Building Structures in Italian - Structure 4

1. Introduction to the course: Ciao, event venues. Hello and welcome to building structures in Italian, structure fall. I'm Karen and I'm a language to two based in the UK. And I wrote this course to help me to learn to speak Italian. The whole of the Italian language is made up of a number of structures. I remember one weekend I was writing some lessons for the week ahead. When I suddenly realized this, I noticed that there are a certain number of structures and Italian and that every sentence follows one of these structures. I spent the rest of the weekend working out all the different structures in Italian and I wrote them all down. Once you know what all the structures are, you can begin to learn them. Every structure you learn gives you the ability to say a huge amount. Some structures are used more than others, but all the structures together make up the entire Italian language. Once you've learned a structure, or we have to do is insert different words into the slots and you have a sentence. The structures help to propel you to fluency. Because if you can manipulate the structures at high speed, you can start to say anything you want without having to think about how to say it. In this course, we're going to learn structure for. If you've learned structures 12.3 with the same core series, then you'll recognize the method used in this course. Remember to limit your study time to just chunks of 3 min. If you keep your study time short, three amazing things will happen. Firstly, you'll maintain enthusiasm. Secondly, you'll be more consistent in your studying. And thirdly, you will find that you remember things much more easily. So let's begin and learn structure for, in Italian. 2. 1 - What is the fourth structure?: Structure for uses the past tense to form questions and statements. This fourth structure is probably my favorite structure in Italian. I think I have said that before, but this one really is my favorite. It consists of three small parts and here is an example of it in use. Gaza, I manage data, cause or what have you eaten? It's made up of a question word, cause a, meaning what? Inverted auxiliary verb I, which means have you, and a past participle, man, Jack Dorsey, which means eaten, Gaza, iman data. What have you eaten? The first part of structure for is simply a question word. Since we've seen them all a few times before, you'll already know what they are. Let's just have a quick recap to refresh your memory. How do you say in Italian where? No vein. What? Gaza or what time? Aki order. When? Quandl. How? Gummy. Which or which one? Quietly. Why? That gay. How much? How many quanti? How long, or literally how much time? Quanto tempo, who or whom. So, just like with the other structures, we can change the first part of this structure, the question word without having to change the rest of the sentence. So we've seen Gaza iman data because I manage data, which means what have you eaten? Well, instead of saying casa, which means what? We could change it to quantile, which means how much? Quanto iman gelato, quantile, I manage data. How much have you eaten? Or we could change it to Dharavi, which means where? Dolly, iman data, doorway, iman gelato. Where have you eaten? So as I said, you can change the question word without changing any of the rest of the question. The iman data part didn't alter just because you changed the question word Gaza. Quanto i Magento, doorway, I mandible. Just like in English, the eastern part stays the same. What have you eaten? How much have you eaten? Where have you eaten? 3. 2a - the past participle: As we've seen, there are just three parts to structure for the question word, the auxiliary verb, and the past participle. Well, we've already seen the question was, how would you say in Italian, where? No matter what? Gaza. Gaza. What time? Akira. When? Quandl how? Kami which or which one? Quietly. Why? How much quanto, how many quantity? How long, or how much time? Quanto tempo, who or whom. Key. So that's the question words. But what about the auxiliary verb and the past participle? What even is an auxiliary verb? And what is a past participle? Well, an auxiliary verb and a past participle used together actually make up the past tense. In Italian. For structure one, We learned lots of infinitives. They were the whole verb. We can take those infinitives and turn them into the past tense. There are actually two past tenses in Italian. One is called the present perfect tense, and the other is called the imperfect tense. Structure for uses the present perfect tense. Basically, the present perfect tense in Italian is made up of two parts, an auxiliary verb and the past participle. In the example sentences for this tense that we've seen so far, we saw that I HAI, was the auxiliary verb and manage data was the past participle. An auxiliary verb plus a past participle makes up the past tense. Let's have a look at the past participle. You can change the word man data, which is the past participle to any verb you like and change the meaning of the sentence. So we already had casa I man gelato because our iman data, which meant what have you eaten? Well, we can change man data to ordinal data because I ordinal data because I already nafta. What have you ordered? Because I can because I can be at or what have you changed? Because I drove atom because I, I throw baton. What have you found? So there are four past participles. Man data, or Donato can be Roboto, and they mean eaten, ordered, changed, and found. 4. 2b - forming the past participle: We've just seen man data, ordinal data can be Apple and Roboto. And I said that they are all past participles, meaning eaten, ordered, changed, and found. You've probably noticed that all those past participles end in the letters a, T, 0, atom. The reason for this is because the infinitives that they come from and in a man jadi is to eat, ordinary to order, can be added to change and Theravada to find. You can change a or E to a T 0 and you get the past participle. But don't forget that Italian verbs come in three different forms. Verbs that end in ARE verbs that end in e, e, and verbs that end in ide. So you change the ARE on the end of a verb to 80, 0 to get a past participle. If a verb ends in E, you change the ERA to you, and that becomes a past participle. If a verb ends in IRA, you change it to ITO and that becomes a past participle. It's sort of like an English adding the letters ED to the end of a word, e.g. play becomes played, finished, finished. That's how you form the past participle in English. Let's have a look at some examples in Italian. So Parlante means to speak. Bilateral means spoken. So the artery becomes atom. Then that means to sell. Well, if a verb ends in ERE, you change it to a UTI. So then that becomes when Butoh, which means sold. And then finally is an IRA verb. You change IRA to ITO. Finito means finished. Finito means finished. So you can put any past participle after the auxiliary verb. So we've had the word I so far. E.g. I, finito. I finito means have you finished. The rules or change ARE to add the ER to Udot and IRE to eat them. And then you have the past participle in Italian. 5. 2c - verb list so far: We've just seen the three rules for forming past participles in Italian. If a verb ends in, ARE, you change the ARE to ATO. If a verb ends in e, e, you change the ERE to oto. Out. If a verb ends in IRE, you change it to ITO, ITO, and then it becomes a past participle. Unfortunately, the three rules don't always work. They work with the vast majority of verbs, but there is a small handful of verbs that we call irregular verbs. They don't follow the rules. So what we'll do now is go through a list of the most common verbs in Italian. And we'll look at the past participles. So we have mn Jati, which means to eat, to drink, ordinary, to order, provided to try Baghdadi, to pay. Fatty. Means to do automate knowledge ARE means to hire and daddy to go. But anybody to take a very, to have can be added to change. Contrary to buy. Commentary means to start. Aesthetic, to be. But delay to leave, to go out. Both daddy means to bring, spend any is to spend as into spending money. Pass, sorry. To spend as in to spend time. With Eddie. Means to see. Gamma-ray, means to cool. Study, to stay. Theravada, to find DNA, to tell or to say or Revit to arrive. Vanilla is to come and finish today is to finish. So what I want you to do is to go through these verbs and see if you can turn them all into past participles. So remember the three rules. If a verb ends in ARE, it becomes Alto, ARE becomes auto, and IRE becomes eaten. But I also said that there are a few verbs don't follow the rules, so I'll point those out now so you can ignore those ones. So the irregular verbs for you to ignore the following seven verbs. Barry, to drink, fatty, to do water, make, prendre, to take, SLA, to be, spend their day, to spend as into spend money to say or to tell, and venues. Which means to come. See if you can put the rest of the verbs into the past participle. And then in the next lesson we'll see if you've got them right. 