Unlock the Power of Linux: Master Ubuntu Essentials (No Prior Experience Needed!)

1. Class Overview: Hello and welcome to the Bantu for beginners course. My name is Mustafa, and I am happy and grateful to be you in structural. Let's take a look at our agenda for our course. Starting section one with the background and introduction, you will learn what Bantu is, the meaning of operating system, the history of Bantu. Bantu pros and cons. In section two, you'll learn to install Ponto using virtual box. Also, you will learn different ways of adding and removing programs from Ponto operating system. In section three, you'll learn about connecting and disconnecting from the system. Take a look at text and graphics mood. Learn how to change your busword. How to navigate through the file system, determining file time, viewing text files using special keys, and how to get help. In section four, I will show you the lay obuntu file system displaying and setting bodies, describing the most important files on bon, to finding lost and hidden files. Creating, moving tabbying and moving files and directories. Finding files and bodies displaying contains files. Understanding and using different link types in section five, after files processes are the most important thing on any Linux system, including Obuntu operating system. In this section, you will take a closer look at those processes and you will learn multi user processing and multitasking, process types, interactive and automatic processes, what demons are. You'll learn about pipes and have to use them, the grep command, and have to use it for searching a particular information, the sort command, and how it is useful in sorting the contents of files and directories in different ways. You will learn about output filters, process attributes, displaying process information, the life cycle of a process. Controlling processes with different signals, shutdown command, managing processes, tuning system performance, network problems, and disk input output problems. You'll learn about getting the most out of your system. Users categories, system graphical tools, interrupting processes, chetling processes using the sleeve and the commands. In section six, I will discuss the importance of mastering an editor. Then I will show you the easy way to learn the popular Me editor. In section seven, I will talk about Ubuntu virtual terminals. What virtual terminals are, the use of virtual terminals, How to access and utilize them. Virtual terminal shortcuts. In section eight, you will learn some important basic drops of Obuntu system administrator. How to create a user, how to delete and disable account adding and removing users from the user groups. File security ownership in obuntu files permissions, the chu command using and symbolic moods. Changing ownership and group. Finding out file properties and changing file permissions for security. At the end, you will learn installing cute creator on obuntu as the bonus of our course. I hope this to be informative for you and I'd like to thank you for being. 2. 01 What is Linux: What is Linux? Just like Windows XP, Windows seven, Windows eight and Make OS X. Lennox is an operating system, but the main advantage off Lennox that it is free and reliable. After long periods of testing, most Lennox users come to the conclusion that the next is not only as good, but in many cases better and faster than the traditional solutions. Athletics were not trustworthy. It would have been long gone, never knowing the popular T it has now with millions of users. Now, users can influence their systems and share their remarks with the community, so the system gets better and better every day. It is a project that is never finished in an ever changing environment. Lennox is a project that continues to strive for perfection. I hope this has bean informative for you on. I'd like to thank you for viewing 3. 02 Operating System: operating system. The operating system is the software that manages the communication between software and hardware. Without the operating system, the software wouldn't function. The breathing system is comprised off a number of pieces. The boot loader, which is the software that manages the boot process off your computer. The kernel, which is the core off the system and manages the seaview memory and the referral devices. The colonel is the lowest level off the operating system. Demons are background services, for example, printing and sound that easier. Start up during boot, where, after you look into the disk top, the shell is a common process that allows you to control the computer via commands typed into a text interface. Graphical server is the subsystem that plays the graphics on your monitor. Desktop environment is the beast off the buzzer that the users actually interact with. There are many desktops environments to choose from. For example, Unity General and Kitty. Each desktop environment includes built in applications such as file managers. Configuration tools were browsers and games, and at last, the applications. Lennox offers thousands upon thousands off high quality software titles that can be easily found and installed. I hope this has bean infirmity for you, and I'd like to thank you for viewing 4. 03 Linux History: the Knicks history list revolts, you can call him as the founder off Lennox. He was a graduate student at the University of Helsinki in Finland when he initially developed Lennox Colonel. The story took place in early 19 nineties. In that time, the available operating systems were those Mac OS and UNIX. Let's meet another guy named Professor Tenenbaum, who was a university professor. He used the code off UNIX to teach his students about operating systems. That time, UNIX scoot was available on universities for study purposes. However, this practice had been stopped. This left Mr Tenenbaum without an effective tool to teach his students about the inner working off rail operating system. But he developed a small cologne off UNIX for himself, called Minnix for teaching his students the most. Revolts was inspired by 10 in Bomb and Minnix. Then Llinas made a clone a few nicks and called it Linux. The first version off Lennox was extremely minimal in nature. It was named as Lennox version, or point or two, and released on October 5th, 1991 contest off Lenox Colonel and three Utilities Bish, that is a command line interface object, which is a utility to flushing file streams and GCC as a city become violent. Then he made a historical decision. He published his scoot When the Internet available free for everyone. That was wonderful deviation by which the cooperate software development model has been completely broken. I hope this has bean informative for you, and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 5. 04 Linux vs Windows: next vs Windows. Mac OS uses UNIX school. Your switch from my quest to Lennox will be relatively smooth, so we will talk about them in differences between the Knicks and Windows operating systems . First, I will start with the file system in Microsoft. Windows files are stored in folders under different data drives like C, D and E. But in Lenox, files are ordered in a three structure starting with the root directory. This root directory can be considered. Is the start off the file system and its further branches? I would various other subdirectories. The route is diluted with a forward slash clinics. Everything is a fight. Directories are files, files are files, and vices like printer mouse keyboard are also files. But in M s windows, devices like printers, sit room and hard drives are represented as dr letters like G or H. There are no drives in Lenox. Unlike Windows, all the above file types, including devices, have permissions, which allow user to read it or execute. This is a powerful Lennox picture. Excess restrictions can be applied for different kinds off users. By changing permissions. There are three types off users in Lenox. Regular user administrative or root user and service user. A regular user account is created for you when you install Lennox in your system, all your files and folders are stored in your home directory. As a regular user, you don't have access to directories off other users other than your regular account. Another user account, called Route, is created at the time off installation. The root account is a sober user who can access restricted files, install software and administrative privileges. Whenever you want to install software making changes to system files or perform any administrative tasks politics you need look in as a root user. Otherwise, for general tasks like playing with your files and browsing the Internet, you can use your regular account. Lennox is widely used as a server breathing system. Services such as Apache squid and Mill have their own individual service accounts. Having service accounts increases the security off your computer. Lennox can allow or deny access to various resources, depending on the service. I know that you will not see service accounts in open to disc version, and the regular accounts are called standard accounts. In went to disco in wonders, you can't have two files with the same name in the same folder. Why in Lennox you can have two files with the same name in the same directory provided the use different cases for every user in Lenox, directory is created as forward slash home for this less user name. The concept is similar to see colon backslash documents and sittings in Windows in Windows System and program files are usually saved in C drive, but it limits. You would find the system and program files in different directories. For example, the boot files are stored in the boot directory, and the program and software files can be found under bin directory and advice files in the directory. These are the most striking differences between Lenox and Windows operating systems. I hope this has Bean informant for you, and I'd like to thank you for viewing 6. 05 Linux Pros and Cons: Lennox. Pros and cons. Lennox Pros. Lennox is free If you want to spend absolutely nothing, you don't even have to obey the price off a CD. Lennox can be downloaded in its entirety from the Internet completely for free. No registration fees, no costs per user free updates and freely available source code In case you want to change the behavior of your system, Lennox is portable toe. Any hardware blood for Olynyk system expects to run without rebooting all the time. The security model used in Lennox is based on the UNIX idea of security, which is known Toby robust and off. Proving quality. You can use Lennox to do big things using the building blocks provided with the system. The Lenox operating system and most Lennix applications have very shorted back times. Clinics, schools. The amount off Lenox distributions can be frightening or ridiculous, depending on your point of view. But it also means that everyone will find what he or she needs. You don't need to be an expert to find a suitable release. Another thing is that some off Lenox distributions are not very user friendly and confusing for beginners. Most Lennox users come to the conclusion that Lennox is not only as good but in many cases bitter and faster than the traditional solutions. I hope this has bean informative for you, and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 7. 06 Linux Distributions: Lennix distributions. Lennox has a number off different versions to suit nearly any type off user. From new users to hard core users, you'll find a flavor Flynn ex to match your needs. These versions are called distributions, but in the short form mistress, nearly every distribution off Lennox can be downloaded for free. Burning onto this or you speak thump drive and installed on as many machines as you like. Clinics may appear different, depending on the distribution, your hardware and personal taste, but the fundamentals on which all graphical and other interfaces are built remained the same. The Rennick system is based on glue tools, which provide a set of standard ways to handle and use the system. All gonna tools are open source so they can be installed on any system. Most distributions off our Bree combined back itches off most common tools, such as rpm packages on redhead and the Libyan packages on Debian. So you needn't be a programmer to install a package on your system. I hope this has been informative for you, and I'd like to thank you for viewing 8. 07 The Most Popular Linux Distributions: the most popular Lennix distributions, the most popular Lennox distributions for the desktop are upon to Lennox Lennox meant our clinics Debian, Fedora, Debian and over ensues. Each distribution has a different take on the desktop. Some opt for very modern user interfaces such as burnt Is Unity above and depends Devyn desktop, whereas others a stick with a more traditional desktop environments such as open sues, uses Kitty. And don't think the server has been left behind. For this area, you can turn to read Head Enterprise Lennox open to server centers, Sues integrates Lennox. Some of the above server distributions are free, such as open to server and centers, and some have an associative Bryce such as Red Hat Enterprise Lennox and Choose Enterprise Lennox. Those with an associative price also includes support. I hope this has Bean informative for you, and I'd like to thank you for viewing 9. 08 How to choose the one that fits you: how to choose the one that fits you, Which distribution you used will depend upon the answer to three simple questions. How skilled off a computer user are you? Do you prefer a modern or a standard desktop interface server or disk top? If your computer skills are fairly busy, you will want to stick with a new by friendly distribution such as Lennox Men, Open toe or dbn. If your skill set extending into the above every change, you could go with distribution like Debian or fedora. If, however, you have pretty much mastered the craft of computer and system administration used distribution like Gento. If you are looking for a server, only distribution will also want to decide if you need a desktop interface or if you want to do this very common line. Only the Windows Server doesn't install a graphical user interface. This means two things. You serve around people downloading graphics, and you will need tohave a solid understanding off the excrement line. However, you can install agree baggage on top off the open to server with a single common system. Administrators will also want to view a distribution with regards to futures you want a server specific distribution that will offer you out off the books, everything you need for your server. If so, Santos might be the best choice. Or do you want to take a desktop distribution and add the pieces as you need them? If so, Debian or Ventolin X might serve you well. We will be using open toe for our lending purpose, as it's easy for a beginner toe. Understand? I hope this has been informative for you, and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 10. 09 What is Ubuntu: What is Oubontu? Just like Windows Ten and Cosx, Ubontu is an operating system. It is an open source operating system based on the Ban Gu Linux distribution. It's freely available with both community and professional support. Ponto incorporates all the features of the Unix operating system with an added customizable graphical user interface that makes it popular in universities and research organizations. Obontu is officially released in three editions, desktop server and for the Internet of Things, devices and robots. It is shipped in a stable and regular release cycle. A new release will be shipped every six months and upon to long term support, release will become available that is supported for five years. The Upontu releases in between, known as development or non LTS releases are supported for nine months each. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 11. 