Children's Literature: How Children's Books Made Our Childhoods Magical

1. Introduction: Hello and welcome so much to this course on children's literature. I hope that you're ready to jump into that rabbit hole, walk through that wardrobe and bind yourself and the wonderland, that is children's literature. This is pretty much a course for adults about children's literature. It's not specifically made for children, or there are some parts of it that may be suitable for children, but parental guidance suggested for this course. I imagine that you are here because you loved reading as a child. And we're going to rediscover the magic of what you wrapped, but we're going to look at it a little bit more critically than perhaps you did as a child. So doing, we're going to discover a little bit about the history of writing for children and social changes influence children's writing, but also that were impacted by children's writing. So I hope that you're looking forward to the fun of doing that. We're going to discover perhaps he'll dark little thing on the way as well. So we're going to look at fairy tales. We're going to look at nursery rhymes. We're going to look at Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll, the wind and the willows, by Kenneth Graham, The Secret Garden by Francaise halogen Burnett. The books by Alan Montgomery, Little Women books by Louisa May Alcott for works of bit tricks, Potter and Blyton and Roald Dahl. We're going to look at the Hobbit by JRR tolkien, The Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis. And we're also going to look at the Harry Potter books by JK Rowling and the Curious Incident of the Dog and the nighttime by Mark hadn't. So the course is roughly structured and chronological order, but roughly there's some overlaps between authors. And that is going to help us to go way back to the mists of time, to nursery rhymes and look at the kind of cultural means that real historical events that they communicated right the way through to something that was already written a few years ago. So having the books for the course doesn't have to be difficult and expensive. Many classics are available for free or at very low cost on Amazon. Amazon's lending library lands like things like harry Potter books, e.g. if you've never used the lending library, It's really great to your lights. Take seven books at a time, which is really well worth it. Some of the texts you can actually find online or are downloadable. The course consists of videos, but also in the resources section where there are links to various articles and interviews. And those are very much part of the course. So it is recommended that you look at the resources that are at the end of each section. So I hope you're excited to get started on. I'd have went to join you. 2. Nursery Rhymes and Explanations : You're not going to have a little bit of a walk down memory lane by reminding ourselves of some of the earliest literature we may have encountered in our lives depending on where you come from and the wild. And that often takes the form of nursery rhymes. Nursery rhymes tend to be very fanciful and sort of ICT there. They also originated life as songs and many cases not just as poetry. There are those that believed that nursery rhymes do have some basis and historical factor though it's very speculative. But we're going to hear a few nursery rhymes night, I'm talking about high. They might have sprung into being. Let's start with Mary. Mary quite contrary. It was originally entitled mistress Marry, quite contrary, but nursery rhymes do change over the edges, as I'm sure you've worked died. Mary, Mary, quite contrary, high desert garden grow with silver bells and cockle shells. I'm pretty mids all in a row. No. Who might have been the Mary of this writing? One suggestion was that she may have been this quite scary Lady. Mary, the First of England, known as Bloody Mary. She was quite famous for having executed a lot of Protestants who disagreed with her quite staunchly Catholic religious views. Hence, she was contrary. It could also have this Lady Mary, the first relation, Mary Queen of Scots. She was implicated in a Catholic plot to overthrow the Protestants. Elizabeth, the first hint, she was executed. And the silver bells and the rhyme may refer to silver Sanctus bowels, or alter bells in the Catholic faith. Georgie poor J, Georgie poor j, putting them pi, kissed the girls and made them cry when the boys came out to play, Georgie, poor J runaway, who might this have been a bite. It's definitely not a flattering depiction of someone. Well, most likely it was this guy, George the Fourth of England, who before he was king, was Prince Regent after his father, George the Third famously became mad. He was incredibly heavy. George the Fourth, not George the Third. Hence the pudding and Pi but of the rhyme, he had a 50 inch waist. Famously, this is quite a flattering portrait of him, but you didn't paint. I came to look pad. In those days, he was also quite ulcerated and considered quite unattractive. So even though he was a prince in that a king, the women who took his fancy didn't always appreciate the attention which he's sort of foisted on them. There is one story of his attending a banquet and Attenborough where he's sort of chased after the ladies. They were not too impressed and left early and apparently he never returned to Edinburgh again when the boys came to play line. Well, George the Fourth was not thought of as a very brave individual, but he was entrusted in illegal bare knuckle fighting. One oligo fistfight that he attended, someone was killed, and everyone there had to flee before the authorities arrived, whether they were a king or not. Hence the line about when the boys came out to play Georgie Pucci runaway. Now this run clearly doesn't sit well with modern sensibilities, but an awful lot of nursery rhymes don't. And they've frequently been rewritten throughout history. Little Miss Moffat, Little Miss muffin sat on a tough it, eating her cards and way along came a spider who sat down beside her and frightened Ms. Moffitt away. Little Miss Moffat sat on the top it eating her bread and jam along came a spider while she was drinking her cider, and she ran away and her shoes fell off. Last line, kind of let it down a little bit. I have to say Little Miss muffled actually did exist. This method was actually a lady called patient's, who was the stepdaughter of Dr. Thomas Moffitt, who was a famous entomologist and American parlance. He studied bugs and he had several bugs including spiders, what she kept for experimental scientific purposes. One of these, one day managed to get into the breakfast room and scare the living daylights out of patients while she was eating her breakfast. And apparently she bolted from the rim. And it has been immortalized in a poem. Jack's brat. Jack spot could eat no fat. His wife could eat no lean. And so between them both you see they licked the platter clean jacket, all the lane, joan it, all the fat, the bone. They picked it clean and give it to the cat. Now this may have been a morality tale, a tale of opposites attract basically that Jack really loves to eat the fat and his wife likes to eight lean meat. And so the two of them work out as being an effective pair. But there may be a little bit more to the history of this rhyme than that. Jack spot is taken from a 16th century English proverb. And you've probably noticed that nursery rhymes really started in England, although the French have their own. Jack strap as first alluded to by John Clark and his collection of English proverbs and sixteenths 39. Some believe it refers to Charles the First, the only king in English history to have been executed because of his disputes with parliament and his wife, Henrietta Maria, who encouraged her husband to make war on spin, but Parliament refused to pay, so she imposed on a legal tax on the people. Another theory about the rhyme is that it pretends to Prince John, Luther King John, the brother of Richard the Lionheart, who wanted to kidnap and ransom his brother. John was eventually bankrupted when Richard was held captive and France with a huge ransom of 150,000 marks. I'm not too sure what that is in modern money, but enough to pretty much bankrupt and entire kingdom. His marriage to his ambitious wife, Joan. Joan and the rhyme was annulled. He ascended the throne after Richard the first died childless. Just as a little aside, Richard the first, Richard the Lionheart, one of the greatest warriors in English history, was basically killed by a guy with a frying pan. He was besieging and unarmed castle. And this young boy used a frying pan as a shield, a bolt, which Richard fired, backfired off the frying pan and hit him and he died of an infection. Bo peep is a fine example of a morality nursery rhyme. Little Bo peep has lost her shape and doesn't know where to find them. Loan and they'll come home bringing their tails behind them. Little Bo peep fail fast asleep and drabs. She heard them bleeding. But when she awoke she find it a joke for they were all still fleeting that up. She took her little Crick determined for to find them. She fund them and date, but it made her Heartbleed for they left their tails behind them. It happened one day as Bo peep did stray into a meadow hard by their, she aspired their tails side-by-side, all hung on a tree to dry, heaved a sigh and wiped her eye. And over the helix went rambling and tried what she could as a shepherdess should to talk each again to its Lemkin. So it has that slightly dark, slightly gruesome element that children's so love of the missing tails. But also the point of the story is rather than if Bo paper hadn't fallen asleep and being a bit careless, then she wouldn't have lost her sheep. You can say to the right here, an image of Bo peep. Obviously it's an image that's much in the public consciousness. The Disney Corporation used it and Toy Story when they created one of the toys around this nursery rhyme. Little Bo peep, dates back to the 16th century in England. The first written version dates back to a manuscript did at 18:05, and it was published around 1810. There was a children's game named Bo peep, which is referenced and King Lear by Shakespeare. Like many nursery rhymes that has a moral purpose, as we mentioned before, the whole idea that the sheep wouldn't have been lost at the shepherdess had stayed awake. Because at a certain point in history, nursery rhymes were up by teaching and educating children around the 19th century. They began to be viewed a little bit more as being entertainment. For a nursery rhyme with a contentious history. Humpty Dumpty. Humpty Dumpty sat no wall. Humpty Dumpty had a great fall. All the king's horses and all the king's men couldn't put Humpty together again. He fell off the wall from the highest high, so high, he had a great fall from the highest high, high. All the king's horses and all the king's men couldn't put Humpty together again. Humpty Dumpty sat on the grind. Humpty Dumpty looked all around, gone with the chimneys and gone with a roofs. All he could say was horses hooves. He fell off the wall from the highest, high, so high, he had a great fall from the highest. Hi, hi. All the king's horses and all the king's men couldn't put Humpty together again. Several theories about this rhyme, according to historic uk.com, Humpty Dumpty was not a person at all, but a massive siege canon that was used by royalist forces, the king's men during the English Civil War, that ridge 1642-1651, during the siege of Cold Chester and 16, 48, the royalists hold Humpty Dumpty to the top of the church of St. Mary of the walls. And for 11 weeks hump day sat on the wall and blasted away at the attacking parliamentarian Ryan had troops defending the time. Humped is grateful, came when the church tar was eventually blown up by the rind heads and he couldn't be put together again as he had fallen into and subsequently have become buried deep and the surrounding marsh land without the mighty Humpty Dumpty to defend them. The King's Man, led by Sir Charles Lucas, answer George Lyle, we're saying overrun by the parliamentarian soldiers. Thomas Fairfax. On the other hand, other commentators pointed out that this version of events may have originated and a spoof poem which was written in 1956. So we honestly don't know who or what Humpty Dumpty walls. All I can say is it was unlikely that he was really an egg. 3. History of Nursery Rhymes : I think that you can learn a lot about history from nursery rhymes. Now let's talk a little bit about the history of nursery rhymes. English play started to contain nursery rhymes from the mid 16th century. The most popular rhymes debt from the 17th and 18th centuries. Mary Cooper published the first collections of nursery rhymes and 17, 44, known as Tommy thumb song book and it's sick, well, told me thumbs pretty song book. She was the earliest publisher of children's books and England. John Newbury was also a very prolific publisher of nursery rhymes on children's books. Children's literature starts to become a genre around this period. Newbury stepson, Thomas carton coined the term Mother Goose and published a compilation of English rhymes. Mother Goose is Melody or sonnets for the cradle and London and 17, Eddie. The oldest nursery rhymes had started out as lullabies, possibly including the very famous rock abide, baby. I've always thought it's quite a terrifying rhyme when the baby comes crashing down from the tree top. It wasn't printed until 17, 65 when it was published by John Newberry. Potter Kate part of cake bigger span is one rhyme surviving from the 16th century that we know of. The earliest recorded version of the rhyme appears in a play by Thomas dark, the campaigners, which came out in 16 98. Several sources for nursery rhymes, historical events provide one source. A good example of this would be the grand old Jacob York. Neither title of Duke of York is given to the second sum of the monarch of England. And there are a few jokes of York that this rhyme might be a byte. One is Richard planted unit, the third Duke of York. If you think back to the days of the Wars of the Roses, when York was fighting with the house of Lancaster. That Duke of York, the father of Edward the fourth, and Richard the third night, he was killed in battle during his wrangling with Margaret of algae, the wife of Henry the sick. And so his military campaign didn't prove successful, so it could be about ten. It could also be a bite. The Duke of York, who later became James the second of England on 7th of Scotland. Or it might be up by prints Fredrick Duke of York and his campaign and Flanders and 17, 94% to 17, 95. Another source for nursery rhymes with proverbs, and we've seen that Jack sprouts is an example of that. And place such as powder cake, powder keg, baker's man. Rentals provide us with some nursery rhymes as I was going to send dives is a famous example of a riddle nursery rhyme. Drinking songs such as Pop Goes the Weasel. Ancient pagan rituals of services questionable, such as ring a ring of roses and that act of dancing around the maypole or around a sacred Bush is thought to have been an ancient pagan ritual within the UK. Times started out as an English phenomenon, but eventually they went. Global. Nursery rhymes spread to Scotland and the USA in the 19th century, including popular rhymes of Scotland by Robert Chambers and 18, 26. A mother goose is melodies published in America in 18, 33, we really wonky, of course, is a very famous Scottish nursery rhyme, twinkle, twinkle little star. One of the most famous nursery rhymes, combines an 18th century French melody as the poem, the star, written by Jane Taylor, who was an English poet and novelist. Folk song collectors such as Sir Walter Scott and Clemens brand Toronto. I came von on it in Germany, collected nursery rhymes, are they started to spread. The study of nursery rhymes. The first and most influential academic collection was the nursery rhymes of England, published in 18, 42 by James orchard Hallowell, followed by popular rhymes and tails. And 18, 49 in which he divided the rhymes and two antiquities or historical rhymes. Rhymes, rentals, alphabet rhymes, niche or rhymes far side stories, places and families, Proverbs, superstitions, customs, and lullabies. Folklore became an area of academic study by the time Sabine bearing gold published a book of nursery songs and 18, 95. And nursery rhymes were very much connected to folklore. The anthropologist Andre lying published the nursery rhyme book in 18 97. Illustrations became popular in the 20th century and coding round of cow workouts, hey doodle, doodle picture book in 1909. Arthur Rackham is Mother Goose, published in 1913. Arthur Rackham was an influence on JRR Tolkien, who wrote The Hobbit, who liked raccoons depiction of dwarves on here to Disney's depiction of dwarves. The definitive academic study of nursery rhymes is contained in Iona on Peter obeys Oxford Dictionary of nursery rhymes, which appeared in 1951. Answering nursery rhymes, nursery rhymes can be a little bit gory. We see Jack and Jill here with the terrible accident that befell them. We talked about rocker by baby and it's horrible. And during some periods in history, the censorship of nursery rhymes has been thought to be necessary. The late 19th century, there was concern over violence and crime, which led some children's publishers and the United States like Jacob Abbott and Samuel Goodrich, to alter Mother Goose rhymes. In the early and mid 20th centuries, concerned with violence and nursery rhymes lead to the formation of organizations like the British Society for nursery rhyme reform. Let's have a little look at a nursery rhyme, but it has seen several versions and being censored or changed by black shape and the revision of this rhyme, here's its earliest version. Baba or black sheep. Have you any wool? Yes, old meds, I have three bags fill, two for my master, one for my **** none for the little boy that cries and the Linn. So this is not the version that we know. The version that we know as likely to go something more like this. Baba black sheep, have you any wool? Yes, sir. Yes, sir. Three bags for one for the master, one for the dam, and one for the little boy who lives down the land. In the medieval Tudor period, the world trade was one of the biggest of british industries and the wealth of the country relied on it quite heavily. So the idea that it only pretend to the upper classes became distasteful over time. The little boy down the land left crying because he couldn't share in the world. Here, he gets his bag of wool. And you'll notice that there's only one for the master and not to for the master and the master, not my master. So the characters speaking is not necessarily subservient. Now let's hear a really modern take on Baba, black shape created by the charity peta, the animal rights activists. So this is a vegan rendition of Baba, black shape. Baba black shape. Can I have your whoa? No, sir. No, sir. That's not cool. None for the pastor and none for the dam, none for the little boy who lives down the lane. Bob are black shape. Can I have your world? No, sir. No, sir. It's my world. Live. This is obviously not a commonly circulated version of this rhyme, but we can see high the rime has been changed over time to reflect different sensibilities as time passes on, history moves on. So you'll notice that the master aspect completely goes none for the pastor. My pastor, of course means shepherd generally, or it could be an anti-religious sentiment that's kind of questionable. None for the dam, dam is still quite antiquated term, and none for the little boy who lives down the land. So the idea is the row belongs to the shape. At this point. 4. Fairytales: Introduction: And RH were most likely to have encountered fairy tales via Disney movies. And we definitely associate these stories with childhood. But they weren't always thought of as being the preserve of Children's Literature at one point in history, as we're about to find out. Well, we find that the nursery rhyme more or less originated in England. Fairy tales are German and origin coming from the German American tradition in the formula we know them today, of course, folk tales are found all over the world. The idea of a fairy tale ending a happy ever after is relatively recent. Some fairy tales originally actually had very dark endings, e.g. the Little Mermaid, the Hans Christian Andersen version of the tail, the Disney version. Obviously not so much. Hansel and Gretel and the Snow Queen all have quite dark and eggs. Unlike myths and legends, they don't make references to real places, people, events, religions, etc. The characters are motifs are simple and archetype, e.g. wicked stepmothers, handsome princes, princesses and danger and fairy godmother. Exactly is a fairy tale. Well, this is actually disputed by scholars. It's normally a short story which takes place in an unreal world and an unclear period of history, once upon a time, fairy tales, myths, animal stories and romances share several elements, e.g. the idea of the quest and fantastical beings. The term fairy tale comes from bottom, dull noise, comp they say fairy stories used in her 16, 97 collection of stories, JRR Tolkien and on fairy stories. One of the most famous academic essays on the subject rejected the idea that a fairy tale needed to include fairies. He saw the stories as being a bite human adventures and a magical world. The SA therefore excluded some stories traditionally labeled fairy tales, such as the Swahili story, the monkeys heart. Do fairy tales come from apart from Germany? Of course, many fairy tales originated from an oral tradition. The Grimm Brothers were among the first to try and preserve these tails which have been passed down orally, but they're printed stories have been re-worked to suit the written form, creating the form of the literary fairy tale. 18th century foot Boris tried to recover the pure fairy tale, but it's nearly impossible to trace the transmission of a story. Fairy tales exist all over the world. The earliest Western fairy tales may be Aesop's Fables dating back to the sixth century BC. The Middle Eastern Arabian Nights debts back to 1,500 AD. And China tiles philosophers such as Laozi and Zhuangzi made reference to fairytales and their works. Ethnographers collected fairy tales from around the world and find similarities between stories from Africa, the Americas, and Australia. Believed that European fairy tales derive from the cultural history shared by all Indo-European peoples and were therefore enchant. This view is shared by some modern scholars, anthropologists Jimmy Tehran and folk Dora paragraphs at the silver used a technique of finding an oldest common ancestor to try to debt fairy tales, stating that Jack and the Beanstalk can be traced to the splitting of Eastern and Western Indo-European racist 5,000 years ago, Beauty and the Beast, rumble style skin were found to be 4,000 years old. They deal with the devil motif, font and Feist and other stories and could be six thighs and deers old, dating back to the Bronze Age. The results of this study are contentious though, as the methodology is not considered safe by all academics. Fairy tales always for children. Well, fairy tales were not always associated with children. Both adults and children were among the audiences in the past and literary fairy tales appeared and works intended for adults. This changed in the 19th and 20th centuries substantially. The Grimms entitled their collection childrens on highs hotels and rewrote their stories after complaints they weren't suitable for children by taking ice sexual references. Though, they made the violence more extreme, e.g. or pencil asked her why her clothes are growing tight and the implication is that she's pregnant. And this was written the night and later additions. In the Victorian age, fairy tales were rewritten to teach a moral lessons. George Cruikshank included temperance themes in his 18, 54 retelling of Cinderella, e.g. his acquaintance Charles Dickens was horrified at this and said in a utilitarian edge of all other times, it is a matter of grave importance that fairy tales should be respected. Disney is most responsible for associating fairy tales with children, for changing dark and thanks to happy ones, e.g. in the Little Mermaid. Hans Christian Andersen and George Macdonald continued the genre of the literary fairy tale. Donald was actually a huge influence on CS Lewis and JRR Tolkien, and that he wrote fairy tales for adults, including the light princess on Fantastic. Psychoanalysis and fairy tales, psychoanalysts such as Bruno Bettelheim regarded fairy tales as useful to both adults and children as a way of symbolically resolving issues. Carl Young viewed fairy tales are spontaneous and naive products of the soul. Young and scholars such as Marie Louise von France see fairy tales as presenting archetypes and their simplest, barest and concise form. Let's laden with conscious material, the myths and legends. In this pure form, the archetype images afford us the best clues to the understanding of the process going on and the collective psyche. And Young himself said, it is so extremely important to tell children and fairy tales and legends because they are instrumental symbols with whose help, unconscious contents can be canalized into consciousness, interpreted an integrated motifs of fairy tales. You'll probably recognize a lot of this. A young woman, quite often a princess with a powerful antagonist, such as in Sleeping Beauty and Cinderella, missing mothers, Beauty and the Beast and Cinderella, wicked stepmothers, Cinderella, Snow White and the Panza, sexual awakenings and being saved by a kiss, Snow White, I'm Sleeping Beauty, fairy godmother, Cinderella, big bad wolves, The Three Little Pigs and Little Red Riding Hood. Handsome princes, Snow White, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, The Little Mermaid and The Princess and the Frog. I'd like to talk about fairy tale figures that I find personally really fascinating. Dragons. Dragons appear and mythology from all around the world, e.g. St. George and the Dragon and England, Merlin and the two dragons and the Historia magnum Bertani I by Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Serbian fairy tale, The Prince and the dragon in Greek mythology, both Hercules and Perseus rescue princesses for monstrous sea serpents, not 1 million mi away from dragons and the Aborigine culture, there are tales of ferocious rainbow snacks. In the Bible, Satan is depicted as a snake. So humans and snacks throughout history have had issues with each other. It's clear to say tracking stories evolved independently in Europe and in China. European myths often involve a monstrous creature threatening a young woman or a community. And the hero is required to vanquish at e.g. Hercules, Perseus or Theseus, the fire-breathing flying dragon that we all know and love from sci-fi comes from the Northern Germanic folklore, the monster and Beowulf who Bernstein, Bayer was Hall when a goblet from his treasure trove is stolen. As a good example of this, this dragon find a treasure horde hidden and an inch and borrow and moved in. When a slave sneaked into the cave and stole a goblet, the enriched monster burned down by wolves Great Hall and hurried his people. The aging hero went to fight the monster alone, armed with a special iron shield. But the monster seized his neck and it's poisonous jaws. They are wolves kinsmen, we glove, hurried to help him and together they slew the creature. Beowulf died of his injuries and have a splendid funeral. The dragon was tipped unceremoniously off a cliff, and that comes from English heritages website. Jrr Tolkien drew on this story when creating smog. So this kind of dragon is most prevalent and popular culture recently seen in Game of Thrones, and it's pretty cool. Highs of the dragon. Of course were dragons are depicted as almost weapons of mass destruction, bringing great par to their human owners. Also, of course, n, The Hobbit movies and Merlin as seen on the BBC. And they were really surrounded by Dragon stories to this day. In English, folkloric creeping dragons who live in fans and guard treasure, or more common than flying fire-breathing dragons. These may have been based on dinosaur bones. People find them lying around and weren't entirely sure what kind of creature left them behind. These creeping dragons debarred mountains and villages and had to be dispatched by a hero or vanquished when a cent call to the power of God, notably St. George. And George was a little bit of an, a typical sent. And the other sense, we're peaceable people, not really well equipped to vanquish a dragon and said they had to call on God to do it for them. But St. George was, of course, our soldiers, Santa was able to do it himself. Anthropologists devotee Jones suggests that aren't in NIT fear of snakes has been passed on through these generations of Dragon stories. And it was an important thing to teach your children that snakes were dangerous. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, dragons were saying flying over Northumbria lint and 793 AD, pressing a vicious attack on Lindisfarne, an important monastery by the Vikings. These may actually have been fiery comments. This is a real life 21st century dragon. The Komodo dragon from Indonesia can grow up to ten foot long, but these creatures certainly don't look like they would brave bar, I think you'd actually be quite happy to have one come visit your eyes. 5. Grimm Brothers : Let's talk about a really fine dish, no publication. It's probably the reason why many of us are still acquainted with fairy stories today. And that's the Grimms brothers fairy stories. Children and highs hotels was its original title or in German, kinda old house Mac. And it was first published on the 26th of December 18, 12. The first edition had 86 stories in it. By the seventh edition in 18, 57, there were 257 stories. The Grimms believed that the most natural and pure forms of culture were based on linguistics and history and hence their interest and very stories. Their biggest literary influence was Cheryl Peru, a member of the Academie Francaise, who laid the foundations for the genre of the fairy tale and his 16 97 East. Wow, we count the top passe stories of times gone by. Well, That's a rough translation to be honest. The grid is created a romantic nationalism that was emulated by others. And so their work were very popular. Wh Auden referred to Grimms Fairy Tales during World War II as a finding work of world literature, hitler believed fairy tales taught children racial purity and encourage them to find marriage partners of their own risks, e.g. in Cinderella, they're wicked stepmother as of an outside risks. But the marriage between Cinderella and the prince is racially pure. This diminished the popularity of the tails and allied countries for a time they were eventually reclaimed. Where are the Grimm Brothers? Yaakov and Wilhelm Grimm were academics, philologists, meaning that they studied languages. Cultural researchers, lexicographers meaning that they studied words and contributed to dictionaries and authors. Two brothers from a family of its siblings. Their father died when Jacobi, the eldest, was only 11 years old. They were financially supported by an AMTA and grandfather who sent them to a prestigious skill. Their grandfather wrote to them, advising them to apply themselves in order to secure their futures. Their grandfather died and they became financially responsible for the family with its siblings altogether. That was quite a responsibility. They both one dispensation to study law at the University of Marburg. They studied law under Professor Friedrich curve on Savini and discovered their love of folklore and his personal library in 18 0 it, their mother sadly died. The family could hardly feed and clothe themselves at this point. Around this time, two of their friends, I came von amine and climates brand Toronto asked them to collect folk stories. They asked friends and acquaintances and Castle to tell them stories and to gather stories from other people. Jacobian Vilhelm and tended to use these stories to write a history of old German poesy and preserve the oral tradition. Some claim that though the collection they published was aimed at children, it wasn't entirely suitable for children. When we talked about that in the introduction earlier, they altered the stories. In 18, 30, Yucca became a professor at the University of goods again. And Vilhelm followed suite and 1,835.37, King Ernst August the second revoked the Constitution of 18, 33 and attempted to restore absolutism to the kingdom of Hanover. The Grimms were expected to take an oath of allegiance, but they refused. I'm joined five other professors and leading student protests. They were then forced to return to Castle. Friedrich fill him. The fourth King of Prussia permitted them to teach and research at the University of Berlin beginning in March 18, 41. There are stories include the Wolf and the Seven young kids were Ponzo, Hansel and Gretel. Briar Rose, also known as Sleeping Beauty. The golden goose, Snow White, and rose red. 6. Hans Christian Andersen : Now let's talk about another major figure in the world of the fairy tale, Hans Christian Andersen. Hans Christian Andersen lived 1805-1875, and he was a very major children's writer during the Victorian era. He wrote literary fairy tales rather than collecting fairy tales. He wasn't going out and asking people to tell him fairy stories. He was actually composing them himself. He wrote 156 stories across nine volumes, translated into more than 125 languages. Histories are accessible for children, but with insights for adult readers. So they're not aimed 100-percent solely at children. And quite often children's writers realize that there are grown-ups reading the stories to the children and they have to be entertained to. His most famous stories include the Little Mermaid, the Snow Queen, The Emperor's New Clothes, The Ugly Duckling, The Princess and the P, The Little Match Girl, anthem Molina. Mr. now under son was born on 2 April 1805 and a densa and Denmark, and he was an only child. His father had an elementary school education and introduced him to literature by rating him Arabian Nights. His mother was illiterate. Anderson move to Copenhagen age 14 to become an actor and joined the Royal Danish Theatre as he had a beautiful soprano voice, but then his voice broke. Our colleague had called him a poet and he decided to take up writing. Jonas colon, director of the Royal Danish theater, was fond of Anderson and sent him to a grammar school, convincing King Frederick the sixth to pay part of his face. He later called the school years the darkest and most bitter of his life. He lived with a schoolmaster who abused him and told him it was for the improvement of his character. The teachers discouraged him from write-down, which caused him to become depressed. A little bit about his writings in IT team 29, he achieved much success with his short story, a journey from Homans canal to the east point of omega, which includes characters ranging from some Peter to a Talking Cat, already embracing the fantastical. He followed this with a drama called Love on some Nicholas church tar, add a collection of poetry. In 18, 33, he received a travel grant from the King and traveled throughout Europe. He used his travels in Italy to write his fictionalized autobiography. The improvisatory, published in 18 35 to instant critical acclaim. From May 18, 35 until April 18th, 37. We saw the publication of fairy tales tool to children first collection. And this was a collection of mine stories published in three installments. The first installment contains the tinderbox, little Claisen big class, the princess and the pea, and little iris flowers. The first three stories he had heard and childhood was the last was his own composition for either TLA, the daughter of folklorist just Matthias TLA, who'd been one of Anderson's early benefactors. The second installment included thumb Molina, the naughty boy, and the traveling companion. Thumb Molina was Anderson's own creation inspired by the story of Tom Thumb. The naughty boy, was based on a poem by ancient Greek poet and I crayon by cupid. The traveling companion was a ghost story that Anderson had been working on previously. The third installment content, The Little Mermaid and the Emperor's New Clothes. The Little Mermaid was Anderson's own story, though it was based on an Dana by the German Romantic writer della motto bouquet. And it's nothing at all like the Disney version as you probably worked out earlier. The story established Anderson's international reputation. The Emperor's New Clothes was based on a Spanish story with Jewish and Arab roots. He changed the ending the night before publication from the Emperor processing naked to a child crying out. The emperor is not wearing any clothes. Considered classics today of both children's literature and World Literature, initial reviews were not favorable. Hence the year long delay between the second and third installments. Critics didn't noise to Anderson's writing as too chatty and moral stories were to teach children not to entertain them, understand temporarily return to novel writing. Eventually the tails republished in one volume with a preface by Anderson in 18, 47. On a trip to England, Anderson met Charles Dickens who shared his concern for the poor and underclass, and wrote about the innocence of childhood or theme of Victorian era literature. Ten years later, he was invited to Dickinson's house. Stay for five weeks after which Dickens stopped corresponding with him. So I wonder what ones at home, they're much to Anderson's disappointment. The Little Mermaid. It's nothing like the Disney version of the story. It's actually much darker. Pl Travers, the author of The Mary Poppins books and noted authority on folklore as well said, The final message is more frightening than any other presented in the tale. The story descends into the Victorian moral tales written for children to scare them into good behavior. Anderson, this is blackmail. The children knew it and say nothing. There's magnum minute day for you. 7. Hans Christian Andersen and Disney : In this video, we're going to talk a little bit, abide, Hi, Walt Disney influence the telling of fairy tales. And we're going to look specifically at The Little Mermaid and how the Disney version is much different from the original. Disney's The Little Mermaid was released in 1989. Anderson's mermaid has no name, but obviously in a movie, the lead character had to have a name. She's simply the youngest daughter of the sea king and the Hans Christian Andersen version of the tail. The mermaids grandmother tells her that mermaids can live up to 300 years on. Don't have souls like humans do. When they die, they become only foam on the surface of the water. So that's quite a dark thought and we don't see the same level of darkness in the Disney retelling. The unnamed see, which appears only briefly, whereas Disney's are Sheila is basically a Grit movie villain and there's a key character in the movie. When the mermaid becomes human and the Hans Christian Andersen telling it's painful to walk like stepping on knives and she can never returned to the water again. The biggest difference though as the ending and they fairy-tale version, the prince marries another woman. The mermaid basically dies at the end. Although she's given a soul, she doesn't just become foam on the water. Let's talk a bit more generally about how Walt Disney and the Disney Corporation change the art of telling fairy tales and our perception of fairy tales to a certain extent. The first Disney fairy tale story, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, was released in 1937. And it added comedy and cute little animals and music. It used the voice of Adriana castle lotta. He was actually an opera singer to portray Snow White and also portray Snow White as, I think, quite childlike character, not quite an adult woman, but there were certain elements which continued on and other Disney movies. It's fair to say it's a fairly controversial movie even today, somewhat of its time and even if previous times in 2022, when speaking about a possible live action remake of snow white, actor Peter Lynch's reaction was literally no offense to anyone. But I was a little taken aback when they were very proud to cast a Latina actresses Snow White. But you're still telling the story of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. And of course, Peter debt glitch, who was Tyrion and Game of Thrones, famously has a form of dwarfism. Take a step back and look at what you're doing there. It makes no sense to me, your progressive in one way, but then you're still making that backward story. A byte seven doors living in a cave together. And what are you doing, man? Have I done nothing to advance the cause for my soapbox? I guess I'm not light enough. So yes, there is an element of not just the dwarfs, but maybe the relationship between the two women not sitting well with modern sensibilities. But let's look at it from a modern perspective. If you take Snow White from the point of view of the dwarfs, here are seven members of the proletariat who happened to be working hard for a living. God, the mine. They come home and find an unexpected errors to crop has just moved into the highest, interfered with their personal belongings. Takes a patronising stance towards their personal hygiene. She's homeless and so she has basically a squatter odds of the goodness of their hearts. They decide to let the squatter stay. Then one day she lacks a total stranger into the highest pedaling drugs and inconveniently dies in the living room. They then have to find a way of Dealing with her body. When another aristocratic with macrophage iliac tendencies comes along cases the dead body. Fortunately, that seems to restore her as she didn't seem to actually be dead. G then rides off to become the princess of another realm. They never get any rent money. I differ. I think that might be the modern perception of the story. Disney responded to dank lunches criticism by saying to avoid reinforcing stereotypes from the original animated film, we are taking a different approach with these seven characters and have been consulting with members of the dwarfism community. We look forward to sharing more as the film heads into production after a lengthy development periods. And that was told to the Hollywood Reporter. So I think that the fact that the dwarfs don't really have names, that they're snazzy and dark and happy. I'm dopey, which is really not a term that we'd be happy using today. There are some elements in which they really do have to look at updating it. The movie did have dark and scary aspects in the original though, which harks back to the Grimms brothers telling of the tale, such as the enchantment of the apple by the Queen, which I find absolutely terrifying as a child, you couldn't actually get Snow White on VHS, which was what was around when I was a child. I was a kid in the 80's. You had to go and see it in the cinema. And I would be hiding under the sate when the Queen turns into the woman than there was her eventual death. Plus the widths been enhanced. The queen of box, which she believes contains the princess, is human hearts, though it is the heart of a pig, is quite dark, quite disturbing, but they decided not to change that aspect of the story. The movie is, as I say, fairly close to the Grimm Brothers tail except and the printed version at the wedding at the end, the prints mix the queen dance and red hot shoes until she basically drops dad. And very harsh punishments tend to be handed out to the villains. And the older printed versions of the tails. And modern retellings are Disney retellings. Those very harsh punishments are, well, we're a little bit uncomfortable with such a grim retribution. And it would also detract from the sense of goodness of the protagonists. And so those tend to be cut. Cinderella also remove some dark elements, such as the step sisters removing their toes in order to fit their fate into the glass slipper, which is a bit horrible, but kids do like horrible stuff. Again, there is a gruesome punishment. And the Grimm Brothers version of the tail. And the Grimm Brothers tail, ash and puddle, which is the German name for Cinderella, punishes the sisters. They're not ugly sisters and this version of the tail, they're actually physically beautiful, but they have ugly hearts. So Ashton Pablo orders are doves to pick out their eyes. That both blinds them and destroys their beauty so that they're forced to become beggars for the rest of their lives. Harsh. Obviously, had they done that in the Disney movie, it would have given children horrible nightmares. And it would also make Cinderella out to be a vengeful, kind of unattractive character. Over time, Disney started to make more significant changes in both tone and story. So it wasn't just about getting rid of the darker elements. One of the movies that's just very, very different from the original fairy tale is frozen, which is loosely, very loosely based on the Snow Queen by Hans Christian Andersen. Frozen is this sweet tale of two royal Sisters whose love melts or frozen hearts and at the heart as frozen by fear, not by evil. The Snow Queen is an evil character, was Elsa is very much not. There is a sort of emotional realism to her trying to control her powers and shutting herself away, especially after her parents die. So there's that very sad element of when the parents are killed in a shipwreck. And so it's not completely sweet and fluffy. Other, Olaf was certainly a sweet and fluffy as it gets. There was also a great departure from both fairy tale and Disney norms when the handsome prince turns out to be a total scammer. And I think that's a good message for young women out there. Don't meet someone wants and decide you're gonna give away your kingdom. Basically, in Hans Christian Andersen, original tail, which was written by him. It wasn't an old folk tale. The devil creates a mirror which shows human beings only the dark and ugly side of their hearts. That mirror splinters. And as humans are hit by the paces, their hearts phrase. Hundreds of years later, a young boy called chi has his heart frozen by the mirror and he becomes a cruel, an unloving boy, rejecting his grandmother and his loving friend guard. And then he disappears, kidnapped by the fearsome Snow Queen. The time believes he's fallen into a river and drawings, but Gardner believes he's still alive. So she goes on a quest to rescue him. When she finds him after many adventures, she kisses him and she cries. Warm tears on the warm tears melts the code splendor and his heart and also in his eyes, those splinters or stopping heaven saying the truth, basically, he's restored to becoming a loving boy. The pair of return home where summer is restored after the long winter that has been imposed by the Snow Queen. I tried reading the Snow Queen as a child's, not going to be honest. I was actually quite scared by it. I find it very, very dark. My iran Shakespeare from the edge of a boat, it or nine. But really the Snow Queen, while scary to me, which frozen obviously as not. But though they're loosely connected, they're two very different stories. Arguably, the lightening of fairy tales by Disney has started to make us think of fairy tales as sort of light, fluffy, happy ending. Whereas throughout history, fairytales and folktales, I've had a dark, scary element to them. There are undoubtedly dark and tragic elements in Disney movies though. Bomb B's mother, if you didn't cry at that, what is wrong with you? Move fast as death and The Lion King, which even at the edge I am, that makes me feel practically hysterical. Maleficence, transformation into a dragon on her subsequent death at the hands of Prince Philip and Sleeping Beauty, which is another hide behind a cushion moment. But the introduction of cute singing mice and other animal companions, etc. The light fluffy comedic songs grip like cleans up the dark scary Tales published in the past. As we have seen, the process of re-imagining fairytales didn't actually start with Disney though. We can't say that this was all done to Disney. It started when the Grimm Brothers targeted their collection of folk tales out a young audience and published a beggar for children. When in previous generations, folk tales and fairy tales had also been for an adult audience. So arguably, Disney didn't begin this process, although they certainly imposed American early 20th century sensibilities onto fairy tales. I'm a commercial agenda as well. What's palatable in a book which you can just about get away with a bedtime story to be read. Maybe just a bit too scary on screen. Nonetheless, Disney films are a big part of modern childhood. They were probably a big part of many of your childhoods listening to this atom, they're arguably a key factor in the dissemination of fairy stories to this day, which may actually be less well-known in the modern age if it wasn't for their Disney retellings. 