his health broke down, mostly due to overwork on. He was cared for by the wealthy Angola Charlotte pin times and pictured below. She had proposed that they got married, but sure had declined, though, when she was caring for him in a sort of live in capacity, he thought that would cause a scandal, so he agreed to marry her. They were both 41 when they got married, and they had no Children, and it's widely believed the marriage was never Consummated. They bought Shores Corner and Absent Lawrence and Heart Future, and they lived there for the rest of their lives, although they did have a series of flats in London for business reasons. On here shells corner pictured hair to the right from 1904 the newly established theatre company at the Royal Court Theatre and Sloane Square in London, Stage 14 of Shells plays. The first was John Bows other island, and that was a by an Englishman in Ireland. Edward the seventh laughed so hard when he saw this play that he actually broke his chair. The Abbey Theatre in Dublin High ever thought of it as no laughing matter and believed it would have fanned. Irish audiences eventually performed in Ireland, though, at Dublin's Royal Theatre. And that was at the request off William Butler Yeats. So Shawl wrote that yet Scott, rather more than he bargained for. It was un congenial to the whole spirit of the neo Gaelic movement, which is bent on creating a New Ireland after its own ideal. Whereas my play is a very uncompromising presentment off the rail Old Ireland. Well, you could argue, How does he know what the real Islanders, when you know he went away for 29 years didn't set but in the bliss? But this idea off showing what is riel in theater, was very important to show he wasn't a member off the Irish literary revival, but he did admire several figures from it. He gets were actually great friends, and he admired George Russell and James Joyce, and he was actually also friends with the drama. Does Sean O Casey and those of us who are Irish will have read O Casey's Juno in the Pay Cock at school? I would imagine to say that George Bernard Shaw wrote a lot of plays in 1902 they play Man and Superman was successful of the Royal Court in London. On also in New York. In 1905 Major Barbara was performed, and it was a bite arms manufacturers compared to members off the Salvation Army in 1906 the doctor's dilemma appeared, and that was a serious pace of by professional ethics. In 1906 in New York in 1907 in London, he presented Caesar and Cleopatra, which was his answer to Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra in 19 0 It Gavin Married premiered in 1911 Miss Alliance on a 1911 Families First play, which actually had more performances in its initial run than any other show play 622 performances. It was accommodate up by the suffragettes. Andrew, please on The Lion Appeared in 1912 and Peg 1,000,000 probably has was famous. Play was written in 1912 on it was actually staged in Vienna and then in Berlin. So during the first World War, his plays were a little hit and Miss He hod, as we mentioned earlier, a sergeant that he thought all sides were culpable on N a sort of climate of heightened patriotism that was very unpopular and as I mentioned before. Some people would actually get up and leave the room when he entered it. So in 1915 he released a play called The Inca of Jerusalem and encounter problems with Sensor because it caricatured the enemy. But it also caricatured the British military, which wasn't considered okay at the time. And so it ended up being performed in Birmingham by the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, which was, you know, a step dine from premiering a play in London in 1917. His play, O'Flaherty v. C. As in Victoria Cross Medal for Military Distinction in the UK was banned in the UK for its depiction of British government's attitude toe Irish recruits. But his play, Augustus does his bet appeared in 1917 at the Royal Court with no problems. Train 18 18 and 20 he released what he considered to be his magnum opus, Ah, large scale cycle of five plays entitled Back to Methuselah, which basically he went back in time to the Book of Genesis on Forward in Time to 12 3080. So this didn't go well for him that wasn't received well, critically. In fact, the Credit wine tribe described the cycle as the bottomless pit oven, utterly discouraging pessimism. Sure, Edge 67 at the time, then decided it was time for him to stop writing plays. Fortunately, he changed his mind because Joan of Arc was canonised, and he had always had a fascination with the figure of Joan of Arc, who he actually described one point as an example of sanity on another point as an insane genius. So they always find her on intriguing figure, and you know, she is so in 1923 he wrote, sent Jones, and he actually had a statue in his garden at Shell's corner off Joan of Arc. In 1925 he won the Nobel Prize for literature. So all that bad criticism behind him at this point and the citation said that his work was marked by both idealism and humanity. It's stimulating. Sat are being infused with a singular poetic beauty. From 1924 he spent four years writing the Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism when it was released in 1928 it so well. His fascination with dictators, both communist and fascist, began in the 19 twenties, and he he really rescinded his views on the Fabian Society and was no longer associated with them. We've seen high. He met style in the 1931 and quite liked him and and his remarks on Hitler in 1933. So in 1932 too true to be good opened in Boston to quite per critical reception. Nine short plays were actually staged in London in 1944. The Second World War haven't come to an end. London was being blessed, but the theater ruled on. So Charlotte and Shaw had nonetheless abandoned their London based during the blitz, and they stayed at Shell's corner and occasionally had to seek refuge even in the countryside from the bombing. Charlotte died in September 1943. Shaw wrote well into his nineties on his last work, Why we Should Not was completed in 1950 just a week before his 94th birthday, George Bernard Shaw died of renal failure, edged 94. His ashes were mixed with Charlotte's ashes and scattered around the statue of Joan of Arc in the Garden, which is, well, that's lovely. Are considering rating a bit of George Bernard Shaw or going to see one of his place, Pig 1,000,000 pictured here to the left, The basis from My Fair Lady is both a witty and amusing on very clever play. It's a bite. Professor Higgins, who has a bet with his friend that he can take an uneducated, lower class girl on just by changing her accent in the way that she speaks, pass her off as being from an upper class background at Ascot, which is a very upper class event. So the girl he happens to find as a lady called Eliza Doolittle. She's quite indomitable. It's a fascinating story. It's got some likeable characters in it well worth either seeing or reading on, of course, sent Joan, I think, just because of his fascination with Joan of Arc, the fact that his ashes are scattered on a statue of ST Joan, that it was a real passion project for him that would be another of his place that's really worth reading 63. Samuel Beckett : the third of Ireland's four Nobel Laureates in literature. Samuel Beckett. So Samuel Beckett lived from 1906 to 1989. He was a novelist, a short story writer, a theater director, a poet on a translator off his own works from French into English. He lived in Paris for much of his adult life. Hence the writing in French, Ont. He wrote, both in English and French has already mentioned he was a key figure in the theater of the absurd. So you don't expect realism from Beckett. It's a an extreme of modernism, very much, much stream of consciousness. There's not a lot of action, and his place, I'm it's non fluid, non structured, on very minimalist. Visually, he won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1969 and he was elected a Sea of the East donna in 1984. On, If you're no Irish, what that basically means is he was considered, Ah, very high ranking theater in the arts and Ireland. The East Donna means the people off the arts, and his team means a wise one on there are only actually seven. See that any time. So it's a big honor and Ireland. Samuel Beckett was born in Dublin on the 13th of April 1906 which happened to be good Friday. His father was Frank Beckett. On his mother was Maria Jones Room, and he had one older brother, Frank, and he was a huge a note to Santa the here gonna rip French Protestants who had a skipped from France, many of whom settled in Ireland. They lived in the affluent suburb of Fox Rock, and they actually had a tennis court at their home. It was quite a luxury, please, to live on that have been designed by Frank Samuel's father, who was a quantity surveyor from 1919 to 20. He attended port or a school in Anna Skillon asked it, Oscar Wilde. And, of course, some decades later it was attended by Neil Hammond of The Divine Comedy If you're a music fan from 1923 until 1927 he studied at Trinity College in Dublin and in 1966 he was awarded a ah high honor there and that he was elected a scholar in modern languages. From 1928 to 30 he taught English in Paris so that was his first sojourn in Paris, and whilst he was there, he was introduced by a friend to James Joyce, with whom he struck up a friendship. In 1929 he published his first critical essay, entitled Dance. A Bruno Vico Joyce. His close relationship with the Joyce family, though Cold Bet when he rejected Joyce's daughter, Lucy, A due to her schizophrenia, he published a short story called Assumption in 1929 and the periodical Transition. So he's starting to write and get his work out there. And in 1930 he won a prize for his poem Horoscope, based on a biography of day cart that had been reading at the time. He saw this competition, and he's through this poem together quite quickly, apparently. So. In 1930 he returned to Trend a za lecturer. Although he left in 1931 he pulled a bit of a prank on the staff There on, Basically, I delivered a lecture, a bite, a skill off literary criticism that didn't actually exist. He claimed he wasn't trying to pull the world over anybody's eyes, but to make a point. But it didn't go dine well, so he wrote a poem called Noma by his short layup career as an academic span. The years of learning, squandering courage for the years of wandering through world, politely turning from the largest nous of learning. In 1933 he was living in London, his father had died and he started psychotherapy at the top of Stock Institute. And Psychotherapy was something which was to inform his literary writings. In 1932 he had written his first novel, Dream of Fair to middling women. He couldn't climb the publisher, for it was rejected by many publishers, and it actually didn't surface until 1992. In 1933 he published a short story collection, More Pricks Than Kicks, that signs like My Saturday Night. His essays at the time were starting to create the basis of an Irish cannon of modernist poetry. So not only was he a key modernist writer himself, but he was really creating the modernist canon with an Irish writing because he lived in Paris for much of his life, he wrote in French as well as English. But the reason that I'm including him in the Irish literature section is that he was key to creating this camera. So in 1935 he published a collection of poetry called Echo's Bones and Other Precipitates, and he worked on his novel Murphy. What She finished in 1936. In 1930 it he fell out with his mother on, decided to up sticks and move permanently to Paris, And he stayed there during the war, saying he preferred Francis Ward's Island of Peace. He hung out on the Left Bank with writers like Joyce. On in 1937 he had an affair with this lady pictured here Peggy Guggenheim, the American socialites so dramatically in January 1938 he was stopped in the chest when he refused to solicitations off a notorious pimp. Joyce actually arranged his medical care. But the publicity that surrounded this crime attracted the attention off Suzanne de Shiavo . Dues needed. Who would become his lifelong companion here? She has pictured here back it dropped the charges against his attacker, who actually came to quite like he asked the guy why he had stabbed him in the chest. On the pimp, replied Genius, EPA Jim Excuse. I don't know. I'm sorry. In 1940 he joined the French resistance. And can I just say, as we've looked at a couple of Irish Nobel Laureates in literature who actually supported fascist dictators? It's quite nice to see one who took a stand against fascist dictators here, So he joined the French resistance on He acted as a carrier for them, and he was nearly caught by the Gestapo. On several occasions in August of 1942 his unit was betrayed, and he and Suzanne were forced to flee to the village of Resealable. There he stored arms for the resistance, which meant that he was indirectly involved in the Mackie, who were resistance guerrillas on their sabotage of the German army in the vote Clues Mountains. He didn't actually talk about his resistance activities in later life, referring to them as boy Skype stuff. Nevertheless, he received acquired a gear on the model a racy storms, so he was honored by fronts. He wrote his novel what while he was in hiding it in a reasonable. He returned to Dublin in 1945. We had a profound revelation, sort of quiz I spiritual experience, where he saw his literary future while he was in his mother's room, and what he saw was that he would forever be in the shadow of James Joyce, and he decided high he was going to differentiate himself from Joyce, he wrote. I realized that Joyce had gone as far as one could in the direction of knowing more. Joyce was all about the acquisition of knowledge. Being in control of one's material, he was always adding to it. You only have to look at his proofs to see that IRA realized that my own way was an impoverishment in lack of knowledge and in taking away in subtracting, Rather Bannon adding. So from this point, his work becomes very minimalist. In 1946 Jean Paul Sartre magazine Little Moda published the first part of a short story suite, which he later entitled Lafont the and Suborned Bove, where the very famous family ist critic refused to publish the second part. He also worked on his novel, Mercy A Kamiya. He's writing in French by this point, and it