The Arduino Course | Step by Step Explanations for Beginners by an Engineer

1. Introduction: Welcome and thank you very much for choosing this course. In this Arduino beginner's guide, you will find an introduction to the use of the mini PCI Arduino in theory and practice. I, as an engineer, will share with you my knowledge from study and practice step-by-step in this course, this course aimed specifically at beginners, you will learn all the basics you need to know when working with an Arduino. We will work exclusively with the Arduino Uno in this course, as it is ideally suited for beginners. In brief, this course will teach you the following in detail. The basic terms and components of electrical engineering as background knowledge, structure of an Arduino Uno board and how to use it. What is the Arduino IDE? What is it used for and how is it structured? Programming Basics, block-based programming, programming basis, text-based programming. How to create a system with an Arduino, and how to write the required program code. Hence, on learning based on exciting Do It Yourself project. Sos signal with LED, temperature based LED control, dependent control of a motor, gas detection alarm, password protected system, remote control system, and much more. Be excited. Let's go. 2. First steps with an Arduino: Arduino is an electronic platform consisting of hardware and software that is very user friendly. And it was created as part of an open-source project. The term open source is generally characterized by the fact that software is freely available, active participation of users is desired, and there are no restrictions on use. Simply put, an Arduino is nothing more than a small and very simple PC or microcontroller that is capable of taking input signals, processing them internally, and then converting them into corresponding output signals. An input signal could, for example, be sunlight falling on the center. The corresponding output signal it could, for example, be controlling a motor. This mini PCI can be purchased in the very realistic appearance of a circuit port equipped with electronic components, either individually or as I said. There are different Arduino boards, modules and beginner sets. The following Arduino boards are recommended to get started with. Arduino, Arduino Nano, Arduino Leonardo Arduino Micro. A good overview of all products and the weight to all of them can be found on the official website, www dot arduino dot cc. You can either on the Arduino products we need in this course, why at this official site or buy them on Amazon or eBay? By the way, an Arduino Uno port is available from about $20. Complete starts to set from about $70. In this course, we will mainly deal with the Arduino Uno board and use it for the projects. We will also need other components, such as LEDs, Resistors, sensors, for example, infrared sensor actuators, for example, a motor for the project. Which components in particular are needed. You will find them the further course and then each project clearly listed. For this, it is recommended to buy the so-called arduino starter kit for beginners. Or also another star to set, or in addition to the Arduino Uno board, also sensor or module set, which contains the required components in order for the mini PC to know what to do with the previously mentioned input signals and output signals, we would like to have the Arduino board needs instructions. These instructions for the microcontroller are given by the user, that means by us, thanks to a program code. Programming language is used for this purpose. For programming and transmission, a special software is used, the Arduino software IDE. This software can be downloaded online free of charge. For example, at arduino dot cc, countless projects have already been realized with the Arduino microcontroller. This mini PCI is suitable for hobby projects, for prototyping or even for a scientific projects. The Arduino community spread all over the world. It includes students, engineers, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and so on. Millions of users have contributed to this open-source platform. And thanks to these contributions, a lot of knowledge has been accumulated to help professional and new uses. There are various projects are doing you is specifically designed for users who need a simple and inexpensive platform for electronics and programming projects. Since Arduino is an open source project, uses can change anything they want or customize any function according to their needs. Why choose an Arduino? There are also other microcontroller platforms and competing products. Some of them that are similar to Arduino are called, for example, basic stamp by parallax, px 24, phi and handy board. And there are many other boards with similar functions. However, these microcontrollers use quite old fashioned programming methods. The community is not as large as for Arduino, and the instructions are not so easy for new chemists. The following is a brief list of why Arduino is so great and why you are right to choose Arduino and this course. Reasonable price are doing new has a fair reasonable price. And this is one of the main reasons for it worldwide success. The Arduino Uno board, for example, is already available for around 20 bucks cross-platform. As with many major platforms, most microcontrollers only work with Windows. They lack support for systems like Mac and Linux. Arduino, on the other hand, runs with all systems easy to program. Probably the most important point. An Arduino is effortless to use and program the software for it. Arduino IDE is very user-friendly. This helps especially beginners, but also young people are retirees to get familiar with the program very easily and playfully. Nevertheless, Arduino also offers the possibility to perform complex projects and programming is also a great platform for advanced users. Open source software. Everyone can contribute to this great project. Every user can create new libraries. We will learn later what this is and make them available to other users as well. Open source hardware. The Arduino hardware is also open source and can be modified by any user through a kind of plug-and-play system and through a so-called breadboard, modules can be added in a variety of different projects can be implemented. It is a kind of modular system. 3. Basics of electricity and digital electronics: Before we go into detail about the Arduino board and the Arduino software. Let's first take a look at the basics of electricity and ticket electronics. Electricity is created by electrons flowing from a place with higher potential, higher energy to a place with lower potential, lower energy. It can be relatively well imagined by means of a waterfall. The water represents the electrons flows from the top point of the waterfall, high potential, high energy to the bottom point of the waterfall. Low potential, low energy. The potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy during this process. That's why it loses this in a T state in the process. But actually this energy is transformed asset before. Similarly, d electron wants to flow from a place with higher current, high potential to a place with lower current, low potential. Voltage is the unit of electrical energy generated by the battery. The battery or any other voltage source has two terminals. One terminal is called the negative terminal, and the other terminal is called the positive terminal. The positive terminal, the voltage potential is higher than compared to the negative side. Thus, the current flows from the positive side plus pole to the negative side minus pole. Considering the technical direction of current, you can think of a battery or other power generating source. Functioning as a pump. Battery, for example, generates voltage or energy through an electric chemical reaction. Inside this voltage, or energy flows out of the positive pole in the form of electrons. These electrons symbolize the water molecules that are pumped out to compensate for the lost electrons. The battery, similar to a suction pump, draws the same number of electrons back in through the negative pole. What is a circuit? Simply put, a circuit is an arrangement of different components within the electrically conductive connection between them. For an electrical circuit or circuit to work, you need an energy source, such as a battery and a load such as a light bulb, as well as connections between these two components, which are called conductors. In electrical engineering, these components are represented in a circuit as the following symbols. For a lamp, for example, to light up as shown in the following figure, the circuit must be closed. That means there must be a connection between the two poles plus and minus of a police source, for example, the battery and the lab. If this is the case, current flows from one pole of the power source, for example, the battery through the lamp, and back to the other pole of the power source. When this connection is severe, for example, by a switch, current no longer flows and the lamp no longer lights. In this case, it is called an open circuit. A short circuit occurs if the current can flow from one pole of the current source to the other pole, unhindered. And without first passing through an electrical component. For example, through an uninsulated spot of a cable on a metal surface. This is because the current always takes the path of least resistance. Circuit