8. Reading The Little Mermaid : Here is the story of The Little Mermaid. It's actually quite different from the Disney version if you're familiar with that. And if you're easily scared or a little bit sensitive, it actually might not be a story for you. But if you're willing to go on a bit of a dark adventure, here is the Little Mermaid. A long time ago in a beautiful world under the sea, there lived more people. More people were strange magical creatures with bodies like you and me, but long fishes, tails instead of legs. Although more people were happy and they're undersea kingdom, sometimes just for fun. They would swim up to the surface and take a look at our world. Sometimes they would see human beings sail past on their grid ships and say, what strange lives those humans lead. The king of the Merck people had six mermaid daughters. All were very beautiful, but the loveliest was the youngest. Not only was she beautiful, but the Little Mermaid had the best singing voice of all the people. When the Little Mermaid saying everyone would stop what they were doing and listen, even the fishes seem to swim more slowly as if they too were enjoying her singing. Mermaids were not allied to go up to the surface to see the world of human beings until they were 15 years old. And each sister on her 15th birthday, swam up to see our world for herself. When they came back, they told of huge ships plunging through grit storms of children playing happily on sandy beaches of white creatures that seem to float gracefully through the air and a strange sad music that floated from the tars of tall buildings. Each time one of her sisters went to the surface, The Little Mermaid would plead with her father to be allowed to go with her. The patient's lipo been her father would say, your turn will come. At last. It was The Little Mermaid, 15th birthday. On towards the end of the day, her father looked to transcend. The time has come, little one, come back and tell us what you find. The Little Mermaid kissed her father, sad goodbye to her five sisters, began the long swim to the surface, up and up. She swam and it was nighttime before she came close to the surface, she saw a bright light dancing on the water. Then moments later, her face burst through the waves into the moonlight. For the first time, The Little Mermaid saw stars shining in the dark night sky and felt the gentle see wind on her cheeks. She saw a sailing ship lit by hundreds of lanterns and thought that she had never seen anything so beautiful and all her life. She swam closer to the ship and upon hearing strange music, she just had to find out what creatures made those wonderful sons. Looking through a window in the side of the ship, she saw what seemed to be a birthday party and the special guest was a young prince. He stood in the center of the room and everybody seemed to be smiling at him. He was the most handsome things she had ever seen. When he smiled his eyes seem to light up the whole room. And by the time the party had ended and the guests had gone to bed, The Little Mermaid have fallen in love. It's getting lit. She said, I must get back to my father and sisters and tell them what I have seen. But then came assigned, which the Little Mermaid had never heard before. A storm was coming before long grid dark clouds hit the moon. The air around the Little Mermaid started to move. Cam C started the Haven moan like a giant waking from a deep sleep. The princes ships started to large and role of the churning see. The little mermaid could hear terror and the voices of the sailors as I tried to save their ship from the giant waves. Then suddenly the ship's mast snapped into its deck, was smashed to pieces by a giant wave. Sailors were thrown into the sea and the beautiful ship began to sink. The Little Mermaid was not afraid of the storm. She dived into a huge wave and swam, dive into the darkness and they're among the swirling records. She saw her prints lifeless. The Little Mermaid knew that humans could not live in water. Draw and already said The Little Mermaid, no, he will not drawn, I will not let them dry. So she swam to the prints, carried him back up to the surface and held his head up out of the water. He was too weak to move, but at least he was alive. The Little Mermaid swam through the night. My morning, the storm had passed and she saw dry land. The Little Mermaid saw a white sandy beach and she laid the sleeping prints on the sound in front of a small church. Then she swam to some nearby rocks to see what would happen. The prints opened his eyes and saw a girl coming out of the church. The girl started the prints for a moment, then run back inside to fetch help. People came running. The principles picked up and gently carried away The Little Mermaid side and swam back to her home under the sea. When her father and sisters asked her what she had seen, The Little Mermaid said nothing for day. She sat sadly by herself that gave nothing but the handsome prince. At last, she could bear it no longer and told her older sister what had happened to her on the night of the storm. The Little Mermaid looks sadly at her fish's tail. If only I was a human, she said, don't be silly, sad her sister, we mermaids are much happier than humans. Humans only have short lives, but we can live for 300 years. I don't care, said The Little Mermaid, I would happily give up all my hundreds of years to have just one day as a human. You must forget all about this prints said The Little Mermaid, older sister. You must never speak of him again. But the Little Mermaid could not forget about the prints on later that night when her father and sisters weren't looking, The Little Mermaid slipped away and went to find the old C, which the sea which lived with the darkest, coldest part of the ocean, onto our highest, which was made from the bones of drawing sailors, was guarded by poisonous water snakes. Madame said The Little Mermaid, I have come to know why you have come child. You want to lose your fish's tail and marry your prints. Set the which can you help me ask the mermaid? I can help you set the witch, but it will hurt. The Little Mermaid shattered. Just tell me what I have to do. You must drink this potion, said the witch, and then your tail will turn into human legs. But every step you take on Lounge will be like walking on sharp knives. I'm not afraid, said The Little Mermaid. And once you have human legs, you can never be a mermaid again, said the witch. If your prints doesn't want Jew. If he falls in love with someone else, then the day after he marries, you will turn into nothing. Nothing more than bubbles floating on the sea. Give me the potion, said The Little Mermaid. The sandwich smiled with my child. First, you must pay me. But I have nothing said The Little Mermaid, Hi, can I pay? I'll take your voice. Said the witch, your beautiful singing voice. Yes, that should do nicely. The Little Mermaid looked at the witch and said, very well, if that is what I must pay, then take it the which handled The Little Mermaid, the potion and the small bottle. And the Little Mermaid spoke them or which had taken her tongue. The next day, The Princess servant spawned a beautiful young woman lying on the beach near the palace. They helped her insight on when the young woman walked. She seemed to be in pen, almost as if she was walking on lives. The servants dress, shirt and fine clothes. But when they asked her who she was, she said nothing because this was the Little Mermaid who had given her voice to the sea, which, and who could never speak or sing. Again. Everybody agreed that the Little Mermaid was the most beautiful young woman in the whole palace. And though she never spoke, she quickly became the princes favorite. He never went anywhere without the Little Mermaid at his side. One day, he told her how much he cared for her. For a moment. She was so full of happiness that she thought her heart would burst. But said the prints, I cannot marry you because I am still searching for my true love. Explained that once he had nearly drowned and that he had been washed ashore a bind by a beautiful young girl. He had only saying that girl wants, but he had fallen in love with her and decided that if he ever find her, he would ask her to marry him. The Little Mermaid was very sad. She could not tell the prints that it was she who had saved him, that she had given up everything, her tail, her beautiful voice, her family. Just to be with him. One day I came from another land, visited the prints. The king brought with him his beautiful daughter. And when the prints all the king's daughter, he knew her straightaway. This was the girl here to find him on the beach. She had grown up into a beautiful woman, but there was no mistake. He had dreamed of her for years. Now he had fired her. He asked her to marry him. On the day of the wedding, the Little Mermaid thought her heart would break. She had lost her prints. And when some rows the next day she would die, she remembered the witches words. She would turn to nothing, nothing more than bubbles on the seawater. That night when everyone was asleep, The Little Mermaid sought by the shore waiting for the dorm. She knew that this was her last night alive and that soon the sun would rise suddenly from either the waves, five silvery figures rose up in the moonlight. It was The Little Mermaid sisters. Quick set. The oldest sister. You can still save yourself. The which has given us this magic knife. Kill the prints, punish the knife into his heart and when his warm blood splashes on your fate, they will grow into a tail and you will become a mermaid again. Hurry little sister. The sun is nearly rising. The Little Mermaid took the knife and ramped the prince's bedroom. She looked at him as he slept beside his new wife. One blow with a knife and then she would be free high. She longed to be once more with her father and her sisters under the sea. She lived with a sharp knife. She looked at the prints. She's still loved him. So she went to the window and through the knife far right into the sea. In the morning, the prince ordered his servants to search high and low, but no sign of The Little Mermaid was ever find. The prince was very sad and would often sit on the beach live at night, missing his little friend. And sometimes he would look at the bubbles on the water shining in the moonlight and almost think he saw her face. 9. Victorian Children's Literature : In this section, we're going to be looking at a very, very famous children's story, Alice in Wonderland. Actually more accurately known as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. But before we do that, let's look a little bit at Victorian children's literature more generally because that was around that time in history that the whole concept of children's literature as a specific genre was coming into being. And concepts of childhood. You see here a picture of two very small children die in a mine working very hard on sadly, but it's not the stuff of fantasy. That's something that actually happened in previous generations. Children high-born adult responsibilities such as working to support their families. The tenth, our Act, introduced by Lord Shaftesbury and passed in 18, 33, limited working hours for children. And it started to be believed that children should be shielded from the demands of the adult world and allied to be innocent under have fun. Children have become an important part of the workforce after the industrial revolution. Their small size met them useful died mines and factories and mills. They could also be domestic servants on sailors, on many of them worked on farms. Education for children aged five to 13 became compulsory 1870-1893, which is fairly recently in history when you think about it. As a quote from the British Library from around the middle of the 18th century, in Britain began to think about childhood and new ways. Previously, the Puritan belief that humans are born sinful as a consequence of mankind's fall had led to the widespread notion that childhood was a perilous period. As a result, much of the earliest children's literature as concerned with saving children's souls through instruction and by providing role models for their behavior. This religious way of thinking about childhood to become less influential by the mid 18th century. In fact, childhood came to be associated with a set of positive meetings and attributes, notably innocence, freedom, creativity, emotions, spontaneity. And perhaps most importantly, for those charged with raising and educating children, malleability. Academic Dr. Jacqueline Banerjee, points like that books were read aloud to children in this period, were often written to entertain both children and adults on different levels. E.g. goblin market by Christina Rosetta, which was published in 18, 62. So think of say, The Incredibles movies in our day. Absolutely hilarious if you're an adult or a child for different reasons. So that kind of thinking that you have to keep everyone happy. Books specifically for children were known in the medieval period. So it wasn't that they just suddenly appeared in the Victorian period. You'll notice that we are talking here, mostly up by Great Britain and England. There are books from other parts of the world featured in this course, but we're looking really at English literature for the time being. Horn books contain the Lord's Prayer or other religious versus, and those were medieval books and other instructing children. And they were also codes of conduct for younger members of the court. Baldi chat box appeared in the 16th century. Chat books for children. We're still in circulation in the 19th century. And our topic was a small pamphlets containing stories. Ballots are tracked by peddlers. These were the four runners of the so-called penny dreadful serialized stories with H installment casting a penny. They brought us the stories of Sweeney Todd, **** trapping, and Varney the vampire. And they were often golf, I can very dark and tome version of John Bunyan, favorite childhood stories or brevis of Hampton was published in 18, 46 and is considered by some academics to have ignited the children's literature genre. John Bunyan, of course, wrote Pilgrim's Progress. Arguably, there had been popular children's literature way back in the 17th century though, with Jim's Jen ways a token for children. And Henry, Jesse and Abraham chairs are looking glass for children, both of which appeared in 16 72. John Bunyan himself wrote a book for boys and girls in 16, 86. And in this period, writing for children was didactic and very more realistic. Told me thumbs song book and 17 44 was more part of a tradition of so-called nonsense writing as though being a book of nursery rhymes that was also a little bit educational as we heard earlier. I have to say that that idea of children's stories needed to contain a moral was part of my childhood. In the 1980s, there was a very famous cartoon called hegemon and the masters of the universe that people of my age watched. And at the end of each episode, character from the story would tell you what the moral of the story walls or the lesson. And it was often a moral, a byte, dope be mean to people do believe people that kinda thing. And sometimes it was things like don't run with scissors. The moralizing tradition was broken. And English literature by Catherine Sinclair at the Scottish children's novelist and her 18, 39 novel, holiday house. Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, which came out in 18, 65. And Alice Through the Looking Glass, which appeared in 18, 71, initiated the children's fantasy genre, of course, still very popular today with books like Harry Potter, e.g. the genre of children's literature. Sales of books for children started to become part of the trade of publishing from the 1850s 1875-1885, the average number of new adult fiction titles appearing each year, it was 429, while the figure for juvenile works was 407 day in 18 94. Publishers circle, a nice tip would stop differentiating between adult and juvenile fiction as so-called juvenile work. So nowadays, so well-written that often they sued older readers quite as well as those for whom they are primarily intended. And again, this is something that goes through to the literature of more recent times, like when the Harry Potter novels came out, whilst they were extensively children's books, plenty of adults were rating them and you could read them on different levels depending on your age. Here are some examples of English Victorian children's literature which is still read today. The children of the new forest by Frederick Marriott from 18 47, the rows and the ring by William make peace Dockery 18, 51, the island the Pussycat by hybrid layer, IT teams 71, the princess and the goblin by George Macdonald, 18 72, Black Beauty by Anna Sewell, 18 77, I love black PD, Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson in 18 83 and reliance fairy books 18, 89 and The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling, 18, 94. Very, very different than the Disney retelling. Let's now hear a very famous example of Victorian children's writing, the aisle and the Pussycat by Edward layer. The island the pussycat went to see a beautiful p green boat. They took some honey and plenty of money wrapped up in a five pound note that I looked up at the stars above and signed to a small guitar. Oh lovely Persil *****, my love, what a beautiful person you are. You are, What a beautiful ***** You are. Percy said to the aisle you elegant file, how charming these sweet juice sing, oh, let us be married too long we have tied, but what should we do for a ring? They sailed away for a year on a day to the land with a bomb, tree grows and they're in a word opinion, wigs stood with a ring at the end of his nose. His nose with a ring at the end of his nose. Pig, are you willing to sell for one shilling your ring said the piggy, I will. So they took it away and we're married next day by the turkey who lives on the hill. They dined on mints and slices of Quince, which they add with a run simple spoon and hand in hand on the edge of the sand. They danced by the light of the moon. The moon. They danced by the light of the moon. So slightly fantastic, nonsensical, pure fun, not really got too much of a moral entered. I hope that you enjoyed that very famous poem. 10. Lewis Carroll : So who was Lewis Carroll? There are some modern theories that he must have been very liberal and to drug-taking, perhaps he took some form of LSD, all of which are actually pretty far from the truth as we're about to find out. Let's Carroll was the pen name of Charles lot wedge dodge son who was born on the 27th of January 18, 32, and lived until the 14th of January 18, 98. He was an author, a poet, a mathematician, a photographer, Ansel. Other things as we're going to find out. His most famous works are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, published in 18, 65, and Alice Through the Looking Glass published in 18 71. He also wrote very famous nonsense works such as Jabberwocky, which I don't know about you, but I was certainly made to read that skill and that was published in 18 71. The Hunting of the snark published in 18 76. He lived for much of his life at Christ Church, Oxford's as a scholar on then as a teacher. The daughter of Henry Lidl, the Dean of Christ Church, is thought to have inspired the Alice stories. Her name was Alice Lidl, although Carol denied this repeatedly. Girls or Dawson's family background was high charge Anglican from Northern England. His great-grandfather had been Bishop of elephant and rural Ireland. His paternal grandfather was killed in action and Ireland in 1803 when Carol's father was still an infant and Carol's father, Charles Dodson, went to Westminster School and then to Christchurch, Oxford, which is also where his son ended up. There, he obtained a double first-degree in mathematics as his son would also do, and could have had a career in academia, but instead married his first cousin, Francis Jan language in 18, 30 and settled down as a country parson. Carol was his parents third eldest child and the oldest boy of 11 children. When he was 11, the family moved to the rectory at Kraft on TAESE and Yorkshire, where they lived for 25 years. Carol was educated at home at this point. They haven't. He grabbed the Pilgrim's Progress. He spoke with a stutter, as did his siblings, which had an impact on his social life, is 12, he was sent to Richmond grammar skill in North Yorkshire. And then in 18, 46 he went to the prestigious Rugby School of which he said, I cannot say that any earthly considerations would induce me to go through my three years. Again, I can honestly say that if I could have been secure from annoyance at night, the hardships of the daily life would have been comparative trifles to bear. So whatever went on there, it wasn't good. His nephew Stuart doLogin calling rid road bike Carol's role and skill building of younger boys by older boys, even though it is hard for those who have only known him as a gentle and retiring dawn to believe it. It is nevertheless true that long after he left school, his name is remembered as that of a boy who knew well how to use his fists and defense of a righteous cause. In other words, he would beat up the beliefs. His mathematics teacher, RB mayor declared, I have not had a more promising boy at his age since I came to rugby. So academically, if not socially, He fared well. In 18, 50 he matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford. He was gifted but distracted. He didn't do a lot of work. Nonetheless, he graduated in 18, 54 with first-class honors and mathematics just like his father, but he also came first in the list, in other words, top of his year. The next year he failed a scholarship exam through lack of application. Nonetheless, he won the Christ Church mathematical lecture ship in 18 55, which he was to hold for 26 years. He remained at Christ Church until he died. Lewis Carroll was six foot tall with curly brown hair on either blue or gray eyes, depending on which account you're reading. He was stiff and awkward as a result of a knee injury and middle age. He was deaf in one ear as a result of a childhood illness. He had a severe bite of whooping cough edge 17, And also developed chronic chest problems. He was shy about his stammer and caricatured himself as dodo and Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. He was a decent singer. I'm good at mimicry, storytelling on charades. And these were all useful scales. A time when there was no pre-recorded entertainment or TV or anything like that, people have to make their own entertainment. And he was, by all accounts, very entertaining. He met John Ruskin in 18, 57. I moved to the pre-Raphaelite social circle, a group of painters and other artists who embraced very certain aesthetic. Around 18, 63, he became good friends with Dante Gabriel Rossetti and his family. And he photographed the Rosetta family at their home. And Chelsea, he knew fairy tale writer George Macdonald. Well, if you're interested in the works of JRR Tolkien or CS Lewis, than you really need to read some George Macdonald because he was a huge influence on them. As well as that it was McDonald's and his family who persuaded Lewis Carroll to have the Alice stories published. There's this idea that Lewis Carroll must have taken drugs just because of the whole thing in Alice in wonderland where there's the little labels, say eight me or drink me and then things become bigger or smaller. And people have likened thought to trap on LSD. So they think that Carol must have actually been very liberal and he's seriously wasn't, he was socially, politically and religiously conservative. William Tuck, Well, he was a parson writer and Christian socialist. Describe Carol as all stare, shy, precise, absorbed and mathematical reverie. Watch really tenacious of his dignity, stiffly conservative and political, theological and social theory. His life mapped out and squares like Alice's landscape. Dodson or Carol was ordained as an Anglican deacon in 18, 61. He was an early member of the paranormal, great, but the Society for psychical research and a fascination with the paranormal was rife during the Victorian period of British history. He wrote an article on the foundations of logic for the philosophical magazine mind. It was published in 18 95 on republished in the same journal in 1995. He wrote poetry and short stories for his family from a young age and had some of these published. His work was mostly humerus and sometimes satirical. His first published work under the pen name of Lewis Carroll appeared in 18, 56 and a poem entitled solitude Louis, or the name Lewis came from alluded Vikas, Latin for lot wedge, and Carroll came from Carolinas, the latinized form of Charles. So it was basically a play on his own name. In 18 56, Dean Henry Lidl and his young family arrived at Christ Church. They would play a large role in Carroll's life and influenced his writing. Lorena, the deacons wife and two children, form close friendships with Dodson. And you can see here to the right a picture of Alice little. The Three Sisters and the family were named Marina, Edith, and Alice. And there was also a boy called Harry. The acrostic poem at the end of Alice Through the Looking Glass spells out Alice Lidl. Other, Carol repeatedly denied, but the Alice character was based on any one child. Took the little family on rowing trips, especially the children. And he invented the earliest version of the Alice story on one of these trips, Alice and Alice little bag tend to write it down. And in November 18, 64, he presented her with a written manuscript entitled Alice's Adventures Underground. The family of the writer George Macdonald read the manuscript and loved it, encouraging Dodson to try and have it published. It was published by Macmillan in 18, 65, several titles were proposed and the one selected walls, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Although after the 1950s Disney movie, the story is more often referred to as Alice in Wonderland. So John Taenia provided the illustrations as carol felt the published version. They did the work of a professional artist rather than the little sketches that he had done for the children. The biggest seen as the result of a trip, a Friday and trip into the subconscious, or a satire upon the world of mathematics of the time, variously by different commentators. Nonetheless, whatever way you view it, it was a huge commercial success. Story went around that Queen Victoria loved the book I wanted to work by the same author dedicated to her, and she was accordingly presented with an Elementary Treaties on determinants by dodge. Dodge them himself denied this as completely fabricated. And it does seem pretty unlikely because he actually tried to conceal his identity as the author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. And this would have just completely blown his cover. Despite that increase in his income, Dodson remanded as post in Christ Church, which he is believed to have fine totally on the enjoyable. And 18 71, he published through the looking glass on what Alice fine there. It's darker, possibly due to the depression Dodge experienced after the death of his father in 18, 68. The Hunting of the snark was published in 18 76. It's a nonsense poem with illustrations by Henry holiday, which tells the story of nine tradesmen on a beaver who go off to find the snark. It was popular with the public despite mixed reviews and has inspired musicals, plays, and opera. Painters. Dante Gabriel Rossetti believed it was a bite him. Carol's so-called lesser work, Sylvia and Bruno, was published in 18 95. It's the two-volume tale of two ferry siblings. And it satirizes English society and academic circles. Thing dodge them was involved in several other things. He was famously a photographer. He studied people on landscapes, and he photographed many famous people including Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Alfred Lord Tennyson. And you can see to the right here one of his photographs of children of which he took many. He was also an inventor. He invented a case for stamps and a writing tablet known as the neck to graph to a light note-taking in the dark. And that was useful in the days where it's difficult to get out of bed and find a candle to light when you have an idea come to you just in the middle of the night. He also invented games, including an early version of scribble. His chief work though was mathematics, notably geometry, linear a metrics, algebra, and recreational mathematics. If you're like me, the very idea of recreational mathematics is just completely confusing. He taught at Christ Church until 18 81. I'm a man there until he died. The Western musical Alice in Wonderland after Prince of Wales Theatre on the 30th of December 18, 86, his army known trip abroad was an a crazy article trip to Russia in 18, 67. And his so-called Russian journal was published in 1935. All my journey there embark he took in cities in Belgium, Germany, Poland, and France. He died at his sister's home, the chestnuts and Guilford, sorry, on the 14th of January 18, 98, Henry little died four days later. Doctrines friendship with a little family ended in 18, 63. And some modern writers have speculated that might have been because he was a pedophile and that his interest in the children was not something good night. That's because of so many photographs that he took of children, some of which are nodes. And so that's obviously very uncomfortable for a modern audience, but other commentators suggest his images of children or a depiction of the Victorian concepts of the innocence of childhood. That there's nothing sexual about them. And that they're no different from the work of other photographers and painters of the time. These kind of images were common at the time. He's buried at the cemetery and Guilford in sorry. 11. Alice's Story: Let's discover the timeless story of Alice, both in Alice in Wonderland. And that's what we're mostly going to talk about. We're going to have a little reading from Alice Through the Looking Glass. Adventures in Wonderland. The first of the two books was published in 18 65, with Alice Through the Looking Glass published in 18 71. The first book is the story of young Alice who after chasing a white rabbit, falls through a rabbit hole into an underground world, fill a fantastical and often anthropomorphic characters, such as the Cheshire Cat to the March Hare and dodo. And the idea of falling into a whole. Well, we see that a lot in children's literature. You think of e.g. the Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, where you walk through your wardrobe, turn New World. And George McDonald's, fantastic. He's the chief character, enters fairy land via a writing desk. This is a kind of motif in English children's literature. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland as an example of a nonce and genre. It's not metaphor or satire. Some people say it as such. It's merely a fun night writing to entertain children was a novel concept before that, really children's writing was meant to be didactic. It was meant to in part, morals are useful information or cultural norms. The book became an influence on the fantasy genre, especially for children. So John Taenia, a political cartoonist and illustrator, it provided 42 engraved would illustrations for the book. The success of the big help to add didacticism in children's literature and usher in an age of works that were purely entertaining. So kids are not allowed to just have fun. The tail includes logic games, making it fun for adults as well as children. It is being translated into 174 languages. Uninspired. Movies, art, ballet, opera, musicals, board games, video games, I'm theme park amusement. It was followed by Alice Through the Looking Glass in 18 71, and a shortened version of the original story for younger nursery edge children appeared in 18 90. On the 4th of July, 18, 62. Lewis Carroll, also known as Charles law, which Dodson, I'm Reverend Robinson Duckworth went rowing on the Thames with a three daughters. Have Henry Liddle, who was the dean of Christchurch, Oxford. And those were Lorena, age 13, Alice, age 10.8, at age eight. And you can see them pictured below. The trip. Carol told them the story of Alice's Adventures Underground, which he eventually wrote down for Alice Lidl. He gave her the manuscript two years later. The day of the trip is the golden afternoon of the novels preface. Carol researched Natural History in relation to the animals and the book, so it didn't just come out of nowhere. He asked the family of George Macdonald, the fairy tale writer to read up, presumably for feedback. Carol himself illustrated the original manuscript, and then he engaged Tranio for the published version. The published version was twice as long as the original manuscript with extra episodes such as the infamous Mad Tea Party. There's a copy of the original, Alice's Adventures Underground in the British Library. Carol began planning the print edition at 18, 63 before he ever gave the handwritten book to Alice. So if you've never read Alice in Wonderland or seen a movie based on the story. Here is the synopsis of the story. Now, if you intend to read the book and you don't want any spoilers, I would skip past this part of the video. Alice is lying on a river bank when a white rabbit rushes past looking at a pocket watch and declaring that he's lit. Out of curiosity, Alice follows him dying the rubber tube. She finds herself falling into a room where she finds the key to a tiny door leading to a beautiful garden. But she's far, far too big to fit through the door. After taking a sip from a bottle, mark drink me, she shrinks, but she can't reach the Kenai. What she left on the table, she sees a cake marked eight me. And when she eats that, she grows gigantic. She bursts into tears as the White Rabbit passes in a panic, dropping a fan on a pair of gloves. Alice uses the fun and that returns harsher or normal size and she's swimming in a pool of tears. There are animals in the pool taking part in a caucus raise to get dry. Alice scares them accidentally by telling them a bite. Her cat. The white rabbit comes looking for his farm and gloves and mistakes Alice for his mid, ordering her to go back to his house and get them. There's another Butler and the highest that when Alice drinks from it, she becomes a giant and get stuck in the house. The White Rabbit and his neighbors try several methods of dislodging her, finally throwing pebbles which turned into cakes. She eats one of the cakes on shrinks, then flees into the forest. The forest she meets a caterpillar sitting on a mushroom on smoking and hook out. No wonder people think there was some drug-taking involved in the writing of this book. He asked her questions about who she is, but she's not really sure anymore, made worse when she finds she has forgotten the poem that she meant to recite. The caterpillar tells her that a byte from one side of the mushroom will make her grow, the other will make her shrink. Alice at first. Grows really tall and scares a pigeon and the treetops, they think she's as serpents, and then she shrinks. Alice goes to the home of a Duchess who owns the always smiling Cheshire Cat. The Duchess hands Alice her baby. The baby turns into a piglet and Alice releases the piglet, enter the woods. The Cheshire cat directs Alice towards the mat hotter on the March Hare, then disappears, leaving his grin behind. Alice arrives at a tea party with the hotter, the March Hare and the sleepy door mice. The hotter explains that with them it is always 06:00 P.M. 06:00 or tea time as a punishment for the hotter trying to kill time. Odd conversation on a Redlands. So why is a raven like a writing desk is the rental. Alice decides and her words, this is the stupidest Tea Party I have ever been to and leaves. Alice sees the door on one of the trees and finds herself back and the original Rome from the start of the journey, she uses the key to go into the garden, which turns out to be the Queen of Hearts croquet lawn. Her guard is made up of playing cards. Alice plays croquet with hedgehogs is balls, flamingos is mallets and soldiers as gets, the queen is short-tempered on orders, constant beheadings. The head of the Cheshire cat appears on the queen. Orders has been having with his head, but he tells her that that is impossible. Allison carriages the queen to release the Duchess who owns the cat from prison. The Duchess arcs the queen with a long reflection on finding morality all around her. The queen threatens her with execution, dismisses her. Meets the weeping mock turtle and a griffin. She recites a poem, I say dance the lobster could dream, the Mock Turtle things Beautiful Soup as the Griffin drags Alice to the trial of the nave of hearts, accused of stealing the Queen's tarts. The king of hearts is the judge, and the jury is made up of animals that Alice has met. Alice interjects her feelings on the proceedings and grows and stature physically grows bigger. She also grows in confidence. The queen orders Alice to be beheaded, but she's scuff up. The guard is only a pack of cards. The guards or cards start to surround her. Alice is woken up by her sister. I'm fine. She has been dreaming the whole thing. Her sister brushes leaves from Alice's face and Alice takes her to the riverbank to imagine the story for herself. Possible that some of the characters from the book are based on people in real life. These suggestions come from Martin Gardner, the American mathematics and science writer. Alice may have been Alice little, but we've talked about that before. And Lewis Carroll always denied this. Dodo, Maybe Lewis Carroll himself because his real name was Charles law, which Dodson, and he had a stutter. He pronounced his surname dodo dodge them. Below the lizard may represent the Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. The hotter may derive from an Oxford furniture dealer known to Lewis Carroll called the awfulness Carter the door, my story features three sisters, LC, lessee And Tilly. These could be the Little Sisters because Elsie, Elsie would be Lorena. Charlotte Tilley is Edith known to the family as Matilda and lessee is an anagram of Alice. The charcoal story of a drawing master may relate to the art critic, a member of the pre-Raphaelite, John Ruskin. And of course we know that Lewis Carroll moved in the same social circle. I'm on real-life parallels and the novel has been much discussed. The biographer Morton n, coincides the novel as representing rail people from Carroll's life. Critic John Susanna rejects this, say that Alice bears little resemblance to Alice Lidl and that Carol himself rejected the idea that his protagonist was based on her. Cohen argues that the child's plight and Victorian upper-class society is critiqued in the book and draws upon the experience of adults that Carol himself had as a child. In Chapter 33 cards who serve the queen are painting white roses, red, which could be an illusion to the English Wars of the Roses. When the House of York, represented by a White Rose, was in conflict with the house of Lancaster, represented by a red rose. Then of course, Henry the seventh Henry Tudor came to the throne and created the Tudor rose when he married Elizabeth York. And the Tudor rose is both red and white. Melanie Bailey argued in the new scientists that the books are mathematical and pose a satire on contemporary mathematical circles. Some critics such as Humphrey Carpenter, who is the famous biographer of JRR Tolkien on the Inklings. And that's where you're likely to have come across his work if you're into those writers, suggest that the work is pure nonsense, such as nihilistic. It doesn't mean anything. We often love the literature that we read as children right the way through to adulthood. And that's probably why you're doing this course. I'm going to tell you before I read you this poem, but my father used to refer to my sister and I as Tweedledum and Tweedledee. Two famous characters from Lewis Carroll. Because of that, I've chosen this reading because there's a quote from this that he used to say all the time of shoes and ships and sealing wax and cabbages and kings. And that's something you say if you're having a totally nonsense conversation, that doesn't mean very much. So this is a poem from Alice Through the Looking Glass, The Walrus and the carpenter. The sun was shining on the sea, shining with all his might. He did his very best to make the below smooth and bright. And this was all because it was the middle of the night. The moon was shining so Calais because she thought the sun had got no business to be there after the day was done. It's very rid of him. She said to come and spoil the fun. Was wet and wet could be the sounds were dry, it's dry. You could not see a collide because no cloud was in the sky. No birds were flying overhead. There were no birds to fly. The Walrus and the carpenter were walking close at hand. They wept like anything to see such quantities of sand. If this were only cleared away, they said it would be ground. If 7 min with seven mops swept it for half a year, do you suppose the walrus said that they could get it clear? I died at said the carpenter and shared a bitter tear. Oysters common walk with us. The Walrus did besiege a pleasant walk, a pleasant talk along the Briony beach. We cannot do with more than four to give to each oyster look to ten but never a word. He said, The eldest oyster wink his eye and shook his heavy head, meaning to say, I choose to leave his oyster bed. But for young oysters hurried up on, eager for the trait. Their coats were brushed, their faces, wash, their shoes were clean and neat. And this was odd because, you know, they hadn't any feat for other oysters followed them and yet another four and thick and fast they came at last and more and more and more, and hopping through the frothy waves and scrambling to the shore. The Walrus and the carpenter walked down a mile or so. And then they rested on a rock conveniently low, and all the little oyster stood and waited in a row. The time has come the wall reset to talk of many things of shoes and ships and sealing wax and cabbages and kings. Why the C is boiling hot and whether pigs have wings. But we're a bit to the oysters cried before we have our Chat. For some of us are out of breath and all of us are fat. No hurry, said the carpenter, they thanked him much for that. I loaf of bread. The walrus said, it won't be chiefly need pepper and vinegar. Herbicides are very good indeed. Now, if you're ready oysters, dear, we can begin to feed, but not on us. The oysters cry, turning a little blue after such kindness, that would be a dismal thing to do. The night is fine. The Walrus said, do you admire the view? It so kind of you to come and you are very nice. The carpenter said nothing but cutters. Another slice. I wish you were not quite to death. I've had to ask you twice. It seems a shame The Walrus sad to play them such a trick. After we brought them right so far, I made them trucks so quick, the carpenter said nothing but the butter spread too thick. For you. The wall rosette deeply sympathize with Saab's and tears he sorted out those are the largest size. Holding his pocket handkerchief before his streaming eyes, oysters that the carpenter, you've had a pleasant run. Shall we be traveling home again? But answer came there none. And this was scarcely all because they'd eaten every one. So this is a little darker, little Grissom. It harks back to the nursery rhyme tradition of slightly horrible things happening in a poem. And there's additional dark fairy tales. It's not really a nice tale to tell the kids, but I think some of them are probably going to be able to handle it. 12. Reading from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: I read it from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. Curiouser and curiouser cried Alice. She was so much surprised, but for the moment she quite forgot how to speak good English. Now I'm opening. I like the largest telescope that ever was. Goodbye fate for when she looked down at her faith, they seem to be almost out of sight. They were getting so far off all my poor little feet. I wonder who will put on your shoes and stockings for, you know, ideas. I'm sure I Shan't be able. I should be a great deal too far off to trouble myself about you. You must manage the best way you can, but I must be kind to them, thought Alice, or perhaps they won't walk away. I want to go. Let me see. I'll give them a new pair of boots every Christmas. And she went all planning to herself, hi, she would manage it. They must go by the carrier. She thought on how funny it will seem sanding presence to one's own feet and height. All the directions will look Alice's right foot, Esquire, hearth rug near the fender with Alice's love. Oh, dear what nonsense I'm talking. Just then her head struck against the roof of the whole in fact, she was no more than 9 ft high, and she had once took up the little golden key and hurried off to the garden door. Per alice, it was as much as she could do lying down on one side to leak through into the garden with one eye. But to get through was more hopeless endeavor. She sat down and began to cry again. You ought to be ashamed of yourself. Set Alice or grip girl like you. She might well say this, to go on crying in this way, stop this moment I tell you. But she went on all the same shedding gallons of tears until there was a large pool all around her about 4 " deep and reaching halftime the hall. After time, she heard a little pattering of feet and the distance, and she hastily dried her eyes to see what was coming. It was the White Rabbit returning splendidly dressed with a pair of white kid gloves in one hand and a large fan and the other. Camp troponin along in a grid hurry, muttering to himself as he can. Oh, the Duchess, the Duchess, or won't you be savage above capture within Alice felt so desperate that she was ready to ask help of anyone. So when the rabbit came near her, she began in a low timid voice. If you please, sir, The Rapid started violently, drop the white kid gloves, the fan, and scared away into the darkness as hard as he could go. I'll let's pick up the phone and gloves. And as the whole was very hot, she kept finding herself all the time. She went on talking. Dear, dear. Hi, query. Everything is today and yesterday things went on just as usual. I wonder if I've been changed in the night. Let me think. Was either Sam when I got up this morning, I almost think I can remember feeling a little different. But if I'm not the same, the next question is, how in the world? That's the grid puzzle? And she began thinking over all the children she knew that were of the same edges herself to see if she could have been changed for any of them. I'm sure I'm not. Ada, she said for her hair goes on in such long ringlets. Mine doesn't go and regulates at all. And I'm sure it can't be miscible for I know all sorts of things and she oh, she knows such a very little. Besides she's, she and I am, I am oh dear. Hi. Puzzling it all is I'll try if I know all the things I used to know. Let me see. Four times five is 12.4 times six is 13.4 times seven is, Oh, dear, I shall never get to 20 at this rate. However, the multiplication table doesn't signify. Let's try geography. London is the capital of Paris, and Paris is the capital of Rome and Romanov, that's all wrong. I'm certain I must have been changed from Mabel. I'll try and say hi, def volatile. And she crossed her hands and her lap as if she were saying lessons and began to repeat it. But her voice sounded horse and strange and the words did not come out the same as they used to do. Hi Dr. Little crocodile, improve his shining tail and pour the waters of the Nile on every golden scale. High, cheerfully he seems to grin high, make these spread his claws and welcomed little fishes in but gently smiling jaws. 13. Frances Hodgeson Burnett : We're going to talk about an author whose books have touched hearts for generations. Francis Hodgson Burnett, France's allies, or Hajan Burnett, lift from the 24th of November 18, 49 until the 29th of October, 1924. And she was an Anglo American novelist and playwright. Her best-known works are little Lord frontal Roy, written 1885-6, a little princess published in 1905. The Secret Garden, published in 1911. She was born in CI them and Manchester in England, and she was the third of five children. Her family owned an iron monger, making them affluent enough to be able to afford a mid and a nurse mid. Her father sadly died of a stroke when she was just three and the family fell into poverty. Francis's mother took over the family business on Francis was cared for by her grandmother who bought her books. She loved the flower book with colored illustrations on poetry. The family eventually moved in with relatives and Salford, as money became increasingly tight, the highest had a large enclosed garden where France is played. When the family moved to a new highest, Francis was bereft at the lack of flowers in the garden. It was a per area. So this love of gardens may or may not have FAB into the Secret Garden. Many years later, she began to make up stories, which she wrote an old notebooks. One of her favorite books was Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. And that was a massively influential book, both in literary circles but also politically. And it's anti-slavery message at the time. She loved to act scenes from it. She and her said lakes were sent to the select seminary for young ladies and gentlemen, where she was described as precocious and romantic. Francis told her stories to her friends and cousins and especially her mother, but her brothers mid fun of her for her stories. He attended a **** school run by Tellico women where she discovered a book, a byte fairies. Manchester relied economically on the cotton economy, was hit hard by the Lancashire cotton famine. That was a depression and the textiles industry, which resulted from difficulties and the world markets. After the onset of the American Civil War, Eliza, Francis, his mother, moved the family to an even smaller house and 18, 63. And Francis has education pretty much stopped at that point. A licensed brother, William boon, to ask the family to come and join him in Knoxville, Tennessee, where he had a successful dry goods store. Allies are told frances to burn her writings before the birth. I honestly don't know why. The family arrived in the USA in 18 65. Francis is uncles business had been hit hard by the loss of trade that came from the American Civil War and couldn't support the family. They lived in a log cabin and new market outside Knoxville during the first winter that they were in America. They let her move to a place that Francis called Noah's Ark. Minds are a rat, a heist, and Knoxville, but was high up on a hill. Francis became friends with a neighbor while they let their swan Burnett. She encouraged him to read Shakespeare, Sir Walter Scott and William Mc pays factory. He loved reading, possibly due to childhood injury that left him with a physical disability and unable to participate in some activities. So he could have been quite socially cut off, but Francis definitely helped with that. He left to go to college and Ohio rats started publishing stories and magazines age 19 to help make money for the family. She was seeing published regularly. And goatee is Leary's big descriptors monthly, Peterson's magazine aren't Harper's Bazaar. So she did quite well. She tended to overwork due to the pressure caused by the family's poverty because she's becoming a bit of a breadwinner here. And later said she had been up hand Driving Machine during those years that she was much more interested in making money and the quantity of her work rather than the quality at that point in her career. By 18 69, she was able to move the family and to a better heist in Knoxville. Her mother died in 1,817.2 of her sisters and one brother married within two years. She returned to England for a prolonged visit in 18, 72. She had agreed to marry swell and Burnett's and went to Paris to order on couture wedding dress, which was shipped to Tennessee. And you can see it here to the right-hand side. Personally, I think it's lovely. It's kinda got an almost Gracian like classical look to it. When she got home, she wanted to postpone the wedding until the dress arrived, because we all know that a wedding is all about the dress. But Swan wanted to get married as soon as possible. She married swan Burnett. And September 18, 73. She was still upset about the dress and wrote to a friend of Manchester, men are so shallow, he does not know the vital importance of the difference between white satin and two and cream colored brocade. Let's go on to become a Dr. eventually specializing in AI and EHR disorders. There are sudden line all was born in 18, 74. And also about year she began writing her first novel that lasts or lorries, which was set in Lancashire. They moved to Paris for two years and their second son, Vivian was born there. His birth forced them to return to the USA. She had wanted a girl who she would have called Vivian. She masculinize the name for her son, changing the E to an a. She provided the family's chief income, but economized by making clothes for her sons, especially velvet suits and less colors. And she made frilly dresses for herself, so she was always very end to fashion. They then moved to Washington DC where swollen intended to establish a medical practice and they were quite badly and debt by that point. Francis had to live with swans parents Knoxville while he set up the practice. In 18 77, she was offered a deal to have her novel published as the serialization had done. Well. She met her husband, her business manager, which wasn't unusual at the time. Her first published novel that lasts a low-res received good reviews. And so she moved to Washington DC to join her husband. She started writing, hey, where it's on a stage version of that last salaries, as there have been a pirated stage version in London. And she wanted to take control of the story again. She visited Boston, I'm actually met Louisa May, all cards and 18, 79, the famous author of Little Women, Of course. She also met children's magazine editor and writer, Mary mips dodge. She became a popular children's writer with the publication of little Lord frontal ROI in 18 86. She also wrote popular romantic novels for adults. Louisiana was published in 18, Eddie, a fair barbarian in 1,881.31. Administration was published in 18 83. Her play Esmeralda was written in 18, 81 in North Carolina and became the longest running play on Broadway in the 19th century. She became well known in Washington and how the literary salon on Tuesday evenings. She went on to produce stage versions of little Lord Fontan ROI and a little princess. At this time, the pressure of balancing her family life and household with her professional life, tickets tool, and she suffered from depression and exhaustion. Her husband's medical practice grew, but she was still the family's chief breadwinner and it felt like there was a pressure to write. She was often physically ill as she didn't cope well with the hate and Washington DC. And so she laughed at whenever she could. She developed an interest and Christian Science, spiritualism and thiosulfate or religion established in the USA in the 19th century, which was based on the teachings of the Russian Helena Boulevard Cki. These elements can clearly be seen in her writing, especially in the secret garden. He loved her sons and continued to curl their hair as she had done when they were very little, providing inspiration for little Lord font, alright, which she had begun in 18 84. It was serialized in some Nicholas in 18 85 and published as a book in 18, 86 to good reviews, becoming a best seller and the USA and England. It was translated into 12 languages, are made Burnett, a celebrity author. The autobiographical elements in the novel, who is protagonist Cedric was based on Vivian, her youngest son, led to a few unflattering remarks and the press. In 18, 88, she won a copyright case in Britain over the dramatic rights to the book, establishing a precedent which became law in the UK in 1911. Response to another pirated play of her work, she wrote the stage play for the rail, little Lord phone to ROI, which was staged in London and on Broadway in New York. And she made as much money from the play as she had from the book. D7. She returned to England for Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee and subsequently visited England every year. She rented rooms and London and held her literary salon where she met Steven tons. And for the first time, she spent long periods and bad because the heat of the crowded city and the bustle of the many tourists with her sons and toe. She spent the winter in Florence, where she wrote the fortunes of Philip of Fairfax, the only book to be published in England, but not in the United States. That winter, Sarah crew or what happened that Ms. Mentioned was published in the United States. Should we go on to make Sarah crew and tear stage play and letter rewrite the story into a little princess. She returned to her date of Manchester in 18 80, it renting a large high snare Caldwell wrote. She then moved to London and continued to write plays based on her stories. There she saw more of Stephen times and Lionel became ill from tuberculosis at that time and burnout took him to sparse and Germany on the advice of physicians she had consulted. But sadly he died in 18 90 in Paris. This cause a relapse of the depression from which burnout suffered through her life. She turned away from Anglican ism at that point and embrace spiritualism and Christian Science. And you can very much see the Christian Science elements and the Secret Garden where the disability. Suffered by one of the protagonists, turns out to be as much at mantle as physical. And with love and encouragement, he's actually able to walk again and that there's an element of Christian Science and that sort of mind over matter kind of mentality. She returned to London and became involved and charity work, finding the Drury Lane boys club and 18 92. She also wrote a play to help launch the actin career of Stephen times and swan. I'm Vivien, returned to Washington DC after a two-year absence, and Burnett also returned to end March 18, 92. She published an autobiography devoted to Lionel in 18 93 and titled the one I knew best of all. She returned to London in 18 94, but Vivian became ill and she hurried back to the USA. Vivian recovered but missed his first term at Harvard. Once he was well again, Burnett returned to London. She began to worry about money as she was supporting Vivian through his education, keeping her Washington DC High said swallow moved into his own apartment and maintaining a home and loved them. And this led her to write a Liddy of quality. This was the first of a series of historical novels for adults published between 1960's and 1901. Vivian graduated in 18 98, I'm Burnett divorced Swan. The legal calls given was desertion, but the couple that actually agreed to separate years earlier with swollen taking his own apartment so that two years later she could claim desertion. The price level Burnett, our new woman, a member of an early feminist movement. The Washington Times claimed the divorce was caused by her advanced ideas regarding the duties of a wife or the rights of women. So she's very much criticized for her divorce. This is not meant to be flattering commentary. From the mid 1890s, she lived in England, their roles and done and can't and a country house called Grit made them hall. She stayed there for a decade and took up gardening. Although she visited the USA every year, Stephen tons and moved in with heart, which scandalized some members of the rural community. They were married in February 19 hundred and Genoa in Italy. They had a really fortnight and Paley on honeymoon burnouts biographer Gretchen guard Santa referred to her marriage to Tom, said, the biggest mistake of her life times N was ten years younger than the 50-year-old Burnett, and she referred to him as her secretary. Another biographer, threats beliefs at times and wanted burnout to forward his acting career and financially support him. A letter to her sister only months after the wedding, Burnett describe tons and are scarcely sin on hysterical. Burnett rented a house in London during the winter of 1,900 to 1901, rather than living in May of them hall with time zone. There she wrote the Shuttle and the making of a March in S concurrently and spring 1901, when she returned to make them tons and tried to replace our publisher Scribner, with one that paid a larger advanced. Burnett filled the highest with guests over the summer to dilute his company and physically collapsed. And the autumn of 1902, she went to the USA and enter the sanatorium, calling an add to her marriage with tines and she returned to them in June 1904. It had a series of walled gardens and she wrote books and the Rose Garden there. She had the idea for the Secret Garden, which he mostly wrote in boo Hill Park and Manchester. A little princess was published in 1905, reworked as a novel from the earlier play. She had an extravagant lifestyle, but this stage are needed to earn a lot of money. In 1905, she became semi vegetarian. Turn to the USA permanently in 1907, having taken up American citizenship in 1905, she built a house and plan, don't Park Long Island, which was finished in 19/8. Vivian, I worked in publishing and asked her to add a children's magazine. She published several short pieces in the magazine. The Secret Garden was published in 1911. She kept a summer home in Long Island and a winter home and Bermuda. The last prints was published in 1915. And the head of the height of comb and its sequel Robin, were published in 1922. Frances Ha Jin Burnett died on the 29th of October, 1924, aged 74. She died in Nassau County, New York in 1924 and is buried in Roslyn cemetery. Vivian died in 1937 and is buried nearby. In 1936, a sculpture of Mary and decon from The Secret Garden was erected. And the conservator garden and New York's Central Park. 14. Racism and Ableism in The Secret Garden: The Secret Garden is of course considered a great classic of children's literature, but it has to be sad. There