6. 2d - common past participles: So I just asked you to put all of those infinitives into the past participle, except for those seven irregular verbs. Let's go through and see if you got them right. So man Jati means to eat. Mankato is eaten. Barely means to drink. This one is an irregular one. Bevel means drunk bevel. Ordinary means to order. Ordinal data is ordered. Probiotic means to try. Pro rata is tried. Bugatti means to pay. Bogata is paid. Fatty means to do or to make. This one is an irregular one. The past participle is fat. Fat. So it has a double t. And that means don't or made. Knowledge. Daddy means to higher knowledge, atom is hired. And daddy means to go and data is gone. But in the day means to take, that's irregular one. The past participle is Breyer zone. A zone, which means taken. A very means to have a Bhutto is hat. Can be, ARE means to change. Can be Atta, is changed. Compare the means to buy. Comparator is bought. Commentary means to start coming. Chattel means started. Sla, means to be. This was another irregular verb. The past participle is stata. Stata, which means bean. But RTD means to leave. But a Tito is left, is to go out. Or sheet though is gone out. For daddy. Means to bring data is broad. Spend every means to spend as in to spend money. And this is another irregular verb, spousal means spent. So spasm is an irregular past participle. Past sorry means to spend, as in to spend time. Passat means spent time. The data means to see. This verb actually has an irregular past participle and irregular past participle. So you can save the Duetto foreseen, but you can also say V star. This one you can choose vista or commodity means to call, gamma, means called restudy, means to stay at rest. Data is stayed. Theravada is to find. Data means found. D-day means to tell or to say. And this is another irregular verb that though, that means told or set, revit, means to arrive. Means arrived. They need is to come. And this one is an irregular verb because it takes the ERE ending rather than the IRE ending. So it's venue. Venue, which means comb. Then finally, finito, a means to finish. And finito is finished. There's just one more verb I wanted to give you, which I couldn't fit onto the previous page. Tonality, ternary means to return, and it's a regular verb. Retina. Retina means returned. So the rule is if a verb ends in a hurry, you change the ARE to add ATO. If it ends in ERE, you change the e, e to use auto. And if it ends in ELA IRA, you change that to ITO. Ito. And you formed the past participle. 7. 2e - the auxiliary verb: The auxiliary verb. Auxiliary just means helper, and that's what the auxiliary verb does. It helps us to use the past tense. If we simply use the past participle to talk about the past, we wouldn't get very far. If we said Mankato, well that just means eaten. It doesn't tell us who had eaten. This is where the auxiliary verb comes into play. If you place I in front of Mankato, then we get an actual question in the past tense. I Magento. Magento. It means have you eaten. The phrase i means have you, and it comes from the verb are very, which means to have. You can conjugate are very into eight different forms in Italian. Let's have a look at it. A very is to have 0. 0 means I have, i, i means you have. Or Louis means he has. Lay. Means she has. Lei. With a capital L means you have IBM, means we have a wet day, means you have an unknown means they have. Now you might have noticed that there are three different ways to say you have in Italian. The reason for this is because in Italian, there are plural and singular version of you, as well as formal and informal versions. Singular means you can use it with one person. Plural means you use it with more than one person. In formal means, you use it with people you know, or generally people that are younger than you. And formal means you use it with people you don't know. So we have AI, which means you have in the singular informal. Or lay means you have in the singular formal. And a vector means you have in the plural. Another thing you might have noticed is that there are some of the auxiliary verbs that have a word in brackets beforehand. That's because those words without the Brexit part could mean more than one thing. E.g. the word can be translated as he has, she has, or you have. The words in the brackets can be used to make it clearer as to whom you're speaking. But they are optional. You only need to use them if it isn't clear by the context. So Louis means he, lay means she, and lay with a capital L means you. The words in the brackets can actually go pretty much anywhere in the sentence. It doesn't need to go directly in front of the auxiliary verb. Also, in speaking, the difference between lay meaning she and lay meaning you is impossible to hear because they're the same word. The difference is only clear in writing. The word lay for you has a capital L. 8. 2f - auxiliary verb in a question: The good thing about all the auxiliary verbs in Italian is that they can be turned into questions really easily. All you have to do is use a question mark at the end. Have a look at these two sentences. Louis among data. Louis among data means he has eaten Louie. Louie among data. Has he eaten? Change in English? But the only thing that is different in Italian is the question mark. Therefore, when you say the question version, you should raise your voice at the end to make it clear that it's a question. So Louis among data, he has eaten. Louis among data, has he eaten? We can change all of the auxiliary verbs into questions just by putting a question mark at the end of a sentence. So we saw the auxiliary verb, which means to have, we had all I become a vet the unknown and that was I have you have he has she has. You have. We have you have and they have. So 0 means I have a question. All means have i. I means you have any question. It means have you. Louis means he has. But in a question it means has he or lay means she has. Again, in the question, it means how she lay with a capital L means you have a question. It means have you means we have a question. Yeah. Means halfway. Means you have any question. Means have, you know, means they have. But any question, it means halfway. So all you need to do is take any of those auxiliary verbs, put a question word in front of it, and a past participle on the end of it. And you have structure fall. 9. 3 - changing the auxiliary verb: How would you say in Italian? Where have you eaten? Know the AI, chatbot. Dolby, Lei, I'm on data. Though they avoid demand data. What has he ordered? Casa or ordinal data? Cause or Louis are already Necto. Which one have they tried? Quietly ona provide quality. And how have you paid? May I Bogata, lay up I gotta go, My God. What have they done? Cause an unknown factor, Gaza and no facto. Whom have you seen? Key IV store or key, I will do though. So don't forget that Italian scene has two past participles. You can say V star over two. Key layer vista, or key, lay out the key of F dV store key. How would you say how much have we spent today? Quantile IBM or space or what G? Quantile IBM or spasm or G. Why has she hired a car? Our knowledge, our toner Martina, better, lay another. Kina. 10. 4 - extra information: Just like with the other structures, we can add extra information words to the end of structure for questions. Extra information which are simply extra nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. We can use e.g. cause or high-fat or G. Cause, I thought, oh, gee, what have you done today? So odd G means today. I knowledge Autonoma kina, better K, i knowledge article. Why have you hired a car? So when I mark means a car, Dhabi, I press on a Mac in a doorway. I praise all I'm Archana. Where have you taken the car? Let me just give you a small handful of some extra information words that you can use to make your sentences a lot more adventurous. Elt. Elt means yesterday. Or G, or G means today. Last set of scores. Last set. D minor scores means last week. Land most corso, land low scores. So last year, do a Journey fan. Do a journey for two days ago. Aroma. Aroma. This can mean to Rome or in Rome. In Italia. In Italia. This can mean to Italy or in Italy. Restaurant, the restaurant. This can mean at the restaurant or to the restaurant. Ill polo. Polo, the chicken. Kappa, kappa zero. So the red coat bill yet wouldn't be yet a ticket. Paolo, pair Paolo. For Paolo. Cui. Cui means here. So how would you say in Italian, what have you done with my car? Because I thought Columbia MacKinnon. Because that layer of fat casa de facto economy. I'm asking, what have you brought for Paolo? Cause I I pour tomato pair Paolo, cause I lay bare, Paolo. Gaza. Paolo. Where have you eaten? In Rome. I'm an aroma. The overlay among data aroma. Though they avoid them and gentle aroma. 11. 5 - using names: You can manipulate structure for in many different ways. E.g. you can take certain bits out to make different types of questions. You don't always have to stick a question word at the start. Let's see what happens when you do this. How would you say in Italian, have you eaten? I lay among gelato, Ave demand data. Have they eaten the pizza? And Norman Datalab pizza? Man genitalia pizza. Have you paid the bill? I Bogata econ. Lay a Bogata econ to avoid the Bogata econ. Have you bought some cheese? I then format you lay a compatible format, your del format. Joe. Have you finished now? I finito lay affinity to order. I've made the finito aura. Has he paid the bill? Bogata, Econ two, Louis appetite will con. We've seen how the past tense is made up of two words, the auxiliary verb and the past participle. E.g. I. Might jot down, means you have eaten. I means you have and manage data means eaten. We've also seen that you can turn it into a question pretty easily simply by putting a question mark on the end. So I'm Angela, I'm on data means have you eaten? You can also use names in the past tense. We have to do is take the he or she version of the auxiliary verb and put a name in front of it. E.g. Paolo among data. Paolo among data means paolo has eaten Maria or finito. Maria or finito. Maria has finished. We can turn these into questions by adding a question mark to the end. Paolo among data. Paolo among data. Has Paolo eaten? Or Maria or finito? Maria or finito. Has Maria finished? The same goes, if you're using more than one name, you just have to use the bay forms of the auxiliary verb instead. E.g. Paolo a Maria and Norman gelato. Paolo a Maria and no man data. Parallel and Maria have eaten polo a Maria, I'm normal data. Paolo a Maria and no man job to have Paolo and Maria eaten. So how would you say in Italian, has Marco finished now? Marco. Marco finito order. What have Sophia and Marco eaten today? Cause us off via a Marco and moment delta G, Gaza, Sofia, a Marco and no manage outdoor G. Where it has Maria taken the car? The Ave Maria appraisal iMac kina though the Medea appraisal, Lamarck kina. 12. 6a - recap so far: Let's do a quick recap of all the question words, all the auxiliary verbs, and some past participles. How would you say in Italian, where? Navi, what? Gaza. Gaza. What time? When cuando how? Kami? Which or which one? Quietly. Why? But again, how much, how many? Quantity? How long are literally how much time? Quanto tempo. Who or whom? Have I? Have you in the singular informal. I, has he, Louis, or has she? Lay? Have you in the singular formal. Lei? Have we, IBM? Have you in the plural of it. They have they eaten. Man data, drunk. Bevel, ordered dinner, tried, paid. By that. Done or made. Fat. Hired. Knowledge at dawn. Gone and taken. Brazen had changed. Can be added. 13. 6b - practice questions: How would you say in Italian, bought combat. Started coming. Jack bean, Stata, left. Paddle, gone out. She'd been brought data. Spent as in spending money. Spasm, spent, spent time past SATA, seen the store or video called motto, stayed, found. Roboto, said or told that. Arrived. Then we finished. Finito. Returned. How would you say What has he done? Cause or fat or cause or Louis a factor. How have you paid the bill? Gummy iPad out. Welcome to call me lay or Bogata. Columbia debugger to Econ. Which one has she bought? Quietly? Quietly lay a comparator. Why have we hired a car? Ibm and knowledge Autonoma perky IBM or knowledge at 01:00 A.M. I. Kinda. How much have you eaten? Quantile. Quantile. Among data? Quantile. Where have you taken the car? Though? The eyebrows, what I'm Archana though they lay appraisal. I'm Archana. Know they have at the praise Lamarck Ina. What have they eaten today? Cause I know my Delta G because our unnormalized data, what g? Which one have you seen? Quietly IV stone or quietly? Quietly lay a vista quality lay quietly away. Tv star or a vet. 14. 7a - two meanings: Now, English has more ways of saying the same thing as Italian does. So sometimes things can get a little confusing. When you're asking a question using structure for, in English, there are two ways to say it. But in Italian, these are both the same. So Gaza iman data, cause a iman data can be translated into English as either what have you eaten or what did you eat? In Italian, there is no way to say, Did you in this question because did you doesn't exist. We can also say that did I did He did she, et cetera, don't exist either. So whenever you see, did you in English, you have to translate it as have you in Italian, which is I. So rather than saying What did you eat, you say What have you eaten? Because I man data. Therefore, the Italian auxiliary verbs can be translated into two ways. In English. E.g. can mean have I or did I. I, as we've seen, can mean have you or did you Or Louie can mean has he or did he or lay means how she did she lay with a capital L means have you or did you? Paolo means either has Paolo or did Paolo. And with all these auxiliary verbs, you can put any past participle on the end of it to ask the question. Maria wouldn't be as Maria or didn't Maria? Ibm? Have we all did we have you or did you know? Have they or did they Paolo a Mariano have Paolo and Maria? Or did Paolo and Maria. So whenever you see, did in Italian, think, have or has instead. So what are the two things that this could mean in English? Cause I, I manage data. Cause an iMac data. What have you eaten or what did you eat? Though the Louis appraisal Lamarck in a doorway. Louis appraisal Lamarck. Where has he taken the car or where did he take the car? What two things could this mean? Quietly. Quietly. Anova table. Which one have they drunk? Or which one did they drink? 15. 7b - practice sentences: How would you say in Italian, what have they eaten today? Cause an anomaly, death or GI causes are unknown man data. Well, gee. What did they eat today? Gaza and Amanda toward G or G. When did he finish? Cuando finito? Cuando Louis I finito. What did she see? Gaza lay our vista because LA or they do. How did we pay gourmet IBM or Bogata? Kami IBM or Bogata. How have we paid gourmet IBM or Bogata? Call me or BMR by God. Why did you say that? I did. There K lay at that book where they took well, why have you said that? I did took where low percolate addict toque low per game. What have they done? Gaza and no fat or no fat. What did they do? Cause our unknown factor, Gaza and no factor. 16. 7c - practice sentences: How would you say in Italian, what did they drink? Because our unknown cause or another. What have they drunk? Because our unknown cause? An ANOVA. What have you eaten? Because I I'm and Jack cause I lay among data cause a vitamin jackpot. What did you eat? Cause the diamond data, cause a lay among data. Because avid demand data. What are the two things that this could mean? Louie. Louie subito. Has he understood or did he understand? What are the two things that this could mean? Gaza uno de facto, cause or unload debt. What have they said? What did they say? How do you say this in Italian. Did he speak English? I bought a lotto English. Louis has he spoken with Marco? Marco? Louis Kahn, Marco. Did she call yesterday? I came out of a yeti. I came out of how she called today. I came out orgy, lay at gamma two or g. 17. 7d - practice sentences: How would you say in Italian? What time did you finish? I get what I need to lay a finito. I can have it if you need. How much did we buy? Quanto IBM compatible quantile, IBM or Comparator. What are the two things that this could mean in English? Quantum beat, say IBM or ordinal data quality, Pete say IBM or ordinal data. How many pizzas have reordered? Or how many pizzas did we order? What about this one? Quantico vino Louis above quantile, we know Louis above Bhutto. How much wine has he drunk? Or how much wine did he drink? Because I am low-fat or no fat. What did they make or what have they made? I provide or Iliana? I provide. Have you tried the wine or did you try the wine? Red, de facto or de facto? Have you made a reservation or did you make a reservation? Because I because I have Bhutto. What did you have or what have you had? K I can be out to Lapland. That's the only way I can be out. Why have you changed the reservation or why did you change the reservation? 18. 7e - practice sentences: How would you say in Italian? When did he call? Cuando Arkema? Cuando Louis again, motto. Why has he called? Becky? Becky Louis, UK, Yamato. What did you order for us? Casa. I already now too paranoid because I lay out already now too paranoid because I've at the ordinal too paranoid how she ordered for me as well. I already know how to better my Anki lay out already now to Birmingham k. Where did you spend the holidays? Though? I basale back and say novelty, upper saddle it I can't say no, they avoided, but sadly I can say, why did you buy that? They're gay icon practicals. Per K lay a comparator, Coelho. The comparator quite low. What did you do here? Because I fat duck, we cause I lay a fact aqui en casa de facto CUI which one has she bought? Quietly. Quietly lay a comparator. Which ones did you have? Quietly. I have all quietly lay quietly of it. There. 19. 7f - practice sentences: How would you say in Italian, have I finished everything of finito to finito tool? What are the two things that this could mean? Anova. Anova is doing film. Did they see the film? Or have they seen the film? I bevel toil vena. I don't even know. Did you drink the wine or have you drink the wine? How would you say in Italian? Did you speak Italian in Italy? I bought a lotto Italiano in Italia. Lay about a lot of Italiana in Italia. Oven the bilateral Italiana in Italia. How did they find the film? And not thought about film? And film. Did you find the hotel? I drove out all Albert ago, lay at Roboto. How much time did you spend in Italy? Quanto tempo I pasado in Italia? Quanto tempo lay upper south or in Italia? Quanto tempo of the pasado in Italia. When did you spend €1,000? Cuando I space or merely €1 cuando lay as basil, merely €1 cuando, avoid the space or merely €1. 20. 7g - practice sentences: How would you say in Italian, how much money did he spend? Quantity sold, yes, phasor, quantity sold the Louis ask Basil. Has Paolo spoken with Maria? Bow low? Paolo apparel article Maria. Whom did you call? Key I gamma two. Key, lay UK, Yamato. Key, a vet tech, Yamato. What are the two things that this could mean in English? Because I present day, because I praise a container. What did you take with you or what have you taken with you? How do you say in Italian, What did they change? Cause an unknown cause. I know can be or why did they make a reservation? Medicaid facto when a parent that's the only unknown facto when a parent that's the only where did they eat? Though the unknown man data, though they aren't common data. Have you eaten here? I'm Angela talk, we lay them and jot aqui. What did he say? Cause a cause or Louis adductor. 21. 7h - practice sentences: How would you say in Italian, what film did you see? Quietly? Film I V star quality film layer V star quality film, TV star. Or of course you could use instead of Vista for sin. But in Italian, V star is the past participle that is used more often. So unfortunately, the irregular past participle is used more often than you hear this TO used a lot more in spoken Italian. But you'll see the Duetto in the written language, such as in novels or newspapers. But in spoken Italian generally you would say V star, quality film, IV store. How would you say which one did you take? Quietly, I appraisal. Quietly lay appraisal. Quietly away the appraisal. What did they bring? Cause our unknown unknown data? When did the film start? Fema coming chatbot? Quanta, will fema coming charter? Has the film started? It'll feed them are coming chatbot il film are coming chateau. Why did you bring that to Milan? But again, I bought a Milano better K lay I'm Elana. Their gait available that I'm Elana. When did she take that? Quandl appraisal Coelho cuando lay appraisal Coelho. 22. 7i - practice sentences: How would you say in Italian, Why has she taken that? Medicaid? Medicaid lay appraisal. Whom did he tell? Key and that key, Louis de facto. Whom did he see? Here? V star key, Louis IV store. Whom has he told? Key and that key Louis added. What did they bring? Because our unknown cause or unlawful data. Did Sophia bring that? Sophia Sophia apple.tar 23. 8a - as a non-question: So we've seen that structure for, in the question format consists of three parts. The question would the auxiliary verb and the past participle, e.g. Gaza, I manage outdoor. Gaza is the question word. I is the auxiliary verb, and manage data is the past participle. And that can mean two things in English. Literally it means what have you eaten, but it can also mean what did you eat? Or we can add some extra information and say something like because our iman gelato or what have you eaten today? Use this structure when you're not asking a question is quite simple. You just take the question word away from the start and remove the question mark from the end. Let me show you what I mean. If we have a question such as though the unnormalized data, doorway, unnormalized data means where did they eat? Well, if we take the question word away from the start and remove the question mark from the end, we get Uno man data, which means they ate and manage data. E.g. Uno man Jacqui, norman Jacqui, they ate here. If we add the question mark back to the end, we get unnormalized data and no man data, which means did they eat? So as a question, and no man data means did they eat? As a non question? Mankato means they ate. You can do this with any past participle. Bevel. Bevel means they drank and no bilateral con Paolo. And no bilateral con Paolo. They spoke with paulo Legato in Bogata. Will they pay the bill? One thing to note is that just like with the question format, the non question format can have two meanings as well. Every past tense verb in italian can be translated in two ways into English. So, oh man, Jack can mean I ate or I have eaten. There's always one way with have and one way without behalf of YAML, bilateral or multilateral can mean we spoke or we have spoken by legato. Legato, they paid or they have paid I ordinal data. I ordered dinner. Can mean you ordered or you have ordered. So how would you say in Italian? She has bought something here for Marco. Marco lay bare, Marco. 24. 8b - non-question examples: How would you say in Italian? They bought the wine yesterday. Not compatible. We know yeti. Yeti. I saw Maria Maria or Vista Maria. I've brought something with me. Because Akamai, akamai. We found that at the supermarket, IBM, Motorola, suit America supermarket. I tried some cheese or bravado, therefore, macho bravado, that format, Joe, I bought something for my mum. Here. Goes up EMEA metric, we are symmetric. We, he has eaten my cake. Let me Louie, Amanda Ptolemy, a torta. I have seen this film. Stock west of film. Stock Westerfield him. He's brought everything for Paolo apple that or to topper Paolo Louis upper Totto, to topper Paolo. 25. 8c - non-question examples: How would you say in Italian? I took some food to Rome. Appraisal, they'll TiVo aroma appraisal. Geebo aroma. I said something. Or that top quark Gaza, or that they brought some wine for Giovanni. Giovanni Porta del v naught pair Giovanni. She started last week. Coming Chateau de Milo. Scores are coming chattel less at t minus coarser. We ate at the restaurant, IBM or Magento restaurant. They IBM and chateau restaurant. You finished yesterday? I finito e Eddie lay. I finito. I bet they finito II. He bought something in Paris. Upper EEG. Louis. About EEG. You change the reservation. I can be a parameter. Les can be at all apparent that ceremony. They can be out of luck planar. That is the only they ordered a pizza. Ordinal don't wanna pizza. Pizza. 26. 8d - non-question examples: How would you say in Italian? They ate at mine yesterday. And mom and dad to domain EAD. Man data that may EAD I saw Martina in Italy. Our vista Martina in Italia. Martina in Italia. You've found something. I drove out of Gaza. Lay at Roboto can cause a robot. Gaza. We brought everything with us. Yaml. Yaml. I did something or fat. Or fat. You have spent too much money. I space or trapezoid lay as basil trapezoid. Trapezoid. I've found the hotel terrible. Battle albedo, or throw battle Albert. I changed the reservation. On a 0 can be. 27. 8e - non-question examples: How would you say in Italian, you bought too much? I can lay the comparator troppo. I called Paolo or gamma two Paolo Yamato Paolo. We hired a car. Ibm or knowledge that when I'm at IBM or knowledge that when I'm at kina, he drank something. Our Bevel took while casa Louis Vuitton, casa. I spent a week. There. Are pasado de Mandela Obasanjo. When I said the Manila, she drank my coffee. Abby Bhutto, email cafe. Lay above photo in your cafe. We spoke about YAML per lacto, IBM about lactone. We started last year. Ibm will come and chat Orlando scores. Ibm are coming, chattel landlord scores. So I've ordered a bottle of water for the table. Or ordinal data about cilia that cooperate, alveolar or ordinal data about delia.com. 28. 8f - non-question examples: How would you say in Italian, I've ordered for you or Donato birthday or do not do ballet. Oh, boy. She called Louisa. Louisa Les. I came out to Louisa. I call Mario this morning. Okay. I'm out on Mario Latina or gamma tomato Quest. I'm Athena. We spent three weeks there. Ibm opacity, Motricity Manila, IBM Obasanjo trace at the Manila. I ordered the chicken for Paolo or Donato Ebola pair Paolo, or ordinary people eat a bowl of pair Paolo. We changed. Yammer can be at IBM or can be at two. I saw that the stock when the stock where he tried something probiotic while Gaza Louis above adequate cause. We ate here yesterday. Ibm and Yaqui EAD. Man data query. 29. 8g - non-question examples: How would you say in Italian? I did everything today. Or fat toe to toe g of fat toe to toe. Gee, I've visited Verona. Visit that obeyed owner or visit that over owner. They started today and lock them in chat or G. Unlock them in chat or G. You found the hotel. I draw battle Albert ago. I bought something for DVD. Dvd. She's changed everything at Gambia to lay a can be added onto. They've called Maria unlock Yamato Maria and Nokia motto Maria. We ate in Venice today. Ibm more Mankato, Avanade, sociology, beyond my mind, jackal, Avanade COG she's worked here today. Aqui 0gg. We've drunk three bottles of wine. Our yaml by Delia, dv know, IBM obey Bhutto, thrombophilia devi, no structure for in a non question is made up of an auxiliary verb, a past participle, and some optional extra information. E.g. Mankato query. The auxiliary verb unknown means they have Mankato. The past participle means eaten, and the extra information query means here. Unknown Mankato query. They have eaten here. 30. 9a - question word recap: Let's just do a quick recap of all the question words, the auxiliary verbs, some past participles, and some extra information was, how do you say in Italian where? Doorway? What? Gaza. Gaza. At what time? When? Quandl. How? Gummy. Which or which one? Quietly. Why? How much? Quanto, how many quantity? How much time, or how long? Quanto tempo. Who or whom? I have. I have you in the informal singular. I has he, Louis, or has she? Lay. Have you in the formal singular? They, or have we? Ibm? Have you in the plural of it? Have they eaten? Drunk? Mabel? Ordered, tried, provide, paid by God, doing or made fat. Hired. Knowledge, data. Gone. And taken. Appraisal, had done. 31. 9b - past participle recap: How would you say in Italian? Changed? Can be bought. Contractor started coming, Jack bean. Stata, left. Paddock data. Gone out. She brought data. Spent has spent money. Spacer spent as in spent time. Pasado. Seen restore or less common is called Kmart, been stayed, found, said or told. That. Arrived. Venule, finished. Finito, returned. Return yesterday. Yesterday. Today. Oh, gee. Last week. Last set, t minus coarser. Last year. Landlord scores. So two days ago, do we journey to Rome, or in Rome? In Italy, or to Italy? In Italia. At the restaurant, or to the restaurant, restaurant. The chicken. Follow the red coat. Ica bought a ticket. And Juliet for Paolo. Paolo. Here. 32. 9c - let's build our reflexes for this structure: How would you say in Italian, What did you bring? Cause I I pour data because I lay about data. Goes up available data. What did he eat? Because that Amanda data. Because I Louis image data. You've spent too much money. I space or trapezoid body lay a special property solely. Disposal trapeze already. What did you see? Causal IV store because I lay our vista cause I have a TV star. When did they call quandl and Nokia motto, cuando analog camera. I brought some wine for Palo Alto. There'll be no pair Paolo del v, no pair Paolo. Did we eat up the hotel last week? Ibm, more, Magento, Alberta go as a team and muscosa, IBM or mulatto Alberto. Did you call Maria at quarter past fall? I came out on Maria. I lay cuatro a one-quarter lay. I came out to Maria. I liquid through a vector Gamma to Maria I lake walk through a one-quarter. Did she pay the bill? Nay or Bogata? We can lay our Bogata. We come to how did you find the film? Call me, I drove out to even call me, lay out the real feeling of it. They will feel. 33. 9d - let's build our reflexes for this structure: How would you say in Italian? What time did you start? I come in Chatter. Akira, lay are coming chatter. Chatter. Which ones have they tried? Quietly? Uno provides. Quite Leanne No, provide. What did you do yesterday? Gaza high-fat Toyota because I lay our factor we eddy. Cause our avid de facto Yeti. He bought the food this morning. Louis, a comparator with T-Bone question I'm Athena. Louis are compatible keyboard question I'm Athena. I said audit. Audit. What did you say? Gaza? I did though because I lay at it because I haven't they did. Did they see the restaurant? Now V star restaurants and movie star restaurant. Has she tried the wine? I provide them in Vienna. Lay upper vertebrae Vina. Which car did he hire? Quietly Mark anomaly data, quality mark in Louisiana. Whom did you see in Milan. Key IV still a Milano key lay a vista. A Milano Kiev activist, or a Milano. 34. 9e - let's build our reflexes for this structure: How would you say in Italian? Whom did you see in Bergamo? Key IV still a Beta-Gamma key layer VSCO are Bergamo. Kiev at the vista are better. Gamow. Whom did you call in Italy? Key. Motto in Italia. Key lay a gamma atom in Italia. In Italia. So here's an outline of structure for you have question words in the left-hand column, auxiliary verbs in the center column, and then past participles in the right column. We have to do is take a question word and auxiliary verb and the past participle. And you have a question using structure for doorway iman data. Where have you eaten or don't forget, they can also mean where did you eat? What you should do to practice this structure is to say one sentence again and again and again, though they iman gelato doorway, iman gelato. And as you say it, try and change one element. So doorway I'm Angela to Adobe, I'm Angela. I'm and gelato cause the Iron Man job, tacos or iman data casa I am. What this will do is how to get your tongue around the structure and turn it into almost a reflex action that you can say without thinking. Try and think of as many different questions as you can just using this outline that you have here. And as you say the questions in Italian, try and imagine their meaning in English. So when you say doorway, I'm Angela, imagine where have you eaten doorway, iman data. This will really help you to get to grips with this structure. 35. 10a - verbs of movement: Verbs of movement. Now, this may well be my favorite of all the Italian structures. However, it does have a little bit of an annoying feature. The trouble arrives when we look at the past tense in a little more depth. I've already said that the past tense in Italian consists of an auxiliary verb and the past participle. We learned all the different auxiliary verbs. And we learned how to form the past participle. And it was all fine and dandy, even with those irregular past participles. However, it isn't all plain sailing. In Italian, there is more than one auxiliary verb. So far, we've seen the auxiliary verb, which means to have. We've seen all meaning. I have. I, meaning you have Louis. He has lay. She has Lei with a capital L means you have Paolo. Paolo has Maria. Maria has we have of it there. You have they have paolo, a Marianne, Paolo, and Maria half. Then I said that you can turn the auxiliary verb into a question simply by putting a question word at the end of the sentence. So 0 means have I or deny. I have you or did you Louis, or has he, or did he lay or has she or did she lay with a capital L means did you or have you. Paolo. Has Paolo or did Paolo Maria? Has Maria or did Maria ibm? Have we or did we have it they have you or did you know? Have they or did they and Paolo a Mariano have Paolo and Maria? Or did Paolo and Maria, then you can put a past participle onto the end of any of those to form a question. And all of those auxiliary verbs come from the verb, which means to have. And you can use the auxiliary verb a very most of the time, put a past participle on the end and you've got structure for. However, there is a small group of verbs whose past participles demand a different dogs they referred. The second auxiliary verb is SLA, which literally means to be. Let's start by having a recap of a normal verb. Man daddy, e.g. means to eat. If we turn man data into a past participle, we get munge data, which means eaten. And we can put it on the end of any auxiliary verb or manage data. I have eaten iman gelato, you have eaten. Among data, he has eaten, etc.. And that's how simple it is. However, if we look at the verb and daddy, which means to go, the past participle is undamped on meaning gone. But you cannot say that In Italian. If you said, oh, and data in Italy, thinking it meant I have gone, you'd be left and mocked out of the country. So what did we say? If we want to say, I've gone? Well, you say sono. Sono and data means I have gone or I went. And sono comes from this second auxiliary verb, which means to be. In the next lesson, we'll have a look at the different forms of this new auxiliary verb. 36. 10b - I went: We've just seen that you can't say all data in Italian. You have to say instead of someone data to mean I have gone or I went. So sono comes from the verb SLA. Let's have a look at the different forms of this auxiliary verb. Sono. Literally means I am, but you can use it to mean I have say is you have Louis. He has lay a she has. And again, these literally mean I am. You are, he is or she is. But if you put a past participle on the end of them and you can use them to mean, I have, you have, he has, and she has a literally means Paolo it is, but with a past participle on the end of it. It means paolo has, Maria. Maria is on, Maria has lay. You are or you have CRM? We are or we have CFD. You are, you have sauna. They are, or they have Maria, a pile of Santa, Maria and Paolo or, or Maria and Paolo have. So you can put data on the end of any of these e.g. sono and data, I have gone or I wouldn't say that. You have gone or you went. Louis and data. He has gone or he went. But daddy is not the only verb that needs this new auxiliary verb. Let me introduce you to somebody who will help you to remember the verbs that need to use SLA rather than a very, their past participles. That person is Mrs. Ruth van creeps. Mrs. Rodin creeps is actually an acronym that will help you to remember all 15 verbs that require SLA in the past tense. We already know. And daddy, which accounts for the a in Mrs. Rue or the a at the end of rumor. So let's have a look at the other 14 verbs are the verbs or moody re, return. Sally Ray, Rice, daddy, daddy. Everybody knows Sherry godaddy. Preliminary intermediary, S3, bucket theory, and shin. So those are the 15 verbs that have to use S as the auxiliary verb rather than a very. In the next lesson, we'll have a look at what they mean. 37. 10c - Mrs Rua Van Creeps: In the last lesson, we met Mrs. ruler van creeps. And each letter in her name stands for one of the verbs that uses SLA rather than a very as its auxiliary. So they were more eerie, ritornello, restudy and daddy, they need revit Nationale Cadbury, Raymond LA in SRA, theory and gender. So if you take the first letter from each of these verbs, it spells out Mrs. Robert Van creeps. And I mentioned a few lessons ago the phrase verbs of movement. And that's because most of these verbs involve some sort of movement. So you could say that the verbs of movement need to use SLA as they are auxiliary verbs in the past tense. The meanings of these verbs are more re, re, means to die. A ternary means to return. Salieri means to go. Study, is to stay. Or she re, to go out. And daddy means to go. If they need a means to come. Our Revit, means to arrive. Nationally, means to be born. Cadbury means to fall. Raymond Eddie is to remain in primary means to enter. Sla is to be a means to leave. And Shen Wei means to go down. So you can see that a lot of these, such as fall, Calm, go, leave, go down, portray some sort of movement. There are a few that don't e.g. to die or to be born. Although I suppose you could imagine them as moving from one realm into another. Now most of these verbs of movement, or normal in how they form their past participles ARE, becomes Alto, IRA becomes ITO, and ERA becomes outta. However, there are a few that are irregular, so let's go through them all now. More really means to die. Mortal means died. So that's clearly an irregular verb. Morton, read ternary is to return, rate are not return, null is returned. Sally re means to go up. So Alito is going up or went up. A study means to stay at rest. At rest data is stayed. She lay means to go out. Who she is, who she means gone out or went out. And that means to go. And that means gone or wind. They need a means to come. And the past participle of this verb is irregular. Veneto. It means comb or came. Veneto. Our Revit, means to arrive. Is arrived at the baton. Nationally means to be born. And this is another irregular verb. Not though, means being born or was born. Not. Godaddy means to fall, means fallen or fail. Raymond airy means to remain remastered. Irregular means remained. Ramus stone is to enter. In Toronto, means entered. Sla is to be. This is another irregular verb. Stata. Stata means bean or was. Part is to leave, but Tito left. And then gender means to go down. And this is very irregular. Shares or shares means gone down or went down. Those verbs all take the verb SLA as the auxiliary. Will do a little practice with them in the next lesson. 38. 10d - practising with verbs of movement: How would you say in Italian, Paolo left this morning. Paolo, a partner, Tito Cuesta Martina. Paolo about Tito Cuesta Martina. I arrived in Italy yesterday. Now our revolve in Italia e Eddie, somebody vital in Italia END. We Day died last year. Davide a more tall and low scores. So Davide, a mortal underscores. So how would you say you stayed at the Hotel using the singular informal version of you? Say Aristotle. Better go. Say Aristotle, Albert ago, how would you say I fell over? So Nakamoto, sono can do the train left early. It's a potato presto is trained on a party TO presto. I went to Rome with Maria, someone that dog, aroma con Maria, someone now to our Alma con Maria. Davide came with me. Davide. Davida, if a new token me. I was born here. So no, not aqui sono, not aqui. 39. 10e - two auxiliary verbs: How would you say in Italian? I went out with Sophia and Marco last night. So Noguchi tokens of via a Marco Sarah. She took on Sophia, a Marco e Sarah. Now, I just wanted to make sure that this hole to auxiliary verb phenomenon is clear. In English, we only have one auxiliary verb, which is, have. We say, I have, you have, he has, she has. We have. You have and they have. We can then put any passport is a ball on the end to form the past tense. So you can say things like, I have eaten, you have paid, he has bought, she has finished. We have spent you have arrived. They have been. So that's how it works in English. In Italian, however, we can split very absorb into two categories. Most verbs and then verbs of movement. For most verbs, the auxiliary verb equates perfectly to the English auxiliary verb. Have. You say in Italian, or four, I have. I lay out for you. Have Louis. He has lay or she has IBM. We have is you have in the plural and unknown means they have. We can then put any past participle on the end of those and say things like, Oh man data, which means I have eaten. I Bogata. You have paid Louis. He has bought lay a finito. She has finished ibm of pasado. We have spent. However, if you have a verb of movement, you have to use a different auxiliary verb. Instead, you say sono for I have say, or lay a four. You have Louis? He has lay. She has CMO. We have CFD for you have in the plural, and song for they have. Then you can put any verb of movement past participle onto the end of those and say things like sono or Yvonne. I have arrived. Say you've fallen over Louis a party. He has left. The auxiliary verb in English is to have, which for most verbs in Italian is a very. However, the auxiliary verb for verbs of movement is SLA, which literally means to be. 40. 10f - practising with verbs of movement: You can turn this new auxiliary verb it into a question in the same way as we did with our vary. You just put a question mark on the end of the sentence. Just like with the other auxiliary verb, it can mean two things in English. So someone can mean have I or did I say have you or did you louis? Has he or did he lay a half xi or did she paolo. Has Paolo or did Paolo Maria. Has Maria or did Maria lay have you or did you CMO? Have we or did we see that they have you or did you in the plural? Sono? Have they or did they or Maria, a power-law sono, have Maria and Paolo? Or did Maria and Paolo. You can use the past participles of the verbs of movement, or the MRS Ruo van creeps verbs on the end of any of these auxiliary verbs. Let's have a little more practice. How would you say in Italian in the singular, informal. When did you arrive? Cuando se. Cuando se, at what time did the train leave? I gave aura is a per Tito. Was Paolo born in Milan? Paolo in atoi Milano. Paolo enact or a Milano. Why did he come with us? A new token NOI per Gail, do we even want to Conroy? Whom did you go out with last night? So literally in Italian. You'd have to say with whom did you go out last night? And with whom would be con key? Key, say Sarah Khan key say who she thought EAD Sarah. 41. 10g - agreeing the past participle: When you're dealing with the verbs of movement or the Mrs Rue of an creeps verbs, you have to be careful when the subject is feminine or plural. Let me show you what I mean. If you want to say, he left early, you would say in Italian, a party TO presto, Louis, a potato presto. But Tito means left. However, if you wanted to say she left early, you will say in Italian, lay a party data, presto, lay a theta presto. So when you're talking about a masculine subject, the past participle is potato, just as you would expect. But when it's a feminine subject, like she, the past participle changes to theta. So Louis a potato, lay a party data. So whenever the subject is li, meaning she, or any feminine name or noun, you have to change the OH on the end of the past participle to an a. Now, this only ever happens with the verbs of movement, never with the normal verbs. Let's have a look at another example. Louie. Louie, AND that means he arrived. If you want to say she arrived however, you say Lei, lei a vata. So you see how the, OH, on the end of Adi vata becomes an a. So this happens whenever the subject is feminine. Now, if the subject is plural, then you also have to change the past participle. If the subject is they, or we, or any plural name or noun, you change the OH, on the end of the past participle to an eye, e.g. sono Part D. D, presto, sono party depressed or means they left early. So normally it's bad. If it's feminine, it's paired data. If it's plural, is productivity. If the subject is feminine and plural, e.g. if you said Maria and Sophia left early, well then the ending of Perdido changes from 0 to e. Maria is Sophia sono partied presto. Maria is Sophia sono part d t presto. Let's have a look at another example. Cmo or Revit. Cmo at diversity means we have arrived. Maria is Sophia sono. Maria is Sophia, sono. Maria and Sophia have arrived. So the past participle only for verbs of movement has to agree with the subject. So normally it ends in an 0. If it's feminine, you change the 0 to an a. If it's plural, you change the O2 and I. And if it's feminine and plural, you change the 0 to e. 42. 10h - practising with verbs of movement: How would you say in Italian? When did he arrive? Quandl, AID vata or cuando Louis ARE bottom. When did she arrive? Quandl ARE via cuando lay a Ariba. So the OH, on the end of every battle becomes an a. When did they arrive? Cuando sono Arie Van de cuando, son or Revit. So it's a plural past participle. When did Maria and Sophia arrive? Cuando Maria a Sofia, sono additivity, quandl Maria is OVS on a very bad day. So we put an E on the end here because it's a plural and feminine past participle. How would you say Did Margo fall over Marco? Marco Aikido. Did Maria fall over? Maria? Maria. Did they fall over? Some like I do. Ti sono Kudu De Maria has left. Maria a party data. Maria a party data. And just remember that the agreeing the past participle rule only happens with verbs of movement, not where the normal verbs. If you said something like Maria has eaten, you will just say Maria at Manhattan with an OH, on the end is only if you use a verb of movement that you have to change the 0 to an a or an I or an E. So Maria Apervita, Maria has left. 43. 10i - practising with verbs of movement: I would say in Italian, Maria and Paolo have left. Maria a pile of sociopathy De Maria a pile of sociopathy. De Maria and Sophia. I have left. Maria is Sophia sono party. Maria is Sophia sono party. Marco has left. Marco. Marco a party. She went to the cinema and data alkene, Emma lay AN data algae NEMA. He went to the cinema. And that'll algae NEMA. Louis and data cinema. Maria and paolo went up. Maria a Paolo De Maria, a power loss, honestly, D Why did you leave early? Per k say party TO presto, lay a party TO presto. Rtt presto. In the CAT example, we've said CIT, RTT. And that's because it's CAT is the plural version of the auxiliary verb for you. So it's you all. Why did you all leave early lowercase c, f, d by d t. D t is in the plural. How would you say have Maria and Paolo going to Verona? Maria a bowel or someone that the other ana, Maria a Paolo, someone that the owner. 44. 10j - practising with verbs of movement: How would you say in Italian, did Maria stay here? Maria Aristotle. Maria Aristotle. Did markers. They hear Marco, Aristotle Cui, Marco, Aristotle, queen. Did Margo and Maria stay here? Marco, a Maria, some orthostatic we mark or a Maria Sonora static. We have they left. Nope, RTT or Sono part d t. So we say sunup RTT, if you're talking about the plural and it's a group of masculine nouns or group of men, or a group of masculine and feminine nouns, or group of men and women. You've only say sonar partied day. If it's a group of feminine nouns or a group of women, the feminine plural is only used when all the objects are, all the nouns are all the people in a group or feminine. Otherwise, you use the masculine plural. So it's an opportunity or Sono party. How would you ask Where was she born? Though the data normally in Atta. Where was he born? Normally? Louis inner shadow. When did Maria and Pilar leave? Cuando Maria a power loss on about de cuando Maria, a power loss on a party. He stayed at the Hotel. Aristotle Albert ago. Louis Aristotle, allow better go. Why did they go together? Someone that the NCLB, but it gets on one that the CME. 45. 10k - practising with verbs of movement: So we use venues because it's a feminine plural agreement because Sofia and Maria are both female names. How would you say you returned last year? Say return. Landlords score. So lay editor, Anatoli underscores don't see it. They return naughty landlord score. So when did I go to Spain? Data when span? Yeah. Cuando son one data when the Spaniards why have you gone back to Milan? Bernardo a Milano, Milano? It gets a little naughty. Or Milano. So when we have the voiced version, which is the plural you, the past participle of verbs of movement has to be plural. So that's why we say a little nutty. But if you're talking to women or group of women, then you also have to make it feminine. So instead of CFD, a little naughty, you would say C-A-T editor Nat day with an e on the end. How would you say in Italian, did Sophia and Maria come together? Sofia a Maria. So nobody knew in CME. Sofia a Maria. So nobody knew they in CMA. Has he died? M ortho Louis, a Moto. 46. 10l - practising with verbs of movement: How would you say in Italian? They went back to London. Sonar, radar, knotty alone, or in the feminine sono, return that day alone. Nra. I went up almost Alito. So now we went up almost LET CMO study di Paolo has gone Paolo and data. Paolo AN data. Maria and Sophia went back to Italy by train. Maria is Sophia synodic are not in Italia. Maria a Sofia sonar it or not they in Italia, in Plano. Has Mario going out? Mario. Mario AOC. Has Sophia got out. Sofia. Sofia AOC. Has she returned? Editor Napa, lay editor nafta 47. 11a - turning it all negative: There's one more useful thing that you can do to this structure quite easily. And that's make it negative. You can change the past tense from positive to negative in English quite easily. It's simply a matter of putting a little N apostrophe T after the did have or has e.g. why did you do that? Can become Why didn't you do that? Did he say here? Becomes didn t stay here. Have they finished? Haven't they finished? In Italian is even simpler. We have to do to turn the auxiliary verb negative is put the word non n0n in front of it. E.g. I. Finito. I finito means have you finished. To make it negative, we can say non-life finito non-infinite. That means, haven't you finished? Let me give you six past tense questions and see if you can turn them negative. We have iman data, which means have you eaten or did you eat? Louis Vuitton? Has he drunk or did he drink? A vet they ordinal data. Have you ordered or did you order sono parties? Have they left or did they leave? Lay. Has she come or did she come? Ibm or Bogata? Have we paid? Or did we pay? What I'd like to do is pause this lesson, write down the negative of each of those questions, and also write down what the English would be. Iman data was, have you eaten or did you eat? In the negative? You would say, no. Chatbot. Haven't you eaten or didn't you eat? Louis above oto means has he drunk or did he drink? Louis nano means hasn't he drunk or didn't he drink? They ordinal data means have you ordered or did you order? In the negative, it becomes Nunavut, the ordinary. Meaning, haven't you ordered or didn't you order? Sono party means have they left or did they leave? Non follow-up RTT. Haven't they left or didn't they leave? Lay Avenue? Was Ashley com or did she come? Lei not every router. Hasn't she come or didn't she come? Yaml Bogata means have we paid or did we pay? And in the negative it becomes non IBM or haven't been paid, or didn't we pay? 48. 11b - negative questions: Just like with the positive past-tense, there are always two ways in English to translate something from Italian in the negative. And you can either say in English didn't or haven't. So what are the two things that this could mean? Non-human data. Non-human data. Haven't you've eaten or didn't you eat? Non sono party, non sauna, RTT. Haven't they left or didn't they leave? How would you say in Italian? Why didn't you try the wine? But again, non hyperbola. But again, lay non-appropriate to in Vienna. Per K Nunavut they provide didn't he make a reservation? Louis, not a factor when our parents had to say only Louis de facto when our parents had Cianni, haven't they brought something from Maria? No non-operative data called Casa per Maria. No nanoparticle cores or per Maria. Why didn't we call Luca non IBM? Luca non IBM MCI amount or Luca. Why didn't she do that yesterday? Per k nano Factbook where low ERD. None of us didn't make come with you. Non son of a new non non Sullivan. The convoy. 49. 11c - turning non-questions negative: How would you say in Italian? Didn't he go to Paris last year? No Neanderthal, upper EG Lambda score. So Louis Napoleon down to Upper Egypt score. So wouldn't you born in Rome? Non say natural aroma, lay, non-Apple aroma, non-state, not the aroma. You can also turn the non question past tense negative, and you do it in exactly the same way. You simply put the word non in front of the auxiliary verb. E.g. often ITO means I have finished. Nano finito means I haven't finished. So just like before, here are for past tense phrases, I'd like you to turn them negative. The phrases or Aman data, which means I have eaten or eight, I factor. You have done or you did. Louis and data. He has gone or he went lay about lacto. She has spoken or she spoke. I want you to pause the lesson, See if you can turn those four phrases negative and also put what their English meetings would be. So all my data means I have eaten or eight nano man data means I haven't eaten or I didn't eat. I factor means you have done no, you did? Not my fat. You haven't done or you didn't do Louis and that means he has gone or he went Louis nonane data. He hasn't gone or he didn't go. Lay upper lateral. She has spoken or she spoke. Lei non apparel lacto. She hasn't spoken or she didn't speak. Let me give you four more phrases. Yammer means we have bull. Well, we bought CAT party. You have left or you left. Sono OCT they have gone out or they went out. And no provocateur. They have tried or they tried. So again, pause the lesson, put these phrases into the negative and also write what they mean in English, and then press play to see if you got them right. So Abrahamic comparator was, we have bought or we bought non-obvious. We haven't bought or didn't buy CAT Part D. D, you have left or you left. In the negative, we get non-state. They partied. You haven't left or you didn't leave. Stonewall sheet D, They have gone out or they went out. Non-soluble ******. They haven't gone out. Well, they didn't go out. And no provocateur. They have tried or they tried nano probe that they haven't tried, or they didn't try. 50. 11d - negative non-questions: Just like always, there are always two different ways to say the same thing in English as there is in Italian. So what are the two ways that you could say non-normal data? In English? I haven't eaten or I didn't eat. So there's one way with I haven't won with I didn't. What would be the two different ways to say non-optimal PAGA, non IBM or Bogata. We haven't paid or we didn't pay. How would you say in Italian? I didn't do that today. None of that. None of that. He didn't eat the chocolate. Non Amanda to lateral collateral. Louis, non-human gelato, lateral collateral. They didn't spend too much money. Non-animal spares or throb be solely non atmospheres or thrombus already. She didn't call Mario Nonaka Yamato, Mario lay Nonaka motto Mario. You didn't leave at 03:00. Non-state party toiletry, lay Nazi Party toiletry, non-safety party DLA tray. I didn't hire it. I bought it. Non-law knowledge, Jacques Lacan Pratt, non-law knowledge, otto la comprehend though we didn't go to Italy. Non CMO and dad in Italia. Non see, I'm one that in Italia, they didn't arrive early. Non-solid worry about the presto. Non sono Ariba, depressed. She wasn't born in Italy. Non-linear data in Italia lay not in Italia.