10 Ubuntu History: Ubuntu history. Mark Richard Shuttleworth, born 18 September, 1973, is a South African and British terbiner who is the founder and CEO of Canonical Limited, the company behind the development of the Linux based Ubuntu operating system. Ubuntu is a free and open source Linux distribution based on a much older Linux distribution known as Debian, because it was started by two people named Debra. And an Debian is still a widely respected operating system, but came under criticism, infrequent updates, and less than user friendly installation and maintenance, though these areas have shown improvement. Recently, Mark took the Debian distribution and worked to make it a more human friendly distribution that he called Ubuntu. The first release was in October 2004. Ubuntu is officially released in three editions, desktop server and Core for the Internet of Things, devices and robots. Canonical Limited Company promotes and provides support for Ubuntu Linux. It releases updated versions predictably every sixth month, and each release receives free support for 18 months with security fixes, high impact buck fixes, and conservative, substantially beneficial, low risk buck fixes. It generates revenue by selling support and services to complement Ubuntu. The word obuntu is an ancient Zulu and cos award, which means humanity to others. Ubuntu also means I am what I am because of who we all are. It was the choosing because these sentiments precisely describe the spirit of the Obuntu Linux distribution. Thanks for viewing. 12. 11 Ubuntu Pros and Cons: Ubuntu Bs and cons Ubuntu Bs. Obuntu is free and open source. Its installation is easy and fast, probably because the set up is very small, around one B. For the base version, it's easy to customize. There are fewer viruses on Ubuntu and this makes it even more vulnerable as anyone would hardly care to install an anti virus. But it's better to use antiviruses with Ubuntu for security, with kernel modules coming every six months. Ubuntu these days is highly updated in terms of hardware support, mini bugs are fixed. In the following releases, you will have a lot of free applications. Obuntu offers mini interfaces. You can choose freely from many desktop environments, from Glom to KdE to Unity to Sinamon. Excellent, develoble community and online forums. You can find help for almost all the issues you face. Obontu cons, lack of games? No Microsoft Office Suite. Unless you use MS Cloud 360 or Deeper Office, it is recommended you learn a few basic Linux commands. Though almost all things can be done with a graphical user interface, you may have some problems with hardware compatibility. For example, with graphic drivers and printers. Some software like Photo Shop and Uduqet may not run smoothly with. Thanks for viewing. 13. 12 The Open Source: the open source in general. Open source affairs toe Any program who sore school is made available for use or modification, as users or other developers see for open source software is usually developed as a public collaboration and made freely available. Open source is a certification mark owned by the open Source Initiative developers off software that is intended to be freely shared and boastfully improved and distributed by others who can use the open source ST Mark if their distribution terms conform to the eyes of insource definition. To summarize the definition model of distribution term is required that the software being distributed must be re distributed to anyone else without any restriction. The source code must be available so that the receiving party would be able to improve or modify it. The license can require improved versions off the software to carry a different name or version from the original software. The idea is very similar to that behind free software and the Free Software Foundation. Open source is a development methodology. Free software is a social movement. I hope this has been informative for you, and I'd like to thank you for viewing 14. 13 GNU: balloon movements short for blues, not UNIX Glue is a free software project to provide a distributable replacement for UNIX. Blue's first announce it by Richard Stallman on September 27 1983 and later published in the March 1985 issue off Dr Dobbs Dorner. The Aim off guru, is to give all computer users the freedom of car being, developing, distributing, modifying and studying software with the understanding that it's redistribution cannot be limited. The goal of the project was achieved in 1992 when Lennox was released under the Snow General Public license. I hope this has been informative for you, and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 15. 01 Ubuntu Try: I want to try. For most, the idea of installing an operating system might seem like a very daunting task. But Linux offers one of the easiest installations of all operating systems. In fact, most versions of Linux offer what is called a live distribution. Which means you run the operating system from either a CD, DVD, or UP flash drive without making any changes to your hard drive. You get the full functionality without having to commit to the installation. Once you have tried it out and decided you wanted to use it, you simply double click the install icon and walk through the simple installation wizard requirements. You will need a two GB or larger UP T flash drive, Microsoft Wendos P or later Rufus, a free and open source P stick writing tool. Got to Google Search, search for Rufus. Choose your language, then download and install. After finishing, press close. We will also need an Ubuntu O file. Go to Ubuntu website, choose download section, choose Ubuntu Desktop, then press the download button. Your download will be stored automatically. After finishing the installation, perform the following. To configure your U speed device in Rufus Lunch Rufus. Then insert your Spicetec. Rufus will update to set the device within the device field. If the device is incorrect, select the correct one from the device fields. Drop down menu from boot selection, select desk or O image. To select the went to O file, press the Select button. This will open a file requester from which you can navigate to and select the O file from the partition scheme. Select the master boot record, MBR, target system, Pius or UEFI. Leave all other parameters with their default values and click Start to initiate the writing process. If you are asking that there are files needed to be downloaded, agree for the download. You will then be alerted that Rufus has detected that the Bento Zoo is an zohypride image. This means the same image file can be used as the source for both a DVD and UP Tek without requiring conversion. Keep right in O image mode selected and Ok to continue. Rufus will warn that all data on your selected UP device is about to be destroyed. This is a good moment to double check. You have selected the corrected device before clicking okay. When you are confident you have, the Z will now be written to your USP tech. The progress part in Rufus will give you some indication of how long this will take. With a reasonably modern machine, this should take around 3 minutes. Rufus will complete the writing process and silently drop back to its default window. Congratulations, you now have Ubuntu on a USP tech bootable and ready to go. Once you set up your USP drive to be bootable with Ubuntu, you can then reboot your system, catch the boot menu, and boot from USP. If your computer doesn't automatically boot from USP, try holding 12 when your computer first starts with most machines. This will allow you to select the USP device from a system specific boot menu. It will let you run a live CD version of Obuntu, which is fully usable. Press the right arrow to enter graphical installation. A few moments later, you will see the language selection followed by the obuntus boot options. Select the top entry. Troy Bontu without installing your live desktop will appear. Have a look around, check out the new features and enjoy the symbolicity of obontus intuitive interface. You can still choose to install Bonto after bossing the welcome beach by clicking on the install Bonto icon on the desktop background. Or just shut down. Remove your speed drive and start your computer like normal. I hope this has been informed for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 16. 02 Virtualbox Intro: Virtual box introduction. Now I will give you a short description about virtual box and then I will show you how to download and install virtual Box on your machine Cl VM Virtual Box is a free and open source Hybervisor for X 86 computers, currently being developed by Orcle Corroboration. Virtual Box may be installed on a number of host operating systems including Linux, Windows, Solaris, and Obinlas. It supports the creation and management of guest virtual machines running versions and derivations of Windows, Linux, BSD, Solaris and others, and limited virtualization of Macos guests on Apple hardware, some guest operating systems. A guest addition package of device drivers and system applications is available, which typically improves performance, especially of graphics. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 17. 03 Virtualbox Installation: Virtual box installation and configuration procedures. Go to the virtual box website, go to the download section. There are versions available for Windows, Mac, and Linux. Download the Windows version at the top by clicking Windows Hosts. If your host operating system is Cosx, then you will click on Cosx hosts to download the DMG file. After finishing downloading, open the file and follow the steps. You will see back to Windows users. After finishing start the installation, press next to continue the setup wizard. Choose not to install USP support, networking or Bythone support. Do this by clicking the gray icon near each option and select the red X or entire feature will be unavailable. Then click Necks to continue. If this is your first time dealing with virtual machines, this will eliminate the need to install custom drivers which makes installing and uninstalling virtual box easier. If you have worked with virtual machines before, you can choose to keep these options selected and check the default settings if you don't wish virtual box icons to appear on the desktop or the quick lunch bar. However, keep the register file association box checked. This will ensure that files associated with virtual box open only with virtual box. Then press next, click Install to install virtual box, click finish to obin virtual box. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 18. 04 Creating A New Virtual Machine: Creating a new virtual machine. After starting virtual box colic, the new button to start the virtual machine wizard, give your virtual machine a name. If you give it Ubontu, the version will automatically default to Ubontu. Then click next, select the amount of memory your VM will use. When we choose our operating system in the brevious system, virtual box automatically recommends the proper amount of memory to use. The recommended values are one B if the machine m is four GB, and two B if the machine rem is eight GB. Use of Ram lower than four GB is not recommended, but you can still use 512. For machine M of two GB, Click Nekist to create a new virtual hard disk, then click Create. This opens a second wizard to create a new virtual hard disk. Choose VDO, click Neis, dynamically allocate memory, selection of memory size greater than ten GB is recommended. Select either fixed size storage or dynamically expanding storage depending upon your needs. It size storage is going to be the size of the virtual hard disk on the host operating system. For example, a virtual disk, ten GB, will be ten GB on the host operating systems hard disk. A dynamically expanding storage will be only the size of Ubuntu on your hard disk, but will grow in size as files are added to it until it reaches its limit. Click next, then select the size of the virtual hard disk to be ten GB. Click Create. Now you are done. You will see your new virtual machine in the rest. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 19. 05 Ubuntu Installation: Obonto installation. Now we will install Ubuntu operating system using Virtual Box. We will do this to keep your old operating system as it is, so you can switch back to your old operating system any time you want without any difficulties. If you want to install Ubuntu directly to your machine, there is no problem. You can follow the same steps. But my advice is to start first with virtual box Until you feel free that you are familiar with Obontu. Setting the Zophile to start, select your new virtual machine. Once you have done this, click the Setting Spoton, Click Storage tab. Click on controller IDE optical drive. Then press choose Disc button to choose obontozopile. Then press Open. Obontozu will be mounted under controller device. Click on the system tab on the left. Choose boot order and keep optical on the top as first priority press. Okay to return to the main window, your Obonto machine is ready to boot now. Now to install Obonto, select your virtual machine, then click the start button. Obonto version machine will start in a separate window. The machine will boot from selected O and you will see language option. Choose your preferred language and address install obuntu. Click continue to keep the default keyboard layout or choose your desired one. On next screen, obonu will give you a checklist and you will be asked if you need to update during install and if you need to install third party software, choose both and click Continue. Next option will ask you if you want to delete all data and install, or you can also choose to create your own partitions from option something else. We will choose Erase Disk and install Obono. Then press and install. Now an alert will appear for writing the changes to disks. Press the Continuum Potton, select your Time Zoone from the map, then click Continue. Type your user name in the first text box. This will automatically fill in the login name and computer name. Type your bassword and confirm your bassword. Click Continue. Obonto will begin the installation. Now once the installation is complete, click Restart. Now to finish the installation, the machine will restart and the installed obuntu will load from hard disk. Provide abasur to username and login to the main window of Bento installing gist additions. The virtual box Gist additions consist of device drivers and system applications that optimize the operating system for better performance and usability. Once you have logged into Obuntu, click on the Devices tab in virtual box select. Insert Gist Additions, CD image press Ram Pton. When Ubuntu asks to install a program and it needs a bassword, type your user password and click Authenticate. Let the terminal program run. When it has finished, press Enter, reboot your virtual machine, and once it has, click on the view menu and re guest display and you will now have a full resolution Ubuntu virtual machine on your computer. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 20. 06 Installing apps on Ubuntu Intro: Installing software. In obuntu indo the installation of a program is done by running the set up dot EXE file. The installation bundle contains the program as well, various dependent components required to run the program correctly. In Linux installation files are distributed as packages. But the package contains only the program itself. Any dependent components will have to be installed separately, which are usually available as packages themselves. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 21. 07 Installing apps on Ubuntu Via Terminal: Installing software on Bantu. We have two methods to install software on Bantu. The first method, installing software via terminal, opin terminal by pressing Control Alt, or by going to your dashboard and searching for terminal. After opening the terminal, first update all the installed packages in your system using the command pseudo abet dash. Get up, then press Enter. You will be asking for root password, write the password and press Enter. At the end of any command, we must press the Enter key to execute it. To search for software using abet, use this command. Abt, cache search. Then application name such as gam, short for new image manipulation program. Enter the following command to install the software you want. Here I will use Gam Abbott install game. You can swap out game with the name of whatever software you are installing. Wait until the installation is finished. Now we are done. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 22. 