are some very uncomfortable elements within it. It has passages of overt racism and it can also be considered to be quite ableist. So we're going to ask some very difficult questions in this video, which is how do we react to older books that are considered classics, which have some values and ideas and them, which really we've moved beyond. I'm going to read a passage from The Secret Garden. I am to put it in context. If you haven't read the novel. The protagonist of the novel, Mary, is a quite spoiled child who's been raised by servants, mostly native servants and India. Because their parents don't really take much of an interest in her upbringing. Unfortunately, she loses both her parents to cholera and is forced to go and live in Northern England. In this passage, there is an exchange between Martha, who is a servant and the highest and England and married because Martha has remarked to Mary that she expected her to be dark-skinned because she'd come from India. And Mary does not take kindly to this. Mary sat up in bed furious. What she said, what you thought I was a nit of you, daughter of a pig. Martha start on laptop or you call a nan. She said, you may face a vexed. That's not the way for a young lady to talk. I've nothing against the blacks. When you read a vitamin tracks, they're always very religious. You always read as a black man is a man and a brother. I've never seen a black. And I was very pleased to think I was going to see one close. When I commend to light your fire this morning, I crap up to your bed and put the cover back careful to look at you. You was disappointingly no more black than me for all your yellow married and not even try to control her ridge and humiliation. You thought I was a net of you dared. You don't know anything about natives. They are not people, their servants who must salaam to you. You know nothing about India. You know, nothing about anything. No. It's pretty clear to see in this passage that Mary holds some pretty racist attitudes. Colonialists arbitrates. She clearly thinks of herself as being much superior to the Indians who basically brought her up. And she actually says, they are not people. And this is not challenged by any other character in the scene, possibly because Martha has not had any experience outside her own life in Northern England and actually says she's never seen a black person. And she was just really interested to see someone of a different skin color on that might also come across as a little bit uncomfortable, but definitely rating this is jarring. I don't know how I do feel about that. Mary has come back to England from India and she's been brought up by Indian servants and sees them as beneath her, as we've mentioned. And she loses her temper when one of the household staff and England remarks that she expected married to be dark-skinned because she had come from India. That also shows a lack of awareness by English people living in England or bite the role of the English in India and the damage that was done there. It's also inferred in the novel that Mary's ill-health was caused by India itself. Her face was yellow because she had been born in India and had always been ill. And one way or another, and other words, India itself was bad for her. Of course, Mary is meant to be spoiled and she's not meant to be a completely likable, lovable character and where we're not always meant to sympathize with her. But some commentators such as iSCSI eight point type that nobody in the novel correct her attitudes. She hasn't called ICT for these kinds of remarks. Say it also states that kids minds are really malleable. They are easily influenced. Worries that some of the attitudes towards risk, the novel are easily picked up by its young readers. Say, Does he ever described the novel as pretty and daring to read? So despite the fact that there's this element in it, she doesn't feel put off reading it or engaging with it. Your experience may or may not be different. Some movie versions of the story, such as the one that was made in 1993, choose to retain. They exchange above rather than to just delete it. You feel we should address racism and classic literature, especially literature aimed at children. I'm not going to give a neat pat answer to that. I'm sure it's something that you've been thinking about as we've been reading The Secret Garden. Do you think we should have a disclaimer that says this novel contains ideas that some may find offensive. Do you think we should not have books like this on the syllabus and skills for people to rate. High, should we deal with this kind of passage? Should we added it? I-t. What are your thoughts on this? Feel free to post them in the Q&A. Another uncomfortable aspect of the novel is it's open to accusations of ableism. Francis Hodge Burnett had an interest and Christian Science, as we've mentioned before, and her son Vivian, eventually joined the church and became a Christian scientist. Francis Hutcheson burnout herself did not do that. Many commentators have seen Christian Science ideas in The Secret Garden because of this. Although the Mary Baker at a library suggests that Eastern philosophy through the lands of thiosulfate is more prevalent and there are no ideas in it that are specifically related to Christian Science. And there's no suggestion of God being a healer, which would be a Christian idea. There's more of this idea of magic, which seems to come from more Eastern religions and thinking, especially in colon Mary's pursuit of what they call magic, when they actually use mantras, they repeat positive words and ideas. And of course, the healing power of nature as a big theme in the book. After Mary, I'm Colin make deacon and they spend more time outdoors and nature, their health improves. It suggested that the illness has suffered by both the children, Maryanne column and especially by colon, essentially come from poorer care and nurturing by their parents column has basically been locked up with a nurse and over protected. I'm convinced that he's terribly ill and Mary has been abandoned to the care of servants and has become very spoiled. And it seems to have health problems that are subsequent to that. Although these illnesses are depicted a psychosomatic, the idea that a disability can be reversed by positive thinking and nature doesn't agree with all audiences. And some people feel that depictions of disability in the Secret Garden stopped children from really engaging with the experiences of disabled children that they might meet. Colon talks about the idea of science and magic and the novel, the great scientific discoveries I am going to make, he went on, will be up by magic. Magic is a great thing and scarcely anyone knows anything about it, except a few people in old books and marry a little because she was born in India where there are fakers, I believe deck and know some magic, but perhaps he doesn't know, he knows it. He charms animals and people. I would never have let him come to see me if he had not been an animal charmer, which is a boy charm or two because a boy is an animal. I am sure there is magic and everything. Oh no, we have not sense enough to get hold of it and make it do things for us, like electricity and horses and steamed. And so this idea of the spiritual and everything does seem to come from Eastern philosophies. The idea of India being a magical place where people know about magic and are able to engage and healing is perhaps a more positive depiction of India than we have previously been talking about. But again, it's the idea of India as they exotic and the other and outside the sphere of experience of the European button, I digress in response to disability in The Secret Garden from Vice cigar who wrote a blog called disability and the Secret Garden available on WordPress. We have to point out here that the premise of disability in children's literature that he's talking about is not just seen in the Secret Garden. There's also the very famous children's classic Heidi by Joanna spiral and which Clara, one of the central characters also overcomes a disability through the power of nature and positive relationships. So in this blog, we hear that this premise of disability and children's literature is almost irresponsible because it assumes the notion that one can get over their disability based on Share, Well, I'm temperament. It also portrays two children that people with disabilities are irritating and reinforce the stigma against them. Characters with physical abnormalities are always depicted as villainous or crotchety and posed as characters that children should not want to emulate. Obviously the context of the time, but explain why people with disabilities would be portrayed as such. They are useless in terms of working or getting married or something held to a higher stain. So they're either side of the expectations placed on people that don't have disabilities, basically. And the idea that there's nothing really wrong with them, I suppose, do we want to teach children that if they meet a child who has a physical disability, that it could be all in their head. That's really the question that's being posed here. Maria can niche cap, who herself has a physical disability, wrote and the blog called disability and Kentlands available online. In Collins case, it might be argued that he was never disabled at all, just wake in the middle. But to me it felt like a betrayal. Again, he wasn't the first character I mapped to overcome as hardships and was miraculously cured. And he wouldn't be the last one either. In fact, for disabled characters being cured as a common trope. What's more and most of these narratives, Classics as well as recent kid let, the characters are cured because they're better than they were at the start of the book. Kinder, gentler, braver. And finally finally, they're normal. And who'll do we associate in these novels disability with being awake or grumpy or just refusing to get bad or negative personal traits. And then as they grow spiritually and in terms of character, the characters get physically better. So that would seem to identify disability with negative character traits and ability with positive character traits. You can see why there would be some people who find objectionable. So let's ask some hard questions. Can you think of any positive depictions of disability and children's literature? I personally think the depiction of autism in the Curious Incident of the Dog and the nighttime is very positive. Can you think of any positive depictions of disability in older or newer children's literature? Do you think that colon and the Secret Garden really is disabled or he's disabled by other people's expectations of him. Hi, do you think the novel influences children's views on disability? 15. Reading fro The Secret Garden : Here is a reading from The Secret Garden by Francis Hodgson Burnett. And you can see here the cover art, The Secret Garden chapter one. There is no one left. When Barry Lennox was sent to missile threat manner to live with her uncle, everybody said that she was the most disagreeable licking child ever seen. It was true too. She had a little thin face and a little thin body, then light hair and a SAR expression. Her hair was yellow and her face was yellow because she had been born in India and I'd always been a land one way or another. Her father had held a position under the English government, and I'd always been busy and Il himself on her mother had been a grip beauty who cared only to go to parties and amuse herself with gay people. She had not wanted a little girl at all and were married is born. She handed her over to the care of an Iowa who was made to understand that if she wished to please the man, so he or she must keep the child either side as much as possible. So when she was a sickly forgetful, ugly little baby, she was kept out of the way. And when she became a sick leave, fret, full toddling thing, she was kept out of the way also. She never remembered saying familiarly anything but the dark faces of her IRA and the other native sevens. And I'll say always bade her and gave her her own way and everything because the ma'am Sahib would be angry if she was disturbed by her crying. By the time she was six years old, she was as tyrannical and selfish and little pig as ever lived. The young English governess who came to teach her to read and write, disliked her so much that she gave up her place in three months. And when other governances came to try to fill it, they always went away and a shorter time than the first one. So if Mary had not chosen to really want to know how to read books, she would never have learned her letters at all. One frightfully hot morning when she was about nine years old, she awakened feeling very Cross and she became crosser still when she saw that the servant who stood by her bedside was not her idea. Why did you come? She said to the strange woman, I will not let you stay. Send my eye anatomy. The woman look frightened, but she only stammered that the eye could not come. When Mary threw herself into a passion or bait and kicked her, she lived only more frightened, underpaid it, that it was not possible for the IR to come to Missy Sahib. There was something mysterious in the air that morning. Nothing was done in its regular order on several of the native servants seemed missing. Those who Mary saw slumped or hurry to bite with Archie and scared faces. But nobody would tell her anything. And our IO did not come. She was actually left alone as the morning went on. And at last she wandered out into the garden and began to play by herself under a tree near the veranda. She pretended that she was making a flower bed and she's stuck big scarlet hibiscus blossoms and to the heaps of earth all the time growing more and more angry and muttering herself the thing she would say on the names that she would call City when she returned. Pig, pig, daughter of Pigs, She said, Because to colonnade of a pig is the worst insult of all. She was grinding her teeth than saying this over and over again. She heard her mother come out on the veranda with someone. She was with a fair young man, and they stood talking together and low strange voices. Mary knew the fair young man who looked like a boy. She had heard that he was a very young officer who had just come from England. The child's stared at him, but she started most of her mother. She always did this when she had a chance to see her because the ma'am, sir, hey, Mary used to call her that often are than anything else. Was such a tall, slim, pretty person or more such lovely close. Her hair was like curly silk and she had a delicate little nose which seemed to be defining things. And she had large laughing eyes. All her clothes were then I'm floating. And Mary said they were full of lists. They looked filler of less than ever this morning, but her eyes were not laughing at all. They were large and scared and lifted, imploring only to the fair boy officers face. Is it so very bad? Oh, is it? Mary heard her say awfully. The man answered in a trembling voice awfully. Mrs. Linux, you ought to have gone to the hills two weeks ago. The ma'am Sahib wrong her hands. Oh, I know I actually cried. I only stayed to go to that silly dinner party. What a fool I was. At the very moment, such a large side of whaling broke out from the servants quarters. She clutched the young man's arm and Mary stood shivering from head to foot. The whaling grew wilder and wilder. What is it? What is it? Mrs. Linux gasped. Someone has died. The boy officer, you did not say at a broken item on your servants? I did not know the ma'am. So he cried, come with me, come with me. And she turned and ran into the house. After the appalling things happened and the mysteriousness of the morning was explained to marry. The cholera had broken light and it's most fatal form and people were dying like flies. The IRA had been taken alien the night, and it was because she had just died, that the servants had wailed and the huts before the next day, three other servants were dead. And others had runaway and terror. There was panic on every side and dying people in all the bungalows. During the confusion of bewilderment of the second day, Mary hit herself in the nursery, almost forgotten by everyone. Nobody thought of her, nobody wanted her. And strange things happen to which she knew nothing. Mary alternately cried and slept through the r's. She only knew that people were ill and that she heard mysterious and frightening signs. Once she crept into the dining room and find an empty, though a partly finished male was on the table and chairs and plates looked as if they had been hastily pushed back. When the diners ruse suddenly for some reason, the child at some freight and biscuits and being thirsty, she drank a glass of wine, which stood nearly filled. It was sweet and she did not know how strong it was. Very soon that made her intensely drowsy. And she went back to her nursery and shut herself. And again, frightened by cries, she heard them huts and by the hurrying signs of feet, the wine made her so sleepy that she could scarcely keep our eyes open. And she laid down on her bed and knew nothing more for a long time. Many things happened during the r's in which she slept so heavily, but she was not disturbed by the whales and the sine of things being carried and on either the bungalow, when she awake and she lay and stared at the wool, the highest was perfectly still. She had never known it to be so silent before. She heard neither voices nor footsteps. I'm wondering if everybody had got well of the cholera and all the trouble was over. She wondered also who would take care of her, know her I was dead. There would be a new idea and perhaps she would know some new stories. Marie had been rather tired of the old ones. She did not cry because her nurse had died. She was not an affectionate child and I've never cared much for anyone. The noise and hurrying a byte and wailing over the cholera had frightened her and she had been angry because new ones seem to remember that she was alive. Everyone was to panic stricken to think of a little girl, No, what most fond of when people have to color, it seemed that they remembered nothing but themselves. But if everyone had got well again, surely someone would remember and come to look for her, but no one can actually load waiting. The highest seemed to grow more and more silent. She heard something rustling on the mat. And when she looked down and she saw a little snake gliding along and watching her eyes like jewels. She was not frightened because he was a harmless little thing who would not touch her. And he seemed in a hurry to get out of the room. He slipped under the door as she watched him. I queer and quiet as she said, it sounds as if there was no one in the bungalow but made the snake. Almost the next minute she heard footsteps in the compound and then the veranda. They were man's footsteps and the man entered the bungalow and talked and low voices. No-one went to mate or speak to them. And they seem to open doors and look into rooms. Well, desolation, she heard one boy said that pretty, pretty woman. I suppose the child too. I heard there was a child, though no one ever saw her. Mary was standing in the middle of the nursery when they open the door a few minutes later, she looked an ugly cross that'll thing. It was Friday because she was beginning to be hungry and feel disgracefully neglected. The first mountain came in was a large officer she had once seen talking to her father. He looked tired and trebled, but when he saw he was so startled that he almost jumped back. Barney, he cried out, there's a child here, a child alone in a place like this. Mercy on us. Who is she? I am married. Lennox said the little girl drawing herself up stiffly. She thought the man was very rude to call her father's bungalow a place like this. I fell asleep when everyone had the cholera and I've only just waking up. Why does nobody come? It is the child know whatever saw, exclaimed the man, turning to his companions. She's actually been forgotten. Why was I forgotten? Mary said stamping her foot. Why does nobody come? The young man whose name was Barney looked at her very sadly. Mary even thought she saw him wink his eyes as if to wink tears away. Poor little kid. He said, there's nobody left to come. It was in that strange and sudden way that Mary found out that she had neither father and her mother left, that they had died and being carried away in the night. That the few native servants who had not died also had left the house as quickly as they could to get out of it. None of them even remembering that there was a Missy Sahib. That was why the place was so quiet. It was true that there was no one in the bungalow but herself and the little rustling snake. 16. Reading from The Wind in the Willows : Now let's hear an excerpt from the wind and the willows by Kenneth Graham. The river bank. The mole has been working very hard all the morning. Spring cleaning has little home first with brooms than with duster, then on ladders and steps and chairs with a brush on a pail of whitewash. Taylor, he had Dustin his throat denies and splashes of whitewash all over his black bar. And an aching back and wary arms. Spring was moving in the air above and in the earth below and a rind him, penetrating even his dark and lonely little highest with its spirit of divine discontent on logging. It was small wonder then that he suddenly flung down his brush on the floor, said bother and blow and also spring cleaning. And both at either the highest without even waiting to put on his coat. Something up above was calling him seriously. And he made for the state political tunnel which answered and his case to the gravid carriage Dr. owned by animals whose residences are nearer to the son and heir. He scraped and scratched and scrambled and Scrooge. And then he screwed again and scrambled and scratched and script. Working busily with his little pause or muttering to himself. Up we go up, we go to that last, pop his snide, Kim out into the sunlight and he find himself rolling in the warm grass of a grid meadow. This is fine. He said to himself, this is better than whitewashing. The sunshine struck hot on his first soft breezes, harassed his heated BRI after this occlusion of the salary which he had lived in so long. The carol of happy birds fowl and his dulled hearing almost like a shite, jumping off all his forelegs at once. And the joy of living and the delight of spring without the cleaning, he pursued his way across the meadow till he reached the hedge on the father's side. What's up per cent and elderly rabbit or the gap, six pounds for the privilege of passing by the private road. He was bowled over in an instant by the impatient and contemptuous mole who traveled along the side of the hedge, chopping the other rabbits as they picked hurriedly from their homes to see what the ride was a bite. Onions sauce, onions sauce, he remarked jarringly, was gone before they could think of a thoroughly satisfactory reply. Then they all started grumbling at each other. How stupid you are? Why didn't you tell him? Why didn't you say you might have reminded him and so on in the usual way, but of course, it was then much today, as is always the case. It all seem too good to be true, heather, and filter through the matters. He rambled busily along the hedge rows across the cop says, finding everywhere birds building floors, budding, leaves thrusting, everything happy and progressive and occupied. And instead of having an uneasy conscious pricking him and whispering whitewash, he somehow I could only feel how Juliet was to be the only idle dog among all these busy citizens. After all, the best part of a holiday is perhaps not so much to be resting yourself as to see all the other fellows busy working. 17. Kenneth Grahame : You were a child, did you experience the sweet anthropomorphic world of the wind and the willows. In this video, we're going to find out a little bit about at creator Kenneth Graham. Kenneth Graham lived from the 8th of March 18, 59 until 6 July 1932. He wrote the wind and the willows, which was published in 1908, The Reluctant dragon, which was published in 18, 98. And of course, Disney created versions of both those stories. He was born in Edinburgh in Scotland, and the family moved to our Gauss shirt before he was a year old, when his father, who was a lawyer, was appointed sheriff substitute at inverter RA. His mother died of scarlet fever when Kenneth was only five and his father had a drinking problem. So he gave his children's care over to their maternal grandmother, known as grounding angles. He lived and cook them and bark sure. And England. The family lived in a large but quite run-down house with large grinds. Their uncle dividend girls was curate at cook them Dane church, and he took the children boating on the river and activity which the young Kenneth loved, which later came to feature in the wind and the willows. And of course, the characters are all river animals. Quality wood and the River Thames are believed by biographer Peter grain to be the setting of the book. Graham attendance and Edward skill in Oxford where he thrived academically and he banned, wanted to attend Oxford University, but his family simply couldn't afford it. So he began working at the Bank of England and 18, 79 and rose through its rags, retiring as Secretary in 1908. He was actually shot up three times in 1903 and the bank, but all the shots missed him. The shading is thought to have been political. Team 99 grad married Alice Paul Thompson, who was the daughter of Robert William Thompson, who invented the Fontan pad and the pneumatic tire is one of the first inventors of the pneumatic tire. They had one child, Alister, who was blind in one eye and suffered from health problems throughout his life, he committed suicide on a railway track whilst a student at Oxford University on 7 May 1925, days before his 20th birthday. His death was recorded as accidental. I'd respect for Graham and those days are suicide was considered shameful. Peter Hunt of Cardiff University believes that Graham shared a house in London with a set designer called w gram Robertson. Whilst his wife and son still resided and Berkshire, began publishing stories and his youth. And there's a James's Gazette, which were collected as pagan papers in 18, 93. Dream days containing the reluctant dragon was published in 18 98 in 1908 to ten years later, he published his best-known work, the wind and the willows. Mr. Toad, arguably one of the most popular characters and the whole of children's literature is based on his headstrong. Some Alister. Ratty is based on his good friends, Arthur Miller coach, who was a novelist of the editor of the Oxford English verse. In 1929, mil, the author of the Winnie the Pooh stories, wrote the play toad of Toad Hall, which was based on the wind and the willows. Kenneth Graham died in 1932 and pine board and Berkshire and is buried in Hollywood Cemetery and Oxford. He was buried in the same graph as has some. Given the epitaph to the beautiful memory of Kenneth Graham, husband of ALS path and father of Alister, who passed the river on the 6th of July, 1932. Leaving childhood and literature through Him the more blessed for all time. 18. Anthropomorphism : There is a short introduction to the concept of anthropomorphism and children's literature. A scholarly article on that subject is included in the resources. If it's something that you're interested in. Anthropomorphism is defined as the name for the process of assigning human traits to non-human entities. And it has a long and lively presence and children's literature from dancing dogs too wildly rows, cars to candelabra as popular texts for children, rely heavily on non-human dialogue. The reasons for this are both historical and psychological, and that's according to make gibbs.org. And the picture that you see here is of course, towed from the wind and the willows dressed and completely human garb and actually with a glass of wine and had, he seems very human despite being a toad. Inch and folk tales and epic text used animals and landscapes associated with their cultures to create familiarity and also a sense of the magical for the listener or the reader. Anthropomorphism is not necessarily limited to children's literature, e.g. the Bible contains a talking donkey and the Book of Numbers. The whole point of that was the donkey could say something about the Prophet, couldn't. So the donkey had more sense. So there's kind of like a moral aspect to the tail. Greek mythology contains beings who are half human, half animals such as the monitor and centers. Although that's not strictly speaking, anthropomorphism because it's the human part of those beings which is allowing them to speak and communicate and a moat in a way, fairy tales such as the three little pigs and the Ugly Duckling are arguably less Grayson than how the character is being human. The wolf falling down the chimney enter the part would be pretty horrible if that will fall as a person. And if the ugly duckling where ugly child, that would just be completely unpalatable. So you can make the kind of moral point that these tails are making by making the characters non-human and also it's entertaining for young audiences. The first picture book containing animals as characters in English appeared in 16 59 was entitled to Orbis, since you alien picked us loosely translated our world of central paintings, but it was centralized and you can touch and feel and smell. Not centralized in sexual, like we might interpret that word today. Picture books in these early days of children's literature were meant to teach moral lessons, but also provide leisure time and enjoyment for the children. And the 18th and 19th century, naturalists and Europe traveled to the colonies and came across many species of birds and animals that they were previously unfamiliar with. And so there was a keen interest in animals and in the characters and personalities of animals. Animal characters brought an element of the nonsensical to children's stories that are obviously not true to life where you have a talking rats on the talking mole, as you see depicted here from the winds and the whalers. And this made them enjoyable and entertaining for a young audience. When characters are of a different species to the radar, it can also create an emotional distance, as we talked about when we talked about the three little pigs and the IP Duckling, e.g. and those are examples given and the MAY Gibbs article that I've linked to in the resources section. Or they can conversely, ask the reader to empathize with the natural world. If you think of say the movie Bombay, when Bambi, mother is killed, just because Bombay is an animal and not a person doesn't make it any less of a tragedy when you're entered into that story. Children often have a natural love of animals. I know those in my family really do. And so are drawn into the tail. They want to listen when they hear that the characters are animals. More examples of anthropomorphism in children's literature. Say, if there are any other examples that you can think of, Beatrix Potter's Peter Rabbit and her other stories. Puss in Boots, The Princess and the Frog, Goldilocks and the Three Bears, Little Red Riding Hood, Of course, with the wolf, Winnie the Pooh, or as you can see pictured here, piglets being one of my all-time favorite characters and children's literature. Enid Blyton, snotty stories because remember, in anthropomorphism, it doesn't necessarily mean that the characters are animals, just that they're non-humans. So Toys also can't add, of course, the farthing word stories. Alice in Wonderland, which we previously discussed, has characters such as the Cheshire Cat and the White Rabbit and the March Hare. There was a lot of anthropomorphism and popular culture. You're gonna be able to think of a lots of examples besides the ones I'm about to give Disney movies, including Pinocchio, Bombay, The Lion King, The Little Mermaid, aristeia cats and the fox and behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, if you're of a certain niche. The Muppets, of course, that gives us our first interspecies dating relationship between Kermit the Frog and miss piggy, of course, and My Little Pony, a big hit, or it was a big hit a few years ago and my family and the Toy Story movies. 19. My Friend Peter: I need to tell you the name of this bunny rabbit. Little clue. He was given to me by a young student by the name of Peter De. I need to tell you the name of the person who invented this character. Probably not. We're going to talk in this section, abide the pioneer of merchandising. How about the importance of illustrations of images that go with children's literature? And we're going to talk about Beatrix Potter. 20. Reading from Peter Rabbit: A tale of Peter Rabbit. And of course the illustrations are very important and enjoying these tails. So here we see Peter and his famous Blue Jacket. Once upon a time there were four little rabbits, other names where flop see, mop, see cotton tail and Peter. They live with their mother and a sand bank underneath the rate of a very big tree. My dears said old Mrs. rabbit, one morning, you may go into the fields, are dying the land, but don't go into Mr. McGregor's Garden. Your father had an accident there. He was putting up pie by Mrs. Mcgregor. Now run along and don't get into mischief. I'm going ite that old Mrs. rapid took a basket on her umbrella and went through the Word to the bakers. She bought our loaf of brown bread and five current buns. Flop see mops and cotton tail who were good little bunnies, went on the land to gather black brace. But Peter, who was very naughty, ran straightaway to Mr. McGregor's garden on squeezed under the gate. Firstly it some lattices and some french beans. And then he had some radishes. And then feeling rather sick, he went to look for some parsley. But Ron, the end of a cucumber frame, whom should he meet? But Mr. McGregor. Mr. Mcgregor was on his hands and knees planting young cabbages, but he jumped up and ran after Peter, we're having a wreck and calling out stop faith. Peter was most dreadfully frightened. He rushed all over the garden for here, forgotten the way back to the good. He lost one of his shoes among the cabbages and the other shoe among the potatoes. After losing them, he ran on forelegs and went faster. So that I think he might've gotten away altogether if you have not unfortunately run into a gooseberry net and got caught by the large buttons on his jacket. It was a blue jacket with brass buttons. Quite knew. Peter gave himself up for lost and shared big tears. But his solves for overheard by some friends. They sparrows who flew to him in great excitement and implored him to exert himself. Mr. Mcgregor came up with a sieve, but she intended to pop up on the top of Peter, but Peter wriggle died just in time, leaving his jacket behind him. I'm rushed into the tool shed and jumped into account. It would have been a beautiful thing, tighten if it had not had so much water in it. Mr. Mcgregor was quite sure that Peter was somewhere in the tool shed, perhaps hidden underneath the flower pot, began to turn them over carefully, looking under each. Presently, Peter sneeze. But Mr. McGregor was after him in no time and tried to put his foot up on pager who jumped out of a window upsetting three plants. The window was too small for Mr. McGregor and he was tired of running after Pedro, he went back to his work. Peter sat down to rest. He was out of breath. I'm traveling with fright and he had not the least idea which way to go and he was very damp while sitting in that can. After a time he began to wonder a bite. Going liberty, liberty not very fast. And looking all round, he find a door on a wall, but it was locked and there was no room for a fat that'll wrap it to squeeze underneath. Mice was running in an ideal for the stone doorstep carrying peas and beans to her family. And the word peter asked her the way to the good. But she had such a large P in her mind that she could not answer. She only sugar ahead of him, Pedro began to cry. That he tried to find his way straight across the garden, but he became more and more puzzled. Presently, he came to a pond where Mr. McGregor filled his water counts. A white cat was staring at some goldfish. She's not very, very still, but none. Then the tip of her tail twitched as if it were alive. Peter thought it best to go away without speaking to her. He had heard about cats from his cousin, little Benjamin Bunny. He went back towards the tool shed, but suddenly quite close to him. He heard the noise of a *** scratch, scratch, scratch, scratch. Peter scattered underneath the bishops. But presently as nothing happened, he came upon a wheelbarrow and peeked over. The first thing he saw was Mr. McGregor hoeing onions. His back was turned towards Peter. And beyond him was the get Peter got done very quietly off the wheelbarrow and started running as fast as he could go along a straight walk behind some black current Bush's. Mr. Mcgregor calls side of him at the corner, but Peter did not care. He slipped underneath the get and was safe at last. And the word right side of the garden. Mr. Mcgregor, I hung up the little jacket of the shoes for a scarecrow to frighten the blackbirds. Peter never stopped running or look behind him till he got home to the big for our tree. He was so tired that he flopped dine upon the nice soft sound on the floor of the rabbit hole and shut his eyes. His mother was busy cooking. She wondered what he had done with his clothes. It was the second little jacket and pair of shoes that Peter had lost in a fortnight. I'm sorry to say that Peter was not very well during the evening. His mother put him to bed and made some camomile tea, and she gave a dose of it to Peter. One tablespoon full to be taken at bedtime. But flops see mops and cotton tail, how bread and milk and blackberries for supper. 21. Beatrix Potter : This video, we're going to talk about the national treasure that is Beatrix Potter. Of course, she's famous as being a children's writer and of course in Illustrator. And she really was a pioneer in the whole field of branding and merchandising. As we're going to hear a main, her drawings are instantly recognizable as being Beatrix Potter. But actually she was a bit of a polymath and she was also a grind breaker and a couple of other fields. As we're about to find out. Helen Beatrix Potter lived from the 20th of July 18, 66 until 22 December 1943. She was a children's author and illustrator and we all know that she was also the granddaughter of AB and Potter, the Manchester industrialist, and pay her 23 tails as the tail of Peter Rabbit, the tail of Jemima, puddle Duck, et cetera, have more than 250 million copies. She was also a natural scientists, which you may not have known onto conservationist. Her first work is probably her best-known, the tail of Peter Rabbit. I don't know about you, but when I was a kid, I had Peter Rabbit bowls. I had Peter rapid bibs, and I definitely had Beatrix Potter books because everybody did. She pioneered merchandising, as we can probably tell, when the stuffed toy of Peter Rabbit appeared in 1903. And of course, merchandising is a big part of children's literature and children's stories and popular culture today. Peter Rabbit was the first licensed character and the first fictional character to be made into a pit and merchandise. So she had a head for business as well as all her other talents. Both sides of potters family came from the Manchester area of England and were English Unitarians, dissenting protestants who didn't believe in the Trinity. They believed that God was won. Her grandfather AP, and Potter owned the largest Calico printing works in England and was a member of parliament. Her father, Robert William potter, had been educated by unitarian philosopher James Martin. And then trend is a barrister in London and he specialized in equity law and inconveniencing her mother Helen late. She was the daughter of a cotton merchants and ship builders. It's quite interesting in that powder comes from a very industrialist background, right? And the heyday of the Industrial Revolution, which began a, by the century before. But she becomes a conservationist and actually she was a really key figure. And the National Trust, as we're about to find out via her first cousins on her mother's side. Quirky fact, Harry Potter is a relation of the current Princess of Wales, Princess Catherine, to button gardens and West prompt and in London. And that heist was sadly destroyed and the Blitz. Powders upbringing was quite isolated and she was educated at home by three governances. The final governance on immer was only three years older than she was herself on, acted as her ladies companion and they became friends for life. Potter's parents were interested in art and nature on the countryside. Interests what she would, of course inherit. Potter and her brother Bertram closely observed the small animals they kept as pets and they drew them. And these pets included mice, rabbits, hedgehogs, bots, as well as butterflies and insect. Powder took these many pets on the holiday she spent in Scotland on the Lake District, which encouraged her love of nature. She painted flora and fauna and landscapes from a very young age. The sketch back she made and dal gaze in Scotland when she was a bite. It has been digitized by the Victoria and Albert Museum and you can see it beneath them. I personally feel, but the standard of her drawing for it, erodes is pretty impressive. Bertram and Beatrix became students have natural history. In 18, 82 the highest and del gaze was unavailable to the potters. And so they went to re castle near Lake. When Vermeer and the Lake District there, Potter met Hardwick Rollins Lee, who was the vicar of Re and finding Secretary of the National Trust and his love of country. And I've inspired powder throughout her life. He was a very key figure in her life. She was well-respected in the field of mycology and that's the study of fungi. Do to her watercolor paintings all fungi. And you can see one to the right. It's very, very detailed. She had met them naturalist Charles Mackintosh, who was also an amateur mycologist and Scotland in 18, 92, he taught her taxonomy as well as improving the accuracy of her paintings. I'm taxonomy is the identification of different species of flora and fauna. He provided her with specimens as well and encouraged her and trust and mycology. Potter developed a theory on the germination of fun. This was rebuffed by William thistles and dire, the director of Kew Gardens, basically Judah sexism. It was because of potters gender and also because she was an amateur, but she couldn't really have done a degree and science in that era. Being a woman, that door was closed to her, she accordingly wrote a paper presented to the Linnean Society, which is a scientific community in 18 97. The germination of the spores of the Agora Sydney, I, I don't know if I've pronounced that right. I myself, I'm not an expert on mycology as you might imagine. She was not permitted to attend or to rate her own paper and eventually withdrew it because some of her samples have become contaminated. Although she continued her microscopic studies, her work has really only been evaluated in recent times. She gave her a Manning Michael logical and scientific drawings to the Army Museum and Library and amble side, and they are still used today to identify fungi. Charles Mackintosh donated drawings by portrait and his possession to the Perth Museum and Art Gallery and Scotland. The Linnean Society apologized in 1997 for the misogynistic handling of potters work. Potters literary career and her art was influenced by fairytales and fantasy. She was very knowledgeable on the subject of European folk tales. Her childhood rating has been quite diverse and included the Grimm Brothers and Hans Christian Andersen, as well as Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, the Old Testament, John Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress. Charles Kingsley is the water babies and Aesop's Fables. She also read Scottish mythology and folktales, Shakespeare, Sir Walter Scott, and the German Romantics. She loved Edward Lehrer's book of nonsense, which featured the island the pussycat and Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland. Although in the case of the latter, it was the illustrations that appeal to her more than the story. The part of family loved whole Chandler Harris is brown rabbits stories and she later illustrate that his uncle Remus stories. Her father collected illustrations by Randolph coulda caught, and she also preceded the illustrations of Walter Crane and Kate green away. And there are examples of their work seemed to the right here. Potters first illustrations were of traditional fairy tales, such as Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Alibaba, and the 40 phase, Puss in Boots and Red Riding Hood. Or illustrations often featured her pets, especially mice, rabbits, kittens, and Guinea pigs. As a teenager, she visited London art galleries, especially the summer and winter exhibitions at the Royal Academy of Arts. So John Everett mallei, a founder of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, and a friend of potters, father recognized her gift for observation on her talent as an art critic. Potter did not follow trends and art and her own work, but developed our own unique and instantly recognizable style, her own branding, we might call it today. Potter became increasingly responsible for caring for her parents as she grew older, especially hard demanding. Mother needed to earn money by publishing her art. And the 1890s, she printed Christmas cards, on occasion cards using her own designs. I became a successful illustrator. Mice and rabbits were her most frequently used images. And Hilda shimmer of Wagner bought drawings of Benjamin bunny to illustrate a happy pair, poetry by Frederick, whether late, they went on to buy more of potters drawings for westerlies RD Religions in 18, 93. Potters illustrations were also sold for use and the annual changing pictures published by Ernest Mr. these featured frogs, potters, and illustrated letters to children of her acquaintance, especially those of AMI Carter mer, her former governess. You'll remember whose son was often sick. One of these letters denote was a story by four little rabbits called flops, the mops seek cotton tail and Peter, you might recognize those names. And he suggested that her letters could become children's books. In 1,900, Potter revise the story and to book modeled on Helen bannermen, little black Samba, which had come out in 18 99. She couldn't find a buyer for the book. I'm published at herself for her family and friends. And December 1901, wrongfully was impressed by it, an additive into didactic verse, promoting it to loved and publishers. Frederick ward and Co. who had initially rejected it, came to see it as filling a nation their market for small format children's books, and so agreed to publish what was at that point called the bunny book. They used potters original prose rather than Rosling's verse. Potter upgrade to add color to her pen and ink illustrations and use the new Haenszel three color process to produce her watercolors. The tail of Peter Rabbit was published on 2 October 19 0 t and met with instant success. It was followed in 1903 by the Taylor square root of a napkin and the taylor of Gloucester. These had also started life as letters to the children of the murderer family. She wrote over 60 bucks during her lifetime, including her 23 tails. Are gifted business women, as we've mentioned, and patented a Peter Rabbit toy in 1903 to this sheet out of pending books, board games, wallpaper, figurines, tastes, That's I'm baby blankets. These were licensed by Frederick, worn uncoat amid both Potter and republish are a lot of money. In 1905, Paltrow became unofficially engaged to Norman Warren, who was her publisher Frederick warns, third son. Her parents thought he was beneath her because he was in tread he was too low or social ranking. Worn sadly, died a month later, or pernicious anemia, age 37, and that wasn't an incredible tragedy. For Beatrix. In 1905, she bought hilltop farm and near sorry, a village in the Lake District. It's possible that she had worn, had intended to use the farm as a holiday home. She later bought other farms to preserve the hill country landscape and the area. Potter took farming very seriously and actually won prizes for her Hardwick shape. She kept writing and illustrating alongside her farming work, as well as designing merchandise for her publisher. Worn until her eyesight deteriorated. She married local solicitor William healers. And 1913, when she was 47, he had actually acted on her behalf during her acquisition of farming lands. Once again, her parents disapproved. Hey, listen Potter married on the 15th of October, 1913 in London, and they lived and near sorry, at castle cottage, at the castle farm farmhouse and 34 acres, hilltop was left to tenants, but retained potter studio and workshop. She became happily ensconced and country life. She really loved the community, she loved the landscape, she loves animals. She was in a happy place. Her happiness at hilltop farm is seen in the tail of Jemima puddle duck and the tail of Tom kitten. When her father died in 1914, Potter font property for her mother and sorry, Helen, find a dull and moved to London high, which is today at 34 bedroom hotel, which you can see pictured to the right and bonus on the other side of liquid under mayor porter continued to write and also find it on nursing trust for local villagers and sat on various committees concerned with rural issues. So she was very, very involved and the local community. In the 1920s, her prize wedding sheep led her to become a judge at agricultural shows. She became the first female president elect of the hardware shape Breeders Association in 1942, but she died before she could take up the office. She continued her conservation work following the ideas of Ron's lay, the National Trust says of her, she supported the efforts of the National Trust to preserve not just the places of extraordinary beauty, but also those heads the valleys and low grazing lands that would be irreparably ruined by development. She wasn't authority on traditional Lake Land crafts, on furniture. And 1930s, she and her husband partnered with the National Trust to buy a managed file farms and the monk, instead, critics felt she used her wealth to acquire land before it could go on the market to the public. So she wasn't a universally admired for her work. She wrote and drew for her own pleasure and later life, including illustrating Sicily parsley is nursery rhymes, which was published in 1920 to her watercolor illustration for this that will pick a, which you can see below, was sold for 60,000 pounds and 2012. Also in her later years, she patronized the Girl Guide association. If you're not from the UK, you maybe refer to that as the Girl Scouts. And she allowed them to camp on her land. She inhalers had no children, but Potter was very involved in his large family and she educated several of her nieces by marriage. Beatrix Potter died of pneumonia and heart disease at hilltop farm on 22 December 1943, leaving most of our property to the National Trust, including over 4,000 acres of land, 16 farms, various colleges and herds of Hardwick shape. The headquarters of the National Trust was named halos and 2005. And her honor, she preserved much of the land which now forms the Lake District National Park. William hela survived her by only 20 months and he left the remainder of her property and literary and artistic work to the National Trust when he died in August 1945. Her books continued to sell and her life story has been made into films and a TV series. You can save the movie Miss Potter, with Renee Zellweger, pictured here to the right. 