diagram is the basic concept of a circuit that can be drawn, for example, on a piece of paper or with the help of a computer program, such as circuit diagram can also be made a bit more descriptive, a bit more descriptive. Circuit diagrams for the Arduino can be created best with the software from Fritz Lang.org, which can be downloaded at the given me URL for little money at Fritz Lang.org. You can also find many references and instructions for using the software. As we can see on the picture in this project, for example, a relay and the module are connected to an Arduino Uno wire cables. The colors of the wires each have a meaning that helps to make correct wiring. This illustration, or red wires stands for the five volt signal and all black wires for the ground signal 0 warm. 4. Important components of electronics & digital electronics: In this chapter, we will deal with the basics of electronics, a main field of electrical engineering. In particular, we will take a closer look at digital electronics. Basis of digital electronics is simple switching operations. The computer is one of the best examples of these switching operations of digital electronics. The applications that a modern computer enables us to do are achieved, thanks two switching operations performed by millions of transistors. So what is the basic principle behind the PC? Surely you have heard this before. It is the so-called binary system, which is based on the two numbers, 01. Communication and digital systems takes place with the help of these numbers, with the help of various combinations of these two numbers. Since the Arduino is basically nothing more than a very simple and strip down mini PC. This principle is also applied here. The two binary numbers are mostly represented in today's electronic systems, but the voltage is five volt, one or high value, and 0 volt 0 or low-value. The restriction to only two numbers or voltage values seems to be very limiting and it is very hard to imagine how a PC can achieve today's outstanding performance based on this system. However, this system and its simplicity makes sense. It simplifies the matter because it is extremely simple to recognize these two states. That means 0 or 12 definitely distinguish them from each other. Diode is a semiconductor component in electronics that has the property of allowing current to flow in only one direction. For what direction? The other direction is blocked for the current flow reverse direction. You can imagine a diode simply like a valve. The simplest application of a diode is the LED. Led light emitting diode is a semiconductor device that produces light when it is energized. The light is produced by current flowing from a DC source to the diode and through it. Since an LED is a semiconductor device, it also has a forward direction. This means that current can only flow through it in that direction. If an LED is connected incorrectly, no light will be produced. The color of the light and whether it is visible or not. For example, infrared is controlled by the doping and material used. Two major advantages of LEDs are long life. Be low power consumption compared to old-fashioned lamps. And LED can achieve a lifetime of several, 10 thousand hours, and it has many times better efficiency. Why is that? Convention? Will light bulbs produce an enormous amount of heat in addition to visible light, which means that the energy expended is converted not only into light, but primarily into heat. With LEDs, only a little heat is produced as a waste or byproduct, and almost all the energy can be used to produce the light. There are now different types of LEDs. The simplest design is shown in the presented image, the heart and also the actual semiconductor element of the LED, shown is the LED chip, which is placed on a reflector on the anode and the midst of the light. The circuit symbol of an LED consists of the diode circuit symbol with two additional slanted arrows, which are supposed to represent emitting light. Transistor is a simple three terminal component that can best be thought of as a wealth that controls the flow of water in a pump. For example. If we turn the control wheel of their wealth in a certain direction, that means open. The water flow increases. And if we turn it in the other direction, that means close. The flow decreases. The valve in the case of the transistor would be diets and the water would be the current. Electronics and general simplified has a lot to do with switching elements and transistors also behave like switches. In addition to this switching capability, transistors also have the property of amplification, which would be equivalent to changing the wealth for ASU for the amount of motor output. This amplification property is particularly important in the world of electronics. There are several types of transistors. One of the simplest being the bipolar transistor. Furthermore, there are, for example, the field effect transistor and the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor. All types of transistors have the special properties and are used in different applications. In simple terms, a capacitor consists of nothing more than two plates arranged parallel to each other and the dielectric between them. A dielectric is simply a weekly or non-conductive substance, solid liquid gas with charge carriers that are not free to move. Capacitors are generally considered charge storage devices because when an electrical potential is applied, they can store voltage and not cheat in their plates. The ability of a capacitor to store charge depends on the area of the plates, the spacing and the a dielectric between the plates. This ability to store charge is typically referred to as capacitance. The charge in the plates increases, so that's the voltage of the capacitor, and this continues until the capacitance is reached. Resistors are components that can be used primarily to estimate name suggests, apply resistance to something. In this case, the resistor acts against the current and can be used to limit the flow of current into a component that is connected to the resistor. Basically, every conductor has a resistance that can be calculated depending on its length and cross-section. In our case, we'll use so-called sheet resistors. Here. For example, there are the carbon foam or sisters and the metal or metal oxide film resistors. With these types, the resistance while you comes from Quranic core with a layer of carbon or metal or metal oxygen. The resistance value can be measured either with the help of a multi-meter or directly on the resistor by means of a colored drinks. Each resistor has a color-code consisting of five rings that revealed the resistance value. How to read this color-coding must be explained in detail and would therefore go beyond the scope of this chapter. After all, we want to work with the Arduino as soon as possible. You can either look up this coding online or best asset, use a multimeter to measure it. In electrical engineering, multimeters are often used as measuring instruments. Multimeters with two terminals and measure voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, and inductance. But you can also measure the polarity of transistors and perform a continuity test with it. The continuous test tells us or whether a circuit is shorted or not. Multimeters can only measure one variable at a time, such as current or voltage. To measure are multiple parameters. We need to use several individual devices. The figure shows a simple multi-meter with the different measuring ranges. Depending on what you want to measure, you turn the dial to the appropriate range. When taking a measurement, always start from the highest possible voltage or amperage, the highest or the highest resistance value, and then turn the display setting down until a suitable value is displayed. This means, for example, that if you make a measurement on a DC voltage source and you suspect a while you between 2200 volts, you first turn the setting range to 200 watts, and then downloads. If you want to measure a voltage, you have to connect the measuring electrodes parallel to the voltage source or to the component you want to measure. As far a light bulb for example, this word work like this. If you want to measure the current, you have to connect the measuring instrument, the multi-meter, in series to the consumer. That means disconnect the line. Perhaps you have heard the term embedded system before. Perhaps you have also often wondered what it actually is and what it is used for. In simple terms, an embedded system describes the presents of a type of computer in a technical system or on a circuit board, as in the case of the Arduino, that carries out signal transmission or data processing of input and output signals. This processing is done by a microcontroller, which is a tiny computer. This microcontroller is designed to perform certain functions, and it's basically nothing more than a tiny computer system consisting of a semiconductor chip. You can program the microcontroller using PC software to perform operations. As an example, in the figure, you can see a system controlled by an Arduino Uno. This system switches the power of two devices, air conditioner and the electric heater, depending on temperature and time. During off-peak hours, data is obtained from the utility company. It tries to match the electricity bill with the room temperature. A budget limit for the electricity