08 Uninstalling Ubuntu apps using terminal: Installing programs on Opino using Terminal. Open terminal to open a list of your currently installed programs, type BKGstto terminal, then press Enter. Find the program that you want to install. You will need to know the official name of the program file rather than the name of the program itself. For example, VG rather than the VG antivirus. Here as an example, I'll choose game go image manipulation program. Enter the abydshget command type abd, get remove game into terminal. Making sure to use the program's actual name and press Enter. Type your super user bassword and then Enter to confirm the deletion, type N, Y and press Enter. Your program will begin to install itself. Once it finishes, you can close the terminal. This process may take a while to complete, depending on the size of the program. Now we are done. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 23. 09 Installing apps on Ubuntu Graphically: Installing software on. Obontographically, click on Dashboard in the side bar, Search for Bento Software Center and open it. From the bottom of the page, you can select the category of software you want to install. For example, you would select graphics and photography. An alternate way is to use the search function and search for the required software from graphics and photography. We will choose my In as an example from the list and click Install. You will be prombtted for the buzzword, Type it to continue installing the software by pressing Authenticate. After finishing the installation, press the launch button to try the software you have installed. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 24. 10 Uninstalling Ubuntu apps using Ubuntu Software Center: Uninstalling programs using Obuntu Software Center Steps, Obinobonto software. Click the uninstalled tab. Find the program that you want to uninstall. Scroll through the list of installed programs until you arrive at the one that you want to uninstall or search by name for it. Here the program we are looking for is my bind. Click on it. Click on the remove button. Confirm the decision. If prom betted If ask it to confirm, Click Remove again, Enter your buzzword and press the. The broom bit that you see may vary slightly depending on your version of Opto after removing is finished. Now you can close bent to software. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 25. 11 Installing and uninstalling apps on Ubuntu using Debian pkg: In installing software in Ubuntu, using Debian package packages are manually installed via the DCG command. Debian Package Management System. Bcg is the back end to commands like Abby Get, which in turn are the back end for Goe installed apps like the software center manual download of a Debian package method. You can use the download sub command of abet. For example, if my bin is the package you want, we will use the following command, my. Once you can double click on the package to have open in the software center from where you can install it or just open the terminal, navigate to the download location and run this command, pseudo BCG my. Now you have my paint installed on your computer. To remove my paint package, write this command, do libkG R my paint. Now we are done. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 26. 01 Logging in, activating UI and logging out: Logging in, activating the user interface, and logging out. In order to work in a Linux system directly, you will need to provide a username and password. Linux systems have two basic modes for a system to run in, either quick and suber Intext console mode, which looks like dose with mouse multitasking and multi user features. Or in graphical mode which looks better but it's more system resources. This is the default nowadays on most disktop computers. You know, you will connect to the system using graphical mode. When you are asking for username and password login, make sure the mouse pointer is in the login window. Provide your username and bussord to the system and click Okay or press Enter. It's generally considered a bad idea to connect graphically using the root user name, which is the system administrators account. Since the use of graphics includes running a lot of extra programs in roots case with a lot of extra permissions to keep or risks as low as possible. Use a normal user account to connect graphically, but there are enough risks to keep this in mind. As a general advice for all use of the root account, only log in as route when extra privileges are required after entering your username bassword combination. It can take a little while before the graphical environment is started. Depending on the bus speed of your computer, the software you use, and your personal settings. To continue, you will need to open a terminal window. There are two ways to launch the terminal on Obuntu. Go to the dashboard and type terminal, then click on it, or you can press Control Alt to launch the terminal. Also, clicking the right mouse button on the desktop background will usually present you with a menu containing a terminal window application. The terminal window is your control bannon for the system. Almost everything that follows is done using the symbol. But powerful tool. A terminal window should always show a command bombt when you open it. Once you launch the terminal, you would find something as Mustapha at Mustafa VB. Colon tiled dollar sign written on it. The first part of this line, Mustapha is the name of the user. The second part, Mustapha VB is the computer name or the host name. The host name helps identify a computer over the network. In a server environment, host name becomes important. The colon is assemble separator. The tiled sign shows that the user is working in the home directory. If you change the directory, this sign will vanish. For example, if we moved from the home directory to bend directory using the CD command, the tilet sign will disappear. It will appear again when moving back to the home directory. The dollar sign suggested that you are working as a regular or standard user on obuntu. While working as root user hash is displayed to disconnect from the system In graphical mood, you need to close all terminal windows and other applications. After that, hit the logout icon or find log out on the menu. Closing everything is not really necessary. The system can do this for you, but session management might put all currently open applications back on your screen when you connect. Again, when you see the logins screen, again asking to enter username and buzzword log out to successful to get into text mode. While you are logged in graphical mode, base control at six. You know you are in text mode when the whole screen is black, showing characters. A text mode login screen typically shows some information about the machine you are working on, the name of the machine, and a brombit waiting for you to log in. The login is different from a graphical login that you have to hit the enter key after providing your username because there are no buttons on the screen that you can click with the mouse. Then you should type your password, followed by another enter. You won't see any indication that you are entering something, not even an asterisk. You won't see the cursor move, but this is normal on Linux and is done for security reasons. When the system has accepted you as a valid user, you will be given a shell indicated with the same probit that you would get in graphical mode. Also in text mood, look in as route only to do setup and configuration that absolutely requires administrative privileges such as adding users, installing software packages, and performing network and other system configuration. Once you are finished, immediately leave the special account and resume your work as an unprivileged user. Systems like obontu force you to use sudo so that you don't need direct access to the administrative account. Logging out is done by entering the logout command followed by enter. You are successfully disconnected from the system when you see the login screen Again, returning back to the graphical mode is easily done by pressing control Alt F One. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 27. 02 Absolute Basics: Absolute basics after launching the terminal, now we will have a look at quick start commands BD print working directory command used for displaying the current working directory CD. Change directory command used for changing directories. If you want to navigate to the home directory, then type CD, then enter. You can also use the CD command. The root of the file system in Linux is denoted by forward slash, similar to C colon backslash in Windows. Note that in Windows you use backward slash, while in Linux system the forward slash is used, type CD forward slash to move to the root directory. Don't forget space between CD and forward slash. Otherwise, you will get an error. You can navigate through multiple directories at the same time by specifying its complete path. For example, if you want to move to the CBU directory under def directory, we don't need to break this operation into two parts. Instead, we can type CD forward forward CBU to reach the directory directly. For navigating up one directory level, we can use double dot here. By using the CD double dot command, we have moved up one directory from deb to def directory. Then by again, using the same command we have jumped from de to root directory. A bath in computing is the address of a file or forwarder. For example, forward slash home, forward slash user, forward slash downloads. This is the path for the downloads directory. There are two kinds of paths. First, absolute path, let's say you have to browse the images stored in the pictures directory of the home folder Mustafa. The absolute file path of pictures directory forward forward slash Mustafa forward slash pictures. To navigate to this directory, you can use the common CD forward slash home forward slash mustapha forward slash pictures. This is called absolute path as you are specifying the full path to reach the file. Second relative path. The relative path comes in handy when you have to browse another subdirectory within a given directory. It saves you from the effort to type complete paths all the time. Suppose you are currently in your home directory, you want to navigate to the downloads directory. You don't need to type the absolute path CD forward, forward slash Mustapha forward slash downloads. Instead can simply type CD downloads. And you would navigate to the downloads directory as you are already present within the home forward Mustafa directory. This way you don't have to specify the complete path to reach a specific location within the same directory in the file system. Next LS the list directory command. This command displays a list of files in the current working directory. Like the direct command in the SWD command is used for changing the sword for the current user. The file command displays file type of file. The cat command throws the content of any text file on the screen. Exit command is used to leave this session. The arguments to a command are specifications for the objects on which you want the command to take effect. An example is LS TC, where the directory, ETC, is the argument to the LS command. This indicates that you want to see the content of that directory instead of the default, which would be the content of the current directory obtained by just typing LS, followed by enter. Some commands require arguments. Sometimes arguments are optional. You can find out whether a command takes options and arguments, and which ones are valid by checking the online help for that common, which we will discuss later. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 28. 03 Using Special Key for the Shell: Using special key, using Be features. Several special key combinations allow you to do things easier and faster. With the Gull base, which is the default on almost any Linux system. You are strongly suggested to make a habit out of using them, as to get the most out of your Linux experience from the very beginning. Now let's try some examples. Press control to moves to the beginning of the command line. Press control to end a running program and return the Brombt press control D to log out of the current shell session. It's equal to typing exit or log out. Press control D to move Coursor to the end of the command line. Control H to generate Pa space, character. Press control L to clear the terminal. You can press control to search in command history for a particular command, press arrow left or arrow right to move the cursor one place to the left or right on the command line. So that you can insert characters at other places than just at the beginning and the end. Press arrow up or arrow down to Browse History. Go to the line that you want to repeat. Edit Details if necessary, and press Enter to save time, Press Shift Beach up or Shift Beach down to browse terminal buffer to see text that has scrolled off the screen. You can press Step key at any time for file name completion. When multiple choices are possible, the system will either signal with an audio or visual bell or do nothing. Also, pressing tab key twice will choose you file or command completion possibilities. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 29. 04 Getting Help: Getting help. Gu Linux is all about becoming more self reliant. As usual, with this system, there are several ways to achieve the goal. A common way of getting help is finding someone who knows and however patient and be loving the Linux using community will be. Almost everybody will expect you to have tried one or more of the methods coming next before asking them. 30. 05 The man pages: The Man pages. A lot of beginning users ear the main or manual pages because they are an overwhelming source of documentation. They are, however very structured, as you'll see from the coming example. Reading man pages is usually done in a terminal window. When in graphical mode or just in text mode, if you prefer it type the man. The documentation for men will be displayed on your screen. After pressing Enter Prowse to the next page using the space par. Or you can use the down arrow or the mouse scroll. You can go back to the previous page using the key. When you reach the end, men will usually quit. You get the brom bit pack type Q if you want to leave the man bag before reaching the end or if the viewer doesn't equate automatically at the end of the badge. Each man bag usually contains a couple of standard sections as we can see from the main main example. The first line contains the name of the command you are reading about the ID of the section in which this main bag is located. The main pages are ordered in chapters. The name of the command and a short description are given, which is used for building an index of the main pages. You can lock for any given search string in this index using the apropos command. For example, apropo make dire. Apropos searches for make dire in the main page and displays the command description. The synopsis of the command provides a technical notation of all the options and or arguments this command can take. You can think of an option as a way of executing the command. The argument is what you execute it on. Some commands have no options or no arguments. Optional options and arguments are brought in between square packets to indicate that they can be left out. A longer description of the command is given. Options with their descriptions are listed. Options can usually be combined, if not. So this section will tell you about it. Environment describes the shell variables that influence the behavior of this command. You must know that not all commands have this. Sometimes sections specific to this command are provided. A reference to other main pages is given in the C also section. In between parentheses is the number of the main page section in which to find this command. There might also be author and copyright information. Some commanders have multiple man badges. For instance, the best WD command has a man bridge in section one another in section five. By default, the main badge with the lower number is shown. If you want to see another section, then the default specify it after the main command. For example, man five bestD. If you want to see all man badges about a common one after the other, use the option to man command, for example, main SD. In this way, when you reach the end of the first main badge and the press space, again the main badge from the next section will be displayed. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 31. 06 The help option: The help option. Most grow commands support the Help option, which gives a short explanation about how to use and a list of available options. Let's try this option with the cat command Help. As you can see, it gives a short explanation about how to use them and a list of its available options. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 32. 07 Graphical help: The graphical He Don't despair. If you prefer a graphical user interface, the genome help browser is very user friendly. And it provides painless access to the man and Fu pages, where the system documentation and main pages are easily browsable with a plane interface. You can start it by entering the command genome help colon or by typing yell colon info. And you will get a browsall info beach about the info command. Similarly, yell LS will present you with the main beach for the LS command. Note that some ants don't have separate documentation because they are parts of another command such as CD, exit and log out. They are part of your shell program and are called shell belt and commands. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 33. 01 General 0verview of the Ubuntu file system: A general overview of the Ubuntu file system assembled description of the Oubontu system is that on Oubontu system everything is a file. If something is not a file, it is a process obuntu system makes no difference between a file and directory since a directory is just a file containing names of other files, programs, services, tickets, images and so forth. Are all files inbot and output devices and generally all devices are considered to be files according to the system. In order to manage all those files in an orderly fashion, we will think of them in an order tree like structure on the hard disk. While it is reasonably safe to suppose that everything you encounter on an open system is a file, there are some exceptions. Directories are files that are lists of other files. Special files are the mechanism used for inbot and output. Most special files are in the directory. Links is a system to make a file or directory visible in multiple parts of the systems file. Three sockets is a special file type similar to TCB IB sockets providing terbcess networking protected by the file systems access control named pipes act more or less like sockets and form a way for processes to communicate with each other Without using network circuit semantics to display the file type, we would use L option with the LS command. The file type would be determined using the first character of each invol line for regular file, D for directory file, for link file, for a special file, for socket file, for name by file, and B for blocked device file. In order not to always have to perform a long listing for seeing the file type. A lot of systems by default don't issue just LS but LS Abercse, which is affixes file names with characters like forward, equal, store, and signs to indicate the file type. Now, before we look at the important files and directories, we need to know more about partitions. Most people have a vague knowledge of what partitions are, since every operating system has the ability to create or remove them. It may seem strange that Bantu uses more than one partition on the same disk even when using the standard installation procedure. Some explanation is called for. One of the goals of having different partitions is to achieve higher data security in case of disaster. By dividing the hard disk into partitions, data can be grouped and separated. When an accident occurs, only the data in the partition that got the it will be damaged while the data on the other partitions will most likely survive. Mind that having a journaled file system only provides data security in case of power failure and sudden disconnection of storage devices. This doesn't protect your data against bed blocks and logical errors in the file system. There are two kinds of major partitions on Ubontu system data Partition which has normal Ubontu system data including the root partition containing all the data to start up and run the system. And swab partition, which is an expansion of the computer's physical memory as an extra memory or hard disk. The standard root partition, indicated with a single forward slash, is about 100 to 500 megabytes and contains the system configuration files, most basic commands and server programs, system libraries, some temporary space, and the home directory of the administrative user. A standard installation requires about 250 megabytes. For the root partition, Swab space, indicated with Sweb, or virtual memory, is only accessible to the system itself and is hidden from view during normal operation. Swab is the system that ensures that you can keep on working. Whatever happens on to you will virtually never see irritating messages like out of memory. Please close some applications first and try again. Because of this extra memory, using memory on a hard disk is naturally slower than using the real memory ships of a computer, but having this little extra is a great comfort. Obuntu generally counts on having twice the amount of physical memory in the form of swap space on the hard disk. The kernel is on a separate partition as well In many distributions, because it is the most important file of your system, you will find that you have a boot partition holding your kernel and accompanying data files. The rest of the hard disk is generally divided into data partitions. When you perform standard work station installation, it is usually happens following a set pattern. A partition for user programs named slash user. A partition containing the user's personal data named slash home. A partition to store temporary data like print and mail, quiz named slash, or a partition for the third party and extra software named opt. Once the partitions are made, you can only add more. Changing sizes or properties of existing partitions is possible, but not advisable. Mount points, all partitions are attached to the system via a mount point. The mount point defines the place of a particular data set in the file system. Usually, all partitions are connected through the root partition on this partition, which is indicated with the forward slash directories are created. These empty directories will be the starting point of the partitions that are attached to them during system start up. All the partitions are thus mounted on a running system. Information about the partitions and their mount points can be displayed using the DF command, which stands for disc fall or disc free in A. To DF is the new version and supports the H or human readable option, which greatly improves readability. The DF command only displays information about active nine web partitions. This can include partitions from other network systems. To find out which part a directory is on, using the DF command with a dot as an option, shows the partition the current directory belongs to and informs about the amount of space used on this partition. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 34. 02 Orientation in the file system: Orientation in the file system. When you want the system to execute a command, you almost never have to give the full path to that command. For example, we know that the LS command is in the ben directory. You can check with which LS yet. We don't have to enter the command LS for the computer to list the content of the current directory. The bath environment variable takes care of this. This variable list is those directories in the system where executable files can be found. Thus saves the user a lot of typing and memorizing locations of commands. The bus naturally contains a lot of directories containing bend somewhere in their names. As I will demonstrate, we can use the echo command to display the content of the variable path, echo dollar sign path. In this example, the shown directories are subsequently searched for the required program. As soon as a match is found, the search is stopped even if not every directory in the beth has been searched. If you use programs in other directories more frequently, you can change your Beth to look in your own directories. For example, to add your home directory, we can use the export path command after the last column add your new beth. Note that when using the export command in a shell, the changes are temporary and only valid for this session until you log out. Opening new sessions even while the current one is still running, will not result in a new Beth in the new session. To make it permanent, you need to add export Beth equal dollar sine Beth colon, then Beth to dire to your profile or RC file. Note that this will not automatically update your Beth for the remainder of the session. To do this, you should run source Elda profile or RC. Now we will talk about the most important files and directories. First, the kernel. The kernel is the heart of the system. It manages the communication between the underlying hardware and the peripherals. The kernel also makes sure that processes and demons, which are server processes, are started and stopped at the exact right times. The kernel has a lot of other important tasks. For now, it suffices to know that the kernel is the most important file on the system. Second, the shell, a shell, manages the interaction between the system and its users. It is a way of talking to the computer. Like a language, it is very difficult for a programmer to include all options and possible uses of a common in the Goe format. Thus, guys are almost always less capable than the command or commands that form the back end. The shell allows the user to handle a system in a very flexible way. An additional asset is that the shell allows for task automation. Just like people know different languages and dialects, the computer knows different shell types. H or born Shell is the original shell still used on Unix systems and in Unix related environments. This is the basic shell, a small program with few features, H or born again, shell is the standard shell. Intuitive and flexible, probably most advisable for beginning users while being at the same time a powerful tool for the advanced and professional user on Linux. Beach is the standard shell for common users. This shell is a so called suber set of the born shell, a set of add ons and blocks. This means that the born again shell is compatible with the born shell. Which means that commands that work in H also work in beche. However, the reverse is not always the case. All examples in this course use beche, the shell. The syn text of this shell resembles that of the C programming language. Sometimes ask it for by programmers. The turbo shell is a superset of the common C shell enhancing user friendliness and speed. The corn shell is sometimes appreciated by people with ionic background. It is a superset of the born shell with a standard configuration and nightmare for beginning users. The file TC shells give an overview of known shells on a Linux system. To view this, you can use this command, ETC, slash shells. Note that H is usually a link to which will execute in born shell compatible mode when called. In this way, your default shell is in the TCD file. To switch from one shell to another, just enter the name of the new shell. In the active terminal, the system finds the directory where the name occurs using the Beth settings. Since a shell is an executable file, the current shell activates, it gets executed. A new broombit is usually shown because each shell has its typical appearance. If you don't know which shell you are using, either check the line for your account in CD or type the command echo dollar sign shell about the home directory. Your home directory is your default destination when connecting to the system. In most cases it is a subdirectory of home, whatever the bath to your home directory, You don't have to worry too much about it. The correct path to your home directory is stored in the home environment variable in case some program needs it. With the echo command, you can display the content of this variable. Echo dollar sign home. Your home directory is indicated by Telda shorthand for both to home user name. This same bath is stored in the home variable. You don't have to do anything to activate it. Assemble application to switch to your home directory using one elegant command type, CD tilda images and press Enter. You can check using BWD command. The most important configuration files and most configuration files are stored in the ETC directory. Content can be viewed using the command which sends text files to the standard output. Usually your monitor, the sex is straightforward. Then file name example for files stored in the ETC directories RC five, which is the system wide configuration file for the born again shell. Another example is the hosts file, which is a list of machines that can be contacted using the network, but without the need for a domain name service. The best WD file, which lists local users, use the shadow utilities user, user mode and user tell to edit this file. Note that editing manually this file is done when you really know what you are doing. Tab file information for booting mode, number of text consoles and others about devices. Devices are generally every peripheral attachment of a BC that is not the CBU itself, is presented to the system as an entry in the deaf directory, for example, CD room for CD drive console, for special entry for the currently used console about directory. In the Var directory, we find a set of directories for storing specific non contestant data. All files that change frequently, such as log files, mailboxes, spoolers, are kept in a subdirectory of Var. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 35. 03 manipulating files: Manipulating files. Ls can give a lot of other information such as the file type, as we already discussed. It can also show permissions on a file, file size, node number creation, date and time owners, and the amount of links to the file. By adding the L option to LS command, it can list all the files, directories, and the number of owner of the file size, modified date and time, and file name. With the option to LS, files that are normally hidden from view can be displayed as well. You can type LS LT to list files ordered by d by typing LS L S berks. You will have a list of files ordered by file size. You can use R option to reverse the result. For example, LS LTR LS L berks. You can get more options for LS command using the manual of the LS typing man LS. These features allow seeing the file type without using any options to LS. To achieve this, every file type has its own color. The color LS default color scheme, Blue color for directories. Red color for compressed archives. White color for text files, in color for images. Ion color for links, Yellow color for devices, Green color for executables, and flashing red color for broken links. The same information was in earlier days displayed using suffixes to every nine standard file name. The default suffix scheme for LS, nothing for regular file forward slash for directories. Ask for executable files. Add sign ball for link, equal character for socket and Ibe for named Ibe. To find out more about the data we are dealing with, we used the file command by applying certain tests that to check properties of a file in the file system. Magic numbers and language Stestes file tries to make an educated guess about the format of a file. For example, if we type file documents, we will see the type is directory. The file command has a series of options, among others, the Z option lock into compressed files. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 36. 