wasn't actually published until 1970 but it was a precursor to his most famous work , Waiting for God. Oh, he published the point Human on trilogy of novels. I should explain the term point human on it. It's a work of art that describes the creation of that work of artists. What's known as a matter letter rates these novels, Where Malloy, in 1951 Malone dies in 1950 it on the unnameable in 1961. They were all written in French and then translated into English. In 1953 he wrote his most famous work on a Tondo Gado, Waiting for Godot, which was initially written in French. Here we see Patrick Stewart and Ian McKellen and a quite recent production of Waiting for God. Oh, Suzanne became his agent. Understand? Sent the manuscript of Waiting for Godot to several producers until they met its eventual director, Raj Ebola, who had Bean, an actor. I was not a theater director. The critic video Mercier wrote that Beckett has achieved a theoretical impossibility at play and which nothing happens that yet keeps audiences glued to their seats so that lack of action, the minimalism, you can see this in the picture that we have in front of us. Published in 1952 it premiered in Paris in 1953 and it was translated into English in 1955 and in that year it opened to London to pretty much negative reviews. But the Thai turned with positive reviews in The Sunday Times on The Observer, and it's not considered a bit of a classic. So he became popular in the USA and Germany with this play, and it was the one manuscript which Beckett never sold or gave away. And he wasn't a liar to be made into a film. But he did agree to TV adaptations. In 1961 he married Suzanne in a secret civil ceremony in England, and it was secret due to French inheritance loss. Then he traveled through the U. S. And Europe. He was asked to direct place, which was something he did for some time. And then, in 1963 he wrote his first commission for the BBC, which was a radio play all but full. He began to write in English, arrived this time, although he kept writing in French as well. From the Lip 19 fifties, he began an affair with this lady, Barbara Bray, who was a script editor at the BBC, and that affair lasted for the rest of his life. In 1969 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for his writing, which, and new forms for the novel and drama in The Destitution of Modern Man acquires its elevation to the destitution off modern man. There are quite bleak things, and Beck, It's plays. Suzanne died on the 19th of July 1989 on Beckett didn't survive her for long. He died on the 22nd of December of that year from emphysema, and it's believed he possibly had Parkinson's disease. They're buried together in the same Medio de Montparnasse in Paris on Beckett had directed that his tumor schools should be any color, so long as it's gray. So here it is, the gray tombstone. So let's talk about two of his many plays waiting for God. Oh, here we see Patrick's journey and McAllen again on and Game. So Wedding for Golder is his most famous play. It's Blake. It's minimalist. It's hyper modern. It's not structured in a way, in terms of the language that you might expect so very much worth reading. If you like something sort of completely different than them plays you may have seen before . Here we see a scene from and game, you know, the chess piece idea and people being moved is being brought light human beings and bends. That's the kind of Blake thing that you getting back at. You can notice both the black backgrounds in both this place the minimalism onstage that is very, very back it. 64. James Joyce: in this video, we're going to talk about one of the greatest of Irish writers on actually, one of the most influential writers globally in the modernist movement. And that is Jim's Joyce. So here we see him in a portrait of the artist as a young man. Get it Anyway. James Augustine Allah wishes Joyce what unmindful live from 18 82 to 1941. He was a novelist, a poet, a short story writer, a literary critic on teacher on despite his huge influence. We've seen before that he influenced Virginia Woolf, that he influenced William Faulkner that he influence Samuel Beckett. But he was never a Nobel laureate. He was one of the most influential authors of the 20th century, as we said, contributing to the modernist movement. His most famous works include Ulysses, which came out in 1922. Dubliners, which appeared in 1914. Ah, portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, which was published in 1916 and Finnigan Zwick published in 1939. In 1904 he moved mainland Europe, and he didn't really live permanently in Ireland. After that, he moved there with Nora Barnacle Oh, who was his lifelong partner. Eventually his wife, he lived in Trieste E in Paris and in Zurich. He always based his literary works on Dublin, though no matter where he was living. And he said, As for myself, I always write it by Dublin because if I can get to the heart of Dublin, I can get to the heart of all the cities of the world. In the particular is contained the universal. And we would say here in Ireland that if he could get to the heart of Dublin, he was not taking the lists. That Larrys joke there. James Joyce was born on the second of February 18 82 in Dublin to John Joyce, another job on Mary Jan Murray, and he came from a Catholic middle class background. In 18 87 the family moved to the time of Bray, and it so happened while they were there, Joyce was attacked by a dog, which, being a young child at the time, led tell lifelong kind of phobia, the fear of dogs. And that's actually a very limiting thing Some of you out there might have experienced it makes it very difficult to say go for a walk in the park. So in 18 91 when he was only nine years old, he wrote a poem about the death of Charles Jerk Parnell, who was an Irish nationalist politician and had Bean leader off the home rule movement and his father paid to have this poem printed on, actually sent a copy of the poem to the Vatican because John Joyce was angry at the Vatican's alliance with the English Conservative Party, which had at that point collapsed home rule in Ireland. In 18 93 his father was fired from his job. I'm not began the families descent into poverty, and John Joyce drank, and he was not great at managing money. A jazzy a priest who happened to meet his father on the street one day offer Joyce a place the Belvidere School, which was a Jesuit Jesuit school, for a much reduced fees because Joyce had actually had to leave skill because his family could no longer afford the fees, and he'd bean educated at home for a time. So this got him back into the school system. On when he was 13 he was elected a member of the Sodality of Our Lady, a Jesuit order by his fellow students. My Joyce's relationship with religion on with Catholicism's WAAS, a complex one. He at one point claimed to have completely rejected Catholicism's and sad that he barked out a just couldn't live with it. But it does seem to be contained within some of his writings, and some critics suggest that he reconciled with Catholicism's T. S. Eliot was one of those commentators, he says, that you can see a streak of Christianity in Joyce's writing. It's it's, of course, unusual to find religious references on a religious subtext in modernist writing. In 18 98 he enrolled at University College, Dublin, where he studied English, French and Italian. And in 1900 he published his first work, which was a review of Ibsen's When We Did a Wick in the fortnightly review. And he actually taught himself Norwegian so that he could send Ebsen a fan letter. And when Ibsen got this letter, he wrote back a thank you letter when his college refused to publish his article on the Irish Literary Theater, Arthur Griffith through was the Finder off the political party, Shin Fan and Ireland Shin Fane means ourselves, printed a defense of Joyce in his newspaper, United Irishmen on that introduced Joyce to the wider Irish pub. He graduated from University College, Dublin, in 1902 and at that point he headed off to France to study medicine. But he abandoned that plan. He returned home from Paris when he got a telegram from his father to say his mother was dying and she unfortunately died on the 13th of August 1902 Joyce's brother, Stanislaus Lists, which was his father's middle name, refused to kneel in prayer with other members of the family, which was much commented on. Apparently distressed, his mother, Joyce, began drinking quite heavily after his mother's death, he scraped together money to live on, from writing book reviews from teaching on from singing. He was an accomplished tenor, and he had won a famous Irish singing festival called the Fash Que The Music Festival. He met this lady Nora Barnacle in 1904 She was his lifelong companion on eventually his wife, he married her in 1931 also in this year, he got into a fight. Andi Hey was rescued and taken home by an acquaintance of his father, Alfred H. Hunter, on Joyce Best, the character of Leopold Bloom and Ulysses, the protagonist of Ulysses, partly on the figure off Alfred Itch Hunter. He was living in student digs around that time until a student fired a pistol over his head . So he left on the spot well being shot out as a quite good reason for leaving summer. So he walked it Niles to spend the night with relatives Andi. Then he up and moved to men, not Europe, with Nora. So they moved to Zurich. But he couldn't get work there and then to TriEst E, which was part of Austria Hungary at the time. So this is before the first World War, before the maps of Europe, where basically redrawn so he eventually find a teaching job. And Polo, which was also part of Austria. Hungary at the time on the Austrians expelled all aliens from Poland in March 1905 because they have discovered aspiring. So he then moved back to TriEst E, which I believe is no I in Italy, And there he taught English, and he stayed there for about 10 years. His first child, George, known as Georgia was born in 1905 Super Nora, she'd had to flee to another city, and whilst heavily pregnant, it was a stressful time. I'm sure he got his brother's Stanislas a job teaching at the same skill, hoping that his brother could put some money into the family kitty. But his brother enjoys fought over Joyce's drinking on his mismanagement of money, both trips that Stanislas had already seen in his father. In 1909 he visited Dublin to see his father and have Dubliners published. And he took his sister, Eva, back with him when he went home to Tree Asta to help Nora run the heist. He visited Dublin again in the same year with business backing to launch Ireland's first cinema, the Volta Cinema Autograph. It was well received, but it didn't survive Joyce's departure. He returned to Trieste it in January 1910 with his sister, Ollie, even returned to Ireland. But Eileen stayed on and continental Europe, and she actually stayed in Europe for the rest of her life, marrying a Czech bank cashier In 1912 he returned to Dublin for the last time, where he had a massive falling out with his publisher, George Roberts, over the publication of Dubliners, and he wrote the poem Gas From a Burner in a state of Ridge. His father and William Butler Yates asked him to return to Ireland, kept asking him for visits, but he never again returned to Ireland. The closest he got to Dublin. Waas London. So while he was living in Trieste IQ, he developed very serious eye problems, and he ended up having 12 surgeries for these problems. In 1915 after the outbreak of World War One, he moved to Zurich on. It was a condition of his exit permit from Trieste E that he take no action against the emperor of Austria Hungary. So around this time he began to take an interest in socialism. And he was very much influenced by the philosophies of Benjamin Tucker on Oscar Wilde's The Soul of Man under Socialism, Oscar Wilde. There's an Irish writer for you, and in 1918 he declared that he was against every state, so that kind of individual ism, rather than the control of state or Chirchir institutions. That's something that comes across very much and modernism on. We know that James Joyce is a key figure in modernism. So in 1920 he moved to Paris, and he finally finished Ulysses on a grant from the Irish arts patron Harriet Shore. Weaver meant that he could keep writing on Devote his his time to write on and be financially OK, so his eyes continue to be a problem. They were very painful, and he started to wear an eye patch that obviously slowed down the process of writing. In 1931 he married Nora on throughout the 19 thirties. He traveled frequently to find treatment for his eye problem on to have surgery. He also traveled to find treatment for his daughter, Lisa, who we mentioned to have dated Samuel Beckett or Hades being interested in Samuel back it, he had rejected her, She had schizophrenia, and she was actually seen by Carl Young. On when Carl Young read Ulysses, he became convinced that James Joyce was also schizophrenic on. He said, off the CIA on James Joyce that they were two people who were both headed towards the river . Only James was diving on Lucy A was sinking, so that's why he described their mental health. You see this, Leah Joyce pictured here to the Rights. And in Paris, Maria on Eugene Hola nursed Joyce as he wrote Finnegans Wake. So his health was really quite bad at that moment. He needed their practical help in order to finish the book, which took him several years to write on. Also, he needed the own going financial support off Harriet Shaw Weaver. So fortunately, he had both those things. He died on the 11th of January 1941 following surgery for a perforated Judeh Tal ulcer, and he's buried in the Flu Intern Cinema Tree in Zurich. Nora had offered to permit his body to be repatriated to Ireland, but the Irish government at that time turned her dine, although last year in 2019 there was a controversial plan in Ireland to repatriate the bodies off the choice Family on one article around that time said that Irish people, we're more interested and monetizing the great writers Tha nen reading them. So no, there was a bit of a debate about this. Let's go look at some of Joyce is poetry and his beautiful use of language. We have two very short poems here, a flower given to my daughter frill the white rose on frail are her hands that give Who Solis steer. I'm paler than times when with rose frail, unfair yet frailest. A wonder. Wild and gentle