22. Beatrix Potter Illustrations : When you hear the name Beatrix Potter, It's probably her illustrations and images that come to your mind rather than words. And we're going to look at some of those famous illustrations in this video. As we heard before, Beatrix Potter began drawing right from childhood. Here is an image drawn and her childhood from the Victoria and Albert Museum. And as she got older, she was really known for the anatomical correctness of her drawings that close attention to detail on the observation. And then of course, onto the top of that, she added anthropomorphism on the little blue jacket on the other items of clothing. So famously associated with her characters that there was her drawing of fungi and it really shows her attention to detail and our powers of observation as an artist and as a scientist. So here is a famous picture by Beatrix Potter. I think there is something in it, all of her style. Obviously it's a scientific drawing. It's all about observation, but something about the use of color main. It's not a world away from her fantasy. Joy is basically, I don't think, not that I'm very knowledgeable about art, but this is quite pretty. I mean, you could realistically put it on your wall and make it into wallpaper? Well, maybe you would or wouldn't. So as we know, her Peter Rabbit stories started life as letters to her young friends. Especially a young friend who really wasn't that well. So here we see an example of what a letter from empty Beatrix look like. The lovely drawings content within them. It must have been such great fun for the children to receive these letters. Out, of course, that developed into the style that is so famous today. This particular picture, the rabbit party, the arrival. It's done in watercolor, pen and ink and the colors of Beatrix Potter's artwork. Our part of her instantly recognizable style. Of course, this is an absolutely iconic picture. I don't know about you, but I had this image on all kinds of items, especially things to do with eating bowls and spoons and that kind of thing. When I was a very young child. And of course, she used this image and she made quite a lot of money out of it and other images. As we heard before, Beatrix Potter really was a pioneer of the kind of merchandising that we have today. If there are young people in your family, I'm pretty sure you don't just go and see a movie that they love without having to buy the pencil cases on the lunch boxes and all the rest of it. Frozen, of course, was a massive merchandising juggernaut. And counter. Not so much. I actually find it quite difficult to get and can't do merchandise, but normally, we are bombarded with all the stuff. When a new movie or a new book or a new story comes out and Beatrix Potter was a big part of that. So you can see here on the left a very early piece of merchandise around Peter Rabbit with that very famous picture of Peter on it and his little blue coat. Also alludes to some of her other characters, such as square root of napkin, Jeremy Fisher on Jemima puddle duck. So it's bringing children into that world through the paintings, through the books and also through the merchandise. To the right, you can see a little selection of the kind of merchandise that's available today. Of course, there's way more items that you can buy that are focused on her characters, not just Peter Rabbit, but other of her characters than just this. And at the bottom, some very attractive stuffed toys. If I didn't have my own little patrons, I'd be very happy to take one of these little guys home with me. 23. Reading from Anne of Green Gables : Now, let's hear a reading from Anne of Green Gables by LM Montgomery, chapter five, arms history. Do you know, said confidentially, I've made up my mind to enjoy this drive. It's been my experience that you can nearly always enjoy things if you make up your mind firmly that you will. Of course, you must make it up firmly. I'm not going to think about going back to the asylum while we're having our drive. I'm just going to think about the drive, but there's one little early Wild Rose out, isn't it? Lovely? Don't you think it must be glad to be a rose? Wouldn't it be nice if roses could talk? I'm sure that it can tell us such lovely things. Isn't the pink the most bewitching color and the world? I love it, but I can't wear it. Red headed people can't wear a pink. Not even in imagination. Did you ever know if anybody whose hair was rad when she was young but got to be another color when she grew up. I don't know was I ever did said Marilyn mercilessly and I shouldn't think it likely to happen in your case either side. Well, that is another hope gum. My life is perfect graveyard of buried hopes. That's the sentence I read in a book once and I said over to comfort myself whenever I'm disappointed at anything. I don't see where the comfort and comes and myself said Marla, why? Because its sign so nice and romantic. Just as if I were a heroine of the book. You know, I'm so fond romantic things and a graveyard full of buried hopes that is about as romantic a thing as one can imagine, isn't it? I'm rather glad I have one. Are we going across the lake of shining Walters today? We're not going over berries pond. If that's what you mean by your lake of shining waters. We're going by the Shore Road. Shore Road Signs nice. Said I'm dribbling isn't as nice as its size. Just when you said Shore Road, I saw it in a picture in my mind is quickest that White Sands is a pretty name too, but I don't like it as well as avidly, oftenly is a lovely name. It sounds just like music. How far is it to White Sands? It's 5 mi. And that's your evidently bent on talking. You might as well talk to some purpose by telling me what you know about yourself. Oh, well, I know about myself isn't really worth telling. Set on eagerly, if you'll only let me tell you what I imagine about myself, you'll think it ever so much more interesting. No, I don't want any of your imaginings just to stick to bold facts begin at the beginning. Where were you born on how old are you? I was 11 last March set on resigning herself to bolt facts with a little sigh. I was born and Bolingbroke, Nova Scotia. My father's name was Walter surely. He was a teacher and Bolingbroke high-school. My mother's name was Bertha surely aren't Walter and birth are lovely names. I'm so glad my parents have nice names. It would be a real disgrace to have a father named well, say Jedediah, wouldn't it? I guess it doesn't matter what a person's name is as long as he behaves himself, said Morella, feeling herself called upon to inculcate or good, unuseful moral. Well, I don't know. Look thoughtful. I ran the big points about a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. But I've never been able to believe it. I don't believe arose would be as nice if it was called a thistle or a skunk cabbage. I suppose my father could have been a good man, even if he had been called Jedediah. But I'm sure it would have been across. Well, my mother was a teacher in high school too, but she married father, she gave up teaching, of course, her husband was enough responsibility. Mrs. Thomas said that they were a pair of babies and his parish church mice. They went to live in a weenie tiny little yellow house and Bolingbroke. I've never seen that highest, but I've imagined it thousands of times. I think it must have had honeysuckle over the parlor window and lilacs in the front yard and lilies of the valley just outside the good. Yes. I'm muslin curtains and the windows, muslin curtains give a high such in there. I was born in that house. Mrs. Thomas said, I was the holiest baby she ever saw. I was so scrawny and tiny and nothing for the eyes. Mother thought I was perfectly beautiful. I should think of Mother would be a better judge. The number of women who came in to scrub, wouldn't you? I'm glad she was satisfied with me any high I would feel so sad if I thought I was a disappointment to her because she didn't live very long after that. You see, she died a fever when I was just three months old. I do wish she'd lived long enough for me to remember calling her mother. I think it would be so sweet to say Mother, don't you? Father died four days afterwards from fever to that left me an orphan and folks were at their wits end. So Mrs. Thomas said, what to do with me. You see, nobody wanted me even then. It seems to be my fit father and mother both came from places far away and it was well known they have any relatives living. Finally, Mrs. Thomas said she'd take me though she was poor and had a drunken husband. She brought me up by hand. Do you know if there's anything in being brought up by hand that ought to make people who are brought up that way better than other people. Because whenever I was naughty, Mrs. Thomas would ask how I can be such a bad girl when she had brought me up by hand reproach for like. 24. L.M. Montgomery : I don't know about you, but when I was young, I got very excited once I finished one I'm book and it was time to move on to another. And so I had a great affection for this Liddy Lucy mod Montgomery. At one point she was a girl very like an young, unimaginative and living in a beautiful place. But unfortunately, the story of her life, particularly of her adult life, was not quite the sweet heartwarming tale that her books tell. Lucy mod Montgomery, OBA, struggled and a world which are the expectations of women, what she just didn't fit the mold. She lived from 18, 74 until 1942. She was a children's author, a novelist and essayist, a poet, a short story writer, very much a professional writer. And that wasn't considered to be feminine in her day. If you were a woman and writing, that was like a hallway and if you did well at it, well, that was almost a fluke. She's of course most famous for her Anne of Green Gables series, although she also wrote Emily of New Moon. In fact, she published 20 novels, 530 short stories, 500 poems on Thursday assays. Her novels are mostly set on Prince Edward Island, which she made into a tourist destination. Lucy mode Montgomery was born and Clifton, I called New London on Prince Edward Island on the 30th of November 18, 74 to Clara will undermine native Montgomery and Hugh John Montgomery. Her mother died of tuberculosis when she was only 21 months old, and her father plaster and the care of her nearby maternal grandparents lied to us in this generation, but might sound like an abandonment. But in those days, men weren't considered to be capable of raising children. And everybody probably thought this was the best thing to do for the child. When she was seven, her father moved to Saskatchewan. She continued to be brought up by her grandparents and Cavendish on Prince Edward Island, but her father was my item reach really for daily life. She spent much of her childhood alone. And so invented imaginary friends who lived in the fairy room behind the drawing room. So she's very imaginative even as a child. In 18, 87 at 13, she wrote in her diary about her early dreams of future fan. And she anticipated that she would one day become a well-known author. And that was despite her submission of a poem for publication which had just been rejected, She's still have fifth, but one day it would happen for her. When she finished school, she spent a year with her father and step mother, Mary and McCrae, Prince Albert, and 18, 19. And you'll notice that the arm has no E, and if you've read the books, you'll know why that's significant. During this time, the Charlotte's toned paper, the daily patriot, published her poem on Kip law force. She returned to Prince Edward Island in 18 91. The Charlottesville paper also published her account of a visit to a First Nations cap on the grid plans. She had not enjoyed her time and Prince Albert, as her father's marriage, seemed unhappy to her and she didn't get on well with her stepmother. In 18, 93, she began teacher training at the Prince of Wales collagen Charlotte's time walks in nature on Prince Edward Island led to her experiences of what she called the flash, a spiritual sense of peace and an awareness of a higher PAR through nature. The experiences influenced both on and Emily and her writing. She said, I met the commonplaces of life. I was very near to a kingdom of ideal beauty. Between it and may hung only a thin veil. I could never quite draw it at the site, but sometimes a wind fluttered it and I seem to catch a glimpse of the enchanting realm beyond only a glimpse. But those glimpses have always made life worthwhile. And she wrote this in her journal in 1905. So she was profoundly moved by these experiences. She finished her teacher training course and only a year instead of two years, and then studied literature adult has a University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, becoming a BA just like an surely. After college she taught and Prince Edward Island and various schools, but she didn't really enjoy it much. The positive was that it gave her time to write. The 1890s. She rejected proposals of marriage from John a mustard, and we'll Pritchard. Mustard had been her teacher and she find him boring. He tended to lecture her on theology and that kind of thing. And Pritchard was her friend's brother whom she saw as more of a friend, a potential match. Although she corresponded with Pritchard for six years until the very sadly died of flu in 18 97, accepted a proposal of marriage from Edwin Simpson. And 18 97 out of a desire for love and protection and a sense that her prospects were poorer. She didn't think she could do any better, but she ended up not being able to stand him or she felt he was self-centered. And Ben, while teaching a mid-deck, she had a passionate relationship with a member of the family with whom she was boarding. Herman layered. On 8 April 18, 98, she wrote that she must stay faithful to Simpson. But I find myself face to face with the burning consciousness. I loved her urban layered with a wild, passionate, unreasoning love that dominated my entire being on, possessed me like a flame alive. I could neither male nor control a lot that at its intensity seems a little short of absolute madness. Madness, yes. Although she ended the relationship with friends and family. Object to the his and inferior social standing. And afterwards he died from flu. Montgomery was absolutely devastated and it was actually something that impacted her for the rest of her life. In later life, she would believe that certain health problems that she was experiencing where in fact layered haunting her. So she had this guilt of not having married him. She wrote that he was more Harrison death than in life and that she would never have to see him with another woman. She moved back to Cavendish in 18 90 it to care for her widowed grandmother. And then she moved to Halifax, 1901-2, where she worked as a proofreader up newspapers, The Morning Chronicle, on the daily echo. The book she had written whilst on Prince Edward Island, now provided her with a considerable income and she was able to return to care for her grandmother who died 1911. Despite her financial independence, she was aware of that marriage was unnecessary choice for women in Canada. Now that's an interesting necessary choice. Signs a little bit like an oxymoron. Was it really a choice? It seemed to be necessary to be married, to fit properly and to society and to fulfill the role that was expected of you. Out of Green Gables was published in 1908, and it went through six printings by 1909, so it was a staggering success. From then on, she wrote unpublished material for the rest of her life. The Canadian press made much of her upbringing on Prince Edward Island, depicting it as antiquated and charming Lake Provincial. The American press were not so kind and described it as backwards on rustic. There was a particularly patronising article in a Boston newspaper in 1911 which said, no one would ever imagined that such a remote and unassertive spec of the map would ever produce such a writer whose first three books should want it all be included in the six bestsellers. But it was all in this unemotional islands that out of Green Gables was born. The story was the work of a modest young school teacher who was doubtless as surprised as any of her neighbors when she finds her sweetly simple Taylor child is joys and sorrows of a diminutive redhead girl had made the literary hit, the season with the American public. I first start on was described as being unusually tall and far from being modest. Young school teacher at Montgomery was in fact 37 at the time. And also this describes the fact that a woman could not be a professional. She must have been surprised that her stories were successful, even though we know that at the age of 13, she had anticipated with one day she'd be a famous writer. And it's almost saying here that her success was a fluke. Montgomery wrote to a friend. I am frankly in literature to make a living out of it. And I don't think that's her saying she's just in it for the money or anything like that, but that she is a proper professional. She married Presbyterian minister you and McDonald's in 1911, and you can see them to the right and later life, they moved to Ontario where he became Minister of St. Paul's Presbyterian Church and leak deal. She wrote her next 11 books and the months which had no toilets and no bathroom, so she can plan to buy it a bit. Today. It's the Lucy mode Montgomery licked Dale months Museum. Robert McDonald did not read literature for entertainment really, though, like his wife, he was a Scottish descent. They have different perceptions of Scotland. Montgomery had a romantic view of it, whereas McDonald's suddenly had laughed you to the Highland clearances. So he didn't quite say it like that. So they had certain things in common. There were differences between them and their marriage wasn't a particularly happy when they had three sons, Chester, Hugh, who sadly stillborn, and Stuart. Joke tour portrait in Scotland. But those women whom God wanted to destroy, he would make into the wives of ministers. And she actually started to use writing as a form of escape from her unhappy circumstances. In 1911, she published the autobiographical story girl, in which the character of Sarah stomach resembles Montgomery on Peter Craig is reminiscent of harm and layered. Viewed the First World War as a quest to save civilization and encouraged young man to enlist. I am not one of those. He believed that this war will put an end to war. War is horrible, but there are things that are more horrible still, just as there are fits worse than death. She said. She saw the war as reviving Christianity, patriotism, and moral courage, all of which had been lacking. And Canadian society in her view, she flew flags to celebrate allied victory. So she was taking it very seriously. And she was angry if her husband didn't bring home a newspaper every day. So that chicken keep up with awardees and she was disgusted. The McDonald's did not preach about the war. Montgomery gave birth to her final sons dirt on October 7, 1915, and she couldn't feed him or herself. So he was given cow's milk and not might find a little bit. Not serious to us, but this was in the days before pasteurization, so it was actually quite high risk. She developed severe depression around this time, possibly postnatal depression after the birth, or possibly as a result of her husband's depressive illness. In 1918, she nearly died of Spanish flu, which have killed 50,200 million people worldwide, including Montgomery's best friend, Frederica Campbell McFarlane, known as Friday. Montgomery, felt that McDonald's had been indifferent to her illness and contemplated divorcing him. At that time, there were only a couple of hundred divorces and the whole of Canada every year. So it's a very serious thing and not socially done. She finally decided that it was her Christian JD to make the marriage work though, even though it was an unhappy when she started to feel guilty about her support for the war as well. She wrote in her diary or by the character called the piper, similar to the Pied Piper of Hamelin, who play the tune and lead all the children away. This character is initially unknowable character leading the man away with bagpipes, but then becomes something much darker. The paper appears in Rambo Valley, published in 1919, which is part of the series and Rayleigh of ankles side and 1921 also part of the series, inspiring and some Walter to enlist with the Canadian Expeditionary Force and he has of course, later killed in the First World War. Mcdonald's mental illness was deteriorating. He began to believe that he and his family were not among the elect. In other words, that they hadn't been chosen by God and that their souls would be eternally lost. This had an impact on Montgomery's depression and she wished she had married someone else. Might. We can hear this reasoning and thinking it was clear that he was unwell. But imagine somebody telling you frequently throughout the day that you were going to **** and that you were not chosen, you were cast aside. It would start to have an impact on you. And 1920s, she wrote in her diary, I bite a letter from some pathetic 10-year-old and New York who employers me to send her my photo because she is awake in her bed wondering what I look like. Well, if she had a picture of me and my old dress resting with the furniture this morning passing the ashes and fingers, she would die of disillusionment. However, I shall Sandra or reprints of my last photo in which I sat and wrapped inspiration, apparently at my desk with pen in my hand and guided lesson silk with hair. So man, I'm quite possible woman of no Can whatsoever to the dusty ash covered Cinderella of the furnace seller. Her public image on her real life varied drastically, and Montgomery had a real realization of this. Writing remained her solace. She believed her depression and migrants were repressed romantic passions. And they indicated that harm and layered was haunting her as we talked a little bit about earlier. So her guilt over layered onto her passion for him never really disappeared. In 1925, reverend McDonald became estranged from his congregation when he opposed his church join the United Church of Canada. Montgomery is biographer Mary heavily Rubio. A search that leaked deal liked McDonald's but loved Montgomery. So she had a place in the community that that she was a bite to lose. They were forced to move and went to Norval Presbyterian College and Holton hills, Ontario and 1926, McDonald's sign himself into his sanatorium and 1930s for after years of having suffered with a mental illness. When he was released, they gave his medication to Montgomery, but it happened accidentally infected with insecticide that nearly killed him and that caused him to develop paranoia. Montgomery published part of silver bush and 1933, which was darker than her previous stories. She said, I give on my imagination. And Emily Starr by knack for scribbling. But the girl who is more myself than any other, It's part of silver bush. So this is the most autobiographical of her works. Mcdonald's retired in 1935 and they move to Swansea, Ontario, a suburb of Toronto. She renamed our host journeys. And I began to write about, and again with an n of when the poplars published in 1936. If you wrap it in the UK, you might have read it under the title out of Wendy willows. I know I did. I'm on an angle side, published in 1939. Qian of lantern Hill was published in 1937. Montgomery was awarded the OBA, an order of Honor, and the British Empire as an order of the British Empire. In fact, in 1935, her husband did not attend the ceremony. She spoke at book fairs and book clubs and was a big figure in literary circles. She was upset at the outbreak of the Second World War. This nightmare that it has been loosed upon the world, so unfair that we should have to go through it all again. Chester, her eldest son, was unwell and unlikely to be conscripted, but she was terrified. That's direct. Our youngest son would be sent to war and she wrote in her words, lose everything I love. Conscription was introduced, but conscripts didn't have to serve abroad unless they choose to do so. Montgomery tried to raise the profile of Canadian literature through the Canadian authors association. But male Avant garde Canadian writers such as Philip Grove FOR Scott and Raven Nestor look down on the CIA because of its female dominated membership and because it promoted the work of Montgomery, which to them was not as serious writer. And the strange thing about that is if you yourself are not Canadian and you're asked to name a Canadian writer, well, Margaret Atwood would obviously be up there, but I think LM Montgomery is probably going to be one of the first names that come to mind when you think of Canadian writing. And also, I bought the AMP books and a box set when I happened to be at Niagara Falls. She's like part of the tourist worlds. They're like buying maple syrup or a picture of a maple leaf or e.g. either she really does come to exemplify Canadian literature to non Canadians. Her last diary entry on March the 23rd, 1942 reads, my life has been ****, ****, ****. My mind is gone. Everything in the world I lived for as gum, the world has gone mad. I shall be driven to end my life. Oh God, forgive me. Nobody dreams of what my awful position is because her private life was so different from her public life as the author of such a warm, cute, quint story with the lovable heroin, people basically thought that she was in the last year of her life. Lucy MLB Montgomery wrote the ninth and final book, the blinds are quoted. It included 15 stories, some of which had been published before, but they were rewritten to make Anne and her family peripheral characters. Plus the 41 poems ascribe to add onto her son Walter, who was killed in the First World War. The manuscript was delivered to the publisher on the day of her death, but it wasn't published in its entirety until 2009, when it was published by Viking Canada. Lucy mode Montgomery McDonald's died on April the 24th, 1942 because given was coronary thrombosis, but it is possible that she actually died of suicide. Note fine by her bad read, my God, forgive me and I hope everyone else will forgive me, even if they cannot understand. My position is too awful to endure and nobody realizes that what an end to life in which I tried to always to do my best. There was awake at the Green Gables farmhouse than a burial at Cavendish community cemetery and Cavendish, Prince Edward Island. 25. Anne of Green Gables : Now, let's hear a reading from Anne of Green Gables by LM Montgomery, chapter five, arms history. Do you know, said confidentially, I've made up my mind to enjoy this drive. It's been my experience that you can nearly always enjoy things if you make up your mind firmly that you will. Of course, you must make it up firmly. I'm not going to think about going back to the asylum while we're having our drive. I'm just going to think about the drive, but there's one little early Wild Rose out, isn't it? Lovely? Don't you think it must be glad to be a rose? Wouldn't it be nice if roses could talk? I'm sure that it can tell us such lovely things. Isn't the pink the most bewitching color and the world? I love it, but I can't wear it. Red headed people can't wear a pink. Not even in imagination. Did you ever know if anybody whose hair was rad when she was young but got to be another color when she grew up. I don't know was I ever did said Marilyn mercilessly and I shouldn't think it likely to happen in your case either side. Well, that is another hope gum. My life is perfect graveyard of buried hopes. That's the sentence I read in a book once and I said over to comfort myself whenever I'm disappointed at anything. I don't see where the comfort and comes and myself said Marla, why? Because its sign so nice and romantic. Just as if I were a heroine of the book. You know, I'm so fond romantic things and a graveyard full of buried hopes that is about as romantic a thing as one can imagine, isn't it? I'm rather glad I have one. Are we going across the lake of shining Walters today? We're not going over berries pond. If that's what you mean by your lake of shining waters. We're going by the Shore Road. Shore Road Signs nice. Said I'm dribbling isn't as nice as its size. Just when you said Shore Road, I saw it in a picture in my mind is quickest that White Sands is a pretty name too, but I don't like it as well as avidly, oftenly is a lovely name. It sounds just like music. How far is it to White Sands? It's 5 mi. And that's your evidently bent on talking. You might as well talk to some purpose by telling me what you know about yourself. Oh, well, I know about myself isn't really worth telling. Set on eagerly, if you'll only let me tell you what I imagine about myself, you'll think it ever so much more interesting. No, I don't want any of your imaginings just to stick to bold facts begin at the beginning. Where were you born on how old are you? I was 11 last March set on resigning herself to bolt facts with a little sigh. I was born and Bolingbroke, Nova Scotia. My father's name was Walter surely. He was a teacher and Bolingbroke high-school. My mother's name was Bertha surely aren't Walter and birth are lovely names. I'm so glad my parents have nice names. It would be a real disgrace to have a father named well, say Jedediah, wouldn't it? I guess it doesn't matter what a person's name is as long as he behaves himself, said Morella, feeling herself called upon to inculcate or good, unuseful moral. Well, I don't know. Look thoughtful. I ran the big points about a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. But I've never been able to believe it. I don't believe arose would be as nice if it was called a thistle or a skunk cabbage. I suppose my father could have been a good man, even if he had been called Jedediah. But I'm sure it would have been across. Well, my mother was a teacher in high school too, but she married father, she gave up teaching, of course, her husband was enough responsibility. Mrs. Thomas said that they were a pair of babies and his parish church mice. They went to live in a weenie tiny little yellow house and Bolingbroke. I've never seen that highest, but I've imagined it thousands of times. I think it must have had honeysuckle over the parlor window and lilacs in the front yard and lilies of the valley just outside the good. Yes. I'm muslin curtains and the windows, muslin curtains give a high such in there. I was born in that house. Mrs. Thomas said, I was the holiest baby she ever saw. I was so scrawny and tiny and nothing for the eyes. Mother thought I was perfectly beautiful. I should think of Mother would be a better judge. The number of women who came in to scrub, wouldn't you? I'm glad she was satisfied with me any high I would feel so sad if I thought I was a disappointment to her because she didn't live very long after that. You see, she died a fever when I was just three months old. I do wish she'd lived long enough for me to remember calling her mother. I think it would be so sweet to say Mother, don't you? Father died four days afterwards from fever to that left me an orphan and folks were at their wits end. So Mrs. Thomas said, what to do with me. You see, nobody wanted me even then. It seems to be my fit father and mother both came from places far away and it was well known they have any relatives living. Finally, Mrs. Thomas said she'd take me though she was poor and had a drunken husband. She brought me up by hand. Do you know if there's anything in being brought up by hand that ought to make people who are brought up that way better than other people. Because whenever I was naughty, Mrs. Thomas would ask how I can be such a bad girl when she had brought me up by hand reproach for like. 26. Little Women Reading: I'm reading from Little Women by Louisa May Alcott, chapter one, playing pilgrims. Christmas will be Christmas without any presence grumbled Joe lying on the rug. It so dreadful to be poorer side mag, looking down at her old dress, I don't think it's fair for some girls to have plenty of pretty things and other girls, nothing at all out of the dilemma with an injured sniff. We've got father and mother and each other a setback contentedly from her corner. The four young faces in which the firelight, Sean brightened up the cheerful words but dark. And again, as Joe said, savvy, We haven't got Father and we shall not have him for a long time. She didn't say perhaps never, but each silently added it, thinking of Father far away where the fighting was. Nobody spoke for a minute. Then Meg said and an altered tone, you know, the reason mother proposed not having any presence this Christmas was because it is going to be a hard winter for everyone. And she thinks we ought not to spend money for pleasure when our manners suffering. So in the army, we can't do much, but we can make our little sacrifices and ought to do it gladly. But I'm afraid I don't I'm Meg shook her head and she thought regretfully of all the pretty thing she wanted. But I don't think we should spend with do any good. We've each got $1 and the army wouldn't be much helped by our giving that. I agree not to expect anything from mother or you, but I do want to buy and Dina and center on for myself. I wanted it so long said Joe, who was a bookworm, I plan to spend mind and new music set bath with a little psi, which no one hurt but the hearth brush on kettle holder. I just look at an icebox of Faber's drawing pencils. I really need them, said Amy. Decidedly. Mother didn't say anything about our money and she went wish us to give up everything. That's h by what we want and have a little fun. I'm sure we work hard enough to earn it. Cried Joe, examining the heels of her shoes and a gentlemanly manner. I know I do teaching those terrorists and children nearly all day when I'm longing to enjoy myself at home began meg and the complaining tone again. You don't have have such a hard time as I do Said Joe. Hi, would you like to be shut up for ours with a nervous facility who keeps you traveling, is never satisfied and worries you until you're ready to fly out the window or cry. It's naughty to fret, but I do think washing dishes and keep things tidy as the worst work in the world. It makes me cross on my hands get so stiff I can't practice well at all. I'm Beth looked at her rough hands with a sigh that anyone could hear that time. I don't believe any of you suffer as I do cried Emmy for you don't have to go to school with them. Pertinent girls plague you if you don't know your lessons and laugh at your dresses and label your father if he isn't rich and insult you when your nose isn't nice. If you mean libel, I'd say so. I'm not talking about liberals as if papaya was a pickup bubble. Advise Joe laughing. I know what I mean. You needn't be satirical about it. It's proper to use good words and improve your vocabulary. Returned AMI with dignity. Dope packet one another. Children, Don't you wish we have the money papaya lost when we were little Joe. Dear me, hi, happy and good we'd be if we had No worries. Said Meg, who could remember better times. You said the other day you felt we were ideal, happier than the king children for they were fighting and prepping all the time in spite of their money. I did Beth Well, I think we are for though we do have to work. We make fun of ourselves and our pretty jelly set, as Joe would say. Joe tells you such slang words, observed Amy with a approving look at the long fingers stretched on the rug. Joe immediately sat up, put her hands in our pockets and began to whistle, don't Joe, it so boyish. That's why I do it. I detest rude and lady-like girls. I hit affected mnemonic, Kemeny chits, birds and their little degree sign bath, the peacemaker with such a funny face that both sharp voices softened to laugh, and the packing ended for a time. 27. Louisa May Alcott : We're going to talk now about a writer who's very much in the public consciousness, Louisa May Alcott, only a couple of years ago, of course, there was a movie of Little Women that was a huge hit. There have been several of those over the years. The novels, Riemann, Sum of the best-loved works of children's fiction and of women's literature that we have. So let's hear a little bit more about that creator, Louisa May Alcott, from Little Women to feminist icon. Louisa May Alcott lived from 18, 32 until 18 88. She was a novelist, short story writer, and a poet. She was also an abolitionist. She opposed slavery and the United States, and she was a feminist. She was most famous for her series of novels, Little Women published in 18, 68, Good Wives published in 18 69, little man published in 18 71 on Jo's Boys published in 1880s. Daughter of American transcendentalists, Abigail May and Amos Bronson Alcott. American transcendentalism was a major philosophical and literary movement at the time. It was funded by more liberal Christians than the Puritans who had gone before them. And so it showed the idea of people as being basically really bad and believed in the potential of humans striving. There's a lot about a love of nature and other things that carry through to the literature of today. It's quite a complex field. I'll put a link to an article about it in the resources section. I'll cut work to support her family from a young age. Her earliest works, spy adventures for young adults, were written under the pandemic AM Barnard, the somewhat gender nonspecific pen name of AM Barnard. Because of course, as we saw when we talked by Alan Montgomery, those days, for a woman to write was considered a hobby. It was unfair Berlin to write professionally. And it was almost like if you were a woman and you were writing on your works took off, it was like a fluke. The little women's stories were based on her own family life and Concord, Massachusetts, with her sisters, Abigail, known as may, Elizabeth and Ana. He was actually born in a suburb of Philadelphia. I moved to Boston and 18, 34. Her father established to school. They're on, joined the transcendental Club. She was educated by several eminent transcendentalists, Henry David Thoreau and her father and with instruction from Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller on Julia Ward high, who were all family friends. There were tensions between Bronson Alcott and his family because it is arbitrates to their independence and his inability to provide for his family. So it wasn't a sort of a dielectric family life as you might imagine from the novels. The family moved 22 times and 30 years, selling a house that Emerson help them by two. Nathaniel Hawthorne in 18, 58, they moved into orchard highs and Concord, Massachusetts. The backdrop for Little Women, which I believe you can go and visit today. All caught was the first woman to register to vote and conquered. The family believed in plain living and high thinking. In 18, 47 by highest and fugitive slave for awakened hot discussions with former slave and statesman Frederick Douglass. And they were of course, all divide abolitionists. In 18, 60, I'll cop began writing for Atlantic Monthly. She volunteered as a nurse and the American Civil War, but contracted typhoid. Her letters home became Hospital Sketches published in 18, 63. Her father wrote a poem about how proud he was of her for nursing and for her contribution to them. When I remember with what buoyant heart Mr. wars alarms and woes of civil strife and youthful agonist. I did depart in parallel of biosafety pace on life to nurse the wounded soldier, sway with the dad. Hi pair, sit soon Bye fevers, poison dart. I'm brought unconscious home with wilderness head. By ever since mid language and dull pain to conquer fortune cherished kindred, dare. House with grave studies backs to sprightly brand and married households, kindled love and chair, narrow from myself by fans Live Trump beguiled. Finding in this and the farther hemisphere, I press the to my heart as duties fifth full Child. Little Women mimics the family's own life, baths, death relating to Lizzie's in real life and the rivalry between Joe and Amy mirroring the rivalry between Louisa and may. Unlike Joe, I'll cop did not marry. I am more than half persuaded that I am a man's soul put by some force of nature into a woman's body. Because I have fallen in love with so many pretty girls. I never wants the least bit for any man. Her affair with Vladislav as GSK while traveling in Europe was featured in her journals, but she deleted the entries before she died. She adopted maize daughter when she died following childbirth in 18 79, the girl was called Louisa, and she was nicknamed Lulu. In 18 77, she became one of the founders of the women's educational and industrial union in Boston. She suffered from chronic illness in her later life, and this was once believed to be due to mercury poisoning. But a portrait of her shows a rash which could be associated with lupus, an autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own tissues and organs. She died of a stroke on March the sixth, 18, 86 days after her father died. At that time that Lulu was only it. Louisa May Alcott is buried and Sleepy Hollow symmetric concord. 28. Little Women : Much has been made of the similarities between Jo March, the protagonist of Little Women, and Louisa May Alcott herself. In fact, the most recent movie version of the story, which stars social Ronan, as Jo March, suggests that Louisa May Alcott and never wanted to Mary Jo off, that she was married to do that by the publishers because that's something that readers would expect and actually wanted to keep Joe closer to herself. So what's the truth of that? How much is this series of novels autobiographical? So the series includes little women, as we know, good wives and little man and Jo's Boys. So it starts off with the story of the younger March sisters and other novels progress. They get older, they get married, they have families of their own. And it's quite an interesting insight into the role of women in Victorian era America actually and post-Civil War America. It has a lot to say about the class structure of America, if we can call it that with poorer families and more wealthy families and the appearance of being rich oppressors, actually being rich and all that kind of thing. Attitudes towards Europe. There is so much in the novels that are of interest from a historical point of view, but how much of it is actually historically accurate? Well, Joe and Louisa, you can see here that whenever Joe is depicted onscreen, She tends somewhat, slightly resemble Louisa May Alcott, whom we've heard say preferred women and fell in love with women rather than with men. And could easily be described as a tomboy and definitely looks very tom boyish. And the picture that we see here, there are certain character traits that Joe definitely shared with Louisa, the tom boyish notice that we've mentioned the love of writing. Jo March was also very forthright and direct and said what she thought on how to high level of energy. She was also quick tempered, rebellious, and on occasions her bluntness beers towards being raped, and people do take her well, I think that was probably true of Louisa May Alcott as well. But she's a Flawed Heroine. And that makes us, I think, actually like her Moro, that she's not a perfect angelic character. That role really goes to Beth and Little Women. She refuses lorries proposal, being married is not the be-all and end-all for Jo March, and it certainly wasn't for Louisa May Alcott t never married in a society where that was a very big expectation placed on women. Of course, families would sometimes have the spinster daughter who stayed at home to look after the parents. But really getting yourself married off was a pretty big goal for most women of that generation. Joe's eventual marriage can be seen as romantic blessing. We do want our heroines and romantic novels to end up married. That's the sort of Cinderella trope. But it could also be seen as a professional loss because Joe becomes domesticated and she loses some of her treasured and depend on sound. Can't really be the star writer that we might also have wanted to see her becoming the all cuts on the marches. So if Louisa and Joe have parallels, there are wider parallels between the Alcott family and the March family. Definitely. Family circumstances mirrored at not totally reflected the old carts. Bronson Alcott had been a traveling salesman, but he wasn't really a very effective salesman. And so the family got into financial trouble on remand and poverty in the March family, Mr. March went away to war and is largely an absent figure. So in the case of the fictional father, he's had to go off to war. And I think he's seen as quite a noble character. He hasn't done anything to purposefully disadvantage his family, but they suffer the effects of poverty because of his absence nonetheless. So maybe in the character of Mr. March, Luisa is actually being quite kind to her father because of though he wasn't away at war. He did have ideological reasons and ideological causes which contributed to his inability to make money. And remember, the role of a man at that period in history was to be the breadwinner on the provider for his family. Louisa Bay's parents have married in 18, 30. Her mother had been born into a prominent on wealthy New England family. And she was attracted by Bronson attachment to social justice. He was of course an abolitionist. And his love of learning all cuts. Mother, Abigail, known as ABA, was practical, where her husband was quite idealistic. His attempts to set up schools failed because of his controversial teaching methods based very much in transcendentalism, the ensuing creativity. It wasn't a standard way of teaching children. You can see Bronson Alcott pictured here to the right. And he does indeed look very intellectual and ideological in this picture, Abba encouraged Branson's transcendentalism though. It had a focus on self-reliance, imagination, and creativity. And there is an article about American transcendentalism and the resources section. Bronson ran a failed farming project for only eight months, refusing to use animals to work the lines on. The family went on a vegetarian diet. His family nearly starved because of this. It just didn't make any money. Biography.com reports. Louisa would later write a satirical account of her family's time at fruit lands as the farm was called, called transcendental wild oats. And that she represents her father as a doomed dreamer whose philosophies were unsuited to the harsh world. The world was not ready for utopia yet she wrote those who attempted to find it only got laughed at for her pins privately though, Louisa was much more negative about Bronson. Inability to support his family, did actually resent him. So she seems to have the idealistically intellectual propensities of her father with the practical strike that ran through her mother, which made her a good breadwinner for the family. So given the financial situation of the family, the women of the family really had to work. Once they moved to Concord, Bronson was concerned with transcendentalism and abolitionism and all things philosophical and social. Abba needed to supplement the household income. So she became one of America's earliest professionals, social workers. Her daughter's worked as govern us as domestic servants and teachers, mirroring Joe and I am a service to aren't marches led his companions, e.g. in the novels. The eldest sister Anna, who has mag and the books, was a gifted actor but needed to marry to secure financial stability. And really marriage was the greatest way that a woman could achieve financial stability in that era, the most obvious thing to do that doesn't mean she didn't love her husband. By the way. She wrote in her diary that I have a finished wish to be something great. I'm, I shall probably spent my life and a kitchen and die in the poorer. So unrealized dreams and ambitions. That was a reality that women of this era really fast and she really needed to make that sacrifice for her family, for her own financial future. Lizzie, Elizabeth, the third daughter, of course, Beth, is also a variant of Elizabeth, died of scarlet fever is 22. And so the sweet and gentle character of Bath is based on her. And that was really all contribute to a much beloved sister. Abigail was known as May, which is an anagram of AMA when you think about it. And she trained in art and Boston on Europe, just as in the novels, MA is very end to art, a knowledgeable by art. I'm capable in the field of art and also travels to Europe. Louisa assisted her financially so that she could write short stories, poems, and essays. And she saw some success in this area. Now, of course, in the novels there as a kind of rivalry between Joe and AME. And I think the walls arrival rate between Louisa May in real life as well. One of maze paintings was displayed and the Paris Salon in 18, 77, which really was a great achievement. And she became one of a very few number of female professional painters. And she actually helped other women from disadvantaged backgrounds pursue art as well. Luisa herself work to the point of exhaustion. She was one of the families key breadwinners to provide for her family as a nurse and the Civil War. And of course as a writer. In 18, 68, our publisher asked her to write a book for girls because after all, if you were a female writer, you're going to write for girls as in children, as opposed to being a serious adult intellectual writer. There is nothing on the intellectual or not serious about writing children's books. That's not what I'm implying, by the way, only that she had been stereotyped. She was unenthusiastic about this project but needed the money. It only wake. She produced the immortal classic Little Women. In her journal she wrote, I applaud away, although I don't enjoy this sort of thing, never liked. Girls are numeric except my sisters, but are queer plays and experiences may prove interesting though I dyed it. So she didn't think that this project was going to. I might do very much, but it will say huge, staggering hit. And readers of course, wanted a sequel. All caught, began to feel pigeonholed as a female children's writer. Her adult novels dealt with love, feminism and philosophy, really broad universal themes, but they were not popular. Life of Louisa May Alcott was successful, but in many ways difficult due to things that happened in her family and also due to some health issues. Health was also PR as possible. She suffered from lupus, which we mentioned before. It is an auto-immune condition where the body attacks its own cells and the organs and tissues on joints. And the years of poverty driven hard work really hadn't helped. She had completely exhausted herself. May died in Europe in 18 79. So that is a second sister gone, which must have been absolutely horrific. Louisa was called upon to raise May's daughter. Louisa May may recur Lulu, who you see pictured here to the right, where Louisa May Alcott dyed herself. Her work ethic on her passions lived on and her niece. And then the famous story that she left to posterity. 29. Why We Still Read Little Women : A little weapon was written back in 18, 68. And yet it's still a, both a literary and a pop culture phenomenon today. And why might that be? Well, a lot of people who read it absolutely love it. Some people can't stand it, such as my tutor when I did my literature degree, who really couldn't cope with it, but hard to teach it because it's such a foundational text if you're learning about American literature. So we all have a different reaction to stories based on our own backgrounds and experiences. But let's look at some of the overarching reasons why people love Little Women. For a start and has a great protagonist and Jo March for a lot of the reasons that we love. And Shirley, we also love Joe. She is imaginative, she is honest, She's creative, She's ambitious and driven in an era where women weren't really expect it to be. So she provides this great role model for just going for it. Even though she doesn't live out her dreams. And she might want some quantity because she gets married and of course her getting married to the professor. We could say that it's bit of a tragedy. It's the end of her career as an independent literary woman. Or it could be seen as quite as sweet love story. And if you like, love stories and romantic ideas and novels, there's plenty of that going on in Little Women, but she's an unconventional heroine, especially for the day and especially for children's literature are young people's literature because she's not sweet innocent, simply type. As I said before, that's Beth and the novels. She's quite flawed. She gets things wrong, she upsets people, she makes mistakes, and she's really quite relatable. Another reason might be that everybody loves a family drama and most people have enough drama going on in their own families to make this story really relatable, have here the incidence that you see below, or the time that ME set fire to Joe's manuscript? Not in the days when you back things up on the Clyde either, which was like really vindictive. And so we'd see the fights and the family. We see the big happy occasions such as mags wedding and the sad are times when they all need to pull together, such as when Beth takes very ill and eventually dies. And it's a very real human story. But people relate to quite a lot to say about the role of women. The indomitable Marmite is very much head of the family. Her husband is of course absent, but she is the practical one. She has a lot to do with the local community. She works with poorer families. She has a social conscience and she teaches the girls values, but also she's the practical one. E.g. in Bath is L. She's the one that nurses are predominantly. So in that sense, she really seems to be based on ABA all costs. But also she's like this template of the working mother because she is out in the community doing some forms of social work even though it's not employment in the sense that we might understand it. Who's still all things to her household. Then of course we have Mag, who haven't been young and idealistic and having loved the Family Place, settles down, gets married, achieves more financial stability, but she might otherwise have done, but she does seem to have a relatively happy marriage. So domesticity is not necessarily portrayed in the novel as a bad thing though, the protagonist Joe as exactly the opposite, a writer and an artist and a creative who has ambitions and doesn't want to have a life but kinda fits the mold. Then of course we have the short-lived bath and she is really a saintly character. We see her hair playing the piano and that idea. And Victorian times I'm actually comes from an earlier period where girls were expected to be accomplished. They were expected to be able to be artists and to write and to play music. Because in the days before there was any kind of recording, that was how you had singing and dancing at a family party, somebody had to be able to play. But should you aspire to do any of those things professionally? That was maybe whether it was going to be issues. So bath is a different kind of domesticity to mag, but a creature whose perfectly happy at home, which Joe really isn't. So this is another kind of woman. All the women are very different. Then we have AMA. She becomes well traveled through her travels with March. She is also ambitious. She's also given to art, a much harder edge, maybe even Joe, even though Joe can be difficult one to get all within the family, at some point, she can be slightly spiteful, but she matures as she gets older. She has been given this degree of freedom where she's been able to travel, albeit within the restraints of minding her aunt while she was there. So another sort of ambitious woman. There are several different women here. Of course we're talking about women of a similar social class and economic background. But nonetheless, it's like how you fit into the mold and how you aim to break the mold is a big theme coming through these and people loved the book is that it stays in the public consciousness. Social. Ronan, who a couple of years ago played Jo March in the movie, talks about how she was inspired by the 990s movie starring without a rider. And she particularly loved Kirsten danced because she felt she was the younger sister and got away with a lot of osha came to really appreciate the character of Joe as she got older and said, you know, Joe can be troublesome and that she isn't perfect, that she can be. I think currently, she used words along the lines of like, difficult to get on with. But that's because she's our mold breaking woman. So you can see that some very, very famous actresses have been associated with women from Emma Watson, social Ronan. We see here Susan's to random Winona Ryder Carsten dance, really high-profile actresses, Meryl Streep, of course, because it's a story that is a real classic. You can also see here the French poster for the 990s movie. They, Cathy do ductile March, the four daughters of Dr. March, as it would be rendered in French. So it's a story that has appeal all over the world, not just in America, possibly because of the characters and because of the family dimension. So whatever your reasons are for loving Little Women or hitting it, feel free to post them in the Q&A. 30. Enid Blyton : You can see here an image of the prolific children's author Enid Blyton. I call her prolific because at one point she was riding up to 50 bucks a year or publishing up to 50 bucks a year. So she was keeping herself very much in the public consciousness. You can see here her famous signature, which was of course trademarked. She knew a thing or two about marketing. But Enid Blyton has become a very contentious figure, both in terms of our reflections on her personal life and her relationships to children, or did she actually like children? It has been claimed by some that actually she wasn't that good with them. And also her works have been accused of racism, sexism, and xenophobia. They don't translate well to a modern audience often. Let's have a little bit of a look at the life of a Enid Blyton and learn a little bit about her works and then you can make up your own mind. My love of children is the whole foundation of all my work. That's what Blyton herself said. Mary Blyton was born on 11 August 18, 97 and lived until the 20th of November 1968. Heartbreaks of soap more than 600 million copies since the 1930s and have consistently sold since the 1930s. In June 2019, she was the fourth most translated author. She wrote about education, fantasy, Natural History, biblical narratives, and mystery. Among her most famous writings are of course, the famous five, The Secret Seven, naughty and Mallory tars. She sometimes produced 50 bucks a year alongside writing for newspapers and magazines. Her writing style was stream of consciousness. She didn't make a plan for her stories. She just closed her eyes and imagined what was going on. Her prodigious AICPA lead to allegations that she used ghost riders and not all her books had actually been written by her. I'm not really upset her, upset her enough to go to court. She was criticized by parents, teachers on literary critics, who perceived her writing as failing to challenge young readers, especially the naughty series. So criticisms of Blyton in her own day, we're around the quality of her work rather than some of the issues that we mentioned earlier. From the 1930s to the 1950s. The BBC wouldn't broadcast or dramatize her works as they were perceived as being on literary post-World War II. In our day, she has been accused of being xenophobic and latest racist and sexist and a Boston of pre-war conservative British society is sort of tea and biscuits, kind of conservatism with a nasty underbelly and other words, Blyton felt that she should encourage morality and her young readers on. She encouraged them to support animal on pediatric charities. And she actually raised a lot of money for charity in her lifetime. Enid Blyton, as we mentioned before, was born on 11 August, 1,897.8, village and London. She was the eldest of three children of Thomas carry Blyton on his wife to raise her married name Harrison. Her father was a cutlery salesman, so quite a middle-class upbringing. The family moved to the village of Bethlehem and Kent, who's semi detached home where it's brother's hand light and carry reborn in it nearly died of whooping cough only a few months after she was born, but she was nurse back to health by her beloved father whom she adored. She wrote her father that he loved flowers and birds on wild animals. I knew more about them than anyone I have ever met. He passed on his love of nature, out of gardening, art, and theater to his daughter, much to her mother's displeasure. But he left the family for another woman just after **** 13th birthday, and she was devastated and had a long-term impact on her in it didn't get on with her mother and she didn't attend either of her parents funerals. She was not close to her family. Perhaps happier at school than at home. 1907-1915, she attended some Christopher skill and backing them where she became tennis champion and La Crosse captain. Her mother felt that her attempts at writing where a waste of time and money, but she was encouraged by nibble Attenborough, who was the aunt of her school friend, Mary Attenborough, later Mary Potter, the artist Blyton, had been taught piano by her father and considered enrolling at the Guild Hall School of Music, but instead chose to pursue writing. She became have girl at school. When she finished school, she moved in with Mary Attenborough. She then went to stay at the purportedly haunted set for tall with George and Emily Hunt, the tutor much improved an inspiration for her imagination on her writing with its secret passageway. Blyton had more or less completely cut off contact with her family at this time. Either humped whom she met, Woodbridge congregational church suggests that she trained as a teacher and she went to meet the children or the local nursery scope with whom she turned out to have an affinity. She was actually quite good with children. This contravene is a kind of popular rumor up by Enid Blyton much she had children. She sent out manuscripts on, she faced many rejections, but that actually only made her more determined to succeed in the end. And she said, it is partly the struggle that helps you so much, That gives you determination, character, self-reliance, all things that help in any profession or trade. And most certainly in writing. Her first poems republished and nauseous magazine in March 1916. So she got there in the end. She completed her teacher training and December 1918 and then obtained a teaching role up basically Park School, a small independent Boy Scout and Berkeley and Kent, Kansas, the county known as The Garden of England. 1920s, she became govern us to the four sons of Horus and Gertrude Thompson. She spent for happy years with them. There were only a handful of schools locally and so other children joined the brothers and that created a small school in their highs. In 1920s, she moved to chatting tenant and Kingston on tabs and began writing in her spare time. In 1921, she wanted the Saturday Westminster review writing competition with her essay on the popular fallacy, that to the pure, all things are pure. She then find that there was interest from several publications in her poems and short stories. So things started to take off. And she published her first book, the 24 page poetry book, Child whispers in 1922. So it's not a full length book, but it's her first publication of a text, if you like. Her school friend Phyllis case, illustrated that on several of her earlier works. At this time, she wrote pieces for annuals by castle and George newness. And her piece Parallel amperes part of glue was published and teachers world 1923, her poems appeared alongside those of established literary writers, literary grits. Gk, Chesterton, Roger Kipling, and Walter dilemma in teachers. While the three volume, the teachers treasury appeared in 1926, the six volume modern teaching in 1928. They add volume pictorial knowledge and 1930s on the four volume modern teaching and the infant school 1932, which were influential educational texts and establish her as an expert in the field of education. In July 1923, she published the poetry book, real fairies. I think possibly when I was very tiny. I had a copy of that but used to be my mother's. I wonder if I could find it anyway. I digress. The following year, she published the Enid Blyton book of fairies, illustrated by Horace j. Nodes. And in 1926, the book of brownies know the term Brian ease I have only recently discovered refers to a kind of species of fairy, a kindly species of fairy because I always wondered why and the Girl Guide movement, you have the Brian ease and what that actually refer to. Because obviously it sounds like a bit of a worrying Nim, but apparently I, Briony has a kind of fairy. I also used to wonder when I was young, had they named Brian is after the famous baked goods. Nothing wrong with naming a movement after a cake when you're a child. Several plays republished in 1927, including a book of little place and the place, the thing with the Illustrator Alfred Bastille, who also illustrated Rupert Bear for the Daily Express. And I, just while I'm into my digressions for the moment, I happened to have type one diabetes and when I was young, Rupert Bear also had type one diabetes and used to teach children with diabetes and other children what it was like to do injections and live with diabetes just in case you didn't know that. In the 1930s, Blyton was influenced by classical mythology and other myths and published the Knights of the Round Table tales of ancient Greece. Others, you use the Latin names of the gods and not the Greek. And tales of Robin Hood, also the adventures of Odysseus, as in the Odyssey, the world's literature, classic tales of the ancient Greeks and Persians and tales of the Romans. The first of her old stories, talking teapot and other Tales, was published in 1934 on followed by her first full length book, Adventures of the wishing chair in 1930, 7.19, 38 she released the secret Ireland, which led to the sacred series. In 1939, she released the enchanted word, the first book and her faraway trees series that was inspired by Norse mythology. In this series, children are transported to a magical world where they meet supernatural beings such as fairies, goblins, apps on pixies. In 1939, she also published naughty Emilia Jin. The first book in the Emilia Jin series, or the titular character was actually based on a homemade doll that she'd given to her daughter Gillian on her third birthday. And naughty children and children who don't particularly listen to adults are quite prevalent and aided lightens writing. The 1940s, Blyton saw success basically like a juggernaut, due to what Gary Jenkins of the telegraph described in 2013 as marketing, publicity and branding. That was far ahead of its time. So we're saying hi, that's becoming more of a thing. And children's writing basically. In 1940, she published 11 bucks plus two books published under the alias of Mary Pollack. Which was her middleman plus her married name. Today's, she added four titles of 194 day, the ones written under the name Mary Pollack, but these were eventually published under her own name. In 1940, lightened published the first of her boarding school stories on the naughtier girl in the school. The first of her Noticed Girl series, the first of the six parts that glare series appeared the next year, the twins that Sinclair's featured, twins Patricia and Isabel Sullivan. The marry, my series began in 1942. I buy the most who leaves her hold, become a mirrored in adult ice. And it continued until 1964 with 23 books in the series. In 1942, 10,000 of these books were sold. Also in 1942, she released the beginning of one of her most famous series, the famous 55 on a treasure island was illustrated by Eileen sober and was the first of 21 books in this series, published 1942-1963, which featured Julian deck and George or Georgina, who was based on Blyton herself, and Tim Eva dog, who was the fifth out of the five tomboy, Georgina walls. Sure. Paired freckled, sturdy on snub-nosed and bold and daring, hot tempered and loyal, and was based, as we said before, on Blyton herself. Blyton retooled Old and New Testament stories as well at that time. And the land far beyond, which was published in 1942, is a Christian parable, possibly inspired by John Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress in 169089, during the Second World War, Christian writing was quite prolific at this time. Cs Lewis published mirror Christiana day or he gave the talks on the BBC radio that would become mere Christianity. Because people were living through a Second World War and all things spiritual unrelated to faith and hope, where really being keenly felt. And also in a way, if we want to be cynical about it, there was a market for this, for Bible stories that can be told to children at bedtime. In 1943, she published the children's life of Christ, which was 59 stories from the Nativity to the resurrection night. When you think about a story of the life of Christ, born and such abject poverty that he was lying and animal feed to a young unmarried mother, a teenage mother, and then killed in one of the most depraved ways that humanity is fine to kill someone where you're basically nailed to bet of words and suffocate to death whilst bleeding heavily and it takes you quite a long time to die. This is not child friendly subject matter from a certain perspective. And so interpreting this for children was presumably quite a task. The following year, she published tales from the Bible, the boy with the loaves and fishes appearing in 1948. The magic faraway tree was published in 1943. In 2003, it was number 66 and a BBC pool to find the United Kingdom's favorite book. Also that year she published the first and the fi find Dr series, the mystery of the burnt called edge. Now that she had a loyal following who looked forward to the release of her books, Blyton added to her popular series annually, including the famous five Sinclair's on the five find writers. In 1946, she launched the first of the six part Mallory tars series. The first term at Mallory tars, which was especially popular with girls who weren't hits female protagonist Darrell rivers. And it so happens that the surname of Blyton second husband was Darryl Waters. A little bit of a similarity there. But Mallory tars, I think you can see its influence possibly on the Harry Potter books. That whole idea of mirth and gypsum and misbehaving in a boarding school environment. And it really does make boarding schools seem like a really fun place to be. I think people who've actually been to boarding school have varying experiences of it. But it was something that I read as a young person and it was actually quite atmospheric. Blyton published the first of her secret seven novels in 1949. These stories were written so they could be adapted enter cartoons, which appeared in Mickey Mouse weekly in 1951 with illustrations by George Brooke, French, author Evelyn Lalla Mon, continue the series in 1970s and added another 12 books, nine of which were translated into English by Althea bell, 1983-1987. Naughty first appeared in the Sunday graphic on the 5th of June 1949, and eventually became a series of some 24 books. Naughty, I'm Toy Land came about after a meeting between Blyton on Dutch illustrator harms and Van der bake, arranged by her publishers. And you see here in the picture below, my favorite of brightens characters, beggars. Beggars rocked. The Becks were incredibly popular in the 1950s. It led to subseries spin-offs on comic-strip books. By the 1950s, Blyton was publishing 50 bucks a year, naughty and the famous five on some of her other books continued to be popular throughout the 1960s. The last of the famous five and the secret seven books were published in 1963. From 1960 to our motto published her books and paperback and that made them cheaper so children can get a hold of them more easily. After 1963, her iPad was much reduced and end at younger children, such as learn to count with naughty and learn to tell time with naughty. The last naughty book, naughty on the aeroplane, was published in February 1964. A letter to psychologists Peter McCullough Blyton described her writing method. I shut my eyes for a few minutes with my portable typewriter on my knee, I make my mind is blank and wet. And then as clearly as I would see real children, my character stand before me in my mind's eye. The first sentence comes straight into my mind. I don't have to think of it. I don't have to think of anything. In her autobiography she wrote, if I tried to think I'd or event the whole book, I could not do it. For one thing, it would bore me and for another it would lack the verb and the extraordinary touches and surprising ideas that floodlight from my imagination. She wrote 6,000 to 10,000 words a day, beginning in the morning and finishing around 05:00 P.M. she kept a Rab Moroccan show by her typewriter as she considered with the color red to be a mental stimulus. Eldest daughter, Jillian said of her mother's work. The hook is the strong storyline and plenty of cliffhanger I trick. She acquired from her years of writing serialized stories for children's magazines. There is always a strong moral framework which bravery and loyalty are eventually rewarded. Lightened herself said, my love of children as the whole foundation of all my work. She was upset by allegations that she hadn't personally written all of her works. And she actually launched legal proceedings against a young librarian who repeated this rumor in 1955. The librarian was made to make a public apology in open court. She wanted an apology rather than suing for money. Children are often in charge and brightens fictional worlds. Although her character is often a shoe authority, she believed in teaching her readers a moral and ethical code and wrote in 1957 that children are not interested in helping adults. Indeed, they think that adults themselves should tackle adult needs, but they are intensely interested in animals and other children and feel compassion for the Blind boys and girls and for the spastic who aren't able to walk or talk. She raised a great deal of money for many charities. When famous vibrators asked if they could form a fan club, shake read only on condition that it served a useful purpose. And so it raised funds for the shaft spray society babies home for which she had been a board member. She merchandised her works with jigsaws, puzzles, and games and was quite a savvy businesswoman. Enid Blyton had a fairly turbulent personal life. Blyton married metric who Alexander Pollack on the 20th of August, 1924, and her family were not invited. The wedding took place at Brumley register office as ******* had recently divorced his wife by whom he had two sons, one of whom had died. ******* was editor and the book department of publishing highest George newness, which became brightens publisher. The couple lived and a flattened Chelsea are very salubrious area of London. Then move to Alphand cottage and beckon them greater London in 1926. And then two old thatch born and hence the backstories and that was in Buckingham. Sure. Their daughter Jillian, was born on the 15th of July, 1931. Blyton then had a miscarriage and 1934, but give birth to another daughter, Imogen. On the 27th of October, 1935. In 1938, they move to high some Bakersfield, which Blyton allowed her readers to NAM via a magazine competition, and they call it the highest green hedges. ******* have developed problems with alcoholism, possibly contributed to by his meetings as a publisher with Winston Churchill. And that brought back wartime trauma from the First World War. When the Second World War broke out, he served in the home guard. He began an affair with his secretary and romance novelist either crew, who wrote under the name either *******. I don't claim that ain't it had had a string of affairs and her memoir, both with men and with women and cleaning the children's nowadays, patients have adult right would have tarnished lightens public image. And so it was agreed that she would file for divorce, that ******* would admit to adultery and public. According to crows memoir, Blyton agreed that if he did this, he could have parental access to the daughters, but wants the divorce have taken place. She blocked his access to them, unimpeded his career and publishing. Polak resumed his alcohol addiction after his marriage to crow and 1943, and he was actually declared bankrupt in 1950. Blyton, I'm Kenneth Frazier doll Wolters married five days before republican crowd married. On the 20th of October, 1943. And the city of Westminster register office. She changed her daughter surname to Darryl Waters. Blyton had a miscarriage at five months in 1945 after falling off a ladder and she was at that stage, 48 years old. A button. You may be horrified to learn because this will create mental images enjoyed playing nude. Tell us. Her health started to fail from around 1957 and by 1968 she was exhibiting symptoms of dementia. Her age. And George Greenfield remarked on the tragedy of this most famous and successful of children's authors with her enormous energy on computer like mammary, losing her mental faculties. Her husband suffered from severe arthritis and deafness and he developed an erotic temper and he died on the 15th of September 1967. Blyton mu2 and nursing home three months before she died on the 20th of November 1968, 71. Her ashes, Roman soldiers green crematorium. Her legacy is a complex one on autobiography by her daughter Imogen, depicted as immature, unstable or an images, words or arrogant, insecure, pretentious, very skilled at putting difficult or unpleasant things, I depart mind and without a tryst of maternal instinct, as a child, I viewed her as a rather strict authority as an adult. I pedometer noise. Jillian lightens, eldest daughter, had a different perception, undescribed her mother as a fair and loving mother and a fascinating companion. The first Enid Blyton day took place on 6 March, 1993. And the eNodeB words celebrate those who have made outstanding contributions and working for and with children. Michael Rosen, the children's laureate 2007-2009 in the UK, commented that I find myself flinch at occasional outbursts of snobbery on the assumed level of privilege of the children and families and the books, they are written from a very narrow social perspective. Author on fine OBA discuss criticism of Blyton on BBC Radio 4.2008 and what she commented on the drip, drip, drip of disapproval. She felt pervaded, brightens, work, lightened herself, stated that she did not care about the criticism of anyone aged over 12, and that it came mostly from stupid people who don't know what they're talking about because they've never read any of my books. I'm pretty sure that I'm fine on Michael Rosen had read her books, but she was more aiming her comments at contemporary critics. Critics of Blyton concentrated on the literary merit of her work, which they felt was low, and that it was quite pulpy. Whereas modern critiques comment on the sense of privilege and her work, It's narrow cultural remit and also examples of racism, sexism, and xenophobia. E.g. the little black doll published in 1937 described samba, the titular character, as having an ugly black face, which has washed clean by magic ran and mid Pink. Author Phyllis Hartwell was asked to review the manuscript of the mystery that never was for Macmillan when it was submitted by blight in the 1960s, she concluded there is a faint but unattractive touch of old-fashioned xenophobia and the author's attitude to the thieves. They are foreign and there seems to be regarded as sufficient to explain their criminality. Macmillan subsequently rejected the manuscript, but it was published by William Collins for the first time in 1961 with two reprints. Feminist critics have also taken issue with Enid Blyton is riding, riding in the Guardian and 2005 leucine mom going quotes a lecture that is given to George by deck and the famous five in which he says, it's really time you gave up thinking you're as good as a boy. Now, you could argue that that was the character's point of view and not necessarily blatant. And after all, she is George, the character of Georgia's based on her. But it's still a sentence that I think would be unlikely to be written in a children's book today. The academic Nicholas Tucker states that Enid Blyton works have been banned for more public libraries over the years than is the case with any other adult or children's author, but they nonetheless remain popular. Later additions of her work has been edited to remove things like spanking as a punishment. I'm old fashioned language on things that we might find unpalatable. I have included an article about that in the resources section. 31. Noddy : Now let's find out a little bit about our little friend naughty. And here are reading from the naughty books, which were published from 1949 until 1963. The books were first illustrated by harms and Vanderbilt, who created the colors and images that we really associate with a naughty franchise. He died in 1955, was replaced by another Dutch artist, Peter bank. And as you can see, it's a very similar kind of a style of it definitely is, of its time. The colors are a little bit different in both the kind of personality coming across, maybe slightly different but more or less consistent. This is what nobody looked like once we got into the 2000s. So very much harking back to the original illustrations in terms of the colors and the personality coming across. So naughty as a wooden toy who runs away from the wood carver after he starts making a scary lion, which not he doesn't want to live with. While running through the woods, he meets a Briony called big ears, who takes him to live in toilet and big ears I think, is one of Enid Blyton space characters, the citizens of toil and actually put naughty on trial to ascertain that he is actually a toy because he needs to be a toy to be eligible to live in Thailand. And they think he might be an ornament. They're not too sure. He is eventually declared a toy, but has to convince the court he's a good toy. Adult, tells the court that naughty saved her little girl from a lion, and he is permitted to stay living there and awarded toilet citizenship and acids. And the second naughty book, nobody helps solve a mystery and has given his famous car, so he doesn't get the car to back to N80. As a child, like I'm naive character and often becomes confused and gets into trouble. And that gives us both the comedy and the drama of the books. He hangs out with big ears, bumpy dog, Tessy bear on the TBI, Bears Ears is a bit like a legal guardian to naughty, not quite apparent, but someone who keeps him in line. Mr. plot, the policeman often calls naughty ICT for doing things he shouldn't be doing. But it's generally because he doesn't understand how a toilet works rather than he's a rebellious character. It's thought the toilet is based on the village of stud land and Dorset were aided lightened, spent her Summer's Navi books sell 600,000 copies annually in France alone and are becoming popular in India at the moment where the market for Enid Blyton books is expanding. Would you like to hear a naughty story? This is the very first naughty story. It's called naughty goes to Thailand. And here is the first chapter with the original illustrations. Beggars gets a surprise. Beggars, the Briony was hurrying through the woods on his little red bicycle when he suddenly bumped into somebody. Done, they went on the bicycle, fell on top of beggars with a crash. He said and rub the bump on his head. Oh sad, the person he had bumped into setup to look at big airs. Airs looked at him to rather a peculiar looking person said big air staring. You. You're not a pixie or a brownie or a goblin. Ru, said the person he had knocked over, nodding his head, argue a toy, ask big ears. I've never seen one quite like, you know, I don't think so. Set the strange person nodding his head. Nod your head when you say no, ask big air still staring because I'm a little nodding man said the small fellow, my head's balanced on my neck in such a way that I have to nod when I speak. What's that? It's at somebody after me know, it's only a field mouse scurrying by said Big Air's getting up. Where do you live and why are you afraid of somebody coming after you? Because I've ran away sad, the nodding man, I belong to Oman Carver away in the woods. You know, he made me Did he really said big ears. How did he make you? Humid? Wouldn't fate and then wooden legs and then around wouldn't body and then wouldn't arms and hands and that wouldn't neck and then around wouldn't had said the little man, did he stick them all together a mic, you ask big ears, you've got funny eyes and funny hair too. It off. The old man made holes in my wooden head and then push blue beads into the whole set, the nodding ma'am. That's why I've got such a bright blue eyes. He made my hair or the pet suffer from his cat's back. She said he could. Well, why are you running away? Ask big ears getting on his bicycle? Because it's so lonely with old mom Carver said the little man, besides, he's carving a lion night and I don't like lions. I want to go and live somewhere where there are lots and lots of people that I really think you ought to live in Thailand said beggars, you're not Briony, so you can't live in my time. You're not exactly a toy either, but you're right. Like one, you'd better go to toilet. I don't know the way said the little nodding man. And his head nodded sadly. Well, I do. Said beggars stand on this step of my bicycle. Look, put your foot there. That's right. I'll take you to catch the toilet, train. The nodding man did is he was told he nearly fell off and beggars wrote down the path and he clutched the Brian. He's pointed ears in fright. What's your name shied a big errors as they went alone. Let go of my ears. Tell me your name. I haven't got one said the nodding man. What do you suppose my name ought to be Briony, naughty, I should think said big ears nearly running over a thought, people, look where you run beetle. Yes. I think your name is not a little nodding man. I think so too. Said naughty happily. Yes, I know they, of course. What's that? That's the trend whistling said big ears pedaling at a tremendous pace. We shall just catch it. I'll come with you if you like. They wrote into the station at top speed, just as the trend was rumbling in. All aboard for Toy Land, cried a voice all aboard for Teuila. And let's have a good look at the illustrations here. Well, I hope you enjoyed the first ever chapter of the naughty books. 32. The Famous Five: Another very famous series of novels by Enid Blyton is of course the famous five, with the first novel in the series, five on a Treasure Island being published in 1942. And we're going to hear a rating from that just slightly later. The novel center ride the siblings Julian deck and, and, and their cousin George, which is short for Georgina and Timmy, the dog. Most of the novels take place during the school holidays with the children getting into adventures featuring criminals and lost treasure and that kind of thing. A lot of modern commentators have mentioned just the amount of freedom the children have there basically wandering around dynode mine shafts and things. Which today, if children were doing that would probably be a source of concern to social services. But it seems fine within the context of the novels, George's heist, known as Karen cottage and Karen Bay, features quite a lot in the novels, but they do spend a lot of time and other kind of rural backdrops. And it has been mentioned that it's a very idealized view of nature and the books rather than realistic. The books actually featured Benny all ties as well with secret passages and smugglers tunnels. And we heard earlier thought Enid Blyton herself, lived for a short time as a young person in a house with a secret passage. Actually I lived myself and the highest with the smugglers tunnel and it's actually a total pain in the backside. And real life doesn't awful lot to the structure of the room that's above. It needs a lot of building work. But anyway, this is not a series of novels known for gritty realism. We do see the children outdoor a lot, enjoying activities such as cycling, swimming, and picnics. So that's this idealized world of the summer holiday. The books were so commercially successful that Enid Blyton expanded her plan of riding a bike six to edit them to 21 books. And she actually wrote other books and other series with that kind of summer holiday from school, kids and adventures together kind of feeling to them. By late 1953, 6 million copies of famous five books had sold. Today, sales of the series total 100 million, making it one of the most successful series of children's books written. And 2 million copies cell every year. The novels have been adopted for TV and film and various countries. Now let's meet the key characters. Julian is 12 when the novels begin on the eldest of the five, he's protective towards island George the girls, which often irritates George. He's the natural later if the grip and his intelligence and reliability are often remarked upon by Anthony, who's George's mother, who cares for the children when they stay at Karen college. He can be a little bit irritating, come across a slightly pompous but mostly a likable character. His brother DIC, is dependable and kind, but with an outspoken, kinda cheeky sense of humor. He's one year younger than Jillian and a year older than I am. So he's the same age as George dictates is on, but he's caring towards her if she's upset. He's often thought of as the lace defined of the five in terms of character. George is based on Enid Blyton herself, and she's a tomboy who cuts your hair short on dresses like a boy. She's had strong with a quick temper. Our cousins mater for the first time in the first book, but she later attend sporting scalable than she actually likes to be mistaken for a boy socially. And she'd rather be called master George than Miss George or heaven forbid, miss Georgina. And a lot has been made of this. And what this might mean. On is the youngest of the five and she likes to carry out domestic JDs when they go camping, e.g. she enjoys planning food and kicking, and she enjoys cleaning. She's an opposite kind of a female character to the outspoken tom boyish George. She gets frightened more easily than the other children, possibly because she's the youngest aunt. She enjoys adventures laced, she's claustrophobic, and unfortunately finds herself and tunnels, wells, and dungeons quite a lot of the time. And fifth out of the five is Timmy the dog. He's actually George's dog and he's a loyal Bega Brian mongrel. George find some abandoned on the merits as a puppy. At one point, her parents told her that she wasn't allowed to keep them and she ran away with him. She's very attached to him. He provides a faction and protection to the children. And the parents are happy for the children to wander with Timmy to protect them? Yes. Just let the kids were older. Data mine. Sure. They've got the dog seems to be the altitude. George gets very angry if Taney is teased or threatened. His thoughts and feelings are actually often described. So he's not a lesser member of the 53, not being human. First of the famous five books, five on a Treasure Island. Chapter one, a great surprise. Mother, have you heard about our summer holidays yet, said Julian at the breakfast table. Can we go to pulsate as usual? I'm afraid not set his mother. They are quite fill up this year. The three children at the breakfast table looked at one another in grit disappointment. They did some love the high. So Paul safe. The beach was so lovely. There are the bathing was fine. Chair up, said Daddy, I dare say will find somewhere else just as good for you. Anyway, mother and I won't be able to go with you this year. Has mother told, you know, set on Mother? Is it true? Can't you really come with us on our holidays? You always do. Well this time daddy wants me to go to Scotland with him, said Mother, all by ourselves. And as you are really getting big enough to look after yourselves now, we thought it'd be rather fun for you to have a holiday on your own too. But now that you can't go to Paul safe, I don't really quite know where to send you. What about Quentin's suddenly said Daddy? Quentin was his brother, the children's uncle. They had only seen him once and have been rather frightened of him. He was a very tall, frightening man, a clever scientists who spent all his time studying. He lived by the sea, but that was about all that the children knew of him. Quentin said Mother, person her lips, whatever makes you think of him. I shouldn't think he'd want the children messing a byte and his little highs. Well, set Dhabi. I have to sequence and wife and time the other day about a business matter. I don't think things are going too well for them. That he said that she would be quite glad if she could hear of one or two people to live with her for awhile, to bring a little money in their houses by the CNO. It might be just the thing for the children. Family is very nice. She would look after them. Well, yes. Actually has a child of her own to hasn't she said the children's mother. Let me see. What's her name? Something funny. Yes. Georgina. Hio. Would she be about 11? I would think. See image is May said ****, fancy having a cousin you've never seen. She must be Jolie, lonely all by herself. I've got Julian and down to play with, but Georgina is just one on her own. I should think she'd be glad to see us. Well, your Anthony said that her Georgina but love a bit of company, said Daddy, you know, I really think that would solve our difficulty. If we telephone to Fannie and arrange for the children to go there, it would help. Funny. I'm sure I'm Georgina would love to have someone to play with them. The holidays. We should know that R3 receive. The children began to feel rather excited. It'd be fun to go to a place that they'd never been to before and stay with an unknown chasm. Are the cliffs and rocks and sounds they're set on. Is it a nice place? I don't remember. Very well said daddy, but I feel sure it's an exciting kind of place. Anyway, you'll love it. It's called Karen Bay. Your own family has lived there all her life. I wouldn't leave it for anything. Oh, Daddy do telephone to Anthony and asked her if we can go there. Cried ****. I just feel as if it's the right place somehow. It's some sort of adventurous. Oh, you always say that wherever you go, said Daddy with a laugh. Alright, I'll ring up now and see if there's any chance they had all finished their breakfast and they got up to wait for daddy to telephone. He went out into the hall and they hired him dialing. I hope it's all right for us at Julian, I wonder what Georgina is like. Name, isn't it? More like a boys than girls? So she's 11 a year younger than I am same age as you, ****, and a year older than you and she ought to fit in with us. All right. The four of us ought to have a fine time together. Daddy came back in about 10 min time on the children, knew at once that he had fixed up everything. He smiled Rhonda, them. Well settled. He said, Anthony is delighted about it. She says it will be awfully good for Georgina to have company because she's such a lonely little girl, always going off by herself. And she will love looking after you all Onate. You'll have to be careful not to disturb your uncle Clinton. He's working very hard and he isn't very good tempered when he's disturbed. We'll be as quiet as mice and the highest said ****, honestly, we will. Oh, goody, goody. Why don't we going Debbie, next week if mother can manage it said Daddy. Mother nodded her head. Yes. She said there's nothing much to get ready for them, just bathing suits and jerseys. And James, they'll all wear the same. How lovely it will be to wear jeans again said, I'm dancing ride, I'm tired of wearing skilled che. Next, I want to wear shorts or a bathing suit and go bathing and climbing with the boys. Well, soon you'll be doing it, said mother with a laugh, remember to put ready any toys or books you want won't cheat. Not many please, because there won't be a great deal of room. And wanted to take all her $15 with her last year, said ****, do you remember an weren't you funny? No. I wasn't said I'm going read, I love my dolls. I just couldn't choose which to take, so I thought I'd take them all. There's nothing funny about that. Do you remember the year before and wanted to take the rocking horse set deck with a giggle. Mother chimed in. I remember a little boy called ****, who put aside one teddy bear, three toy dogs to toy cat. And it's all monkey to take time to pulsate one year, she said. Then it was **** started to go read. He changed the subject at once. Daddy, are we going by train or by car? He asked by car said Daddy, we compile everything into the boot. Well, what about Tuesday? That would suit me. Well said Mother, then we can take the children die and come back and do our packing at leisure on startup for Scotland on the Friday? Yes. We'll arrange for Tuesday. Tuesday, it was the children come to the day is eagerly an unmarked off the calendar each night. The week seemed a very long time and going. But at last Tuesday did come. **** and Julian, who shared a room, woke up at about the same moment and stared out of the nearby window. It's a lovely day. Her rock, right? Julian leaping out of bed. I don't know how or why, but it always seems very important that it should be sunny on the first day of a holiday. Let's work on on slept in the next room, Julian, run in and check her, wake up, It's Tuesday and the sun shining on, woke up with a jump on stair to Gillian joyfully, it's come at last. She said, I thought it never went. Oh, isn't that exciting, failing to go away for a holiday? They started soon after breakfast. Their car was a big one. So at how they're all very comfortably. Mother sat in front with Dhabi and the three children sat behind their feet on two suitcases in the luggage place at the back of the car were all kinds of odds and ends on one small trunk. Mother really thought they had remembered everything. Along the crowded London roads. They went slowly at first and then as they left the time behind more quickly since they were right into the open country and the car sped along fast, the children's sang songs to themselves as they always did when they were happy. Or we picnicking soon as Dan feeling hungry, all of a sudden, said mother, but not yet. It's only 11:00. We Shan't have lunch till at least 12:30 on rashes set on. I know I can't last night until then. Her mother handed her some chocolate and she and the boys munched happily watching the hills, woods and fields as the car sped by. The picnic was lovely. They have it on the top of a hill and a sloping field that looked down into a sunny Valley and didn't very much like a big brand chi which came up post and stared at her, but it went away when daddy told it to the children, it enormously a mother said that instead of having a T picnic at half-past four, they would have to go to a T high somewhere because they had eaten all the T sandwiches as well as the lunch ones. What time should we be at Anthony's? Ask Julian, finishing up the very last sandwich? I'm wishing the remorse. About 06:00 with luck said Daddy know who wants to stretch their legs a bit. Another long spell. And the car the car safe to eat up the miles as it paired along. T time Kim and then the three children began to feel excited all over again. We must watch out for the sea, said ****, I can smell it somewhere near. He was right. The car suddenly stopped to hill and there was this shining blue cecum and smooth and the evening sun the three children give, uh, yeah, there it is. Isn't it? Marvelous. Oh, I want to give this very minute. We shot the more than 20 min now before around, Karen Bass said, Daddy, we've made good time. You'll see the basin. It's quite a big one with a funny sort of Ireland at the entrance to the bay. The children looked like for it as they drove along the coast. Julien gave a Shi'ite. That must be karen Bay lipstick. Isn't it lovely in blue? And look at the rocky little island guarding the entrance of the day, said ****, I'd like to visit that. Well, I've no doubt you will send mother. No. Let's look out for Anthony size. It's called Karen cottage. They sin came to it. It was on the low cliff overlooking the bay and was a very old Tyson did. It wasn't really a cottage, but quite a big house built up. Old white Stone. Roses climbed over the front of it and the garden was full of flowers. Here's Karen cottage, said Dhabi, and he stopped the car in front of it. It's supposed to be a by 300 years old. Whereas Quintin, hello, there's family. 33. J.R.R. Tolkien and C.S. Lewis: A Lengendary Friendship: So now we're going to find out a little bit about the friendship between JRR Tolkien and C. S Lewis. This is a sort of abbreviated version of a lecture I did for the CS Lewis Festival in Belfast on their friendship. I've put a link to the whole lecture in the resources section. I can't use it here because it contains interviews of different footage that for copyright reasons I can't include as part of this course. And also it's nearly an hour and a half long, but it's a story that's actually sadder than shadow lines. It's very moving. I actually cried. And the special collections of Queen's University Belfast, which academics very rarely do. We will have a separate section on Tolkien and one on C. S Lewis. But before we start talking about the Hobbit and about the Chronicles of Narnia. We have to understand something of their friendship because actually with ICT each other, they're writing, but especially their children's writing just wouldn't have happened. Go to start with a little bit of a quiz about CS Lewis and JRR Tolkien, just for a little bit of fun, and I'll tell you what the results were when I did this in a room full of life people and see whether or not you get the answers to these questions. Who said, I am a Christian? And of course, what I write will be from that essential viewpoint was that JRR Tolkien or CS Lewis, Belfast, the majority of the crowd thought that it was C. S Lewis was actually JRR Tolkien. When interviewed by American scholar collide Kilby. He put away three pints in a very short session we had this morning and said he was going short for length. Was this quote, Louis talking about Tonkin or Tolkein talking about lists. And most of the audience thought that it was Louis talking about Tolkien. It was actually Tolkien talking about Lewis, who was a prodigious drinker and occasions that could get them into some trouble. And a latter two, Tolkien's son, Christopher Tolkien, on the 1st of March 1944, Tolkien wrote, louis has getting too much publicity for any of our tests. Peterborough, which was a newspaper column. They tend to die for honor of a peculiarly misrepresented of an asinine paragraph in the Daily Telegraph. It began ascetic. Mr. Lewis, I asked you, he put away three pints in a very short session we have this morning and said he was going short for length. So CS Lewis is sometimes stereotypically described as being very socially conservative, probably because of his writings in the Christian faith. And actually that wasn't true. Tolkien actually was much more conservative than Louis was, although he also liked to hang out down the eagle of child and put away a few pints himself. I felt deeply under the spell of dwarfs, the old bright hooded snowy bear to dwarfs we have in those days before Arthur Rackham sublimed or Walt Disney vulgaris, the earth man, who sat. This was at Lewis or Tolkien. And in Belfast the crowd was quite divided and it was actually CS Lewis, he wrote this end surprise by joy. There's no harm in Him. Anybody needs a smack or two. To Tolkien say this about Louis, or did Louis say this about Tolkien? Actually, that was Louis. On the night that he first met Tolkien, he wrote this in his diary, and they had met at a meeting of the staff of the Oxford English school in 1926. Tolkien was actually head of the school. On those days, English was emerging as an academic subject, English literature. And it was considered a sort of soft subject to study literature and your own language was not considered particularly academic. You should be doing Greek or Latin or something sensible like that. They disagreed at that point on high literature and language should be taught. But in the end, Lewis was actually instrumental in helping Professor Tolkien implement a new curriculum for the skill of English. Who was Martin College, Oxford chair of English language and literature, JRR Tolkien, or CS Lewis As JRR Tolkien. And he held this prestigious position from 1945 until he retired in 1959. He had previously been chair of medieval literature at Oxford. And when he left that post, he voted for CS lewis acids replacement. But Lewis was passed over at letter, missed out on the position of professor of poetry. That was in part due to his growing celebrity as a fantasy novelist and a Christian apologists. No, it's arguably not necessarily discrimination on the grounds of his faith of about might've been part of it. We just don't know. But more because of his celebrity. It wasn't considered a particularly academic thing to be a celebrity writer At that point in history, although these disappointments profile him, Louis was actually appointed chair of medieval and renaissance literature, Magdalene College in Cambridge in 1954. Although he kept his highest and Oxford and traveled home at Wake adds, Oxford was pretty much his spiritual home. He retired due to ill-health and 1963. I miss you very much. Was that Tolkien writing to Lewis? Our Lewis writing to Tolkien was Louis riding to Tolkein and a letter dated 1963, actually in the year of his death. Very, very sad. And we're going to hear a little bit later about what disrupted with this very, very close friendship. Which of these popular fantasy works was first sold and a Christian bookshop as a specifically religious work. The Chronicles of Narnia are the Lord of the Rings. I'm pretty much 100% of the audience. And Belfast said it was The Chronicles of Narnia. The answer was actually the Lord of the Rings. It was first sold and a Catholic bookshop, I'm talking have envisaged that that would be its market. I don't think he ever foresaw the worldwide juggernaut that the Lord of the Rings would become a letter to a family friend, Reverend Robert Murray did at 2 December 1953, Tolkien responds to Mary's comments. The figure of Galadriel is reminiscent of the Virgin Mary by saying, The Lord of the Rings is of course, a fundamentally religious and Catholic work. Unconsciously, so at first, but consciously and the revision, that is why I have not put in or have cut out practically all references to anything like religion, to culture practices and the imaginary world for the religious elements is absorbed into the symbolism. And if you've seen the Lord of the Rings movies or read the books, I've put some of that symbolism to the right, but of course we're not talking about The Lord of the Rings so much on this course, more about the Hobbit. But I include this to give you an idea of the common ground between talking and Lewis and the place that they're writing generally was coming from. You bore me, I shall take my revenge. Louis, say this to Tolkein or Tolkein to Louis. Tolkien wrote this to Louis as part of an apology letter. Pretty funny way to apologize for something. But there you go. I suppose. We'd like to I should have liked to be able to make contact with tree if anybody feels about things. In these talks, I've had to say a good deal about crowd. And before going onto my main subject tonight, I'd like to deal with a difficulty. Some people find above the ground. Somebody put it to me by saying, I can believe in God, alright. But what I called swallow this eye dog and listing the several hundred billion human beings. We're all addressing the same boat. I find quite a lot of people feel that difficulty. So the softly spoken, slightly tangental voice will be that of Tolkein. And the booming voice so much more to the point will be that of CS Lewis and I, C S Lewis was born very near the place where I grew up in Belfast, Northern Ireland. And you'll notice that it has axon does not a lot like mine. That is because he was sent to boarding school in England at quite a young age. I do have an acquaintance who was taught by both CS Lewis and JRR Tolkien as a young man at Cambridge, actually not at Oxford, but they guest lecture there and said that they were pretty much what you would imagine them to be. Tolkien was very tangental, went off and all these stories, very softly spoken, Louis, very direct, almost belligerent, are much more stronger, powerful voice. In fact, Tolkien made fun of Louis is voiced by characterizing him as the booming gray beard in The Lord of the Rings. Griefs observed. So what was it that caused these two-man to connect us such a deep? Well, here is a letter written to Priscilla Tolkien, who died quite recently, Tolkien's daughter on the 27th of November, 1963. Theorist. Thank you so much for your letter so far I have felt the normal feelings of amount of my edge like an old tree that is losing all its leaves one-by-one. This feels like an ax blow near the roots. Very sad that we should have been so separated in the last years. But our time of close communion and dirt and memory for both of us. Our time of clues, communion really shows how close the friendship walls, but imagine being so close to someone that losing them as an ax blue near the rates and other words that you yourself are lost because of this loss. And also you'll notice that he said It's sad that we should have been so separated that in the last years we're going to find out why that was. I think this letter is a testimony to high close that friendship was they were two very different man, said Robert Harvard, who was a member of the Inklings, the literary society that both Louis and Tolkien attended and was also Lewis, as Dr. Lewis was a big, full-blown man, overbearing, almost both in the width of his personality and his physical width. Talking was a slight figure, I'd say three-quarters the width of Louis. His whole manner was elusive, rather than direct. His remarks were always met, by the way and not with a knock you down and take them or leave them attitude. Whereas Lewis came straight out you. The surprising thing really is that they became such close friends rather than the differences appeared on separate at them. What had happened to these two men before they met that caused them to become so close when they did well. Jon Ronald Rule Tolkien was born on the 3rd of January 18, 92 and Bloom Fontaine and South Africa. He moved to England at the age of three with his mother Maybelle, who was born Mabel subfields, and his younger brother Hilary. His father Arthur died of rheumatic fever before he could come and join them in England. The family moved in with maples parents and Kings Heath and Birmingham. Amanda, Sarah has a Wistia sure village thought to be a predecessor to the Shire. Maple talking, converted to Catholicism and 18 90 and her Baptist family kept her off without a penny. As a result, she died at the age of 34 of type one diabetes. And at that time, Jon Ronald was 12 years old. And he said, my own dear mother was a martyr and date. And it is not everybody that God grants. So easier way to his grip gifts as he did to Hillary and me, giving us a mother who killed herself with labor and travel to ensure us keeping the fifth. So partly in honor of his mother or because of her memory, talking becomes a devout Catholic for the rest of his life. And he views his mother as having been a martyr because she'd been cut off due to her fifth. But it was in a time before insulin had been invented and she was going to die with type one diabetes. I, myself have type one diabetes and I can't imagine what it would have been like to have it in the days before insulin. But he was very, very young at the time. It was a major trauma in his life. He'd already lost his father, of course. Mabel have taught Jon Ronald Latin and ensured that he read various types of literature. And he particularly like the works of a guy called George Macdonald. After her death, Father Francis Morgan became the Tolkien brothers legal guardian. And Tolkien attended King Edward skill and Birmingham, which was not a boarding school or a private school, which in England is called the public scope of the kind that CS Lewis would have attended was a grammar school. But still, if you are bright, you could begin a really solid academic career there. He was a member of a group at school that was dedicated to archaic and invented languages. There are many clicks when I was at school, there was the kind of model click and the people that were very end to tick that. But a club dedicated to archaic and invented languages, I imagine very few of us knew those people at school, and they were called the Tea Club Merovingian society after borrows tea rooms, where they met. In October 1911, he began studying classics at Oxford, but change to English Language and Literature in 1913, graduating with first-class honors and 1950s. Tolkien had fallen in love with political Edith brat when he was only 16 years old. She was three years his senior. And father Morgan insisted he finished his education and forbid him to become engaged until he turned 21, thought he was far too young. Father Morgan also pointed out that Edith was not a Catholic. Tolkien wrote to her on the evening of his 21st birthday acidity kid to propose this lamp Lord, than evicted her for being engaged to Roman Catholics. So again, And his life talking is experiencing sort of anti-Catholic prejudice. Eighth converted to Roman Catholicism and they married on 22 March, 1916. Tolkien was summoned to folks and for transportation to fronts and the First World War. On 2 June, 1916, he said junior officers were being killed off a dozen a minute parting from my wife then it was like a death. Tolkien actually fought in the Battle of the Somme. And he can track the trench fever, which landed him in a military hospital. After the war was over. His first job was as a lexicographers for the Oxford English Dictionary. And once when I was doing my literature degree, my tutor got annoyed with me and said You're turning into a Tolkien expert, which is like saying you're not a proper academic. And he made me read the S section of the Oxford English Dictionary, which Tolkien hard compiled. I'm sure it's been superseded since then. In 1920s, he became reader in English language at the University of Leeds. And in 1925, at a relatively young age, he became professor of Anglo-Saxon Oxford. Auden wrote to Tolkien, I never told you what an unforgettable experience at walls for an undergraduate hearing you recite, Beowulf, the voice was the voice of Gandalf. And actually when the movies were filmed by Peter Jackson and the late 1990s, early 2000s in McAllen actually based his performance as Gandalf on the voice of JRR Tolkien. This course, we're mostly interested in Tolkien's writing for children, which of course includes the hall, but very famously, the Father Christmas letters. Those were written for Tolkien's own children. I'm talking hot for children. John francis Rule Tolkien, born and the 17th of November 1917, who became a priest. Michael Hillary Rule Tolkien, born on 22 October, 1920s. And he became a military veteran. Christopher John Rule Tolkien, born on the 21st of November, 1924. He was famous for having appetite. His father's works, especially the Silmarillion, which Tolkien left unfinished when he died. Then Priscilla Mary Ann Rule Tolkien, born the 18th of June, 1929, who became a social worker as well as the hall. But Tolkein also wrote for them the Father Christmas letters. So when the Tolkein household, if you wrote to Santa, Santa wrote back to you and they totally believed when they were little, that these letters were from the north pole, from Father Christmas himself until one night, two of the boys sharing a room together hurt their fathers, stubbed his toe and go dam. And then the game was up, John. And I think it was Michael realized that it was actually their father writing these letters. Meanwhile, in Belfast, Clive staples list is born on the 29th of November 18, 98, the son of solicitor Albert Lewis and Florence, who was born in Florence Hamilton, daughter of a charge of Ireland Minister. And people often ask, why was he known as Jack? Why did this France called Jakob, his name was Clive Staples. Well, it so happened that the family had a dog called Jack say, who died when CS Lewis was only three years old. And after that he insisted on band called Jack after the dog. Bit of an old story, but that's what happened. He had an elder brother, Warren Hamilton Lewis, known as worn a, with whom he wrote anthropomorphic stories and childhood called animal lamps. So that was his first kind of scribbling in childhood. When he was seven, the family moved the highest called laterally and Strom time in Belfast in East Belfast. Lewis's mother died of cancer in 1908 when he was only ten years old. You'll recall that Tolkein had lost his mother at 12. So that was something that they very much had in common. Although they shared this similar experience, CS lewis actually had a very different reaction to it. He said their candlelight when I was ill and crying and distressed because my mother did not come to me. And then my father and tears Kevin to my room and tried to convey to my terrified mind things that had never conceived before. My father never fully recovered from this loss under the pressure of anxiety, his temper became incalculable. He spoke widely and acted unjustly. We becoming my brother and I to rely exclusively on each other for all that had really made life bearable. Prayer hadn't worked, but I was used to things not working and thought no more about it. And he wrote this in his quiz I, autobiography, surprised by Joy. Night Tolkein really clings to his fifth when his mother dies. Associates that fifth with his mother. Whereas here, CS Lewis is really clinging to his brother as his father becomes harder and harder to live with. There were then sent to when you're in school and what furred and Hartford shirt where he was very unhappy even by the standards of the day. It was a pretty abusive situation. The headmaster of the school actually ended up in a mental institution at which point the school was closed. Then Lewis attended Campbell College and Northern Ireland for a short time, but Louis left due to illness. In those days, you didn't want your son, if you were a well-to-do Northern Irish person to have an accent like mine. Basically, you wanted them to sign plumbing and English and that was needed for success in life. So he was sent to Malvern and WR shirt for his health. And he enrolled at share back high school there, which was a preparatory school like the primary part of the skill. And then in September 1913, he enrolled at Malvern college, which was for the older boys, the secondary skill, but they only stayed there until June. He didn't really fit into the social hierarchy. And that's much disgust and surprise by joy. And his brother didn't thrive academically there. So they were sent to study privately with William T. Kirkpatrick, known as the old knock. And he had been the headmaster of Logan College at the time that the boy's father had attended Larkin college and Northern Ireland. But now he's based in England. Know the old noch was in strict devotee of logic and reason. So if you'd said to him, it's cold this morning, his response would have been high. Do you know that it's cold? Have you looked at a thermometer and actually measured the hate or have you been outside to see if there's any frost? You mean prove to me that it's cold. And that was a very big part of CS Lewis's academic development. That kind of Riesling the old knock obviously appears. And the ransom trilogy by C S Lewis as the atheist on the side of God. Lewis was very, very widely read, even at this age, he had read the classics, Norse mythology. He had wrapped modernism and the modern novels, the romantics and this figure George McDonald, who Tolkein had also as spies. And George Macdonald basically wrote fairy tales for adults. Will find out a little bit more about him later. He entered Oxford in 1917 and joined the Officers Training Corps. And he arrived at the front line of the Somme on his 19th birthday. Remember Tolkein also have to follow the song. So that was a very bonding thing that they could talk about. On the 15th of April, 1918, He was wounded by a shell which killed two of his colleagues. In fact, it killed the sergeant whom he loved. Jaime thought of as a father figure, who was just basically standing beside him and suddenly exploded. And that's got to be something that you don't get over. He was also laughed with lifelong winds from the shells. His father did not visit him in hospital. He felt it would have been too disruptive of his own routine to leave Northern Ireland and go to England to see his son. Louis was demobilized and December 1918, He returned to Oxford and he received a first and honor moderation. So I'm, that's Greek and Latin literature and our parlance and 1920s at first in grids, which has philosophy in ancient history in 1922, I first in English in 1923. So three firsts. By antibodies estimation, he was doing quite well academically, as well as being great at languages and literature incidentally, he was also a gifted mathematician. In 1924, he became a philosophy tutor at University College at Oxford. And in 1925 he is elected a fellow and tutor in English Literature, add modeling College, where he served for 29 years until 1954 when he went to Cambridge. Promised his comrades in arms and the trenches AdWord Patty Murray, that he would look after his mother, after the war should probably be killed, which sadly he was. Jen Murray was 45 on Lewis was 18. Mirror was separated from her husband. Louis introduced her socially as his mother, but Owen Barfield, who was a close friend of Lewis's and a member of the Inklings, suggested that the relationship was possibly sexual or there was like a 50, 50% chance that it was sexual. Lewis refuse to talk to his own brother about the relationship or his closest friends. But he wrote to his childhood friend and Belfast Arthur graves. Graves that actually scored the passages relating to murderer and Louis letters. I'm burned ladders, which dealt with the relationship and their entirety. So we really have no record of what actually happened there. Lewis lived with murderer who was known as mentor until she was taken into a nursing home. And the late 1940s, her daughter Maureen, also lived in the highest until she got married. In the 1930s, meant to Lewis and warranty moved into a very famous heist pictured here known as the kilns and Oxford. And their situation was described by some as a Manoj. John Ribner who wrote an article called the mistress of CS Lewis tells us that three months after Jenny Morris death, Jack wrote and a ladder. I have lived most of my private life and the highest which was hardly ever at peace for 24 h I'm Ed senseless wrangling is lying back bindings, follies and scares. I never went home without a feeling of terror as to what appalling situation might have developed in my absence. Only know that it is over two, I began to realize quite how bad it was. It might reasonably be wondered why Jack continued the relationship. All that can be said is that he had made a commitment and that he thought it ought to be maintained. As he wrote to his brother in 1930, I have definitely chosen, and I don't regret the choice whether I was right or wrong wiser, foolish to have done so originally as not only an historical question, once having created expectations, one naturally fulfills them. It has to be said that warranty lives really couldn't stand. Jen Murray. She was not particularly academic and obviously CS Lewis was spent a lot of time at Oxford, which she resented. And you can see how this made him closer to his male friends and why he wanted to spend so much time with JRR Tolkien, met at least twice a week down the eagle and child under the Inklings meetings and during their working hours, he's like spending more time in mail company because his home life isn't particularly happy. The meeting of minds night, it's often thought that CS Lewis and JRR Tolkien became friends due to their shared Christianity. But that's actually completely inaccurate because at the time that they met CS Lewis walls and ethics. As Colin curious, who's written a book called JR. Tolkien and CS Lewis, the story of their friendship relates to us. When Louis first met talking the two had radically opposing worldviews. Tolkien wasn't old fashioned super naturalists. We had believed in the orthodox doctrines of Christianity since childhood. Lewis was at first staunchly opposed to idealism end today's world, they probably would have been on opposite sides of some kind of nasty Internet trolling, which I'm sure they would have been far too mature to have engaged in actually. But they might not have been able to be friends because they wouldn't be put into very different boxes is the point that jury as is made. But there was something really deep that brought them together. Jrr tolkien said, by 1918, all but one of my close friends were dad, meaning his skill, France and CS Lewis said of his contemporaries at Malvern College, paste to them april on the song it up. Most of them manifest generation where lacking and the companionship of other man at our edge, they have lost brothers, cousins, neighbors, school, France. Just the complete carnage of the First World War had made the friendship between men something very precious. Gordon Smith of the Tea Club Peruvians, the clique that JRR Tolkien hung out with at school, wrote to him on the 3rd of December 1916, may God bless you, my dear John Ronald. And may use say the things I have tried to say long after, I'm no longer there to say them, if such be my Lord. And sadly it was his lot and he was killed in the First World War. Jrr Tolkien strongly felt that he had a responsibility to share the spirit of that friendship, the life experiences of those man who did not come back. And he did that more in The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit, especially in the DAB marshes passage. And the friendship between Frodo and Sam and certain other threads of thought novel that relate to the war, although that's not the topic of this particular course. Tolkien wrote in his diary, friendship with Louis compensates for so much. Besides giving constant pleasure and comfort has done me much good from the contact with a man at once, honest, brave intellectual, a scholar, a poet and a philosopher and a lover, at least after a long pilgrimage of our Lord. So he's actually saying here that it's like a compensation to have this friendship with Louis because he had lost so many friends before. Lewis wrote and surprise by Joy, friendship with Tolkien mark the breakdown of two old prejudices. My first coming into the world, I have been implicitly word never to trust a pip list. And at my first coming into the English faculty explicitly never to trust a philologist. Tolkien was both a purpose. In other words, he was a Catholic and CS Lewis was from a Protestant Northern Irish background. And I philologist, which literally means a lover of words. You say Tolkien was coming up the teaching of literature very much through language and linguistics. And that wasn't quite the anger that Louis hat, but nonetheless, they formed a close friendship. The family life. Tolkien was a devoted father beginning his writing career, writing for his own children. He refers to each of his children as dearest when he writes to them and he signs ladders, your own dear and loving father, and he's very honest with them. He doesn't hold back and his letters to them, he's very open a bite his life. Whereas in Lewis, his relationship with his own father, that was not a strong bond. Everything invited us to develop a life which have no connection with our father. He wrote about himself and his brother. It is a strange thing, but having no me all my life, he should have known mesa lead law. He wrote that and surprise by Joy, made a great contribution to the Chronicles of Narnia series, albeit unintentionally, because he was the person responsible for Louis his conversion to Christianity, along with Hugo Dyson and CS Lewis said and this little quote to the right, Dyson and Tolkien, where the immediate human causes of my conversion is any pleasure on earth as great as a circular Christian friends by our good fire. The impression I got, he said of his life before this conversion was that religion in general, though utterly false, was a kind of academic nonsense in which humanity tended to blunder in the midst of a thighs and religion stood our own label true. But on what grounds can I believe this exception? And he wrote this in surprise by Joy. Talking had an answer to that question. Token on Hugo Dyson addressed his misgivings about Christianity until about 03:00 A.M. on a famous lit might walk on artisans walk in Oxford. And at that point, he converted from theism to Christianity. He had already converted from atheism to theism. Tolkien described this conversation and his poem with OPIA, which like tokens other Rex's very, very long. So I have just taken the most pertinent lines here. The heart of man is not combined of lies, but draw some wisdom from the only wise and still calls him, though nylon, a strange man is not wholly lost nor wholly changed, disgraced, he may be not dethroned and keeps the rags of lordship once he owned his world dominion by creative act, not his to worship the grid artifacts. So we are creative because we have been made by a creator and we have retains that part of him in Tolkien's world view. In fact, he said, We have come from God. And inevitably the myths woven by us, though they contain error, will also reflect a splintered fragment of the true light, the eternal truth that is, with God. He did of course refer to himself as the sub creator and on different toolchains inspired internet groups. Here's known as the sub creator. Cs lewis also wrote a poem about the same incident is, is quite different, short and to the point, and it's called what the bird said. Early in the year. I heard an Addison's walk, a bird sing clear. This year, the summer will come true. This year. This year wins will not strip the Blossom from the apple trees this year, nor wanted to destroy the piece this year times nature will know more defeat you, not all the promised moments and they're passing, changing. This time they will not lead you round and back to autumn one year older by the well-worn track. This year, this year as these flowers for tail, we shall escape the circle and undo the spout. Often deceived. Open once again your heart quick, quick, quick, The gets so drawn apart. Louis, however, did not become a disciple of Tolkien. He doesn't follow the faith and the same way that talking does, he became an Anglican like his mother's family, and that was a disappointment to the Catholic token here, as well as seeing him several times a week at the university and down the pub, would have liked to have seen him on a Sunday as well. Louis was much more liberal than Tolkien, as we see when he writes an essay advocating that there should be a soluble state sponsored marriage and indissoluble Christian marriage as two separate entities. In other words, a civil partnership that is purely legal and a spiritual marriage blessing are two different things. Tolkein didn't agree with us at all. I had been reading your booklet Christian behavior. I have never felt happy about your view of Christian policy with regard to divorce. On the surface, your policy seems to be reasonable and it is at any rate, the system under which Roman Catholics already live. But I should like to point out that your opinion and your booklet is based on an argument that shows a confusion of thought discoverable from that booklet itself. As an academic, you do not want to be accused of confusion of thought. That's actually a very harsh thing to say to a fellow academic exploring and inventing wiles. So we have a couple of little quotes here that are by toolchains, sort of basis for inventing a world which is very much based on his faith. He said, the resurrection is a huge catastrophe of the story of the incarnation. The story begins and ends and joy. And he had given us sort of definition of you catastrophe as being the basis for all his works. We have the idea of a catastrophe going right the way back to Greek literature and Greek tragedies. And the catastrophe is when everything falls apart and goes wrong. And that initiates the drama, you catastrophe as I like a rising from the catastrophe, things suddenly go, right. And that is something that you sometimes get in life, not very much in art. That is basically redemption, a literary version of the redemption that we find in the Gospels. The two most important literary viewpoints shared by C. S Lewis and JRR Tolkien. We're combining imagination and rationalism. They did not believe what some people might believe today that to be very imaginative and capable of going on flights of fancy, actually magic completely irrational, and the imagination is the enemy of logic. They didn't think that at all. They were actually very anti-modernist as a result of this. Now, some people believe like they wouldn't even have got on a steam train. They were so against the modern world, that was not true at all. They just saw Modernism as an intellectual stance as being something that was actually quite selfish. And that was actually based on what talking to the right Heracles currently, self-preservation. That it is a kind of philosophy that is all about only things that are necessary to the preservation of the South become important. And dairy, as Tells us, Lewis and Tolkien increasingly saw themselves as against the modern spirit, against modernism, both as a literary movement and more deeply as an intellectual stance. They shared a mission against the Xite guys. And that's why there's such unlikely figures within popular culture because they're basically diametrically opposed to the spirit of that popular culture and to modernism. There were also both very influenced by Northern mythology. In fact, CS Lewis wrote in surprise by Joy purer Northern listen to me, the memory of joy itself. Night, Northern mythology has basically been commandeered by the Nazis and turns into something which we may view as a bit dodgy. But that hadn't happened yet when they started to write. And in fact later JRR tolkien said, I have in this war are burning private grudge against that rather little ignoramuses adult Hitler. For the all thing about demonic inspiration and impetus is that at no way enhances the purely intellectual stature at chiefly affects the mirror will ruining perverting, miss applying. I'm making forever a curse word that Nobel, northern spirit, a supreme contribution to Europe that I have ever loved. I'm trying to present and it's true light in writing The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings and those kind of stories who's trying to seize back Northern mythology from the Nazis. Also interesting here that you can see that he believes Hitler to have been democratically possessed. Another big influence, of course, that we've mentioned before, George Macdonald, a writer who lived 1824-1905 and actually looked quite a lot like Rasputin. I thought when I find some photos of him, he was a major influence of both Tolkien and Louis because he wrote fairy tales for adults. And remember when we talked about fairy tales, they were not historically always written for children. He was an author, a poet, a Christian minister, and anthropologist. Mcdonald's was a Christian universalist with meant that he believed that absolutely everybody could come to God and was a child of God. And this theology was either favor. He was also a Scottish, just in case you wanted to do. When CS Lewis read fantastic days as a young man, he was an atheist at that point, but he was absolutely, they bowled over by it. He l 34. Tolkien and His Children: So JRR Tolkien is often known as the father of fantasy because he's thought to have kick-started the 20th and 21st century fantasy genre, mostly for adults rather than in children's literature, but with the hall. But he also made a significant contribution towards fantasy writing. Was he the father of fantasy or was it just plain old dad? Because it turns out that the very famous story that we've many of us read and many of us seeing the movies actually was written for his children and probably wouldn't have existed without them. So as we heard before, JRR Tolkien hot for children, all of whom were Oxford educated and cleaning his daughter, which was unusual at the time. Father John Tolkein. Michael Tolkein, Christopher Tolkien, who of course is very much associated with his father's works and writings. And Priscilla Tolkein on Christopher and Priscilla, where our key members of Tolkien's kind of family trust and the guardians and custodians of his work until their deaths fairly recently. So the Hobbit, very famous late camera bite, when ever Tolkien was incredibly bored one day marking exams for his students. And he wrote on a piece of paper in a hole in the ground. There lived a Hobbit. No, this wasn't his first foray into storytelling. And it's creating a sort of legendary him. He'd actually started creating the world of Middle Earth during the First World War and the trenches. When he'd written the fall of Gamblin and brought back together, and it created the basis for the Silmarillion. And he considered the Silmarillion to pay his magnum opus rather than the Lord of the Rings. Even earlier than that, he'd written a poem called Aaron Trey while he was a student at Oxford, which was from the same world. And it was part of the same story, the hall but originate with something completely detached from that story. By the 1920s, his three sons were old enough to be told stories and to understand stories. Priscilla was still a little bit young. So after dinner every night, he brought them into his office at home to entertain them and to tell them bad side stories. And he combined imagination with things from the children's everyday lives. E.g. he told them a story called rover and'm and which Michael's lost toy dog which had gone missing on the beach on a day trip, went to the series of adventures. Although Michael was very sad about the loss of Rover. Rover was having a great time with the man on the moon, with wizards and with main dragons. And so that was to help comfort the child. Another story that he told his children walls, as we mentioned before, the hall. But by the late 1920s, early 1930s, the boys were old enough for more complex tails. And so Tolkein introduced them to something related to his own academic sphere. North on Germanic myths, which kind of are a little bit of a feature and the Hobbit. And of course, in the world of Middle Earth more generally. He also used elements that he knew his own children were just love. E.g. bjorn, the shape shifter who can become a very scary bear, fuses his children's love of bears with his own love of Northern European mythology, resembling the Norse legend of both far PR Kay. Hi, The Hobbit marks a difference in storytelling for Tolkein from where he'd been before is that the Silmarillion, his legendary them generally is full of deities and semi deities and elves and heroes, the stuff of myth. But in The Hobbit, we have Every man hero in the figure of Bilbo Baggins, a very small person who is able to make a difference on, obviously it takes that kind of every man figure even further with Frodo Baggins and The Lord of the Rings. This is possibly because he's telling a story for his children, but it actually marks a shift and his thinking. And ask the Second World War break site, the ability of everyday people to contribute towards the greater good is something that very much preoccupies his thinking. The novelist and columnist, jobs feathers, suggests that Tolkien use the hall but to teach his children why stories are important? Why human beings tell stories in the first place. Although Middle Earth as a fantastical place, it contains echoes of real life and things that concern everyday people. And f small people can make a difference. Not just the very wise them maybe they should. The Hobbit was actually published due to encouragement from CS Lewis who heard these stories that Tolkien with telling his children. And CS lewis actually reviewed it for the Times Literary Supplement. It wasn't considered nepotism. And those days to review your best mate, I've actually added that review to the Resources section and it was CS Lewis's review that was kinda fundamental and making it the commercial success that it was. The Hobbit obviously became very popular. It had a favorable review from re-enter on one, who was the son of Tolkien's publisher, who was then aged ten. And he was pretty foundational and getting it published as well as the athletes. Also, he was very instrumental in getting the Lord of the Rings published later on. So talking was asked to write a sequel to the harbor. And at first he replied that he had no more to say about the Hobbits, that he'd exhausted that story and that was a place that he felt he had no more to mine. But then he realized that the Hobbit and his legendary him and his Silmarillion stories weren't necessarily completely unrelated. And he agreed, tried to say, well, which became the APIC Lord of the Rings 16 years and the writing and very different in tone to the hall. But, but token was able to take that young readership from children's story and adventure into really major themes. Good and evil. The relationships between people, love, hope, death, domination, all the things that were, the themes that people were really concerned about after the outbreak of the Second World War. Michael and Christopher Tolkien were actually sent to that war on. Tolkien wrote letters to Christopher, who had been sent to his father's birth country of South Africa, detailing why he felt that was necessary to fight this war and how much he hated it, that another war had broken out. And Christopher later said that his father wrote The Lord of the Rings for him. And so without his children, we would not have Middle Earth. 35. Myth , Language and the Hobbit: Myth language, the hall. But we know that JRR Tolkien was professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford. And so Old English, which is actually closer to German and to modern English, was very much his academic thing. And he was a philologist, meaning that he liked to interpret literature via language. He was also very, very well versed in mythology, especially Northern European mythology, Norse mythology in particular, that has made its way into the hall. But so talking didn't just give characters and races, random names. There is always a meaning and a right to the names that he gave characters. On. Tolkien stated that habit, rambling into modern English of the Anglo-Saxon law, meaning whole builder. In 1986, the word was so commonly used that it actually made its way into the Collins English dictionary and was defined as one of an imaginary race of half size people living in holes. So much have people heard of habits by that stage. And then 2005, it's actually given to real people once existed. And as defined in the Collins English dictionary as a nickname used for a very small type of primitive human, **** floresiensis, following the discovery of romance, It's such humans on the island of Flores in Indonesia and 2003 works. Now the term work comes from the North Varga, which became an Old English word, meaning a criminal or Fallon or generally scary person. At refers to a based and Tolkien's works, a wolf like based Orcs. Neither is the Italian word or COE, which refers to a mom eating giant, quite a scary creature. But Tolkien himself said that ORC came from the old English word org, Meaning Damon. And that makes sense because orcs are fallen. Else. You'll remember that scene in The Lord of the Rings. They talk about high orcs were made by torturing owls. And in the biblical narrative, demons or fallen angels. It makes sense to use this word. Middle Earth, mid guard in Norse mythology, may be the inspiration for Tolkien's Middle Earth. And it's kind of a cosmos that sort of harks back to the Old Testament and away at the idea of there being a permanent with the heaven above and show the place of the dead underneath the earth in-between. Middle Earth is where people Live. Not all the people who live there are mortal, of course, the olives are immortal. There are spiritual beings there too. But the velar, who are like the gods of Middle Earth. Although the man god of Middle Earth is in Lubanga because it's very much a monotheistic universe that Tolkien has created. They all live in volunteers. So if you seal off to valid or it's kind of the equivalent, are going to have them. And then we have dark lands a bit like ****. And then we have Middle Earth, somewhere in-between. Talking Wilson to fan of Walt Disney's version of dwarves. And he based his own dwarves on those of Norse mythology who were associated with wisdom, mining and crafting, and end the Silmarillion. They were created by ILA, one of the velar or the gods of Middle Earth, who has reminiscent of Vulcan and Roman mythology or Hephaestus and Greek mythology and sort of god of fire on crafts. Blacksmith thing, I'm not kind of thing. Some commentators have suggested that the dwarves in the hall, but derived from medieval texts regarding the Jewish community as like the Hebrew Old Testament there dispossessed of their homeland, I'm talking, would have been very much aware of those kinds of texts. Talking observe that the correct plural of dwarf should be dwarves rather than dwarfs. As actually an old English, it would have been Guerra or Duarte. And so he named their grit city Duarte delve, which literally means dwarf digging. Trolls. Trolls are of course featured and many fairy tales and they're familiar from Grimms Fairy Tales, you think of say, Billy Goat graph where it's a true blocking the branch. And of course we use the term tool today and a sort of sense where we mean someone who is being irritating on the Internet. That person would be a troll. If you call someone a troll, I have a friend who tends to NAM people. Malodor is troll. You remain someone who has bad manners, doesn't socially behave well. Trolls also feature in Norse mythology and folk tales. So we have this lovely idea and Tolkein that the sun comes up and turns the trolls to stone. We have biblical accounts of the wife of lots being termed a pillar of salt. In Greek and Roman mythology, we have, of course, creatures like the Medusa, Who if you look at them, you will be turned to stone. To the idea of being turned to stone is very much a mythological one. So those elements are working their way and through Tolkien's academic interests into the story. But he tells his children, The Hobbit. 36. Hobbit Book and Movies: The story of the hall, but it's probably in the public consciousness at the moment, not just because the books being popular since about 19:37, but because of the recent series of film trilogies, neither was a little bit of a difficulty for Peter Jackson and the creative team making the Harvard entity a series of three films rather than just one movie. Of course. It's very different in style and tone to the Lord of the Rings, which they'd already made. And they needed to make. Both these sets of movies feel consistent with each other. I'm feeling like they belong to the same universe. They needed to raise the tone and make it a bit more epic because of course the hall, but is very much a children's book that talking route for his own children. But the Lord of the Rings is an epic that goes into talk, his legendary and that feels very mythological, that deals with good and evil and really major issues. The story has given a prologue to help it feel more of a jazz duck in it explains the history of the dwarfs and other peoples of Middle Earth. And also makes it feel a bit more like the Lord of the Rings movies which also have a prologue. And you can see, as seen here, where AN home he played Bilbo and The Lord of the Rings reprises his role, as does Elijah word reprised his rule of Frodo. In order to tie the two sets of movies together. Wizards are quite different in the movies than they are in the books. Rather gas the bride is only fleetingly mentioned in the novel, but his rule is very much expanded. And the movies as the importance of wizards of Middle Earth had been stressed. And Lord of the Rings, his character is beefed up amid quite comedic, animal loving, creates quite a bit of comedy in the movies, actually, the novel, the party find three important swords and a goblin or crest goblin cleaver, which is claimed by Thorin glam drawing the full hammer, which is claimed by Gandalf. And Bilbo selects for himself the little sorts staying, showing that he's acquiring the courage to fight. So that's a big moments and the development of his character in the novel. But in the movie, the sword is bestowed upon him by Gandalf, who has really cast in that kind of mentor role. And it suggested that really it as Gandalf, who is inspiring Bilbo's carriage, villains are dealt with a little bit differently than they are in the novel. Smog appears much earlier than in the novel, and so his role is really faced up. The necromancer, whilst mentioned in the novel, is not as important to factor. And of course, siren begs such a huge character in The Lord of the Rings in order to make the universe feel kind of consistent as brought into the Hobbit movies with some dramatic scenes which never happened in the novel as all the filer or the pale 4k, as much a ground-based for the movie and the idea of Thor and getting revenge for what's happened to his family. And that very epic kind of strain of the story is very much played upon. In the novel. Bilbo finds the One Ring, which at that point is in the keeping of Gollum, lying on the ground and the dark. And so they exchange between Gollum and Bilbo is much less dramatic in the novel other, the whole riddle thing does happen, really. It was that same and that little item of the ring that talking used to tie the two stories together and it's a very tenuous string tying them together. There are some characters in the movies who never appeared in the novel. And there's one pretty major character who wasn't created by Tolkien at all. The most obvious addition to Tolkien story is the character of Tyrrell. Added due to the lack of any female leading character. It's a very male-centered novel, possibly because Tolkien was telling his story to his sons. The resulting love triangle after that character is added between tutorial and Legolas who really didn't appear in the novel. I'm Kelly creates cinematic drama, but it's tangental to the novel. Galadriel is also added to the movie to create another prominent female role which was lacking. Scenes between gandalf, Galadriel, L Ron, Sarah man on siren, or added to create continuity with the Lord of the Rings. Another big difference is the appearance of the characters to become an awful lot more Hollywood. You can see here a picture of Thor and open shields from the movies and a more sort of traditional depiction of that character. And there are definitely differences according to the daily based, because the hub is filled with fat, unattractive dwarfs, aging wizards on a slimy bug-eyed creature called Golem. Peter Jackson may have altered the character of Thorin to provide for unappealing hero. As though he has a dwarf. Thorin seems to avoid the frizzy beards, an extra knows appendages required of others in the company. He also has a deep creaky voice and calm demeanor that completes this fallen hero facade. But the book Tolkien paints a much less attractive Thor and he has greedy, bumbling and inexperienced leader who wants to kill the smog, not to avenge his forefathers and retain his homeland. But again, his hands on the gold smile guards. In the film. He is a king in exile and his intentions are entirely honorable. So if you have both read the books and watch the movies, you may have some differences that you yourself have noticed. Feel free to post those in the Q&A. 37. Reading from The Lion, the Wirch and the Wardrobe: Our reading from The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C S Lewis, chapter one, Lucy looks into a wardrobe. Once there were four children whose names were Peter, Susan, Edmonds, and lacY. This story is about something that happened to them when they were sent away from London during the war because of the air raids, they were sent to the highest of an old professor who lived in the heart of the country, 10 mi from the nearest railway station, on 2 mi from the nearest post office. You have no wife. Honey lived in a very large highest with a housekeeper called Mrs. Mcgrady and three servants. Their names were IV Margaret, I'm Betty, but they don't come into the story much. He himself was a very old man with shaggy white terror which grew over most of his face as well as on his head. And I liked him almost at once. But on the first evening when he came like to meet them at the front door, he was still odd looking, but Lucy, who was the youngest, was a little afraid of him. And Edmund who was the next youngest, wanted to laugh and how to keep on pretending he was blowing his nose to hide it. As soon as they had said good night to the professor and gone upstairs on the first night, the boys came into the girl's room and they all talked it over. We've fallen on our fate and no mistakes. And Peter, this is going to be perfectly splendid. The old chap will let us do anything we like. I think he's a note there said Susan, Oh, come off at Set Admin. He was tired of pretending not to be tired, which always met him bad tempered. Don't go on talking like that. Like what sets season in any way it's time you were in bed trying to talk like Mother said, Edmond. And who are you to say what I'm going to bed, go to bad yourself? How did we all better go to bed? Sadly, see, there should be a wry if we're talking here. No, that won't said Peter, I tell you this is the sort of high swore know what's going to mind what we do anyway, they won't hear us. It's about 10 min walk from here down to that dining. Any of my upstairs and passages in between. What's that noise? Suddenly see suddenly it was a far larger highest than she had ever been in before. The thought of all those long passages and rows of doors leading into empty rooms, beginning to make her feel a little creepy. It's only a bird silly set Edmund. It's an aisle, said Peter, this is gonna be a wonderful place for birds. I shall go to bed night. I say, let's go and explore tomorrow. You might find anything in a place like this. Did you see those mountains as we came along and the words, there might be Eagles, There might be stags, there'll be hawks, badgers said Lucy, foxes said Edmond, rabbits since Susan. But when next morning Kim, There was a steady rain falling so thick that when you looked out the window, you can see neither the mountains nor the woods, nor even the stream in the garden. Of course it would be renting, said Edmond, they're just finished their breakfast with the professor. We're upstairs in the room. He had set apart for them along lorem with two windows looking in one direction and two in another. Stop grumbling, add said Susan, ten to one, it will clear up in an hour or so. And in the meantime, we're pretty well-off. There's a wireless and lots of books. Not for me, said Peter. I'm going to explore in the highest. Everyone agreed to this and that was high. The adventures began. It was the highest that you never seem to come to the end of. It was full of unexpected places. The first few doors they tried lead only into spare bedrooms as everyone had expected that they would. But they came to a very long room full of pictures. There they find a suit of armor. After that was a room all hung with grain with a harp and one corner, and then came three steps dying and five steps up. And then a little upstairs Hall, I'm door that leg out onto a balcony. And then a whole series of rooms that lead into each other and were lined with books, most of the very old books and some bigger than a Bible in a church. And shortly after that, they looked into a room that was quite empty except for one big wardrobe, the sort that has a looking glass in the door. There was nothing else in the room at all except a dead blue bottle on the window sill. Nothing there said Peter, and they all tripped art again. I'll accept Lucy. She stayed behind because she thought it'd be worthwhile trying the door of the wardrobe, even though she felt almost sure that it would be locked. To her, surprise them quite easily on to moth balls dropped like looking into the inside, she saw several coats hanging up, mostly long fur coats. There was nothing Lucy likes so much as the smell and feel of her. She immediately stepped into the wardrobe and got in among the coats and rubbed her face against them, leaving the door open, of course, because she knew that it was very foolish to shut oneself into any wardrobe since you went further and, and fun. That was a second row of coats hanging up behind the first one. It was almost quite dark in there and she kept her arms stretched out in front of her so as not to bump her face and to the back of the wardrobe. She took a step further in than two or three steps, always expecting to feel would work against the tips of her fingers, but she could not feel it. This must be a simply enormous wardrobe, thought Lucy, going still further N, I'm pushing the soft foods for the coats, the side to make room for her. Then she noticed that there was something crunching under her feet. I'm wondering is that mothball she thought stooping down to fill it with her hand. But instead of filling the heart smooth word of the floor of the wardrobe, she felt something soft and hydrate and extremely cold. This is very queer. She said, I went on a step or two further. Next moment, she find that what was rubbing against her face and hands was no longer saw fair but something hard on rough and even prickly. Why? It's just like branches of trees, exclaimed Lucy. And then she saw that there was a light ahead of her, Not a few inches away where the back of the wardrobe ought to have been, but a long way off, something cold and soft was falling on her. A moment later, she found that she was standing in the middle of a word at nighttime with snow under her feet and snowflakes falling through the air. Lucy felt a little frightened, but she felt very inquisitive and excited as well. She looked back over her shoulder and there between the dark tree trunks, she could still see the open doorway of the wardrobe and even catch a glimpse of the empty room for which he had set out. She had of course, left the door open for she knew that it is very silly thing to shut oneself and to your wardrobe. It seems to be still daylight there. I can always get back if anything goes wrong. Thought Lucy, she began to walk forward, crunch, crunch over the snow. And through the word towards the other light in about 10 min, she reached it and find it was a lamppost. Or she stood looking at it, wondering why there was a lamppost in the middle of a word. I'm wondering what to do next. She heard a petro Potter of fate coming towards her and say after that, a very strange person stepped out from among the trees into the light of the lamp post. He was only a little taller than Lucy herself, and he carried over his head and umbrella white with snow from the waist upwards. He was like a man, but his legs were shaped like a goat's. The hair on them was glossy black. And instead of Theta-hat goats hoops, he had a tail. Lazy did not notice this at first because it was neatly caught up over the arm that how the umbrella so as to keep it from trailing and the snow. He had a red with a muffler ride his neck and his skin was rather reddish to, he had a strange but pleasant little face with a short pointed beard and curly hair. This hair, they're stuck to horns, one on each side of his forehead, one of his hands, as I have said, how the umbrella and the other arm he carried several Brian paper parcels. What would the parcels in the snow? It looked just as if he had been doing his Christmas shopping. He was a farm. When he sold lazy, he gives such a startup surprise that he dropped all those parcels. Goodness gracious may exclaimed the fog. 38. C.S. Lewis' Childhood: This lecture is adopted from a lecture I gave to the CS Lewis festival and Belfast on CS Lewis and childhood. Again, it's hard to be edited because there were certain entities and things that I can't include here for copyright purposes. But I've put some links into the resources section to some interviews and videos that you might enjoy if you're interested in CS Lewis. C S Lewis was actually a very unlikely children's author. By the time he wrote The Chronicles of Narnia, he'd got well into middle age and didn't have any children of his own. There had been the Second World War and children being belted through the countryside for their own safety, which had made a discussion about the safety of children and the protection of children and national thing. But Leah says France, I think were quite surprised when he wrote a children's book. He was more into writing academic essays. I mean, where did it come from? Well, he wrote of his own childhood and surprise by joy. I am a product of long corridors, empty sunlit rooms, upstairs, indoor silences, attics explored in solitude. Distant noises have girdling cisterns and pipes, and the noise of wind under the tiles, also of endless books. Living in little Lee and strand, T9 and East Belfast. He's wandering rind or highest alone, his father and not very much carrying what happens to him. His mother, of course, was very ill with cancer and eventually died when he was only ten. So he and his brother were really left to their own devices. And so you can see parallels between the story of Narnia on his own childhood, wandering rind, making up stories about very mundane things. And I think that wandering into a magic world and a wardrobe might've been the kind of thing that the very young CS Lewis imagined. Also as we heard earlier. As a child, he and his brother wrote children's stories called animal lamps. So actually, the Chronicles of Narnia were not his first foray into children's writing. You've heard this quote before, but I'm going to read it again because the defining moment of CS Lewis's childhood is the death of his mother. And after that, his relationship with his father fractures. He sent away to England to school. Everything changes and becomes an awful lot less idyllic and an awful lot less settled. And so he said, there came in late when I was ill and crying and distress because my mother did not come to me. And then my father and tears came into my room and tried to convey to my terrified mind things that had never conceived before. My father never fully recovered from this loss. Under the pressure of anxiety, his temper became incalculable. He spoke what late and acted unjustly. We were coming My brother and I to rely exclusively on each other for all that it made life bearable. Prayer hadn't worked, but I was used to things not working and thought no more abide up. And an interesting thing is he's relying on his brother. And we see in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe the four patterns, ie children exploring the highest together and leaning on each other when they find themselves sent away for their own safety during the Second World War, a bulleted on a strange family and a strange heist. So since he had no children of his own hided CS Lewis know the kinds of stories that children would enjoy. Well, that is going back to his own younger self and the par of pure imagination. As a young person, he really loved what he called pure Northern ness. He loved Northern mythology and things that sprang from it. And he talks about experiencing the Ring Cycle, pure Northern Nas and golf made the memory of joy itself. And we've talked a little bit before, when we talked about Lewis and Tolkien, about how this was before the Nazis had really common dared Northern mythology to their own ends so that it was okay to enjoy it at that point in history. He was also, as we mentioned before, very influenced by George Macdonald, who was also an influence on JRR Tolkien. And we've heard a lot about McDonald's before. But the work of McDonald's that CS Lewis rarely loved. He bought while he was a student of the old naughts and England, just do something to raise and entertain himself. I didn't realize that it was just going to change his way of looking at a lot of things. He said. That might my imagination, walls and a certain sense baptized the rest of me, not unnaturally took longer. I have not the faintest notion what I had let myself in for it by buying fantastic. I recently read fantastic. It's very much a fairy story. At the start of it, a character enters into a magical world and all magical, normal human enters into a magical world through a writing desk. Now there's the obvious symbolism there of the writing desk and literature. In CS Lewis's world. You enter the magical world through a wardrobe, but it's a similar kind of an idea. And we go into this magical world full of creatures. Like phones and centers that we've heard of before and other kinds of mythology. Night and CS Lewis's life when he wrote, surprised by Joy, I called it earlier a quiz I autobiography because he doesn't write. I was born in Belfast. My mother was, my father was etc. He traces his life via books and thinking and the literature that he has experienced. And he's led himself and for something completely new and unusual by embracing the works of George Macdonald and of course, fantasy writing and fairy tales for grown-ups. That was something but CS Lewis and JRR Tolkien on the rest of the Inklings, as a group of people got together to talk about because it was not something that was actually incredibly common at that point in history, especially after two world wars. Most of the war poets from the First World War people like Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, Robert Graves were writing gritty, realistic poems such as Sassoon, dolce at decorum asked, which really graphically described someone draining and gas had not got the gas mask on a time. Whereas Lewis and Tolkien and the Inklings, our coaching those things in the language of myth and the veneer of fantasy, which makes it easier to deal with those big issues in some ways it creates the slight amount of distance. Northern Ireland is very much associated with CS Lewis's childhood because of course, he'd gone to school in England at quite a young age. He did bring his wife Joy, to Northern Ireland on honeymoon to a hotel that's about 3 mi away from me and they have a CS Lewis window and make a big daylight about, but it becomes a mythical place in his mind. And in his writings. You can see Care para vowel, the imposing fortress in the naughty and stories and the real-life done loose castle. If you ever get a chance to visit done least castle, it's well-worth. It is incredibly beautiful. Cs Lewis got married quite late in life and we heard earlier a high he was celebrating that he had find the happiness and the six days that have passed and by in his 20s actually enlist this time. Oxford dawns were quite often single and fights their heartbeat. A period of history where you were expected to be single and live at the university. It was a bit like being a monk. Not the case, of course, for JRR Tolkien, who had four children and a wife and lived outside of the university. But he was in that sort of academic and very male dominated world until he meets joy David Munn Gresham. And she brings into his life her two young sons, Douglas on David. And so suddenly there are children and his life night, the Narnia stories had already been published by this stage, but Louis took on the role of stepfather, I think pretty well. Douglas Gresham had a very close relationship with CS Lewis, as we're byte to say, David Gresham kind of rebelled against him a bit and embraced are very hardcore Jewish cult. His mother, of course, having been an American Jew. And I think CS Lewis facilitated that to a certain degree and helped him with a special diet. But he hasn't spoken so much about CS Lewis as his brother has. But Douglas Gresham said to me he wasn't CS Lewis at all. He was just Jack. He was a man who first became my friend and later my stepfather. And eventually Jack was the man I respected and admired and loved most and all the world. Douglas Gresham describes first being taken to mate CS Lewis. And CS lewis wasn't everything that he expected him to be from having read his children's stories. I was being taken to meet the man who was on speaking terms with hiking Peter of Narnia. And as long as the great lion, I expect them to be wearing silver armor and carrying a sword instead, there was this bolding, stooped, professorial looking gentleman in the most shabby clothes you can imagine. With this trod dine at the heel, slippers and nicotine, Stan, fingers and teeth. Jacqueline, very strange to me as an eight-year old American boy. There was a meme that goes around the Internet Where CS Lewis said, one day you'll be old enough to read fairy stories again. And that says something about his mentality because he was an academic, he didn't just view fairy tales. And by extension, his own writing for children to be just for children and felt that adults could get something out of those kind of stories as well. And he said, you and I, who still enjoy fairy tales, have less reason to wish actual childhood bag. We have kept its pleasures and added some grown-up ones as well. 39. Lewis' Influences and Influence : Whether you love CS Lewis, you hit CS Lewis, or you've never read a word that he wrote. The Chronicles of Narnia are a big influence on children's literature that followed. So in this video, we're going to look at the influences that shaped the world of Narnia. And high Narnia shipped the children's literature that we read today or that is being written today. Influences on the Chronicles of Narnia. I really major one was JRR Tolkien on Hugo Dyson and their role in Lewis his conversion to Christianity. Because Christianity is hardly thinly veiled in the Chronicles of Narnia. In fact, JRR Tolkien hated them because of that. He thought it was heavy handed, sentimental, and he didn't like allegory as we saw discussed earlier. George Macdonald was also a huge influence and fantastic ways as we've discussed before. And we're going to hear a quote from contestation just a moment and you can compare it to the world of Narnia. The second world war on child evacuees out. A real life situation does come into the world of Narnia. The patency children are obviously sent away for their own safety as many inner city children where at the time. So there's not real-world aspect. Louis, his own childhood and Northern Ireland and his kind of internal world. He's someone who I think it's fair to say was fairly sheltered, kind of hard to entertain himself alone as a child, hung out with his brother mostly, although he did have a close friend and Belfast Arthur grade. And then he moved to England to boarding schools which are also a sort of rarefied air, not open to all classes. And then he becomes an Oxford don. His development is an intellectual one via different forms of literature. And I think that comes through in the Chronicles of Narnia. But he mythologized Northern Ireland to a certain extent after he laughed at and remembered It's incredible beauty and that has made its way into the books. Classical mythology is an aspect there, e.g. centers and Northern mythology and folk tales, e.g. there's definitely a similarity between Hans Christian Andersen is tailored the Snow Queen and the white, which nature is a big factor in the world of Narnia. There is these beautiful and striking landscapes and natural phenomenon that are almost as all inspiring as the magical phenomenon. Here is a quote from fantastic tes, which also uses magic niche or mythology. Folktales, a lot of things that make their way into the Chronicles of Narnia. Notwithstanding the beauty of this country, a ferry in which we are, there is much that is wrong in it. There are great splendors. There are corresponding horrors, heights and deaths. Beautiful women on awful things, noblemen, on weaklings. All a man has to do is to better what he can and have people settle it with himself. That even r9 and success are in themselves of no grip value and be content to be defeated. If so, be that the fault is not his. And so go to his work with a COOH brand on strong-willed, he will get it done, found on the worst than the end, that he was not burdened with provision and precautions. So this country of fairy, this magical land in which there are splendors, but there are corresponding horrors, good and evil. That seems a little bit like the world of Narnia. Lewis's literary legacy. Cs Lewis was many things. He was a children's author, a Christian apologist, and those are the things we tend to remember him for. He was also an academic. He was a mathematician, which is something that not a lot of people know. He was a literary critic. The most ridiculous thing I ever read by CS Lewis was by M. Wilson who suggested that he just grabbed the every man edition of books and didn't like properly read. The man was very, very well-read. Perhaps you could argue to the exclusion of real life at some points, but no one who was not very well, RAB could possibly have written surprised by joy. Today 2 million of CS Lewis's books are sold each year in the USA and UK alone. His fiction and his works on Christian apologetics. His fiction works have sold 100 million copies. To put that in context, Tolkien's have so 200 million copies, but C. S Lewis still doing fairly well up there with Enid Blyton, a really popular author is still in our times. Jk Rowling acknowledges the athletes as an influence on the scene. And Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows where the Death Eaters are abusing harry, whom they believe to be dead, sort of celebrating. I think that they've defeated him is very reminiscent to me of the treatment of asthma by the servants of the white, which here are JK Rowling's thoughts on CS Lewis shared and an interview and I've linked to the full interview in the resources section, I find myself thinking about the wardrobe route to Narnia. When Hari is told he has to Harlem self at a barrier in King's Cross Station and it dissolves. And he's on platform 9.3 quarters. And there's the trend for Hogwarts, Narnia is literally a different world. Whereas in the history books you go into a world within a world. That you can see if you happen to belong. A lot of the humor comes from collisions between the magic and the everyday world. Generally, there isn't much humor in the Narnia books, although I adored them when I was a child, I got so caught up. I didn't think CS Lewis was especially preachy, rating them night. I find that his subliminal message isn't very subliminal at all. And that's of course, a high talking felt about the Narnia books as well. Really, CS lewis have very different objectives to mind when I write. I don't intend to make a point or teach philosophy of life. A problem you run into with a series is high. The characters grew up, whether they're allied to grow up. The characters in Enid Blyton, famous five bucks Act and a pre-pubescent way right through this series, the Narnia books, that children are never allowed to go up even though they are growing older. And that seems to be something not just true and Louis, but I buy books of the time. The children kinda stay the same edge. In the case of Narnia, it's because they're in this magical world a bit like tear in an oak and Celtic mythology. Just going back to the mythology thing, the lines of the every young, where a day and tear and a node could be 300 years in the real-world. And it's not kind of thing when the children go to Narnia. I suppose there is the idea. At the end of the books when Susan discovers like makeup and things like that, She's, they're not allied into the stable and it's like when she loses the sense of childhood on wonder, then she can't be a part of Narnia. Clearly, JK Rowling was doing something very different with the history books where the Raiders and the characters were getting older as the series progressed. So that's like her key objection there. I think although she's saying that she isn't teaching a worldview and we'll talk about this a bit more when we talk about the Harry Potter series. If she has one and it kind of question one, Harry goes to King's Cross and is then resurrected e.g. on there is this clear use of CS Lewis. And also she actually quotes the Bible. She quotes Matthew six, which says where your treasure is, there, will your heart be also. The children's author, Philip Pullman describes himself as the AMT CS Lewis, but if anything, that sort of mark CS lewis. I'd asked an important figure in children's literature. He takes issue with the ending of the last bottle and accuses Lewis of cruelty towards his characters and of giving an unkind message and the description of the incident related to Susan that I just talked about, that though he does acknowledged that he possesses a reactionary prejudice. So CS Lewis was a committed christian. Philip Pullman is an atheist. And so you could say, well, he's just looking to poke holes in this text. He sad of the Narnia Chronicles, I find them very dodgy and unpleasant, dodgy and the dishonest rhetoric way and unpleasant because they seem to embody a worldview that takes for granted things like racism, basalt journey, and a profound cultural conservatism that is utterly unexamined. In other words, CS Lewis is off his time, but he doesn't really bother to examine his time. Pulling himself has also been accused of British establishment prejudice and that the Act of Settlement, which basically discriminated against Catholic people wasn't repealed in the UK until 2015. And we have certain incidents, certainly in Ireland where I live, where that kind of attitude cause problems on he has been associated with that. We look back at the works of CS Lewis written after the Second World War, from this period in time. And the, I suppose there are some things that are maybe a little bit uncomfortable as we saw when we talk about Enid Blyton, that kind of thing, at least on the grounds of misogyny. He does have female characters in there, which token very much did not. They had to be created for the Hobbit movies. 