04 Creating Files and Directories: Creating directories, a way of keeping things in place is to certain file the specific default locations by creating directories and subdirectories, or folders and sub folders, if you wish. This is done with the make dire command. Now let's try archive. After creating archive, let's check using LS LD archive. Here we use option to list directories only. The first part is the file type and access permissions net the number of hard links. Then the owner of the file, the user group size, invites, date and time and directory name to create more than one directory in one line inside the archive. Change directory to archive the type make 2019, 2020, 2021. Let's check using lest common. Creating directories and subdirectories in one step is done using the P option. If we tried without the P option, we will get an error der 2019 reports new project. After pressing Enter, we will get an error. Cannot create directory. This is a result of not using the P option. By adding P to the previous command, kdyP 2019 slash reports new project. Let's check LS 2019 reports Presenter. Keep in mind that Clinix is a case sensitive operating system. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 37. 05 The touch command: The touch command is a standard program for Linux operating systems that is used to create change and multify time stems of a file. Let's take some examples of using the touch command to create an empty file test. You can use the command to check to change or update the last axis idmification time of the file data. You can use the option, for example, to check here I use the option to show last x time instead of last modification time. Using the option sets the current time and it on a file here, if the data file doesn't exist, it will create a new empty file data. To avoid creating a new file, you can use the option, for example, to check this command will not create the file test if it doesn't exist. If you'd like to change only the modification time of the file test, then you can use the M option, for example, to check. It will only update the last modification time of the test file and the access time will remain as it is. The touched command can also create any number of files simultaneously. For example, to create three new empty files named file one, file two, and file three, you can use the command to check. Thanks for viewing. 38. 06 Moving Files and Directories: Moving files. Now that we have properly structured our home directory, it's time to clean up unified files using the Move command. To move the move file from the archive directory to the new project directory, we will use this command, MV archive, text archive 2019 reports new project. Let's check type LS. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 39. 07 Copying Files and Directories: Copying files. The CP command copy files from one location to another. If the destination is an existing file, then the file is overwritten. If the destination is an existing directory, the file is copied into the directory, the directory is not overwritten. The sign text for CB command is CB source destination. For example, CB test 2020. To check LS 2020 done, a useful option is a recursive cab to coby all underlying files and subdirectories using the Abarcar option to CB command. For example, Bar R 2020 2019 to check LS 2019 2020. Do I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 40. 08 Removing Files and Directories: Removing files and directories. Rm Linux command is used to remove and lead the file from the directory. The sign tax used is RM. Then Options. Then the file or directory options for the RM command are to remove all files in a directory without prompting the user. I short four interactive with this option. Rm prompts for confirmation before removing any files, bar or lower case to recursively remove directories and subdirectories in the argument list. The directory will be embedted of files and removed. The user is normally bombited for removal of any right btected files which the directory contains. For example, to remove and delete a file, use RM followed by the file name. Press Enter here. Rm command removed and deleted the file test to delete a directory three for example TMB directory R M I R T MB. This R M command recursively removes the contents of all subdirectories of the TMB directory, prompting regarding the removal of each file. And then removes the TMB directory itself to remove more files at once. R M file one, name space, file two, name and press Enter here. Rm command removed file one and file two at the same time. Rm dir command R M di command is used to delete and remove MT directories. You can use LS to check whether a directory is empty or not. The sin text is R M options directory. You can use the option with the RM di command to remove the directory dire name and its parent directories which become empty. For example, RM TMB. Here, RM command will remove and delete the directory TB if the directory is empty. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 41. 09 Finding Files and Paths: Finding files in a directory containing many files, you can check if there are any files beginning with the letter A just by typing LS and pressing the tape key twice, rather than pressing Enter. There is only one file starting with A. This file will be shown as the argument to LS or initial command for that matter Immediately. A very simple way of showing the full path of a given executable command is using the which command. The which command looks in the directories listed in the user's search path or the required file. Which command doesn't work for ordinary files. The senex is which options program name. The which command is useful when troubleshooting command not found problems. For example, which LS press enter, LS is LS. Using the H command also checks to see if a command is an alias for another command. For example, which LS here we use to print all matching executables in Bath. If this doesn't work on your system, use the alias command and check the result. Lias LS LS is Elias two LS color equal to find and locate. These are the real tools used when searching other boths besides those listed in the search path. The fine tool is very powerful, which may be the cause of a somewhat more difficult sex. The file command not only allows you to search file names, it can also accept file size, date of last change, and other file Berties as criteria for a search. The most common use is for finding file names. The sex path options for finding file names. The sex will be path name search string. This can be interpreted as lock in all files and subdirectories contained in a given path and brand the names of the files containing the searchstring in their name, not in their content. For example, name between codes. Here the system would search for any file names in the current directory and any subdirectory. Another example, find name test between codes and press Enter. Here the system would search for any file name test on the root and all subdirectories from the root. If we used this option, find name as tres between codes size plus 1,000 kilobytes. Here, the system would search for any file in the list that is larger than 1,000 kilobytes. Another application of find is for searching files of ascertain size, As in the next example, where user wants to find all files in the current directory or one of its subdirectories that are bigger than 5 megabytes, find for the current directory size plus five southand kilobytes. Find can also perform operations on the found files. A common example is removing files. It is best to first test without the option that the correct files are selected to search for files ending in MB name asterisk B between Cots and Breast Enter. After that, the command can be rerun to delete the selected files. Find name, asterisk domb between codes R, M, open and close care. Practice ph and press Enter. Here we used R M to delete all the files ending with domb. Later on in 1999, after 20 years of Find, Locate was developed. This program is easier to use but more restricted than fine, since its output is based on a file index database that is updated only once every day. On the other hand, a search in the locate database uses fewer resources than fine and therefore shows the results nearly instantly. Example, locate Elias and press Enter. Most Linux distributions use S. Locate these days, abbreviation of Security Enhanced Locate the modern version of Locate that prevents users from getting output they have no right to read. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 42. 10 Linking Files: Linking files. A link is nothing more than a way of matching two or more file names to the same set of file data. There are two ways to achieve this. They behave similarly but are not the same. First, hardl hard link associate two or more file names with the same Ude. Each regular file is in principle a hardlining. Also, hard links share the same data blocks on the hard disk while they continue to behave as independent files. There is an immediate disadvantage, which is hard links can span across partitions since they refer to nudes and node numbers are unique within a given partition. Second, soft link or symbolic link. Soft link is a small file that is a pointer to another file. A symbolic link contains the path to the target file instead of a physical location on the hard disk. Since nudes are not used in this system, soft links can span across partitions. Note that removing the target file for a symbolic link makes the link useless. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 43. 11 Creating Symbolic Links: Creating symbolic links. The symbolic link is particularly interesting for beginning users. They are fairly obvious to and you don't need to worry about partitions. The command to make links is LN. In order to create symbolic links, you need to use the S option. The sign text for the LN command is LN S target file. Link name example LN S B three space here, 03 is the target file and is the link name. To check, we can type LS L. In this example, user creates a link in a subdirectory of his home directory to a directory on another part of the system. Note that symbolic links are always very small files, while hard links have the same size as the original file. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 44. 01 Multi user and multi tasking: Multi user and multitasking. An instance of a program is called a process. In simple terms, any command that you give to your Linux machine starts a new process. Not every command starts a single process. Some commands initiate a series of processes, such as Mozella. Others like LS command are executed as a single command. Furthermore, a common policy in Linux to have multiple users learning multiple commands at the same time and on the same system. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 45. 02 Interactive processes: Process types. First, the interactive processes. Interactive processes are initialized and controlled through a terminal session. In other words, has to be someone connected to the system to start these processes. They are not started automatically as part of the system functions. These processes can run in the foreground occupying the terminal that started the program. You can't start other applications as long as this process is running in the foreground. Alternatively, they can run in the background that the terminal in which you started the program can accept new commands while the program is running. Until now, we mainly focused on programs running in the foreground, which the length of time taken to run them was too short to notice a command occupying the terminal session. In this case, activated program is waiting for you to do something. The program is still connected to the terminal from where it was started. The terminal is only useful for entering commands this program can understand. Other commands will just result in errors or unresponsiveness of the system while a process runs. In the background, however, the user is not prevented from doing other things in the terminal in which he started the program while it is running. The shell offers a feature called Job control which allows easy handling of multiple processes. This mechanism switches processes between the foreground and the background. Using this system, programs can also be started in the background. Immediately. Running a process in the background is only useful for programs that don't need user bot via the shell. Putting a job in the background is typically done when execution of a job is expected to take a long time in order to free the issuing terminal. After entering the common, a trailing ampersand is added. The full job control features are explained in detail in the bes pho bags only. The frequently used job control applications are listed here. Using regular means, run this command in the foreground using command space. And percent means run this command in the background and release the terminal means show commands running in the background. Pressing control Z means suspend, which means stop but not quit. A Brs running in the foreground. Pressing control means interrupt, that means terminate and equate. A Brs is running in the foreground. Every process running in the background gets a number assigned to it. By using the percent expression, a job can be referred to using its number. For instance, G person two, where two is the job number. We use the BG command to reactivate a suspended program in the background. We use the FG command to both the job back in the foreground. Also, we use the K command to end a Brusss use command to kill brs After K, we bot the Brusss ID or we can use the K command and after all the Brusss name. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 46. 03 Automatic processes: Second, the automatic processes. Automatic or batch processes are not connected to a terminal. Rather, these are tasks that can be queued into a spooler area where they wait to be executed on a first in, first out basis. Such tasks can be executed using one of two criteria. First, at a certain date and time done using the command which we will discuss later. Second, at times when the total system load is low enough to accept extra jobs, this is done using the batch command. By default, tasks are bought in a que where the unit to be executed until the system load is lower than 0.8 In large environments, the system administrator may be referred Pitch Processing, when large amounts of data have to be processed or when tasks demanding a lot of system resources have to be executed on an already loaded system. Pitch processing is also used for optimizing system performance. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 47. 04 Daemons: Demons? Demons are server processes that run continuously most of the time. They are initialized at system start up and then wait in the background until their service is required. A typical example is the networking demon X net D, short for extended Internet service demon, which is started in almost every boot procedure. After the system is booted, the network demon just sets and waits until a client program such as an FTB client needs to connect. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 48. 05 Linux Pipes: Linux pipes. Anyone new to Linux might wonder, what role do pipes play in running the operating system? The vertical power sample denotes a pipe. If you want to use two or more commands at the same time and run them consecutively, you can use pipes. Pipes enables Linux users to create powerful commands which can perform complex tasks. In a Jeff. Let's understand this with an example. When you use command to view a file which spends multiple pages, the bombet quickly jumps to the last page of the file and you don't see the content in middle. To avoid this, you can pipe the output of the command to less, which will show you only one scroll lens of content at a time. Tests. Also, you can use BG and More commands in a state of less. For example, Test by More. More is a popular cross platform terminal Badger. More can move forward and backward in text files, but cannot move backwards in pipes. Here you can view the file in digestible bits and scroll down by assembly hitting the Enter key. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 49. 