price can be set with potentiometer. It also attempts to turn the air conditioner on at night and off during working hours, six days per week. In this circuit, the temperature is measured using lm 35 temperature sensor and displayed on the LCD. In this complex system, the Arduinos, which is the air conditioner and heater, by matching the temperature, time, and power bill. Three parameters. This example should only show what is possible with an Arduino and that even complex systems are possible. Of course, we will start much simpler in one of the following chapters and learn everything step-by-step. So do not be afraid. The system can be a stand-alone system, but it can also cooperate with Alice systems to perform a common task. In every embedded system, there are circuits that perform the functions and send or receive instructions. That means transmit data in the form of voltage with the help of conductive elements. In its simplest form, an embedded system consists of the following core components. Processor, sensor, actuator, and an analog to digital converter, as well as digital to analog converter. We will look at these components in more detail in the further. Sensor is a component that can convert physical changes in the real world into an electrical signal that can be used by a computer, ordinary electrical system to process data. Think of it like a human sensory organ. With the help of eyes, ears, and other sensory organs, our brain can interpret the outside world and thus create an image of it. Similarly, you can imagine it with computer systems. In this example, the zeros would stand for the sense organs and the microcontroller for the brain. The electrical signals coming from the sensors to the microcontroller allow the embedded system or the microcontroller to interpret what is happening in the outside world and then execute a response or program given by a programmer for a scenario by means of code. Another important component of an embedded system is the analog to digital converter. This converts the analog signals ascend by the sensors into a digital signal. For this purpose, as we already know by now, binary system is used. That means the two numbers 10. These binary numbers represent the language of the system in which a microcontroller can understand and react to difference between analog and digital signals is, among other things, that an analog signal can be the carrier of several pieces of information. Whereas with a ticket titled Signal, one can assign unique piece of information to each signal. An analog signal would therefore confused the microcontroller to put it bluntly, processors are the heart of any embedded system. A processor performs all tasks related to the received data. This component therefore receives the data, stores it, processes it, and tells the system and what way it must react to this data. Digital to analog converter is basically just the opposite of an analog to digital converter. It converts the digital signal sent by the microcontroller back into an analog signal. Why is the digital signal converted back to an analog signal? Simply because an analog signal can be understood by physical devices or actuators. An actuator, for example, an electric motor, converts the analog signal received from the microcontroller and the digital to analog converter into a physical action. There are mechanical, acoustic, chemical, thermal, and optical actuators that can perform physical actions in the real world. According to that design. This is how embedded systems interact with the environment. From this, there are a few steps that we need to take when creating or designing an Arduino system. First, we think about what tasks are embedded system. That means our Arduino should perform, for example, raised appliance when the sun rises. Then we think about which sensors we need for this, for example, a light sensor. In addition, we need to think about the program code for this task. Don't worry, we'll get to that. We still need an actuator to perform the task, for example, a motor. Of course, we also have to build the board with the components according to a previously considered circuit. 5. The Arduino Board (Hardware): In this chapter, Let's take a look at the hardware. That means the board of the Arduino Uno. Each pin of an Arduino board is marked with a number or a label. The board works with five volt. In what follows, we will look a little more closely at the components of an Arduino, in this case, the Arduino Uno. We will now take a closer look at some of the most important components of the Arduino board. Step-by-step. Digital pins can supply a five voltage or 0 volt. Similarity. This can also detect whether a voltage is present at the pin and whether this is five volt or 0 volt. Logically, the latter is the case when there is no voltage. We can define in our program code whether a pin should be used as output or input. We will see how this works later. And internal LED is connected to pin 13 of the Arduino. This LED can be useful in many situations. We will do with it again later. Another LED is connected to the power pin to indicate if the Arduino is receiving power. The AT mega microcontroller controls the port, controls all input and output signals and serves as the digital control center of the Arduino. It is the processor of the board and later also contains the program code transferred by the user. Five analog pins, analog in are used to read analog voltage and convert it to digital voltage. This is done with the help of an analog to digital converter, which we have already learned about. The two pins, T and D and five volt are used to supply power to the circuits. In a project. 3.3 volt power pin is also available. G and D stands for ground, which is the negative terminal of the board. The board can be powered by USB cable or power block. Arduino can work with voltages from five to 12 volt. In no case should a higher voltage be applied. To pins labeled TX and RX are connected to LEDs and indicate when communication is taking place. That means whether a signal is being processed or not. For example, this is especially essential for troubleshooting, which can be simplified considerably. Finally, the Arduino can communicate with the computer via USB port. For example, to transfer the program code to the processor. You can reset the code at anytime with a reset button. This button stops all functions that the port performs and restarts it. We will neglect the other elements and connections for now as we will come back to them later, or in the practical project, we will understand the practical use of the connections. In the next chapter, we turn away from the hardware and take a look at the Arduino software. Stay tuned after the basics, exciting and great projects will await us. But first, a short explanation about the use of a so-called breadboard. Breadboard is the best way to build a circuit as soon as it becomes a bit more complex or contains several parts. With a breadboard, there is an area for the power supply of the breadboard, plus and minus imprint. And areas with letters and numbers depends that are in a row that tells a to E and F2 are conductively connected to each other. This means, for example, V1 and I1 or h5 and i5 and J5 are conductively connected. The components and cables are plucked into their respective pins and thus connected to each other. 6. The Arduino Software (IDE) & Programming Basics: The Arduino Integrated Development and why I meant commonly known as the Arduino software IDE, consists of a text-based editor for writing lines of code and use section, toolbar, several menus. The software can be connected to a microcontroller of the Arduino board to upload code to run a program, download the software at arduino dot cc. In this chapter, we will look at how to write a program code in this Arduino IDE, which you can later execute on the Arduino board. But first, let's take a look at an alternative method when programming and Arduino. Before we go into more detail about the Arduino IDE and learn how to create a program code in it. We will first get to know the method of block-based programming. This is simply an alternative. The more complicated text-based programming that follows later. Block-based programming is the simplest form of programming. This is mainly useful in great for people who have no experience with programming because you can achieve success quickly and easily. You can imagine it as if you put building blocks on top of each other in the software, each of which has a specific function. You just have to put these building blocks together in an orderly and meaningful way to get the finished code. For beginners, this type of programming is very useful to learn the basics of programming methods and general operation. The best way to get started with block-based programming of an Arduino is to use Autodesk Tinkercad software. Tinkercad is an online platform where, among other things, you can quickly and easily program on Arduino using the block-based programming we just presented. After creating an account at think a cat.com, you can get started through block-based programming. We mainly get the following three advantages. As a beginner, we don't have to be afraid of small but essential errors in the syntax, the program structure. Second, we can thus concentrate on the main task without worrying about the programming interface. And third, we can become more familiar with basic structure and