Learn Spanish Now: All-in-One Knowledge Course

1. Introduction: Ola, do you want to learn Spanish, but you don't know where to start? Or maybe you've taken courses before and it hasn't really worked out well. Not to worry with my learned Spanish now, all in one knowledge course, that will be changed in this personalized syllabus. You will be taken level by level in a condensed manner that relies more on example than technical lingo. An approach that I have been using to teach as a certified Spanish tutor for more than seven years. Not only does this course offer short, personalized lectures with clear examples, but it also contains tons of resources and interactive exercises only available in this course to help you learn all aspects of the language, such as reading, writing, speaking, and listening. So don't worry about having to spend hours trying to learn a single word. This course dives right into the building blocks of the language to have you writing your own sentences within the first day. I hope you'll join me and I'll see you there. 2. Discovering the Building Blocks of Spanish: Welcome to the first video. In this video, we will be covering some foundational Spanish elements and also important lessons on some introductory grammar as well. Now, Spanish is composed, just like an English, of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and so forth. These I like to call the building blocks of the language, because if you piece them together, you will be able to create sentences using the language. Now, it's very important that we learn the definition of each of these before proceeding. Because even if you're a little familiar with them, it's best to have this as a refresher also because as this course progresses, I will be referring to these through their names in Spanish, I don't want you to get left behind and so forth. Let's begin. First thing I'll talk about today in this video is a noun, which in Spanish is called a sustantivo. Sustantivo. Now we have two types of nouns. Have common nouns and proper nouns. Common nouns refer to the things that I've mentioned previously, a person, place, or thing. But a proper noun is a particular one of these. Just know that this is the main difference between these two types of nouns. But overall, sustantivo is a noun. Next, we have a verb. In Spanish, a verb is called unable, unable. Veriable is how it's pronounced. And a verb is a word that's used to describe an action state or occurrence. Remember an action state or occurrence? For example, walking, talking, singing things, and actions like that? That is what a verb is, Un verbo. Afterward we have an adjective. In Spanish, an adjective is pronounced as univ. Univ. An adjective is a word or phrase that names an attribute or characteristic added to a grammatically related noun to describe it or modify it. In simpler terms, think of a word that modifies a noun like the yellow dog or the cold water. These two examples, yellow and cold, would be the adjectives because they modify the nouns dog and water. Then we have an article. In Spanish, an article is pronounced as un articulo. Articulo. An article is very important to Spanish because we don't really use them in a mandatory manner. In English, for example, if I say, I play basketball, I would be considered correct in English by saying that sentence. But in Spanish this would be considered wrong because it is missing the article. What is an article? An article is basically the of a sentence that goes before the noun. For example, let's say you're talking about a basketball or the table before table, there is the word that would be considered the article. Therefore, in English it's relatively easy because no matter if it's one thing or multiple things, we still use the. In English for example, the table, the chair, the television, and so forth. In Spanish it's a little bit more in depth because in Spanish articles are modified by gender and by plurality. By plurality, I mean, if it's one or more than one, plurality is the opposite of singularity. Therefore, articles change in Spanish depending on the gender and the plurality or singularity of the noun. This is very important because they must always agree, whether it's masculine or feminine, or singular or plural. This is very important and must happen before the noun in Spanish. Let me give you two examples of this in Spanish. Jomo comida. Again, yocomocmda. This sentence translates to, I eat the food. And let's analyze the structure a little bit. We have which means I, which means eat. And then la comida, the food. We know that comida is a noun here because it comes right after the article, which is la. The reason why we use la a ending is because the noun is also a ending. What does that mean? That means that the noun is feminine. Therefore, that means that we have to use a feminine article because nouns in Spanish are assigned. By gender, we have masculine and feminine nouns. It's the way the language is written. And I know we don't have this concept in English, it's a weird concept to think about. Then afterwards, in Spanish and also in English, we have what is called the pronoun. In Spanish, the pronoun is pronounced as ombre. Basically, we have two types. We have the subject pronoun, which is the pronombre de sujeto, and then the object pronoun, which is known as the pronombre de objeto. Now, let me first break this down. What is a pronoun? Un pronombre. A pronoun is a word that can function by itself and refers to the participants in the sentence, for example, Shi and so forth. Or it can mention something that is outside of the two participants in the sentence. For example, it, this and so forth. Now, it is important to think about this because this is a huge part of Spanish. We have subjects, sujetos, who come at the beginning of sentences. Often to tell us who is the person or the subject doing the action, the verb, el verbo. Therefore, we need to think about pronombres pronouns a lot. Now let's break down the subject pronoun known as the pronombre de sujeto in Spanish and the object pronoun known as the objeto in Spanish. There are approximately six subject pronouns in Spanish, and I like to pair them together into six because it makes it easier to remember them and also because they share similar conjugations, which is something we'll be talking about later. Don't worry about that word right now. Now, as I mentioned earlier, there are six different types of subject pronouns in Spanish. But in this course, only be teaching you five out of the six, because the sixth one is only used in Spain. If you've studied Spanish before, I'm sure you've heard of it or seen it before. It is the ott, I do not teach that subject pronoun, but just know it is there. And it is only used in Spain pretty much. It's a regional subject pronoun. For the sake of international Spanish and Latin American Spanish, you don't really need to know it. The other five are used. Here are the following Nombres de suo. The five that you'll be learning in this course are which means I, which means a usted, which mean she, and then we have not, not which mean. Lastly, as usted which mean they, and also you all. Lastly, we will talk about the object pronouns known in Spanish as looms debt. These differ from subject pronouns because as you can already tell by the name, they do not relate to human subjects or living things. But instead refer to objects K, non living things. For example, something that is like a table or a chair, that would be an object pronoun in Spanish. Here's a list of pronouns for objects in Spanish or los pronombres de objetos pa, the list is for the singular, then no loss for the plural. Now, there's also, of course, the Spain, Spanish, But much like vosotros, I do not teach this in this course. Now, the pronombre opto usually comes before the verb. I'm just giving you all this information so you know it now and you can see it here and be exposed to it before proceeding in this course. So you know that it exists, but you do not have to worry about object pronouns just yet because we will be covering subject pronouns first because they are more common and obviously relate to living things in Spanish. Therefore, I want to teach you those first. Just know that object pronouns also exist. But yes, these are the following building blocks of Spanish to get you on your way to creating sentences in Spanish of your own and to help you speak, write, and also be able to express yourself much more fluently in Spanish than just by stating, you know, one word or a noun. I hope this helps. Of course, you can always rewatch this video if you need a refresher. On top of that, I have attached a list of these different building blocks, as I'd like to call them to this video lecture as an attachment or downloadable file. That's pretty much it. I will see you in the next video. 3. Conjugating Verbs in the Present Tense: In this video, we will continue on from where we left off in the previous video about learning about the building blocks of Spanish. Now that you've been exposed to them and have learned them, it's time to apply what we've learned in that video into this video by piecing them all together and placing them together in order to form sentences in Spanish. The great thing about learning Spanish in this manner is that it applies to all levels of Spanish in all forms, whether you're speaking, writing, or reading it. Spanish is built using these basic building blocks pieced together to create a comprehensible and grammatically correct sentence. In Spanish, subject verb agreement is a huge deal, much like in English. In case you're not familiar with this concept, it is basically learning about the sujeto matching with the verbo, which we learned about both building blocks in their previous video. Subjects and verbs must agree in Spanish in order for the sentence to make sense. This is why I often give this formula to students to let them know that a basic Spanish sentence is constructed as follows A subject followed by a verb, followed by a noun. Now, there are obviously some varieties to this formula, but to keep things simple, this is the basic equation to create a sentence in Spanish that is grammatically correct and sound a b and then a noun. Obviously, between these you can have things like articles and so forth. But to keep it simple, remember this is the order. When we have an example like the one used in the previous video, Yocomida, we now know that this sentence, which is grammatically correct in Spanish, follows the subject verb noun, equation order, and agrees in subject and verb. Therefore, this makes this sentence grammatically correct. Now what we've done here is that we've applied these building blocks and added them together to give us a comprehensible sentence, right? We must continue to do this throughout all of Spanish. This is how the language works. By learning this early, you will avoid common mistakes that are made by people who learn Spanish, such as incorrect word order and the like. Then on the topic of agreeing verbs with subjects and vice versa, how does this work? What does that specifically mean? How do you know if you are specifically and correctly matching your subject with the verb? How does that work? Well, this is an important point in Spanish because this leads us into this concept called conjugation. Verb conjugation is extremely important in Spanish. In fact, I'd say that most of Spanish is revolved and involves around conjugations, verb conjugations. Of course, this word only applies to Los verbs, verbs. Basically, the most simple definition of what a conjugation is is basically modifying a verb in order to match the subject. For example, in English, we can think of this in a way when we say things like I eat versus he eats. You wouldn't say he eat, right? You would say he eats. You also wouldn't say I eat. You would say I eat. What we've done here is that we've modified the verb eat to match the proper subject. That is called conjugation. However, in Spanish, conjugating is a lot more extensive than it is in English. For example, in Spanish, remember when we talked about sujetos? Specifically los pronombres de sujetos, the subject pronouns. I mentioned how there were six of them, but you're only going to learn five of them in this course. Those five are extremely important to memorize and know well, because you will have to conjugate accordingly to each one of those five subject pronouns. Each conjugation varies depending on the subject. It's extremely important to know them first before you even get into conjugating, like we will in this video, please make sure that you know the five subject pronouns them. Well. Again, in Spanish they are a usted estes and nosotros otras. Now that we know what conjugations are, let's begin to conjugate. In order for us to do this, we must first lay out the five subject pronouns, los pombutos. On a chart, then we must add a verb right after them. Since we've already used this variable before, I will use this one. For this example, we will use the verb which means to eat. Notice how in the previous video and earlier in this video, I said the sentence comida o is a conjugation of this verb, which means to eat. However, I had to change the spelling of this verb to match the subject, which means I eat. This was me conjugating for you. But of course, in English and in Spanish as well, I is not the only subject that exists. We also have lost as std and not. Therefore, in order for us to conjugate successfully, we must first ask this question. What tense are we speaking in? What is a tense? A grammatical tens in any language refers to the time period you're referencing. It could be the present, the past, or the future. This is very important because conjugations of verbs in Spanish vary depending on not only the subject, but the tense you are using and referring to. With students, I like to teach the present tense first because it is the tense that is most often used. Right? Most people tend to speak about what they're doing in the moment and in the present. For the sake of keeping things in line with how language is typically taught, we will begin with the present tense. The present tense has its own conjugation forms of verbs. Now, before we even get to that though, we must first know that in Spanish we have three different verb endings. This is very important in Spanish. Er verbs, IR verbs, and AR verbs. These are verbs that when they aren't conjugated, you'll know because they have the endings ER, IR, or R. This is called a non conjugated verb. What this would translate to in English is basically, let's take the verb her, that would just simply mean to eat It does not have a subject associated to it because no one is doing it. Therefore, it is a non conjugated verb, which is why it also retains its ER ending. That is basically what a non conjugated verb equals. We only have three of these forms again R, R, and R. Why is this important to bring up? Because the spelling of these suffixes change depending on whether the verb is an ER or AR verb. Now you might be asking, well John, how am I going to know what verbs are? What if I have no vocabulary bank to start with? Not to worry to. This video is attached a PDF file with a list of some regular verbs to get started in the R, R, and R forms. You can conjugate these for practice in the present tense. Now let's begin to actually conjugate. Let's take the verb gomer, which I previously brought up. We've already known what the present tense conjugation is. It would be M, O, because we use this in the example previously. But what about two? Which means in English, two would be conjugated in the present tense as C, O, M, E, S. We have Yoko and To. Next we will conjugate for L a usted, which means she and the L a present tense conjugation of is, C, O, M, E. Now, before we move on, you might be thinking, wait, John, why are there to use in Spanish? This brings up an important point that we can't forget. It is also why I grouped these in this manner. To help you remember, we have two different U forms in Spanish as subject pronouns. Two is the informal and ted is the formal. Two is used when we address people that we are close to, People our age, people that are like friends and so forth. Because it is an informal regard and therefore you are comfortable with that person and know them well. Usted, however, is the formal. You and should only be used to people you have the utmost respect for or higher authority, or you aren't close with, or quite distant, or strangers, and so forth. It's very important to know this because in Spanish you cannot use two usted interchangeably. You must use these correctly with the correct person you are addressing this to. Of course, if you are again addressing someone that you're close with, you would use two. In Spanish, if you're addressing someone that you are not close with, you would use usted. That is the difference between two and ustad, which both translate to you in English. Just remember that one is informal and the other one, usted is formal. Then after this, we have to conjugate for the S and ustedes subject pronoun. Of course, aesusteds translates to they and then ustedes translates to you all. Now, the present tense conjugation of merus subject pronoun is go, CO, M, E, N. Lastly, we must conjugate for the not nosotras subject pronoun, which translates to, if you are wondering why we have not nosotras is just because the nosotrasS ending is fromasculine. Nosotras with the AS ending is feminine. If you're addressing yourself with a group of men, you would use not if you're addressing yourself with a group of women, but the group is entirely women, you would use nosotras. This also brings out an important point. There can be 99 men in a room and one woman. You would still use nosotros. It takes on the masculine form. Same thing. There could be 99 women in a group. But if there is one man, you have to take the masculine form and use nosotros. It is just the way the language is written. But if the group is entirely women, then you can use the feminine nosotras. This also applies to us. And as for the subject pronoun, just be aware of that now, the nosotros, nosotras, present tense comer conjugation is gomo, C, O, M, E, M, O, S. Take a moment here to digest this and look at how these verbs change. When the subject also changes, the conjugation is very different per subject. If this seems daunting, do not worry because we will do an IR verb and an AR verb to show you the patterns that you can pick out to help you remember these. Now let's conjugate an IR verb for practice in these conjugations. Let's take the IR verb of vivir V, R, which means to live as our next conjugation. Let me conjugate this for you. And maybe you can tell that there's a pattern forming here. For the subject pronoun vivi changes to vivo V in the present tense. For the two subject pronoun vivi changes to vive S in the present tense. For the L and dusted subject pronoun vivir turns to vive E in the present tense. For the S and ustedes subject pronoun vivi turns to viven I, V, E, n in the present tense. Lastly, for the not nosotras subject pronoun vivi changes to vivimos I, I, MS, in the present tense. As you can tell, there's a little bit of a pattern here forming. Lastly, for practice, let's conjugate an AR verb, the final of the three forms of these verbs to conjugate. Let's take the AR ablar, which maybe you've probably heard of, which means to speak for the form in the present tense. The AR verb alar changes to avlo H A B L O abl. For the two form in the present tense, abl changes to ablas H A B L A S for the L a and dusted form. Avl changes to avla H A B L A for the asustas form and the present tense, abl changes to abl H A B L A N. Lastly, for the not present tense form, Al changes to Alamos H A B L A M O S. Now this is pretty straightforward. Of course, yablo means I speak, alas means you speak, lott means speak, asustes means you all speaks. Nosotras means we speak. So there we go. We've officially conjugated for r1r and one AR verb in Spanish. What do you notice? There's a little bit of a pattern here, right? Take a look at the endings. The endings are pretty much similar across the board, especially for the ER and IR ending verbs. The best way to master these conjugations, which make up a huge portion of the Spanish language, is to memorize the endings, because then you'll be able to plug these endings into any regular verb that ends with R, R, or R. Attached to this video is also this graph that I've laid out for you here. So you can print it or download it, you can take a look at it. It's very important that you memorize the endings of these conjugations in order to establish the pattern and see how this can be applied to other verbs as well. Also, as mentioned earlier, for practice, I've added a list of regular verbs that you can conjugate in your own time. For practice, I've also added a blank conjugation chart, which you should be using to fill out to be able to learn and memorize these conjugations. Well, the more practice you do with these, the easier they'll become to remember and master what we've learned and covered here in this video today applies only to regular verbs, Los verbos regula. There is also verbs that are called irregular verbs. Los verbos regulates, but you need not worry about them right now, because right now we are only covering regular verbs because they are some of the most commonly used verbs in Spanish. I hope you learned about conjugations and of course, you can always rewatch this video if you need a refresher on it. Make sure to utilize the material attached to this video as well for help. See you in the next one. 4. Prepositions and Conjunctions: In this video, we will continue learning about some of the other building blocks of Spanish that we did not mention previously. These building blocks help you create more advanced Spanish sentences as opposed to the typical subject verb noun equation. Therefore, we must introduce these two building blocks, which are called a preposition and a conjunction. What is the point of a preposition and a conjunction? We have these two in English, actually. But in order to simplify things, let's first define them. A preposition serves as a word that typically goes before a noun or a pronoun and expresses a relationship or a relation to it, such as time or location. Some examples of these include a at and four. Let me give you an example in a sentence of this. I went after him. I am at the beach. These are examples of sentences in English that are using the prepositions after and at. As you can see, they go before the noun or before the pronoun subject pronoun. This is what a preposition is. Next we have a conjunction. A conjunction is a word that typically serves to unite two separate ideas, or two ideas in general, in a sentence, which are also known as clauses. Now, some examples of conjunctions in English and if, some example sentences in English of conjunctions in a sentence would be, I want the gummies and lollipops. Or I want to go, but not if he is coming. These are some examples of two sentences that use conjunctions in English. We have these two in Spanish, of course. Why are we learning them well? Because as mentioned earlier at the beginning of this video, they can serve to create more advanced sentences, right? Because saying something like I am a human versus I want to go after him. In these two sentences, you can tell that the first one is a lot more basic and direct compared to the other one, the second sentence. That is because the second sentence uses more building blocks in the language to create a more expressive sentence or more detailed sentence. This is why it's important to know about prepositions and conjunctions. What are some examples in Spanish of sentences that use prepositions and conjunctions? Well, here is one for you, Yo soy de Nueva York. Again, Yo soy nueva Here in this sentence, we now know that we are using a subject verb. So then we have the nuvaorknvaork, which would be the noun, or in this case the proper noun. Then we have the, which is now unidentified in English. This sentence translates to, I am from New York. So we can tell that the day is obviously the preposition in this sentence because it translates to the of of the sentence. Next, let's show an example of a Spanish sentence that uses a conjunction. An example of a sentence in Spanish that uses a conjunction is the following. Sales las galletas. Again, cosas las galletas. In English, this sentence translates to, I eat the lollies and the cookies. As we can see here, the conjunction that is being used is E, which in English translates to And now you have officially learned all of the building blocks that you need to get started to writing your very own sentences in Spanish, if some of these concepts are a little bit muddy to you, or you need to take some time to learn them and master them, no problem. You can pause here and rewatch the old videos, the previous videos. Or you can work on some of the material a little bit more. Because at the end of this video, there is a quiz that covers all that we have covered in this section of the course. I'd just like to now say, good job on completing this section of the course and onto the next one. See you there. 5. Conjugating Irregular Verbs in the Present Tense: Hi, and welcome to the next section of the course. In this section, we will be applying the concepts that we learned in the previous section into intermediate and advanced Spanish. Therefore, this will entail more advanced grammatical concepts and more. Now, in this course, you've learned so far how to conjugate regular verbs in the present tense. But in Spanish we also have irregular verbs. What are irregular verbs? Irregular verbs are verbs that when you conjugate them, they do not follow the standard conjugation patterns. For example, we've learned in the past video that in order to conjugate regular verbs, you pretty much all you have to do is change the endings, the suffixes of the verbs, but you leave the stems K, the first half of the verb alone. However, in irregular verbs this is not the case. Irregular verb conjugations are weird, which is why they are irregular. Because a lot of the time they either introduce a new letter or change spelling completely once you conjugate them. This is very important to keep in mind because in Spanish, some irregular verbs are some of the most utilized verbs in the entire language. To this video will be attached a PDF file Of the 20 most used and common irregular verbs in Espanol. I would recommend memorizing these, their definitions and their conjugations in the present tense to start off with. For practice, it is very important that you do this because these verbs have their own wonky conjugations. And if you learn them now, they won't be as much of a surprise later on when they pop up in sentences. I do want to mention that irregular verb conjugations in Spanish do not only apply, and there are weird changes for the present tense. But as you'll see later on in this course, also for the other tenses in Spanish that we'll be covering now, you might be asking, well, where do I start? If there are irregular verbs, what are some that I should be learning first? Well, this is a great question for students. I always start by teaching them the following six irregular verbs. And star and saber. Finally, deer and aber. Now you may be wondering why these six irregular verbs. Well, because these six are some of the most utilized verbs in the language. Therefore, in order to create some great sentences that you'll be using in daily conversations and the like, you must know these verbs. Especially let's talk about these two verbs because they are very interesting. Serines stat, as you can see right now are both non conjugated verbs. And you should know what that means by now. They are non conjugated because they have the ER and AR endings. Therefore, they don't have a subject to them. Now, these two verbs, star, both mean to be in Spanish. You might be thinking, why would there be two to be in Spanish? This is important to know the difference because even though they share a similar meaning, they are actually used in two different contexts. Let me explain the difference between both Ser is used for permanent things or long term things. When we talk about personalities or characteristics, nationalities or anything that has to deal with identities, that is going to be ser, to be. An example of sad being used in English would be if I was saying something like I am American or I am from New York. Because in those two sentences, I am describing an identity. Something that rarely changes. When we address long term things or permanent things that we or other people are in Spanish, then we use s Now when we talk about estar in Spanish, which also means to be, this more addresses temporary things or short term things. This would include things like emotions, feelings, and state of beings, and temporary locations and so forth conditions. Basically, an example in English of sentences that would use the estar to be would be, I am tired or you are cold. Those two sentences address conditions and state of being. Therefore, that is why that would be translated in Spanish to as opposed to. Hopefully that makes sense. It's important to know the distinction between both. Next pair that you should learn for irregular verbs. First would be conocer versus saver. These two verbs, much like Serena, also mean similar things. They can be both translated to in English as to know, but they have a distinction within each others. So means to know as in to be familiar with. This would include people, places, and things. Let's say an example of this would be, I know your sister or I know that person. That would be, Those two sentences would be examples of in English using conocer form of to know. Now, Saber, which also means to know more, so means to know information, facts, talents, how to do something and so forth. That is what saver to know is. It's important to remember this distinction. An example in English of a sentence that would be using the saver form of to know would be, I know how to speak Spanish, right? Because that is information right there. Therefore, that would be using saver. Maybe think of the difference between O and saver as like one knowing people and the other knowing objects, of course being knowing people, and Sa knowing objects. And then lastly, the third pair of two irregular verbs that you should know are and aber. These two verbs can translate to in English as to have, but they are used in different contexts. In Spanish, the more refers to the quantities or objects of things. An English example of the n would be, I have two pairs of shoes. Here I am talking about a quantity of an object. Therefore, that would be the n as opposed to which also translates as to have. But this is a different use to have. This more so translates to a to have done something. For example, in English this would translate as I have done my homework. That is a completely different even in English, even though it translates to the same word in English. Just know those two distinctions for these three pairs of verbs that are similar in meaning, but have distinctions associated to them because they are irregular verbs. When you conjugate each of these, the spellings will look different. Now let's talk about them. We will conjugate these irregular verbs in the present tense. For this video, let's start off with conjugating ser in the present tense. This irregular verb will look very different once we conjugated. And you'll see. To begin, let's lay out our cinco, five pronombres, subject pronouns, of course it's two, Et stats. And lastly, nosotras. Now let's conjugate to match each of these subjects in the present tense. In the present tense, yo form ser changes to so S O Y soy. For the two form sa changes to S E R E S. For the L A O stead, form a changes to S E S. The AO estas form changes to. Lastly, for the not form changes to somos OS. As you can see, this looks vastly different For each subject pronoun, sometimes the entire word spelling just changes. Right? This is why these are irregular verbs. Next, let's conjugate estar. Again, we have our five subject pronouns here. Then in the form estar changes to esto to S, T O Y. Then for the two subject pronoun, estar changes to estas SAS. Then for the L a usted subject pronoun star changes to esta STAS usted subject pronoun in the present tense, estar changes to estan SAN. Then lastly, for the not subject pronoun in the present tense star changes to estamos E S T A M O S. As we can tell already by these two irregular verb conjugations, they are vastly different from the non conjugated verb and spelling when you conjugate them. Right? Therefore, the best way to memorize these is just through memorization and practice. You use them in your own constructed sentences to help you remember them. That's what I would recommend doing. Next, we're going to conjugate the two irregular verbs, conocer and saber. Again, let's start off for the present tense subject pronoun conocer changes to conosco, C, O, N O, C O. For the two subject pronoun conocer changes to conoces C O N O C E S. For the L usted subject, pronoun conoce changes to conoce C O N O C E. For the Sousttus subject, pronoun conocer changes to coos C O N O C E N. And lastly, for the nosotras subject pronoun conocer changes to conocemos C, O N, O, C E M O S. Next, let's go ahead and conjugate a in the present tense form, subject pronoun ave is conjugated as a, spelled as H. In the two, subject pronoun ave is conjugated to HAS in the lusted subject pronoun. In the present tense, a is conjugated as a HAStet subject pronoun ave is conjugated as an H N. Lastly, in the nosotras form a in the present tense is conjugated to ms H E MOS. Now you know how to conjugate these six irregular verbs in the present tense to match their respective subjects. It's important that you remember these conjugations and the meaning of these verbs in order to start creating and building your vocabulary bank. By knowing and mastering these six irregular verbs alone, you'll be able to say and express a lot in Spanish. Now, before I conclude this video, I would like to actually say that there are, of course, more than these six irregular verbs in Spanish. But of course, we can't cover them all in this video. But it is important to know that there are more than these six. What are they? How do I remember them? Is there a list that I can group them together in clusters in order to help me remember them? Yes, to students, I'd like to cluster these irregular verbs by the rule change in order to help you remember what irregular verb changes to what. Because there are approximately 20 to 30 regular verbs in Spanish that are very commonly used in the language. Then outside of those, there are some more that are not as used but exist. When I am trying to teach students irregular verbs, what I like to do is I like to separate them by color coded boxes and try to fill out each box with at least five irregular verbs. In each of these color coded boxes is at the top, the rule change. What are these rule changes then? I will tell you them now for the present tense. These rule changes for irregular verbs are only in regards to the present tense. They are as follows, a DUE and U to. You may be wondering, well, what does this mean? What are these rules you just said? What are these four rules mean? What do you mean by a, IE. And so forth? Well, what I mean by that is that once you conjugate them in the present tense, you will be changing the letter in the non conjugated verb to that new form. For example, let's take a E as an example. Right, then let's take the irregular verb ser, which means to close. Now, this irregular verb in the present tense follows the rule, which means that every time I conjugated, I'm going to have to add new letter before the E, because again it's to. Then let's conjugate era in the present tense to show you what I mean by this era in the present tense. Erler. Then lastly, not cerramos. Let's take a minute here to look at this. Look at how this irregular verb conjugation introduced the letter for nearly all of the subject pronouns Once I conjugated, this is what I mean when I say that this is an irregular verb that follows the verb rule. Now one thing that I should mention is that often the nosotras form doesn't follow this rule, as you can see here. For example, there is no I before the E in the nosotras conjugation of Right, it's ramos that is often shared across the board by these irregular verbs. As in the not subject pronoun doesn't follow the rule. But it's still helpful to group these into clusters because as you can see, four out of the five subject pronouns follow that rule. Attached to this video is a downloadable PDF file that has a color coded list of boxes, four of them actually, that have these present tense irregular verb rules. Within each color coded box is a list of five or more verbs to help you get started in knowing which irregular verbs follow these rules in the present tense to help you build your vocabulary bank and so forth. All right, that's pretty much it for conjugating irregular verbs in the present tense. I'll see you in the next video. 6. Reflexive vs. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns: In this video, we will be talking about the different type of pronouns in Spanish, los pronombres. We briefly talked before about the indirect and direct object pronouns. Well, we mentioned them rather, but in this video we will address them head on. We will also address reflexive pronouns in Spanish. All three of these pronouns, pronombres, are very important to the language and will help you construct more advanced and expressive sentences in Spanish as well. Let's start off by defining a reflexive pronoun. What is a reflexive pronoun? Well, a reflexive pronoun is just a pronoun that is placed in front of the verb or before the verb. You might be now asking, what are they used for? What are Some examples of these. Reflexives are only used to address people in Spanish. When we're talking about people, we use reflexives. The list of reflexives is no. Now we need to associate these reflexives to their respective subject pronoun. Let's go ahead and do that now. For o, the reflexive is me. For two, the reflexive is the for a usted, the reflexive is For ustedes, the reflexive is again. And then lastly, for not the reflexive is what do I mean by attaching these subject pronouns to their designated reflexives and vice versa? What I mean by that is that these reflexives are usually associated with the subject pronouns that I just mentioned. When you think of like for example, you should know that the subject that is associated to that reflexive is to what is the purpose or use of these reflexives? Why are they necessary? Reflexives are interesting because they are one of the few instances in Spanish that allow us to add a word in between the subject and the verb to. Now, this is important to note, because as we know from what we learned in the previous section, the most basic equation for a sentence in Spanish is subject verb noun. Right, we know that now. But reflexive, allow us to alter this a little bit. It goes from that equation, subject verb noun to subject, reflexive verb noun. Now let's take an example sentence in Spanish of one that uses a reflexive. Let's take the sentence, yoda. Some of these words in the sentence might look familiar to you. Ooma, What does this translate to? In English, this translates to, I eat the food. Now you may be wondering, why can't I just say yoda? Why do I have to say the me if it's going to translate to, I eat the food. Well, this is an interesting point and a good question. The thing is though, that both of these are grammatically correct. A and, but the first sentence is a little bit more advanced grammar wise because the reflexive me is in between the subject yo and the verb como in the present tense. So does this alter the definition of the sentence or the translation? Not necessarily, though. In some cases, yes, but for this example, it does not. And basically what it does in this example is that it basically reinforces who did what. Think of it like this. Without reflexives or indirect indirect object pronouns, it would be a lot harder to tell who the subject did the action towards, right? So for example, if I say, you know, I eat the food, I could say I eat the food myself, or I eat the food for her or him, even though it's kind of a weird example. But this example shows you and demonstrates what I mean by that. As in for whom is the action being applied towards? That is why reflexives and of course, indirect and direct object pronouns are important, and it's also why they go in between the subject and the verb when it comes to reflexives. Next, let's talk about direct object pronouns in Spanish. Much like reflexives, these are also placed before the verb. Also ask to, whom is the verb being done? To like the action, right? Who is it affecting? Is it the subject themselves or someone outside of the subject? Right? A third party or second party. First, let's give a list of all of the direct object pronouns in Spanish. Now, these are mainly used for things, but can also be used for people as well. This is the following list of direct object pronouns in Spanish. Lola, loss, and lastly, no. Now let's match these to their respective subject pronouns. You lost Lola. As ustedes los lastly nosotros nos. What is an example in Spanish of a sentence that uses a direct object pronoun? Let's take the sentence ocp un regalo, which means I buy a gift. Let's say we want to simplify this, right? In order to simplify this and use a direct object pronoun, we must get rid of the noun and replace it by one that agrees in its gender and plurality. Therefore, how do we do this? Well, it's relatively easy, right? We know that regalo is a masculine noun. And how do we know that? Because, remember, we talked about this earlier in this course that all nouns sustantivos in Spanish are gendered. Therefore, regalo is a masculine noun because it ends with the letter O. Our direct object pronoun must match with the noun in terms of gender and also quantity, singular versus plural. Here's another thing, since we're talking about an object in this sentence, and the object is the one that we're simplifying for. We therefore use low because low and lack exclusively relate to objects. We are not referring to a person or a living thing. Therefore, we don't use me and so forth in this, we use law. Therefore, let's take that example sentence again, compgalo and simplify it using a direct object pronoun ocupgalo turns to p. Now, as you can see, we used a direct object pronoun and fit it in between the subject and the verb, much like we can do with reflexive pronouns. Therefore, these two sentences convey the same meaning. It's just that the second one isn't as obvious. Right, We go from, I buy a gift to buy it. Therefore, this is how these direct object pronouns work. Hopefully, this makes sense. And if it doesn't, no worries. Because I have also attached a resource to this video explaining this and showing a table of each and so forth. Next, let's talk about indirect object pronouns. Indirect object pronouns mainly refer to people, right? As opposed to direct object pronouns, which mainly refer to objects, but of course, can also refer to people. Now, indirect object pronouns are interesting because in Spanish there is one that is only and exclusively unique to it. You know, if you see it, you are or the sentence is using an indirect object pronoun. First, let's list out the list of indirect object pronouns. We have les and no. Now, let's designate these indirect object pronouns with their designated subject pronouns we have used, and ustedes, les, and lastly, not no. Now, when we talk about direct object pronouns, we should think of it as in four blank for the subject, right? If I say, I mean, for me, if I say, I mean for you, if I say no, I mean for us. And if I say, unless I say for shi or for they, right? So now let's take a look at how indirect object pronouns work in sentences in Spanish. Let's take the sentence which translates to, I buy a gift for my mother. So this is a pretty long sentence, right? And let's say we want to simplify it, much like we wanted to simplify the direct object sentence that we mentioned earlier. This time we won't be simplifying for the object, we'll be simplifying for the subject right, for the other person mentioned in the sentence. This time it would be not the yo but in fact the mother. Right. By simplifying this sentence using a direct object pronoun, in Spanish, we would go from pre too. As you can see, this time the second sentence is shorter again. And it's also more subtle. But we know because of the reference sentence at the top that the lay refers to the mother. So now you may be wondering, well, John, why did you use le as opposed to the other indirect object pronouns? Well, we know we have to use lay here because we're simplifying or using the indirect object for the mother, right, mad. And if we simplify mom, even in English, right, for my mom, the subject would be she. I am buying a gift for her. She, right? The one that uses the she or her in Spanish is the L a dusted subject pronoun. And of course, the indirect object pronoun that is designated to that subject pronoun is le. Therefore, that is why we use le in that sentence. Again, just to recap, indirect object pronouns in Spanish show to who or for the action is done. I hope this clarified these concepts for you. And of course, feel free to download and take a look at the resources attached to this video regarding these grammatical concepts. See una next video. 7. Conjugating Regular Verbs in the Preterite Past Tense: This video, we will learn how to conjugate in the preterit past tense in Spanish. So far in this course, you've learned how to conjugate verbs, verbs in the present tense for both regular and irregular verbs. Before we move on, I'd just like to say, make sure that you remember those conjugations and study them well before proceeding. Because when we get to the rest of the conjugations, we want to make sure that we master them independently one by one. That way we don't forget or get our conjugations mixed up. The great thing about conjugations in Spanish is that every form is unique. It'll be hard to be able to get them mixed up. Nonetheless, it's still important to learn each conjugation one by one. All right, With that in mind, let's continue. What is the preterit tense? We know the present tense, of course, relates to things that are happening in the moment. But interestingly enough, we have the preterit tense, which is one of the two past tense tenses in Spanish. This is interesting because in English we pretty much have one universal past tense, right? Like the difference between I walk versus I walked, right? We have, of course, the present tense sentence, I walk at the top, and then the past tense, I walked at the bottom. However, in Spanish, we have two past tenses. The preterit tense is the first that we will be covering in this course. The other is called the imperfect tense, which we will be talking about later, the preterit ten. This is the past tense in Spanish that refers to actions that only happen once in the past. A non repeated action is an action in the Spanish language that would be using the preterit past tense. This is why this tense is called preterit past to emphasize the fact that this is one of the two past tenses in the Spanish language. Yes, the preterit tense refers to things that happened once in the past, things that won't happen again, or things that have a start and an end in the past again. Just to recap that definition, the preterit past tense only refers to verbs, variables that happened once in the past that did not repeat. What is an example of a sentence in Spanish that would be using the preterit past tense? Here is one to start off with. I went to Spain last summer. This is a sentence that would be using the preterite ten, the preterit past tense in Spanish because it indicates a time frame that one won't ever happen again. And two, an occurrence that was unique to that time frame, such as going to Spain last summer, only within that time frame, last summer. Therefore, this sentence does not indicate any repetition and so forth, which is why it would be the preterite tens. To this video, I will be attaching a downloadable file with a great acronym Spicy to help you memorize in what contexts and situations you should be using the preterite tense. Now, like I mentioned, for the present tense, the best way to memorize these conjugations is by looking at the patterns of the endings. Once you change these verbs to match their respective subject pronouns. Pronombres de sujetos, of course, this only relates to regular verbs. Now you know that we, of course, also have irregular verb conjugations for the preterite past tense, which we will get to in the next video. But for now, let's take a look at all the pre ten conjugations in Spanish. For all three verb forms that you know by now, which are, of course again, R, R, and R. Let's start off again by setting up our conjugation chart and laying out our five subject pronouns promus. Again, the verbs that we will be conjugating are vivir and a. Let's start off by filling out this conjugation chart. In the subject pronoun and the preterit tense, the verb changes to come C O, M accent, Which means for the two subject pronoun and the preterttens, the verb comer changes to comte. C, O, M, I, S, T E. For the L, a and ted subject pronoun and the pretertenschangesM accented for the asustes subject pronoun. And the pretertens comer changes to comer C, O M, I, E R O N. Lastly, for the nostra subject pronoun in the preterittense gomer changes to comemos spelled as C O M M O S. Next, let's conjugate the IR vivir in the subject pronoun for the preterittense. Vivi is conjugated as V, V, V accented I For the two subject pronoun vi is conjugated as viviste V, I, V, I, S T E. For the L A usted subject pronoun vivid is conjugated as vivio accented O for the asustad subject, pronoun vivid is conjugated to vive V, V, I, R O N. For the not subject pronoun vivid in the pert tens is conjugated to vivimos V, I, I, M, O, S. Next, let's conjugate the AR verb a for the subject pronoun. In the pert tens, al is conjugated to able H A B L accent. For the two subject pronoun and the pert tense. Ablat is conjugated to ablaste H A B L A S T E for the L a usted subject pronoun and the preterit tense, ablate is conjugated to abl H A B L, accented for the asustet subject pronoun ablate is conjugated to abl H A B L A R O N. Lastly, subject pronoun and the pert tense is conjugated to Alamos HA B L A M O S. Now here you have laid out for you the filled out conjugation chart for all three verb forms in Spanish. This will also be attached as a downloadable PDF file for you to take a look at in your own time. On top of that, I will be giving you a list of, again, three verbs that you can do in your own time to fill out. You now have learned how to conjugate regular verbs in the pert past tense, also known as Lit. In the next video, we will learn how to conjugate irregular verbs in the preterit past tense. 8. Conjugating Irregular Verbs in the Preterite: Welcome to the next video. You have learned how to conjugate regular verbs in the preterit tense. Now of course it's time to learn how to conjugate irregular verbs in the preterit tense regular. Much like we learned how to conjugate irregular verbs in the present tense earlier in this course, you'll see that conjugating irregular verbs in the preterit tense is similar in the fact that in order to conjugate these irregular verbs, you must group them into clusters in order to help you memorize each one of their conjugation differences. Because of these verbs are all irregular, because their conjugation patterns are so unique. I just want to mention that, of course, conjugating irregular verbs in the preterit tense, much like the present tense, there is only a limited amount of verbs that you should know. Of course, there are about 20 to 30 very commonly used irregular verbs in the preterit tense. And these verbs will be in a file that you will be able to download. So you can therefore see them all listed out and how they are conjugated. Then how do we group irregular verbs in the preterit tense? We know how to conjugate them, right? Because if we try to conjugate each irregular verb one by one, we're never going to really learn it. Because it's going to take one forever and two, there won't be a way to remember them easy because you're doing them one by one. The best way to learn conjugations and verbs in Spanish is to always look at the patterns and group them through those patterns. Much like we learned about the Oui and so forth rules for conjugating present irregular verbs. We will soon see that we have to also conjugate verbs in the preterit tens that are irregular. In a similar fashion, in order to group irregular verbs in the preterit tense correctly, let's go ahead and start building our list of irregular verbs in the preterit tense. The irregular verbs in the pertence that we will be talking about are as follows, u center, and some of these verbs we have seen earlier in this course, right? These irregular verbs have appeared before. For instance, as you can see right now, I've listed the definition or translation of each of these verbs in English. You know what each verb means. But right now, we're not so focused on the definition. We're more focused on how do we conjugate them. Of course, knowing what each of these verbs means is very important. But this video also focuses on how to conjugate them. The way I'll be teaching you how to conjugate these irregular verbs in the predter tends is a bit unique because I have my own unique groups or clusters to help you memorize these. Let's first start off with the two irregular verbs. And we know that means to be long term or permanent when we talk about identities and characteristics and so forth, means to go These two verbs that are irregular, interestingly enough, in the preterit tens have the exact same conjugation. We'll put them in a red box together. And now you may be wondering what is the conjugation that they share? In the preterit tens. The conjugation is as follows. Fui to fuiste la, and ustedes and ustedes. Lastly, nosotros, fuimos. This is the shared conjugation between the two irregular verbs. Sir, the preterit tens in Spanish. Then you may be wondering, well then John, how am I going to know when each of these verbs is used? Well, again, that just depends on the sentence, right? The context we can either be talking about. I am from New York or I go to the mall, Right? That's how you would know whether you're using ser or fui. All right, so we have our first cluster there set up. Now let's move on to the next one that is very common for irregular verbs in the preterit tense. We have our cluster. What this means is that when you conjugate these irregular verbs in the predertense, they go from whatever ending they are to UV. Here are three for this cluster. Now, I'm going to conjugate two out of the three here so you can see how this works. And then the third one, I'll let you conjugate on your own time for practice. It'll be almost the same, just with minor spelling changes. Let's first conjugate estar, which we know means to be temporary more so conditions, feelings, emotions, and the like. The conjugation goes as follows. Estuve Tu estuviste L a usted estuvo a ustedes, estuvieron. And lastly, not estuvimos, as you can see here alone, the AR verb changed, right, And instead has a UV in place of that. Now, let's conjugate ten in this cluster ten, which means to have as in quantities items, and so forth. Then, the conjugation for the irregular verb ten goes as follows. In the preterit tense, tuve to tuviste, la usted tubo as. Lastly, what do you notice? Right, these are rhyming conjugations. This cluster, much like the rest that we'll see, are rhyming clusters. Now for practice, pause the video here and conjugate in the preterit tense and see if you can match the conjugations. So you know that you have mastered, or at least know, this cluster of UV change. Now, I will have assumed that you pause the video, then let's go ahead and conjugate this irregular verb. In the preterit tens, the conjugation goes as follows Lust. Lastly, how did you do? Did your conjugation match this? If so, very good. If not, take a minute to rewind and rewatch again to learn about the UV rhyming cluster for the irregular verb conjugations in the preterite tense. Now let's move on to our next cluster, this orange cluster. I'm going to also call another rhyming cluster, because these all turn to you another letter. This rhyming cluster is also very popular. And let's go ahead and lay out four verbs that fit into this rhyming cluster. Four irregular verbs for the preterit tense. The four verbs are as follow. So we've seen the verbs saver before. Saver means to know facts or information, as to have done something in action or verb. But what about per? Do those two mean? Well, po means to be able to or can then means to put. To keep this lecture short and not very long, I'm just going to lay out all four of these irregular verb conjugations in the preterite tense so you can see how they rhyme. But I'm going to pronounce the forms just so you can hear also how they rhyme. Saver conjugates to up conjugates to conjugates, Conjugates to opt from hearing that form alone, that subject pronoun conjugation alone, you can hear the rhyming, right? You, This rhyming cluster goes from letter and so forth. So that is our orange rhyming cluster with the four verbs. Okay, now let's move on to our next rhyming cluster for irregular verbs in the preterit tense. This rhyming cluster involves the two verbs. And these two verbs, what do they mean? Well, dar means to give, means to see. These are also rhyming clusters, because as you'll see in a second, they rhyme, right? Let me go ahead and give you the conjugations for both. For the irregular verb dar, the conjugation goes as follows. Te lusouster. Lastly, nootrotras Demos. Now let's conjugate for goes as follows. Tu viste lust viousteson. Lastly to what do you notice? These two are also another rhyming cluster. Very good. Now let's move on to our next rhyming cluster for irregular verbs in the preterit tense. Our next rhyming cluster involves the two irregular verbs. As a means to make or do, then means to want or like. Yes, This is another rhyming conjugation as you'll see in a second. Let's start off by conjugating the verb. As in the preterit tense, the conjugation goes as follows. Te led a usted. Lastly, not ntraimos. Now let's conjugate for q. The conjugation goes as follows. Quite lot. Lastly, nostramo. Take a look at these two conjugations. They also rhyme. Putting them in a cluster would be very wise because it would help you remember these two, that they rhyme once you conjugate them. There we go. We've officially just knocked out 13 irregular verbs in the preterite tens and their conjugations just by clustering them and grouping them together into rhyming clusters. Make sure you follow these, and remember these clusters because they will help you tremendously in recalling how each irregular verb conjugates in the preterite tense. Now, does this mean that these 13 irregular verbs are the end all, Be all? No, of course not. But these 13 alone will help you get started and let you be able to write or say a lot of different things in Spanish. Because from this list alone that we mentioned earlier in this video, we still have more irregular verbs that we didn't cover, like jugar, right? But unfortunately, these irregular verbs in the preter tense just have unique conjugations that are unique to themselves. So we can't really add them to clusters because they wouldn't fit. But nonetheless, I will add them anyway in their conjugation, so you can take a look at what they change to. Now, you have just learned how to conjugate irregular verbs in the preterit tense. I will be adding a chart that's color coded with these clusters as a file to this video. I hope it helps. See you in the next video. 9. Conjugating Regular Verbs in the Imperfect Past Tense: Welcome back. Now that we've learned how to conjugate regular and irregular verbs in the predator past tense, it is time to talk about Spanish second past tense. That is, of course, the imperfect past tense. Now you may be asking yourself, why are there two past tenses in case the predator alone didn't make it clear not to worry. This imperfect past tense video will definitely help clarify the difference between both. That way, you know that these two past tenses are not interchangeable and actually are used in different contexts. Let's begin talking about the imperfect past tense in Spanish, also known as elim perfecto. It's weird to think about this concept because we don't really have it in English. But there's a way we can begin to think about it to help us break down the difference between both past tenses. We know now that the preterittense of course, only relates to things that happened once in the past, things that don't repeat. An example of this would be, I went to Spain last summer. This would be using the preterittense in Spanish, because it only happened once in the past, it did not happen repeatedly. Another example would be the one that I used in the previous video comic, which translates to, I ate the food. As you can see in this sentence, there's no indication of repetition. Therefore, the implication is that it only happened once in the past. But now let's move on to the imperfect tense. What makes it different from the preterit tense, knowing this? Well, of course, as you probably assume by now, the imperfect tense is used for verbs or actions that happened repeatedly in the past. Let's take the sentence I used to go to that school for three years, and then bring back our preterit sentence. I went to Spain last summer. What do you notice about these two sentences? Well, the first sentence, which is our imperfect sentence, has a repetition in it. I used to, this implies repetition in the past, right. If you used to do something, it implies that you did it more than once. Therefore, this is why in Spanish this sentence would use the imperfecto past tense. Whereas the second sentence would use the preterit, preto past tense, because it indicates a time frame that only happened in the past ones within it, these two sentences are basically the crux that show us the difference between the imperfect and the preterite tense in Spanish. Now, you know, anytime that we talk about a repetition, repeated action rather in the past, we use the imperfect tense. This is why there are two past tenses in Spanish. Now to this video, I will be attaching a file that has a great acronym to help you know in which context and situations we use the imperfect tense. This acronym spells out waters, right? And it's a contrast to the preterit acronym, Spicy. I hope that these acronyms help you memorize in which situations and context you must use either the preterit or the imperfect tense. Now just as a reminder, of course, remember these two tenses only refer to the past. Yes. Even though the imperfect tense does reference something that happened repeatedly, it still happened in the past. Just be aware of that. So now, with all of this out of the way, let's begin to conjugate in the imperfect tense. As always, let's lay out our cinco pombujetos, five subject pronouns in our conjugation chart. As usual, we will be conjugating for each verb form in Spanish with our three regular verbs, comer, vivir, and abl. Also, I wanted to mention one thing before we get started conjugating. You'll notice that much like the other tenses we've covered so far, there will be a pattern forming. Just be aware of that, because for this tense, the pattern is really, really strong and obvious. Let's begin for the subject pronoun in the imperfect tense, the verb comer changes to come M accented for the two subject pronoun. In the imperfect tense, the verb changes to commas COM accented S for the L a endo stat subject pronouns in the imperfect tense, the verb comer changes to. A accented. Same thing as the form for the asusta the subject pronouns. In the imperfect tense, the verb changes to come M accented at subject pronouns. In the imperfect tense, the verb changes to accented S. Next, let's conjugate the IR verb vivir for the subject pronoun form. In the imperfect tense, verb vivir changes to vivia, accented for the two subject pronoun. In the imperfect tense, the verb vivi changes to vivia, accented S for the L and ustedes subject pronouns. In the imperfect tense, the verb vivi changes to vivia V, accented, yet again, similar to the forms and ustedes subject pronouns in the imperfect tense. The verb vivi changes to Vivian V, V accented subject pronouns in the imperfect tense, the verb vivi changes to v, V accented S. Now, as you can see in these two alone, they're pretty identical, right? Pretty much identical in their endings. On top of that, the use subject pronoun conjugations are exactly the same. Something we haven't seen before. All right, now lastly let's conjugate for the AR verb, for the subject pronoun and the imperfect tense. Avl conjugates to lava H A B L A A. For the two subject pronoun Avl in the imperfect tense conjugates to av lavas. H A B L A A S. For the Lenustt subject pronouns, avl conjugate to av lava. Again, HA B L A B A. Same as form for the asustes subject pronouns. Av conjugates to av lavan. Ha B L A AN. Lastly, for the subject pronouns conjugates to a, HA B L A B A M S. Now we have filled out our conjugation chart for the imperfect tense for regular verbs. As you can see, there is definitely a strong pattern here, right? Take a look at the E, R, and R endings. All of these have been conjugated to endings with accented, whereas for the AR verbs they even conjugated to BA endings. That is a key rule for you to know. If you see a verb in a sentence with either an accented ending or an AVA ending, know that it is in the imperfect tense. Just know that in the imperfect tense, E, R, and IR verbs conjugate to accented. For AR verbs, they conjugate to BA. I hope this helped. Of course now we will be learning how to conjugate irregular verbs in the imperfect tense there. 10. Conjugating Irregular Verbs in the Imperfect: Now that we have learned how to conjugate regular verbs in the imperfect tens. And all about the imperfect tens in Spanish, In general, eperecto, It's time to learn how to conjugate irregular verbs in the imperfect tense. Pero, regulars, and eperecto in Spanish. The great thing about irregular verbs in the imperfect tens in Spanish is that there are only three. Unlike the pre irregular and the present tense irregular verbs, there isn't a long list for you to memorize. There are only three. The following three irregular verbs in the imperfect tense are these Ir. Now, we've, of course, seen all of these three before, but let's just go ahead and quickly define each of them. Means to be long term, means to go, and means to C. Again, these three verbs are irregular in the imperfect tense. These three alone, therefore, memorizing these shouldn't be that hard. With that in mind, let's go ahead and begin conjugating them. Let's begin with the subject pronoun in the imperfect tense. Ser conjugates to era R. For the two subject pronoun in the imperfect tense. Si conjugates to eras, S for the la dusted subject pronoun in the imperfect tense. Si conjugates to era again, E, R for the as dusted is subject pronoun in the imperfect tense. Si conjugates to eran AN. Lastly, for the not subject pronoun in the imperfect tense, si conjugates to am spelled with an accented then RAM. As we can see, this is very regular because the spelling of this conjugation all throughout is vastly different from the non conjugated form of s. Now let's move on to the irregular verb for the subject pronoun in the imperfect tense conjugates to Eva. For the two subject pronoun in the imperfect tense conjugates to vas. For the la dust subject pronoun in the imperfect tense conjugates to Eva. Again, for the usted subject pronoun in the imperfect tense conjugates to Evan. I. An. Lastly, for the not subject pronoun in the imperfect tense conjugates to accented, then MOS. Again, another irregular, right? Because we introduce a new letter in the conjugated form that isn't found in the non conjugated form. All right, lastly now let's conjugate for the irregular verb in the imperfect tense. For the subject pronoun in the imperfect tense conjugates to a accented. Then for the two subject pronoun in the imperfect tense conjugates to a accented. Then, for the la dusted subject pronoun in the imperfect tense conjugates to a yet again accented a. For the s and ustad subject pronoun in the imperfect tense conjugates to accented. Then lastly, for the nosotrotrasubject, pronoun in the imperfect tense conjugates to accented. Then MS. We've officially conjugated all three irregular verbs in the imperfect tens in Spanish. In the next video, we will be learning about how to conjugate verbs in the future tense in Spanish. See you there. 11. Conjugating Verbs in the Future Tense: This video, we will be learning how to conjugate for the future tense. In Spanish, we've already covered how to conjugate for the present and two past tenses. Now of course, it's time to conjugate for the future tense when we're talking about things in the future. Now, what's interesting about this conjugation in Spanish is that thus far, to conjugate, we've learned that we've had to drop the endings of the three verb forms, right? The ER, the IR, and the AR. So far, we've had to drop those endings in place of new letters and new suffixes to make sure that the conjugation properly matches its subject and tense. But as you'll see in this video, for the future tense, that is not done. In fact, for the future tense, we keep those non conjugated endings or three verb forms. Rather, instead, we add on to them to create the future tense. Of course, this doesn't need any explaining, but I'll just go ahead and say it anyway. The future tens in Spanish is used when we're talking about things in the future that will happen with certainty, I will go to the supermarket tomorrow, right? Or a Spanish example. A man, I will eat the food tomorrow. Let's just get right into it. Let's conjugate for the future tense using our conjugation chart. And of course, by listing out our five subject pronouns, we will of course be conjugating in all three verb forms with the familiar verbs that we know by now, vi and abl. Let's start conjugating for the subject pronoun in the future tense changes to CO, M, E, R accented E for the two subject pronoun in the future tense changes to C O M E R accented for the lusted subject pronouns in the future tense changes to C O M E R accented for the usted subject pronouns in the future tense. Comer changes to comer. C O M E R accented for the subject pronouns in the future tense changes too. C O M E R E M O S. Next, let's conjugate for vivir in the o subject pronoun for the future tense. Vivir changes to Vivira V, I, V, I, R accented E for the two subject pronoun in the future tense changes to viviras accented for the usted subject pronouns in the future tense. Vivid conjugates to Vivira V, I, R accented for the as and ustedes subject pronouns in the future tense. Vivid conjugates to Vivian. I accented N for the trata, subject pronouns in the future tense. Vivid conjugates to vivimos, V, I, V, I, R, E, S. Lastly, let's conjugate for al abl in the future tens. For the subject pronoun conjugates to al H A B L A R accented E for the two subject pronoun in the future tens. Avl conjugates to alas. H A B L A R accented for the L usted subject pronouns in the future tense. Avl conjugates to avlara. H A B L A R accented a for the sinus. The subject pronouns in the future tense, Avl conjugates to a H A B L A R accented. Lastly, for the subject pronouns in the future tense, Avl conjugates to Amos H A B L A R E M O S. Now you have learned how to conjugate regular verbs in the future tense. I hope this helped. See you in the next video in which we will learn how to conjugate irregular verbs in the future tense. It is pretty straightforward. 12. Conjugating Irregular Verbs in the Future: In this video, we will learn how to conjugate irregular verbs in the future tense. In the previous video, we learned all about the future tens and how to conjugate regular verbs in Spanish. Right? But in this video, we will learn now about irregular verbs abregulas in the future tense. In Spanish, irregular verbs in the future tense, much like for the preterite and the present tense like we've covered before, can also be grouped into clusters to help you memorize their conjugation patterns and how each of the most common irregular verbs in the tens change and conjugate. First, let's start off by laying out our ten most common irregular verbs in the future tense, el futuro. They are as follows, a, sal, and venir. As you can see here, these are our ten irregular verbs in the future tense. I've listed out the definition and translation of the verbs right next to the verb here, so you can see, but we've seen some of these verbs in the past before. You should know some of their definitions by now. Nonetheless, of course, we are more so focusing on the conjugations in these videos, but the definition is also very important and significant to know. Now, they're going to come in handy because from these ten verbs that are irregular, we're going to cluster them or split them up into three different groups. From these three groups, much like we did for the irregular preterit and present, we are going to group them together based on their patterns when they conjugate. Right, of course, as always, you'll have this resource of these clusters as a downloadable file attached to this lecture. Let's begin by talking about the first cluster of irregular future tense verbs in Spanish. The first cluster of irregular verbs in the future tense that we will be talking about is the cluster that has to D, the a to D. What does this cluster mean or signify? This means that this is a cluster or a group of irregular verbs that drop their I's in their endings and instead replace them with the D letter. Let's take an example verb of this. We have the verb tener, which means to have in quantities. We've definitely worked with this verb before in this course, right now. Let's conjugate this irregular verb in the future tense and see how it follows this clusters name. The conjugation for ten in the future tense in Spanish is as follows. For the subject pronoun then conjugates to tend, D R accented E. For the to subject pronoun. The net conjugates to tendras, d r accented S for the lend stat subject pronouns in the future tense. The net conjugates to tendra, N R accented for the asustads subject pronoun in the future tense. The net conjugates to tendran N, D, R accented. Lastly, for the not subject pronoun in the future tense, the net conjugates to tendremos E N D R E S. As we can see here, this irregular verb ten follows the E R I D rule because it dropped the E from the non conjugated form and replaced it with the letter D as we can see in the conjugation here. Now the question is, what are some other irregular verbs in the future tense in Spanish that follow this E or to D rule? Other verbs, like in the future tense that follow the E or I to rule, are as follows, sal and n. Therefore, along with the N, we have five irregular verbs in this cluster for the future tense of irregular verbs. All right, great. Now let's move on to the second cluster of irregular verbs in Spanish. In the future tense. In this cluster, basically the rule is dropping, or that's it. Let's take a verb that follows this, so we can take a look at how this changes. Let's take the verb saver, which we've worked with before. Now let's conjugate this verb saver in the future tense in Spanish, which falls under the second cluster for the subject pronoun in the future tense. For the verb saver, it conjugates to sabre ABR accent. For the two subject pronoun saver conjugates to sabras. A R accented for the L A Ustt subject pronoun saver conjugates to savra ABR accent. For the Usenustts subject pronoun saver conjugates to Sabran SAR accented. Lastly, for the nostra subject pronoun in the future tense, saver conjugates to sam, AB, R, E, S. What do we notice here in this conjugation for this irregular verb in the future tense? Well, we can see that the E was dropped. Therefore, this is an irregular verb that follows the E or I dropping rule of this cluster, then went from a ABR to just SABR. Therefore, this is an irregular verb that follows this rule and why it should be clustered under this group in the future tense. Now you may be wondering, well then, what are some other irregular verbs in the future tense that follow this rule or can be grouped into this cluster. Well, here are some that would fit along with a other irregular verbs in the future tense that follow this rule are aber. Here we have three verbs that would belong in this cluster very well. Now let's talk about the final cluster for irregular verbs in the future tense. This cluster will also round out our ten irregular verbs for the future tense. This cluster is not so much a cluster, but just basically putting two verbs together because they don't really have a pattern here, they just do their own thing. We're calling this cluster, the irregular stems cluster. Just so you know, a verb stem is basically the first half of the verb, right? As opposed to the verb endings, which would be the suffixes or the second half of the verb. Anyway, we're calling this cluster irregular stems because these two irregular verbs in the future tens just do their own thing. They don't belong in any of the other two clusters that we just talked about earlier. The two irregular verbs in the future tens that belong in this irregular stems cluster are the following. The which we've seen before, right? The means to say, means to make or to do. Now all we have to do is conjugate these two irregular verbs in the future tense. Their conjugations goes as follows. Let's start with the sir. For the subject pronoun in the future tense. The conjugates to re, I, R accented for the two subject pronoun in the future tense. The seed conjugates to ras, I, R accented for the lendu subject pronoun in the future tense. The conjugates to Ra, accented for the aust subject pronoun in the future tense. The conjugates to an IR, accented for the not subject pronoun in the future tense. The conjugates Tom, I, R, E, S. Now let's conjugate the irregular verbs in the future tense. For the subject pronoun as in the future tense conjugates to HR, accented for the two subject pronoun at conjugates to H A R accented for the Lenustdubj pronoun at conjugates to HR accented asustt subject pronoun in the future tense at conjugates to HR accented. Lastly, for the not subject pronoun in the future tense conjugates to Amos, HA, R, E, M, O, S. There we go. We've officially conjugated all of the ten irregular verbs in the future tense. They're the most common. And of course, we've grouped them into three clusters to help you memorize their changes. Right now you'll have this as a file to look over and help you remember. Of course, that's pretty much it for the irregular verbs in the future tense. In the next video, we will be talking about the final of the five main subject tenses in the Spanish language, the conditional tens. See you there. 13. Conjugating Verbs in the Conditional Tense: All right, so now that we have learned all of the other tenses in Spanish, right? The present tense, the preterit, tens, the future tense. It is now time to learn about the conditional tense, the conditional tens. What is the conditional tense in Spanish? Right, the conditional tense in Spanish is the tense that tells us things that could happen. We expressed desires for the future with no certainty, uncertain desires that would or could happen. Right? Unlike the future tense, which expresses desires in the future with certainty, this conditional tense expresses desires in the future without the certainty. Take the two examples. In English, I will go to school tomorrow versus I would go to school tomorrow. You can see that in this first sentence we are expressing the future tense because there's certainty in what we plan to do tomorrow. But in the second sentence, there isn't certainty associated to this. Right? We're using wood here, meaning that there's doubt. However, the conditional tense is more than just that. Of course, the conditional tense is also referring to things in sentences that are structured as if then, right. So sentences that require both conditions or a condition rather to be met in order for the other thing to happen. So let's take the English sentence. If I leave now, I would get to school on time. This is a conditional sentence in English because it uses the word if, right. So this starter if allows us to express an idea that doesn't have certainty. Right? If within itself is inherently a word that we use when we have doubt or uncertainty about something, right? In order for us in this sentence, to get to school on time, we must meet the condition of leaving. Now, this is basically the same idea in Spanish of how or when to use the conditional tens. That is the main difference between the future tens and the conditional tens in Spanish. Now, before we get to conjugating in the conditional tens for both regular and irregular verbs, let's begin first by writing some sentences in Spanish that use the conditional tens conditional. Let's take this sentence, Tuviera mazinero, ria de compras, which translates to, in English, if I had more money, I would go shopping. So in this conditional Spanish sentence, we are using the irregular verb sten and r, which we covered before. Right? For the irregular future and the like now. Before we even get to the conjugations and explaining them, let's break down how and why this is a conditional sentence in Spanish. Well, again, we are translating the sentence and we can see that this translates to, if I had more money, I would go shopping. So therefore, this is an if then sentence in Spanish. Right now, we know that in Spanish, if translates to S, I. Anytime you see a sentence in Spanish, begin with this word, C, without the accent. It means if and therefore. It's likely going to be a conditional ten sentence, just as a quick little reminder here. With the dot means if, and C with the accents means yes. This is very important because the accents alone can change the meaning of a word, which is something that we will be talking about later in discourse. When we get to accents, again, just as a quick recap, when we use the conditional tense, we are referring to ideas that express uncertainty in doubt. Things like would, could, and so forth. And it also usually refers to the future future desires and the like. Also one thing before we begin conjugating, you'll notice that as we are conjugating, this is very similar to the future tense conjugations. In that unlike in the preterite and the imperfect and the present tense conjugations where we drop the AR, the ER, and the IR endings for the future. Remember how we kept those verb endings and instead add it on to those endings, the ER, the IR, and the AR. Well, you'll see that we do the same exact thing for the conditional tense conjugations. Just keep that in mind as we are going through these conjugations. All right, so let's begin for the subject pronoun in the conditional tense comer conjugates to coma. Cme, R accented for the two subject pronoun in the conditional tense. Comer conjugates to comeras COM R accented for the L and ustedes subject pronouns in the conditional tense. Comer conjugates to comera. Again, MR accented. Same thing as a o for the asustes subject pronoun in the conditional tens. Er conjugates to comer E, R accented N. Then, for the nosotras subject pronoun in the conditional tense, comer conjugates to C, O, M, E, R accented OS. From this alone, what can you tell? Well, we've kept the ER verb ending and instead added on to the ending, right? Instead of removing it. Similar to the future tense conjugations in Spanish. Now, let's conjugate the regular verb vivir for the subject pronoun in the conditional tense. Vivid conjugates to vivia I, R accented for the two subject pronoun in the conditional tense. Vivid conjugates to vivia I, R accented S for the L and ustad subject pronouns in the conditional tense. Vivid conjugates to vivia, Again, I accented. Same as the O for the asustada subject pronouns. Vivid conjugates to Vivian. I accented for the nott subject pronouns in the conditional tens. Vivi conjugates to vivi accented MS. Let's take a moment here to pause yet again. Do you notice a pattern forming? Look at all of these endings. They are all accent. Right? Now you should know, right, that for the conditional tens, the verb ending changes are going to change to accented. On top of keeping the verb endings. Now let's conjugate the regular verb av in the conditional tense. For the subject pronoun in the conditional tense avl conjugates to ava L R accented for the two subject pronoun in the conditional tense avl conjugates to avl H, ABL A R accented S for the L and dusted subject pronouns in the conditional tense avl conjugates to avlarea. Yet again, HAB R accented. Same as the for the sinuses. Subject pronouns in the conditional tens abl conjugates to av HAL R accented. Lastly, for the not subject pronouns in the conditional tens, abl conjugates to ava H A B, L A R accented S. There we go. We've officially now filled out our conjugation chart for regular verbs in the conditional tens in Spanish. In the next video, we will learn how to conjugate irregular verbs in the conditional tense. See. 14. Conjugating Irregular Verbs in the Conditional: Welcome. Now that we have learned about the conditional tens in Spanish, when to use it, how to use it, and how to conjugate regular verbs in the conditional tens in Spanish. It is time to learn how to conjugate irregular verbs in the conditional tens in Spanish. In this video, we will learn how to do that. To begin, let's lay out our ten common irregular verbs in the conditional tens that we will also group into two clusters to help us memorize them. Again, as you'll notice, these irregular conditional tenses are very similar to the irregular future tenses. This is because, of course, as you know by now, the future tents and the conditional tents are similar in general, in Spanish and how they're conjugated. Let's talk about our ten irregular verbs in the conditional tents. Let's lay them all out. They are as follows. Deer, saber, salir, ten, and venir. Again, these ten irregular verbs we've seen before. Again, they make a welcome back for these conditional future tense conjugations. Now again, next to each verb, I've listed the definition. You're aware of what each one means. But of course, we'll be focusing on the conjugations in this video. Now, how do we group these ten irregular verbs in the conditional tense in Spanish? Well, it's relatively easy. There's only two clusters this time. Let's begin talking about the first cluster. In the first cluster, the rule is dropping the EI and replacing it with a D, basically to D. Let's take the irregular verb den, which means to have as in quantities or items, and conjugate that in the conditional tense. Let's begin conjugating this irregular verb for the subject pronoun in the conditional tense. The irregular verbdner conjugates to tendria, d, r, accented for the two subject pronoun in the conditional tense. The net conjugates to tendrias, d r accented as for the la end step subject pronouns in the conditional tense. The net conjugates to tendria. Again, N, D, R accented. For the uses ustedes subject pronouns in the conditional tense, the ne conjugates to tendrian E, N, D accented N. Lastly, for the nototra subject pronouns in the conditional tense, the ne conjugates to as E, N, D, R accented MS. What do we notice from this conjugation alone of this irregular verb net in the conditional tense? Well, that it follows the dropping of the E or I letter and instead adding in D. Right? We can see this now, because when we conjugated this, the net verb we removed or dropped to the E and instead added a D. It went from ten to the end verb stem. Now you may be wondering, well, what are some other irregular verbs in the conditional tense that follow this? Right, some other irregular verbs are the following. Along with the n, we have saver, sal, and n. Therefore, we have eight irregular verbs in the conditional tens that follow this dropping of the E or the I and instead adding a D rule. Right, eight irregular verbs would belong in this cluster for the conditional tens in Spanish, that leaves us with just two irregular verbs out of the ten that we listed earlier in this video, to conjugate that are irregular for the conditional ten. These two verbs are de, which belong in their own cluster, that isn't really a cluster. You may remember that these two verbs also didn't belong anywhere, or in any cluster for the future tense, right? When we conjugated them for the irregular future tens, as you'll see here for the irregular conditional. They also don't belong in the cluster of eight verbs. Instead they have their own cluster called again, much like we did for the irregular future. We have the irregular stems cluster for these two irregular conditional verbs for the. And what that basically means again, is that these two verbs have such unique changes that they can't, don't fit in any other group. And therefore, they can't be clustered with the other eight. Then let's go ahead and conjugate the in the conditional tense. Let's start with the ed, which means to say for the subject pronoun in the conditional tense, the conjugates to a accented for the two subject pronoun in the conditional tense, the conjugates to as R accented S, the L, a and usted subject pronouns in the conditional tense, The conjugates to a. Yet again, I, R accented just like the o form for the as usted subject pronouns in the conditional tense, the s conjugates to an R accented for the not subject pronoun. In the conditional tense, The s conjugates to am I, R accented S. Now let's conjugate as, which means to do or to make for the subject pronoun in the conditional tense asset conjugates to area H A R accented for the two subject pronoun at conjugates to a, HR accented S for the Lenusted subject pronouns at conjugates to area, again, HR accented, much like the ousted subject pronouns in the conditional tens. At conjugates to H, A, R accented. Lastly, for the not subject pronouns in the conditional tense at conjugates to a HR accented MS. There we go. As you can see, these two verbs have their own unique changes in their conjugations. For the conditional tense, they are the most irregular of the ten. Now we've covered how to conjugate irregular verbs in the conditional tens in Spanish. With this, I would like to say congratulations. We have now covered how to conjugate the five main tenses as I like to call them in the Spanish language. Now it is time to learn about sub tenses, which are tenses that cannot exist in a sentence or cannot be used in a sentence without these main five tenses. First, that'll be in the next video. See you there. 15. The Present vs. Past Progressive Subtenses: All right, so now that we have covered the five main tenses within the Spanish language. The present tense, the predterate tens, the imperfect tens, the future tense, and the conditional tense. It is now time to move on to the sub tenses of the language. You are now at a great point in Spanish, because by covering those five main tenses, you know what building blocks can be used right after a subject, right? Hashi and so forth. And it's great that we've got those five main conjugations of the language out of the way, right? Because those are very important and crucial to know before moving on. And on top of that, the majority of language is composed using them. Of course, those you want to know first before moving on into the sub tenses. Now, before we begin talking about our first one, the present progressive tense, you may be wondering, well, what is a sub tense, Right? Well, a sub tense is a tense that cannot be used in Spanish without one of the main five preceding it. Of course, one of the main five depends on which subtense we're talking about. As you'll see, for the present progressive, it'll only be the present tense. This will become more clear to you as we go on in this video. But just know that a sub tense is not one of the five main tenses that we've covered thus far. Let's begin with the present progressive subtense. The present progressive subtense is relatively simple. In English these are basically and G verbs, right? Walking, talking, sitting. Anytime we're using the present progressive, think of in English as an NG verb in its place, right? What does this mean then? That means that the present progressive is used when referring to ongoing actions in the present. Let's take the sentence I am eating in English as an example of the present progressive subtense in Spanish this would be to. Now, let's just focus on the English part for a little bit here. What do we notice in this sentence? Well, that we are using an ING verb ending in the eating. Right, I am eating. Use our sentence. Therefore, in Spanish, eating is the present progressive bend. As we can see in the sentence, we have two verbs. Right? We have the present tense M. Then we have the present progressive eating, or in Spanish, the present tense esto, and then the present progressive verbo. This is what I mean by sub tense, because this present progressive verb could not have existed in this sentence without the present tense M being there first. So this is what I mean when I say a subtense, right? A subtense is a tense that needs one of the main tenses to come before it in Spanish. So therefore, it can't stand on its own. It can't be used right after the subject in a sentence. So that is what makes a sub tense in Spanish different from one of the five main tenses that we've covered earlier in this course. So now that we know what a subtense is, it's time to ask then, with which of the main tenses does this present progressive subtense work? Well, as you can already probably tell by the name of the subtense. The main tense that works with this subtense is the present tense. That is why we were using the present tense in our example sentence. I am eating or in Spanish stacendo, because the present progressive subtense pretty much only works with the present tense before it. Because again, the point of the subtense is to talk about ongoing actions in the present. Now that we know that the present progressive subtense requires the present tense to come before it, a verb that's in the present tense to come before it. We must now talk about how verbs change in terms of their endings in the present progressive tense. It's relatively simple to remember. Here is how it goes for regular ER or IR ending verbs. The ending changes to endo, DO. Like we saw in our example sentence, the ER verb conjugated to comiendo. In the present progressive subtense comiendo, M, I, E, and do. Therefore, again, all R and R verbs in the present progressive that are regular verbs change to do endings. Then for regular AR ending verbs, the endings change to do the regular AR verb in conjugates to and in the present progressive tense, CAM IND, again using that verb ending. Now the only thing we have left to talk about is the irregular present progressive verbs. For irregular verbs in the present progressive sub tense in Spanish, they have their own ending called the endo ending. Do Now, not all of the irregular verbs in the present progressive tense follow or change to this ending, but a lot of them do. In order to help you memorize, which are the irregular verbs in the present progressive tense, I will of course, be attaching a PDF file with a list of them to this video. All right, now it's time to talk about the past progressive sub tense in Spanish, also sometimes known as the past continuous tense. But just to keep things simple, we're just going to call it the past progressive sub tense. Now this tense is not that much different from the present progressive, which is a great thing. Let me just quickly explain this so it makes sense to you. And you'll see how these two are linked. So the past progressive shares the same verb endings as the present progressive, the ones we've just covered, right? The endo and the endo and the endo verb endings. But the difference is now that this subtense is not used with the present tense. It is used with the two main past tense tenses in Spanish, the preterite tense and the imperfect tense, Elm, perfecto. Which is why this one is called the past progressive, as opposed to present progressive, which uses or goes along with the present tense. Now let's begin writing out some past progressive sentences in English and in Spanish, so we can see how this works. Again, the endings for the sub tense verbs will be exactly the same in the past progressive as they were for the present progressive. But you'll notice there's one distinction, right? The main tense that we used before, the subtense will be different. Now let's take the example sentences I was eating, which translates to stub como. And I had been eating, which translates to esta. Now let's take a look at the endings of the second verb conjugation in these two sentences. In Spanish, we have como again. We have the NDO ending for the present progressive. Right, But now we know it is also shared by the past progressive. However, what changed here is that we're now using it instead of the present tense. We're using it with the imperfect and the preterit tense before it, right? As you can see here we have estuve and estava. Now we should know, right, that the past progressive subtense in Spanish is used when talking about an action or event that was ongoing in the past or repeating in the past. Depending on which one you use before it. Right? The preterit or the imperfect past tense. There we go. We've now learned about the present and past progressive subtenses in Spanish. In the next video, we will learn about another subtense, the present perfect tense. See there. 16. The Present Perfect Subtense: In this video, we will be talking about the present perfect subtense in Spanish, this subtense is pretty interesting because it is pretty much exclusively used with the irregular verb, which we've talked about before. A means to have done something, to have done an action. Just know that the present perfect tense is used with this verb. Now, since the verb a means to have done something, it is a verb that is interesting because it requires a verb after it, right? Because if we take the example, this just translates to I have, right? But I have what, right? We need something else to complete this thought in this sentence. That's where the present perfect comes in, because it helps us to fill out this idea of I have, as in I have done something. What is the verb or action that you have done? That is pretty much when we use the present perfect subtense in Spanish. Now, another thing that makes averso interesting is that, notice how we conjugated it in the present tense, Right? It's the present tense form We this to happen before we can use the present perfect tense. Because remember what we said about sub tenses earlier. They need one of the five main tenses to happen or come before it, and the present tense is one of those five. And we must use this before we use a present perfect verb. Even though we've conjugated the verb into a, which is the present tense, we are still referring to the past because of the verbs definition itself. I have, which even in English you can hear how it refers to the past, even if it is conjugated in the present tense. Therefore, the present perfect sub tense in Spanish is used when talking about things that started in the past and continue to happen or repeat in the present. An example of this in English would be the sentence I have eaten, which in Spanish would be O. In this sentence, we can see how this is a present perfect sentence, because again, we have two verbs here, Have eaten, but have is conjugated in the present tense, whereas eaten is conjugated in the past. However, this entire sentence is a present perfect ten sentence because we are referring to something in the past while conjugating in the present. In Spanish, I have eaten turns to o. There's our famous a here. But notice how the ER verb is conjugated. It is conjugated with an IDO ending. What does this tell us? Well, this tells us that the regular verb to eat is conjugated in the sentence in the present perfect tense because of its three letter ending do. We can also use the present sub tense in Spanish in sentences that contain object pronouns, which is something we've covered before. Right, let's take a Spanish sentence that uses an object pronoun. Let's take the sentence yoko, which translates to, in English, I have eaten it. Of course, the low, the object pronoun low here would be the it in English. As we can see here, this is a present perfect sentence because it refers to something that happened or started in the past and still continues or affects us in our present existence. In being right now that we've clarified what the present perfect substance is and how to use it, we must talk about the verb conjugation endings. Their verb endings are pretty simple to remember. I will go ahead and give you them. For the regular verbs. For regular ER and IR verbs, the endings of verbs in the present perfect tense turn to like we saw in the regular ER verb, It changed too MDO, which of course in English translates to or eaten. For regular AR verbs, the ending changes to a DO. An example of this would be the verb caminar, which is a regular AR verb that means to walk in the present perfect tense. This would change to caminado, CAM IN DO. This, of course, translates to walked. Now, much like the other tenses, the present perfect tense also has its own list of irregular verb conjugations. Since there really isn't a pattern for those in this subtense, I will just attach a list to them to this video so you can review them and know which ones are irregular. That's pretty much it for the present perfect subtense in Spanish. In the next video, we will talk about the indicative versus the subjunctive moods in Spanish and how they relate to everything that we've covered thus far in this course. I'll see you there. 17. The Indicative vs. Subjunctive vs. Imperative Mood: In this video, we will learn about the three different moods that compose the Spanish language. In Spanish, we have three moods, the indicative, the subjunctive, and the imperative. Thus far in this course, every verb tense and conjugation that we have learned, with the exception of the conditional tense, has been in the indicative mood. Thus far in this course, we have learned about the present preterit, imperfect, present perfect, and future tenses in the indicative mood. Then what is a mood? Well, basically, a mood is a concept that helps us organize verb tenses, refers to the different ways in which a verb can be expressed. Of course, yet again, to repeat myself, the three moods that compose the Spanish language are the indicative, the subjunctive, and the imperative. Since we have overwhelmingly learned about conjugating verbs in the indicative mood, let's then define what is the indicative mood. Basically, the indicative mood is used when talking about things that are true or certain. An example of this would be something like facts, or personal certainty and beliefs and so forth. Basically, anything that you're certain about that you have zero doubt on, zero uncertainty on. If you're 100% certain, then you would be using the indicative mood. We have learned about indicative mood verbs for four different conjugation types. Right, it's great that we started there because most people tend to speak with the indicative mood first. Then when we move on to advanced Spanish, we get into the subjunctive and the imperative moods. Yes, that is basically what the indicative mood is and how it is used in Spanish. The second mood that we will be talking about is a subjunctive mood. This mood, in contrast to the indicative mood, is used when talking about things that aren't certain, that they have uncertainty or doubt attached to them. An example of this would be desires, wishes, predictions, probabilities, and so forth. Basically, the opposite of the indicative mood for the last of the three moods. In Spanish, we have the imperative mood, which is used when talking about commands. Whenever we're directly commanding someone to do something or to not do something. A positive versus a negative command. That is only when we use the imperative mood in Spanish. So now that we have these three moods defined, let's give an example of each to best clarify the expression or way in which each one is used and works in the language. So let's start off with the first sentence, magna, which translates to, I will eat the food tomorrow. This is a sentence in the indicative future tense. Because of its certainty. Right, I will eat the food tomorrow. Then we have the second sentence, yocomia magna pero. Which translates to, I would eat the food tomorrow. But this sentence would be a subjunctive sentence, and it is in the conditional tense because it expresses uncertainty or doubt. Right, this sentence alone tells us that the person or subject is unsure whether they will eat the food tomorrow or not. Then the last example sentence we have is which translates to, in English, please eat the food. This would be an imperative sentence because this is a command, or more specifically, a positive command because we are telling someone to do something. Thus far, we have learned the present imperfect and present perfect in the indicative tense. However, it is also important to know that there is a subjunctive mood, or version of these verb conjugations as well, with the exception of the preterite tense. Because that tense, the preterite past tense, does not exist in a subjunctive mood. That only exists in the indicative, much like the conditional tense only exists in a subjunctive mood. Because again, it within itself expresses uncertainty. Much like the subjunctive mood does. There's a great acronym to help you memorize or know when the subjunctive mood is used compared to the indicative mood, and vice versa. For the subjunctive mood, we have the acronym weirdo, which will help you memorize in what situations to use the subjunctive mood. Now let's define what each letter in this acronym stands for. The W, and weirdo stands for Wish or wishes. The E stands for Emotions. The stands for Impersonal Expressions. The R stands for Requests. The D stands for Doubts or desires, and the O stands for Hala, which is the Spanish word for hope. Expressing hope. As you can see in all of these situations, we would not be 100% certain. Therefore, we would be using the subjunctive mood. Then we also have a great acronym to help us know when to use the imperative mood. In Spanish for the imperative mood, we have the acronym Spark to help us remember when it is used. Now let's define what each letter of this acronym stands for. The. And Spark stands for Speech. The P stands for Perceptions. The O stands for Opinions, Beliefs or Thoughts. The C stands for Certainty. And then the K stands for knowledge. As you can see in all of these situations, we would be certain, therefore, we would be using the indicative mood. Again, the imperative mood in Spanish doesn't need an acronym because it's fairly simple to memorize. We only use that when talking about commands. I will be attaching a document to this video with all of this information to help you remember and know the differences between both. Specifically, for the two acronyms, Weirdo for the subjunctive mood and Spock for the indicative mood. These three moods are very important to know, especially when we get into advanced Spanish as we will begin to use the subjunctive mood more and the imperative mood as well. I hope this helped. And I'll see you in the next video. 18. The Spanish Alphabet and Accents: Welcome to the next section of the course. In this section of the course, we will learn how to confidently write in Spanish. But in order for us to get there, we must first start off with the basics. In this video, we will cover the Spanish alphabet and the accent rules in Spanish. You best know how they work. In this course, so far we have seen accents pop up here and there, and you may be wondering about the rules and how to use them and what they signify, especially since we don't have these in the English language. Well, not to worry, we will get there in this video as well. But first, let's begin with the Spanish alphabet. Spanish the alphabet is called La. Similar to the English word alphabet, or the Spanish alphabet contains 27 different letters. Now we will also be including three pronunciations which are important. These three pronunciations are no longer part of the official alphabet, but they are still very important to know. What I'm going to do is that I'm going to pronounce these 30 different letters, or rather 27 letters and three pronunciations of the Spanish language. You can tell how they sound on their own. Now as just a preface, of course, these letters won't sound exactly the same once you bunch them up together into words, but that's a given nonetheless. Let's go ahead and get started. Under each letter I am going to attach the phonetic spelling. You have a better idea of how I'm pronouncing each one of these. These are the following 27 letters and three pronunciations of the Spanish language that make up the Spanish alphabet. Be, say, a, a, a, a grit. If you need to hear those again, you can rewind and pause at any letter, or you can just go letter by letter. Pause just so you can get a better understanding of how each one is pronounced. There we go. Those are officially the 27 letters of the Spanish alphabet alphabet, and the three pronunciations. Now let's talk about the accent marks in the Spanish language. In Spanish, there are three main types of accent marks, as you'll see here displayed in these three letters. The first one that we will talk about is called the tiled or in Spanish tilde. This squiggly line is exclusively used in the Spanish letter E. Without this squiggly line known as the tiled. This letter would be the letter in Spanish, similar to the English letter N. However, in Spanish E, the N with the squiggly line is its own letter, as we now know. Therefore, this one is very important because its presence in a word can alter its meaning and change its pronunciation completely. This can be seen in the following example, the two words in Spanish versus mono. Let's hear those two again, mono versus mono. The first one translates to Bun English, while the second one translates to monkey. In English, as you can see, the presence of the squiggly line, the tilled, also known as the letter e, when it's paired with a letter and completely changes its meaning and pronunciation. This is why this letter, and also this accent mark, is very important to know. The next accent mark that we will be talking about is this two dotted accent mark. In Spanish, called in English a diarysis, or in Spanish the edics. This accent mark is only used above the letter u or u in English, its presence in the Spanish language isn't very common and is used in only a select amount of words, which will be attached to this video, But let's take a look at two, just so you can hear how it sounds in Spanish. Some example words using a ices in Spanish would be the words bueno and bilingue. Again, binguino and bilingue. Binguino means penguin, and bilingue means bilingual. But let's hear these two again, Bueno and bilingue. As we can hear the U with the two dots, diarsis, accent mark in Spanish. Helps us give that guy or gue sound And pronunciation and words. In Pingino it would be the guy sound. And then in Bilingue it would be the ge sound. The last of the three accents that we're going to mention and is important to know is of course, the acute accent, and it is also the most commonly used accent in the Spanish language. This accent is very important and is written from the bottom left to the top right, diagonally on top of vowels only. Again, this accent mark is only used on vowels or in Spanish. Accent mark is used to indicate or emphasize stress on a certain syllable in a word in Spanish. Before we get to that, let me explain what word stress is with syllables and how it relates to this accent mark. Let's take the words in English knowledge, climate, and geography. Notice how in each of those words there was a stress or emphasis on a certain syllable. Let's hear them again. Knowledge, climate, and geography. In the first two words, the stress was on the first syllable, knowledge. Then in climate, cli, for the third word, the emphasis was on the second syllable, ag. In geography, this is what word stress is. It's basically where we put the emphasis on what syllable in a word. It helps us give this language a more nativeness to it. Right? By knowing your word stresses, you become more of a native speaker because you know where to emphasize the word. This is what word stress is. Of course, we have this in Spanish as well. This is what the acute accent mark in Spanish aims to do. It aims to tell us where to add the stress and on what syllable. Now, of course, this accent mark is only added on words that break the two rules of word stress in Spanish. What are they? Let's go ahead and now talk about the two rules of word stress in Spanish. The first rule, if a word ends in a vowel, A, I, R, U, or, or, then you must stress the second to last syllable. Let's take some example words in Spanish of this rule. Let's take the words ablo, hoven, computadora, and ombres the word ablo. We are stressing the second to last syllable in this word, since there's only two syllables, this would be the first syllable. Same thing goes with the second word, hoven. There are only two syllables. The syllable that we stress is the first one. Then in Computadora, we stress the second to last syllable because that is what this rule asks us to do. We stress the syllable do. Then in the last word, ombres is same thing as the first two, since there's only two syllables in this, we stress the first syllable. That is the first rule of word stress in Spanish. Now let's talk about the second rule. The second rule says if the word ends in a consonant, meaning a letter that is an a vowel other than n or, then you must stress the last syllable. Let's take some Spanish words to demonstrate the second rule of word stress. Let's take the words pest. In these words, we stress espanol esto felisvajador. As you can hear in all four of these words, we stressed the very last syllable because, of course, this is what this rule asks us to do. Of course, these words fall under this rule because they follow what the title of this rule is. However, if a word does not follow one of these two rules that have been mentioned, then you must add the acute accent to know on what stress it falls. Instead, let's take the example word exam. In this word, we have the accent on the second syllable, despite this word examines, having four syllables. Why is that? Why don't we stress the second to last syllable if this is what it should be doing, right? Because this word ends in the letter right. So it should be following rule one, but it does not. So this is a rule breaker word. We must then add the acute accent on the correct syllable to let us know where it belongs, since it doesn't follow any of the two rules mentioned earlier. Since the stress in the word examinus follows or falls under the second syllable, we must add an accent over the letter a after the letter in the word examinus. Because that lets us know that that is where the stress or the emphasis must be added. In order for us to know on what syllable this rule breaker word has the stress in, we must add the accent to let us know. Or else we'll probably blindly think that it falls under the second to last syllable. Right, because it ends in the letter. But that is not the case. Therefore, in order for us to know that it doesn't follow any of those two rules, we must add the accent. All right, great with that out of the way. We also must know that these acute accents are also used to help us separate words that have the same spelling but different meanings. These type of words are also known as homonyms in English. Let's take a look at a common example in Spanish of a homonym and how the acute accent mark helps us to separate these two words that have similar or same spellings but completely different meanings. Let's take the example versus the first with the accent means yes in English, while the second C means if. This is very important because as we can see here, not only did the accent change how the word was pronounced, but it also changed the meaning. The first went up in intonation or in sound, because it is used to indicate that the accent was placed there while the second C is more flat and monotone. A list of the rest of these homonyms will be attached to this video, so you can study them and know which are also like this C versus C example. Now, the acute accent is also used in question words. In Spanish, question words always have accents in them. What are question? Question words are words like who, what, when, where, why, and how. Here is a list presented to you. So you can see we have qual, which means which. Quanto which means when. Quanto which means how much como, which means how do, which means where. P which means y, k which means what. And lastly, ken, which means who. As you can see in all of these question words, we have an accent in them. However, if you use these words in a statement sentence as opposed to a direct question, then you do not add an accent to these words. Let's take a look at an example of this. In Spanish, we have the two example sentences in spanish, ota and aat. In the first one, I was asking a question, a direct question. An accent was needed on this word, como, right? Whereas in the second sentence, I was making a general statement. So no accent was needed on the word como. This is important because not only did the type of sentence I'm saying change whether I should have used an accent or not, but it also changed the meaning of the word because with the accent means how, whereas without the accent means like or as. This is another example of the homonyms that we talked about earlier. Lastly, this type of accent, the acute accent, is used with a set of words called demonstratives. Which is basically just a term that describes words that describe the location of things or refer to them, depending if you use them as an adjective, for example, this car, or as a pronoun, for example, that one. Just so we can have a quick, clearer idea of what I mean when I talk about a demonstrative adjective versus a demonstrative pronoun. Here are two examples in English of sentences using each one. The first sentence, I like this car uses a demonstrative in the adjective form, whereas a sentence I like that one uses a demonstrative as a pronoun. In the first sentence, we are referring this to describe the car. In the second one with the pronoun, we are using that one to describe the actual object in place of car. We used that one. A list of these will also be attached to this video so you can refer to them and know how they work in Spanish. I hope this makes sense. And please make sure to look at the resources and replay this video if any of these accent marks and word stress rules do not make sense in Spanish. With that, we have covered all of the accent marks in Spanish and how they operate within the language. See you in the next video. 19. Spanish Punctuation, Capitalization and Abbreviations: In this video, we will learn about Spanish punctuation marks, capitalization rules, and abbreviations, which are highly useful and beneficial in order to write in Spanish like a native and to help you improve in general, with your Spanish writing. Much like in English, we also have punctuations in Spanish. In Spanish, these are called bunion punctuation. They are mostly shared with the English ones. There's not too much of a difference, with an exception of upside down question marks and exclamation points. And of course, apart from the accents that we have already covered, but let's go into the ones that we haven't talked about yet, which are, of course, the upside down question marks and exclamation points. Let's start off with the upside down and right side up question marks. These are called Signo de interrogation in Spanish, and they are used at the beginning and the end of a question. That is very important. I know that in English we only add a question mark to the end of the question, but in Spanish you must add a question mark at the beginning, an upside down one, and then a right side up one. At the end, we have the upside down and right side up exclamation points, which in Spanish are called Signo de Clamion. Much like the Signo de interrogacion, you must also add a sign upside down exclamation point at the beginning of the expressive statement. And then the right side up at the end of the statement. Let's take two examples of these to show you what I mean, let's take the question comest which we've seen before, which means how are you then the exclamation statement to felis, of course, translates to I am happy. Now, you always, of course, like in English, use these exclamation points in sentences or statements that are trying to express surprise or shock, or excitement. Yeah, that is pretty much the only difference. Now, it's important for you to remember this. These are also found in the Spanish keyboard. Sometimes though, some Spanish speakers, for the sake of brevity, don't type the upside down question mark upside down exclamation point. But just know if you're trying to be formal in an E mail or writing something longer than that, it is important that you add these to show that you know your formal, correct Spanish punctuation rules and so forth. Now, the other punctuation marks I'm not going to really talk about because they're pretty much similar to English, right? We also have, of course, apunto, which is a period. We also have mills, which are quotation marks. We also have the hashtag or pound sign called the adia. Then we also have of hyphens and semicolons and colons and comas. However, there are some slight differences in how they're used in Spanish compared to English. Let's take the example of the colon. This can also be used at the end of a salute in an e mail. For example, if you're saying dear or Mr. or miss, then you can use a colon at the end of this greeting in the e mail that is optional. I know in English we use the but, in Spanish you can use the colon for that instead. Another way that we have some slight differences is of course, the way in which we write dates. In Spanish, this is very important because I know that in English we typically write them as month, day, year, right? Like let's say January 5, 2021, Right? And that would be 1521. But in Spanish we do not do this. In Spanish, the date goes first, then the month, then the year. In English we would have something like January 5, 2021, but in Spanish it would be 5 January 2021. In Spanish this would sound like Ello. Of course, this is reflected when writing dates. Whether we're writing out the whole month and date and year, or abbreviating the way I just finished saying it. Deer, that would be the full way of saying it. But if I were trying to abbreviate this, then it would obviously appear as 050-12-0201 Okay. So those are some great rules to know about lo signos de psion or punctuation marks in Spanish. Now let's move on to capitalization rules, because this is very important and often forgotten by students learning Spanish. But remember, there are some differences in how we capitalize things in English compared to Spanish. Let's talk about that. Unlike in English, personal titles like Mrs. or Dr. are not capitalized unless they are abbreviated, which is what we're going to cover next days of the week months. Religions, languages and nationalities are also not capitalized in Spanish, but names of countries, states and cities are capitalized. When we're talking about books, movies, arts, and TV show titles, only the first letter of the first word is capitalized. Lastly, holidays, newspaper and magazine and publication titles and album titles are also capitalized for the first letter, but of each word, much like in English. So just remember that in Spanish, things like languages, nationalities, months, days of the week, and religions are not capitalized. So I know this can seem a little bit weird at first, but these are the capitalization rules of Spanish. All right, so for the last part of this video, let's talk about abbreviations in Spanish, labatura. So abbreviations in Spanish just work much like they do in English. We have abbreviations for names or titles of people, Mrs. or Mr. or Dr. and so forth. A list of these will be attached to this video so that way you can learn how to write these. They will be useful whether you're writing an e mail or trying to speak to someone and address them by their title. All right, so that's it for this video. I hope this helped. See you in the next one. 20. Key Phrases for Past Tenses and Transition Words: In this video, we will learn about key phrases and trigger words for the preterite and imperfect past tense tenses in Spanish. As you might know already, the best way to figure out whether a word is conjugated is by looking at the endings, right, of how the verb is changed or known as its verb conjugation. The way it's conjugated through the ending and memorizing the ending patterns will help you remember whether it is in the imperfect or the preterite past tense. But how about these sentences? Right, because let's say you're still a little shaky in terms of remembering the endings in their patterns. Well, not to worry, because there's another way to help you remember and reinforce whether the sentence that you're reading or hearing is in the preterit or imperfect tense in Spanish. Now, we can also use, of course, the acronyms that we learned, right, spicy, and waters, in the previous section of the course to help us remember in which situations we use the preterit versus the imperfect tense. But on top of this, we have these key phrases and trigger words to let us know whether the sentence is a pre past ten sentence or an imperfect past ten sentence in Spanish. Now in this video, we will also be learning about transition words. But before we get to those, let's first learn about some of the key phrases and trigger words that indicate whether the sentence is in the preterit, past tens, or imperfect past tense. Let's begin by separating these two, and we're only going to put like about a few here to this video. The full list will be attached. Not to worry, but for the sake of this video, we're going to cover just a few. Let's first start off with some Spanish key phrases. For the preterit past tens, we have the following five, which means yesterday tier, which means the day before yesterday. Anoche which means last night. We have eltra dia, which means the other day. Lastly, we have el dia or me or go pasalo, which translates to the past day, or month, or year as we can see here. What do all of these key phrases or trigger words have in common? Well, they all relate to the singular past. Also known as things that happened in the past. Once, right? Yesterday will only happen once. This is how you should start thinking of these to help you memorize preterite past tense versus imperfect past tense. Now let's move on to Spanish key phrases for the imperfect past tense. We have siempre, which means always todos los dias, which means every day. Todas las, which means every week. Todos los meses, which means every month. And then dada or semana or mess, which means each day, or week, or month. What can we notice in these key phrases and trigger words for the imperfect past tense, or that they all relate to the repeated past, right? If I'm talking about every day or always clearly, I'm talking about doing something in the past more than once. Again, these two tie into the very basic concepts of the predterate versus imperfect past tense. These five and actually ten up here should be great starters for you to help you memorize some trigger words and some key phrases for each of these past tenses in Spanish. Again, the full list will be attached to this video. Now let's talk about transition words in Spanish. Well, what is a transition word in case you might not know, because we also have these in English. Well, basically, a transition word is a word that shows the relationship between two different thoughts or ideas in a sentence. This might sound similar to the definition of conjunctions, something that we've covered in the first section of this course. But the difference from transition words to conjunctions is that transition words demonstrate the relationship between two sentences. For example, how they are related to each other, right? Whereas conjunctions are mainly used to compare and contrast two ideas in a sentence. Examples of transition words in English include the words and, but, so, and, because. They show your reader or listener the relationship between the two phrases, ideas or sentences, and sometimes even paragraphs in something that you are speaking or hearing. And of course, also writing, when you use them, you make it easier for the listener or for the reader to understand how those two thoughts or ideas that you are talking about are connected to each other. This brings me to a question that I often get asked by students. Can you switch tenses within the same sentence in Spanish? Yes, absolutely. However, it is important to note that the verbs that are conjugated cannot be right next to each other. This is just a rule that we talked about the first section of the course, right? If you're going to have two conjugated verbs, if they're going to be next to each other, they have to be in different conjugations. But if you're going to switch tenses within the same sentence, then of course they cannot be next to each other at all. They must be separated by other words in between that hint a transition towards another tense within the sentence. Let's take the example sentence in Spanish, va camino entonces pollo. As an example, this sentence translates to, I had been walking and then it began to rain. What can we note here? Well, that we start off with an imperfect conjugation, right, Eva? And then we transition into a preterit conjugation. We have the verb eva conjugated in the imperfect tense at the beginning of the sentence. Then we have the verb conjugated in the preterit tense. Notice how far away these two verbs are from each other. And notice what word came before the preterit conjugation. The word tons, a transition word, which means then in English. In order for us to switch tenses within the same sentence, in Spanish, we had to use a transition word before the second verb conjugation. This is what I mean by this, that you cannot have these two verbs next to each other. You need transitions before the second verb conjugation in order to be able to switch. This, of course, is just one of the many transition words found in Spanish. A full list will also be attached to this video to help you review and remember some. These are great to know because they will help you build more complex sentences in Spanish. Whether you're speaking writing or anything else in general. I hope this helped and I'll see you in the next video. 21. Applying the Building Blocks in Your Own Sentences: So now that you know the building blocks of Spanish and how they work in Spanish writing, you are now well on your way to creating your very own Spanish sentences, small excerpts, paragraphs, and more. This is very great because knowing how to write in Spanish is an awesome tool. And to mastering the language and becoming fluent in it, now that we know all of the building blocks to build grammatically correct sentences, we must now know how to apply that knowledge when it comes to writing in Spanish. Now in this course, you have all of these resources at your disposal that you can always go back to if you need a refresher or a rewind. Now in this video, we will talk about some great tips to help boost your Spanish writing. And some great tips just so you know what you're writing and feel more confident in doing so. Here are some great tips for writing in Spanish. As always, verb conjugations are extremely important to know because when you get to advance Spanish, the subject pronoun is often omitted in sentences when speaking or writing to save time. Let's take a look at an example of this. We have our familiar sentence, comida, which translates to I eat the food. This sentence includes the subject pronoun yo, right? It makes it very clear as to who is eating the food, who is doing the action. This would be a more beginner's Spanish sentence, whereas the second sentence, comida, this sentence means the exact same thing as the first. But what do you notice? Well, that the subject is omitted, right? There is no yo here, but everything else stayed the same, including the conjugation of the verb. What do we notice from this? Well, that there is no subject, but the verb conjugation remained the same. This then tells us that the subject of this sentence is still. But why was it omitted? Because of what I said earlier. When you get to advance Spanish, it is very common for native speakers to omit the subject to save time when writing or speaking. Of course, now this isn't the most formal thing to do, but it's definitely grammatically correct. How would you know who the subject is if there is no subject explicitly stated in the sentence? Well, that's when you would have to know the verb conjugation. The verb conjugation tells you it, all right, the subject and the tense in which you're speaking in. Here's my second tip for writing in Spanish. Write only what you know. Remember, it's better to start off with a small bunch of words that you know well, rather than to bite off more than you can chew. Don't overextend yourself by trying to use vocabulary that we haven't covered yet or that you don't already know. Right? You'll get there in time because I know all too well that students are often eager to getting into writing complex sentences and the like in Spanish. But in order to get to that level, we must first know the basics. First, have a grasp of at least ten verbs and nouns, and of course the subject pronouns in our vocabulary bank. Mastered and known. Well, in order for us to continue accruing and building our vocabulary bank mentally, right, This is very important, right? It's better to be short, and sweet and simple than to be overly complex and convoluted and then end up not making sense in the process. Tip three for writing in Spanish. Remember that Spanish follows the subject verb, noun word order. When you're writing a basic sentence, you must remember that the subject goes first, then the verb, then the noun. This is just the way it is. Of course, this order will always be grammatically correct. But remember in more advanced and complex sentences, you can also add conjunctions, prepositions, and so forth to be more expressive and show your improving fluency in the language. Words like conjunctions and prepositions are not mandatory in basic sentences. But once you get comfortable with writing basic sentences and start writing intermediate and advanced sentences, then that's when those come into the mix. Just remember that subject verb noun. Of course, subject verb agreement is extremely important in Spanish, whether you're writing it, reading it, and so forth. Lastly, my last tip for writing in Spanish for now, is remember that the building blocks in Spanish can repeat in a sentence and still be correct. For instance, we can have two or more verbs in a sentence, but they must either be conjugated differently or have other types of words, such as nouns or transition words in between those two verbs. Let's take a look at an example of this. An example of this would be the following sentence, Va camino entonces poll, which translates to, in English, I had been walking and then it began to rain. We've seen this sentence in the transition words video, right? Again, this ties into what I'm saying now, right? That you can have the building blocks repeat in a sentence to make the sentence longer, basically, like think of it as a row of Lego building blocks, right? You attach them and piece them together vertically, and then it becomes longer and longer. This is how these building blocks of Spanish work as well. In this sentence, we have a subject pronoun, then a conjugated verb in the imperfect past tense, then a conjugated verb in the past progressive sub tense, then a conjunction, then a transition word. Then a conjugated verb in the preterit past tense, then a preposition, and then lastly, a non conjugated verb. We can see here we have three verbs in this sentence alone, all conjugated differently, and the verbs are separated by other words such as transition words and so forth. Just keep in mind you're not limited to just writing three words, right? Subject verb noun. Of course, you can add other things as well, but make sure you know the order right. You know where these words belong. All right, great. With these tips in mind, you're well on your way to writing your sentences in Spanish. And I hope that these tips help clarify some things that you may have had some questions on. Right. Remember to keep these tips in mind when you're writing your own Spanish sentences and so forth. Now, these tips are not only limited to writing, but of course, that's the focus of this section of this course. In the next lecture, you will have writing practice exercises waiting for you for you to start beginning to write your own Spanish sentences, excerpts, and paragraphs and so forth. I recommend that you do these exercises for practice because it will definitely help you in feeling more comfortable and confident in writing your very own Spanish words and sentences. I hope that writing practice helps. It's definitely a great interactive activity for you to do in your own time, at your own pace. Of course, if you have any doubts, you can look back to the previous videos and resources that are available to you in this course by, for now. And I'll see you in the next section of the course. 22. Introducing Spanish Pronunciation: Welcome to the next section of the course in which we will learn how to confidently speak in Spanish. In this video, we will learn about Spanish pronunciation rules and patterns, and how they relate in terms of words to get you sounding like a native Spanish speaker. Here we go. First, we'll start off this video by focusing on the consonants, and then later on the vowels. It's good to split these up into two just so you're aware of, again, the differences between a consonant and vowel, and again, what letters fall into each category. Let's start off by talking about similarly pronounced consonants in Spanish. This would be the letters and set. These three letters can all be pronounced as in the English word sit. For example, centro, which means center in Spanish is pronounced as centro. Siesta, which means nap in Spanish is pronounced as siesta. And sania, which means carrot, is pronounced as sania. As you can hear, Siesta sania. These are and Z. Yet they all have an sound to them in the beginning. Right? That's what I mean as set or S and Z are all similarly pronounced consonants in Spanish. But beware for the letter or C in English, if it is followed by an L or, then it becomes pronounced as the sound in the English word kit for example, which means house in Spanish is pronounced as a claro, which means clear in Spanish is pronounced as co. And cocina, which means kitchen in Spanish is pronounced as a. As we can see here, the letter or in Spanish is pronounced as the kit only if it is followed by a, U, L, or as we can see here in these three Spanish words, casalena, the letter C is followed by these letters. Now let's just talk about other consonants. In Spanish, the letter D or in Spanish is not pronounced like D in English, but instead as the in the English word. For example, let's take a look at the Spanish word despues, which means after in Spanish is pronounced as despues pues. Remember, the letter de in Spanish is pronounced as de and not D. Then we have the letter in Spanish, which in English is a letter G. This is an interesting one because it can either sound like the English in the word hole or the goose sound in the word mongoose, depending on what letter it is followed by. For instance, if the letter G is followed by the letter E, then it is pronounced as the H e NTE, which means people in Spanish is pronounced as ne, like if it started with an H in English. Whereas, gusta, which starts off with a G, but then it is followed by a USA, which means like in Spanish, is pronounced as gusta as opposed to justa. Just remember this difference then. The letter T j in English is also pronounced with an H type sound, like in the word whole. And it is not pronounced like the jo in English is. So let's take a look at an example of this. In Spanish, we have the word j, which means george in Spanish is pronounced as j, as if it started with an H in English. Right? Remember, the letter J has more of an H sound in Spanish. Then we have the two consonants, Be or in English, and V. There's often confusion between these two since they sound similar in Spanish. But the difference is that the letter Be, as in B, is clearly said without any fuzz or vibration. The letter letter V in English is pronounced with a buzz or type of vibration sound effect. It's almost like you were going to say the letter in English, right? Because you have that like fuzzy sound effect to it. Let's take a look at these examples. Spanish words, we have coba, which means broom. In Spanish is pronounced as, whereas we have which means 20 in Spanish is pronounced as almost like if it started with an right, but not really. That is the distinction between the Spanish letters and you can hear the difference. Then we have the two R's we have in the second R. You can hear I clearly rolled my tongue right? I clearly rolled my R's. And that is the main difference between these two, is that in the first R, the single R, you don't roll your R's while in the double R, you do. For example. Let's take a look at this. We have the words estar, which means to. In Spanish, it's just pronounced as t. You don't even have to roll your R's there, Roll your tongue. But then we have the word which means war, and it's pronounced as g. As you can hear, I had to roll my R's here. Since this word has two Rs, that is the main difference between these two. Then we have the two L's and then the y and griea. These two are also similarly pronounced in Spanish as in they both have the sound found in the English word yellow. For instance, let's take the words eno, which means full. In Spanish it's pronounced as o. Then we have the word boo, which means chicken. In Spanish it's pronounced as poo. Notice how in these two words we have two L's. For the first one we have the two L's at the beginning. And then for the second word, we have the L's near the end, eno and poo. Notice how in both of those, the two L's sound like a y in English, eno and boyo. Then we have the word are spelled Y, E R, which means yesterday in Spanish is pronounced as a. Again, same sound as the two L's, right? Double L, the griga, the Y also has that y sound. Just know that the two L's and the Y both have the same sound in Spanish. Okay, great. Now it's time to talk about the vowels in their pronunciation. In Spanish words, we have five vowels in Spanish, and they also vary in their pronunciation compared to English. Of course, let's start off with the first one, the letter a, which would be the letter in English. And it is pronounced with the a in the English word. Ah. Let's take an example Spanish word that uses this. Let's take the word antes, spelled N TS, which means before. It is pronounced as and not right. It's pronounced as. You can hear the letter a has that full voiced mouth sound. Then we have the next two vowels, The letters. And The letter A is pronounced as found in the English word behave. And the letter is pronounced as found in the English word. Therefore, the word which means foot in Spanish is pronounced as and, not p or p. Right? So just remember that. And then we have the vowel, the letter which in English would be the letter. It is pronounced similarly to English, but more so with the o found in the English word as opposed to o. Remember, the difference in pronunciation is distinct, subtle, but still distinct. We have in Spanish and then in English, remember, it's more like in Spanish. Therefore, the Spanish words, which means bear in Spanish, is pronounced as. And then lastly, we have the vowel o, which in English would be the letter U. It is pronounced as the u found in the English word. Therefore, the Spanish word punto, which means point, is pronounced as punto. Punto. As you probably would assume in English, this vowel can also be silent. And we'll get to that next. Now, for the last part of this Spanish pronunciation video, let's talk about silent letters in the Spanish language. The letter ace in Spanish, which in English would be the letter H, is always silent in Spanish. Let's take some Spanish words to demonstrate this. We have the word ambre, which means hunger. Ombre, which means man, elo, which means ice cream, and cha, which means daughter. As we can hear in all of these amba, the H is completely silent, and the pronunciation of each word begins with the second letter. This is also the case for words in Spanish that don't start with the letter H or ace. For example, the Spanish word aura, which means now notice how this word doesn't start with the letter H, but we still make the H silent. It is pronounced as aura and not ahora. Right? Remember, the letter H is always silent in Spanish when pronouncing it in words. All right, and lastly, let's get back to that vowel, the letter U, or in Spanish. We know that this letter u is pronounced like the u in the English word z. But sometimes it is also silent in Spanish, but only when the word has a before it and an E or I after it. For example, let's take the two Spanish words gia, which means guide, and giants, which means Notice how the U in these two Spanish words, gia and gisantis is preceded by the letter and then followed by the letter I. Thus making the U or the u in these two words in Spanish completely silent. Just remember that the vowel or U in Spanish can sometimes be silent if it is preceded by the letter G and then followed by the letter or after it. Well, that's it for the Spanish pronunciation video. I hoped it helped. And of course, this will be attached as a resource to this video, so you can download and print or review on your own time again. I hoped it helped. And I'll see you the next video. 23. Greetings and Other Phrases You Should Know: Welcome back. Now that we have covered pronunciation rules in Spanish, it would become a lot easier for you to now know how to pronounce certain words in Spanish based on how they're spelled. Remember that the proximity of letters to each other modifies the way the word is going to be pronounced and what letters will be pronounced as well. But now it's time to now put that all together into actual phrases and greetings in Spanish, which we will talk about in this video. Because of course, you can learn all of these technical rules and so forth. But if you don't have any real phrases or greetings and the like to actually implement them and help you practice how to speak, you know it's basically pointless. The whole goal of this course is to actually get you saying sentences, your very own sentences in Spanish. And what better way to start doing so than by learning some basic greetings and commonly used phrases. As always attached to this video will be a list of phrases and greetings that you should know in Spanish to get you sounding like a native speaker. These phrases will also come in handy whether you're speaking to a native Spanish speaker visiting a Spanish country or just are trying to expand your vocabulary. Every Spanish learner should know some phrases and some greetings. Especially if you want to introduce yourself, ask someone how they're doing and so forth. This list of Spanish greetings and phrases that I will be attaching to this video as a downloadable resource will be separated into categories and themes, so that way you know under which category and situation you should use each phrase or greeting. Let's talk about some. I'm not going to mention or cover all of them in this video because then this would make the video very long. But you should now know or have an idea of how these are pronounced. Due to now knowing the Spanish pronunciation rules. Of course, you can always also use an online translator to give you an idea of how the phrase sounds. But of course, we want to make sure that we also know our Spanish pronunciation rules as well. Some commonly used Spanish phrases that might come in handy to you are some introductory phrases. Right? If you're trying to introduce yourself to someone, you might want to ask someone again. This is a phrase and a question that we have seen before in the previous video, right? And it means how are you? We also have other expressions and phrases like nombres or jomeamo, which are two different ways to say my name is. Then we have other words like gracias, which means thank you. The nada which means you're welcome. And disculpa which means sorry. Now, don't forget, sometimes it is important to be able to know when to use certain greetings as they are. Remember either formal or informal. We talked about this right in the first section of the course. That in Spanish we have two. We have the two, which is the informal U, and then we have the stead, which is the formal. Again, as a quick recap, the two U is only used informally. That means with people you're close with, people that you are familiar with or comfortable with, and so forth. Whereas the ousted U is formal and used with people that you're not close with, strangers and higher ups and so forth to show that you are trying to be respectful. This also applies in terms of when to use certain expressions and phrases in Spanish. Let's bring back that comas question again, and then below it, atta. As we can see here we have two variations of the question. Costas, we have comestas at the top and then comesta at the bottom. These, of course, both mean how are you in Spanish? But now the difference is, well, the conjugation of the verb, right? Notice how we dropped the estas for the second one. Why? Because the second one comesta is conjugated in the Ted subject pronoun in the formal. The implication for the second one is that you were asking someone that you're not close with or someone that you have a lot of respect for in general, or are trying to be respectful to the question, how are you? Whereas the first is conjugated in the two, the informal use subject pronoun. This implies that you would be asking someone that you're close with, like a friend or relative. That's just something to be aware of, right? That who you're speaking to or asking questions or greeting in Spanish matters because the level of formality will vary. This can also be seen in the following two questions in Spanish and ova again, and in the first one we are using the right. And we know based on section two of the scores when we cover these pronouns that is derived from the two subject pronouns. This question, which translates to English, how is it going, is being asked to someone that the speaker is close with or familiar with. Whereas the second one we are using here instead of this is an indirect object pronoun. Again, based on what we covered in section two, we know that Led derives from the usted subject pronoun, which is the formal in this question. Which also translates to how's it going? The implication is that it is being asked to someone that you're not close with or someone you're trying to show respect for, like an elderly person or again, someone that is higher up or someone that you're just a general stranger to and so forth. One last thing that I wanted to mention is, again, don't forget the difference between a and star, which both mean to be. Because these also affect how the meaning of the phrase or question you're asking changes. So let's say someone asks you, comes stas, right? They would be asking you, how are you? But then let's say someone asks you, is this is slightly different. This eds derives from the verb said as opposed to estas which derives from the verb we know that comes translates to how are you. But what about como? Translates to how? Or what are you like? What are you like as a person? What are your personality traits or your characteristics or your typical behaviors and the like. So you see why it is important to, again remember the difference between star three greetings that will also come in handy to know are of course, the following three Buenos Dias which translates to good morning or good day. It can be used as both buenas which translates to good afternoon, and then buenas noches which translates to good night. Now in Spanish, buenas noches can be used also as a greeting. Not only is it used for telling someone or implying that someone is going to go to bed, right, But it can also be used as a greeting as well. I hope you find this resource full of greetings and phrases in Spanish useful to you, and I'll see you in the next video. 24. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns in Spanish: In this video, we will learn about possessives in Spanish. Now you may be wondering what are possessives? Well, we have these in English too, when we say things like mine and yours and so forth. Possessives are meant to show or indicate that you own something, or that someone else owns something, an object, a belonging, and so forth. Anytime we're trying to indicate ownership, we use possessives. We have these in English too, and of course we have these in Spanish as well. To get you to be able to state or make sentences using possessive words to indicate to your listener or reader that you own a certain thing or that they own a certain thing, we must use either a possessive adjective or a possessive pronoun, and we'll talk about the difference of both in a second. Attached to this video will be a chart with both of these so you can see what they look like, separated, and with what subject pronouns they are associated to. Because much like in English, when I say mine and yours, you can already assume who I'm talking about, right? As a subject. Like when I say mine, I'm clearly talking about myself. But if I say yours, I'm talking about you. We have these Spanish. This is how possessives work in Spanish as well. They are tied to different subjects, and each one looks different because they are attached to different subjects. Okay, let's first start off with possessive adjectives. Let's lay out our Spanish possessive adjectives chart. Let's first start off by laying out our five subject pronouns, of course, ltd, stats and not otras. So when we talk about possessive adjectives in Spanish, and possessive pronouns, as we'll see later, they are split up into two categories, singular versus plural. Of course, this is important to memorize because of course, there are singular and plural nouns that we can refer to in Spanish when we're talking about possessing things. Right? So that's why these two exist. But we must split them up in order to remember that there are two different versions. And they're pretty simple to remember because much like in English, you just add an S to the end to make it more than one or plural. All right, let's get to it for the Spanish possessive adjectives. For the subject pronoun, we have the singular and then the plural s. Then for the two subject pronoun, we have the singular two and then the plural. Then, for the l and usted subject pronouns, we have the singular su and then the plural s. Then, for the asustada subject pronouns, we also have the singular and then the plural s yet again. Then lastly, for the nosotros, andotra subject pronoun, we have the singular nuestro nuestra and then the plural nuestros nuestras. For this subject pronoun, we can see that there are two in each right, two in the singular and two in the plural. We have an and, a ending for the singular, and then an S, and S for the plural. This basically means that there's the masculine and feminine version of each for the singular and the plural possessive adjective for the nosotros subject pronoun. Now, what do these mean? Well, basically these all imply possession. But let's talk about the definition of possessive adjectives. Possessive, these that we've just named here in this chart can be translated as my, your, his, her, our there, and so forth. Possessive adjectives always go before the noun and do not replace the noun, which is the object or thing being owned. For example, let's take a look at this in the Spanish sentence rojos. This translates to, my shoes are red as we can see here. At the beginning of the sentence, we use the Spanish possessive adjective, which translates to my. As we can see here, the possessive adjective that is used in this sentence must address the subject you're referring to, meaning the subject that is doing the owning or the possessing. The possessive adjective must also agree in number or amount with the noun it is referring to. Therefore, since the noun in this sentence, or shoes in English is a plural masculine noun in Spanish, the possessive adjective must reflect this. Which is why we used the plural possessive adjective as opposed to the singular, because there's more than one shoe being owned. On the other hand, possessive pronouns are different from possessive adjectives in that possessive pronouns always come after the noun in a sentence. For example, let's take the Spanish sentence, La chaqueta Tua, which translates to, the jacket is yours. As we can see in this sentence, the possessive pronoun must agree with the gender, and number or amount of the noun, which is the object or thing being owned. The subject that we're referring to, that is doing the owning or the possessing. In this example, we used the singular tua possessive pronoun, which derives from the to subject pronoun. Therefore, this is an informal sentence, because we know now that this possessive pronoun derives from the two subject pronoun, which is the informal U in Spanish. In Spanish, possessive pronouns are usually found at the end or used near the end of a sentence. But they can also be used anywhere else as long as they follow and come after the subject and the verb. All right, now to close this video off, let's just bring up our possessive pronouns chart in Spanish so we can see them all laid out and see what subject pronouns each one is associated to. And you'll see, much like the possessive adjectives, there's also a singular version and a plural version for each one. Now let's start off by naming our five subject pronouns. We have est, of course, not, not. Now, let's start off with O for the Spanish possessive pronouns. For the subject pronoun, we have the masculine singular o, then the feminine singular a. Then we have the plural masculine, ios, then the plural feminine as these all have accents on the I. Then for the two subject pronoun, we have the singular masculine tuo. Then the singular feminine tua. And then we have the plural masculine tus. Then the plural feminine tuyas. Then, for the laenustt subject pronoun, we have the singular masculine suo. Then the singular feminine sua. Then, of course, we have the plural masculine sus and then the plural feminine suyas, inustats subject pronoun. It is the exact same thing, suouauuasn. Lastly, for the notsotra subject pronoun, we have masculine singular nuestro, and then the feminine singular nuestra. And then the masculine plural nuestros, and then the feminine plural nuestras. There we go. Just like that, we have learned about possessives in Spanish, possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives. These charts will be attached as resources to this video to help you study and so forth. I hoped it helped. See you in the next video. 25. Spanish Speaking Practice Video: Welcome to the Spanish speaking practice video. The point of this video is to help develop your Spanish speaking skills through simulated conversations and also speaking role plays. What I'll be doing in this video is that I'll be presenting you with a variety of situations in which you'd likely need to speak Spanish. These situations vary in theme. It can be either visiting a restaurant or catching up with a friend and so forth. The whole point of this is to help you know and guide you as to which subset of vocabulary in Spanish that you have learned thus far to use in order to reply back in a relevant and grammatically correct manner as well. Now, when you're doing these speaking conversation practices, what I'll be doing is that I'll be allotting you about 20 to 30 seconds per or between each of my lines to give you some time to get your answer in. If you feel like this is not enough time, then of course you're welcome to pause this video, say your response and then continue on and so forth. Now, one thing that I do recommend is that you have a voice recorder or you get your phone recording app near you, because it will be very helpful to you as we're doing this, that you record yourself, right? So that way you can hear the exchange played back and you can remember what you said and lines to any of the responses that are deemed correct. Because at the end of every role play, what will happen is that I will be giving two to three different responses that would be deemed appropriate or correct for that question that I asked in the role play. Yes. At the end of every prompt, every conversational role play that we have, you will see a part of this video that I will be speaking and reviewing through each line and then telling you what would have been some great grammatically correct or relevant responses that were appropriate to respond back to me to whatever I said. Because as you know, this is simulated, so I can't know what you said, right? But I can estimate and guide you to where you need to go and what to say. And so in order for that to happen, of course there's more than one way to respond to something. That is why I will be saying two to three responses that would be deemed correct. Of course, if your responses as you're going along these prompts you start to notice that they do fall in line somewhat to what I'm saying. That means that you're on the right track. And continue going back to this video even if you complete it for your own practice. All right, so let's begin Role play one, Catching up with a friend lasts. Movian meant cucazoabantvientospasadotos messes common. Start to quell or to travajo. Viani come and start to familia. Tens plans see says cumana table and around ten recommend ions. Oh wow. Santa. A gusto. He prefere bio fumio. Traves. Jacoco qumu. All right, so let's talk about this first simulated conversation. I hope that wasn't too hard and of course, if you did find it hard, I would recommend trying it again one more time before we delve deep into what would have been some great answers. For you to respond with. All right, straight off the bat, we know that we are catching up with the friend. That means we must use the subject pronoun, which is the informal right, since this is the person that we are close to or feel comfortable and familiar with. Now let's talk about some of the questions that I asked you that you have to respond to. My first one was of course, Ota, which translates to hello. How are you? What would have been an appropriate response? Well, it depends on your mood. Right. But as long as you're using the correct conjugation, that would be to right To felis triste mas menos. Right. I'm all right. So those would have been some great responses for that one. Then my next question was to pasados dos meses, which translates to what have you done these past two months, right? Since this is a conversation where we're catching up with someone, the implication is that we haven't seen them in a while, it's been two months here. You could have said anything really. You could have made it up, right. And that's the whole point of this. The point of this is to just get you practice speaking and thinking in Spanish of responses and the like. You could have said estado right, using the past progressive. I was studying or I was going to school or I was working, right? So those would have been some great responses for that question. And then the next one I asked was this translates to how school or work, right? Giving you the option and choice to respond to either one or both. Whatever one is more relevant to you. If someone asks you this, well, what would you say? Well, think of what you would say in English, right? Me, School is good, work is good. Those two would be great responses. And then I asked como familia, which translates to how is your family? Again, this one is responded with a possessive, right? My family familia, You can say bien mal or whatever it is. Those would have been some great responses for that. Then we have plans which translates to do you have any summer plans? Any plans for this summer? Again, you can respond here with the right go. I have to muts plants, I have a lot of plans. Go focus plants. I have a little bit of plans. You to plans. I don't have plans. Right. And of course, you're always welcome to restate the question as you're responding to these. That's also something I need to mention that you're perfectly okay with doing that. If you don't want to create a whole full unique response, you can always restate the question and then add on your answer afterwards. That's perfectly okay to do in Spanish as well. And then I asked, which translates to, I don't know where to travel, do you have any recommendations? Of course. This is also something you can just make up, name any country that you know. You don't have to be overly specific. The whole point of this is to just get you saying anything. Whatever is relevant here would be, I recommend I recommend visiting Mexico. I recommend visiting Canada. Those would have been some great responses for that question. Then I asked to, which is a follow up question to my earlier question. And this translates to, and did you like it? Right? So the implication here is that you told me a country, and now I'm asking you if you liked it, since you know a lot about it and you probably visited it. So again, here you can say or yes because or no, No because, and then you follow up with whatever your response is. So something like porque estuvo monito which translates to yes because it was very pretty, right or something like that. Or u, which translates to yes because there is a lot to do. Right? So those would have been some great responses for that question. And then lastly, I asked which translates to do you prefer the cold or hot climate. Again, this is another personal preference question, so you can respond with, you prefer I prefer, right? You prefer you prefer cafoehich translates to I prefer Harder climate because right. So feel free to just say whatever you know how to say. Don't worry about being overly perfect or trying to use big words. As long as the answer is relevant and grammatically correct, you are on the right track. I hope this helped Simulated conversation prompt to introducing yourself to a stranger. More job, son de viene, sttocosqueslucaqus, teams interest. Music Tip of the Cosas bellicum Usa. Costed moms en una familia Grande Pecenia. Okay, see me. Familia peen. Mm hmm. Pfllte when foo. All right, so now let's delve into the second prompt and what would have been some great relevant and appropriate answers to each one of the questions that I asked you. In this prompt, we are introducing ourselves to a stranger. So this is much like the other one in which you will be using the very personal vocabulary from your bank, right? So just know that these two are very similar in that way, but there are some differences, right? In this one we will be, you should have been using rather the usted subject pronoun, which is a formal. And why is that? Because in this prompt we are talking with a stranger, not a friend. Right, that's just a key distinction between this prompt and the previous one. Now let's talk about the questions that were asked. First things first, I introduced myself and then I asked qumbre, which means what is your name? Formal being asked formally of, you can use the possessive here anytime we want to talk about our names or whatever it is we own. We always will use a possessive in Spanish just like we do in English. So any answer, if your answer sounded like ombre or yomamo, you would be correct more so for the first one because the first one, ombre is, is more formal. Okay, great. So that would have been a great response for that one. And then I asked either denote, which translates to where are you from, or where do you come from. Right? Again, this question again, you respond not with the possessive though, but with just a plain right, I am from o or. Both work. If you said either one of those, you would have been correct? Let's say, you want to say you're like from California, you would say so California. Or if you come from California, you can say co California. Then I asked equals which translates to what are your interests? Again, just another personal question. You can take it in any direction that you want. Just make sure that when you're listing things, you don't need to conjugate. I know this is a mistake that often is made by students learning Spanish, that we have to conjugate every single verb. But that's not the case. If someone asks you what do you like to do, you're going to say like in English. I like drawing, I like singing, I like talking, right? I and G. You conjugated those verbs, but in Spanish you don't need to do that when you're listing things that you like. If you're not presently doing them, there's no reason to conjugate. Your answer. Should have sounded something like orff, right? I said I like to do this and that, or I prefer to do this and that. As you can hear, I didn't conjugate those verbs. I kept the A, R, R endings in them. Why? Well, because I'm not doing them right now. Just because I like doing them doesn't mean I have to conjugate, right? If I were doing them in the moment, then yes, I would have had to conjugate. That's just an important tip. Hopefully that your answer sounded something like that. But if not now, you know. Then after that I asked sobs. This one was one that how can I say like basically reeled you in so the person feels comfortable with talking about themselves a little bit. And this question that I asked translates to, do you want to know about my interests? So let's presumably say you said yes, right? To keep the conversation going. So you would have said yes for that one. And then after that I asked you must. So that means that I want you to expand on, you know, whatever it is that you have as hobbies and so forth because we asked this previously, right? So this is just a follow up question or trying to keep the conversation going basically. Mm hm. And then I asked Mas, which translates to do you have brothers or sisters? And of course, this is another one that you can't say yes or no but depending on what you know, right? Or you can make it up. You can say again, see and then the number and quantity of brothers or sisters that you have. That would have been correct. You could also say, no, no, no, I don't have brothers or sisters as both of those would have been Correct. Either one. Then I asked Familia Grande Pequena, which translates to do you have a, a large family or a small family? Again, this is another one where you can go in either direction where you would have been, correct? Right. I have again that famous to I have a familiar or familia, I have a big family, I have a small family. Either one works as well here in this context. Then my last question was a little bit of a different one, just to not throw you off, but see if you can get that other subset of vocabulary that relates to food in. And I asked prefer, which translates to do you prefer coffee or tea? Right? Again, another one where it's an either or and you can make it up or actually answer in a way that you want to. As long as you know how to. Of course, yes. You would have been correct by saying you megustarI like prefiero. I prefer either one of those would have been correct answers. I hope this helped role play three ordering at a restaurant. Start minore metes sta melegramucasouo primeras rella quiera vert tart step muvian equa esa vida con Ello Cello. Via divor solas vidas esora dear solas comas parasuentradaiotrtiaspan parasocurso principal Iot poo puerco tabemus plato hetaianusestintersadot No uva ablamos L postestaotateresadoposo mvian esta nota total algo como locust prefere man and tendido eterea coma mucho picante or poco picante. Okay us, we start over that perfect Pantaleo movies. All right, great. So now let's talk about the third role play, which was you being in a restaurant and having an exchange with the waiter, right? Elmo. Now you were asked a bunch of things about what would you like to eat, would you like a dessert, would you like an entree? What about for the main course and all of that? That was a lot of great back and forth exchanges there. And of course, this allowed you to use your vocabulary bank that deals with food, right? And of course, notice how the waiter was using the stead subject pronoun because obviously he was trying to be respectful to you. This is something that you will often find once you're ordering food in a Spanish speaking country or in a Spanish restaurant in general. That's just the way it is to keep the respect, right. We now know about the formality of different subjects and so forth. So let's talk about then now the questions that I asked or the waiter asked in the role play. The first one was como esta so this is the waiter asking you, how are you doing this afternoon, right? The role play set in the afternoon and the waiter is obviously trying to be approachable and friendly. So how would you have responded? Well, typically with, I'm doing good, right? In Spanish that would be ten. But to add a little bit of a more kind of politeness to it, you can say gracias. Right? So I am doing well. Thank you. Another great response would be if you responded with y viene gracias, right? So trying to be polite by asking the waiter, how is he doing back asking the question back to the waiter and how are you doing? So that's another way that you could have responded to that and been appropriate and grammatically correct. Then after that, the waiter asked, which translates to what would you like to drink this afternoon? You know, typically when you're at a restaurant, they ask about the drinks beforehand, before they ask about the main course and the actual food and so forth. Again, here, you had a bit more free rein, right? You could have said anything said coffee, tea, a beer, anything. But what would have been a great starter to that? You could have said, right? I would like a beer or me I would like a beer. Right. That's just an example you can use either or of those era or meter translates to I would like and then mega would also translate to I would like. It's just another way of saying it. Another thing that you should know is that you're very welcome to repeat the question back to the speaker, right? In this case the water asked you a. And then you could respond with a right. So all you have to do is say yes or no and then repeat that sentence or question star rather. Those would have been some great correct answers for that. Then you were asked yellow, which translates to would you like this drink with or without ice? Right? So this is another yes or no type of question. So you could have said sell or a yellow. That's either one. Yes, I would like it with ice. No, I would like it without ice. Right. Whichever one you know, feel more comfortable with or you just thought up on the spot and both of course are correct and are appropriate. Then you were asked which translates to infer your entree. Would you like tortillas or bread? Right? Another one which you have free reign to choose from again. What would have been correct? You could have said again the same sentence. Starter as before. Quiera or the other one? Mega iaas or mega, Either one. Grammatically correct. Then you were asked this translates for your main course. Would you prefer or would you like chicken or pork? Again, another one that is completely dependent on you. But of course, since in this question you're only given those two options, you should stick with that for the time being. Right? So what would have been great responses for this question? Well, you could use those two sentence starts right either and then you just fill the rest of the sentence up with your response. You can say whichever one works. And then you were asked Ambientes platos esto no, which translates to, we also have vegetarian meals. Are you interested or not? Again, this is another one where you have free reign. You can say yes or no and then say why or why not, right? So you could have said esto por means yes, I am interested because no esto gracias, right? No, I'm not interested. Thank both of those could have worked completely up to you. Then you were asked esto which translates to are you interested in a dessert or not? Again, another yes or no question. You could have said, se esta es gracias. Yes, I am interested. No, I'm not interested. Thank you. Again, notice having all of these. We're restating the question right, repeating it in our answers. That's completely fine. Song as it is appropriate and you're using the correct subject in form of address and that it is relevant to the context. And then you were asked by the waiter serial, this one was a bit of a long one, right? But it's great vocabulary here. This question translates to, do you have any questions, allergies, or something that I should know about what or how you eat or what you prefer? Of course, this is something that is asked a lot, right? In restaurants. Do you have any allergies? Do you have any preferences and so forth, like do you want like a bunch of utensils or do you want napkins and so forth? And all of that type of stuff is covered in this question. This is where you can come in and flex your knowledge or your vocabulary, whatever you feel comfortable saying. You can say tuna, which translates to yes, I have questions or yes, I have allergies or just simple as no Nasa which translates to no, I have none of those things. Of course, if you ever want to just keep it polite, you can keep adding gracias, gracias to the end of your responses just to make it a little bit more polite. And then you were asked quote, which translates to do you want your food with a lot or a little bit of spice, right? This is yet again, something else that is commonly asked in restaurants. And again, some people prefer a lot of spice or some people prefer a little bit. What would have been some great responses to this? Well, you could have said or no. Yes, I would like a lot of spice please. Or no, I wouldn't like a lot of spice, please. Thank you. Those two would have been correct or great responses for this one. You could also just use mucho or poor as a quick way of saying it, but it's recommended that you respond with full sentences. Just know that as well. And then after that, you were asked to, which translates to, that is all correct, for this one, you had a little bit more of a free reign, right? You could have said whatever you wanted here. Just get some sentences in a sentence in here just to practice your comfortability and speaking and so forth. Definitely. What would have been some great things here? You could have just restated the question again. Said see too. Yes, which translates to yes. That is all. Thank you. That would have been a great response. Or if you wanted to just add up some more details, you could have said no Go, which translates to no. I have another question. And lastly, you were asked to Da, which translates to and you'll ask for the check when you are ready, correct? Again, this is just something that is asked about paying the bill. When you're asking for the bill, for the check. In Spanish, this word is check here. You could have responded, Ta, yes, that is fine, or no. And then you added whatever filler words or, you know, sentence continuers there to complete your answer. All right. So that's it for this role play. I hope it was helpful. 26. Thank You and Conclusion Video: Welcome to the congratulations video for this course. Before I begin, I would just like to say that I'll be reading this. Thank you and congratulations both in English and in Spanish. And that a transcription will be attached to this video. You can follow along and read in Spanish as I'm speaking. All right. I would just like to thank you so much for completing my course. I really appreciate it. Without your support, this course would not have been possible. Hopefully, you found this course to be both informative and beneficial to learning Spanish with what you have learned in this course. You have now established a solid foundation in Spanish to be able to speak, write, listen, and even read in the language. But like everything in life, in order to obtain fluidity and fluency in the language, you must practice it daily. How do you do this? Well, what I recommend is watching programs and movies in Spanish, and speaking to anyone that you may know in real life, such as a friend that knows even just a little bit of Spanish. Also, of course, reading articles and news in Spanish. If you follow these recommendations, you'll notice how you're Spanish will improve through time naturally. But above all, I would just like to congratulate you for getting this far. You have worked very hard. And I thank you for completing my course. And of course, it was a pleasure to be able to teach you Spanish. Thank you for everything much Gracioso mucosa. Just contrast, curso, informatibo, even pdaurotasponiblozaviertionion, locusts, Paragard establecido una funcion solida Parades, cricut espanola Fluid esta your recomendo programado poco de espanol test recomendaciones a anotar comms espanol, semeja contour, posto leqirodarmi felicitaciones for completam. Curso who stayed at Travajado Mutuo Paragaq, if place and senales graces Portolo.