06 The grep command: The grape command. Suppose you want to search a particular information, such as the poster code from a text file. You may manually sce the content yourself to trace the information. A better option is to use the grape command. It will scan the document for the desired information and present the result in a format you want. The sign text for the grep command is options pattern file. Let's see it in action to show the content of the test file. Test grip Able. Here we use the grep command to search for Able in the test file. Here grab command has searched the file test for the string. Apple following options can be used with this command. V option shows all the lines that do not match the searched string. Option displays only the count of matching lines. Option shows the matching line and its number L option match both upper and lower keys. L option shows just the name of the file with the string. Let's try the option on the test file P. Using the option grab has filtered the string from all of the lines. You must know that it is case insensitive. The head and tail commands, these two commands displays the first and last lines of a Fi respectively. To see the last ten commands entered til ten to be underscore history, the command, the last ten commands entered in the terminal and it gets them from the be history also it works similarly. Ten page underscore history. It here will show the first ten comments in the best history file. The tail command has a handy feature to continuously show the last lines of a file that changes all the time. This option is often used by system administrators to check on long files. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 50. 07 The sort command: The command. This command helps in sorting out the contents of alphabetically. The sign text for this command is options, file name. Consider the contents of a file test test using the sort command. It will be options for the sort command. Option for reverse sort, N, option for sorts numerically. F, option for Kiss in sensitive sorting. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 51. 08 Filter: Filter. Filter is the output from first command which becomes the but for the second one. When you pipe two commands, the filtered output of the first command is given to the next. Let's understand this with help of an example. We have the following file. File file. We want to highlight only the lines that don't contain the character, but the result should be in reverse order. For this, the following syntax can be used. File pip, grab a r here, file to show the text file. And grab a to highlight only the lines that do not contain the character a R to show them in reverse order. Now as you can see, filtered results are given to the next comment. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 52. 09 Process attributes: Process attributes. A Process has a series of characteristics which can be viewed with the BS command. The BS command stands for Process Status. It is similar to the task manager that Bob apps in a Windows machine. When we use Control Alt delete, the process attributes viewed by the BS command are the Process ID or BID, which is a unique identification number used to refer to the process. The parent Process ID, or BB ID, which is the Process ID of the process that started this process terminal, or TTY, is the terminal to which the process is connected to see the process status S F. The BS command is one of the tools for visualizing processes. We will continue talking about it later. Here we used the option to list information about all processes most frequently requested. And we used the F option to generate a full listing. When user starts a program, the process itself and all processes started by the initial process will be owned by user and not by the system administrator. Normally, in Linux, when a program runs, it inherits access permissions from the logged in user. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 53. 10 Displaying process information: Displaying process information. The BS command is one of the tools for visualizing processes. Bs command is used to report the process status. It is the short name for Process status. This command has several options which can be combined to display different process attributes. The BS command sign text is S options with no options specified. Bs only gives information about the current hell and eventual processes options used with the BS command. We use the option to list information about all processes most frequently requested. All those except to process group leaders and the processes not associated with a terminal case or lower. Options to list information for all processes. We can use the D option to list information about all processes except session leaders. Option to list information about every process that is running. Now the F option to generate a full listing, the option to print session ID and process group ID, we use the L option to generate a long listing. We will usually select particular processes out of the list of all processes using the Grip command in a vibe, as in this line, which will select and display all processes owned by a particular user. Bsf, Grip Mustafa. Note that BS only gives a momentary state of the active processes. It is a one time recording. The relations between processes can be visualized using the S three command. The top command. The top program displays a more precise view by updating the results given by BS with a bunch of options once every 5 seconds, generating a new list of the processes causing the heaviest load Periodically, meanwhile, integrating more information about the swebspace in use and the state of the CPU from the Brock file, it displays the total number of running processes, number of sleeping processes, stop, the process, number of zombie processes in the system. The sine text for the top command is options options used with the top command P option to run in ***** mode and don't accept command line. Mbo. Option to show command line in the display instead of just command name. Option to update display num times, then exit option to suppress display of idle and zombie processes. Pid option to monitor only processes with the specified process ID. We use option for secure mode to disable some dangerous interactive commands. You can press que on the keyboard at any time to move out of the process display. The first line of top contains the same information displayed by the uptime command. The terminology follows, ID, the process ID of each task. The user name of task on R periority can be 20 and that is the highest or negative to 20, and that is the lowest I, the nice value of a task. Virtual memory used in kilobytes, RES, physical memory used in kilobytes, also HR, shared memory used in kilobyte. For status, there are five types, Abc, D, Interruptible sleep. Our case or running our case is sleeping. Abacus, tres or stopped, And Abarca. Z for zombie percent. Bu is percent of CBU time percent memory for physical memory used and time plus total CBU time for common name. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 54. 11 Process Creation: Life of a process. Process creation. A new process is created because an existing process makes an exact coby of itself. This child process has the same environment as its parent, only the process ID number is different. This procedure is called forking. After the forking process, the address space of the child process is overwritten with the new process data. This is done through an exit call to the system, the fork and exit mechanism. The fork function clones the current process, creating an identical child. The exit function loads a new program into the current process. Replacing the existing one thus switches an old command with a new. While the environment in which the new program is executed remains the same, including configuration of input and output devices, environment variables, and priority. This mechanism is used to create all Linux operating system processes. Even the first process in it. With process ID, one is forced during the boot procedure in the so called bootstrapping procedure. The process ID changes after the fork procedure. There are a couple of cases in which it becomes the parent of a process while the process was not started by N. As we already saw in the BS three example, many programs, for instance, demonize their child processes so they can keep on running when the parent stops or is being stopped. A window manager is a typical example. It starts an term process that generates a shell that accepts commands. The window manager then denies any further responsibility and posses the child process to N. Using this mechanism, it is possible to change window managers without interrupting running applications every now and then. Things go wrong. In an exceptional case, a process might finish while the parent doesn't wait for the completion of this process. Such an unburied process is called a zombie process. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 55. 12 Ending Processes: Ending processes. When a process ends, normally it is not killed or otherwise unexpectedly interrupted, the program returns its exit status to the baron. This exit status is a number returned by the program providing the results of the program's execution. The return codes can then be interpreted by the Baron or any scripts. The values of the return codes are program specific. This information can usually be found in the main pages of the specified program. For example, the grip command return is minus one if no matches are found, upon which a message on the lines of no files found can be printed. Another example is the best built in command true, which does nothing except return and exit status of zero, meaning success. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 56. 13 Signals: Signals processes in. Because they receive a signal, there are multiple signals that you can send to a process. We use the K command to send a signal to a process. The command L shows a list of signals. Most signals are for internal use by the system or for programmers when they write code. As a user, you will need the following signals. The common signals in Linux sect and it takes number 15 used to terminate the process in an orderly way sake and T number two used to interrupt the process, but the Brusss can ignore the signal sake and tax number nine used to interrupt the process but a Bruces can't ignore the signal. Sake takes number one used for demons to reread the configuration file. You can read more about default actions that are taken when sending a signal to a process in main seven signal. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 57. 14 Shutdown: Shut down. Linux was not made to be shut down. But if you really must use the shutdown command by adding the H option to the shutdown command will halt the system. While adding the R option, we reboot it. The reboot and halt commands are now able to invoked when the system is in run level one to five and thus ensure proper shutdown of the system. But it is a bad habit to get into, as not all Linux versions have this feature. If your computer doesn't power itself down, you should not turn off the computer until you see a message indicating that the system is halted or finished shutting down. This is done to give the system the time to amount all partitions and take care that being impatient may cause data loss. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 58. 15 Managing Processes: Managing processes. It doesn't hurt a common user to know something about it, especially where his or her own processes and their optimal execution are concerned. Now we will study the daily problems a common user is confronted with. Actions such a user can take to optimally use the resources available. This is mainly a matter of thinking before acting about time taking to execute a command offers a built end time command that displays how long a command takes to execute. The timing is highly accurate and can be used on any command. In our example, as you can see, the time taking to make this command about system performance to a user, performance means quick execution of commands to a system manager. On the other hand, it means much more. The system admin has to optimize system performance for the whole system, including users, all programs and demons. System performance can depend on 1,000 tiny things which are not accounted for with the time common, such as the program executing is badly written or doesn't use the computer appropriately. X to disks, controllers, display and all kinds of interfaces reachability of remote systems, which means network performance, Amount of users on the system and amount of users actually working simultaneously, time of day and others about system load. In short, the load depends on what is normal for your system. There is only one way to find out, check the load regularly if you want to know what's normal. If you don't, you will only be able to measure system load from the response time of the command line, which is a very rough measurement. Since this speed is influenced by 100 other factors, keep in mind that different systems will behave differently with the same load average. For example, a system with a graphics card supporting hardware acceleration will have no problem rendering three D images, while the same system with a chip VGA card will slow down tremendously while rendering. Now what can you do as a user? A big environment can slow you down if you have lots of environment variable set long search paths that are not optimized and more of those settings that are usually made on the fly. The system will need more time to search and read data. In X Window managers and desktop environments can be real CBU eaters. Really fancy desktop comes with a price, even when you can download it for free. Since most desktops provide add ons ad infinitum, modesty is a virtue if you don't buy a new computer every year. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 59. 16 Managing Process Priority & Niceness: Priority and niceness. The priority or importance of a job is defined by its nice number. A program with a high nice number is friendly to other programs, other users, the system, and it is not an important job. The lower the nice number, the more important a job is, and the more resources it will take without sharing them. Making a job nicer by increasing its nice number is only useful for processes that use a lot of B time, such as compilers, meth applications and the like. Processes that always use a lot of inbot, outbo time are automatically rewarded by the system. And given a higher priority, which means a lower nice number. For example, keyboard always gets the highest priority on a system. The default value of all the processes is zero. To start a process with a nice number value other than the default value used the following sex nice value process name. If a process already running on the system, then you can renice its value using the sex nice value ID. To change niceness, you can use the top command to determine the BID and its nice value later. Use the renice command to change the value. Apart from using the nice or nice commands, the top command is an easy way of stopping the troublesome processes and reducing priority. Identify the process in the nice column, press R and enter the process ID of the process that you want to renice. Then enter the nice value. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 60. 17 Managing Process CPU Resources: Cbu resources on every Linux system. Many programs want to use the CBU at the same time, even if you are the only user on the system, every program needs a certain amount of cycles on the CBU to run. There may be times when there are not enough cycles because the CBU is too busy. The uptime command is wildly inaccurate. It only displays averages and you have to know what is normal. But far from being useless, there are some actions you can undertake if you think your CBU is to blame for the unresponsiveness of your system. Try running heavy programs when the load is low. Prevent the system from doing unnecessary war, such as stopping demons and programs that you don't use. Also using locate in a state of a heavy fine, try running big jobs with a low barrierity. If none of these solutions is an option in your particular situation, you may want to upgrade your CBU. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 61. 