flow of a text-based programming through the given blocks. Code blocks are divided into different categories. These categories are also color-coded for patho clarity. The following categories are available for selection. Category output. These blocks are used to instruct the actuators what to do. Why the microcontroller, we control the output signals through this category input with the help of these blocks, we bring the data from the sensors, that means the input signals to the microcontrollers. Category notation, comments. The blocks that can be found in this category do not directly affect the Arduino code, but are used to indicate what the program code actually does. These blocks help the user to understand the program code category control. Control structures help to enable the microcontroller to make decisions based on the data it receives. Category variables. Variables are changing values that the program uses to execute mathematical functions or to store data. When we use blocks from the different categories on Tinkercad, they align with each other like in a flowchart. But let's just take a look at a relatively simple example. For example, we would like to control an LED using block-based programming and Tinkercad. In our example, we connect an LED pin to the Arduino. Furthermore, if we put a resistor between the negative pin of the LED and the negative terminal of the Arduino board, G and D to control the amount of current flowing through it. This resistor will help us control the amount of current flowing through the LED and will prevent the LED from burning out. For example, if we now add the first block from the category output in Tinkercad, as shown in the image. We can use it to turn on the LED. It also automatically implements the following circumstances in the program code without us having to program them separately. First, pin two is defined as output pin. Second, pin two can no longer be used as input pin. Third, in this code setup, the LED is connected to pin two of the Arduino for the actual switching on the other. Just play around with Tinkercad and the possibility of block-based programming, that's the best way to learn. Meanwhile, we continue with the preparation for the course, mainly discussed text-based method of programming. In the Arduino software, you use the built-in text editor to write code for the Arduino. Code written with the Arduino software is called Sketch. The editor includes the following functions, among others, cut and paste and search and replace. The message area provides the IDEs response when code is written. Such a response can also be an error message. For example, the console provides text-based output messages provided by the Arduino software. For example, general information. Arduino code can then be saved with the file extension dot. When it is ready. In the lower right corner of the window, the configured Arduino board and serial number are displayed. The toolbar buttons give you options to review and upload programs, create sketches, open and safe, and open the serial monitor. Using the serial monitor, you can see what information the Arduino is sending to the PC, maps the communication between Arduino and PC. The next step, let's familiarize ourselves in detail the elements of the program. For this purpose, let's take a look at the command par with icons located in the upper part. The smaller checkmark is to use is used to check the entered code for errors before compiling. Compiling means that you all the program translates the programming language into the machine language of the computer. Compiling then starts automatically with a click on the check mark with the error located to the right of the checkmark and pointing to the right. You can upload your code to the configured Arduino board. It must be connected via USB port. For this, with the arrows pointing up and down, you can open or save a sketch with the open arrow. You can also find examples, sketches. The button next to it, which looks like a document, is used to create a new sketch. The small magnifying glass on the right side of the program opens the serial monitor. This is used as already mentioned, to monitor the communication between Arduino and PC software or wise versa. Libraries represent an extension that allows us to quickly and easily give the Arduino additional functionality. It is basically nothing more than code that has already been written by eager members of the community. Especially for Arduino beginners. This is a huge help in terms of time and effort. You can use a library by importing it. This is done in the Arduino software IDE in the menu at the top under the item sketch. Here, you select Include Library and then select the library you want to use. You will get hashtag include statements at the beginning of the code. Alternatively, you can just write them directly at the beginning of the code. If you know the name of the library, the library manager is used to install new libraries in this sketch. To do this, open the program IDE and click on the sketch menu, and then on Include Library, and then select Manage Libraries. The library manager, we find a list of libraries ready for installation. Now, we want search, for example, for the DMU library. To achieve this, we simply type in the abbreviation IMU. In the search field. After that, we can select the version of the library. Imu is the abbreviation of inertial measurement unit and is the name for a measurement unit sensor network that is used to measure acceleration and rotation rates. After we have selected the latest version, we can click on the Install button and then have to wait briefly for the new library to be installed. If we switch to the Include Library menu item again, we can check whether the library is now present and the installation was successful. New or needed. Libraries can also be found online. These can be downloaded and installed as compressed files. Most libraries can be found on GitHub, github.com. Github is a Management Platform community for software development. Once you have downloaded the library, you can load it into the program in the following way. In the Arduino IDE, go to Sketch, Include Library, then select Add SIP library. Then we are prompted to specify the location of the decided Library. Navigate to the location of the downloaded file, and select it. I will tell you which libraries we need for our subsequent projects at the beginning of each project. If we then click again on the sketch tab in the upper menu bar, and then on Include Library. We can, if the process was successful, see the installed library in the lower area of the dropdown menu. Now the library is ready to be used. The serial monitor is used to display data sent from the Arduino to the computer. Here it is important to select the correct baud rate. Select the baud rate bottom-right, so that it matches the rate defined in the sketch environment at Serial.begin. What this means exactly. You will understand better when we get to the practical projects. It's best to go on first if you don't understand something right away. By the end of the course, it should be clear that we do not have to work exclusively with block-based programming. We would like to get to know text-based Arduino programming in this chapter as well. This type of programming is a bit more difficult because we need to know the exact syntax and functions. Arduino code is written in C plus plus programming language. Therefore, this chapter will give a basic overview of the structure of a text-based Arduino code, as well as introduce the most important functions while US and structures. After working through this chapter, we also already gets to the very practical programming and implementation of some great arduino projects. We've read the code and the Arduino IDE in the text-based editor in a so-called sketch. This contains the complete code which is then transferred to the Arduino microcontroller with the Upload button right arrow. Before that, you have to click the check mark to compile the code. For any code written for an Arduino, there are two essential components. The first of these is set up the code inside the following curly braces of this function is executed only once. And all relevant and essential information and structures for further code are listed here. For example, we tell them microcontroller here, which pins are used as inputs and which pins are used as outputs. The other essential component is loop. The loop function creates a loop. This means that the code inside the following curly brackets. Will be executed again and again. And not only wants any task that the microcontroller is to perform is written into here. The basic code is written in here. Let's first familiarize ourselves with the general program structure or syntax. When programming Arduino code. You can mention the syntax like the punctuation marks and paragraphs in the text. For example, after a sentence, you make a period. But when programming in Arduino, you make a semicolon after each line of code. In addition, we must adhere to the following structure. Curly braces are used to start and stop a function. When the function is executed, the code inside these parentheses is executed. Semicolon tells the code that the current line of code is finished. Two slashes are used to write a comment to better understand as a human what the code is doing. All lines of code that start with these characters are ignored by the