40. Evacuees : In the last section, we looked at the Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, which of course begins during the Second World War with the patency family who've been evacuated. And there's actually quite a lot of literature or bite, the Second World War. Not all of it actually written during the Second World War. But after the trauma of the war, there was a need for a younger generation to be told those stories and to remember the things that had happened. Possibly in a sense to stop anything like it from happening again. And that kind of literature tends to be taught quite a lot and skills, I mean, AI at Scale read at least three novels that were set of the Second World War. So we're going to have a look at some famous examples. The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, which we've mentioned. It's not about the war, it goes off into a fantasy worlds, but it has the war as a backdrop. Kerry's war, binding a button, much more a bite the actual war. Good night, Mr. Tom, by Michelle Megarian, which we're going to look at a little bit more in depth in this section. It is an absolute classic novel set in the Second World War. And very, very moving. It talks about the plight of a child evacuate, but also about the life of the gentleman upon whom he's belittled, who takes him in and looks at high, that relationship changes. Both of them are very moving novel letters from the lighthouse by AMA Carol, when Hitler stool pink Rabbit by Judith care, which is a semi autobiographical story of a family during the second world war. Back home. Also by Michelle Megarian, talks about a young girl called rusty, who's actually been sent off to America. When she comes back to England, she no longer has an English accent. She's been imbued with a completely different culture. And it's all about her settling back in, rather than her experience as an evacuated. The boy and the striped pajamas by the Irish author John Boyd, which is a Holocaust Novel as, as I am David by an home and I read, I am David. Good night, Mr. Tom. I'm back home at school and I'm sure a few of you read some of these novels, that skill, if you'd like to talk about that, just post in the Q&A. The children of grain know, by Lucy and Boston. It's a bit like the Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. And that it uses the wars backdrop and then goes a bit into a fantasy world. It's about a young boy who goes to stay with his great grandmother for his safety during the war. And when he's staying with his great grandmother and her home known as gray know, he meets children who have died and a plague in the 17th century. They're ghosts are still in the highest and he forms a relationship with these ghosts because there are no other children a bite to play with. It's a very intriguing novel. Most of the children's literature that you may read concerning the Second World War tends to be set in England or in the United Kingdom because of the drama created by the whole evacuation process where children were sent from the city to the country. It was a complete culture shock to them and also to the families that were receiving them. It was a huge change. So we're going to look at the real life history of the evacuees so that we can understand the literature a little bit better. The evacuation of children from urban and industrial areas likely to be bombed by the Germans was named Operation Pied Piper. And the country was divided into three types of areas, evacuation, neutral, and reception. Evacuation areas where the children were sent from included London, Birmingham, and Glasgow. Big industrial settings, reception areas, which is where the children were sent to, included Kent, East and glia and Wales. So countryside living, which could have been a big change for kids that have been raised. And inner cities, neutral areas didn't send or receive evacuees. And not all evacuees. Actually, where our children evacuees were split into four groups. School-age children, firm, pregnant women, and mothers with babies are preschool age children so that they could remain with their children. The evacuation scheme, having plants since the Anderson report was released in November 1938, compiled by a committee headed by John Anderson. So it starts to be planned before the Second World War is actually declared. In late August 1939, London County Kosla began requisitioning buses and trains. And the summer of 1939, following a large registration of evacuees and building accommodation for them. All the morning of 21 August 193093, days before war was declared, an evacuation order was given for the next day. Children gathered in their schools on the 1st of September and operation Pied Piper swung into effect. It was a huge project on thousands of volunteers helped. There were 1,589 assembly points in London alone. And trans ran out of the capitals man stations every 9 min for 9 h. Some London children were evacuated by ship along the tabs, ceiling two great yarn with Felix dough and low staffed. They were helped by teachers, railway staff, local authority staff, and members of the Women's voluntary service, the WWF, who comforted frightened children and give out food. 1.5 million people were evacuated. And first three days in England, this included 673,000 schoolchildren, 406,000 mothers and young children. On 3,000 pregnant women. Children were luggage labels, pen to their coats with their name, school, and evacuation authority, separated from their parents. Children were accompanied on the journey by teachers on WV asked members, can you imagine how scary this must have been for very young children to be leaving their parents behind and the city that might be bombed, to go to live with total strangers. Often. The children didn't know whether going or when they would return, and many of them were very little and scared. Children were expected to carry a kit recommended by the Ministry of Health, a handbag or case containing the child's gas mask. I change of underclothing. Nightclubs, has shoes or pencils, spare stockings or socks, a toothbrush, I comb tiles, soap and face cloth, handkerchiefs, and if possible, a warm coat or Macintosh. Each child should bring a packet of food for the day. Many parents felt that this was the best way to protect their children from the impending bombing. And the only thing that they could do was to send them away. Propaganda posters encouraged participation and the evacuation scheme. But not all families choose to take part. Parents who did take part had to wait for several days until a postcard arrived to let them know where their children, where you were sending your children out into the great unknown. You didn't even know where they were going to end up in the country, which must have been very scary. The idea of camps for children run by teachers have been suggested, but the government choose to bill at them in private homes. Instead. It was compulsory for assigned homes to accept evacuees. You didn't really have a choice. And that's what happens to Mr. Tom and goodnight Mr. Tom. Host families were paid ten shillings and six months, the equivalent of 26 pints today for the first child and eight shillings and six pence per each additional child. So not really a huge amount of money. Places where assessed on the accommodation rather than the hosts aptitude for caring for children. So it's all based on the highest, not on the family. Some hosts resented being forced to raise children and some children tried to run away, so it didn't always work out. Wealthy children were more likely to comply as they were more used to staying and relatives homes, which they may have done in the summer holidays and Christmas holidays than working-class children or who would rarely have left their own homes. The phony war gave a false sense of safety. So many children returned home as well. What today we would call a conspiracy theory. People saying it's not really that bad, which we know looking back, it was nearly half of evacuees were home by christmas than France fell. And June 1940 on the Blitzkrieg began. It hit London, Coventry, Birmingham, Swansea, Plymouth, and Sheffield. The South Coast was changed from a reception area to an evacuation area. Under the threat of invasion. 200,000 children were evacuated or re evacuated to safer places. This evacuation continued until the end of 1941. After the blood's dangerous still remains sporadic air attacks continued on. In 1944, Hitler began the use of V1 flying bombs on V2 ballistic missiles. This began operation regulate, the final major evacuation of the Second World War. It ran from July to September 1944, saw more than 1 million people evacuated from danger zones. Children who remained behind during the evacuation screw more than their evacuated pairs. Nobody's really sure why. Many theories grew up around this until Anna Freud eventually proved that emotional well-being was important for a child's growth. When the war ended, evacuees returned home, some find that their homes have been bombed or their families have gone. In some cases, their families no longer wanted them back. But for most it was a joyful reunion. The readjustment to city and family life was hard for some children. On some parents, the children were in many cases, four or five years older than when they left. So add a completely different points of development. Many have different accents by the state. Here we have an account of being evacuated by Jim Woods, who was from Lambeth and was evacuated when he was six years old. I remember going to the station and there were literally hundreds of children lined up waiting to go. Everyone had a cardboard box with their gas masks and a label tied to their coats to identify them if they got lost. We ended up in South Wales. The first night we slept on the floor of the church hall. The next day, my sister and I were allocated to, uh, Mr. And Mrs. Race. At first, It's quite frightening being separated from your mother. I'm not understanding what was going on. However, after a few days we settled diner quite enjoyed being in Wales. After living in London, we were now surrounded by countryside. The village we lived in was very small. There reminds close-up by. And we have great fun exploring the slag heaps. My sister and I got on very well with Mr. and Mrs. race. There were upset sometimes on one occasion we decided to go home to London. We followed the railway track. We thought it would take us back to London, but after following it for about a mile, we discovered it was a railway line used by local mines. 41. Goodnight Mister Tom : We're going to talk about goodnight Mr. Tom, a novel about the Second World War. I'm a child of vacuity that was actually written in 1981 by Castro in 1981 in the UK with an American edition in the same year. Though the war had been some decades before, the human drama of it was still very much in the public Xite guys. It's a byte, a boy evacuated from London where he's been suffering abuse at the hands of his mentally ill mother. And he's sent to live with the elderly and curmudgeon lee Mr. Tom, when I say elderly and his 60s, but that would definitely be elderly to a young boy. Mr. Tom, who's also had his own tragedies in life, comes to love on care for William. The book was the winner of the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize, which really is a once in a lifetime achievement. And it has been adapted into a film, a play, and a musical. So you can see a poster for the film to the right starring John thought, of course, Inspector Morse. Let's familiarize ourselves with the plot of the novel. This does contain spoilers. If you've never added an awful lot of us, of course, if you're based in the UK, will have read this bucket scope. If you didn't, it's really worth reading. It's a very moving and intelligent book. In September 1939, William Beach is sent from London to the village of little werewolves. His mother, who's mentally ill, has convinced him that he's full of sin. And accordingly, he West the bads on a daily basis. He's bulleted at the home of a widower and his sixties Tom Oakley, whom he calls Mr. Tom. He's a reclusive and short temper character who really didn't actually want to have a child come to stay with him, but he doesn't actually have a choice. That's the law. As he discovers more about Williams home life and what's been happening to this child. He comes to care for the boy and his dog, Sammy. William cannot read or write at this point and Mr. Tom helps them to learn. And then he makes friends at school with a fellow evacuate the Jewish Zach and other children, including George on the twins carry and Ginny. William also shows talent and drawing, painting and drama, and Mr. Tom and his friends support him and all these endeavors. It's not just William who changes throughout the novel though, we learn that Tom lost his wife and baby some scarlet fever 40 years previously, and that explains his reclusive Nas and as general manner, Williams mother writes that she has taken ill and wants William to be sent back to her in London. And at first he wants to see her and he's keen to show off his achievements that have taken place while he's been in the country. But she's actually irritated by the fact that he has not been rote taught the Bible and that he's been given presence and time and attention by other people. She doesn't like that. While William has been away, she has recently given birth to a baby girl whom she shows William lying neglected in a box. She's angry about Williams friendship with the Jewish Zack. She doesn't approve of that. That has new findability to speak up for himself. And so she knocked him unconscious and a fit of rich. William comes to an, a cupboard under the stairs wearing only his underwear and with his ankles twist it on, he cries for Tom. Tom becomes concerned when William doesn't write to him, though, he usually doesn't travel on the war mix, the capital unsafe, he has for London determined to find William and finds Williams highest. The highest seems to be empty, but Tom just feels uneasy and persuades a police officer to break down the door. They find William, who's basically cuffed to a pipe alongside the baby girl whose dad William is malnourished and bruised. He's taken to hospital where he has terrible nightmares. When Tom hairs that William will be sent to a children's home since he doesn't have any relatives. He kidnaps him on, takes them home with him. Too little weird world. What did him romance traumatized because he blames himself and his little sister's death because he wasn't able to give her milk can keep her alive. What edema is visited on, comforted by Zach and by his favorite teacher on a cartridge. From them, what did him learns that he couldn't affect the baby milk. He wouldn't have been capable of doing that. And that a woman can't conceive a child on her own. So he stops blaming himself for the baby's death when he learns these facts and it's clear that his mother has, well, in her omental, they committed a sin by conceiving this child outside of wedlock. William later learns that his mother has committed suicide. As he has no relatives. It's planned to send him to a children's home once again, but Tom adopts him formally. Tom, William and Zack go on holiday to the seaside where the lambda, they actually mistakes William as Tom son. Zack hears that his father has been injured and a German bomb on, so returns to see him and his killed and the Blitz. William is absolutely devastated. He starts private art lessons with Jeffrey Sanderson, who lost a leg during the war and who also lost a very close friend and he helps him with his grief over Zach. William starts calling Tom dad and realizes that he's growing up. Now let's hear a very little about Michelle Megarian who wrote the novel. She was born on 6 November 1947 and Portsmouth, England. She's a writer and also an actor, and she's known for her novels, Good night Mr. Tom, back home and a little love song. She tends to focus on child evacuees back home is also about a child to evacuate. And sort of coming of age. Stories such as a little love song. She's all of Armenian descent, and she lived in Singapore and Australia between the ages of 7.9, and she studied drama both in the UK and Paris. Then she turned and repertory theater in the UK. She began writing. At the same time, I took an interest in children's literature. She was inspired to write good like Mr. Tom of all things by a song from Joseph on the Amazing Technicolor dream coat, which lists colors. To her. Brian was an old and earthy color on grain was youth. And so that was the little spark that ignited the novel. She incorporated stories and to the novel that her mother had told her about her time as a nurse during the Second World War. It took 4.5 years to write the book because she was touring At the time. It was published in 1981. And as we heard before, one, The Guardian Children's Fiction Prize. And it was adapted into a film for ITV and 1990s. It was interesting because after she'd finished writing the novel, at that point, she joined a creative writing class, probably because she wanted to work out how to publish it. In 1984, Megarian published back home also by a child, evacuate rusty, who's been sent off to the United States and has some trouble settling. And when she comes back to England, she also published a little love song in 1991, cookie and then asked in 1994, a spoonful of jam in 1998, just Henry and 2008, as well as poetry and short stories. 42. Goodnight Mister Tom Reading: I'm reading from goodnight Mr. Tom, by Michelle but Korean chapter one meeting? Yes. Said Tom bluntly, on opening the front door, what you want or harassed middle aged women and a green coat and felt hat student has step. He guards to the armband on her slave. She gave him an awkward smile. The pelleting officer for this area, she began. Yes. And what's that got to do with me. She flushed slightly Well, Mr. Mr. Oakley Thomas, OK. Great. Thank you, Mr. Oakley. She paused and took a deep breath. Mr. Oakley, with the declaration of war eminent Tom width has had I knows all that gets to the point, what do you want? He noticed a small boy at her side. It's him. I've come a bike. She said, I'm on my way to your village hall with the others. While others. She stepped to one side behind the large iron gate, which stood at the end of the graveyard where a small group of children, many of them were filthy. I'm very poorly clad. Only a handful have a blazer or a coat. They all looked for wilderness and exhausted. One tiny dark haired girl in the front was hanging firmly onto a new teddy bear. The woman touched the boy at her side and pushed him forward. There's no need to tell me said to him, it's obligatory and it's for the war effort. You aren't entitled to choose your child. I know began the woman apologetic like Tom gave us snored, but she continued. His mother wants him to be with someone who's religious or near a church. She was quite adamant. Search would only let him be evacuated if he was was what said Tom and patiently near a church. Tom took a second look at the child. The boy was thin and sickly looking, pill with lymph zombie hair or dull gray eyes. His name's Willie, said the woman, Willie, who had been staring at the grind, looked up Ryan's his neck hanging from a piece of string was a cardboard level at read William Beach. Tom was well into his sixties, a healthy, robust, stock rebuilt man with a head of thick white hair. Although he was at the average height and Willie's eyes, he was a towering giant with skin-like course wrinkled Brian pamper and a voice like thunder. He glared at willie, you'd best come in. He said abruptly, the woman give our leaved smile. Thank you so much, she said, and she backed quickly away and hurried down the tiny path towards the other children. Really watched her go. Come on in, repeated Tom harshly. I haven't got all day nervously. Willie followed him into a dark hallway. It took a few seconds for his eyes to adjust from the brilliant sunshine he had left to the comparative darkness of the cottage. He could just make out the shapes of the few coats hanging on some wooden pegs and two pairs of boots standing below. Suppose you'd pass, know where to put your things but are Tom looking at but the coat rack command died at Willy. He scratched his head. But I for you at best put a low PEG. He opened the door on his left and walked into the front room, leaving Willie in the hallway still clutching onto his Brian carrier bag. The half-open door, he could see a large black kicking range with a fire in it and an old threadbare armchair nearby. He shivered. Presently tom came out with a pencil. You can put that all Baghdad. He said roughly, you add gill, no place else really dead. So I'm Tom handed him the pencil. He stared blankly up at him. Go on. Said Tom, I told you before and got all day. I make a mark so as I know where to put a peg C Well, you made a fin dot on the wall beside the ham of one of the large coats. Make a nice big M. So as I can see it clear like Willie draw a small circle and filled it in Tomlin dynam pair to that, Nicole chap and you give me your Macintosh and I'll put it on top of mind for dog. With shaking fingers, Willie, under his belt and buttons peeled off the Macintosh and held it in his arms. Tom ticket from him and hung it on top of his grip coat. He walked back into the front room. Come on. He said, Well, he followed him. It was a small, comfortable room with two windows. The front one looked like to the graveyard, the other two, a little garden at the side. The large black Grinch did solidly and an alcove of the back wall, a thick dark pipe curving its way upward through the ceiling stretch type beneath the side window were a few shells filled with books, old newspapers and odds and ends. By the front windows to the heavy wooden table and two chairs. The flagstone floor was covered in a faded chromosome grain and Brian rug, willie gloves to the armchair by the orange and the objects that lay on top of the small wooden table beside it, a pipe, a book, and a bulky jar pulled out still up by the fire and I'll give you something to eat. Really made no movement. Settime boy, he repeated, you've got wax in your ears. Will he pulled a small wooden still from a corner and sat down in front of the fire. He felt frightened and lonely. Tom Cook two rashes of bacon and polyester slab of breath with the fresh bacon dripping beside it onto a plate. He put it on the table with a mug of hot tea. Well, he watched him silently, his bowtie elbows and knees jetting I angularly beneath the thin gray Jersey and shorts. He talked nervously at the tops of his woolen socks and a fence smell of warm rubber drifted upwards from the white plume cells. That upset Tom. Willie drag himself reluctantly from the warmth of the fire and sat at the table. You can put your own sugar in. Tom granted, really politely, took a spoonful, dumped it into the large white mug of tea and started, he bit into the bread, but a large lump and his throat mid swallowing difficult. He didn't feel at all hungry, but remembered apprehensive really what his mom had said about doing as he was told. He stared out at the graveyard some Sean brilliantly. Yeah, he felt cold. He gazed at the few trees around the graves. Their leaves were all different colors, pale green, amber, yellow. And John Gray ask Tom from his armchair, will they looked up, startled? Yes, Mr. He whispered, just a slow cheer. That's it. He nodded timidly and staring miserably at the plate. Bacon was a luxury. Only launchers are visitors have bacon and here he was not eating it. Maybe you can chew it more easy. Litter Tom back into him over to the stool, put another spin of that sugar in. Boy, I'm bringing that T over here. Well, it did so I'm returned to the Stu he held a warm mug tightly. It is IC hands and shivered. Tom lean towards him. Once you've gotten your bag that I denote mumbled Willie Mays unpacked it. She said I worked to look in one of his socks, lead halfway died his leg revealing a large multicolored bruise on his shin and a swollen red sore beside. That's a nasty things said to him pointing to it gives you that Willie peeled and pulled the socket quickly, best straight back before it gets cold, said Tom sensing, but the subject needed to be changed. Well, it looked intently at the changing shapes of the flames and the fire and slowly drag the TI, it thundered and his throat and his attempt to swallow it quietly. Top left the room briefly and within a few minutes returned. I gotta go out for a spell, then I'll fix your room, see up there. And he pointed to the ceiling. You enter afraid of heights. Are you really shook his head? That's good. Or you've had had to sleep under the table. He bent over the ranch and shoveled some fresh Coke into the fire. Those scarf of mine, he Madrid's on a three a khaki object over Willie's knees. He noticed another bruise on the boys thigh, but said nothing. Other, wander around the graveyard. Don't be scared of the dead, least they can't drop it. Obama on your ad. 43. Roald Dahl: In this section we're going to talk about a beloved but sometimes controversial children's Author, Roald Dahl. And as well as being a storyteller known for his Wednesday and his Gore. He was also a fighter pilot, a screenwriter, and a spy. He said about writing for children. Never shelter children from the world. But basically, the content of any children's book is of no importance other than it and throws the child. And thus it teachers are seduces him or her to like books and to become a fit reader, which is vital if that child is going to amount to anything in later life. The book grading child will always outstrip the non-bank reading child and let her life. There are very few messages in these books of mine. They are there simply to turn the child into a reader of books. So that's a similar sentiment to what we heard JK Rowling say earlier. And so children's literature, by the 20th century, the mid-twentieth century, I've moved away from the Victorian need for books to be didactic and contain a moral for the children. Many of Rudolf books, our favorite novels, even into adulthood of many people. And I'm sure that you'll have heard of, if not read quite a few of these. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, of course. Matilda, which as I record this video has just been released as a movie musical. Danny the champion of the world, which I remember reading it, skill. Revolting rhyme. I would, quite frankly, you rot. Anybody who took my copy of revolting rhymes? James and the Giant Peach. The BF J, the big friendly giant, of course. The twists, the witches. Fantastic. Mr. Fox, apparently a favorite novel of Scarlet Johansson. So I rate and George's marvelous medicines. So that's quite an output. And this is only a small selection of dolls writings. Few projects you may not have known he was involved with. He wrote the screenplay for the Bond movie, you only live twice and they hadn't association with the novelist who wrote the bone stories and fleming, as we're going to hear later. He also provided the stories for tales of the unexpected. And when they had used up Roald Dahl stories, they started writing new stories. This came from his adult writing, which was actually quite macabre and dark. He was also the writer of the screenplay for Chetty, Chetty bang-bang. And when you hear that, you can go Yes, because it has that sort of grotesque figure of the child catcher who ultimately is outsmarted by the children. And that's a very dark theme. Roald Dahl lived from 13 September 1916 until the 23rd of November 1990. He was a novelist, a short story writer, a poet, a screenwriter, a fighter pilot, and an intelligence officer. So what alive? He was of Norwegian descent, and his books have sold 250 million copies worldwide. In 2021, Forbes ranked him as the top earning dead celebrity. His style is often a little macabre and dark, but comic at the same time with unexpected endings and twists. The adults and his stories are often the villains and the children are the heroes. Overcome them or I'd wet them. Dahl was born in Cardiff in Wales to Norwegians Harold Bell and Sophie Magdalena Dao Mei hassle Berg. His father was a wealthy ship broker who had come to live in the UK in the 1880s and he had two children by his first wife, Marie Boyle regressor, who was French. She died in 1907 and Harold married his mother in 1911. Roald Dahl was named after a Norwegian polar explorer, Roald Amundsen. So you can see where he got that adventurous strike. His first language was Norwegian, which was spoken at home. And he had three sisters, asterisk, alpha, tilde and Elsa. Sadly, Astrid died aged seven and 1920s of appendicitis when Dahl was only three, his father died only wakes litter of pneumonia aged 57. He left a large fortune and told his wife that he wanted his children to be educated in English schools. And so she stayed in Wales and didn't return to Norway aged six, the young down that his idol bit tricks Potter. Is it dial on four of his friends were subjected to corporal punishment for pitching a dead mice and the jar of gobs stoppers up the local sweet shop. Okay, it's like something that could happen in one of his novels. Dao considered the owner of the sweet shop to be mean and loathsome and to have deserved the dead mice. And she was actually the inspiration for the horrendous miss lunch bowl and Matilda. He later went to public school, which is the English term for a private paid schools in Western super miracles and painters where he was very homesick. His letters home were kept by his mother and broadcast in 2016 on BBC Radio four to mark the suntan or eight of his birth. He wrote about his time at boarding school and his autobiography, boy tails of childhood. From age 13, he attended wrapped and skill and Derbyshire, where terrible beatings took place. Corporal punishment was commonplace and younger boys had to serve older boys on. They endured beatings from the older boys as well as from the staff. Dial wrote that all through my school life, I was appalled by the fact that masters and senior boys were allied literally to wound other boys, sometimes quite severely. I couldn't get over it. I never have got over it. So there is an element of cruelty in his work that comes from that real life experience. His headmaster, Jeffrey Fisher, who he believed had viciously Qantas friend, later became Archbishop of Canterbury and was the person who cried. Elizabeth the Second Dao shared that the incident, as he recalled, it caused him to have died. So byte religion uneven about God, but it turned out that he had made a mistake and that the person who had Kansas Brad, was in fact fishers successor, JT Christy. The incident that has actually happened until a year after Fisher had left the post. That's understandable because for those of us who've been out of school for a while, sometimes you do have little mixed memories of the time that you were there. He wasn't considered a talented writer while he was at school, his English teacher started. I've never met anybody who's who persistently writes words meaning the exact opposite of what isn't added, which is something he would do on purpose and his writing, sometimes he grew to be six-foot six. And that made him and demand by the school sports teams. While he was at wrapped and Cadbury, the chocolate makers occasionally set new chocolates for the pupils to test. This inspired Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and a lifelong love of chocolate on the part of Dao. Dao spent a summer holidays with his mother's family and Norway, which he really enjoyed. And on one such trip, he replaced the tobacco and his half sister's fiance's pipe with goat droppings. Why do you finish school? Dial track through Newfoundland with the public schools exploring society. And then in July 1934, he began working for Shell Petroleum. After two years in the UK learning the job. He was sent to Kenya and then to Tanzania. Has living there, I was actually quite luxurious. He lived with the two other staff members who worked for Shell in the area and they had a cook and high staff. He encountered the local wildlife, including highly venomous black mamba snakes and lions. When World War II broke out, he was commissioned and to the King's African rifles and Dar es Salaam, commanding a platoon of as scary troops who served and the colonial army. He joined the Royal Air Force, the RAF, and November 1939 and was accepted for flight traveling along with 16 others. Only three of those 17 men survived the war. He loved spotting Canyon wildlife from the air. He progressed to advanced training in Baghdad in Iraq. He was commissioned as a pilot officer on the 24th of August 1940, and he was assigned to number AND squadron with no training and combat or hide to fly the obsolete by that time Gloucester gladiator aircraft, he was involved in a crash when he couldn't find the landing strip at night and one of these aircraft, and he sustained a fractured skull and his nose was squashed. He was temporarily blinded, so pretty nasty. He was rescued. I'm taken to first add post and Marissa metro, Egypt where he regained consciousness but was still with ICT has vision. From there he was sent to a Royal Navy Hospital in Alexandria. There he experienced a bit of young love and was attracted to a nurse Mary well, and an RAF inquiry revealed that he had been mistakenly sent to no man's land between allied and Italian forces on the night of the crash, he shouldn't have been sent where he was. He was discharged from hospital and February 1941 on fine fit to fly again. Every squadron was my best near Athens on Dao, flu or new hawk or hurricane across the Mediterranean. In April 1941, he faced his first aerial combat on the 15th of April, 1941, attacking six aircraft, which were bombing allied ships and shading one dime. He shot down another the next day he took part in the battle of Athens on the 20th of April, 1941. Of 12 RAF hurricanes involved in this battle at five were sharp dawn on for pilots were killed. Dow described an endless blur of enemy fighters whizzing towards me from every side. Dog was a bucket edit to Egypt to May as the Germans advanced on Athens, the squadron was based in Haifa and dial flu every day for four weeks shooting down to Vichy French Air Force aircraft. He describes the assault he and his fellow hurricane pilots made on the Vichy Riak airfield. Low over the field at mid day, we sold to our astonishment a bunch of girls and brightly colored cotton dresses standing out by the plans with glasses in their hands, having drinks with the French pilots. And I remember saying bolts of wine standing and the wing of one of the plans as we went swishing over, it was a Sunday morning, and the Frenchmen were evidently entertaining their girlfriends on showing off their aircraft to them. Which was a very French thing to do in the middle of a war. And at the frontline arrow drum, every one of us held our fire on that first pass over the Flying Field. And it was wonderfully comical to see the girls while dropping their wine glasses on, galloping in their high heels for the door of the nares building. We went round again, but this time we were no longer a surprise and they were ready for us with their grind defenses. And I'm afraid that are chivalry resulted in damage to several of our hurricanes, including my own. But we destroyed five of their plans on the grind. Dolls recollections come with a comic edge. Four of the nine hurricane pilots and the squadron were actually killed. He later said, thousands of lives were lost. And I for one, have never forgiven the Vichy French for the unnecessary slaughter they caused. Dial began to suffer from headaches, which caused him to blackouts. So obviously he couldn't fly. And so he returned to Britain to his mother's home and Buckingham. Sure. And September 1941, he was promoted to a substantive flying officer meeting it was no longer on probation which he had been before. And let March 1942, he met with the Under Secretary of State for air major Harold buffer and London. Impressed by dials service history, he appointed him as assistant arrow cache at the British Embassy in Washington DC in the USA. Having experienced rationing and Britain, he was impressed by the Food and amenities in America at high, every didn't enjoy what he called a most ungodly, unimportant job. He later explained his feelings. I just come from the war. People were getting killed. I had been flying around saying horrible things. Now, almost instantly I find myself in the middle of a pre-work cocktail party in America. As part of his duties as assistant air attache, Dao was to address the isolationist views still held by many Americans by giving pro-British speeches on detailing his war service. The United States had only entered the war following the attack on Pearl Harbor the previous December. So the American public still wasn't completely convinced a Bartlett's. He met the novelist CS forester, who was also promoting British war and trusts in the USA. He had been asked to write a story on Dallas wartime history and our style to supply him with written RAF anecdotes. And when he read them, he decided to publish the story and Dolls own words. The story ended up being published on the 1st of August, 1942. And the Saturday Evening Post on walls really does first published paste. This association with Forrester introduced dial to the world of espionage. Another author for us to work with was Ian Fleming who wrote the James Bond series. Dao came into the circle of Canadian Spy Master William Stevenson, code named and trap it. He began to supply intelligence to Winston Churchill. He recalled, my job was to try to help Winston to get on with FDR, the American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Winston, what was in the old boy's mind. He also supplied information to Stevenson and his organization, the British security coordination, which was a branch of MI6. Dao, was sent back to Britain for alleged misconduct. I got booted out by the big boys, he later said, but Stevenson sentence strip back to Washington. He was promoted to wing commander. He remained friends with Stevenson for decades and wrote a history of his secret organization. He was invalid it out of the service in 1946 due to the injuries he had sustained in 1940, has five aerial victory is qualified him as a flying is. On 2 July 1953, he married the actress Patricia Neal at Trinity Church in New York City. They had five children together. Olivia, 20, who died aged only seven from the complications of measles. Shantel Sophia, known as Tessa, who became an author and cookbook writer, and the mother of modal Sophie doubt. Feel Matthew, who emerged only four months, was involved in a serious accident when his problem was hit by a taxi in New York City. He developed hydrocephalus as a result. And his father became involved in the creation of a valve to help his condition in collaboration with engineer stomach weird, uncertain cat of till. It was actually used on 3,000 children around the world. A failure Magdalena, a social justice on health care advocate. Lucy knew a screenwriter. After Olivia's death, Diao became a proponent of vaccines and wrote the book measles or dangerous illness and 19 idiot. The BF J is dedicated to Olivia Jeffrey fissure, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who had been Dallas for my headmaster and spiritual guide, told him that Olivia was in paradise, but that her beloved dog really couldn't join her there. This call styles began to question the faith he had been brought up and saying, I've wanted to ask him how he could be absolutely sure that other creatures did not get the same special treatment as us. I sat there wondering if this great and famous church man really knew what he was talking about and whether he knew anything at all about God or Heaven. And if he didn't, then who in the world did? In 1965, Patricia suffered three bursts, cerebral aneurisms while she was pregnant with Lucy, she had to learn how to walk and talk again, but eventually she returned to acting and del cared for her during that time. In 1972, dal began an 11-year affair with Felicity Deborah grasslands are set designer on an advertisement for coffee which had featured Patricia new B3, New Zealand. Dial divorced and remarried Felicity. She moved in with dial To Gypsy highest grip, missing done and Buckingham sure. Where he had lived since 1953 and it's pictured here to the right. I'll turn down an OBE in 1986, hoping for a knighthood so that his wife could become Larry doll. Didn't actually happen, but he was the first ever pulse you must recipient of a blue page or gold barge. And if you're around my edge from this part of the world, you'll know how special and honor that was considered to be Dallas first book for children being published in 1943. The grasslands was about little creatures that were part of the folklore of the RIF. So if something went wrong with your airplane, mechanically, 0 must be the grasslands. And we still talk about grasslands and the machine today. Eleanor Roosevelt wrap up back to her grandchildren and Walt Disney commission to move eight, but it was never made. Dow went on to write some of the best loved children's literature of the 20th century, still read and loved in the 21st century. Wrote for adults, these stories were dark short stories with twists in the plot. And he won three Edgar awards. And that's the Edgar Allan Poe awards presented by the mystery writers of America. He wrote around 60 short stories and he wrote for American magazines, Ladies Home Journal, Playboy, Harper's, The New Yorker. History is featured in Alfred Hitchcock Presents and of course, tales of the unexpected, which we mentioned earlier. Dal acquired or a Monaco Bardo as a Playhouse for his children. You can say one such romantically Barto pictured here to the right. And he later used it as a writing room at grid messenger RNA. And that's where he wrote down either champion of the world. And in the book, Danny and his father, of course, live in Nevada. The village library and grip Minton was the basis for Mrs. Phelps library. And Matilda. Matilda starts reading all the grants at the age of four. Memories with food at Gypsy highest, written with Felicity, was published posthumously in 1991, and it describes episodes from family life without ruminations on chocolate, carrots, and onions. The last book of his lifetime was actually SEO trot, published in July 1990, the story of a lonely old man trying to connect with a woman that he's loved from afar. His children's writing, of course, is what he's really famous for. Dallas Children's Fiction has several common elements to it. The adults are often tyrannical and the story is told from the viewpoint of a child and the rater is encouraged to be on the side of the child. And children tend to triumph. And his novels and Alaska, which of the telegraph States, it's often suggested that Dow's lasting appeal as a result of his exceptional talent for regulating his way into children's fantasies and fears and laying them out on the page with a narcotic delight. Adult villains are drawn and terrifying detail before they are exposed as liars on hypocrites and brought tumbling down with retributive justice either by a sudden magic or the superior acuity of the children Davis trait. The stories are of course both whimsical and grotesque. Dao screenplay for teddy, teddy buying, buying. How's that elements, as we mentioned before, of humor but also sweetness on also horror. Obese characters and ruled that tend to be seen as unpleasant and Grady, such as Augustus globe who has sucked up the tube as a punishment for his great. And Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. And Bruno bulk charter and Matilda has made the stuff has faced in front of the whole scope and then horribly punished by Ms. Touch both Norwegian folk tales, sometimes the pair and his work as well, represented by trolls or other nor slight mythological creatures such as the giants and the BF J. Dao famously said of the fantastical nature of his work. Those who do believe in magic will never find it. He used language creatively and he invented fun words for his books. In the words of lexicographers Susan Renee, always explain what his words meant, but children can work them out because they often sign like a word they know. And he loved using onomatopoeia. Onomatopoeia is a literary device where the word signs like the sun being made such as squish or splat, e.g. e.g. you know that something lik squishy and the lunches is good to eat, whereas something AKI slash or rots them as definitely not. He also used signs that children love to say like squishes and squiggle or physical Crump and phys Winkler grounds TV special on rural dial in 2007 listed it rose. He applied to his writing. Just add chocolate. Adults can be scary. Bad things happen. Revenge is sweet. Keep a wicked sense of humor. Pick perfect pictures. Films are fun, but bucks or better. Photos, fun. Joe summer loud wrote, and the independent Dallas novels are often dark affairs filled with cruelty, bereavement, and Dickensian adults prone to gluttony and sadism. The author clearly felt compelled to warn his young readers about the evils of the world. Taking the lesson from earlier fairy tales that they could stand hard truths and would be the stronger for hearing them down mimicked the drink may seen from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and George's marvelous medicine. So that's possibly another influence. His mother on her love of Norwegian folklore was a huge influence on his writing on the basis of the grandmother character and the witches. She was a great teller of tales. He sat, her memory was prodigious and nothing that ever happened to her and her life was forgotten. He also loved ghost stories, especially trues by Jonas lie, one of the grits Norwegian writers, a screenplay writer, as we heard earlier, and his writing included two novels by Anne Fleming, you only live twice, and Chetty, Chetty buying, buying which were made into movies. He was replaced by David seltzer, though, a screenwriter for Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, when he failed to meet deadlines. And Dow was disappointed in the film when it came out because he felt at pay too much attention to Willy Wonka and not enough to Charlie. He also headed seltzers deviations from his plot and would not apply anymore adaptations of the novel or of Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator during his lifetime have been criticisms and concerns expressed over Dallas works, but also expressed over his personal views, especially his views expressed in relation to the Jewish community. He was not a fan of the State of Israel, but he went a bit further and his remarks about the Jewish community, e.g. he said, and the New Statesman. There's a trait and the Jewish character that does provoke animosity. Maybe it's a lack of generosity towards non Jews. I mean, there is always a reason why antiangiogenic crops up anywhere, even a stink or like Hitler didn't just pick on them for no reason. And of course, remarks like this caused huge offense. In 20, $20. Family published a statement on the official Roald Dahl website apologizing for his anti-Semitism. The statement says, The Dow family and the rule dial story Company deeply apologize for the lasting and understandable heart caused by some of Roald Dahl statements. Those prejudiced remarks are incomprehensible to us and started marked contrast to the man we knew the values at the heart of Roald Dahl stories which have positively impacted young people for generations. We hope that just as he did his best at its absolute worst, ruled out can help remind us of the lasting impact of words. Work has been criticized as well as his views. In 1972, Elinor Cameron, also a children's book author, published an article in the Hornbeck criticizing Charlie and the Chocolate Factory steadying. What I object to in Charlie is it's phony presentation of poverty and it's funny humor, which is based on punishment with overtones of sadism. She also took issue with a depiction of the Olympus as imported African slaves and suggested that teachers look for better literature to use in the classroom. That's made rolled out really angry. And in 1973, dal posted a reply colon Cameron's accusations and sensitive and monstrous. He had never intended racism. He objected. Michael Derrida reiterated Cameron's views and The Washington Post and 990s, and especially regarding the Olympus and racism. Michael Landsberg accused doll of misogyny in 1990. It, throughout his work, evil domineering, smelly, fat, ugly women are his favorite villains. Other anomaly contract this and a 2008 article. The witches themselves are terrifying and vile things aren't always women. The biggest often viewed as sexist, but that assessment ignores one of the heroines of the story, the child narrators grandmother, that very sympathetic character was of course based on dials own mother, died on the 23rd of November 1990 of a rare blood counts are aged 74. He was buried and what his granddaughter called a Viking funeral because he was buried with his favorite items, The Church of St. Peter and simple grid listened, done and buried with him where his sneaker cuz a bottle of Burgundy chocolates, HB pencils, and a parcel. Children leave toys and flowers of his grave to the present day. Named after him is the Rule Tile Gallery at Buckingham County Museum and nails bright and asteroid belt unrolled r plus and Cardiff Bay as Roald Dahl place but an alter the fact that he was of Norwegian descent. The rule dow foundation run by his widow supports work and Urology, Hematology and literacy. His greatest legacy, of course, is his work, his books, and his books have sold more than 250 million copies worldwide. 44. Red Riding Hood and the Wolf: This is Little Red Riding Hood, the wolf from revolting rhymes. And it's a great example of how rural Dao like to give us a subversive ending. Two well-known stories. As soon as Wolf began to feel that he would like a decent meal, he went and knocked on Grandma's door. When grandma open that she saw the sharp white teeth, the horrid grin, and willfully said, May I come in for grandma. Mom was terrified. He's going to eat me up. She cried and she was absolutely right. He hit her up in one big bite. But grandma was small and tough and wealthy. Well, that's not enough. I haven't yet begun to fail that I have had a decent meal. He ran around the kitchen, you helping. And helping then added with a frightful layer. I'm therefore going to width right here till little Ms. Red Riding Hood comes home from walking in the word he quickly put on ground was closed, so of course he hadn't eaten those. He dressed himself and coat and hat. He put on shoes and after that, he even brushed and curled his hair, then sat himself and dramas chair and kinda little girl and read. She stopped, she stares and then she said, What great big ears you have, grandma all the better to hear you with. The Wolfe replied, what big eyes you have? Grandma said Little Red Riding Hood, all the batter to see you with the Wolfe replied, he sat there watching her and smiles. He thought, I'm going to this child compared with her old grandma, she's going to taste like caviar, Little Red Riding Hood. Sad, but grandma, what a lovely grip, big, very coat you have on. That's wrong. Cried wolf. Have you forgot to tell me what big teeth I've got? Well, no matter what you say, I'm going to eat you anyway, the small guard smiles, one eyelid flickers. She whips the pistol from her knickers. She ended up the creatures head and bang, bang, bang. She's shoots him dead. A few weeks letter in the word I came across Ms. Riding hood. But what a change. No cloak of red, no silly heard upon her head. She said, hello and do please note my lovely fairy wolf skin coat. 45. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory: Here is a reading from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, and this is Chapter three, Mr. Wonka and the Indian prints, prints. Pondicherry wrote a letter to Mr. Willy Wonka said grandpa Joe, and asked him to come all the way to India and built him a colossal palace entirely ite of chocolate. Did Mr. Wonka do it, grandpa? He didn't date and what a palace it was. It had 100 rooms and everything was made of either dark or light chocolate. The bricks were chocolate and the cement holding them together was chocolate, and the windows were chocolate and all the walls and ceilings were made of chocolate with a carpets and the pictures and the furniture and the bads. And when you turned on the tops and the bathroom, hot chocolate came pouring out. When it was all finished, mr. Wonka said to Prince Pondicherry, I warn you though, it won't last very long, so you better start eating it right away, not shaded the prints. I'm not going to eat my Palace. I'm not even going to nibble the staircase or lick the walls. I'm going to live in it. But Mr. Wonka was right, of course, because soon after this there came a very hot day with a boiling sun. And the whole palace began to melt, and then it sank slowly to the ground. And the crazy prints who was dozing in the living room, but the time woke up to find himself swimming around in a huge Brian sticky leg of a chocolate. Let's let Charlie sapped very still on the edge of his bed staring at his grandfather. Charlie's face was bright and his eyes were stretched so wide you could see the white solo ride. It's really true. He asked or are you pulling my leg? It's true. Cried all for the old people at webs. Of course it's true. Ask anyone you like, I'll tell you something else that's true. So grandpa Joe Nye healing closer to Charlie and lowered his voice to solve secret whisper. Nobody ever comes. Alright, I'd have where as Charlie, and nobody ever goes in and cried Charlie Wonka factory, of course. Grandpa, what do you mean? I mean workers, Charlie, workers. All factories set. Grandpa Joe have workers streaming and alighted the gates in the mornings and evenings except one because have you ever seen a single person going into that place or coming out? Little Charlie looked slowly around at each of the four road faces, one after the other, and they all looked back at him. They were friendly, smiling faces, but they were also quite serious. There was no sign of joking or leg pulling on any of them. Well, have you ask grandpa Joe? I really don't know. Grandpa Charlie stammered whenever I walk past the factory that gets seemed to be closed exactly subgraph of G. But there must be people working there. Not people, Charlie, not ordinary people. Anyway, then who cried Charlie? That's it. You see, that's another of Mr. Willy Wonka is cleverness, is Charlie Dear? Mrs. bucket called out from where she was standing by the door. It's time for bed. That's enough for tonight. But mother, I must hear tomorrow, my darling. That's right. So if grandpa Joe, I'll tell you the best of it tomorrow evening. 46. Matilda: This is a reading from Matilda, Miss Honey. Matilda was a little lit and starting school, most children begin primary skill at five or even just before. But Mattel does parents who weren't very concerned one way or the other about their daughter's education, have forgotten to make the proper arrangements and advance. She was a five-and-a-half when she entered school for the first time. The village school for younger children was oblique brick building called crunch them hall primary skill. It had about 250 pupils aged from five to just under 12 years old. The head teacher, the boss, the Supreme Commander of this establishment, was a formidable middle aged lady whose name was Miss lunch boo. Naturally Matilda was put in the bottom class where there were 18 other small boys and girls a bite the same age as her, their teacher was called Miss honey, and she could not have been more than 23 or 24. She had a lovely pale, oval but Donna face with blue eyes and her hair was light. Brian, her body was so slim and fragile. One got the feeling that if she fell over, she would smash into 1,000 pieces like a porcelain figure. Ms. Jennifer hunting was a mild and quiet person who never raised her voice, was seldom seem to smile, but there's no died. She possessed that rare gift for being adored by every small child under her care. She seemed to understand totally the bewilderment and fair that so often overwhelm young children who for the first time in their lives are herded into your classroom and told to obey orders. Some curious warmth that was almost tangible Sean, I miss honeys face when she spoke too confused and homesick newcomer to the class, ms. Trench, both the head mistress was something else altogether. She was a gigantic holy terror affairs theoretical monster who frightened the life out of the pupils and teachers alike. There was an aura of Manasseh bio-terror. Even though the distance and when she came up close, you can almost feel the dangerous heat radiating from her as from a red hot rod of metal. When she marched, miss trunk will never walk. She always marched like a storm trooper with long strides in arms are swinging. When she marched along a car door, you could actually hear her snorting as she went. And if a group of children happened to be in her path, she plied right on through them like a tank with small people bouncing off her to the left and right. Thank goodness. We don't make many people like her in this world, although they do exist and all of us are likely to come across at least one of them in a lifetime. If you ever do, you should behave as you would if you've met an enraged rhinoceros, I've done the best, climb up the nearest tree and stay there until it was gone away. This woman and all her eccentricities and in her appearance, It's almost impossible to describe, but I will mix some attempt to do so a little later on. That is leave her for the moment and go back to Matilda on our first day on this honeys class. After the usual business of going through all the names of the children, Miss Honey Honda died a brand new exercise book to each pupil. You have all brought your own pencils. I hope she said, Yes Miss Honey. They chanted, good. Now this is the very first day of school for each one of you. It is the beginning of at least 11 long years of schooling that all of you are going to have to go through. And six of those years will be spent right here at crunch them hall, where as you know, your head mistress is Miss Bo. Let me for your own good. Something that might miss tranche Bow. She insists upon strict discipline throughout the school. And if you take my advice, you will do your very best to behave yourselves and her presence. Never argue with her. Never answer her back. Always do it. She says, if you get on the wrong side of this trunk boat, she can liquid eyes you like a carrot and a kitchen blender. It's nothing to laugh about lavender tick that grid off your face. All of you would be wise to remember that trench fill deals very, very severely with anyone who gets out of line and this go, have you got the message? Yes, Miss Honey cherubs, IT team eager little voices. I myself, Miss Sally went on to help you to learn as much as possible while you are in this class. That is because I know it will make things easier for you later on, e.g. by the end of this week, actually expect every one of you to know your two times table by heart. And in a year's time, I hope you will know the multiplication tables up to 12th. What about something much harder like two times 487? Could you tell me that? I think so, yes. Matilda said, Are you sure? Yes, Miss Honey. I'm fairly sure. What is it then two times, 487, 974, Matilda sat immediately. She spoke quietly and politely and without any sign of showing off this honey gears that Matilda with absolute amazement. But when that she spoke, she kept her voice level. That is really splendid, she said, but of course, multiplying by two is a lot easier than some of the bigger numbers. What about the other multiplication tables? Do you know any of those? Miss Honey, pause and lean back in her chair behind the plane table that stood in the middle of the floor and the front of the class. She was considerably shaken by this exchange, but take care not to show it. She had never come across a five-year-old before or in data 10-year-old who can multiply with such facility. I hope the rest of you are listening to this. She said to the cost, but Tilda is a very lucky girl. She has wonderful parents who have already taught her to multiply lots of numbers. Was it your mother, Matilda, who taught you? No Miss Honey, it wasn't. But you must have a great father then he must be a brilliant teacher. No Miss Honey. Matilda sat quietly. My father did not teach me. You mean you talk to yourself? I don't quite know. Matilda said truthfully. It's just that I don't find it very difficult to multiply one number by another. Miss Honey took a deep breath and let it out slowly. She looked again at the small girl with bright eyes standing beside her desk, so sensible and solemn. You say, you don't find it difficult to multiply one number by another mess. Honey said, Could you try to explain that a little bit? Oh dear. Matilda said, I'm not really sure. Miss Honey, width at the class was silent, all listening. For instance, Ms. honey said, if I asked you to multiply 14 by 19th, no, that's too difficult. It's 266. Matilda said soft base. This how he was feeling quite query. There was no doubt in her mind that she had met a truly extraordinary mathematical brain. Works like child genius and Prodigy wet flitting through her head. She knew that these sorts of wonders do pop up in the world from time to time, but only once or twice in 100 years. After all, Mozart was only five when he started composing for the piano. And look what happened to him. It's not fair. Lavender set. How can she do it? And we kept, don't worry, Lambda, you'll soon catch up this honey said lying through her teeth. At this point, Ms. Honey could not resist the temptation of exploring still further the mind of this astonishing child. She knew that she ought to be paying some attention to the rest of the class, but she was altogether too excited to let the matter rest. Well, she said pretending to address the whole class. Lettuce leaves sums for the moment and see if any of you have begun to learn to spell hands up. Anyone who can spell cat, three hands went up. They belong to lavender, a small boy called Nigel, to Matilda, spell cat. Nigel. Nigel spelled it. This honey. No, I decided to ask a question that normally she would not have dreamed of asking the class and its first day. I wonder she said whether any of you three know how to spell cat have learned how to read a whole group of words when they are strung together in a sentence, I have Nigel said, So have I. Lavender said, Miss Honey went to the blackboard and wrote with her white chalk the sentence. I have already begun to learn how to read long sentences. She had purposely made it difficult and she knew that there were precious few five-year-olds arrived to be able to manage it. Can you tell me what that says, Nigel, she asked that's too hard. Nodule set lavender. The first word is I lavender said Can any of you read the whole sentence? Ms. Honey asked waiting for the yes that she felt starting was going to come from Matilda. Matilda set. Go ahead, Ms. Honey. Sad. But till the rat, the sentence without any hesitation at all, really is very good. And Miss Honey said, making the understatement of her life. How much can you read Matilda? I think I can read most things. Miss Honey Matilda say, I'm afraid I can't always understand the meanings. Miss honey got her feet and walk smartly out of the room. But was back in thirty-seconds carrying a thick book. She opened it at random and placed it on Mattel, this desk. This is a book of humorous poetry, she said, See if you can read that one, allied smoothly with either pause and other mice speeds, Matilda began to read an epoch here, dining IT crew, find a rather large Myosin, his shoe cried the weirdo, don't shut and wave it a byte or the rest will be wanting one to. Several children saw the funny side of the rhyme and laughed, mess honey said, gee, what are the procure is Matilda whose density with his ating Matilda set? That is correct. Ms. Honey said, Andrew, you happen to know what that particular type of poetry is called. It's called a limerick. Matilda said, that's a lovely one. It's so funny. It's a famous one was how many sad picking up the book and returning to her table in front of the class. Wednesday limerick is very hard to write. She added, they looked easy, but they most certainly are not. I know metal the set I've tried quite a few times, but mine are never any good. You have a sunny sad, more startled than ever. Well, Matilda, I would very much like to hear one of these limerick she say you've written, Could you try to remember one for us? Well, Matilda, sad, hesitating. I've actually been trying to make up one about you miss honey, while we've been sitting here, I buy me Miss Honey cried, well, we've certainly got to hear that one, haven't we? I don't think I want to say it. Miss Honey. Please tell it was Halley said, I promise I won't mind. I think you will miss honey because they have to use your first name to make things rhyme. And that's why I don't want to say it. How do you know my first name is? Having asked, I heard another teacher colon you buy at just before we came in, Matilda said, she called you Jenny, I insist upon hearing this limerick, Ms. Hailey said smiling, one of her rare smiles, stand up and recite it reluctantly. And the Tilda stood up and very slowly, very nervously. She recited her limerick. The thing we ask about Jenny is, surely there cannot be many young girls and the place was so fifth. And the answer to that is not any. The whole of Ms. Pennies, the whole of Ms. Honeys pale and pleasant faced blushed a brilliant scarlet. Then once again she smiled. It was a much broader one this time, a smile of pure pleasure. Thank you, Matilda, she said, still smiling though it's not true. It's really a very good limerick. Oh dear, Oh dear. I must try to remember that one. From the third row of desks, lavender said, it's good, I like it. It's true as well. A small boy called Rupert said, of course it's true. Nigel said already the whole class have begun to warm towards Ms. Haley. She actually had hardly taken any notice of any of them except Matilda. Who taught you to read Matilda miscellaneous. I just taught myself, ms. Honey. And have you read any books all by yourself? Any children's books? I means I ran all the ones that are in the public library and the high street. Miss Honey, did you like them? I like some of them very much indeed Matilda sad, but I thought others were fairly dull. Telling me one that you liked, I liked the Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. Matilda said, I think Mr. C. S. Lewis is a very good writer, but he has one feeling. There are no funny bits and his books, you're right There. Must honey said, there aren't any funny bits. And Mr. Tolkien, either, a Matilda said, Do you think that all children's books ought to have funny bits in them? Ms. Honey asked, do Matilda said, children are not so serious as grownups and they love to laugh. Ms. Humphrey was a standard by the wisdom of this tiny girl, she said, What are you going to do now you've read all the children's books. I'm reading other books. Matilda said, I borrow them from the library. This is Phelps is very kind to me. She helps me to choose them. Miss Hamid was leaning far forward over her work table and gazing in wonder at the child. She had completely forgotten know about the rest of the class. What other books she murmured, I'm very fond of Charles Dickens. Matilda said, he makes me laugh a lot, especially Mr. Pitt quick. At that moment, the bell and the car door signed it for the end of class. 47. Harry Potter Reading: A rating from Harry Potter on the order of the Phoenix by JK Rowling, chapter four, number 12, grim old place. What is the order of the hurry began. Not here, boy snarled middy, wait until we're inside. He pulled the piece of parchment I'd have Harris had and set fire to it with his one tip off the message curled into flames and float it to the grind, how he looked around, but the highs is a gap. They were standing outside number 11, he looked to the left and so on. Number ten to the right. However, Who's number 13? But where's think about what you've just memorized, set a loop and quietly hurry thought, and no sooner had he reached the part of byte number 12, grumbled place than a battery door emerged out of nowhere between numbers 11.13 followed swiftly by dirty walls and grimy windows. It was as though an extra high, so then flipped it, pushing those in either side out of its way. Harry gift at it, the stereo and number 11 thought it on. Apparently the Mughals inside hadn't even felt anything. Come on, hurry up, moody, plotting Harry on the back. Hurry walked up the worn stone steps, staring at the newly materialized door. It's black pins with shabby and scratched. The silver door Docker was in the form of a twisted serpent. There was no keyhole or letterbox, loop and pull died as well. And on top the door, once heart-to-heart, many live metallic clicks and what sounded like the clutter of a chin. The door creaked open, getting quick, hairy, lipid whispered, but don't go far inside and don't touch anything. Harry stepped over the threshold and to almost total darkness of the hall, he could smell, dump dust on a sweetest rotting smell. The players had the feeling of a derelict building. He looked over his shoulder and so all the others filing and behind him, looping and tags carrying his trunk and head wakes kitsch made he was standing on the top step and releasing the balls of light that put either stolen from the street lamps. They flew back to their bulbs on the square beyond glute momentarily with orange light before Moody LinkedIn site and close the front door so that the darkness and the whole became complete. Here, he wrapped harry hard of the head with this world hardly felt as though something hot was trickling down his back this time. I knew that the disillusionment charm must have lifted. Nice, Stay still everyone. While I give us a bit of light in here, midi whispered. The others hushed voices were giving hurry and old feeling of foreboding. It was as though they had just entered the highest of a dying person. How to solve hissing noise and then old-fashioned gas lamps sputtered into life all along the walls, casting a flickering insubstantial light over the peeling wallpaper and threadbare carpet of a long, gloomy hallway where a cobweb, a chandelier glimmers overhead and age black and portraits hung cricket on the walls. How are you heard something scuttling behind the best board? Both the chandelier on the candelabra, on a record or a table nearby were shipped like serpents. There were hurried footsteps and Rawlings, mother, mrs. Weasley, emerge from a door at the far end of the hall. She was beaming and welcome as she hurried towards them, the hiring noticed that she was rather thinner and paler than she happy the last time he had seen her. Oh, Harry, it's lovely to see you. She whispered polygons into a rib cracking hug before holding him at arm's length. I'm examining him critically. You're looking pig a unique fading up, but you'll have to wait a bit for dinner. I'm afraid. She turned to the DAG of wizards behind him and whispered, originally, he's just arrived. The meeting started. The wizards behind Hari all bed noises of interest and excitement and began filing past. Hurry towards the door through which mrs. Weasley had just come hiring mid to follow lipid, but Mrs. Weasley held her back. No hurry. The meetings only for members of the order, Ron and Hermione are upstairs. You can wait with them until the meeting is over and then we'll have dinner. Keep your voice down in the hall. She added an whisper, why? I don't want you to wake anything up. I'll explain later. I've got to hurry. I'm supposed to be at the meeting. I'll just show you where you're sleeping. Present her fingertips to her lips. She led him on tiptoes, passed a pair of long multi-ton curtains behind which Harry, suppose there must be another door. And after starting a large umbrella stamp that looked as though it had been made from a separate tools leg. They started up the dark suitcase passing a roof shrunken heads minded on plaques on the wall. A closer look showed hurry, but the elves belonged to highest selves. All of them have the same rather smoke like news. 48. J.K. Rowling : Harry Potter is undoubtedly the literary phenomenon of our edge. The biggest celebrity writer of our edge is arguably its creator, a JK Rowling. She's quite often in the news, She's very often in the media. And so we know quite a lot of bite her already. But let's look at the rags to riches story and the controversy surrounding Joanne Kathleen ruling 160s. And she actually didn't have a middle name. It was felt that a fantasy novel by a woman might not sell. And so she was asked for two initials, J K Rowling, not signed in quite an author, I suppose when you think of like PD Jim's CS Lewis to initials is what kind of signs. Right. So she chose Kathleen as a middle name after her paternal grandmother. She's not a novelist, a film producer, a TV producer and screenwriter, a dramatist and a philanthropist. Having been as per, as it's possible to be in modern Britain without being homeless. She became a billionaire, but lost her billionaire status by giving away a huge amount of money to charity. And at one point it was re-emerged that she was actually richer than the queen. Her charity Lu, most works against the institutionalization of children worldwide. She also supports MS. Child poverty and one parent family organizations. The idea for Harry Potter on a delayed trend between Manchester and London and 990s and began writing the book when she got home. It was turned down by 12 publishers until Alice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury, is Chairman. Read the first chapter, unwanted more. The Harry Potter brand today is worth around $15 billion. On the books have sold 500 million copies, which makes her the biggest selling author that we've discussed on this course. After the loss of her mother, the birth of her daughter, and a painful divorce resulting in poverty. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone turned her life around when it was published in 1997. The original print run of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was for only a thighs and copies. And those are now valued at 16-25 thousand pounds. So if you've got one line right in the Arctic, you might want to put it up for auction. She has also written the Casual Vacancy in 2012 for adults and the cormorant crime fiction series under the pseudonym Robert Gale breath. She married Scottish Dr. neil Murray and 2001 and lives in Edinburgh and she has three children. By 2011, she had taken over 50 actions against the press, mainly for unauthorized photographs of her children and she particularly hits intrusion. She studied French at the University of Exeter, but claims to have spent more time reading Dickens and Tolkien night. That's something that we're going to look at in a later video, the role of languages and etymology and her work is very clear on dude can tell through reading her work that she's someone who knows a lot about European languages. She claimed that CS Lewis was an influence and an interview with the Vancouver Sun in 2007, and we heard a little bit about that earlier. She had her first husband ***** guarantees bonded over Jane Austin on her favorite book is apparently AMA, by Jane Austen. She loved Jessica MIT for one of the famous MIT Ford socialite sisters for her rebellious snus. She's a professing Christian and a member of the Scottish Episcopal Church that they Scottish version of the Anglican Church basically. She said in 2007, I believe in God, not magic. She felt that if her readers knew she was a Christian, they'd be able to guess the end of certain character arcs and the Harry Potter series. And so she didn't discuss it until all the bugs have been published. So one of us being center-left politically and has given 1 million pounds to the Labor Party in the UK. And then she said on a very recent interview that she sees politics these days as being more about the libertarian authoritarian axis rather than the left and right. And that if you cling too much to an ideology, there will always be at some point, abandoning of the truth. She voted to remain in the European Union and the contentious Brexit referendum. Now we have to bring it up, don't wait. She caused huge controversy and June 2020 with her views regarding gender ruling, retweeted an op-ed piece that disgust people who menstruate and she took issue with that term with the fact that story didn't use the word women, people who menstruate. She wrote. I'm sure there used to be a word for those people. Someone helped me out. One been when pond womb and this became a protracted theme on her Twitter and in public interviews, it garnered an awful lot of criticism from people working in the whole field of trans rights on from members of the public. She had support from other quarters, of course. But she did become hugely controversial with this view. Basically, she sees gender as being something that is biological and sad. If sex isn't real, there's no same-sex attraction. If sex isn't real, the lived reality of women globally as a wrist, I know and love trans people, but a raising the concept of sex removes the ability of many to meaningfully discussed their lives. It isn't hate to speak the truth. The idea that women like me who've been empathetic to trans people for decades feeling kinship because they're vulnerable in the same way as women, I eat a meal. Violence hates trans people because they think sex is real and has lived consequences is a nonsense. I respect every trans person's right to live any way that feels authentic. I'm comfortable to them. I'd marched with you if you were discriminated against on the basis of being trans at the same time, my life has been shaped by being female. I don't believe it's helpful to say so. So we have a little tweet defers to the right here where unfortunately her family's address was posted on Twitter in a photograph. And so there has been a backlash against her remarks. And it seems to be an argument that is pretty much ongoing and shows no sign of slowing down. I have to say I personally don't like to really enter into anything that's labeled at Twitter war until I find reading about this, there was just so much, so much written on this, it was quite overwhelming. That being the case, I had to condense the argument a bit to make it fit into this video. But the opposite view to rulings as well expressed by Daniel Radcliffe. He said, transgender women are women. Any statements to the contrary, a race is the identity and dignity of transgender people and goes against all advice given by professional health care associations who have far more expertise in the subject matter than either Joe or I. It is clear that we need to do more to support transgender and non-binary people, not invalidate their identities, are not caused Brother harm. In December 2022. And facts Yesterday, she opened bearers place, a rape crisis center and Scotland, as there was little provision and Edinburgh for victims of sexual assault. And she didn't like that. Some services require training on the part of victims to address unacceptable views on trans issues that she felt that after the trauma of a sexual assaults, that that shouldn't be part of the process at that point. She stated that she was committed to a women only space and that she does not believe an agenda and soul. And that seems to be the crux of the issue. Whether you see gender as something that as purely biological or something but as a spiritual thing and sort of part of your, your spiritual and psychological being and not just your physical makeup. Rolling experienced a huge backlash, as we've mentioned, but she was very much criticized in public by certain colleagues who had been seen with her and public many times they seem to have a close relationship with her, such as Daniel Radcliffe and Emma Watson. She has of course also have people such as Helena bottom Carter back her up and public. I don't know that it's accurate to say that she has been canceled, but she certainly didn't appear in the 20th anniversary reunion of the movies of Harry Potter. And there seems to have been some effort to distance the author from the work recently. 49. Harry Potter Influences: Let's look at the many and varied roots of Harry Potter and what the influences on the stories might be. I remember asking my tutor or my masters in English what he thought of these brand new books that everyone was talking about, the Harry Potter books. And he sat there derivative but brilliantly written. And that was the big criticism at the time that they were derivative AS by it. And the New York Times in 2003 said often and Tolkien wrote about the skills of inventing secondary worlds. Ms. Rowling's world as a secondary, secondary world made up of intelligently patchwork, derivative motifs from all sorts of children's literature. From the jolly hockey stick school story to rule dial, from Star Wars to Diana when Jones and Susan Cooper, Toni Morrison pointed out that cliches and juror, because they represent truths. Derivative narrative cliches work with children because they are comfortingly recognizable and immediately available to the child's own par, of fantasizing. So there are some recognizable motifs and names and situations were then Harry Potter. But all within I think I quite original world. But that's just my point of view. See what you think. Start out by talking about the literary influences, that same evidence and the Harry Potter stories. Cs Lewis, of course, we've mentioned before, the wardrobe is comparable to platform 9.3 quarters, both ordinary, mundane things that take you into another world. And of course, the Death Eaters exulting over how race demise is reminiscent of the celebrations of the servants of the white, which when Oslo on dice. Tolkein also seems to be in their mentors, seem very similar to the nozzle and Lord of the Rings, the dark kit creatures that are object fair. And of course wizards feature quite a lot. And Tolkein, and of course wizards are a big thing in the Harry Potter books. But wizards are huge figures in Arthurian myth and fairy tales and all kinds of european stories. Chaucer, the three brothers and the story of the Deathly Hallows is very reminiscent of the partners tail in it brightens Mallory tar story and other boarding school tales seem to make their way and to Hogwarts Jane Austin, the red room and Jane Eyre, where the young Jan is locked overnight and the scary red room is a bit reminiscent of high-res closet under the stairs. Shakespeare, Hermione from the Winter's Tale, Hermione and the Winter's Tale is bright, unintelligent, but very pure and almost a beautiful character. Fairy tales on European folk tales, the value, we have a beautiful Florida locker who is both a comedy figure and a fairy tale figure that comes from European folk tale of very beautiful fairy type creatures who can take you into another world. Dragons and other monsters. Goblins, ourselves, magic mirrors wizards, witches. There is a lot of fairy tale stuff in there. And speaking of the goblins, I was discussing JK Rowling with a young trans person of my acquaintance, and she said something that I hadn't really thought of before. And see what you think about this. The chief find the offensive element of rolling not to be the whole Twitter war thing, but around the goblins because the goblins at Gringotts with their noses seemed to be a negative racial stereotypes of Jewish people. I don't know what you feel about that, but that was one point of conversation that was put forward. Classical mythology is also in there. Remus Lupin. Lupin as NLU pine, meaning like a wolf and Remus, as in the story of Romulus and Remus, the two brothers raised by wolves and Romulus, of course, after murdering ramus goes all defined Rome. There's also soft hairs on monsters. And Hermione. Hermione in classical mythology was the daughter of Menelaus and Helen of Troy, who was left behind when her mother was carried away by Paris to Troy. Arthurian legend, it actually makes reference to the order of Maryland, and that's an order of merit. And the wizarding world, really the whole idea of the wizard is exemplified in European folk tales. In the figure of Maryland, He's kind of like the ultimate wizard and Dumbledore has some similarities to Merlin, the old wizard, pointy hats, all that kind of thing. The Bible is also in there. She actually quotes the Bible in Matthew six, where your heart is, there, will your treasure be also and also hurry goes to King's Cross and as resurrected. And given that the use of language is so thought I in specific, I think that she chose Kings Cross as the station that we have. This resurrection, which is sort of religious idea from the Bible, is probably purposeful. I don't know. I'd have to ask JK Rowling. In fact, I did, but she didn't respond to my tweets because she's getting so many of them these days. Language on nomenclature in the books. Dolores umbrage is a brilliant named Dolores as Latin for grief or sorrowful and to take umbrage, to take offense. So we know before we find out anything about this character, that she's likely to be fairly unpleasant. Minerva McGonagall, McGonigal, bigger grid Scottish surname. But Minerva is the goddess of wisdom. Of course, the Roman goddess of wisdom. Alba, Dumbledore albums coming from the Latin for white and door, is Anglo-Saxon for a male baby. Dumbledore, literally meaning bumblebee, probably because the character is so fast and zooms about the place. That kind of thing. Voldemort, voldemort in France, flight of death. And we have Florida law ku, floor of the heart also in there so you can really tell but languages and French, of course, was her subject at University, is part of what JK Rowling has entrusted them. Severus, Snape Severus from the Latin for Stern or severe. Of course, we get the word severe from the word Severus and snip. Snip is a Dickensian surname. We think he's going to be a sort of oily, slimy character from that name. It actually comes from the old North sniper to outrage, dishonor or disgrace. Objects in the books appear to be autobiographical. Ruling actually stated that the demanders were a metaphor for depression which he suffered from after her mother died. To matters are among the file as creatures that walk this earth, then fast, the darkest busiest places, they glory and decay and despair. They drain peace, hope, and happiness out of the air around them. Even Mughals feel their presence though they can't see them, get too narrow to mentor and every good feeling, every happy memory will be sucked either view, if it can, the dementia will feed on you long enough to reduce you to something like itself. So listen evil, you'll be left with nothing but the worst experiences of your life. And that's a quote from the prisoner of as Gabon. But that idea of depression that's sucking away joy, sucking away happiness, taking away the happiness of memories. A very realistic depiction. The loss of rulings own mother and hi-res losses. Not just the fact that he's orphaned, but he then goes on to lose serious, he loses Dumbledore. I'm sure this isn't spoilers. Most of you have probably already read the books, but he has this series of losses. And grief is an enormous theme of the novels. From unknown and living amongst Mughals to wizarding world superstar. So Harry goes from under the stairs, took being the boy who lived and really famous in his own world. And that seems to be a little bit of a parallel two rulings own journey. Hermione Granger is apparently a caricature of what I was like when I was 11. Since that JK Rowling, she most identified with her Mayan, a height of all the characters, the Briney academic one. Miami though also has a little bit of emotional intelligence. I think we can say that biter, real life events. Now this is questionable, but the whole sort of philosophy of the Death Eaters, which is very risky, bond. The idea that you have pure bloods of pure magical raise mud Bloods who are sort of half magical and half not a Mughals have overtones of a European Ras, mindsets during the Second World War, the idea of a pure blood being a bit like a master risks in Hitler's mentality. So there is something about that mindset that is familiar other, it's not completely taken from real-life events. European witch hunts are referenced in the books. We all know the stories of things like the panel which trial where women were accused of witchcraft, who perhaps actually happened any pagan associations at all. It was just that they happen to have come to the attention of their neighbors for whatever reason. The way that they use to test to see if you were, which was to basically dunk you and water. If you draw and you were innocent, what you've drawn, and if you floated, then you're obviously a wetter, so you're going to die either which way. And it was a pretty horrific series of events within European history and English history. And that is the one real-life historical events referenced in the novels. 50. Wild About Harry: Hi, Are we while the byte, Harry, what is contributing to the success of this? Well, let's look at it. Success, five-hundred million books sold worldwide so far. The movies have grossed $7.7 billion. Theme parks have been built and Florida and England. In 2016, data collected regarding Bibi nims showed an increase in the use of names find in the Harry Potter series. I myself know a little Luna. To love about these books. What's contributing to their success? Will, in my view, the single biggest thing is the characterization. It's a magical, fantastical world, but actually with quite realistic characters, lovable characters such as Molly Weasley, Luna love good novel, long bottom, and loathsome characters such as say, Dolores umbrage. There's the old character in-between such as Severus Snape. We never really know which way he's gotta go, but I think he turns out to be a bit of a dude. And the end, I think it's fair to say familiar themes on settings are used within the series, but they're very, very well-described. It's a good versus evil story, but it's not always cut and dry. E.g. the way that the wizarding world treats the elves hardly shows them to be upright and moral on all occasions. It's not a cut and dry fairy story, good versus evil. The children grow up and so does the audience. When we looked at CS Lewis, we heard JK Rowling saying that in his books the children aren't allowed to grow up. Neither are they in Enid Blyton, but we see them actually getting older as we read the books. And if you start reading the books when you're quite young yourself, you're growing up as wrong on Harry and Hermione are growing up. Both adults and children can access the wizarding world about was what was really phenomenal about the books when they first came out. If you're old enough to remember that they were children's books, but adults were reading them all over the place because it's just one of those series where it's accessible to young people, but also to older people that can back them their school days. And there are some quite heavy adult themes in there. It keeps us guessing and some instances and trying to work out what's going to happen next before the Deathly Hallows was released. You know, everybody was trying to guess how the Harry Potter series, so we're going to end and looking for clues within the novels and hence, and there were certain threads such as the storyline with Severus Snape. Really anything could have happened. Children and young people are the heroes that similar to Roald Dahl. We have some awful adults in there. Some lovely ones too, but some awful ones such as Dolores, umbrage and belts. And the children wandering around with their murders mop. I solemnly swear I'm up to no good there, Ms. Javs, and they tend to get one up on the adults quite a lot. We all love a bit of magic, Don't way. And we don't believe that we're Mughals we can see into this magical world, so we kinda feel part of it and we feel that these Mughals that don't even know that it exists, that we're not one of those people in some way when we read the books. Keeping this phenomenal success going well, parents read the books to their children, and so they're being passed on becoming classics and away. The success of the movies promote the books and vice versa. So the movies are still very much being watched it in the public consciousness. People read the books because of the movies, or they watched the movies because of the books. And the series continues to accrue more success as people consume it in different ways. The actors from the movies are still very much in the public eye. So even though JK Rowling herself maybe out of favor in certain circles, the likes of Emma Watson is still very ubiquitous as Daniel Radcliffe. And so people still watch their movies and of course watch the Harry Potter movies as part of that kind of fandom. The books are very much written a bite on social media and in the print press and still continue to be discussed, which keeps them in the public consciousness. And people re-write the books. They don't just read them once e.g. when the Deathly Hallows was about to be released, I went back to the start of the series on read them all from the philosopher's stone to the Deathly Hallows, and then went back to the start and run them again. And there are very few books that you'll do that with, but people will do that with the Harry Potter books. It's never been superseded in terms of sales. If I can be proven wrong on that, please do. But from the research I've done, I can't find a better selling book than Harry Potter looked at one point like Philip Pullman, one year might topple JK Rowling. But generally in overall terms of sales of a book franchise, Harry Potter is still the one that's up there. 51. Mark Haddon : Mark hadn't is the author of the very thought-provoking, The Curious Incident of the Dog and the nighttime. Let's find out a little bit more. By Tim. Mark haben was born on the 20th of October, 1962, and he's most famous for having written The Curious Incident of the Dog and the night-time. A children's writer, this was his first novel for adults on, he had intended it for adults, and he was surprised when his publisher wanted to make it both an adult on a teenager or young adult. Bec. He won the width brad Book of the Year as a novel, not as a children's story. He has also won The Guardian Prize on the Commonwealth Writer's Prize. So it's quite a successful writer. He read English at Oxford, then completed his MA in English literature at Edinburgh University in 1980. For his private life is quite private. He lives in Oxford with his wife sauce altus, who lectured 19th and 20th century literature at Oxford University and they have two sons. He describes himself as a vegetarian and a hard line atheist. He had a double bypass surgery in 2019. Include a spot of bother published in 2006, the porpoise, published in 2019. And his poetry includes the talking horse and the sod girl. The Village Under the Sea. 52. Disability : Melody and special needs is obviously something really important for children to learn about. And we're going to talk in this video about how it's historically been dealt with in children's novels and children's literature. And we're going to start by hearing from Christopher from The Curious Incident of the Dog in the nighttime. All the other children that my skill or stupid, except I'm not meant to call them stupid, even though that is what they are. I meant to say they have learning difficulties or that they have special needs. But this is stupid because everyone has learning difficulties, because learning to speak French or understanding relativity is difficult. And also everyone has special needs like father who has to carry a little pocket of artificial sweetening tablets, right with him to put his coffee to stop him from getting fat. Or Mrs. Peters who wears a beige colored hearing it, or Shabaab whose glasses so thick that they give you a headache if you borrow them. And none of these people are special needs, even if they have special needs. But shove onset, we have to use those words because people used to call children like the children at school, spars, I'm crypt among which were nasty words. But that is stupid too, because sometimes the children from the school down the road, CS in the street when we're getting off the bus and they show especial needs, special needs. But I don't take any notice because I don't listen to what other people say and only sticks and stones can break my bones. I have a Swiss Army knife if they hit me and if I kill them, it would be self-defense and I won't go to prison. Unfortunately, words like spars Mung were indeed used when I was young for children with disabilities. And a report by men cap in the year 2000 find that nine out of ten people with a learning disability had encountered bullying language, or actual violence in the streets of the bullying of people with disabilities is something that really has been a problem in society. Night, there is so little written on autism specifically, or even learning difficulties and cognitive difficulties more widely. I'm going to look at in this video at disability generally. And really our view of that from children's literature comes from The Secret Garden and from Joanna spires, Heidi, both in the Frances Ha Jin Burnett novel and with Joanna Sperry, we see illness or disability as coming from the way that a child has been cared for. In other words, it's pretty much psychosomatic. And those novels, and it's something that can be overcome, it can be changed. Colon. And the Secret Garden says about his mother having died. If she had lived, I believe I should not have been ill always he grumbled, I dash say I should have lived to. My father would not have headed to look at me. I dare say I should have had a strong back, draw the curtain again. So it's sort of implied that his father's treatment of him as Molly codling of him, but as leaving him disabled. Autism and learning disability as distinct from physical disability and chronic illness, isn't much disgust and the canon of children's literature, although it does feature an adult cosx, most famously William Faulkner's, the Sound and the Fury on that title comes from a quote from Macbeth by Shakespeare. Life is a tale told by an idiot full of sound and fury, signifying nothing idiot. In Shakespeare's day, having being the official terminology for a person with a severe learning disability. In the UK, education for children with a learning disability was not actually compulsory until 1987. Previously there were thought to have been an adjectival, so they didn't have the experience of going to school like the rest of us. I'm mixing with the rest of society. And in previous generations, people with severe autistic spectrum disorders or Down syndrome, e.g. or other cognitive issues were mostly consigned to special schools and institutions, kept away from the rest of us, from my own family. I can tell the story that my relative Stephen, when he was born with Down syndrome, it was just assumed that he would be put into an institution whose parents didn't actually want to do that. And actually when they went on to have another child who did not have a disability, his mother was told, Well, you have a normal child lives. So for her good, You should really put Steven in an institution. Skip forward a couple of generations. And my young relative, James Martin, who I'm very proud to name drop, has recently been long listed for an Oscar as an actor. And people with Down syndrome are much, much more visible in society today. So attitudes are very much changing. People with autism, when I was at school, I think we're probably labeled as odd, e.g. there's something a bit odd about that boy. And what that meant that it wasn't autistic spectrum disorder. Maybe the person didn't look you in the eye when they were speaking to you. They were a little bit socially awkward and that wasn't understood and were so mislabeled. Today, young people with disabilities and special educational needs attend mainstream school sometimes with support where it's possible, and go to a special school where they need that extra level of support. I'm more adults with disabilities form part of the workplace, the community, and are more visible, no longer always living in institutions. Mark hadn't empathetically describes Christopher's thought processes to allow us to understand why he gets upset when people tried to touch him and high anxious that makes him feel and why some emotions seem logical to him. He's described as a mathematician with some behavioral difficulties. In other words, his ability is put before his disability. We are being asked to understand, empathized, and connect. And his situation is not something that's going to be miraculously reversed by the end of the novel. It's not The Secret Garden, basically, understanding and acceptance rather than a miracle cure form the basis of our perception of this character. There are more books being written for children that feature disability at the moment, especially for younger children. And a couple of those are we move together by Kelly fridge. And what happened to you by James catch pull. So I rocked my brand to think of characters with disabilities and special needs that a lot of people might be aware of from well-known stories. Clara from heyday, of course, was up there and column from the Secret Garden. Both of whom experienced the fresh air and nature. And our quirky and energetic other child's end up getting better. Dopey from Snow White must have dwarfs came to mind. Who is mute, sort of implied, has a bit of a learning disability. And this cold to pay, if you know what I'm saying. Ariel from The Little Mermaid because she is mute. She's lost her voice, although her impairment is temporary. You can see I'm scraping the bottom of the barrel here pi. There aren't really obvious examples to me. If you can think of any, please do post them. Tiny Tim from a Christmas Carol, arguably, because it's arguable whether or not that's a story that's actually really meant for children. But God bless us each and every one. Tiny Tim is not in any way a sort of negative depiction of disability. And if anything, we see the Cratchit family and the difficulties that they experience and high, incredibly positive, they are apart from this and this melts the heart of Ebenezer Scrooge. But we are meant to feel sorry for Tiny Tim. And obviously he dies and doesn't lead a full lifetime. So it is a bit of a tragic figure. It's hard to think. If you're a child with a learning difficulty or with a physical disability, which characters there are right there that you can really identify with them. This would be an interesting discussion to have. So really if you've got any thoughts on this topic, please do post them.