eyes dive a list. My blue van a child. So, um, you can say that that sort of non non linear, you know, very metaphor. Heavy way of writing, but beautiful and it's used off language. So here's another poem called Night Base. Gaunt in gloom, the pale stars their torches and tried ID with ghost fires from heaven's far Burgess pendulum arches on soaring arches might sin dark Nev Seraphim The lost hosts awakened to service till in moonless bloom, each lapses muted, Dem raised when she has and chicken their therapy. All So. Ulysses, Of course, James Joyce is most famous work. It basically follows the day and life off a guy called Leopold Bloom. On the structure of it is quite interesting. What it does is it has 18 chapters on each chapter, covers and are in the day of Leopold Bloom, and each chapter also refers to an episode. And homers ought to say us days, of course, being the protagonist off the Odyssey so well, Odysseus bang his great name, but unities Odysseus. Same person. So it has a kind of a more FA structure, common and modernism. It uses a lot of stream of consciousness. It's not sort of a standard. The here is the start. Here is the and it actually received accusations of obscenity because of the stream of consciousness passages which were thought to be offensive to both church and state at the time. But you know, the novel overcame those obstacles and is nigh pretty much up there in the Irish literary canon. It's probably the Irish equivalent to grit, expectations, say, and most literature students in Ireland will at some point read Ulysses a portrait of the artist as a young man. And of course, the cover was buying to have a portrait of the artist as a young man. You remember, we talked about high publishers, turned this work dine, and Joyce revisited it in later life. It's very heavily autobiographical, and it's it's pretty much a coming of age story. So if you're interested in the life and times of James Joyce, this really is the one to rate Dubliners Ni. This is basically collection of short stories on some of the characters from Dubliners become minor characters in Ulysses. So it's probably good to read Dubliners before you read Ulysses if you know you're intending to get into Joyce. So it was written at the peak of Irish nationalism, which is something that runs through it. And it's a very sort of naturalistic, really life depiction of Irish middle class life in, of course, Dublin. It's Dubliners, and each of the stories has an epiphany in its where the character has a light bulb moment on. Something really changes. So it's It is a little bit grim, a little bit bleak, I thought when I read it as a student, I should probably go back and read it and see if I still feel that that that kind of not necessarily realism. But that kind of gritty depiction off rail life, family scenarios means that it's basically timeless 65. Seamus Heaney : We're going to talk about the fourth off, the Irish Nobel literature laureate J. Mazzini, and I have to tell you at this point that I met Shamus Heaney. I know that's terrible name dropping, but I really want to tell this story. When I was about 13 or 14 I wrote a poem for a poetry competition, which was something we were encouraged to do in school on. Years later, when I was 17 I actually won a prize in the competition. Like when you're 17 I'm being asked to read in public something you wrote up 13 or 14. You feel a bit embarrassed on DSHEA. Mazzini was handing out. The prize is on. He just made me feel like nothing could be embarrassing if you really meant it when you wrote it. He was just He was a really, really lovely man, and he read poetry that night that have been written by Children, including me and Children who were younger than me at the time. And he did it with such warmth that he just really was a nice person to be in a room with. Actually, his warmth, his humor have been very much mentioned Of course, I at 17 didn't realize that he was, in fact, a global megastar in the literary world. I just I knew that I'd read his poems and skill, but I didn't realize how important. Iwas, and we're not going to talk about just how important he was. So Shamus Haney lived from 1939 until 2013. He was a poet, a playwright, a translator and also an academic. On his death in 2013 the Independent called him probably the bass known poet in the world. In 1995 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, and in 1998 he became City of the Easterner. Way talked to buy what that title means in connection with Beckett. So his notable works include Death of a Naturalist in 1966 Fieldwork in 1979. Bayer Wolf, a new verse translation in 1999 on Human Chin in 2010 Jamous. Heaney, like myself, was Northern Irish. He was born on the 13th of April 1939 and the place called Blackie. And to be honest, if you sneezed as you were driving through Blackie, you you would probably miss it. He was the first of nine Children born to Patrick any on Margaret Kathleen McCann, his father's family have bean involved in cattle farming, a common trade in Northern Ireland. On that was something that really informed his poetry a sense of a land of working. He won a scholarship to attend columns, college and dairy, which is much bigger of the bloody It's the second city of Northern Ireland, and while he was studying there, his younger brother, Christopher, was sadly killed in a road accident. And he wrote about this in his poems Midterm Break on the Blackbird of Land More. In 1957 he began studying English language and literature at Queens University, Belfast. I also studied English language and literature at Queens University, Belfast. Obviously not 1957 and at the time I was studying there we have a share Mazzini Library behind a shameless Haiti car park. You know, he was, ah, well known figure a bite the university. Whilst he was there, he read Ted Hughes Looper, Cal. I'm not inspired him to start right in his own poetry. Queen's with first class honors in 1961 on. Then he began teacher training on that headmaster whiter today, him to the work of project count you're and the video other where they are. Patrick Kavanagh put on a very fine very so In 1963 he became a lecturer training college. While he was there, he came to the attention of Queens University lecture find, who asked him to join a group of local poets, which included Derrick Man on Michael. In 1960 he married teacher writer Marie in 1965. His first book was published. It was called 11 Poems that was published is part of the Queen's University Festival. This is the Lanyon building, the main building off Queen's University here to the right. Actually, Queens owns all the buildings within about a three mile radius on the skill of English in my Day. And then he needs Day Waas 123 University Square So it was basically a series of old terrorist highs, is talked together to form the English department. In 1966 he became a lecturer in modern English literature at Queens University on in 1966 his son, Michael, was born, followed by his son Christopher, in 1960 it, and also in 1960 it he embarked on a reading tour with Michael Lonely called Room to Rhyme . In 1969 he published door into the Dark Brief Spell as a gas lecturer at the University of California Barkley. And then he returned to Queens in 1971 and in 1972 he moved to Wicklow and the Republic of Ireland and became a full time writer. In 1972 He also published Wintering ICT, and he began to give readings throughout Ireland. Great Britain on the USA, which were well attended. And in 1975 he published North, and he also published stations, a collection of prose poems. In 1976 he became head of English at Cara Sport College and Dublin, and in 1979 he published fieldwork and again, that farming back grind comes through in his love of nature and off the land. In 1980 he published selected poems 1965 to 1975 on selected prose 1968 to 1970 it On the 1981 he became a visiting professor at Harvard. He was awarded two honorary doctorates around this time one from Queens University in Belfast on one from Fordham University in New York City. Now he was awarded to many honorary degrees and doctorates and that kind of thing that I can't list them all here. But there was a bit of controversy around his Fordham acceptance speech when he described himself as Irish, not British, which here in Northern Ireland would be very contentious. So in 1985 right up until 1997 he served as Boylston professor of rhetoric and oratory at Harvard. From 1998 until 2006 he had the Ralph Waldo Emerson poet and residents posted Harvard he needs. Father died in 1986 and his mother died only two years later. And he really was in deep grief around that time, and he turned to poetry to express his grief. In 1985 he wrote the poem The Republic of the Conscience at the request of Amnesty International, and it lacked the title of Amnesty's highest honor, the Ambassador of Conscience award. In 1998 he published a collection of critical essays, the Government of the Tongue. On in 1989 he was elected professor of poetry, Oxford University. So he spent his time traveling between Ireland, England on the U. S. A. He continued, giving public readings on the people who queued up for tickets were known as teenyboppers. In 1919 he actually released a play, The Curate Troy, which is based on Sophocles, flock titties on. He received much acclaim for this play. In 1991 he published another volume of poetry. Seeing Things On, he was elected an honorary member of the Royal Society of Literature. He won the Nobel Prize, of course, in 1995 for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past. And it's a sense of everyday miracles. Heaney's poems really are by every day event, set in the beauty of nature and the whole idea of the living past, bringing the past to life through characterization and imagery. In 1996 he won the Whitbread Book of the Year for the first time, for the spirit level on Once Again in 1999 for Bail Wolf, a new verse translation in 1996 here being name she of these Della on in 1998 he was made an honorary fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. The center well, the James Chaney Center for Poetry opened at Queen's University, Belfast. I had just left a couple of years before that, but we had a Shamus Heaney library when I was there. And, you know, everything started being named after Sheamus. Teeny. In fact, my friend joked at one point that we probably were about to get a Shamus Heaney toilet block in 2003 when he was asked which contemporary poets he admired, he actually replied Eminem, saying He has created a sense of what is possible. He has sent a voltage around a generation. He has done this not just through his subversive attitude but also his verbal energy. In 2004 he wrote a poem to 25 European leaders to mark a You and Large. He suffered a stroke in 2006 on Bill Clinton actually visited him in hospital. In 2008 Dennis O. Driscoll stepping Stones interviews with Shamus Haney was published, which is the closest thing we have to an autobiography offshore Mazzini. Unless you kind his poetry. He published Human Chan and 2010 on 2011 The Observer named him one of Britain's top 300 intellectuals. Of course, he didn't think of himself as British, but he had taught at Oxford, so exposed. That's okay. He was compiling a selection of poetry at the time of his death than he died in Dublin on the 30th of August 2013 at the age of 74 following a short illness. He's buried in Blackie and actually the Shamus Heaney homestead and center up There is a key tourist attraction in Northern Ireland. His last words were in the tax toe. His wife, Marie Nelly Te Marie, don't bear friends, and his funeral was actually broadcast on RT, which is the state news channel and the Republic of Ireland. Let's look at some of Haiti's poetry. The two poems that I've selected Midterm break and Blackberry picking our ran by every Northern Irish school child. This first poem, midterm break, describes the death of his younger brother, Christopher. I saw it all morning in the college Sick bay, counting bells, nailing classes to close. At two o'clock. Our neighbors drove me home in the porch. I met my father crying. He had always taken funerals in his stride on Big Jim Evans, saying it was, ah, hard blue. The baby cooed and laughed and rocked the prom. When I came in and I was embarrassed by old man standing up to shake my hand and tell me they were sorry from my trouble, whispers and form strangers. I was the eldest away at school as my mother held my hand in hers. On call start angry Tear lis size a 10 o'clock. The ambulance arrived with the corpse stanched and bounded by the nurses. Next morning I went up into the room. Snowdrops and candles suit the bad side. I saw him for the first time in six weeks. Paillard I wearing a poppy bruise on his left temple. He lay in the four foot box, as is cut. No gaudy scars. The bumper knocked him clear. A four foot box a foot for every year. It's just so so moving because it's just so really. It's what actually happened. You know the words of the people coming to give their condolences, But that line Ah, four foot box for every year. I mean, it just punches you in the stomach BlackBerry picking. Of course, I mentioned before that she Mazzini loved the Northern Irish landscape, especially its agricultural landscape. And you know, it's nice to be reading a poem on this course where my accent actually makes sense anyway. Let August given heavy rain and sun for a full week, the blackberries would ripen at first, just won a glossy purple clot, among others. Rad grain Hardison, not you get that 1st 1 on its flash was sweet like thickened wine summers. Blood was in it, leaving stands upon the tongue on lust for picking. The red ones inked up on that hunger sent us out with milk cans. P tens jam pots where Breyer scratched on wet grass, bleached our boots. Rind, hayfields, cornfields and potato drills retract and picked until the counts were full until the tinkling bottom have been covered with green ones on on top. Big dark blobs burned like a plate of ice are hounds were peppered with Thorne. Bricks are palms sticky as Blue Baird's. We hoarded the fresh Berries in the buyer on when the bath was filled, we find a for a rat gray fungus glutting on our cash. The juice was stinking, too. Once off the bush, the freak fermented the sweet flesh returns are I always felt like crying. It wasn't fair that all the lovely council smelt of rot each year. I hope that keep. I knew they would not. So I go blackberry picking in my own garden. It's something we do here in Northern Ireland, and it's just, you know, the everyday miracles that his Nobel citation talked about his ability to depict everyday life and seem meaning. And it is what makes his writing so beautiful and so immediate. 66. Other Noteworthy Irish Writers revised: to buy some other note where the Irish writers Ni that we haven't had time to include in this course I have been asking, When are we going to talk about Oscar Wilde? Well, just because of time constraints, I haven't done a whole section on him. He was, of course, born in Ireland. He was educated at port or a in and a skillon, as was back it, as we saw earlier. But he was a mainstay of the London theater, really. Of course, he's one of the most quotable writers out there, and you'll see all these names all over the Internet. He has no enemies but is intensely disliked by his friends. Be yourself. Everyone else has taken experience is simply the name we give our mistakes. And, of course, he's very famous for having said. I have nothing to declare but my genius, when he was going through customs in New York. So on things like the only thing worse than being talked about is not being talked bite. So he eats great of that kind of signed bite. Here's one of his most famous plays here, the importance of being earnest, famous for the legendary line handbag. He wrote comedies, of course, Farcical Place, but he also wrote some serious wax. We all know that he went to present for homosexuality, and there he wrote The Ballad of Reading Jail, which is actually quite moving and well worth reading. J. A. M. Singh, who wrote this work. The Playboy of the Western World, and I studied that in skill and because it had the word playboy in it. We were all excited in my class. We thought it was going to be smutty. It's not really It's a farce, really a bite, a small rural time where the stranger turns up who turns like to be a murderer. And at first everybody's horrified by this, but the murderer actually becomes a bit of a local legend and a hero. Ondas actors seem to be valiant, but you know the truth of his actions turns like to be something very different, and it has one of the most famous quotes and Irish lecture. Oh, my grief. I've last time. Surely I've lost the only playboy of the Western world. Apologies to Southern Irish people. The listening to me, Sean O Casey's Juno on the Pay Cock is a gritty play set in Dublin in the Irish Civil War of the 19 twenties, around the time off partition. It's still, of course, being performed to this day. This photograph is from a quite recent production, all that more towards the bent of literary realism. Getting into modernism, not quite as minimalistic, is back at an awful lot more straightforward. It's a play well worth seeing and no Brian I M. A O. Brien wrote a trilogy of novels called the Country Girls Trilogy, and she dealt with issues of sexuality and the repressive society off post Second World War Ireland. I actually just issue welfare vaguely met Edna O'Brien because she give the keynote address when I graduated from my literature degree and she was, in fact very inspiring. But she really flew the flag for women's writing in Ireland may have benching, and I may have been changed. Works might be considered slightly Pulp fiction, but I think for a lot of young women growing up in Ireland under Northern Ireland like myself, her novels were very influential. She doubts with issues off sexuality that weren't often talk to bite, especially in her novel Light, a penny candle, but also and Circle of Friends, which deals with unwanted pregnancy and with sort of sexual naivety and lack of information . So both light, a penny candle and circle of friends are quite long but well worth reading. Patrick Carbon er, one of my favorite Irish poets. And if I was stranded on a desert island, I would want my big of Cavanagh poems to be with me. Here is one of his most famous poems on Raglan Road, which is famous for having been turned into a folk song as was yet is done by the Salley Gardens. Of course, is that something we Irish like to do? So I will include it as a die notable resource. With this video, the tune of it goes like this on Raglan Road on an autumn day. I met her first time new that dark hair would weave, uh, snare, but I bite one day room. I saw the danger, yet I walked along the enchanted way and I said, Let green your fallen leave at the dawning of the day. Apologies for that, but you probably know the song more than the poem. But as a text on its own. The poem is very beautiful asked, but by no means least, Somerville and Ross as an eight of some herbal on violet. Florence Ross, who wrote under the pseudonym Martin Ross on their most famous for their novels, The Irish are Emma's in the Irish resident magistrate. On its ABI measure, Yyets, who sent over from England to wreck, is a magistrate in Ireland and deal with sort of patty crimes locally. It's quite comical. There's some very funny characters in it. It's quite heart warming. But it does deal with decline off the Protestant ascendancy and Somerville and Ross, where members of the Protestant ascendancy who had fallen into a sort of gentle you poverty . They also wrote a fantastic novel called the Rial Charlotte, which is a bite middle aged women whose love that has lasted for years for a guy named Rollie has challenged when her young cousin was sort of second cousin, who she refers to as her cousin, and other people referred to her as her Nace, who's much younger than Charlotte, very beautiful on its about Charlotte machinations and trying to get her own way. It also shows the decline of English par in Ireland on the decline of the Protestant ascendancy. It's a lot darker than the Irish RM. Other. It still has some lovable and some completely dislikable characters in it, and it's really that observation of character that Mick, Somerville and Ross so interesting to read. 67. Canadian Literature: L.M .Montgomery : In this video, we're going to talk about one of Canada's best-known writers, Lacey mod Montgomery. Montgomery, point herself struggling for much of her life against the expectation set of women and the thermite wax personal. For a second, I think this video more than any other in this course so far, has caused me to reflect on the choices and the opportunities that I personally have today. So I hope you're going to enjoy learning about the woman who of course gave us the character of unshare early. For him, a lot of people have affection to this day. Lucy mode Montgomery OBA lived from 1874 to 1942. And in this photograph I find her, she's described as a woman history, can't forget. I'm rightly so. She was a children's author, a novelist, a poet, and essayist, a short story writer, very much a professional writer, which was something that was not always admired. And women of her day, it was fine for a woman to be a hobbyist and to write for self-expression. But once she started being able to make a living out of it and actually gain some Pham. Well, that was perhaps not considered feminine in her day, but yet it was something she was always committed to doing. She's famous, of course, for the Anne of Green Gables series. She also wrote the MLE of Neumann series and many other works. And in fact, she published 20 novels, 530s, Short Stories, 500 poems on 30 essays. So she wrote continuously throughout her life. Most of her novels are set on her beloved Prince Edward Island, and that actually makes it a tourist destination to this day. Lucy mode Montgomery was born and Clifton, which is my cold, New London, Au Prince Edward Island, on the 30th of November, 1874, her mother was called Clara will know McNeil Montgomery, and her father was huge on Montgomery. Very sadly, when she was only 21 months old, her mother died of tuberculosis and her father placed in her and the care of her maternal grandparents that though he lived nearby. We might be that as an abandonment at this point in history, but in those days it was sort of considered that man didn't really know hydras children, then it would be the best thing for the child. He actually moved to the Northwest Territories to Saskatchewan when she was seven. And so he was no longer on hand at that point. On Laci was raised by her grandparents and Cavendish on Prince Edward Island. Lots of Montgomery's childhood was spent a load and associate invented imaginary friends and worlds such as kiddy Morris and Lacey Gray, who lived in the fairy room, which was behind the drawing room. In 1987 at the age of only 13, she wrote in her diary of early dreams of future family. She knew that she was going to be a writer. She actually submitted a poem for publication around this time, I was crushed when it was rejected. But still she had the sperm belief that one day she was not only going to be a writer, she was going to be a famous writer. After she finished school, she spent a year with her father and stepmother, Maryanne McCrae. And notice that the ADD has no a, if you've read on the Green Gables, you'll understand the significance of that. And Prince Albert and 1890, while she was there, a Charlotte's torn paper, the daily patriot published her poem on can't lift force. So this was the start of her publishing, her work. It was an exciting moment for her. And she returned to Prince Edward Island and it takes 91. Just before she returned to Prince Edward Island, the paper and Prince Albert published an article. She had written, a bite, a visit to a First Nations camp on the grid plans. So remember she was also an essayist. So she's started to publish more and more at the moment. And time in Prince Albert had been pretty difficult since she didn't get along with her stepmother, and she senses that her father's marriage was a pretty unhappy one. So she was glad to get away basically. And in 1893, she enrolled and teacher training at the Prince of Wales College and Charlotte's time. Something that greatly expire, inspired her at this younger point in her life was walks and niche or on Prince Edward Island. And she had these experiences that she referred to as the Flash, where she had a strong sense of pace on an awareness of a higher spiritual part through nature. And she described these experiences and her fiction via the character of Emily barred star and the MLE of Newton Series. And they also inspired on Shirley sense of emotional communion with nature and the odd series. She wrote in her journal in 1905. Amid the commonplace of life, I was very near to a kingdom of ideal BAD. Between it may hang only a thin veil. I could never quite draw decide, but it's sometimes a wind fluttered and I seem to catch a glimpse of the enchanting realm yield only a glimpse, but those glimpses have always made life worthwhile. She actually finished her two-year teacher training course and only one there. And then she studied literature Abdullah University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. So she fulfilled her dream of being educated, obtaining a degree. And that is something of course that on surely also dead, which was one of the things that I, as a young girl find quite appealing about that character. She wanted to be educated and she got her degree, even though null everybody, uh, RON TR understood her need to do that. After leaving College, Montgomery taught at various Prince Edward Island schools. She didn't really enjoy teaching that much, but it gave her time to write, which was what she viewed as her real occupation. In the 18 nineties, she rejected a couple of proposals, proposals of marriage. One from John a mustard, one from well, a Pritchard. Mustard had been her teacher, and he tried to impress her by discussing predestination and other dry points of theology. So he basically Board her and pressured was the brother of her friend Laura Pritchard, labor on a camera, amiable terms, but he felt more for her than she did for him. She thought of him as the app brand. Although she corresponded with him for over six years until he sadly died of influenza. In 1897. In 1897, she finally accepted a marriage proposal from a guy called Edwin Simpson, who was a student in French River near Cavendish. She did this idea of a desire for love and protection as she described it, but also failing that her prospects weren't but grit romantically and she would take what came along. But she came to strongly dislike Edwin Simpson regarding him a self-centered on van, why she's teaching and Laura, but DEC she had a passionate, intense relationship with a member of the family. She was boarding with cold Herman layers, whom you can say pictured here to the right. She wrote, I loved him and layered with a wild, passionate, unreasoning love that dominated my entire being. Allowed that in its intensity, same little short of absolute madness whatsoever when her friends and family objected to the relationship feeling, but he was all inferior social standing to Montgomery. She ended the relationship and he died shortly afterwards of flow. And this devastated Montgomery, though she wrote that he was more hers and death that he had been in life and at least it meant she would never have to have the thought of his being with another woman. She moved back to Cavendish in 1898 to care for her then whether grandmother, there's a picture here, I'll Prince Edward Island, and I think looking at it, we can understand what the attraction walls to being there. From 1901202, she went to Halifax on worked as a proofreader. Newspapers, morning chronicle, the daily ACO, Montgomery HEPA gun writing books during her time and Prince Edward Island. They actually provided a considerable income. She was able to be financially independent, and that allowed her to return on care for her grandmother who died in 1911. Despite being financially independent, she was aware of that marriage was a necessary choice for women and Canada. As she put it. Out of Green Gables, was published in 1908. It was obviously a phenomenon on still is. She then wrote and published material continuously for the rest of her life. And by November 1909, out of Green Gables have actually gone 3-6 printings. So it's sold like hot cakes. The Canadian press made much of her background on Prince Edward Island, describing it as antiquated a bit like going back in time, the genteel manners of the past and on charming Lee provincial. The American press were a little bit last time. They described it as backwards on rustic. As I particularly patronising article from a Boston newspaper in 1911, no one could ever have imagined that such a remote and unassertive speck on the map would ever produce such a writer whose first three books should want it all be included in this six bestsellers. This was, this work was the story of a modest young school teacher who was Douglas as surprised as our neighbors when she finds her sweetly simple tale of childish joys and sorrows. It didn't. Redhead girl had made the literary hits of the season with the American public. Oh my goodness, hi nausea adding few points here, Amazon, which they described as being unusually tall in the books, was 37. And she was not a modest young school teacher on what seems to be coming across here is the idea of her as being Prevention and sort of an idealized version of a woman writer at null to a professional. Because we know that she had written in her diary at the age of 13 that one day she was going to be a famous writer. So she was probably not surprised. As described here. She had actually worked to get here. She's not being viewed as a professional. This is sort of like what we might call a message, a human interest story. She's, she's also almost being written the byte like he was a cute kitten. So MCDA Murray wrote to a friend, I am frankly and literature tin make a living out of it. Not I don't think that meant that she was just in it for the money. I think it meant she walls are professional. She was doing it to be able to support herself. She was writing something that was commercial. She was in business. And so she was pretty much finished with the attitude that it was fine for a woman to write so long as it was a hobby, but it was feminine to aspire to be a professional. And I, that wasn't just an attitude that was prevalent. And Canada, you'll think of only a few years earlier of the Bronte sisters in England, all writing under pseudonyms. Because it was considered on feminine for a woman to aspire to be a professional writer. 