microcontroller. Multi-line comment can also be started with a slash followed by an asterisk. When you are done with this, you set the string in the opposite way. That means first and Asterix and then a slash. All lines of code between these characters are also ignored. The microcontroller. With hashtag define, you can assign a name to a constant variable. With hashtag include, you can include an external library into the code. If a code should not work once the software gifts an error when compiling, you should always check first whether you have used all syntax elements correctly. For example, check whether there is a semicolon after each line of code, or whether all comments start with two slashes, or whether all the necessary brackets open and closed, F been set. The following operators are used when programming in code to define logical comments. When the following operators are used in programming to define logical comments when programming are doing new code. Two equal signs mean equality of two variables. For example, x equals equals y, x and y both equal. Commission mark followed by an equal sign means unequal. A less than sign means less than another variable. A greater than sign means greater than another variable. Unless equal sign means less than or equal to another variable. Greater equal sign means greater than or equal to another variable. With a percent sign, you can get the remainder. Mathematical operation. An asterix is used for multiplication, plus is used for addition, minus is used for subtraction. Slash is used for the division. Equal sign is used to assign a value to a variable to end signs are operator for logical end to vertical science are the operator for logical OR plus. Plus means add one to a variable. Minus minus means subtracts one from a variable. Plus equals is the abbreviation For x equals x plus y minus equals, for example, is the abbreviation for x equals x minus y contains multiple values for one variable. Boolean stores the binary state of a variable, true or false. Byte stores a byte value. Char stores one character. Float stores a four-byte value in decimal form. Double stores an eight byte value, also in decimal form, int stores a four-byte number long stores in eight byte number. Size t stores the size of a variable in bytes. String stores a text unsigned, followed by, for example, int or long, or other command helps with negative numbers and unsigned consideration is performed. Void is used for function declarations that do not return a value at the end of the function. When programming for an Arduino, data or values can be either a constant or a variable. Here is the difference constants. A constant is a fixed value, that means a data element to which a value has been permanently assigned. The constant high means that the microcontroller should apply five volts to a PIN. Additionally, which one has to be defined? The constant low, on the other hand, means that Arduino should apply 0 volts to a pin. In addition, which one has to be defined. The term true is used to define that a certain statement is true. The term falls is used to define the particular statement is false. Input defines that the pin to be determined is used for an input signal. That means that the microcontroller should read which voltage is present at this pin. Output defines that the pin to be determined is used for an output signal. That means that the microcontroller should apply either 0 or a five volts high or low to this pin. Input pull-up is used to connect an internal resistor to a pin. Led builtin is used to control an LED connected to pin 13 of the Arduino describes a fixed numeric value. Variable is a data element in the Arduino program that associates a name or letter within the assigned value. Defining a variable is called declaring a variable. In the programming language, you can perform all kinds of mathematical operations with a variable. For example, using this line of code, we declare an integer variable that is named x has a value of 45. When we have declared the variable in this way, we can use this variable in our program. Such a declaration must always take place first. Otherwise, the microcontroller will not know the variable. Now, we can calculate with this variable, for example, at the value ten to this variable. This would then look like this. This line of code says that the new value for x is equal to the old value of x plus the constant ten. We can also transfer the value from one variable to another. We do this by writing the new variable on the left side and the original variable on the right side. For example, we want to store the value of x in a new variable, for example, in the variable y. Then we have to write, once a variable is declared, it is associated with the stored value throughout the program. If we try to assign this name to another datatype, the IDE will give an error message. Also essential is the scope of the declared variable. This simply means that if we declare a variable at the beginning of the program, we can use it anywhere in the program. However, if we declare a variable only in a specific function, then the variable can be used only in that function. The following code, we can declare three variables for this purpose as an example and consider what the scope of these variables is. Now we have declared three variables named x, y, and set. What about the scope? X is a global variable and can be used in any of the functions declared at the beginning of the program code. Why was declared in the scope of void loop. So it can only be used in that scope. And set was declared void new function. So again, it can only be used in that specific function. So always pay attention to which variables you declare in which place. To combine the individual variables, operators and constants into a function or a working structure. We need expressions that create the control or command. The most important ones are as follows. If is used for checking a condition and is used to perform an operation when that condition is met, else is used for the action to be performed if the condition is not met as if is used when a second condition is to be checked. If the first condition is not met, break stops the code in a loop, continue, restarts the code in the loop while it's used to create a small loop within the code. This is executed until a defined condition is met. For it's used to create a loop that is executed with defined number of operations. While is used to create a small loop that runs until a condition is met. Go-to makes the program continue in a certain line. Return will return a specific value at the end of the function. Functions are basically nothing more than a abbreviations for a code segment that you would actually have to write again and again for a certain action. Since some actions are needed frequently, it makes sense to bundle them in certain expressions. The functions, functions are simply dictate like variables. In addition, functions brings some other advantages. Some advantages that functions offer are the code remains organized and structured. Debugging the code becomes straightforward. That is, if the code doesn't work, the code is efficient and clear. The code is straightforward to understand for a new user. As an example, we can create a function that adds two numbers. In this code, we have declared a function called test function. At the beginning, we use the word void, which means that the function does not return a value, but only performs the action that means at x and y and then stores them in set. If we want to output the value for set, we need to construct the function as follows. This function is of the integral data type. It adds x and y, then stores the result, that means the value in set and then outputs the value of set, which is stored in an integer variable called a. We have started the functions in both cases in the void loop area. We did this because we want the function to be executed continuously. That means in a loop. If we wanted to execute the function only once at the beginning of the program, we would have put it in the void setup scope. Some very basic and important, as well as already declared and thus ready to use functions utilized in Arduino programming our digital read, to read a digital input, digital the right to write to a digital output pinMode to assign an order, make a pin connector of the board, either an input or an output pin. Analog read, to read the analog input. And I'll look right to write to an analog output. Stop every tone of a passer with no tone. To start a tone in the buzzer, we use tone to read a pulse on a pin. We use pulls in. Pulls in long is used to read long pauses. To shift the byte of data. We use either shift in or shift out random to find a random number within the bounds. To make the program wait for a certain time, we use delay. The number we put in the brackets then describes the waiting time in milliseconds. That for example, delay 10000 means code weights 1000 milliseconds equals 1 second. To make the program written microseconds, we use delay microseconds to read the time that has passed since the program was started. Micros, microseconds and millions in milliseconds. To get the absolute value of a number, we use apps to specify constraints. We use constraint to find the maximum of two numbers. We use Macs to find the minimum of two numbers. We use min to calculate the power of a number. We use power to find the square of a number. We use square. To find the square root of a number, we use square root. To calculate the value of a bit. We use pit to set a specific PID to 0. We use bit clear to read a single pit from a number. We use Pitt read to set a bit to one. We use bit set to convert a number into bits. We use pit right to get the leftmost byte of a number. We use high byte to get the bite on the far-right of a number, we use low byte to attach an external interrupt function to a pin. Views attachInterrupt to remove an external interrupt function from a specific pin, we use detached interrupt to start the internal interrupts views interrupts, and to stop the, stop them, we use no interrupts. Byte is used to convert a value to a byte. Char is used to convert the value to a character variable. Float is used to convert a value to a float variable. Int is used to convert a value into an integral variable. Long is used to convert a value to a long variable, and string is used to convert a value into a string. In the following, we will learn how to use some of these functions using example projects. So don't worry if you don't know specifically how to use the functions, operators, and conditions yet. Before we get to the project, let's take a brief look at how to connect the board to the PC and load some program code onto the Arduino port to connect the Arduino board with the PC or the Arduino IDE software. We first have to connect the Arduino port with a USB cable to the PC. Then we open the menu tools in the Arduino IDE in the menu bar and select the correct port type. In our case, the Arduino Uno in the menu board. The next step we have to make sure that the correct use P port of the PC is assigned. We can also determine this on the tools and the port sub menu. This menu item can be found directly below board. Here, the port must be selected, which has Arduino or a similar designation, for example, also generally know the Arduino is connected to this port on your PC. Now, the Arduino board is probably connected to the PC or software. And we can start by writing the first program code, compiling it, and loading it on the board. We do this as follows. First, we write the program code or copy it into the text editor of the IDE. If you have a program code already complete in itself, just delete the already exists in syntax in the IDE. Then save the sketch. Then we press the smaller checkmark to check and compile the code. If no errors were found, the message appears that the compilation was completed successfully. This may take some time depending on the code length. Finally, we load the code onto the Arduino port by pressing the arrow pointing to the right. Then the Arduino will start executing the program code. Before that, you can open the serial monitor to monitor the communication between board and software. 7. Project 1: A flashing LED and an SOS signal: Project one, a flashing LED and an SOS signal. In this project, we will control the state of our LED light. For this, we will use an Arduino Uno to switch the LED on and off with a delay of, for example, three seconds duration of the LED's glow, or five seconds switched off state required components, one Arduino Uno, one breadboard for jumper wires, one LED, 1200 ohm resistor. We connect the LED to the Arduino using a resistor, the cables and the fret board, as shown. For this, we first apply the breadboard with power. We connect red cable to the five volt pin of the Arduino board. And the other end of the cable, we pluck into the bread board as shown in the picture. We also connect the black cable to the G and D pin of the Arduino board. And the other end of the cable, we pluck into the breadboard as shown in the picture. Then we place the LED, short-term lack of the LED to the resistor. The resistor as shown, and connect the LED with a black wire to the ground of the board. We need the resistor to limit the current. Here. We use Ohm's law and the formula r equals u divided by I. R stands for the resistance, you for the voltage and I for the current. Finally, we need a yellow cable. Can also be another color which goes from the LED to the board pin to program code for the Arduino IDE, we first declare the variable LED pin and assign it to the pin to which we have connected the LED pin two. Here we enter the setup code to be executed only once. We want the LED pin to be defined as an output pin. That means to receive an output signal that the LED lights up. That means, here we enter the main code to be executed in a loop. First supply LED pin with five volt switches LED on. Then wait, 3 thousand milliseconds, three seconds. Then supply LED pin with 0 volt, turns LED off. Then wait 5 thousand milliseconds, five seconds. The loop then executes the program code rapidly. That means the LED rapidly switches off and on with the previously defined delay of the program code. As an exercise, try switching the LED on and off at this point that an SOS signal is sent. Sos signal three times short, three times long, three times throught long signal, two seconds short signal, 1 second. Distance between short and long, 0.5 seconds, distance of five seconds between several SOS signals. Pause the video for a moment at this point and try it yourself. The solution will follow shortly. Now the solution follows. We only have to change the part in void loop in the previous program code. For the SOS signal, this could look like this. A short signal is defined in the following. For example, with 1 second along one with two seconds LED on between the signals, there should be 0.5 seconds for this connection, LED of the three short signals follow first. First supply the LED pin with five volt switches LED on. Wait for short signal, one hundred, ten hundred milliseconds, 1 second. Then supply LED pin with 0 volt switches LAD of weight, for example, 500 milliseconds to separate 0.5 seconds. Supply LED pin with a five volt. Again, switches LED on. Wait for short signal 1000 milliseconds, 1 second. Then supply LED pin with 0 volt switches LED off. Wait for separation. For example, 500 milliseconds, 0.5 seconds. Supply LED pin with five volt. Again, switches LED on. Wait for short signal on 1000 milliseconds 1 second. Then supply LED pin with 0 volt switches LED off. Wait for separation, for example, 500 milliseconds, 0.5 seconds. Then the three long signals follow. First supply LED pin with five volt switches, LED on. Wait for long signal 2 thousand milliseconds to seconds. Then supply LED pin with 0 volt switches LED off. White, for example, 500 milliseconds for separation, 0.5 seconds. We need this paragraph two times more. Finally, three short signals follow, just like in the first section, to separate between several SOS signals. For example, weight 5 thousand milliseconds, five seconds. The loop function then executes the SOS signal rapidly and permanently. When you try the code, don't forget the rest of the code structure, as in the first project. Just replace the part inside void loop from the first project with the code from here. Excellent. We have successfully completed the first project. Let's move on to a second project. This one will be a bit more difficult. 8. Project 2: Temperature based LED light: In this project, we will control the state of an RGB LED based on the temperature. While you detect it by a temperature sensor, the temperature is high, the light should turn red. On the other hand, when the temperature is low, the LED should turn blue. When the temperature is optimal, the light shall be green. Required components, one Arduino, one breadboard, jumper wires, one RGB LED, 1200 ohm resistor, one LM 35 temperatures enter. The LM 35 provides an analog output voltage that is linearly proportional to the temperature in degrees Celsius. The temperature range is from minus 52 plus 155 degrees Celsius. Convert the analog voltage into a temperature. A scaling factor of ten millivolts per degree Celsius is required. The assignment of output voltage and temperature in Celsius, it can be read from a linear function. For example, 500 millivolt signal of the sensor corresponds to 50 degrees Celsius. And RGB LED can shine in three colors, namely red, green, and blue. The LED has two more connections than a normal LED, and the color of the light depends on which connection is supplied with current. To control the LED, you need pins 365, which are actually digital pins that also allow pulse width modulation. You can recognize this by small printed wave. Also at pin 91011. First we supply the breadboard with power again. For this, we connect the red cable to the five volt pin of the Arduino board. And the other end of the cable we block into the breadboard as shown on the picture. In addition, we connect black cable to the GND pin of the Arduino board and the other end of the cable. We also plug into the breadboard as shown in the picture. Then we add the RGB LED and the temperature sensor TMP. Make sure that each leg is correctly seated in the connectors. You need to be careful here not to break any of the legs when bending them into place. The two outer legs of the temperature sensor was applied with Power BI connecting a black and a red wire. The plus and minus pole of the breadboard connect the middle leg of the temperature sensor with a colored cable to the connector of the Arduino. We connect the legs of the RGB LED with colored cables to the digital pins 356 of the Arduino board. Furthermore, we need a resistor to connect one leg of the RGB LED to the negative pole of the breadboard and thus also to the t and depot of the Arduino program code for the Arduino IDE. We first declare our variables by assigning them to the respective connection pin. The abbreviations are B, D, T stands for red, blue, green and temperature respectively. Connection for red glow of the LED pin. Connection for blue glow of LED pin connection for green glow of LED pin six. Temperature sensor is connected to pin. Here we entered a setup code to be executed only once. We want all pins connected to the LED to be defined as output pins and the pin connected to the temperature sensor to defined as input pin. First we need the above command for the serial interface data rate 9,600 per seconds. This starts the communication between PC and Arduino board. And the temperature is transmitted to the serial monitor in the IDE baud rate 9,600. Definition of pin R, that means P3s output pin, definition of the pin B. That means the pin A5 as output pin, definition of pin G. That means pin six as output pin. Definition of Penn t, that means pin 0 as input pin. Here we enter the main code to be executed repeatedly in a loop. First, we defined with the following code, the function temp, which we will need in a moment. For this purpose, the microcontroller is to read the value in our LM 35 is an analog temperature sensor. Shows us the temperature in the serial monitor. The following. We create an if and several S If conditions which control the LED in several steps depending on the temperature of the sensor. Therefore, we use analogWrite instead of digital right here, only 0 volts or five volts would be possible. See first project. When the output voltage rises above the value 300 millivolt, approximately 30 degrees Celsius, according to the scaling factor, the following values should be applied to the pins. Strong red color, while use gradeable from 0 to 255. If the voltage is above the value of 250 millivolts, approximately 25 degrees Celsius. On the other hand, the following values should be applied to the pins. The following, analogously, a medium red color, faint red color, strong green color, mixture of blue and green, strong blue color. The loop then executes the program code repeatedly. That means the temperature is measured and interpret it continuously and the signal is passed to the energy of the program code. 9. Project 3: Light-dependent control of a motor (blind motor): In this project, we want to control the blinds of a window with the help of a server motor and an LDR sensor. This should happen depending on the amount of light coming in from outside. Required components. One Arduino Uno, one breadboard, one photoresistor, LDR sensor, one cerebral motor. Nine chump Hawaii has one resistor, 4.7 kilo ohm. Names or chests. Photoresistor can be thought of as a simple resistor that has the special feature of changing its resistance value depending on the amount of incident light. The last slide falling on the sensor. The higher the resistance becomes, the more light falling on the sensor, the lower the resistance becomes. The sensor is based on the photoelectric effect. As usual, we first supply the breadboard with power. To do this, connect the black and the red cable from the GND pin and the five volt pin of the Arduino board to the positive and negative pole of the breadboard. By the way, it doesn't matter which GND pin of the board is used. Then we insert the photoresistor and the servo motor, as shown in the picture. There is still one resistor missing and the rest of the wiring you can do as shown in the picture. Program code for the Arduino IDE. First, we include the required library for the several motor in our program code. If the IDE gifts an error message when compiling, you must first install this library, the library manager. Then we create the several object so that we can control the servo motor. Then we declare the connection pins for cerebral motor and sensory photoresistor. Then we have to declare variables for the position of the several and for the properties of the photoresistor. Very able for saving the several position variable to store the several position at max slide. This is the value we defined as maximum light incident light intensity at any position. Here we enter a setup code to be executed only once. Here we want to connect the cerebral with the several object and start the serial communication. Connects the cerebral to pin five with several object. Starts serial communication set baud rate to the serial monitor is defined as input pin. Here we enter the main code to be executed repeatedly in a loop. For each position from 0 to 180 degrees of the several motor execute the following code. Pos plus equals one means pus equals plus one. That means pus equals 0 plus one equals one. Set position of several motor and read send your values. Set position for several 0 to 180 degrees. Read sensor value and overwrite variable. Check if maximum light incident is reached. If this condition is true, it means that the output value for the variable max slight equals 997 is greater than the value that the sensor is currently outputting. That means the maximum brightness would not have been reached. Store new value for maximum brightness. Save the several position. Shows us the intensity in the serial monitor. Weights 50 milliseconds until the cerebral motor has reached the position. Read sensor value, light incidence also in reverse loop. Position from 180 degrees to 0 degrees. Store new value for maximum brightness. Save the several position at maximum light incidence. The following section, the several is to move to the position that was saved if the following condition is met. Check if the noun new store value of the variable is not equal to the initial value of the variable darker than maximum light. Go to define position of maximum light incidence. Shows us the sense of value in the serial monitor. Weight 20 seconds. Check whether the light intensity has changed or not. Float equals floating point numbers. Checking the change of the light intensity. Wait three seconds. Reset initial variables. End of the program code. 10. Project 4: Gas detection alarm: We will build a gas detector that will sound an alarm. If it detects a gas leak, the alarm will sound until the gas leak is stopped. In addition, LEDs are triggered depending on the amount of gas that the sensor detects. If there is a lot of gas leaking, all four LEDs should light up. If there is little gas, only one of the four LED should light up. Required components. One Arduino Uno, one breadboard, one gas sensor, one bossa, 14 jumper wires, five resistors, one kiloohm for LED and gas sensor. One resistor, a 100 ohm for bossa. For LED. We connect all the components and the Arduino together on a breadboard, as shown on the picture. Make sure that you use the correct pins. Who can also arrange the components differently if you like. However, the circuit should remain comparable. But then you might have to change the variables or names in the following code, program code for the Arduino IDE. We first declare our variable for the gas sensor by assigning the connector pin. Here, we enter the setup code to be executed only once. We want pin a 0, which is connected to the gas sensor to be defined as input pin. Also, we want all pins connected to the basilar or LEDs to be defined as output pin. Define gas sensor pin as input. Defined bust a pin as output. Define LED pin as output. Then we stop the communication with the serial interface. Data rate, 9,600 bits per seconds with the following code. This starts the communication between Arduino port and PC, and the data is transferred to the serial monitor in the DE. Here we enter the main code to be executed repeatedly. First we declare a variable that should read the sensor. Then we generate the tone at pin seven with 220 hertz for 100 milliseconds, tone is activated as soon as the center resistors measured value, that means gas no matter in which quantity. Then wait 200 milliseconds. Then no tone should be applied to pin seven anymore. Then 1010 thousandths milliseconds should be weighted for the following, we create an if and several S If conditions which give us different control of the LEDs depending on the gas value measured by the sensor. We use digital right here. If value is greater than 75, then switch on all LEDs. Otherwise, if between 5075, then switch on only three LEDs. Otherwise if between 2550, then switch on only two LEDs. Otherwise, if between 025, then switch on only one LED off the program code. 11. Project 5: Password protected mechanical system: In this project, we will create the system that is protected by a password. It will remain locked until the user enters the correct password. When the correct password is entered, the cerebral motor will move and open the system. We will assign different passwords to different uses. Each user will have their own user ID and password. The system will only be unlocked if these two security features match and are correct. Moreover, after multiple incorrect entries, the red LED buzzer shall be activated and the entry shall be locked for 30 seconds. On the other hand, if the input is correct, the green LED should be activated. Required components. One Arduino, one breadboard, one key pet, one LCD display, various jumper wires, three resistors to LED buzzer, one cerebral motor. We link all the components and the Arduino together as shown in the image. We don't use a breadboard this time because almost all the connections are between the Arduino and the individual components anyway. But you can also use a breadboard for this if you want to. Before we start with the program code, we have to install the required library for the key pet. The pet by Mark Stanley and Alexander Breivik. We do this either via the library manager or research the corresponding zip file online using Google and find it, for example, here, playground dot arduino dot cc and load it into the Arduino IDE. You may need to do this for the display as well. Program code for the Arduino IDE. First, we include the necessary libraries for the server motor, the keypad, and the LCD display in our program code. Then we create a server object so that we can control the cerebral motor. The following, we declare our variables for the green and red LED, as well as for the buzzer by assigning the connector pins 101213. We then declare the number of rows and columns of our keyboard field. For each. With key map, we define the keys on the key pet that can be pressed according to the row and columns as they appear on the keyboard. Then we need code that maps the connectors of the keypad with the connectors on the Arduino grows 0 to three columns, 0 to three. The following code initializes an instance of the keypad class. The following code creates a variable for the LCD display with the numbers of the pin interfaces assigned to the LCD display. The following. We assign the user IDs and passwords. In addition, we declared the following variables. Here we enter the setup code to be executed only once. Start serial communication. Initialize LCD display. Wait 500 milliseconds. Define green LED variable as output. Define a red LED variable as output. Defined buzzer as output. Set the position of the text on the display, column, row. Show text. Enter the code. Set the position of the text on the display column, row. Display text to open lock. Now we need code for the server motor. Servo motor is connected to pin 11. Cerebral motor should move to position five degrees. Wait 1500 milliseconds of the code for void setup. Here we enter the main code to be executed repeatedly. Below is the coat that verifies the entered user ID and password. The following message should be shown on the display. If the password was entered incorrectly. Set position of the following text. Display text. Position of the following text. Display text. Wait three seconds. Allow input to start again. Set position of the following text. Display text. Set position of the following text display text. Weight 0.5 seconds. Start verification from scratch. If the ID check was correct, but the password was not or not yet. The following should be displayed. Set position of the following text, display text. Set position of the following text, display text. The ID check was correct and the password check was also correct. The following should happen. Following is the code that will be executed if the password and ID are entered correctly. Green LED should light up. Set position of following text, display text. Set position of the following texts. Display Text. Wait five seconds. Set position of the following texts. Display Text. Set position of the following text. Servomotor opens 180 degree movement. 1.5 seconds. If the wrong input is made several times, the input should be locked for thirty-seconds and the red LED, as well as the pastor, should be activated. The following is the code for this Set position of the following text. Display text. Set position of the following texts, display text. Red LED should light up. Pasa should be activated. Subsequently wait 30 seconds and Display Text. Set position of the following text to split text. Display number of seconds remaining. Display text. Switch off, a red LED. Switch off. Set position of the following text, displayed text. Position of the following text, display text of the program code. 12. Project 6: Remote controlled unlocking mechanism: In this project, we will control a mechanism for opening and closing a gate with an IR remote control. To be able to open the gate, the code should be entered on the remote control. For example, 16580863. In addition to RGB LEDs and the buzzer shall accompany the process. Furthermore, temperature sensor should monitor the ambient temperature and issue an error message if the temperature is too high. Additionally, an LED shall be activated if the photo sensor measures only little ambient light. Furthermore, we install a pattern switch for manual operation. Required components, one Arduino Uno, breadboards, one, IR infrared remote control, one IR infrared receiver sensor, one LCD display, various jumper wires, six resistors, one potentiometer, one bossa, one several motor to RGB LEDs, one DC motor, one L2 nine 3D motor driver, one LDR center, photoresistor, one temperature sensor, one button switch. Connect all components as shown. Before we start with the program code, we have to install the required library for the IR infrared remote control. I are remote by arming your Kim's Meyer. The best way to do this is to use the library manager search for the library in the IDE and load it. You may have to do this for the display as well. Program code for the Arduino IDE. First, we include the necessary libraries for the server motor, the IR remote control, and the LCD display in our program code. The following. We first declare the variable for the IR sensor by assigning the connector pin A2. We also need the following two expressions for the IR sensor. Then we create again several object so that we can also control the server moto. The following code creates a variable for the LCD display with the numbers of the pin interfaces assigned to the LCD display. Below, we define the function for opening tone at pin eight with 220 hertz for 100 milliseconds. The server motor should move to position 0 degrees. Wait 15 milliseconds. Declare variable temp, read temperature while you as long as the temperature is above 25025 degrees, since ten millivolt, ten millivolts equals one degree Celsius, shawl. Activate LED, pin 13, disabled LED, pin four. Set position of the following text, show text. Set position of the following text. Display text. Read temperature value. Activate LED. Pin A4. Deactivate LED pin 13. Activate pin seven, motor. Deactivate pin eight motor. Wait three seconds. Set position of the following text, display text. Deactivate pin seven. Enabled pin eight. Wait two seconds. Deactivate pin seven enabled pin eight. Wait 100 milliseconds. The several motor should move into position 90 degrees. Wait 15 milliseconds. The following. We define the function for the LED. When there is too little light. Declare a variable light, red light value. Light quantities over 500, then deactivate pin ten. Set position of the following text. This split text. Flat quantities under 500, then activate pin ten. Set position of the following texts, display text. Here we enter the setup code to be executed only once. Initialize LCD display columns, rows of the display. Stop the IR sensor with the following code. The several motor is connected to pin six. The server motor should move in position 90 degrees. Wait 15 milliseconds. Activate LED at pin a for deactivate LED pin 13. We enter the main code to be executed repeatedly. Terminal A5 gets current five volt because high. Then set position of the following texts show text. Execute the open function. Set position of the following texts showed text. The following code says the following. If a signal was given by the IR remote control or received via the IR sensor. If the signal corresponds to the following code, 16580863 was an IR signal. The received signal match code. Set position of the following texts. Show text. Execute the open function. Received next value. Set position of the following text, Show Text. Wait 100 milliseconds of code. 13. Closing words: Excellent, You've done it. You've worked through the beginner course. Congratulations. This course, I've tried to bring you closer to the basic knowledge for the use of an Arduino with simple explanations. I hope that I have succeeded to some extent and that this course has prepared you well understandable and practical introduction to the world of the mini PC. And you now understand why the Arduino is such a great system and what you can do with it. The aim of this course was to give you an understanding of how electrical engineering accompanies as in everyday life and the basic principles involved. It should be a course that creates an understanding of the theoretical background, knowledge, and practical application. With this basic course, you should now know everything you need to know to use an Arduino as a beginner. Of course, it makes sense not to stop at this point. And the rather look into an advanced course to learn even more about creating systems using an Arduino. Together we have accomplished quite a bit in this course. Be justifiably proud of yourself if you made it to the end. If you like this course, I would be pleased if you leave me a rating and a short feedback as well as recommend the course. Thank you very, very much. One final tip. If you ever get stuck, take a look at the following site where you will find many and great learning materials about the Arduino. Arduino dot cc. If you're also interested in other courses on similar technical topics, feel free to visit my profile and be sure to take a look at the other courses I am teaching. Thank you very much. See you.