18 Managing Process Memory Resources: Memory resources when the currently running processes expect more memory than the system has physically available. A Linux system will not crash. It will start Beijing. Or swabbing, meaning the process uses the memory in disk or in swab space, moving contents of the physical memory, which are pieces of running programs or entire programs to desk in case of swabbing, thus reclaiming the physical memory to handle more processes. This slows the system down enormously. Since access to disk is much slower than access to memory, the top command can be used to display memory and swab use. If you find that a lot of memory and swab space are being used, you can troy first killing, stopping, organizing those programs that use a big chunk of memory. Second, adding more memory and in some cases, more swab space to the system. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 62. 19 Tuning System Performance: Twinning system performance. While input outbut limitations are a major cause of stress for system admins, the Linux system offers rather bore utilities to major but outbut performance. The BS, VM state and top tools give some indication of how many programs are waiting for, but output state displays network interfaces, statistics. But there are virtually new tools available to measure the bot outbut response to system load. The IO State command gives a brief overview of general Embot outbut usage. Each device has its own problems, but the bandwidth available to network interfaces and the bandwidth available to desks are the two primary causes of bottlenecks in Embot outbut performance. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 63. 20 Network Problems: Network inbot output problems. Network overload occurs when the amount of data transported over the network is larger than the network's capacity, Resulting in a slow execution of every network related task for all users. This can be solved by cleaning up the network, which mainly involves disabling protocols and services that you don't need, or by reconfiguring the network. For example, use of submits, replacing hubs with switches, upgrading interfaces and equipment. Network integrity problems occurs when data is transferred Incorrectly, solving this problem can only be done by isolating the faulty element and replacing it. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 64. 21 Disk IO Problems: Disc inbot output problems. First, if bear process transfer rate too low, this means read or write speed for a single process is not sufficient. Second, if the aggregate transfer rate is too low, then the maximum total bandwidth that the system can provide to all programs that run is not enough. This kind of problem is more difficult to detect and usually takes extra hardware in order to redivide data streams over buses, controllers, and disks. If the overloaded hardware is the cause of the problem. One solution to solve this is a red array configuration optimized for Inbot and Outbot actions. This way you get to keep the same hardware. Upgrade to faster buses, controllers, and discs is usually the other option. If overload is not the cause, maybe your hardware is gradually failing or not well connected to the system. Check contacts, connectors, and blocks to start with. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 65. 22 Users: Users. Users can be divided into several classes depending on their behavior with resource usage. First, users who run a large number of small jobs are the beginning Linux user, for instance. Second, users who run relatively few but large jobs. For example, users running simulations, calculations, emulators, or other programs that eat a lot of memory. Usually these users have accompanying large data files. Third, users who run few jobs but use a lot of B time, such as developers and the like. You can see that system requirement may vary for each class of users and that it can be hard to satisfy everyone. If you are on a multi user system, it is useful and fun to find out habits of other users in the system in order to get the most out of it. For your specific purposes. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 66. 23 Graphical Tools: Graphical tools. For the graphical environment, there are a whole punch of monitoring tools available, such as the Genome System Monitor, which has features for displaying and searching, process information and monitoring system resources. X load is another small X application for monitoring system load. You can search and find your favorite. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 67. 24 Interrupting Processes: Interrupting processes. As an unprivileged user, you can only influence your own processes. We already saw how you can display processes and filter out processes that belong to a particular user. What possible restrictions can occur when you see that one of your processes is eating too much of the system's resources, there are two things that you can do. First, make the process use fewer resources without interrupting it. Or stop the process altogether in the case that you want the process to continue to run, but also you want to give the other processes on the system a chance you can rene the process. Examples of processes that you want to keep on running. Or emulators, virtual machines, compilers and so on. If you want to stop a process because it hangs or is going totally Bs in the way of the inbut output consumption, file creation or use of other system resources. Use the command if you have the opportunity. First, try to kill the process softly sending it the Sec term signal. Some processes are a little bit harder to get rid of if you have the time. You might want to send them the Sec end signal to interrupt them. If that doesn't do the trick either, use the strongest signal skill. In such cases, you might want to check that the process is really did using the grip filter again on the BID. If this only returns the grip process, you can be sure that you succeeded in stopping the process. Or you can check that the process is disappeared using the top command. Another way of killing a process, using the top program, you can kill unneeded or hanged processes by pressing K. Then type the process ID and then choose between Sc term using number 15 or sell using number nine and Bress Enter. As you can see the process kel is removed among processes that are hard to kill is your shell. That is a good thing. If they would be easy to kill, you would lose your shell every time you use control C on the command line. Accidentally. Since this is equivalent to sending a end in a graphical environment, the Kl program, very easy to use. Just type the name of the command followed by an enter and select the window of the application that you want to stop. It is rather dangerous because it sends a cycle by default, only use it when application hangs. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 68. 25 Scheduling Processes: Schidling processes. A Linux system can have a lot of to suffer from, but it usually suffers only during office hours. Whether in an office environment, a server room, or at home. Most Linux systems are just idling away during the morning, the evening, the nights, and weekends. Using this idle time can be a lot cheaper than buying those machines you would absolutely need if you want everything done at the same time. There are three types of delayed execution. First, waiting a little while, and then resuming job execution using the sleep command. In this case, execution time demends on the system time at the moment of submission. Second, running a command at a specified time using the command. In this case, execution of the jobs depends on system time, not the time of submission. Third, regularly running a command on a monthly, weekly, daily, or hourly basis using the current facilities. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 69. 26 The Sleep Command: The sleep command, the info page on sleep, is probably one of the shortest there is. All sleep does is wait. By default, the time to wait is expressed in seconds. Some practical examples. If you have an appointment after half an hour, but you are about drowned in work as it is and bound to forget your lunch. You can enter this command, sleep 1,800 semicolon echo lunch time embersend. This will show you a lunchtime alert after 1,800 seconds, meaning 30 minutes, when you can't use the command for some reason you want to go home. But there is still work to do right now. Somebody is eating system resources, you can type sleep 10,000 semicolon. Echo the name of your program followed by Embersend and press Enter. This will make your program start automatically after 10,000 seconds. Make sure there is an auto log out on your system and that you look out or lock your desktop when submitting this kind of job, or run it in a screen session when you run a series of print outs of large files. But you want other users to be able to print in between, you can use sleep between them. For example, LB, the name of the file you want to print. Semicolon sleep 1,000 semicolon LB, the name of the other file, semicolon sleep 1,000 semicolon LB, another file name. Here we use the sleep command in between printing our large files to make other users able to print in between. Programmers often use the sleep command to halt script or program execution for a certain time. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 70. 27 The at command: The command. The command executes commands at a given time using your default shell. Unless you tell the command otherwise. The options to Ad are rather user friendly. Which is demonstrated in this example. Tomorrow plus two days at Brombet will be opened to enter the commands you want to execute. K, Test grip Apple the use control D quit using control D quits the utility and generates the EOT message. End of transmission. Another example, 14, 20 CD. Home Enter control D. Here we use the command to execute commands at a certain time. The option, send this mail to the user when the job is done, or explains when a job can't be done. We can use the Q command to list jobs. Perform this command before submitting jobs in order to prevent them from starting at the same time as others. Also with the R M command, you can remove shadle jobs if you change your mind. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 71. 01 The Ping Command: The being command. This utility is commonly used to check whether your connection to the server is healthy or not. This command is also used in analyzing network and host connections, tracking network performance and managing it, testing hardware and software issues. The command sign text is options host name or IP address. The host names and IP addresses identified in the TC hosts file. Commonly used options for this command option to make ping audible pep each time response is received. Count option to stop after sending count Echo request packets with deadline option ping waits for count eco replay packets until the time out expires. And option to show network addresses as numbers. Being normally displays addresses as host names. Now let's take some examples. Let's try binging Google, Google.com Here the system has sent 64 pytes of data backets to the IP address or host name of Google. If even one of databackets doesn't return or is lost, it would suggest an error in the connection. Usually, Internet connectivity is checked. Using this method, you may press control C to exit from the bank loop. Let's try the option three, www.google.com In this example, display quo request three times only because we set count for three. Now let's try the option, www.google.com Here the network addresses display as numbers showing Google.com IP address. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 72. 02 The Ftp Command: The FTB command. Ftb is file transfer protocol. It is the most preferred protocol for data transfer amongst computers. You can use FTB four logging and establishing a connection with a remote host. Uploading and downloading files, navigating through directories, and browsing contents of the directories. The sign text to establish an FTB connection with a remote host is FTB domain name or IP address. Establishing an FTB connection to connect to the FTB server, we have to type in the terminal window FTB and then the domain name or IP address of the FTB server. Once you enter this command, it will ask you for authentication via username and password. For example, FTB test do rebexnet It is read only used for testing rebex components to less directory and download here, username is demo, password is password. Once connection is established and you are logged in, you may use the following commands to perform different actions. Ls command to directories with security settings to display files in the current directory of the remote computer CD. To change directory to name on the remote computer to a lot file from local to the remote computer. Get file to download file from remote to the local computer. And equate command to log out. To abort a file transfer, use the terminal interrupt key control C. You must know that an FTB transmission is not encrypted. Anyone who intercepts the transmission can read the data you send, including your username and password. So take care. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 73. 03 The telnet Command: The ten net command troubleshooting. If the tennet command didn't work with you or you received an error message, like unable to connect to remote host connection refused. You can do the following steps to solve the problem. First, installed tenet D and TCBD using these commands in the main operating system terminal. Second, create the following file using your choosing text editor. Then add this content to the created file. After that, use this command to restore telnet server in the main operating system. Then try connecting again to local host using the telenet command. If you're still having a problem, you may need to ensure that the machine that you are connecting to doesn't block the standard Telenet board 23. If you will need to open the board in the server firewall, for example, to allow the telenet board 23 in bono fire wall, you can use this command. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 74. 04 The telnet Command Troubleshooting: The ten net command troubleshooting. If the tennet command didn't work with you or you received an error message, like unable to connect to remote host connection refused. You can do the following steps to solve the problem. First, installed tenet D and TCBD using these commands in the main operating system terminal. Second, create the following file using your choosing text editor. Then add this content to the created file. After that, use this command to restore telnet server in the main operating system. Then try connecting again to local host using the telenet command. If you're still having a problem, you may need to ensure that the machine that you are connecting to doesn't block the standard Telenet board 23. If you will need to open the board in the server firewall, for example, to allow the telenet board 23 in bono fire wall, you can use this command. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 75. 05 The ssh Command: The SSH command, SSH, which stands for secure shell, is used to securely connect to a remote computer. Compared to telnet, SSH is secure wherein the client server connection is authenticated using a digital certificate and passwords are encrypted. Hence, it's widely used by system administrators to control remote Linux servers. The sign text log in to a remote Linux machine Using SSH is SSH, remote user name, IB address, or remote host name. Once you are logged in, you can execute any commands that you do in your terminal. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 76. 06 The ssh Command Troubleshooting: The secure shell command troubleshooting. If the secure shell command didn't work with you or you received an error message, you can enter the following commands to solve the problem. Then tri connecting to local host using the SSH command. Followed by remote user name at local host or remote user name at IB address. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 77. 