1911, Montgomery married, you add McDonald, who was a Presbyterian minister. And here they are pictured and slightly later life. And they moved to Ontario where he became Minister at some polls Presbyterian Church in licked Dale. She actually wrote her next 11 books and the months which she can play and had no toilet, no bathroom. Doesn't sound fun. And it's neither Lucy mode Montgomery, leaked Dale months museum. Reverend McDonald, montgomery. Differences of interests, respected. He didn't really read literature for thumb. They went on a honeymoon to Scotland and they had a very different view of Scotland. They were both of Scottish descent. But alchemic Guthrie had this idea of Scotland as being castles and licks. And I'm a romantic fairytale players. Whereas McDonald's family had last Scotland g to the Highland clearances, three, Violence they'd had to flee. So he had a last romanticized view that they, they basically had different views on various things on their relationship was often upfront. One, they have three sons, Chester hue, and Stuart. He very sad they were stillborn. And of course on Shirley has a stillborn child and high sub drains. She joked to our portrait in Scotland that those women whom God wanted to destroy, he would make into the wives have ministers. And she wrote a lot after her marriage as a form of escape from the difficulties of her marriage. In 1911, she published the story Girl, which draws upon her Scottish Canadian Heritage and her own teenage years. So Sarah Stan Lee is an idealized version of Montgomery herself. On pager Craig resembles Harmon layered, so she was never able to leave go of Harmons memory. Montgomery and the First World War as a bit of an interesting topic, she practically had a bit of an obsession with it. She viewed as a quest to save civilization. And she regularly wrote articles encouraging young Canadian man to enlist. She wrote, I am not one of those who believed that this war will put an end to war. War is horrible, but there are things that are more horrible still, just as there are fits worse than death. So you can find many articles describing the things that she believed were more horrible than war. But she felt the war brought a welcome revival of Christianity, patriotism, and moral courage. What she felt had been lacking and Canadian society prior to the war. She actually celebrated Ali, allied victory. She flew flags in her highs, went all light and she despaired and allied debates on she got very upset ever husband didn't bring her home the paper every day so that she could rate the war news. Although Macdonald would not preach about the war, and that disgusted Montgomery. On October the seventh, 1915, she gave birth to her third son's shirt, but she couldn't brass fate him. And so he was given cow's milk. Not may sign fairly straight forward to us, but this was in the days before pasteurization, so that was actually quite risky and she'd lost her second son. So this was a very anxiety provoking situation. Montgomery actually experienced severe problems with her mental health. She had depression, brought up white by dealing with motherhood on her husband's major depressive illness, which had an impact on the whole family. And 19, she had some problems with their physical health. She in fact nearly died from Spanish flu. And around that time, Spanish flu killed between 5,000 million people worldwide. Her best friend, Frederica Campbell McFarland Friday, sadly died of the Spanish flu, which was a horrible blow from Montgomery. She felt that her husband had been pretty much indifferent to your illness on she considered divorcing him, which was a big deal. In those days, there was only a couple of 100 divorces and the whole of Canada every year it was something that was socially just not done, although she decided in the end it was her Christian JD to try and make the marriage work. Started to feel guilty a bite. Her support for the First World War. And her diary became fill of a character called the piper, quite reminiscent of the Pied Piper of Hamelin, who of course lad the children away. So the piper starts ICT as being a sort of noble figure, leading the young man to war, playing Scott's war songs on the bag pipes. And a sort of romantic figure, he turns into something darker. And the figure of the piper appears in Rambo valley, part of the series published in 1919, umbrella of angle side, also part of the adversaries published in 1921. And it's this figure that inspires on son Walter to enlist with the Canadian expeditionary force. Mcdonald's illness around this time wasn't getting any battery. And he started to believe that he and his family were not among the elect. And other words that they weren't cold to have an bet they would be damned for eternity when they died and he began to tell his family that their souls were lost. So his illness, the cam, difficult for the family to manage on his behavior badly affected Montgomery's ON mental health of depression. And she wished that chant married someone else. She said that she wished she had never married, but she wished she'd married. Someone else. That kind of reminds me her situation of something a friend once said to me many years ago, that it's better to be on the shelf that end the wrong cupboard. And unfortunately, Montgomery, very much upon herself, trapped in an unfortunate cupboard. She wrote off a letter from some pathetic 10-year-old in New York who implored me to send her my photo because she wonders what I look like. Well, if she had a picture of me and my old dress wresting with the furniture this morning, casting the ashes and clunkers, she would die of disillusionment. I shall center our print of my last photo in which I sat and 3-OPT inspiration apparently up my desk with pen in my hand and gone of lists and soap hair. So Amen, quite possible woman of no kin, whatever to the dusty ash covered Cinderella of the Florida seller. This was a problem that but gum MRI was starting to have that her public image, the public perception of her on the perception of her Raiders was very difficult, was very different from her real life. People weren't picking up on the fines. The in her real life, she really was starting to be in trouble. Writing was really her solace during this periods. And she actually believed that the depression she was suffering on the migrants that she had were brought up by her repressed romantic passions and that Harmon lizards haunting her on that's why she was having these symptoms. And 18-25, Reverend McDonald became estranged from his congregation when he opposed his church joining the United Church of Canada. So Montgomery's biographer, Rabia, asserts that LinkedIn liked McDonald's but loved Montgomery. She had been an asset to Macdonald and she was part of the community bear, but unfortunately, she was forced to move. In 1926, the family moved to Norval Presbyterian College and Holton hills, Ontario. And you can see a picture below all the leaky mode Montgomery memorial garden and normal. In 1934, after having been for a very long time, McDonald's finally signed himself into a sanatorium. But there was an unfortunate incident when he was released. The pharmacy give his medication to Montgomery, but unfortunately, the tablets that they gave her contained and set decide which nearly kids McDonald. And he developed paranoia, having already been quite L before this incident. So this didn't make life any easier. In 1933, montgomery published pot of silver bush, which was darker than her previous stories. And she wrote, I gave on my imagination. And Emily star, am I not for scribbling, but the girl who is more myself than any other is pot of silver Bush. A couple of years later in 1935, but dogging retired and they move to swell MSI, Ontario, at which was a suburb of Toronto. She named the heist. They bought their journeys and she began to write a byte add again. And of windy poplars appeared in 1936. In the order of raiding. It comes after out of the islands and before ads, highs of dreams who she's revisiting as sort of earlier part of the story than she'd got to. And out of angle side appeared in 1939. In 1937, she published Jn of length, lantern Hill Montgomery. He was awarded the OBA and 1935 and she was really pleased to receive this honor. Her husband did not attend the ceremony and she actually wrote on her diaries of her husband, but he had a medieval attitude to women on nothing a woman could do could merit being alert. Montgomery spoke at book fairs, clubs. I was active on the literary Circuit. She was quite upset by the outbreak of the outbreak of the Second World War. A very different reaction than when the First World War had begun. And she talked about this nightmare that has been loosed upon the world, so unfair that we should have to go through it all again. And she was absolutely terrified that Stuart, her youngest son, would be conscripted, her eldest son chest or being unwell. So she didn't think about what happened to him. And she was afraid that if Stewart was sent to war, she would lose everything. I love Wells thing. A phrase that she used conscription walls and produced. But conscript days didn't have to go abroad unless they volunteered today. So she actually tried to raise the profile of Canadian literature through the Canadian authors association thought male, avant garde Canadian writers such as Philip growth FOR skulls on rabid canister, look dine on the CIA because of the percentage of its membership that was female. And for promoting the work of writers such as Montgomery, him they considered null a serious writer. So enter arrestingly. And ironically, I think for non Canadians, if you were to say name a Canadian writer, the first writer he comes to mind really is LM Montgomery, perhaps Margaret outwards in the modern age. And of course Michael dot j is. Residents in Canada. So Canada has produced some very intellectual writers. I'm I'm not in any way saying that lease evolved. Montgomery wasn't an intellectual. That she's kind of associated with Candida in the same way as maple leaves. And most, you know, I remember going to the tourist shop at Niagara Falls. I'm coming arts with a set of the adverts. You know, there's something in her writing which reminds things, which reminds people of the things they love about Canada when they visited. The sense of community, the sense of humor. They all inspiring beauty of the natural environment. Montgomery's last diary entry was on March the 23rd, 1942. And it reads, my life has been how, how, how my mind is gone, everything in the world I live for is gone. The world is God mad. I should be driven to end my life. Oh God, forgive me. Nobody dreams of what my awful position is. Nobody dreams of what my awful position as she felt alone, she felt isolated. She felt that people weren't realizing, HI BOB, things. Where for her. In the last year of her life, Montgomery wrote the ninth and final and buck, the lives are quoted, which included 15 stories, some of which had previously been published, but they were revised to include on and her family as peripheral characters plus 41 poem's ascribes. And her son Walter, who was killed in World War One. And the manuscript was actually delivered to the publisher on the day of Montgomery's death, but it wasn't published in its entirety until 2009, and I have no idea why that should be. And it was published in 2009 by Viking Canada. They, Sebald Montgomery McDonald died on April the 24th, 1942 because given on her death certificate was Carne re thromboses. But the true cause may actually have been suicide note was fine by her bad, which said, make God forgive me. And I hope everyone else will forgive me, even if they cannot understand. My position is too awful to endure on nobody realizes it. While an ad to a life in which I tried always to do my best. It's just so sad when you think about this young girl walking in nature on Prince Edward Island, experiencing the flash and carefree with a real sense of the future I had of her that she, she ended her life and such unhappiness. There was awake at the Green Gables farm highest on that a burial at Cavendish community cemetery and Cavendish and Prince Edward Island. Montgomery's most beloved works are the BICS within the ion of Green Gables series. And as I record this, Netflix are currently showing on with an explain the eighth thing. Actually, the character of an Shirley believes that ad and spout a and n is prosaic and boring, whereas it's more romantic as she calls it with an a. And she has this idea of things being romantic. She loves Tennyson, she loves niche, or she has this vivid imagination, and that's one of the many qualities that we continue to love, a bite the character. So in the first book of the series and out of Green Gables, they, middle aged brother and sister, Monte Barilla Cuthbert, how the farm on Prince Edward Island called Green Gables. And they need some help with US farm. So they sent to an orphanage for a boy to come and help them on the farm. But by mistake, a girl ascent on that girl is the RAD Haddad, who is a big personality. They have to learn to adopt to her. She's got to learn to adapt to life on Prince Edward Island, which she does and she makes friends. And there are some wonderful adventures within the novel is a great callback moments, for example, when on, on her friend Diana drink what they think is cordial, but it turns out to be alcohol. This completely horrifies Diana's mother who forbids him from saying on for some time, which is heartbreaking to time. She smacks her future husband, Gilbert, BE life across the head with a miniature blackboards with her tablet in school because he refers to her as carrots. She's a very feisty character and often in scripts. And also it has one of the more tragic moments from most of our childhood literature, which is the death of Matthew Cuthbert, sorry, it's a bit of a spoiler. But the book very much finds its way into the hearts of its early ridership on, I would say it's quite common that when especially girls get to the point where they can rage that members of their family will buy them the handbooks I know as soon as I could read and primary skill that I started being bolt the AMD books. It's almost like a rite of passage. I'm part of childhood for young women to rate these bricks. And there's no reason why young man or man of any edge rate them also and added evenly, the second book, her adventures continue. And we see more of that delightful community of avidly which has both its pros and cons and its characters such as the local gossip rich lend to, has an opinion on absolutely everything and on the island and does something amazing, g goes off and gets herself odd-degree. She's educated. That was something I loved about the character. When I was a child. She was bright and she hadn't imagination, and she was going to pursue that. She was going to go off and get her degree and actually know all of the characters. Roger, understand her doing this, but are quite proud of her. Lyn says to her as part of a conversation, I wouldn't know. I'm I'm not a BA, but the inferences, she's actually very proud that the ad is gone off and gotten this degree, which was about Coleman for women at the time. And out of Wendy poplars, which you'll notice it's written in 1936. She becomes a teacher and a place called Wendy poplars. And in the UK when I read it as a child, the title was on of Wendy willows. So you'll notice that it was written in 1936, whereas the next book in the series and reading order was written in 1917. Montgomery did go back and revisit part of the stories and revisit to points and the story, sorry. And as host of dreams, she marries Gilbert Blythe at last, she's been writing love letters all the way through. When the poplars and they move into their first home together, she makes friends and her new community. And very sadly, her first child as stillborn. And and that was something that had happened to Montgomery herself. So she said that pot of silver Biche was the character most like car. We can't see elements of Montgomery's own life running through the stories ands love of Prince Edward Island and of nature. Her education, her teaching, her marriage was possibly a lot happier them at galleries ONE and on of Angle Side continues the story of ads family. You can see it was written in 1939 and NGO side is the home that she moves entity with Gilbert and on where her family grew up on out of angle side becomes a little bit more up by ads children on her family. Rainbow valley, published in 1919. And Rayleigh of angle side, rela as ABS daughter named after Morella who brought her up, Merlot Cuthbert, of course. And then of course the lives are coated, which wasn't published until 2009. And it's, the blue-eyed family are peripheral characters, but it's still very much part of the Adam Green Gables series. And add is a wonderful and delightful character. And it is a children's book. It's certainly not dark and tone. It's very Well. I would describe it as lovable. As I mentioned before. It sort of presents the best of Canada. The sense of community, the sense of humor, and the beauty of the natural environment, especially of Prince Edward Island. If you didn't read this when you were a child, if for some reason that experience bypass Jew, I, I'm actually jealous of you because you have the potential of having the experience of, of reading this with fresh eyes completely afresh. And I hope that that's something that you'll consider day. 68. Margaret Atwood: After talking a by l m and gum MRI, it seems natural to move on to talk about the contemporary Canadian writer Margaret Atwood. He also has a lot to say, I buy a position of women in society and women as writers. So I've mentioned here speculative fiction, politics, and history, not speculative fiction differs from science fiction. And science fiction is a byte on a margins world. Outward to herself would say, although in some of her works it is a fictional world, it's not something that could conceivably happen. Hence, she prefers the term speculative fiction. She also as interested in gender politics and in history. As we'll see. Margaret Atwood was born on November the 18th, 1939. She's a poet and novelist, a literary critic and academic and teacher and essayist and environmental activists on, I did not know this until recently. App inventor. She's published it teen books of poetry, it teen novels, 11 non-fiction books, nine collections of short stories onto graphic novels. So she's been pretty busy and she has received numerous literary awards, including winning the Booker prize twice. She flowing into the Griffin poetry prize on Writers Trust of Canada. So like LM Montgomery, she's very interested in promoting Canadian literature and actually in defining Canadian literature and certain points in her career. She invented the long panned device. Remember we said She was the inventor and other technologies which facilitate remote robotic writing of documents. Margaret Atwood was born on autopilot and Ontario to call Edmund outward, who wasn't entomologist. In other words, he studied and sex Margaret Dorothy NYC hilum, who was a dietitian on nutritionist. And because of her father's research into insects, she spent much of her childhood and the backwards of Northern Quebec on the environment as a big concern of hairs on comes across in her writing, but, but she has a concern about the destruction of the environment. She began writing plays and poems at the edge of only six. But she didn't actually attend school with no time until she was 12 when she attended Lee Side High School and lay side Toronto and she graduated in 1957. She read Tao pocketbook stories are popular fiction of the time. Grimms, Fairy Tales, Canadian animal stories on comic books. Nothing wrong with good comic. Atwood decided she wanted to write professionally at the edge of ODE 16, she had this goal again, there's, there's kind of like a parallel with Montgomery there. She studied at Victoria College, the University of Toronto, where she published poems and articles and the college general octave Victoria data on participated in the theatrical bulb comedy review. She studied under the myth of Hayek poet James McPherson. And with the poet means a poet who talks about philosophical and spiritual issues in the symbolism of their poetry. And she also studied onto the literary critic Northrop Frye. So she went old manner to write a byte Canadian literature on high, Canadian literature could be defined in some of our thinking, comes from Northrop Frye. In 1961, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts honors degree in English with minors and philosophy and French. She went to Woodrow Wilson scholarship to study at Radcliffe College at Harvard University and of course, the hominids tail as set and Boston. So she completed a Master of Arts in 1962 a, and that she pursued doctoral studies for two years others, she didn't end up finishing her doctorate. Her dissertation topic was the English metaphysical robots. In 1968, she married an American writer, Jim poke vase oddly divorced in 1973, and she then started a relationship with a Canadian novelist, Graham Gibson. And their dolt or Eleanor jazz outward Gibson was born in 1976. Things were going well in her career. In 1961, she had published her first poetry collection, double Persephony. Persephony I, of course, Queen of the Underworld and great anthology. And that won her the EJ Pratt metal. So it was a pretty remarkable debut. From 1964 to 1965, she was a lecturer and English at the University of British Columbia and Vancouver. Unlike a lot of academics, she had to move it by a lot to places where have their reposts available. So from 1967 to 68, she was an instructor and English atmosphere George Williams University in Montreal. And from 1969 to 1970, she taught at the University of Alberta. Outward continued to write while she was teaching. And in 1966, he published the poetry collection, the circle game, which won her the prestigious Governor General's Award, which was an honor and the arts. And that was followed by more poetry collections, kaleidoscope Baraka poem in 1965, talismans for children, also in 1965, speeches for Dr. Frankenstein in 1966 and the animals in that country in 19661969, she published her first novel, The edible woman. And that really covered a lot of the issues that she would talk about throughout her career. It was a satire dealing with North American consumerism. And it focused on issues affecting women. From 1971 to 72, she taught at York University in Toronto. And in the academic year, 1972 to three, she was writer in residence at the University of Toronto. In the 19 seventies, she published six collections of poetry. The journals have Suzanna, MMR, procedures for underground power politics. Are you happy? Selected Poems, 1965 to 1975 on two had a poems. And also in the 19 seventies, she published three novels, surfacing, Liddy, Oracle, and life before man. So her work continue to explore things of identity, social constructions of gender, nationhood on sexual politics. In 1977, her first short story collection, dancing girls. While the Saint Lawrence Award for literature on the periodical distributors of Canada Award for short fiction. In 1974, she published an important nonfiction work called survival I thematic Guide to Canadian literature. It has been academically superseded at this point, but it was a sort of pivotal text and Canadian Studies. And she saw this theme of survival as being central to Canadian literature. And the third was a kind of victim oppressor element going on. And Canadian literature, sometimes it was human beings and that role, sometimes it was the natural environments that had to be survived. But she saw this is that the key theme that tidal lot of Canadian literature together. In 1981, she published the novel bodily harm. And it's about a journalist who is a survivor of breast cancer. He travels to an island to write an article on there happens to be an uprising on the island. She tells herself she's going to remand non-partisan, a non-political, but she falls in love with one of the leaders of the uprising. In 1985, she published what is still probably her most famous work. You may be aware that it's been a TV series recently. I'm sure you are. The haunt me heads, tail. It's actually also being a movie and in the past, and it's also been an opera, so it's been adopted at many times for the screen. So Bahamas tail won the Arthur C Clarke Award and the Governor General's award, and it was shortlisted for the Booker prize. She described with a speculative fiction, which we've explained before, rather than science fiction saying there as a precedent in real life for everything in the book, I decided not to put an anything that somebody somewhere hadn't done. So it is described as desktop in the novel is a byte, a theocratic, theocratic regime which has overthrown the US government. And though it is of course fictional, she is saying that the kind of events that are depicted in the novel have happened in the world, in some places. So it can't really be called science fiction. Despite her literary success, she still continued with her day job academic teaching. In 1985, she was honorary chair at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa and the USA. In 1986, she was barred professor of English at New York University. In 1987, she was rider and residents at Macquarie University in Australia. In 1989, she was right her and residents at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas. So she went back to the states for that. And she sad that success for me meant no longer having to teach at university. Nih, having told it university myself, I can kinda see what she means. You'll notice that she's moving a by a lot. She did have a young daughter and she'd always wanted to be a writer, you know, that was her primary go. In 1993, she published a novel, robber bright. And in 1996 she published a novel, Alias Grace. And that was a fictionalized, a kind of 10-34 murders of Thomas can err and his housekeeper, Nazi Montgomery. So her, her knowledge of history coming to play here. Grace Marks, who was a household servants on James McDonald, Dharma up to where it convicted of the crimes. So Grace Marks is very much the villain of the piece on, when questioned about whether or not that was a feminist thing today you, she basically said, well, if you don't have female characters here, villains, you're not really showing the whole range of humanity. In 2 thousand, she published The Blind Assassin and it won the Booker prize. I'm Mohamad prize, which was a prize for crime fiction. Not I haven't embarrassing admission hair shouldn't be telling you this, but I'd got the Blind Assassin. I got a paperback copy of it. As you know, pretty much as soon as it came, I am 20 years have passed and I've walked past it many times and I picked it up many times, and I have yet to rate it. In fact, one of my friends asked me every Christmas, have you read The Blind Assassin yet? So please, please please post in the Q and a of this video on plague me with questions about whether or not I've read The Blind Assassin until I've actually done this because I have every hope, but it's a brilliant book and it's really not good. So in 2003, she published RX and CREAC, the first novel in them, madam series. And that was followed by the year of the Flood and 2009, I'm mad Adam in 2013. And it's an apocalyptic tale, a bite, things that are in the public consciousness and our edge, genetic modification, pharmaceutical on corporate control, on manmade disaster. So the environment, very much an important issue. And her work, she wrote that although mad Adam is a work of fiction, it does not include any technologies or bio beings that do not already exist, are not under construction or are not possible in theory. So outwards and her writing is not given to wild flights of fantasy. She would say that her work is fiction, that there is a basis and fact or basis and possibility for the events that she describes. In 2005, she published the novella, The Penelope ad, which tells the story of the Odyssey it from the perspective of Penelope, the wife of Odysseus. And the 12th plasmids martyred on Odysseus's order at the end of the Odyssey. So you may recall from reading The Odyssey bat, these meds had been lovers of the soldiers have Penelope who were eating the thalami, I'd apply send home. So this was seen as a sign of treachery as well as unjust a day. And so. Odysseus has them all executed. That is a story that Moglen Miller also refers to in her book Cersei. In fact, Cersei, Penelope out and the red tents by Anita diamonds, which is a retelling of a biblical story from a female perspective. All form that this modern thread of taken really ancient tales that are predominantly from a male perspective. And switching it to the female perspective, which tells us something about how attitudes towards women are changing. So a theatrical production of the Penelope add followed in 2007. In 2016, she published a novel, hag CES-D, which is a retelling of Shakespeare's The Tempest and bad only last year because I'm recording this in 202008, she published the testaments, which is the sequel to the hot mids Taylor, and it was joint winner of the 2019 Booker prize. Work is frequently referred to as feminist, and it's definitely been of interest to feminist critics, although she herself has expressed a certain amount of discomfort around the term feminists saying, I always want to know what people mean by that word. Some people mean it quite negatively. Other people mean it quite positively. Some people mean it in a broad sense. Other people made it in a specific sense. Therefore, in order to answer the question, are you a feminist? You have to ask the Carson. She came under fire for supporting former University of British Columbia Professor Steven Galloway, who was accused of sexual harassment and assault by a student. She had actually signed a petition in support of him and her signature was discovered and it raised a bit of a discussion. But she responded that what she supported was jus process in the legal system, a person shouldn't just be taken dawn on the basis of an accusation. She was also criticized for calling the me too movement a symptom of a broken legal system. I think this quote really sums up her ideals and her thinking about the role of women. When she was honored by the women's rights organization, equality NIH in 2018. She said, I am of course not a real activist. I am simply a writer with a job who has frequently asked to speak about subjects that would get people with jobs fired at. They themselves spoke, I hope people who gave Equality Now I lots and lots of money today. They can write equal laws and act equal laws and say that equal laws are implemented that way in time, all girls may be able to grow up believing that there are no avenues that are close to them simply because they are girls. And she actually partnered with equality NIH for the release of the Testaments. Talk about her most famous work, The Hunt mids tail. As we've heard before, it was actually published in 1985, but yet it was the most read book of 2017. And that tells you something about the power of TV. Around the time that it was written. It was during the Reagan administration in the US. And there was that the whole family values movement at the time and outward felt that what she had written walls, the sort of ultimate conclusion of some of those way of thinking, which he called it the logical conclusion of some of those arguments that were being put forward at the time. Although others of us might see it as what would happen if there was an extremist, an extremist way of, of looking at the kind of family values that were being pushed in the 19 eighties. And strangely enough, I read it in the 19 nineties, it was relevant band. And of course, it's still relevant lie on the TV version has of course, purposefully targeted some of the political issues of our day. Nine. There have been some accusations pitched against Margaret Atwood for the hotbeds tail. One being that she's anti-American. Because in the book, all the trouble is happening in America and Canada as the place she go to escape from. Shape doesn't really see it like that. It's set in America because of America's sort of cultural role in the world. So it's set in a fictional totalitarian states which has overthrown the US government on, she actually said this kinda theocratic state that we say in the hot maids tail, but the closest re-live country that she can think of to that as Afghanistan rather than the US. But there, there are elements all over the world of the kind of behavior that are in this novel according to her. So the title of the novel, the haunt me heads tail, obviously harks back to Chaucer on the Canterbury Tales, where we have the wife of baths tail, we have The Knight's Tale, We have the partners tail. So She's kind of making us think of something. Maddie, evil. I'm an antiquated way of thinking, even though this to this totalitarian state that she speaks off, it is meant to be in the future. It says it's a dystopian future. In the novel. The title also refers to the biblical Bella, who was the hunt mid, of Rachel. And Rachel actually give Bill hat to her husband Jacob because ritual was in fertile lands. It was gonna be bill House job to conceive on her behalf so she could have a family with Jacobs. So that's the kind of origins of the title. The plot goes something like this. The President of the United States is killed and the US government is overthrown by an extremist religious grape called the sons of Jacob. They install a military dictatorship, which enforces a very specific interpretation of the Old Testament on the population as the new social model. Women are really the worst affected by this new society. They're not lied to read, write ONE property, handled money, or control their reproductive functions. So as this Coleman and outwards novels that the environment is obviously a big issue. Radiation and pollution have created fertility crisis. And the narrator of the novel offer ads is one of the few fertile women remaining. So she becomes what's referred to as mid, a woman whose role it is to produce children for the commanders who are the ruling class of man. And the novel, women dress according to their roles in society. It's almost like wearing a uniform. So hat may ads where rad with the white head covering. So as you can see on the cover of the book here, the commanders wives who are the highest step, the pecking order and female society anyway, they wear blue. The amps who train the hot mids where brine. And actually if you watched the first episode of the TV show, Margaret Atwood's actually has a cameo as an attempt. And the Martha's are kicks and mids and they wear grain on the econo lives here, the wives of the lower ranking man dress and blue, red and green stripes. Unmarried girls dress and white, and widows and black. So there is this concept of the ceremony, which is when the hotbeds, the commanders have sex, the wife of the commander is present because she's meant to be part of this that, you know, like the child is technically meant to be. Whereas if a child is conceived, So the wife was always meant to be there and part of it, because they don't want the haunt mids and the commanders actually forming relationships. But thoughts, what happens, Fred ticks and interests and all Fred, this name, all Fred itself. It's not the original name of the character is not her breath name. It's all fred, like she's belonging to bread. So he actually play Scrabble with her, with artists wife and you know, they, they form this independent relationship which is actually a legal and that society. He ends up taking her to a brothel called jazzy bells. And there she meets her runaway friend, whom we met in various flashbacks called Moira, who is working there as a prostitute. And that's basically a punishment. Women who refused to conform are punished by being made to work as prostitutes and jazzy bells or by cleaning up toxic waste. So often learns from her friend, often of a grape called the May Day resistance here, a grape trying to undermine an overthrow, Geliebte. Although her friends off Grand, who's part of this grape, is eventually reported as us suicide. Although that's not like they tip being the trade calls of her death. So Serena, who is the commanders wife who's frequently quite crew to offer at suspects. The commander, brad isn't fertile and so sets up a relationship with his personal servant, Nick and offer that he actually enjoys their liaisons. That makes her a bit guilty because of the husband she left behind before she was basically abducted and made to live in and Gilliam, she was married and she had a daughter. And her daughter has also been kidnapped into the Gilly ad society. So she, she feels guilty, but she enjoys the human contact. So Serena finds evidence of the relationship between all Fred and the commander. Eventually, this actually causes all Fred to contemplate suicide. Either. Reptiles, Nick, she is pregnant. So near the end, the secret police arrive to take her way, get the secret police are referred to as the eyes of God or the eyes. And it's not clear whether the people who come in the van to take her away are actually the eyes because they could they be Mayday resistance operatives in disguise? All Fred content this point tau, if Nick is a Mayday member or maybe Hayes and I posing as a Mayday member. So when she gets since the band, we're not really sure what's happening to her. It could mean either escape or capture. The novel then concludes with a Mehta fictional epilogue. So we talked about it, metafiction though prologues before. So basically, this epilogue and academic is discussing all Fred's tips and what he refers to as the Gilly ad period. It's like a historian looking back on this period of time. But he cracks a sexist joke. I'm not basically tells the reader that, you know, the kind of issues that the novel is talking about have not changed and so still exist in the future. I would actually dedicated the handmade its tail to marry Webster, who was a Puritan ancestor all outwards, who was accused of witchcraft, but she escaped tang. So she has been accused on, and you could see why this would be a sort of anti religious stance on, surely, if she's trying to promote feminism of the rights of women, it is patronizing to women who happened to embrace a faith, to say that they choose to live in this kind of repressive society, but that's not high outward sees it at all. She had studied American puritanism on, she doesn't view it as, you know, that they were going to America to say religious freedom. In her view, they were trying to establish a theocracy which could have ended up being quite repressive. But she really counters accusations of being generally opposed to religion as opposed to discussing the extremes of puritanism by saying, I denote, consider these people to be Christian because they do not have at the core of their beliefs and behavior, what I and my feeble Canadian way would say as being the core of Christianity. And that would be not only to love your neighbors, but to love your enemies. And that would include also concern for the environment because you can't love your neighbor or even your enemy unless you love your neighbors. Oxygen, food, and water. Of course, faith can be a force for good and often has been, particularly when people are beleaguered on a native Hope. You can also have the iteration in which people have got too much par and start abusing it. But that is human behavior. So you can't play at dawn to religion. You can find the same in any par, situations such as politics or ideologies which purport to be atheist need I mentioned the former Soviet Union. So it is not really a question of religion making people behave badly. It is a question of human beings getting par and then wanting more, all of that. So what she's really railing against is totalitarianism and the removal of rights. 69. Other Noteworthy English Language Writers revised 2: there are few amazing authors we just haven't had time to talk about in this course. So here's just some honorable mention. Edgar Allan Poe. I'm really sorry. I should have mentioned him and the American literature section. It was really remiss. He is really the equivalent of the English Matthew Gregory Lewis. He writes that kind of Gothic horror, the most famous piece of which is the long poem the Rev. In both the River Nevermore. The Simpsons actually did an episode, a Halloween episode where they quoted most of the Raven. Margaret Atwood, the Canadian writer, of course, much in the public consciousness at the moment because of the Handmaid's tale being made into a TV series. She also wrote a novel called The Blind Assassin, which is really worth reading. And while we're on the topic off, Canadian writers Ella Montgomery and most girls during their childhood will read the Anne of Green Gables books, which are warm and funny, un relatable. To this day, Nevil shoots a time like Alice, which is about women in a president of war camp during World War Teoh, very moving book. Neville Shute, of course, is an Australian writer. Th white. And here is one of my favorite books of all time, The Once and Future King. Published in the 19 fifties. It's really looking at a mid 20th century perspective on the our theory in legend, and in it Merlin is living backwards in time. He's been born in the 20th century and going back to the medieval times. It makes some serious points, but it's written with warmth on humor. Sri Lankan born Michael on Daci wrote the ultimate post modern novel, The English Patient, which is a novel on the movie, which people either love or hit. It's very much based on stream of consciousness. It doesn't have a linear structure on. It focuses on some very post modern things, like the ideas of things that divide us like, say, nationality. On the gist of the story is that Almasy, as we see on the cover here, is mistaken for being German during the Second World War. Although he is in fact Hungarian on, that influences the way that people trait him. Joseph Conrad, his most famous work being Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad Waas Polish, and he was a modernist writer. I didn't include him in the modernism section because I was focusing on the Bloomsbury group. But if you are interested in modernism, Joseph Conrad would be a pretty important figure to investigate. On this is his seminal work. George Orwell, 1984 Animal Farm, Middle lot off political points tended to focus on the idea of a dystopian future. 1984 is, of course, a classic classic novel. 70. Australian Literarure: Henry Savery: In this video, we're going to talk about Henry savory. He may not be Australia's most famous novelist, but he is arguably the first Australia novelist. And I would like to thank the National Museum of Australia for the useful information they provided, which helped to create this video. Henry savory lived from 1791 to 1842. He was a convict and arguably Australia's first novelist. We'll find out why that's arguable, literal. His works are significant for their historical value rather than their literary merits. That seems to be the consensus. He was born on the fourth of August, 1791 and Somerset in England, the son of a wealthy banker, he married a lady called Elizabeth Elliot Oliver, the daughter of a loved one businessman. So very middle-class existence at this point. Their only son was born in 1816. He was actually quite unsuccessful in business. He had a sugar refining business which left him bankrupt. And his newspaper at the Bristol observer lasted for only two years. After that, he returned to sugar refining with catastrophic results financially. So unfortunately, he took up crime. He didn't admit to his partner that he had over extended the firms Credit and he began forging those of credit, which eventually totaled around 30 thousand pounds. And I'm not too sure what that is in today's money, but a lot of money. His partner alerted the authorities when hip skull ANDed with 1500 pints. He was arrested on the ninth of December, 1824. He'd actually but a ship to take him to America to try and Runaway. And I'm beyond the lab, but he jumped off the boat and ended up being arrested and present. His behavior was so erotic that his trial had to be postponed. On the second of April 18-25. He pleaded guilty to the charges on was sentenced to hang on the 22nd of April, but influential friends were successful and having his sentence commuted to transportation. And this was only a day before his plans execution did. In August 18-25, he left England forever on a ship called the Medway with a 171 other convex ship packed CFO with a journey that lasted months. It would not have been pleasant. I didn't Hobart and what was then known as bound demons lands, now known as Tasmania, at the end of 18-25. And there he entered the service of the kernel treasurer at NIH. The local press were not happy about this. They didn't fail it convex should be given government posts. And the issue was actually used to embarrass the left-hand at Governor George Arthur, who had to explain himself to the British government. And in retaliation for this, the administration and Hobart ordered that all salaries, possessions be auctioned in 1820. It, so he's a controversial figure right from the off. Also in 1828, his wife and son joined him. The arguments between savory and Eliza where so bad, so bad that it led to his attempted suicide. Nih. Each of them have their own points of grievance. Savory may have been annoyed that there were rumors concerning allies, his behavior with her chaperone, who was the Attorney General on her journey from England. And she may have been angry that he had exaggerated his position and the colonies and the letters he had written her. Within three months of allies as a rival, savory was imprisoned for debt, and Eliza took their son back to England, and they never met again. While he was in prison. He wrote sketches of people and activities in the colony and these were published in the colonial times. Now, one of the subjects of these sketches actually took a loss it, and which was taken against the publisher rather than against savory himself. But when that was all resolved, they were published as one volume, the Hermite and Van demons land, which was published in 1829. And they were published under the pseudonym Simon strictly as a combat could be sent to the drag at Macquarie harbor for publishing, writing it, it was something that convex just weren't allied to. Do. We know the state of race authorship though G2 and note, and Henry Melville's call banned. Henry Melville walls, his publisher. After he got either President savory, it was assigned to the high-skilled of major huge Macintosh, who was one of the founders of cascade prairie. They were on friendly terms and celebrate managed long farm for him whilst writing Australia's novel or it's extensible. First novel, Quintus 17, a tail founded upon incidence of rail occurrence, which was published anonymously in 1831. Night. It is considered to be not only Australia, but the Antipodes first published novel, but it's arguable because Mary Lehman grim stones, womans love having written in Hobart between 182629, but it wasn't published in Australia. It was published in London. So Quintus Darlington receive fairly good reviews in the colonial press. Save raise authorship was pretty much a public secrets and it was actually referred to the ticket of late, he was granted in 1832 and a ticket of leave granted a convex certain freedoms that they had previously been denied. These freedoms were short-lived Thai ever, as they were revoked due to his writing for the newspaper, the Tasmanian. But this suspension of his writing was later relaxed when it was fine to be the pretext for embarrassing and trying to harm the reputation of the Governor General. So George Arthur, whom we talked about earlier on, first Barron at Arthur, who was an office during the Black War, which was a campaign against Aboriginal Tasmanians. In his later years, savory was granted a provisional part and so it looked like all was going well. But in 1840, he was once again caught forging bells and was sentenced to transportation. And the magistrate who tried him was the same magistrate who had chaperones his wife. You remember there have been rumors, a byte, the Attorney General and his wife. So if you'd already Bain transported on you got sentenced to transportation a second time. Where could they Sanjay while they sent him to a place called Port Arthur, which was not a charming plans by any stretch of the imagination. A notorious prison where he died in 1842, possibly due to having cut his own throat. And he's buried on the aisle of the dad, which is off the coast of the present. You can see a photograph to the right of his grave. There are no surviving pictures of savory. So this is really all we have to remember him by. The savory national Short Story Award honors him. And there are actually streets named after him in Canberra and in Victoria. Let's talk about his novel, Quintus servants than a tail funded a poem, incidence of rail occurrence. And by incidents of real occurrence, he means his own life. It is a sort of fictionalized autobiography. It's also a morality tale on a portrayal of convict life. Now what's interesting is that printing presses hot arrived on some of the earliest chips from England. But they were mostly used for government documents. And this was the first time that one of the printing presses in the colonies, having used to publish a novel. And the novel tells the story of Quintus 7-10. He's future troubles are predicted by a fortune teller before his birth at then follows his life as he goes to boarding skill and he then runs a business. He then becomes a forger. And he then ends up transported called vect. At what's interesting is Quintus as Latin for fifth and savory was the fifth surviving child and his family and servants wasn't old family name. So that's why it was a public secret that he was the author. He lacked some clays and their reviews, as I mentioned before, we're okay. You know, they were decent. No one was saying he was a genius. But our review and the spectator in 1832 said, We can say truly that that is an affecting story at times, even powerfully written and full of curious details on those curious details that make it worth reading. It didn't actually make as much money from sales as savory would have hoped. But nonetheless, as an historical artifact, it's well worth reading. 71. Jeannie Gunn: Genie gun lived a very long life and she only wrote abides a very short period were then That long life. But it was very much a period worth writing a byte. Jeannie gun OBA lived from 1878 to 1961. She wrote under the name Mrs. Aneas gun, and she was a novelist, a teacher, are returned on services lake volunteer as well. And that means that she had an octave and trust and currently serving and returned military personnel, especially during and after the First World War. She was born on the fifth of Jane it teens nafta in Carlton and Melbourne. And she was the youngest of five children born to Thomas Jonathan Taylor, who was a Baptist minister, who then went into business. And he also wrote for the Melbourne newspaper, Argus, and it was considered the general Australian newspaper of record of the period. Janie was educated at home, and she then attended Melbourne University. Then she and her sisters ran a skill from 1889 to 1896. After that, she became a visiting teacher. In 1901, she married this dashing young man, a Nye's Jim's gun, who was unexplored or a pastoralist On a journalist. So her life was applied to get quite exciting. They traveled to Palmerston's, which is known as Darwin in 1902. And they went van write 2p has called out say, which was an outlying cattle station on the rubber River. In 1903, very sadly, her husband died. And after such a short marriage, jenny returned to live in Melbourne and you do field g2 ads, I think even more than a century later when you read that. Friends encouraged her to write, and in 1903, she published the little black princess, true tale of life and never, never land nearby, never, never-never land. She's not talking about Peter Pan. That is not a J Barry reference. She's talking about living in the wilds of Australia. So this book was the story of bet bat, who was a little Aboriginal girl who had taken refuge with gun while she was an LC and 19020 for a little while, she revise the story to tell us what happened next bet, bet. In 1909. In 1908, she published way of the never, never. It was billed as a novel, but it was really a true depiction of her time and the northern territories where she'd just changed the names to mask people's identities. By 1990, million copies of the book had been sold. During World War one. Janie gown became octave and work for Australia and service personnel overseas. And she campaigned for the welfare of returning servicemen after the war. She never published another novel, but she did publish short stories, a byte characters from her earlier works. So she always stayed and her imagination and that sort of two-year period of her life and her marriage. In 1939, she was awarded the OBA, the Order of the British Empire on national honor for her advocacy work for service personnel. And she died and Hawthorne in 1961. So let's talk a little bit about we of the never-never. You can see on the cover here this beautiful picture of the Australian landscape. And basically the novel is regarded as a significant precursor to the 130s landscape writers in Australia. By the time it was published in 1908, Australia was significantly urbanized. So the book provided symbols from nature that mid Australia a unique place to be because they ecology of Australia is pretty much unique in the world. I mean, I think we're all fascinated by its landscape and also by the variety of animals. You know, it's something that has fascinated both locals and visitors for a very, very long time. So she wrote in the book, Man on a few women still lived heroic lives in rhythm with the Gallup Baba horse. So having been raised in an urban setting and Melbourne, she'd gone to Melbourne University. She finds herself in this relatively wild place and it clearly had a huge impact on her penguins new literary history of Australia, called the book a minor masterpiece of Australia letters. So interestingly, the book was actually referred to during the judging of a land claim in 1991 when they were trying to establish who wear the traditional owners of the land of LC capital station. So as I said, Well, some novel but actually a lot of what she describes happened in real life. If you have an interest in Australia and its writers and its landscape, it's definitely a good book to read. 72. Conclusion: congratulations on getting to the end of the course. There's been a lot of reading involved, a lot of hard work, so very well done. I hope you've enjoyed it on that. You'll feel free to get in contact with me if you have any crashed into bidet. There's some suggestions for further rating and some interesting documentaries. Attached is a dime notable resource to this video. So once again, thank you very much. I hope to see you again on another course.