01 Text Editors: Text editors. It is very important to be able to use at least one text mode editor. Knowing how to use an editor on your system is the first step to independence. As an advanced user, you may want to start writing scripts or books, develop websites or new programs. Mastering an editor will immensely improve your productivity as well as your capabilities. Our focus is on text editors, which can also be used on systems without a graphical environment and Interminal Windows. The additional advantage of mastering a thickest editor is in using it on remote machines, since you don't need to transfer the entire graphical environment over the network. Working with thickest editors tremendously improves networks. But if you really insist on using a graphical text editor, try edit, key, edit, keri, or edit. These programs only do text files, which is what we will be needing. If you blame on doing anything serious though, stick to a real text mode editor such as M or Imac. An acceptable alternative is GM, the genome version of them. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 78. 02 The easy way to Vim: The easy way of learning the M editor. Instead of reading the text, which is quite boring, you can use the M tutor to learn your first M commands. This is a 30 minute tutorial that teaches the most basic M functionality in eight easy exercises. While you can't learn everything about them in just half an hour, the tutor is designed to describe enough of the commands that you will be able to easily use them as an old purpose editor in Linux. If M has been properly installed, you can start this program from the shell or command line by entering the Vm tutor command. This will make a copy of the tutor file so that you can edit it without the risk of damaging the original. There are a few translated versions of the tutor to find out if yours is available, use the two letter language code. For example, this would be tutor for French language if installed on the system. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 79. 01 Creating a User: Creating a user. In Linux, every user is assigned an individual account which contains all the files, information, and of the user. You can create multiple users in a Linux operating system. First, using terminal, we will use the command pud user. For example, pud user test. Now the new account test is created. Second, creating a user using graphical user interface. Go to the system settings, look for an icon which says user accounts. Click on the unlocked icon and enter the Bstword. When prompted, then click the blast sign. A new window would pop up, asking you for adding information to the new user account. The account type offers two choices, standard and administration. If you want the new user to have administrative access to the computer, select administrator at the account type. Administrators can do things like add and delete users, install software and drivers and change the date and time. Otherwise, choose the standard, fill in the full name username and click on Create. The new account would show but would be disabled by default To activate it, click the password option and add a new password. Click Change to enable the account. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 80. 02 Deleting and disabling account: Deleting and disabling account. First, using terminal for disabling and account using terminal, remove the password set on the account pud SDL user name. To delete an account, use the command pud user del R user name. Second, deleting and disabling account using graphical user interface. Highlight the user account and click the minus sign to delete and you would get this prom bit. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 81. 03 Adding and Removing users from the usergroups: Adding users to the user groups. You can view the existing groups in your Linux operating system by entering this command group mode and preste key twice. Now to add a user to a group, use this syntax, pseudo user mode, Abarcse group user name. We use berks option to add a supplementary group and we use the option to add the user to the supplementary groups used only with the abercseG option. For example, pseudo userdb jud where test is the group name and judi is the user name. You can check whether the user is in a group by this command, TC group. Removing a user from user group. For removing a user, use this syntax. Pud de user group name. For example, de jue Judy is the user name and Test is the group name. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 82. 04 File Security: File security on Alenex system. Every file is owned by a user and a group user. There is also a third category of users, those that are not the user owner and don't belong to the group owning the file. For each category of users, read, write, and execute permissions can be granted or denied. We already used the long option to list files using the LS command though, for other reasons. This command also displays file permissions for these three user categories. They are indicated by the nine characters that follow the first character, which is the file type indicator at the beginning of the file roberts line. As we see the first three characters in this series of nine display access rights for the actual user that owns the file. The next three are for the group owner of the file. The last three for other users, the permissions are always in the same order. Read, write, excute for the user, the group, and the others. For effective security, Linux divides authorization into two levels. The first level is ownership, and the second level is permission. The concept of permissions and ownership is crucial in Linux. I hope this has been informative for you, and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 83. 05 Ownership in Ubuntu files: Ownership in open to files. Every file and directory in your Linux system is assigned three types of owner, group and other. First, the user. A user is the owner of the file. By default, the person who created a file becomes its owner. Hence, a user is also sometimes called an owner. The group. A user group can contain multiple users. All users belonging to a group will have the same access permissions to the file. Suppose you have a project where a number of people require access to a file. Instead of manually assigning permissions to each user, you could add all users to a group and assign group permission to file. Such that only these group members and no one else can read or modify these files. Any other user who has access to a file, this person has neither created the file, nor he belongs to a user group who could own the file. Practically, it means everybody else. Hence, when you set the permission for others, it is also referred as set permissions for war. Now the big question arises. How does Linux distinguish between these three user types so that a user A cannot affect a file which contains some other user B's vital information or data dislike. You don't want your colleague who works on your Linux computer to view your personal images. This is where permissions set in and they define user behavior. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 84. 06 Permissions: Permissions. Every file and directory in your Linux system has the following three permissions defined for all the three owners discussed before. Read, write, and execute. The read permission give you the authority to open and read a file. Read permission on a directory gives you the ability to list its content. The right permission. The right permission gives you the authority to modify the contents of a file. The right permission on a directory gives you the authority to add, remove, and rename files stored in the directory. Consider a scenario where you have right permission on the file, but don't have right permission on the directory where the file is stored. You will be able to modify the file contents, but you will not be able to rename, move, or remove the file from the directory. The execute permission. In Windows, an executable program usually has an extension and which you can easily run. But in Linux, you can't run a program unless the executed permission is set. If the execute permission is not set, you might still be able to see or modify the program code provided that read and write permissions are set. But you can't actually run it until you have the executed permission. Let's see this in action LS L here. As we can see, the highlighted permissions tells us about the permissions given to the owner user group and the orlid. Here, the first hyphen or implies that we have selected a file. If it were a directory, D would have been shown. The characters are pretty easy to remember. Read permission for red permission, X for execute permission, and hyphen means no permission. By design, many Linux distributions like Fedora, Centos, Bantu will add users to a group of the same group name as the username. Thus, a user test is added to a group named test. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 85. 07 chmod Command: The C H mode command. Changing file or directory permissions is done using the C H mode command. Say, you don't want your colleague to see your personal images. This can be achieved by changing file permissions using the C H mode command, which stands for change mood. Using this command, we can set permissions, read, write, and execute on a file or directory for the owner group. And the worlid, the scien text for this command is H mood, permissions, file name. There are two ways to use the command, absolute mood and symbolic mood, which will be discussed in the next lesson. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 86. 08 Absolute(Numeric) Mode: Absolute mood. In this mood file, permissions are not represented as characters, but a three digit octal number. In this table, numbers used for all of permission types. Number zero means no permission, the sample is dash for read, right execute. Number one means excutely, the symbol is x. Number two means right on the symbol is number three means excu plus right. The symbol is X, number four. Read on the symbol is R. Number five means red plus excute. The symbol is R, X. Number six means read plus right. The sample is our number seven means read plus right plus acute. The sample is our x. Let's see the CH mod command in action. First let's see permissions on file test L S L t. Now let's change permissions on this file, CH mod 764 test. Now to check LS L test. Now we have changed the permissions on the file test to 764764. Absolute code says the following, owner can read, write, and execute. User group can read and write Word can only read. This is shown as R, R, d, the first dish for the file type because it is file directory. If it is directory, it would be D, the next three letters for permissions for the user or the owner of the file, then three for permissions for the user group. The last three letters are for permissions for others or the or Lip. This is how you can change the permissions on a file by assigning an absolute number. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 87. 09 Symbolic Mode: Symbolic mood. In the absolute mood, you change permissions for all three owners, but you can also modify permissions of a specific owner using symbolic mood. It makes use of mathematical symbols to modify the file permissions. The blast operator adds a permission to a file or directory. The minus operator removes the permission equal operator sets the permission and overrides the permissions set earlier. The various owners are represented as you as user or owner a group as other, and as all, we will not be using permissions in numbers 777, but correctors like r x. Let's try an example to see the test file permission LSL test. Now to set all permissions, read, write, and execute to the other users. H equal r x test. To check L S L test done to add the execution permission to the user group C H mood plus x test. Let's check L S L test to remove the read permission from user CH mod minus a test Check done. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 88. 10 Changing Ownership and Group: Changing ownership. And group for changing the ownership of a file or directory. You can use this sex a short for change owner in case you want to change the user as well as group. For a file or directory, use the colon group. Let's see this in action. First, let's check the file ownership using LSL command. Now, to change the file owner to move cho, my file. To check LSL my file to change user and group to moved cho, colon, move my file and to check LS L in case you want to change group owner, only use the command. Change group C H GRB. Some important things I would like you to know the file TC group contains all the groups defined in the system. You can use the command groups to find all the groups you are a member of. You cannot have two groups owning the same file. You don't have nested groups in Linux, one group cannot be subgroup of other. Executing a directory means being allowed to enter a directory and gain possible access to subdirectories. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing. 89. 01 Ubuntu Virtual Terminals: Ponto Virtual Terminal. Ponto is a multi user system which allows many users to work on it simultaneously. What if different users need to work on the same system at a time? How do you do that? This is where we need the virtual terminals. Let's talk about them. Virtual terminals are similar to terminal that you have been using so far. They are used for executing commands and offering Bo. The only difference is that you can't use the mouse with the virtual terminals. Therefore, you need to know the keyboard shortcuts. Virtual terminals enable a number of users to work in different programs at the same time on the same computer. This is the reason they are one of the most distinguished features of Linux. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 90. 02 Starting V Terminals & Nav: Starting a Virtual terminal. Let's learn how to access and utilize the virtual terminals. Usually, there are six default virtual terminals on a Linux operating system, and you can log into them as different users to conduct different tasks. Let's try starting a virtual terminal. Press control F six, Enter user ID and Bsword. Now the virtual terminal is ready to work on. You can navigate between the six virtual terminals using control Alt and choose from two to F six keys, F two being the first terminal, while six being the last virtual terminal. You can work on all of the virtual terminals at the same time in order to know which virtual terminal you are working on. Tty given at the top, TTY is the type number which you can also know by typing the common TTY. The first terminal is the one which we have been using so far and it can be accessed again by bracing the key combination control at one. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 91. 03 Virtual Terminal Shortcuts: Virtual Terminal Shortcuts. These are some of the shortcuts that you should be aware of while working on virtual terminals. Press home or control to move the cursor to the start of the current lines. Or control to move the cursor to the end of the current line. You can press step to to complete commands. Press control to the current line. Press control W, to delete the word before the cursor press control key. Delete the line from the cursor position to the end. You can type to reset the terminal type history to get list of commands executed by the user. Press arrow to scroll up in history and enter to ext. Press scroll down in history and enter to excute. Press control, log out from the terminal, press control out, delete to reboot the system. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for reviewing. 92. Installating QT Creator on Ubuntu: Installing cute creator on Bantu pseudo Abts. Build Essential. The Build Essential package is a reference for all the packages needed to compile a Debian package. It generally includes the GCC and G compilers and libraries and some other utilities. After finishing the installation of build essential. Now to install cute creator. A install cute creator after finishing the installation. If you want cute five to be the default cute version to be used when using development binaries like install the following package, abs cute five default to install the cute documentation sudeste five. And eventually install cut five D doc HTML five HTML. If examples are missing, you can use this command abit into cut five examples. Now to start cute creator, type cute creator amber sand. I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing.