Vocab Explained: Unlock the Secrets to Vocabulary Mastery

1. Welcome Aboard!: Hey everyone, My name is Jason and I want to welcome you to vocab explained where it is, our goal to teach you vocabulary in a powerful new way. So let's just jump right into it. I want to show you our methodology so that you can decide if this course is right for you. So let's say you're trying to learn the meaning of a new word. Let's say the word is mellifluous. The traditional approach for learning this word would be that you would probably go to Google. You would type in the word and you would arrive at a definition like this. Now the definition would tell you only the category of the word, verb, adverb, adjective, and so on. And it will give you a short definition, and that's about it. Now, this is not a bad way, but there are many problems with this way. Namely, three main problems. The first is that if you learn in this way, then you are not going to understand what the parts of the word mean. And this is going to make it difficult for you to remember the meaning of the word. And finally, the definition that you get is going to be very short. So your understanding of the word and its meaning is going to be very shallow. Now let's take a look at our approach. Our way has three main benefits, and let's go through them one-by-one. The first and perhaps the biggest benefit of using our approach is that you can unlock the meanings of hundreds of new words, even if you have never learned them before. This is because we break the words down into their individual components. E.g. we would break the word mellifluous down into its basic parts. So here you can see that the word mellifluous is made up of three parts. And here are the meanings of each of these three parts. And once you understand what the meanings of each of these parts are, then you can start to identify these parts, these prefixes and suffixes and root words in many new words as well. And so you can start to get a sense of what the words mean, even if you have never seen these words before, e.g. the word male or Melies also appears in caramel and molasses. The root word flu also appears in fluid, fluid and influence. And finally, the English suffix us appears in many adjectives. So once you understand what the parts of the word mean, then you are going to find it very easy to derive the definition. And this brings me to my second point. The second benefit of using our approach is that we derived the definitions directly from the parts of the world. And this makes it easy for you to remember their definitions. Here we have the word mellifluous, and here we have its definition. As you can see, by the color coding, you can identify exactly which part of the definition comes from, which part of the word. So the word mellifluous means characteristic of flowing honey or something that flows sweetly like honey. And it is a word that we especially use for voices and sounds or music. Finally, this brings me to my final benefit. The third benefit of using this approach is that we go much beyond the superficial definitions of a dictionary. So your understanding of the world is going to be very deep. We might share with you interesting history or story about that word, something that you're not going to find in a dictionary. Furthermore, we might share examples with you from movies and TV shows to exemplify what the word means. So here I have a clip for you from the movie O'Malley, in which you can hear the narrator's mellifluous voice. And also in the background, you can listen to the mellifluous music playing. And if you have seen the movie O'Malley, then you will know that Emily herself is such a sweet and adorable person that you could even say that O'Malley is a mellifluous person. All of those, Tina Guba, degree of volatility. Please hear. Bronchial MLP both on us I didn't really like would decline. Very tricky. Yeah. So in this way, we might show you examples from movies and TV shows to better help you contextualize that word and better relate to it. And finally, we're also going to show you how you can modify words into their different forms, from adverbs, two adjectives to nouns, and so on. Finally, in this particular course, we're going to be learning vocabulary words related to people and their personality types. And then we will also go much beyond that and explore some additional words as well. So in this course we're going to be learning the following root words. And for each of these fruit words, you're going to be learning multiple new vocabulary words using our unique methodology. So I want to invite you and welcome you into our course. And I want to encourage you to enroll if you are someone who cares to learn words and their meanings at a deeper level, if you are someone who wants to improve their English for study purposes or for business or better career opportunities. Or if you are someone who's trying to improve their score on an exam like the IELTS or TOEFL that requires you to have a good understanding of the English vocabulary. I sincerely believe that learning words in this way is going to revolutionize your understanding of the English vocabulary. So I hope you're as excited as I am to learn these words together. And I can't wait to see you inside. 2. VERTO: Introduction: Alright guys, so welcome to this first root word, which is fertile. And this is where we're going to begin our journey for this course. So veto is a Latin root word, which means to turn. And you can easily remember this root word because I'm sure you have seen it in the word vertical, which as you probably already know, means something that is turned up in its orientation. E.g. you would say that this is a vertical line. This is a line that is turned up in its orientation. So you can easily remember what domains by thinking of this word, vertical. So now let's go over the words that you are going to be learning in this section. So here are the main word. So the main words are words that are related directly to people and to personality types, since that is what this course is about. So these are the three main words that you are going to be learning in this section, we have introvert, extrovert, and introvert. And after we discuss these main words, we're also going to be taking a look at some secondary words, related words that also use the same root word, words that are miscellaneous. Words that are not related to people or personality types, but words that still use this same root word. So we're gonna be going over adversary, controversial aversion and subvert. So let's jump right into this and I'll see you in the next video. 3. VERTO: Introvert: Welcome back. In this video, we're taking a look at the word introvert. Introvert, this is a word that is a noun. And if you've seen the Queen's gambit, maybe you have a little insight into this world. So let's break down the word first. So introvert is made up of two parts. Intro is from Latin, as you can see from the Latin flag right there. And intra means within or inwards. And you must have seen this root word in other words such as introduction, introspection, and introduction. So to give you a quick summary of these words, introduction means to bring something into existence or to bring something within the world. Introspection means to look within, to look inside oneself. And interjection is a psychological term which describes the process by which children take the world that is outside the conditioning of the outside world from their teachers, parents, the belief systems, the cultural norms and other such things, and make it a part of their internal reality. So they take everything that is outside, inside themselves. So that process is called interjection. And the second part of the word is forward, which comes from the Latin, which again means to turn. So now let's put this together. So introvert means one who is turned inwards. So perhaps a reserved person whose thoughts and personality are turned within. So let's explore this word a little bit more. Introversion is a personality type, and it is a personality type that is characterized by a preference for the inner life of the mind over the outer world of other people. So these are people who have rich imagination and they love to explore the things of the inner world. Alright, so here we have a scene from the TV show, The Queens gambit. And in this show, Beth Harmon is an orphan who masters the game of chess at a very young age. So let's take a look at what Beth Harmon is like. This is Beth Harmon lost in our imagination. Thinking about the game of chess with her rich, vivid imagination. And one thing that she loves to do is to play the game of chess against herself in her mind. Do you remember how we talked about how introverts are people who have very rich imagination. They love the inner world of the mind. Well, that's exactly what Beth Harmon is. Light. This is her as a child, but when she grows up, she only continuous getting better and better at our game of chess because she's always playing against herself. And when she's playing against other people, where she does throughout the show, She's always analyzing what it is that other people did because she remembers everything. That's just how rich her imagination is. So to summarize, introverts are people who gain energy from reflections and they lose energy in social situations when they're out with people and so on. If you are an introvert, then you are someone who thinks better when you're alone, you would like to observe first and act later. You are someone who prefers the quiet of calm to the high of exhilaration. And finally, you are someone who prefers in-depth relations to casual ones. So for you it's more about quality over quantity. Now, here is a word which people often confuse with introversion. And I just want to make sure that you understand the difference very clearly. So introversion is often mistaken for shyness, but there is a difference between the two words. You'll see shy people are people who want to engage with other people but are afraid of it because they're very self-conscious. Whereas many introverts easily socialize with other people. But it's just that they prefer to do it in small groups or not at all. So that is the difference between someone who is a shy person versus someone who is an introvert. It is possible for a person to be both shy and introverted. E.g. a. Meli, who we have over here, is a perfect example of someone who's both shy and introverted. But I just want to make sure that you understand clearly the difference between the two concepts. So finally, I want to wrap up this video by talking about a few different variations. This word, so introvert, as we already discussed, is a noun, but you can add ED suffix at the end and turn it into an adjective. So introvert becomes introverted, which means the quality resulting from the act of turning inwards. So that ED, suffix at the end means the quality that results from some action. If you add L-Y at the end, then we turn it into an adverb, so it becomes introverted. And that means in an introverted manner. So whenever you see that LY Lee suffix at the end of a word, if the word is being used as an adverb, It's going to mean something that is done in a certain manner, in this case, in an introverted manner. And finally, if we add the suffix, then it becomes introversion. And that just means a state or condition or quality shown is a suffix that has many different meanings, but usually it means either a state or condition or a quality. In this case, introversion means the state or condition or quality of being introverted. 4. VERTO: Extrovert: Hey guys, welcome back. So in this video, we're talking about the word extrovert. This is a noun and it has two parts. So extrovert is made above extra, which is from Latin, which means outwards or outside. And you've probably seen this root word in words such as extraordinary, extra terrestrial, or extra marital. So extraordinary is something that is outside the ordinary. Something that is very uncommon. Extra terrestrial means someone or something that is not from our planet Earth, like aliens, e.g. and extra marital means outside of one's marriage. So an extramarital affair is an affair that happens outside of one's marriage. And the second part of the word is from the Latin word auto, which as we already know, means to turn. So putting that together, the definition that we have is someone who is turned outwards. So an unreserved person whose thoughts and personality are projected outwards into the world. So these are people who are often known as the life of the party. And Jim Carrey is a perfect example of this. Take note that extroversion, a personality trait that is characterized by high-energy, outgoing as talkativeness, and allow for novel experiences. So if you are an extrovert than other people are an extension of your own consciousness. So you recharge your energy by mingling with other people. And because of this, you love to socialize and be in groups. And finally, talk things out to think them out. This is why extroverted people are often very targeted. So I now want to exemplify what the word extrovert means by showing you an example. And this is a bit of an extreme example. Most extroverts or not this extreme, but I think it will serve to highlight a certain point that I'm trying to make here about how the energy of extroverts is turned from the inside to the outside. So let's take a look at this scene from the movie, the cable guy in which we have the character chip Douglas, played by Jim Carrey. You need somebody. So as you can see, his entire energy is being projected outwards. And this is what makes him an extrovert. Now, extrovert can be a personality type, meaning that people can be like this most of the time. Or People can also be extraverted in certain situations, e.g. we know that when people take alcohol, they tend to open up, be more relaxed and be more talkative. So people become more extroverted when they are drunk. Well, in this scene that we just saw, Chip is clearly not sober, which of course explains all the wrinkling around on the ground. But I hope you can see this projection of energy moving from the inside outwards into the world. So finally, let's talk about some different variations of this word. So extrovert, as we already know, is a noun. But by adding the ED suffix, we can turn it into an adjective, which would mean the quality resulting from the act of turning outwards. Or you can turn it into an adverb by adding the suffix at the end, changing the world into extra vertically, which would mean in an extroverted manner. And finally, if you want to turn it into a noun, you just add the Sion suffix, which would turn it into extroversion, meaning the state or quality or condition of being extraverted. 5. VERTO: Ambivert: Alright, welcome back. In this video, we're talking about the word Boulevard, which is a noun. It's made up of two parts. Amby, which is from Latin, meaning in both directions. And you've probably seen this route in words such as ambiguous, meaning something that can be interpreted in two ways. Ambidextrous, someone who is able to write in both directions, meaning with both hands. And amphibian, a mammal that is able to live in both water and land. Take note that Amby can also mean around as an ambience. So this is a different use of this root word. And the second part of the word is VRD, which is from Latin verb, meaning to turn. So together, the definition that we have is a person who is turned in both directions. So someone with both introverted and extroverted qualities. So if you are an amber word, then you are very normal. Like most of us, it means that you are someone who adapt based on the particular situation of the moment. You can listen as well as assert yourself and you are balanced in your inner reflection and outer projection. So basically, you're like Batman. You're able to reflect on situations and introspect. And you are also able to project yourself outwards into the world and socialize with other people and assert yourself, great job. Now let's go over some different variations of this word. So we can convert an boulevard from a noun to an adjective by adding the ED suffix at the end, which would change the definition to the quality that results from the act of turning in both directions. Or you can turn the world into an adverb by adding Lee suffix at the end. And the world would come to mean in an amp of ordered manner. Or finally, to turn it into a noun, just add the shunt suffix. And we would have Amber version. That is the state or condition of being ampere voted. 6. VERTO: Related Words: Welcome back. So now that you already know the main words that use the root word burrito, let's take a look at some extra words, related words that are not directly related to people, but these are words that are very common. So we have the same root word appearing in adversary, controversial aversion, and support. So let's go through all of these words one-by-one, starting with adversary. Adversary is made up of three parts. The first is add from Latin, meaning towards, first, from auto to turn. And airy English suffix meaning a person who is engaged in a certain activity or practice. So putting that together, the definition that we derive is a person turned towards one, right, or somebody who is facing another. So simply put, your adversary is your opponent or enemy. So here we have a little scene from the movie Batman v, Superman, in which these two superheroes turn into each other's adversary. Notice how the root word veto also appears in the English word Vs. Vs means one against the other, right? When we are comparing two things or putting two things against one another, turn against one another. The next word we have is controversial, made up of three parts. Control from the Latin Contra, meaning against verse from fertile to turn. And AL is an English suffix, which means having the quality of or nature of. So putting that together, we get the following definition. Something that has the quality of giving rise to public disagreement. In other words, something that causes people to turn against something. So here, e.g. we have a scene from the movie Lolita, which was an extremely controversial book. Originally, it was a book that got banned in many countries because it was argued to glorify pedophilia. So there was a major backlash against this book because it portrayed sexual relationship between the 37-year-old narrator and his 12-year-old stepdaughter. So it was very controversial because people argued that it was detrimental to the psychological development of adolescents. The next word that we have is aversion, made up of three parts. A, from the Latin prefix AB, meaning of or away from fares, from vertical to turn, and ION and English suffix meaning state or condition of putting that together, we get the state of turning away from someone or something as a result of strong dislike. So if you find something aversive, it means that you have a strong dislike towards it. So you turn away from that thing. Here we have Britney Spears and you can see that she is turning her head away because she finds something really off-putting and aversive. That's probably the face that you make when you find something aversive. It might be a feeling of strong dislike or disgust that you feel. Next up, we have sub Ford made up of two parts. Sub, from Latin, sub, meaning under, as in submarine, inferred from Verdot to turn. So subvert is a verb meaning to turn from below. So when you turn something from below, it means you turn something upside down. In other words, to overthrow or to undermine an established power or authority. So it means two, change things up to challenge the status quo, to undermine the established way of doing things. So here we have an artwork by Banksy in which he is subverting the meaning of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. So here, Banksy has painted Jesus Christ who is obviously in pain as he's being crucified. But in this case, he's weighed down by the shopping bags that symbolizes the damage that consumerism has done on the original values of Christianity, such as charity and compassion, forgiveness and gratitude. So here, Banksy is redefining the meaning of this image of Jesus Christ. He's showing how society has shifted from spirituality to consumerism and materialism. That is an example of subverting. It means to redefine something or to undermine something, or to change something. So when you subvert something, you challenge the traditional way of doing things. And by doing so, you undermine its power and authority. So here we have another example of subversion in art created by Alison cam that redefines beauty because this is an artwork that subverts the traditional definition of beauty. The traditional definition of beauty is that women should be well shaved and without body hair. This subverts and challenges that definition of beauty because it clearly shows here under the armpits and on the legs. So it is something that is redefining the definition of beauty and therefore subverting the traditional way of doing things. So it is undermining the power and authority of excepted cultural norms. So that's it for the related words containing the root word. So to summarize everything, Let's take a look at all the words that you have learned. In this section. We first went over the main words related to people. These were the words introvert, extrovert, and an Beaufort. And then we also went over secondary related words, adversary, controversial, aversion and subvert. These are all the words that you learned in this section. And in the next video, we have a little practice exercise for you. I'll see you there. 7. VERTO: Practice Exercise: Alright, are you ready for this? So here we have a practice challenge for you, which is a mix-and-match exercise. All you have to do is match the words on the left to their correct definitions that you will find on the right. So these are all new words. And I'm hoping that you are able to figure out the definition of these words. Even though you have not quite learned them, you've learned part of them. But I'm hoping you will be able to figure out the definition by putting together the parts of the words. So I want you to now pause this video. Take your time to write down the answers and when you are ready, play the video and check to see if you were able to answer these questions correctly. So go ahead and pause the video now. Alright, so I hope that by now you got a chance to write down the answers for each of the words because I'm going to go over the answers. Now. Here we go. First, we have divert. The correct answer was C to cause a change of course, or to turn from one direction to another. So when you turn from one direction to another, you cause a change. Of course, the second word was vertical, and the correct answer was a sensation of whirling and loss of balance. So remember, third means to turn, right. So when you are turning over and over in circles, it can make you really dizzy and you experience a sensation of whirling and loss of balance. That's vertigo that you can experience, especially if you look down from really tall buildings. And the third word that we have is for tax, the correct answer was D. It means a mass of wind or water that spins around and sucks objects into it. So you can have a little vortex, e.g. in your kitchen sink, or you can have a really big vortex, e.g. in a tornado. And finally, we have versatile, for subtle means, something that is capable of turning in many different directions. So if you are a versatile person, it means that you are able to talk about many different subjects or you are able to multitask. Or if you have a versatile tool such as a Swiss knife, then you can turn your Swiss knife towards many different directions, towards different tasks, such as screwing in a screw or using the knife to cut an apple, or maybe using the nail file to make sure your nails look really beautiful. So that's it for this practice challenge. I'll see you in the next video where we discuss the next root word, ego. 8. EGO: Introduction: Alright, so the next root word that we're going to be covering is ego, which is from Latin, meaning self or I. So I is the first pronoun I in Latin. So just like in English, we say I to refer to oneself or you're in Spanish or in Portuguese. In Latin, Ego meant I. So what happened then is Sigmund Freud came along and he borrowed that word and started using to describe a certain concept in psychoanalysis. So in present day, in psychoanalysis, the ego is something that represents the conscious mind. And that includes all the different components of the conscious mind, including the thoughts, memories, and emotions that a person is aware of. So that is the important part, what a person is aware of. So that is the psychoanalytic definition of the word ego in the English language today and in day-to-day use, the word ego is also used and it is used to refer to a person's sense of self-esteem or self importance. So you can see that it is related to the psychoanalytic definition, but they use in everyday speech is more informal. So we might say that this is a person who has a very big ego, someone who thinks that they are very self-important. So now let's take a look at the words that you are going to be learning in this section. So here are the main words that are related directly to people. So we have four words that we're gonna be going over, starting with egoist, then egotist, egocentric, and finally, egomaniac. Apart from this, we're also going to be looking at some secondary related words that have the same root word in common. And these are words including super ego, ego, theist, and economics. So that's it. Let's get started. We'll jump right into it with our first word, egoist. 9. EGO: Egoist: The word is egoist, and this is a noun made up of two parts. Ego and the ego from Latin meaning self or the first-person pronoun I. And East is an English suffix, meaning a person who does. And this is a suffix that you've probably seen in words like atheist or person who does not believe in God and activist, a person who does activism, or a capitalist, a person who believes in capitalism. So putting it together, we have egoist, meaning. A person who puts one's own self first before other people. In other words, someone who isn't extremely selfish person. So if you are an egoist, you are very selfish. You are ruthless in your desire to get ahead in the world and you do things by hook or by crook. You don't really care much about morals. And you think that being selfish is a natural thing. Maybe you think is part of your genes are part of nature, and therefore, it is a good thing or a natural thing. And I want you to understand the difference between an egoist and a selfish person. You see being selfish refers to excessive interest in oneself in addition to a lack of consideration for others. So this is what a selfish person is like. They care too much about their own self-interest. And furthermore, they don't really care about other people. This is a selfish person, but an egoist is an extreme version of the selfish person. So when selfishness is taken to its extreme, it becomes egoism. And egoism is a pejorative word. Okay? Just like selfish is a pejorative word, it's a negative word, a derogatory word. So I now want to show you an example of an egoist. This is Frank Underwood from House of Cards. And here in this video, In this clip, you can see the way in which he thinks and what he believes about life and about success. For those of us climbing to the top of the food chain, there can be no mercy. There is but one. Hunt or be hunted. Welcome back. So as you can see, Frank is absolutely ruthless in his desire to get ahead in this particular show. He's trying to become the president of the United States. And he does a lot of things by hook or by crook in order to ensure his success, even if it's at the expense of other people. So I now want to wrap up this video by talking about the modifications of this word. Let's take a look at how we can modify this word from a noun into its other forums. By adding ism. We turn it into a noun, which is a concept, right? So an egoist is a noun referring to a person, but egoism is a noun referring to a concept, practice, or a belief. That's what that is. M suffix means. It means the practice or philosophy of something. In this particular case, it's the practice of extreme selfishness. Then if you want to turn it into an adjective, we add egg. So egoistic means characteristic of egoism, someone who has the nature of extreme selfishness. And finally, to turn it into an adverb, we add the lease suffix, and that just means something that is done in a certain manner. So in this case, it means to do something in an egoistic manner. And there we have it. The word egoist. 10. EGO: Egotist: In this video, we're looking at the word egotist, which is a noun made up of two parts. Ego from Latin, meaning self or I, and East, which is an English suffix, meaning a person who does. A violinist is someone who plays the violin. A pianist is someone who plays the piano. And then you'll notice that in the middle of this word, we have the letter t, which I've put here in gray color. And that's simply to serve as a certain mnemonic. So you can use it as a tool to better help you remember the difference between egoist and egotist. So you can use that T as a pneumonic for torque because egoistic people are people who like to talk a lot. What do they like to talk a lot about? Well, about themselves, of course. So that letter T there in the middle of the word egotist is not related to any root word, but it is something that you can use to recall the difference between an egoist and in egotist. So let's take a look at the definition of the word. And egotist is a person who makes too frequent use of the first-person pronoun I. So these are people who like to talk a lot about themselves. They love to boast a lot and basically look like a rockstar in everyone's eyes. So here we have one of our most beloved people on this planet Earth, Kanye West. This is a caricature by Jason Skyler and you can see how Kenya's cheeks have been portrayed to be really inflated. Why? Because he loves to talk a lot. So egotism refers to a grandiose sense of self-importance that you show during conversations by talking excessively about yourself. So you might talk excessively about your accomplishments, about how much money you're making, about how many places and countries you've traveled to. And you do all this while ignoring the opinions of other people because they don't really matter much after all, do they? So as an egotist, you are someone who loves to monopolize attention. And you do this by talking about yourself in a self promoting way, by not recognizing other people's accomplishments or their viewpoints or opinions. And finally, you are someone who sees criticisms as personal attacks. So here we have a little scene from the movie, The Beauty and the Beast. And here we have the character Gaston, who loves to show off all kinds of things, e.g. how much muscles he has, how many women are absolutely crazy about him, and of course, his beautiful, beautiful chest hair. Let's take a look. You see I've got biceps to spend. A bit of hint scraggly, scrawny. And every last inch of these covered with hair. So as you can see, Gaston loves to show off his fighting abilities, his big biceps and other practical and some not so practical acids. The important thing for you to note here is that guest on is a character who loves to talk a lot and he likes to show off. He's not really showing off his intellectual abilities, which would also be considered egotism. But usually egotist like to show off their material success. So things like money, power, or the number of houses they own, the number of cars that they have, the number of countries that they've traveled to, and other such things, things that are materialistic that you can count and show off to the world. Now, let's wrap up this video by looking at the modifications of this word. So egotist is a noun referring to a person, but it can also refer to an etiology, a practice, or a belief. So if you add ism, it would turn it into a noun, meaning practice of talking excessively about oneself. If you want to convert that into an adjective, you simply add the x suffix and the meaning would become characterized by egotism or someone who has the nature of talking excessively about oneself. And finally, to turn it into an adverb, we add the least suffix and it becomes egotistically. I want you to note here that when we add the least suffix, we actually end up adding ALL why at the end. So there is some risk spelling involved in order to add that suffix. So sometimes you might see this suffix with just LY at the end, or in other cases with certain words, you're going to see this suffix as a LY. The important thing for you to understand here is that the suffix Lee or Allie, ALL why they both mean the same thing. And what they mean is to do something in a certain manner. So egotistically means to do something in an egotistical manner. And there we have the word egotist. 11. EGO: Egocentric: In this video, we're looking at the word egocentric, which is both a noun and an adjective. So this word is made up of three parts. Ego from Latin, Eggo, meaning self, or I, center from Latin centrum meaning center. And this is a route that you've probably seen in words like central, concentrate and epicenter. So central is something that has the characteristic of being at the center. Concentrate means to put all of your attention at one point or at some central point. And epicenter is the point on the surface of the land where an earthquake takes place. And the last part is the English suffix ic, meaning having the nature of. So putting that together, the definition of egocentric is a person who has the nature of regarding one's own self as the center of all things. In other words, someone who is extremely self-centered. So here's a little bit of history about this word. Originally, it is from child psychology and egocentrism is a concept that was coined by John Piaget to describe the inability of young children to take the perspective of other people. So notice that this definition and this concept is not the same as selfishness when we are talking about child psychology, when we're talking about the word in its original form. Because you see, young children assume that other people see, hear, and feel exactly the same as they do. This is why a child will cover their eyes and they think that just because they cannot see you, you can't see them either. So this is the original definition of the word egocentric. The child is perceiving the world from only his or her own point of view. But in everyday speech, egocentric is a word that is used in a different manner. It is used in a pejorative manner, in a derogatory or negative manner. So let's take a look at that. So the word in everyday speech is used for adults, so we don't really use the word egocentric to refer to children unless you are talking specifically in the context of child psychology. So in everyday speech, we use it for adults in negative way. So if you are an egocentric person, or if you are an egocentric, the world can be used as both a noun and an adjective. If you are an egocentric than you think that the world revolves around you, you are the center of the galaxy or the center of the universe. And everything revolves around you because you are the most important person in the world. So naturally, you have little or no regard for interests or viewpoints other than your own. You don't really care about what it is that other people think or what they have to say about something. And you think that other people are obsessed with your behavior and your appearance just as much as you are. So here I have a scene to exemplify the definition of the word. Here we have David brand from the UK show The Office. And David brand is a perfect example of someone who's an egocentric. And you'll see why in just a moment. Let's take a look at this clip. Okay, gather your wow. There's good news and bad news. The bad news is near, will be taken over both branches and some of you will lose your jobs. Those of you who are kept on, we'll have to relocate this wind and if you want to stay, I know I know. Gutting, gutting. You didn't see me. On a more positive note. The good news is, I've been promoted. So every cloud is still thinking about designing today, but certainly bad news and irrelevant use. Yeah, that's not a phrase. That was it. I can come and go. I've got some bad news and some irrelevant news. He said he just told us about Neil. Kept your promotion itself. She tells the good news first, got to be happy, no good news. David. Think promotion is generally considered good news. We're going to lose our jobs. Are all going to lose their jobs. Guards, just right. You're not going to lose your job. You're not going to lose your job. You're not going to lose your job. So do you see why David brand is an egocentric? Because he's really happy. He thinks that other people will also be just as happy as him. So this is what it means to be an egocentric. It means to see the world from only your own point of view without considering the viewpoint of other people or without considering how it is that other people might be feeling. In this case, many of them are devastated that they're going to be losing their job. But they would brand doesn't really care about that because he has just gotten a promotion and it's time to celebrate. So now that you understand the meaning of the word, Let's take a look at the modifications of this word. So egocentric by itself can be used as both a noun and an adjective. But if you add ism, then it becomes a noun. Referring to where practice of doing something. In this case, it would refer to the practice or condition of being egocentric. If we add 80, again, this would also form it a noun. And in this case the noun would mean the quality or condition of being egocentric. So egocentrism, egocentrism or both, essentially synonyms. And finally, if you want to turn it into an adverb, we add the least suffix. And notice again the risk spelling because we have to add a, L, L, Y at the end of the world. And egocentrically means in an egocentric manner. 12. EGO: Egomaniac: In this lesson, we're looking at the word egomaniac, which is a noun. The word is made up of three parts. Ego from Latin, meaning self or I. Many from the Greek, mania, meaning madness. This is a route that you've probably seen in words like maniac, nymphomaniac, and Pi, Romania. So a maniac is a general term for someone who's mad. Nymphomaniac refers to an uncontrollable or excessive sexual desire and a woman, so someone who is mad with sexual desire and Pi, Romania is the obsessive desire to set things on fire. So the madness of wanting to set things on fire. On interesting side note, mania may be related to mind because mind can often have this tendency to overthink and to think about passively and excessively. So we're not really sure, but mania might be related in its origins to the word mind in some way. Moving on, we have the English suffix act, meaning someone who is affected with. So you may have seen this suffix in words like brainiac, paranoia, IAC, and insomniac. An insomniac is someone who is affected with the condition of not being able to sleep. A paranoia is affected with paranoia, and a brainiac is someone who is affected with extreme intelligence. So putting all of these different parts of the word together, we have egomaniac, meaning someone who is affected with extreme obsession with one's own self to the point of madness. So ego mania is excessive preoccupation with the self. So here we have a cartoon in which we have Kim Jong-un and Donald Trump in a conversation to people who many have labeled to be perfect examples of egomaniac. Ego mania is a pathological preoccupation with oneself and with one's own supposedly importance. And because ego maniacs think that they are very important, obviously, they have delusions of personal greatness and grander. So you can think of an egomaniac as someone who is an extreme form of the egocentric. So an egocentric is also a self obsessed person when ego centricity is taken to its extreme, to the point of madness, it becomes ego mania. So if you are an egomaniac, the new or someone who is interested only in the gratification of your own impulses and desires. You see yourself as someone alone in the world and everyone else and everything else that is part of the natural world, such as people or animals or things. You'll see them all as unnecessary accessories. And finally, you display over-confidence and provider in order to hide the imperfections of your fragile self. So here we have a little scene from the movie Austin Powers, in which we see Dr. Evil being the perfect example of someone who is an egomaniac. Let's take a look. Slowly but surely ultraviolet rays with foreign increasing the risk of skin cancer. That is, unless the world pays us a hefty ransom. That also already shipped. Oh hey, let's just do it. We always do hi Jackson, nuclear weapons and hold the world hostage. Good. Gentlemen. It's come to my attention that a breakaway Russian Republic flip lockers status bad to transfer a nuclear warhead to the United Nations in a few days. Here's the plan. We get the warhead and we hold the world ransom for $1 million. Well, don't you think we should maybe ask for more than $1 million? $1 million isn't exactly a lot of money these days. Virtue con, alone makes over $9 billion a year. Really. It's not. Okay, then we hold the world ransom for $100 billion. That's Dr. Evil, the man with the plan, who's going to make $100 billion. So why is it a perfect example of someone who is an egomaniac? Well, first of all, he wants to take over the world. Secondly, he only really cares about the gratification of his own desires. And in fact, he often kills people who don't gratify his desires or people who have a different point of view. And last but not least, you can also see he is someone with a very fragile sense of self because he's quite unsure of himself when he proposes to hold the world that ransom for $100 billion. And he looks to his peers for confirmation to make sure that what he has said it does make sense. So he hides his fragile self behind his criminal persona. Now, I want to talk about another word which is quite similar in its concept and in its meaning. And it's easy to confuse the two words. So let's talk about this. The word is megalomaniac. Megalomaniac is a more extreme version of even the egomaniac. So when ego mania is taken to its extreme hide, becomes megalomania. So if you have seen the movie 300, then you will remember Xerxes to be a character who is a legendary King of Persia, who rules over an enormous empire. And all the nations fear him because of his immense army. And there are rumors that he is not even human. And Xerxes truly believes this himself, that he's not human, that he is a God, and so do other people around him. People believed that he is so powerful that it is not even possible for him to bleed. But we see in the final scene of the film when Leonidas, his opponent, the hero of the film, attacks him, and we see that he does in fact bleed and he's just another human being. A human being who thinks that he or she is a God, is a megalomaniac. On a final note, I just want to mention that megalomania is a term from clinical psychology that describes a particular mental disorder. But this word has also come into our everyday speech. And it is something that you can use more figuratively in day-to-day use as well. Alright, now finally, let's take a look at some modifications of this word. So egomaniac is a noun that refers to a person. If we take away that act suffix at the end there, then it becomes ego mania. And that would simply mean the quality or state of being extremely egocentric. Ego mania is a condition. If you want to turn it into an adjective, you just add the a L suffix at the end. And we have ego maniacal, meaning someone who is characterized by ego mania. And finally, to turn it into an adverb, we use the suffix to turn the world into ego maniacal, meaning in an ego maniacal manner. And there we have the word egomaniac. 13. EGO: Related Words: Alright, so now that we have went over all of the main words related to Eggo, I want to now cover some other related words that also use the same root word. So these are the three words that we're going to be going over in this video. We're going to start off with super-ego than talk about ego theist, and finally, economics. So here we go, starting off with our first word, super ego. So this word is made up of two parts. Super from Latin, meaning above, over or beyond. And ego from Latin, meaning self or I. So super ego is that part of your personality that watches over your entire self and helps you to guide your behavior in society. So this is a term that was introduced by Sigmund Freud. And here I have a video example for you that illustrates this concept in a nutshell. Wake up the wide-awake, we must get it. Right. So to summarize, the super-ego is the voice in your head that you have acquired as a result of cultural conditioning. So it represents your conscience that formed early in your life as a result of influence from your culture, parents, schooling, and so on. I want you to note that super ego is not necessarily a good voice and it is not exactly the angel on your shoulder, so to speak. Rather, it is just the voice that tells you what you should do and how you ought to behave. In fact, the super-ego can be very demanding and sometimes it can even punish you with self-criticism. So super ego is the conscience that you have acquired as a result of your cultural conditioning. Which may be a good thing sometimes and a bad thing at other times. Now, let's move on to the next word, which is ego theist made up of three parts. Ego meaning self or i. Then we have the middle part from Greek, theos, meaning God. And finally, the English suffix ist, meaning a person who does an ego. Theist is a person who identifies oneself as God itself. So this, in other words, is deification of the self. And maybe you think that this is somewhat absurd for someone to identify oneself as God itself. But this is a common practice and a common view in many traditions around the world, particularly in the Indian, Hindu tradition, you see ego theists believe that they are the brain and the senses of the universe perceiving itself as itself. In other words, the entire universe is experiencing itself through the various lifeforms. Alright, next up we have economics. This word is made up of three parts. Ego meaning self or i, norm from Greek nomos, meaning managing. And finally, the English suffix x, meaning pertaining to some practice, some science or some field of study. In this case, economics comes together to mean pertaining to the practice of managing the desires of your different selves. This is a word from behavioral psychology. And in a nutshell, Economics claims that within each person exist two different selves, and both of these cells are in conflict. Each other. You see there is the present self and the future. So the present self wants instant gratification, e.g. in the image here we see that the present self maybe wants to eat a doughnut or a sugary, sweet, but at the same time, it is in conflict with a future self. And this future self must meet certain goals and targets, e.g. if you want to improve your health, then your future self will tell you to choose an apple instead of some process, sugary food. So economics is this field of study that tries to help us to better deal with this inner conflict that we feel between our so-called present and future self. Alright, so that brings us to the end of our discussion on the different words related to the root word Eggo. So in this section, the main words that you learned related to Eggo or egoist, egotist, egomaniac, and egocentric. And then we also looked at some other related words. In this video itself, we looked at superego, ego, theist, and economics. I'll see you in the next video where we're going to give you a little practice challenge to test your understanding and to see how much you still remember. I'll see you there. 14. EGO: Practice Exercise: Alright, welcome back. I hope you are now ready for our practice challenge. In this video, I have some fill-in-the-blank questions for you related to the root word ego. So here on the left-hand side, we have the different words that we went over, the main words as well as the related words. And on the right side we have the definition for each of these words with of course, some of the parts that are blank that you need to fill in with the correct answer. So as you can probably guess, the colors of the blanks correspond to the colors that up here in the root words of each of the words on the left-hand side. So I want you now to pause this video and fill in these blanks. And when you are ready, you can play the video to check your answers. So go ahead and pause the video now. Alright, I hope you had a chance to answer each one of these questions and fill in the blanks, because now we're gonna go over the answers. Are you ready? Okay, let's begin with the first word, egoistic. The correct answers were characteristic of which corresponds to the green part of the word and self, which is the correct meaning for ego. Next up, we have egotistically, which means characteristic of talking excessively about oneself. Do remember, we talked about this, that gray part that you see the t. We used it as a pneumonic to remember that egoistic people like to talk a lot about themselves. They like to boast a lot. Next up, we have egocentric. This is a person who has the nature of regarding oneself as the center of all things. Ego mania means the condition of being obsessed with oneself to the point of madness, super-ego, that part of your personality that watches over your entire self. This is a result of your cultural conditioning. Then we have ego, theism. This is the practice of worshiping one's own self as God and not just one's own self, but rather all selves. So all beings in the universe. And finally, we have economics, which is the field pertaining to the management of one's different selves, right? The future self as well as the present self. So those are the correct answers. I hope you were able to answer these questions correctly. So let's keep moving forward. I'll see you in the next video where we talk about the next root word. 15. ALTER: Introduction: Welcome back. In this video, we're looking at our next root word, which is altar, from Latin, meaning other. So from this root word, we have a word called altar in the English language. Okay, so notice that altar is the English word and Altair is the Latin root word. So alter, the English alter came from the Latin Altair. So let's take a look first at the definition of altar. As you know, that Altair from Latin means other. So in English, when we got the word alter, it came to mean the following. To alter something or someone meant to make a change and a significant change. In other words, to change a person or something into something else, into something other, in other words, to modify someone or something. However, this is not a small change, this is not a minor modification. Notice that when we talk about alter, usually we're talking about big dramatic changes, significant changes, e.g. when Cinderella turns from someone very poor to a princess. So now let's take a look at the words that you are going to be learning in this section on the root word Altair, we have the main words related to people, and these are words including altruist and alter ego. So these are the two main words that we're going to be going over in this section related to people. And then we also have some extra related words for you that also use the same root word. And these words include alteration, altercation, adulteration, and finally, adultery. I'll see you in the next video where we talk about the word altruist. 16. ALTER: Altruist: Alright, in this video, we're looking at the word altruist, which is a noun made up of two parts, are true from Latin, Altair, meaning other, and East, which is an English suffix, meaning a person who does. This is a suffix that you've probably seen in biologist, industrialists, capitalists down other such words, I want you to note that is, is a suffix that usually refers to an expert in some field. So someone who is really good at something, most of the times it refers to an expert, but sometimes it can also be used to refer to someone who simply does something without needing to be an expert. So putting that together, we have altruist and the definition that we get is a person who puts other people first. So someone who is devoted to the welfare of other people, even if it's at their own expense. So if you are an altruist, you are someone who goes above and beyond to help other people, e.g. think about your mom. If you didn't have food, your mom would probably go hungry just so that you can eat. Or think of a firefighter who risks his life to save yours. And maybe you yourself have done some altruistic acts in the past, e.g. helping endangered stray dog to recover or feeding an angel Bird. These are all examples of altruism. And here we have perhaps one of the most famous artists in the world. Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa was a very altruistic person because her organization was dedicated to the poor, particularly to those in India. Their organizations served many people, such as the blind, the aged, and people with different types of disabilities and diseases. Now, I know that there is some controversy in regards to how much Mother Teresa actually help the poor people. Because many people have argued that her main mission was to spread Christianity. So our volunteers actually did a poor job in health care. But even if those things are true, the important thing in regards to the word that we're looking at here is to understand that militaries are still qualifies as an altruistic person. Why? Because she went above and beyond to help the poor people. Because she went above and beyond to help the poor. She lived with those poor people. She shared their lifestyle. She invited the second disabled into her home and she did all of this while risking her own life because she was exposing herself to different diseases and she didn't have to live in those power is tricky and conditions. And almost none of us would choose to do that. But Mother Teresa did. And that is what makes her an altruist. Zoology, by the way, means the study of animals. That's what zooming, zooming animal. So a zoo is where we keep different animals, right? So zoology is the study of animals. And in zoology, the word altruism refers to any animal behavior that benefits others, typically of their own kind. Added cost to themselves, e.g. bees are perfect example of this. You see when a honey bee stings, it dies or gruesome death. And so when he tries to separate itself from the person or the animal that it has just stung. It actually ends up pulling out a string of digestive material, muscles and glands, and a venom sac. And it does all of this just to protect its hive and to protect the other bees, right? It doesn't want the other bees or as HIV to get hurt in any way. So it's sacrifices, its own life, protect the others. That is altruism in zoology, it refers to a particular animal behavior that you can say is self-sacrificial, meaning that an animal is willing to sacrifice itself for the benefit of others. I want you to understand an important difference. You may have seen the word generosity and maybe you think it's the same thing. They are similar concepts, but you see generosity refers to giving your time, money, food, or kindness to other people in need. But generosity doesn't necessarily need to be selfless. E.g. you might show generosity in order to get something back in return. But altruism is different. You see altruism goes beyond generosity and it involves some sort of sacrifice, e.g. you might continue to give until it hurts and then some more. That's altruism. It means to help other people, even at a cost to yourself. Now let's take a look at some modifications of this word. So we know that altruism is a noun referring to a person. But we can have another noun form of the world, which is altruism. If we add ism, you might recall the ISM suffix means the practice of something. So in this case, altruism is the practice of or the belief of selfless concern for the well-being of others. To turn it into an adjective, you add the x suffix. And altruistic means having the quality of or the characteristic of altruism. And finally, to turn it into an adverb, we add the suffix, notice the spelling, we have to change it to a, L, L, Y, and the end. And we have altruistically, which means in an altruistic manner. And there we have the word altruist. 17. ALTER: Alter Ego: Welcome back guys. In this video, we're looking at the phrase alter ego, made up of two words, altar, which you already know means other and ego, which as we already learned, means self or I. So alter ego is a noun made up of these two parts. Altar from Latin, alter meaning other, and ego from Latin, meaning self or I. So putting that together, alter ego means your other self. So other self can mean two different things. So the first definition is your second self, as in your alternative personality, e.g. Clark Kent and Superman or Bruce Wayne at the Batman. So we can say that Superman is Clark Kent alter-ego, or Batman is Bruce Wayne's alter-ego. So this is the first definition here. We also have a second definition, and that can mean a very close friend and a very special type of friend, as we'll look at in just a moment. So let's explore a little bit first, the first definition, which is your second cell. And this is a second self that is often hidden from the world so people don't know this other self. Here, again, we have the Superman, and Superman is the alter ego of Clark Kent. Now, I got a question for you. Is Clark Kent an alter ego? While you can kinda say so, but you need to understand that the alter ego is hidden from the world, right? So Clark Kent is a character who everyone knows. This is Superman's public phase. So the public face is not really hidden from the world, but the fact that he is, Superman is hidden from the world, right? So you would say that Superman is Clark Kent's alter ego. Now here on the left-hand side we have a little scene from the story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. And you can see on the left-hand side, we have Mr. Hyde, which is Dr. jackals, evil alter ego. In this story, Dr. Jekyll ends up transforming himself into Mr. Hyde because he wants to bring out his second nature. He wants to see really what is inside of him. Mr. Hyde is the alter ego of Dr. Jekyll. Alright, now let's take a look at this second meaning which we talked about. We said that the second meeting with someone who is a very close friend. What kind of friend? Well as special kind of friend of friend who you would say is your mirror image. What does this mean? Have you seen the movie stepbrothers, you will know that both of these characters are very much alike in this movie. So if someone is your mirror image or if your best friend is your alter ego, it means that you are so intimate with this person that you both do the same things, you both like the same things, you both have the same interests. And maybe you even end up completing each other's sentences. That's how alike you both are. I now want to show you a little clip from this movie, stepbrothers, in which we have an example of this second definition of the word. Let's take a look. If you're a chick, who's the one guy you'd sleep with? John saying, did we just become best friends? Yup. You want to go do karate in the garage. Yup. This is the second definition of alter-ego. So this is a definition that is not very commonly used, but it does exist. Alright, now let's move on and clarify another important difference. There is another word which is doppelganger, which you might confuse this word with. Doppelganger, is a term that is used in sci-fi to describe an exact copy of u. Usually this is from another universe or another timeline or maybe a different life. So that's a doppelganger. This is an exact copy of you. That is not what we mean by alter ego, e.g. in the movie Back to the Future, Marty goes back in time and then in the future and he meets his multiple copies. So this is the same person simply existing in different timelines. So we will not use the word alter ego. In this case, we would use the term doppelganger. There's another phrase that we use which is spitting image. And this is also not something that we mean by alter ego. Spitting image is a phrase, a term that is used to describe someone who physically looks a lot like you and you may or may not know them personally, but we're just talking about physical characteristics of a person. Here we have Katy Perry and Zoe additional, and you can see that they both look very alike. It looks like they're actually the same person, but they're not, they're two different people who simply have very similar physical characteristics. So we can say that they are both each other's spitting image. On an interesting side note, the term spitting image is actually an allusion to someone who is so unlike someone else that they appear to have been spat out from their mouth, this term came into circulation when George far guar used it in his play called love and a bottle, in which there was a line and the line went like this, poor child. He's as like his own data as if he were spit out of his mouth. So that's why we also usually say that someone is the spitting image of their father or their mother figuratively were saying that their father or their mother spot them out from their mouth. And that is why they look so alike. 18. ALTER: Related Words: Alright, now in this video, we are going to be covering some related words that also use the same root word out there. And these are the four words that we're going to be going over, starting with alteration. So alteration is a word made up of two parts. Altar from Latin, alter meaning other and Asian. That Asian is an English suffix meaning a state or condition that results from some action. So the definition of the word is the state of being significantly changed into something other operation is a state of being significantly changed. It's not a minor change, as we talked about before, when Cinderella went from being a poor girl into a beautiful and rich princess, she underwent a drastic alteration. The next word is altercation, and it's very easy to confuse these two words because the only difference is that letter C in the middle. So let's take a look at this word. It is also made up of two parts. Altar from Latin, alter, meaning other and Asian. The English suffix meaning state or condition resulting from some action. Now that C in the middle, I want you to think of it as a mnemonic for conflict or clash, maybe even chaos. Because in an altercation, what you have is a conflict. So this is an easy way for you to distinguish and recall the difference in meaning between alteration without the sea and altercation. So here is the definition of the word. Altercation is the condition of having a heated and violent verbal conflict with another person. So basically, you are having a fight with words with another person. This is not a physical fight, but this is a verbal fight. And why is it that you fight with another person? Well, because you have other views or other plans. And as a result of this, you might end up in a noisy argument with another person. So people in altercation are usually very angry. And take note that this is much stronger than a quarrel or a dispute. A quarrel or a dispute can be something minor or over a minor issue. But altercation is something that happens over some very important issues. So because of this, it has more weight. It is more serious than a mere quarrel or disagreement in opinion. So here I have an example for you of two people in an altercation and take note of the seriousness of the argument and the characteristics of this conflict. Let's take a look. Yeah. Pull me, Frank, just because you've got me safely in this little trap. You think you can bully me into feeling whatever your truck yeah. Trust me. Fix you. Look at you and tell me how by any stretch of the imagination, you can call yourself on Jesus Christ. So this is an example of a fight with words. Notice how Frank, played by Leonardo DiCaprio in this film, is so upset and so angry that he wants to actually punch his wife. But instead he ends up punching the car at the end. So that's how intense an altercation can get. You don't physically attack another person because that would turn into something else. But as long as you're having this intense verbal fight, that is what we call an altercation. Now, the next word that we're going to look at is adult aerate, made up of three parts. Add from Latin prefix ad, meaning towards that alter part is from the Latin Altair, meaning other, and the ate suffix means to make or to do. So. This is a suffix that turns words into verbs, into actions. So naturally, adultery is a verb and it means to make something poorer in quality by adding something other two, the original product. So let's take a look at some examples here. We know that companies often use synthetic chemicals to make fruits and vegetables more appealing to people. And in this example, we have a tomato that is being injected with some chemical that is going to end up turning the tomato more red in its color so that it's more attractive to the buyers. Now, is this a good thing? Adding these injections and synthetic chemicals into a natural fruit or vegetable, I would argue not most of the times these are unhealthy chemicals that we should not be ingesting into our bodies. So these are inferior materials that are of lower quality or maybe even detrimental quality that are usually added in order to save costs and. Attract buyers. So this is a very common practice and other common example is the mixing of sugar in honey. Again, this allows companies to cut down on their costs and therefore become more profitable. Now there's another word in there. We have been talking about these inferior materials or products or chemicals that are added in order to adulterated product. So let's talk about a new word. The word is adulterant. So the adulterant is that chemical which is added, which is the inferior materials. So the adulterant is the ingredient or the chemical that adult rates. Does that make sense? So in this case, the synthetic chemical is the adulterant and it is adult rating this tomato that we see here on the screen. The next word is adultery. Very, very similar word, but completely different meaning. Adultery is made up of three parts from Latin, add meaning towards altar from Latin alter. And finally, that Y suffix at the end, meaning a state or condition resulting from an action. So adultery is a noun. It means the condition of being attracted towards the bed of another person. And this results in voluntary sexual intercourse. So figuratively speaking, when you are attracted towards the bed of another person while you are still married, then that is a violation of trust in once married relationships. So this condition of sleeping with another person outside of one's marriage. In other words, having an extramarital affair with someone is what we refer to as adultery. So this is the important thing for you to understand is that this is extra-marital sexual intercourse. So we're not just talking about dating another person outside of one's marriage, but we're talking about when two people sleep with each other. That is adultery. Adultery only refers to cheating that happens in married relationship. So if there's a relationship of a girlfriend, boyfriend who are not married, then the term adultery would not apply in that case because it only applies to married individuals. Take note that a person who commits adultery is called an adulterer. And in this artwork by Jules Garnier that we see here on the right-hand side, we can see two adulterers being punished for their crime. In many countries where religion is very important, adultery often came with a heavy punishment. But in most countries, adultery is no longer a crime, but it is still viewed as a bad thing. So adultery always has this negative pejorative connotation to it. Alright, so that brings us to the end of our discussion on all the words related to the root word out there. And here's a summary of all the words that you have learned in this section. So we started off by learning these two words related to people. The main words were altruist and alter-ego. And then in this video, we went over some additional related words including alteration, altercation, adult rate, and adultery. And in the next video, I have a practice challenge for you to see. If you are able to correctly guess the meanings of other words that I have not yet taught you that use the same root word out there. So I'll see you there in the next video. 19. ALTER: Practice Exercise: Alright, welcome back. Now that you have a good understanding of the root word Altair, we are now ready for practice exercise. So here in this video, we have a mix and match questionnaire for you. And on the left-hand side, we have some words for you, and you have to match these words to their correct definitions on the right-hand side. So I want you now to pause this video and write down the answers for all four of these questions. And only play the video when you are ready. So go ahead and pause the video now. Alright, I hope you had a chance to write down the answers because we are now ready to take a look at the correct answers. The answer to question number one, alternate was be to alternate means to do something in terms. In other words, to switch back and forth between one thing and another thing. The second word we have is alternative. The correct answer was D. It means to be available as another possibility. And usually we refer to these additional possibilities when we are talking about one or more things are one or more possibilities. E.g. if you're trying to find chocolate ice cream and they don't have it, then the alternative that you might want to choose instead is a vanilla ice cream. Or number three is adulterant. Adulterant means a different substance that is used to make something poorer in quality. Remember, we talked about this. So the adulterant is what adult rates the product into a product of inferior quality. And finally, our last word is ulterior, and that means something that lies on the other side. In other words, something that lies beyond what is obvious or beyond what is visible. And oftentimes, ulterior is used to refer to things that are intentionally hidden. E.g. we might talk about someone's ulterior motive or a hidden motive, e.g. maybe you're only being nice to your brother because you want to borrow some money from him. So we can say that you haven't ulterior motive. So there we have it. The many different words containing the root word out there, meaning other. 20. MISO: Introduction: Our next root word is miso, from Greek, meaning to hate. Now, you may have seen this in many of the words, words such as mistake, misuse, or misunderstanding, and miss, in this case, is used as a prefix, which means something that is done in a poor or bad or wrong manner. So do not confuse the root word missile with this prefix mis. They appear similar, but they are from different origins and they have different meanings. The words that you are going to be learning in this section are the following. Starting off with domain words related to people, we're going to be learning massage chemist, misogynist, and MSM throb. And then we're going to cover some extra unrelated words that also use this root word. And we're going to talk about mesentery, missile, theism, miscellaneous, and mythology. So I'll see you in the next video where we talk about the word mythos agonist. 21. MISO: Misogamist: In this video, we're looking at the word MS. Saga missed, which is a noun made up of three parts. So missile is from Greek. Missile meaning to hate, dam, from Greek. Gammas, meaning marriage. This is a root word that you've probably seen in other words, like monogamy, polygamous, and Polygamy. Monogamy is the practice of marrying just one person. Polygamous means to be married to multiple people, multiple partners. And bigamy is the act of going through a marriage ceremony while one is already married to another one person. And then we have the east suffix, which is an English suffix meaning a person who does. So putting that together, we have the word misogynist, meaning a person who hates or fields a strong aversion to marriage. So Ms. Hall gummy can be of different degrees. So you might hate the idea of personally getting married. Or maybe you just object to the entire institution of marriage at large. So it can be of different degrees at a personal level or at a more general and larger level. So if you are a misogynist, then these are the things that you say and believe. You say. Things like marriage is an outdated institution, or that relationships are more meaningful with freedom from the law. You might believe that marriages are not really designed for the modern world and that they can result in deep economic and legal entanglements, unnecessary entanglement, or that it takes away freedom. So all of these are the different things that amiss arguments might believe to one degree or another. So here we have Ricky Gervais, who is an example of a mess organist. He said that there's no point in us having an actual ceremony before the eyes of God because there is no God. Ricky Gervais and his partner have been together for about four decades at the moment of this recording. And yet they have always said that they will never get married. Ricky Gervais is a staunch atheist himself, and he believes that he doesn't really need to undergo a marriage ceremony because of his beliefs. He doesn't believe in a God. So why should he do something that is based in religion or a legal system? So rookie revealed to in one of the Times articles that we're married for all intents and purposes as far as we're concerned. Right. So officially and legally, they're not married, but they say that everything is shared. And actually their so-called fake marriage has lasted longer than a real one. So there's no real point in us having an actual ceremony before the eyes of God. So this is an example of what a massage can be like. So he personally does not want to get married, but he doesn't go out into the world telling other people that, hey, you should not get married either. That would be an example of a different type of massage chemist, perhaps a more intense one. And here we have another example. This is Giacomo Casanova, who said marriage is a sacrament, which I did test. Notice that we're detached. He absolutely a Bohr's key, hates it because it is the tomb of love marriages where love goes to die. And this is another example of a misogynist. Now finally, I want to take a look at some modifications of this word. So Ms. Agonist is a noun referring to a person. But if you add a Y suffix at the end, then it turns into a noun referring to a practice or a belief. It turns into the word mesalamine, meaning the practice or condition of disliking marriage. Turn it into an adjective. You just add the OUS suffix, which is an adjective suffix meaning full off or characteristic of the word becomes mess AGAMOUS, meaning full of hatred towards marriage or full of aversion. Remember, it can be a really strong hatred or it can be a lesser degree of dislike. 22. MISO: Misogynist: In this video, we're looking at misogynist, which is a noun made up of three parts. Missile from Greek, meaning to hate. Chain is from Greek. Jain meaning woman. And this is a route that you've probably seen in words like polygyny, gynecologist, and menarche. So polygyny is the practice in which a man has more than one wife or more than one woman. A gynecologist is a surgeon or a physician who treats women. So basically a Dr. for women. And menarche is a government that is ruled by women. And finally, we have the English suffix ist, meaning a person who does. Putting that together, we have misogynist, meaning a person who hates or dislikes women. So this is the traditional definition, but in our modern culture, the word has evolved and changed in meaning a little bit. Now, it refers to a person who supports the practice of keeping women week. We're going to take a look at some examples of that. Because there are a few different ways in which that can happen. But it is the practice of keeping women week, that is what it has come to mean today. So misogyny is essentially a systemic operation. It is something that is cultural and therefore something that is widespread. So misogyny, which is a noun referring to the practice itself, the practice of keeping women week misogyny is the culturally ingrained practice of keeping women are weaker social status than men. And this may or may not be intentional. Here in this image on the right-hand side, we see that a bunch of these guys who are in a race are trying to push aside this woman. Her name is Catherine Switzerland, and they're trying to push her out of this marathon that is taking place because they believe that this is not a woman's place, that women should not participate in such sports. So this is an example of keeping women week. Let's take a look at some more examples of how, if you are a misogynist, how it is that you keep women week? Let's take a look. Misogyny, as we discussed, is an attitude that is held by individuals. And it is cultural right is a systemic operation. And that operation is based in an attitude held by individuals, particularly men. But it can also be an attitude held by women as well as culture at large. So one example is perhaps you limit women's access to power and decision-making. Another example, you make sure that women don't step out of line. You keep them in check, or you punish women who reject their lower status. And you might do so violently or in other ways, or you reward women for accepting inferior status. So all of these are different ways in which women are kept week on a systemic level. So this entire umbrella of suppression is referred to as misogyny. And somebody who promote such a view or such an attitude is referred to as a misogynist. So here I have an example for you of misogyny in a workplace. This is from the movie Anchorman. So let's take a look and I'll break it down for you as we go. Diversity means that times are changing. And so here you see that women are standing on the sidelines and naturally they have limited access to power and to decision-making. While all the men who are in power are seated in the center at the conference table. With that in mind, Ron, are you paying attention? Nope. Well, this concerns all of us. Okay. Keeping that in mind, I'd like to introduce the latest edition to the k VW and news team directly from w why PN in Asheville, north Carolina. Miss Veronica cornea stone. Everyone. I just wanted you all to know that I look forward to contributing to this news stations already sterling reputation. I mean, come on and it's bull crap, but don't get me wrong. I love the ladies. I mean, did they read my engine, but they don't belong in the newsroom. It is anchorman, not acres. What is a scientific fact? As you can see, when Veronica joins the team, the men are all intimidated by her position of power. And we also see that they want to maintain the status quo. They want to maintain the dominant societal norms in which men hold more power than women. So this statement that is made here at the end that women don't belong in the newsroom reflects what it is that these men think a woman's position should be in society. What they are implying is that instead of a workplace, women belong in a house or in the kitchen or something like that. It is these kinds of ideas and attitudes that keep women in weaker positions so they cannot rise to power. So misogyny is this systemic oppression that happens at the level of the individual and also at the level of a culture. And that culture can be a workplace or a society at large. Now, I want to make sure that you understand the difference because there is another word. The word is sexism, that we often confuse, misogyny, width. So let's understand the difference between the two words. So a sexist is different from a misogynist. Sexist is someone who stereotypes people into their correct social role based on their gender, based on whether someone is a male or a female. So they might say that a man's job is to earn the bread and go to work and make the money. And a woman's role is to take care of babies in the house, e.g. that is a sexist statement because we are categorizing what a person should do based on their gender. That is, sexism. So in other words, what you can say actually is that all misogynist or sexist, but not all sexist, are misogynist. Because all misogynist believed that women have a certain role in society. So they are classifying women based on their gender. But just because someone is a sexist does not mean that they are also a misogynist because sexism is about categorizing gender roles, whereas misogyny is about specifically keeping women week. Now let's go over some different variations of this word. Misogynist is a noun referring to a person. But if we want to talk about the practice or the condition of keeping women week, then we would add the y suffix at the end, turning the world into misogyny, meaning the ingrained practice of prejudice against women. To turn it into an adjective, we add the suffix, turning the world into misogynistic, meaning characteristic of misogyny or someone or something that has the nature of misogyny. Finally, to turn it into an adverb, we add the least suffix at the end and the word becomes misogynistic. Really notice the spelling. We have a L, L, Y at the end, and the meaning is in misogynistic manner. And there we have the word misogynist. 23. MISO: Misanthrope: In this video, we're looking at the word missing throb, which is a noun made up of two parts. Myths from Greek missile, meaning to hate, and anthropology from Greek. Anthropos, meaning humankind. This is a root word that you've probably seen in words like anthropology, which is the study of humans and human history and human evolution. Anthropomorphism, which means to apply human feelings and human form to things that are not humans, such as things or objects, or plants or other such things. Anthropocentric, which means a human centered point of view. So together we have the word MSM throb, which is a noun meaning someone who hates or this trust human beings. So if you are amazing throb, then you see humans as full of flaws. And these might be different types of laws such as intellectual flaws, which might comprise of our organs, or wishful thinking or dogmatism or fanaticism, or gullibility or cognitive biases. You might see humans as having many intellectual falls, or maybe instead of intellectual flaws, you see moral flaws, flaws such as cruelty, injustice, selfishness, laziness, greed, and so on. So here on the right we have a GIF image of a bunch of chickens getting slaughtered for food. So this is an example of a moral flaw that are missing throb might see, as a Muslim throb, you trust the human character, all of what makes up a human being. Here we have a perfect example, which is Charles Xavier from the movie X-Men, is a mutant who hates humans because humans have always threatened the existence of mutants in this film. So humans naturally always want to kill off these mutants. And so Charles Xavier hates human beings. He's a Muslim throb. And let's take a look at some of the thinking behind massage therapy. Massage therapy is born usually when you are met with constant conflict between what is and what should be. So in other words, you are met with conflict between your ideal version of the world, what the world should be like, and the ugly truth of daily reality. As a result, you will see deep-seated flaws in almost everyone and possibly even yourself. And MSM drops. It can be argued have a biased point of view because all they see are flaws and mistakes. And so as a result, you would rather just avoid people. So here I have an example for you from the movie. There will be blood in which we have the character Daniel Plainview, played by Daniel Day Lewis. And in this particular scene, Daniel is for the first time revealing how He actually feels about people. You see, he has spent 15 years in a mansion drinking whiskey and glaring at every single visitor, including his adopted son, with a drunk and contempt. So it's always with this trunk and contempt that he views other people. So he mumbles, he lives, he mocks other people. And he does all of this because he doesn't really care about the material things of life. He has reached the height of power. He has everything that he ever wanted in life, at least materialistic Lee speaking, which was just to be a really successful businessman. And he accomplishes that. And in the process of accomplishing that, he actually comes to see everyone around him as his competition. So that is another reason why he ends up hating most people. Let's take a look at this scene. I see the worst and people, Henry, I don't need to look past seeing them to get all I build up my hatred. So over the years, little by little, I having you here, it gives me a second breath. I can't keep doing this all the time with these. So that is one example of Masan therapy and meson therapy can be born out of different reasons. So now let's take a look at the different modifications that this word can have. Msm throb is a noun. And if you want to talk about the practice or condition of hating humankind, then we would add the y suffix, turning the world into meson therapy, meaning the practice of disliking humankind or to turn it into an adjective, we add the x suffix, changing the world to miss anthropic. And the meaning becomes characteristic of massage therapy or something that has the nature of Masan therapy. And finally, to turn it into an adverb, we add the suffix and the word becomes miss anthropic, meaning inner Muslim tropic manner. 24. MISO: Related Words: Alright, so now that we have went over the main words related to me, so we are now ready to look at some other related words that also use this root word. So we're gonna be going over these four related words in this video, starting with mesentery, moving on to mezzo, theism than miscellaneous and finally, mythology. So let's begin with our first word, mesentery. This word is made up of three parts. The first missile, as we already know from Greek, meaning to hate, and under from Greek. And rows meaning man or male. And finally, the English suffix y or e, meaning a state or condition that results from some action. So putting that together, the definition that we get is the condition of prejudice or hatred against men. You can think of it as the opposite of misogyny, but only kind of, Let's talk about why. You see mesentery is nowhere nearly as deeply rooted as misogyny. So therefore, the two terms, misogyny and mesentery, or not quite equivalent. So they are kind of opposites to each other. But in terms of history and in terms of prevalence, they are not at all equal because misogyny is something that has been going on since a far longer period of time. And it is something that is far more deeply rooted than mesentery. Let's move on to our next word, which is missile theism. Theism is made up of three parts. Meso, meaning to hate, the middle. The part, or the part is from Greek, theos, meaning God. And finally, we have the English suffix, ism, meaning the practice of the practice of the belief of so together, the meaning that we have is the practice of hatred against God. And why would somebody hate God? Because underlying that is the belief that God is not wholly good and might possibly even be evil. So a missile theist hate Scott, does not trust God. So if you are a missile theist, then you probably see cruelty in the world. You see pain and suffering, injustice and violence in the world. And so you blame it all on God. If there is a god after all, then why doesn't God resolve all of this pain and suffering in the world? So you questioned God and you don't trust God. And as a missile theist, you feel more than just a mistrust. You feel perhaps betrayal or feel aversion and hatred towards God. Our next word is meso knee awesome. So meso, meaning to hate me, is from Greek, nails meaning new, and ism is an English suffix, meaning the practice of the definition of mesa near them is the practice of hatred against novelty or innovation. You just don't like new things. Why? Because it evokes a fear of change in you. You don't want to see things changed around. So here we have a little comic in which one of the guys, perhaps the innovator or the scientist of the caveman days, goes to these two cavemen and says, Hey, I have a better way of transport. And he presents these, these individuals with wheels and the individual say, no thanks, we're too busy. So they are very unaccustomed to change. And this is perhaps a national park in all of us. We don't like sudden changes or dramatic changes. So that fear of change is called miscellaneous awesome. It is based in several reasons, e.g. perhaps you don't want to waste time or money or resources to learn something new. So you avoid or fear new things as a result of that. Or perhaps you feel that you're going to lose the world and the environment in which you grew up, e.g. we know that a lot of globalization has been happening around the world, which is taking people away from their traditional cultural values. So that is another example of messianism. So naturally, mechanism is closely related to a fear of letting go of the past. You want to hold onto that beautiful past. Finally, we have mythology. Mythology is made up of three parts. Miso to hate. The middle part is from Greek, logos, meaning word or speech. Finally, we have the suffix y or e, meaning state or condition that results from some action. So mythology is the condition of hatred or aversion towards reasoning. So it is a distrust of logical debate or argumentation. You just don't like logic. So it was first used by Socrates actually. And he talked about this idea of mythology in his final hours right before his execution. And he warned people of a dangerous illness as equal audit. This illness he called mythology, which was the hatred or the dislike of reason. He explained that if we fail in reason, it is not because reason has fallen short, but rather because our own powers of reason have fallen short. So it's our own mental faculty or our own reasoning capabilities have fallen short, but not the reason itself. So he talked about this in order to help people to better think through things and to better rationalize and to become better thinkers. So that brings us to the end of all the words that we have covered related to the root word. So meaning to hate. So we first began by talking about words related to people which were misogynist, misogynist and meson throb. And in this video we went over additional forwards, mesentery, missile, theism mechanism, and finally mythology. And now in the next video, I want to go over a practice exercise with you. So I have a fill in the blanks questionnaire and I'll see you there in the next video. 25. MISO: Practice Exercise: Welcome back. In this video, we're going to be going over a practice challenge, which is a fill-in-the-blank questionnaire related to the root word mezzo. So here are the questions for you, and I want you to pause the video now and try to fill in the blanks for each of the words that you see listed on the left-hand side. Okay, so as before, the colors of the blanks correspond to the parts of the words that are color-coded on the left-hand side. So go ahead and pause the video now and try to recall the correct meanings of each of the root words, suffixes for all the words listed on the left. You can pause the video now. Alright, I hope you had the chance to fill in the answers to all of the questions. Okay? Because now we're going to go ahead and look at the answers. Are you ready? Here we go, starting off with the first word, mesalamine. So the correct answer was the condition or practice of hatred or aversion towards marriage. Next up, we have misogyny, which is the condition or practice of hatred or aversion towards women. Miss anthropic is characteristic of hating humankind. Ms. Angeles is characteristic of or full of hatred towards men. Then we have methyl via stick. Notice that some of these have different suffixes. And missile theistic means characteristic of or pertaining to hatred towards God. Then we have miscellaneous, which means a person who hates novelty or innovation. And finally, mythologist, someone who hates logical reasoning. So there we have it. I'll see you in the next video where we go over our next root word. 26. PATHOS: Introduction: Welcome back. In this section, we're talking about the root word pathos from Greek, meaning feeling or emotion. So the first thing that you need to know is that the root word, pathos can actually have two different meanings. And these meanings can sometimes overlap. But essentially, the first category of meaning is feeling or emotion. When we are talking about words such as sympathy, empathy, and apathy. These are the three words that we're going to be covering in the following videos. By the way, when we are talking about such words, we are using the root word pathos to refer to feelings or emotions. The other category is when we use the root word pathos to refer to some sort of suffering or disease. Pathogen, e.g. is something that causes disease or something that creates suffering. A psychopath is somebody who has a mental disorder and pathology is the study of diseases. These are the two different meanings. And I want you to take note that in this course, we're going to mainly be focusing on this first definition, which refers to feelings or emotions. We will explore the second definition which refers to suffering or disease. So we'll discuss this second category, the second meaning, which is referring to suffering or disease in more detail in a different course that deals with medicine. But in this course, we're going to be focusing on this primary meaning, which is referring to feelings or emotions. One thing that I want you to note is that there is some overlap here in the meaning because a lot of times when we are talking about feelings or emotions, we may be talking about feelings of suffering or apathy, e.g. it is a negative feeling or an emotion that creates suffering. So in the present English language, pathos has come to take on a different meaning. So pathos is a word that exists in Greek as a root word, but in English, it exists as its own separate word. The word is of course, connected in its meaning to the original Greek origin. So in present English, pathos refers to audience manipulation, okay? So it is the manipulation of how an audience perceives some work of literature or art, or a film, or a book, etc. And pathos is a very particular way of influencing people or of manipulating the audience. Pathos refers to appealing to people's emotions by featuring material that will cause particular emotional reactions. So we're essentially looking to evoke an emotional response from our audience. Emotional response that can range from fear to sadness to anger, to happiness or any other emotion. And the purpose of evoking an emotional response from our audience is to get the audience to empathize with our message or our story or advertisement. So the definition of pathos is a technique that describes an appeal to emotion. This is a technique that we use in persuasive speech or writing or some sort of media. So here we have an example of that. We can see that someone is trying to shoot this little girl who's dressed up in a tiger costume. But really, this is a campaign for anti hunting. The point that they seem to be making is that animals are just as innocent as children. They have not done anything wrong to us. So why are we shooting them and killing them for no reason other than entertainment and sport? And of course they are asking a question here. You will not actually killed an innocent human child just for fun, would you? So you can see how this image is very emotionally provocative. Because when you think about it in this way or when you see the situation in this way, you feel some emotion for this child. You might feel love or you might feel pity or something that makes you reconsider your actions. So this is the root word that we are going to be exploring in this section. So let's take a look at all the words that you are going to be learning. So let's start off with the main words that are related to people. We have three words here. We're going to start off with sympathetic. Then talk about empathetic and finally apathetic. And then we'll go over some related words including pathetic antipathy, telepathy, and anthroposophy. So I'll see you in the next video where we talk about the word sympathy. 27. PATHOS: Sympathetic: In this video, we're looking at the word sympathetic, which is an adjective. This word is made up of three parts. The first is a Greek suffix sin, which means with or together. And this is a prefix that you've probably seen in words like syndicate, which means a group of corporations that work together for some common interests or some common goal or Symphony, which is a type of classical music that a large orchestra usually plays. And we say symphony because there are many different musical instruments that are played together in an orchestra. And finally, we have symbiotic, which refers to a relationship between, between two different parties that benefit both parties. So in other words, two parties work together and help each other. Take note that sin, that prefix syn becomes same before certain letters before b or p. Okay, so there is some risk spelling involved there. So whether we have seen in syndicated or same as in symphony or symbiotic, we are talking about the same prefix and it's still holds the same meaning. Then the middle part is bath, which is from Greek pathos, meaning feeling or emotion. And finally, we have the English suffix etic, which means characteristic of or something that has the nature of. So putting that together, here is the definition that we get characteristic of being together with another person in their feelings of sorrow and Perry, OK, so let's explore this idea a little bit more. So here we have an image on the left and the guy is saying, Oh, well, I'm really sorry to hear that. So this is an example of feeling sympathy for another person. Take note that this idea originally referred to the quality of understanding and reacting to the distress or need of another life form, especially reacting to the emotional distress or the emotional need of another person or another life form, like a cat or a dog. And here is an example of sympathy. Another example in which we see this lady over here saying to somebody, Oh you poor thing, I'm so sorry that you had to go through this terrible experience. If you see somebody saying such words, then you can say that they are being sympathetic. But in recent times, sympathy has been blamed for promoting victim status. The reason is that sympathy often involves treating the other person and agreeing with them. So when you vary the other person and you agree with them, you reinforce their victim status and as a result of doing so, you actually disempower them. The problem with this is that the more you pity the other person, the more pity that they are going to end up feeling for themselves. So it really stops people from taking action and improving their situation. So because of this, sympathy has been blamed for promoting victim status and it has kind of gathered a little bit of a negative connotation. And sympathy is something that in modern psychology they are trying to replace with empathy. So often they will talk about how we should empathize with other people instead of sympathizing with them. So we'll, we'll take a look at the word empathy in more detail in the following videos so that you understand the differences between the two words. But for right now, I want to show you an example of sympathy in action. So here we have a scene from the TV show Sex and the City in which carries boyfriend has just broken up with her and she feels emotionally heard about it. But when she shares this with her friends, they actually reinforce her victim status and cause her to feel more self-pity. So let's take a look at this example and see the concept of sympathy in action. So Gary, what was your news? Oh, Berger broke up with me on a post it. On a post-it or how? You read it and weep, my friends. I'm sorry, I can't don't hate me. The most concise. First of all, I thought you were going to break up with him. I was and I should have, but he said that he wanted to try to work things out, aka leave in the middle of the night a posted that's infuriating. Remember when breaking up over the phone was considered bad form. I once was broken up with via guys door man. So as you can see here, when Kerry shares the story of breakup with her friends. They're not really focused on finding solutions. Rather, they are reinforcing carries victim status and the self-pity that carry fields. And then here we have another character, Miranda, who starts sharing a short story about her own breakup. And notice that she's not really emotionally involved in Sarah's suffering and her feelings. Rather, she's more focused on narrating her own story, which is something that empathetic people will also do. But there is a difference. The difference is that when Miranda is sharing her story, She's not emotionally engaging with Carrie and it's not like she's really trying to relate to her or understand her pain or suffering. She's just narrating the sequence of events that happened to her and notice when our other friends, Samantha, hears about it, she's not really emotionally involved either. Let's continue with the video. I'm sorry, Ms. Hobbes. Jonathan won't be coming down. Ever miss having a door man. So to summarize, what you need to remember is that sympathy means that you feel someone's pain, but you don't emotionally engage with them. In most cases, you don't engage emotionally because you have probably not had the same experiences. However, in this case here, it's a little bit different because her friends have had similar experiences of breakups. But despite sharing the same experiences, her friends remain emotionally distant in the sense that they don't really connect with, with Carrie and with her story and with her pain. So this is the difference that is usually made in modern psychology between sympathy and empathy. Sympathy is when you feel the pain for another person, but you don't quite relate because you don't want to or you're not able to due to a lack of experience. And empathy is similar in that you also feel the pain of the other person, but it goes one step further because you actually also connect with another person because you want to and because you have had similar experiences, especially similar emotional experiences. So you can really connect on an emotional level with a person who is undergoing emotional distress. Now let's take a look at some modifications of this word. So sympathetic, as we know as an adjective, but to turn it into a noun, you need to add the e suffix at the end and the word turns into sympathy, meaning the condition of feeling pity for another person. To turn it into an adverb, we add the lease of x, notice the spelling we have ALL why at the end and the word becomes sympathetically. So the meaning of that is in a sympathetic manner. Now, if you want to convert this word into a verb, then we need to add the eyes suffix at the end and the word becomes sympathize, meaning the act of expressing sympathy. So Eyes is a suffix that we use to turn words into verbs. So verbs referring to actions, the making of something or the doing of something. So in this case, we are referring to the act of expressing sympathy. And finally, to turn it into another noun, referring to a person, one who does the sympathizing. We add ER at the end and the word becomes sympathizer, meaning a person who sympathizes. That's what AR means. A person who, and there we have the word sympathetic. 28. PATHOS: Empathetic: In this video, we're looking at the word empathetic, which is an adjective. It's made up of three parts. The first is the Greek prefix em, which means with or together. You must have seen this prefix in words like enter, envoy or employee. So to give you a quick summary of these words, to enter means to go into some place. The second word is envoy, which means a messenger. So someone who was sent for some purpose, usually for some diplomatic purpose. And etymologically, envoy means somebody who was sent on the road via the road. So that's where we get the v 0 y part. That second part of the world from the prefix n usually means in or within. In some cases it can also mean on. So in this case, when we are talking about the word envoy, it means someone who was sent on the road as a messenger. And then finally, we have the word employee, which means to give work to someone and to pay them for it. So it means to involve someone in some work to bring someone on your team or your team. Take note that this n prefix becomes E, M. So there is a risk spelling there that happens before certain letters, letters like b, m, or p. So whereas in the word enter, we still have EN when we put that prefix in front of the letter b, m, or p, as over here, you can see that we have the word employee. Here. The prefix has underwent a risk spelling and we have E m instead of n, But it still means the same thing. The meaning does not change. Moving on, we have our root word pathos from Greek meaning feeling or emotion. And finally, we have the English suffix attic, meaning characteristic of empathetic means characteristic of being inside or within the feelings of another person. And when you are inside the feelings of another person, you share those feelings more deeply, much more deeply than a sympathetic person does. So to be considered an empathetic person, you have to have walked a mile in the shoes of the other person who is experiencing emotional distress. So you are emotionally engaged in sharing feelings and really listening to this other person, to this distressed individual. Now, we talked a little bit about the difference between sympathy and empathy. In the previous video, we talked about the word sympathy, but let's take a look at this in a bit more detail. So here we have a situation in which this guy over here in the yellow shirt is saying to this person who is undergoing emotional distress and is crying. The guy in the yellow shirt says, sorry dude, that sucks. So in present English, sympathy refers to sharing in the feelings of another person, but in this sort of distant manner, right? So the guy in the yellow shirt does feel that the other person is suffering and he does share that suffering in, to some degree or another, right? Because he says, Hey, sorry, do that sucks. But that's where it stops. It doesn't go further. And that is the difference between sympathy and empathy. Because in empathy, you are actually there for the other person. You're right there next to them. And your goal is to really help them get out of this situation. So you might say, Hey, I'm here for you, dude. I can relate to your pain as opposed to sorry, dude, that sucks. So that's the difference between sympathy and empathy. They both convey the idea of sharing in the emotional distress of another person and sharing feelings. But one is more distant and the other one is more intimate. So here I have an example for you that exemplifies what it means to be empathetic. So here we have a scene from the movie Goodwill Hunting, in which we see that the therapist, Sean, is directly able to relate two wheels trauma of being physically abused by his father. Why? Because Sean two was physically abused by his father in a similar way when he was growing up. So let's take a look at this. Have you had any experience with that 20 years of counseling? I've seen some pretty awful. I mean, have you had any experience with that? Personally? Take note that will really wants to confirm that Sean has in fact had a similar experience because we cannot really connect with somebody who has not really had the exact same experience himself. This is one of the things that is required to be empathetic. You have to have walked a mile in the other person's shoes. Otherwise, you can't really relate to them at a deep level. Maybe you understand the other person's pain at an intellectual level. But to really understand it at the level of the heart, you have to have had that same experience. So that's what it's talking about over here. When he asks, have you personally had this experience? And Sean says, Yes, he has. And that is why Sean is able to relate to him and actually empathize with we'll shrink good. Father was an alcoholic, drunk, come home, hammered, looking to wail on somebody, had provoke him, so I wouldn't go after my mother and little brother. Interesting nights, but when he was rings, I don't know about you see this? It's not your fault. It's not your fault. It's not your fault. I know. It's not your fault. It's not your fault. It's not your fault. It's not your fault. It's not your fault. With me. Alright. Let me show you it's not your fault. So notice how Shawn understands well, at a deep emotional level, and he's actually there for him every step of the way and even when will push us Sean Back in anger, Shawn still maintains his focus and his compassion, and he maintains his intention of wanting to help well. So now that you know the meaning of the word empathetic, Let's take a look at some modifications of this word. So empathetic is an adjective. And if we take away that ethic suffix, then the word that we have is empath, which is a noun. And then path is a person who is highly attuned to the feelings of those around them. And then to turn it into a noun, another noun referring to a condition. We add the e suffix or that letter Y at the end, and the word becomes empathy. And empathy means the condition of understanding and sharing the feelings of another person. If you add eyes suffix, we would turn the world into a verb. So the word becomes empathize, which means the act of expressing empathy. If we add ER at the end, then the word becomes a noun and it becomes empathize or which means a person who empathizes. So that's what that ER suffix means. It means a person who does something. It can also sometimes referred to an object or a thing that does something. E.g. a. Blender is a device or a tool that blends. And finally, to turn this word into an adverb, we add the suffix and the word becomes empathetically, meaning in an empathetic manner. 29. PATHOS: Apathetic: Here we have the word apathetic, which is an adjective. This word is made up of three parts. A, from Greek prefix a, meaning without, then path from Greek pathos, meaning feeling or emotion. And finally, etic characteristics of the meaning of the word is characteristic of being without feelings. So someone who lacks interest or concern for things that other people find emotionally moving or exciting. So if you are an apathetic individual, then you are someone who feels detached from the world. This is the narrator who's split personality is Tyler Darden from the movie Fight Club. And as you can see from his face, he feels very detached from the world and doesn't really feel things. So let's take a look at some characteristics of an apathetic person. So if you are apathetic, you lack a sense of purpose, worth, or meaning in life. You suppress your emotions of concern or passion. And depending on the degree, you may be numb to stressful events like loss of job in your life or the loss of a loved one. So here we have a scene from the movie equilibrium in which we have a futuristic world where emotions and feelings are outlawed and they're illegal. So all artistic expressions and all forms of artistic expressions like books and art and music, are all prohibited and punishable by death. In this society, citizens actually take daily injections of powerful emotions suppressing drugs in order to suppress their emotions, because feeling something is a crime in this movie. So everybody is actually apathetic. And John Preston here is the perfect example of an apathetic individual. Why? Here John Preston has arrested a lady who has committed the crime of feeling things. And she has been feeling things because she hasn't been taking her emotions, suppressing drugs. So it is John president's job to interrogate her, find out about our other friends who are basically a resistance to the government. And his job is to destroy them all. Hello live. I live. To safeguard the continuity of this great society. To serve Libya. Circular, you exist to continue your existence. What's the point? And here we have one of the key characteristics of apathetic individuals. They live a mechanical existence without feelings. So here the prisoner asks him, What's the point of your existence? And he doesn't really have an answer, or rather his answer confirms his mechanical, emotionless existence. The point of your existence to feel, because you've never done it. You can never know it. But it's as vital as breath. Without it, without love, without anger, without sorrow. Breath is just the clock ticking. I have no choice but to remind you to the Palace of Justice for processing. Processing. You mean execution processing. So here you can see that even when this woman tries to explain to him the value of emotions, he simply cannot fathom it, he just doesn't understand. You could also say that he fails to empathize with this prisoner because of his lack of emotions. And so he tells her that the only choice left for him is to send her for processing, which of course refers to her execution. So that's how emotionally distant he is. He sees her death as the only solution out of this problem. Now I have here for you some modifications of this word. So apathetic becomes apathy. If we add the y suffix, the noun suffix e at the end, and we have apathy, which means the state or condition of this emotional indifference. Then to turn it into a verb, we add eyes than the word becomes empathize, meaning the act of expressing this apathy or indifference. And finally, to turn it into an adverb, we add Lee at the end, underworld becomes a pathetically meaning, an apathetic manner. 30. PATHOS: Related Words: Welcome back. So now that you know the main words related to the root word pathos, we're now ready to take a look at some additional related words that also use this same root word. So these are the four words that we are going to be covering. Starting with pathetic than antipathy. Then we'll talk about anthroposophy and finally, telepathy. So let's begin with our first word, pathetic. So this word is made up of two parts. The first part, as you already know by now, is from Greek pathos, meaning feeling or emotion. And the second part is the English suffix, etic, meaning characteristic of or something that has the nature of. So pathetic can be both an adjective and an adverb. So let's take a look at the first definition, which is having the nature of arousing feelings. And we're talking about certain feelings of sadness or sympathy. And the second definition is to be so pitiful as to be ridiculous. And when we use it in this way, we are using the word pathetic as an insult. So the first definition is not an insult. It just means something that arouses feelings of pity or sorrow. Maybe e.g. if you are seeing hungry children starving somewhere in the world, then you can say that this is a pathetic situation, right? Meaning a situation that evokes a lot of emotions, of sorrow. But in the second definition, we use it to refer to someone who's acting in a ridiculous way, someone who is so beautiful as to be ridiculous. So let's explore the meaning of this word. So the first definition, we'll start off with that. As we talked about, it means arousing sympathy or compassion. So here we have an image of this little girl who has these large eyes and she's pleading, she's asking for something and she's saying please. So when you see a child like this, evoke emotions of pity or of helplessness and you want to help them out of compassion that they evoke or that the situation can evoke. So e.g. here we have a sentence which is the child's pathetic please for forgiveness stirred the young man's heart. That's an example of the use of the word in a sentence. And here we have another example. We can say the refugees were apathetic site, starving, frightened, and cold. So in this case, it means something that evokes emotions, evokes emotions of compassion, sorrow, sadness, and so on. The second definition, an insult it means to arouse pity and contempt. So here we have Andy bernard, a character from the office. And if you have seen this TV show, then you will know that Andy can be very painful. A lot of times are very pathetic. A lot of times. In this context, this word is used as an insult for things that are so bad that they are disgraceful or unworthy of respect or simply laughable. Laughable, not in a funny way, but in a ridiculous way. Something is so ridiculous. So let's take a look at two examples in this way. So the first context, the first situation is if we have a sports team that loses ten games in a row, now, that is just pathetic and ridiculous. And in this case, we would be using the word as an insult because it's very disgraceful to be losing ten games in a row. The second example we have is if someone is acting cowardly in a low-risk situation. So e.g. if someone has a fear of heights and they're standing on the staircase, on the second step of the staircase and looking down and afraid of it, genuinely afraid of it, you would say that that is pathetic situation. So here I have an example for you from the TV show, The Office, in which you can see the character Andy Bernard being very pathetic. He's being so pathetic because he is trying to win over the friendship of his boss or the acceptance or validation of his boss in a very artificial way. And it tries so hard that it just comes across as pitiful, disgraceful and something that makes him look like a real loser. So in this case, we would say that this is a pathetic situation. Or you can also say that Andy is acting in a pathetic way. Let's take a look. You want me to go away? This is listen, I forgot to say that plan for the Saturday. You, me, bar, beers, buzzed, wings, shots, drunk, weight versus football, Cornell, haustra, slaughter. Then quick nap at my place and we hit the teens out. No. I don't want to do any of that. Which is why I was joking about doing that. Just stop, stop. So this is another thing that I want you to notice about Andy is you say he's very validation seeking, so he wants to say things and do things that other people will like, and he really cares about what other people think about him. So he's proposing this entire plan of going to the bars and having a good night and then spending the night over at his place. And Michael sees through all of that facade, so to say, right? Because he sees that Andy trying to win over his friendship and an artificial superficial way and he denies that he has. Michael has this strong reaction when he denies, because this is something that Andy continues to do throughout the show in many different ways. And you can see that Andy suddenly changes his tone as if he was joking about the whole thing when Michael denies. And this is another example of how pathetic and it can be, he continues to try to sell his plan and win over friendships, even when he has been denied by other people. And that makes him look really needy. And that neediness is what makes him so pathetic. Just stop doing it. You're going to drive me crazy. Fine. I'll just go sit at my desk and be quiet. Sorry, I annoyed you with my friendship. So that is the definition of being pathetic. Now, let's take a look at our next word, antipathy. Antipathy is made up of three parts. The first is from Greek, anti, meaning opposite or against. The middle part meaning feeling or emotion. And finally, we have the English suffix y or e, which means a certain state or condition that results from some action. So putting that together, we have the word antipathy, which is a noun meaning the condition of feeling against. So in other words, feeling hostile towards some person or some situation or something. So to feel hostile to feel against. Now, take note that antipathy is not just a feeling of dislike, but rather it is something much more intense. It is deep-seated dislike, it is hostility, it is hatred. And here we have an example from the movie Gladiator, in which we have two characters, comedies on the left and maximus on the right. And Commodus is a character who feels this deep antipathy towards maximus throughout the film. We'll get into the explanation of that in just a bit. But first I want you to notice that antipathy is a long-term condition is not something that happens overnight. It's not that you just end up disliking something over some minor issue. It's something that is long term, something that builds over time and becomes more and more intense. And because of that, it's unlikely to change. And the final thing to take note of is that this hatred or this strong dislike is capped, at least somewhat hidden. It's not openly expressed and it is not confrontational. Confrontation means that you bring something out and you confront the other person about it. You talk to them about it and you express it. But antipathy is hidden. In this movie, the gladiator, Marcus Aurelius is the emperor of the Roman Empire and Commodus is his son. So when Marcus Aurelius, the great ruler, finally tells his son that it is going to be Maximus, this character that you see here on the right-hand side in the West. When Marcus Aurelius tells his son that it is going to be Maximus, who continues to rule over the kingdom after his death. Then comedies has a really hard time accepting that and he starts crying and he expresses his grief and the betrayal that he feels from his father. He says to him, I searched the phases of the gods for ways to please you. So in this film, he has been trying to please his father and he just wants to be loved by his father. But that honor of continuing the legacy of being the Roman Emperor is passed onto maximus. So communist views, these deep antipathy because Marcus Aurelius treats maximus more like his son than his actual sun. So because of this, communist ends up developing feelings of strong dislike and aversion and antipathy towards maximus that continue to grow over time. But Commodus does not reveal them. You remember, antipathy is something that is kept hidden. And in this case, Communists does not reveal them because maximus is a celebrated war general and he's a hero. So he cannot let this be known publicly. But later in the movie, when Commodus ends up killing his own father, he blames the whole thing on maximus and tries to get his revenge in that way by framing him. Now, I want you to understand a crucial difference between some words that are similar. Here we have the word animosity and antagonism. And the thing for you to notice here is that animosity and antagonism tend towards confrontation and hostility. Whereas antipathy tends towards aversion. So animosity and antagonism or both confrontational, they are more open and public expression of one's hostility or anger, but antipathy is different. It is also hostility, it is also anger, but it is not publicly shown. It is hidden from the public. So therefore, antipathy tends towards aversion. Do you remember the word aversion? It means to turn away. So in antipathy, We turn away from direct face-to-face confrontation. And here we have another word, enmity, which is similar in its concept. And enmity is intense mutual hatred that is much stronger than mere competitive feeling that is implied by animosity or antagonism. So animosity and antagonism imply a competitive feeling. And because it is competitive, there is confrontation there in enmity. There is also confrontation. But the difference between enmity and antipathy is that enmity is mutual. It means that both people or all the people that are involved hate each other. So it's mutual hatred, but antipathy can be just one side and maybe the other person doesn't even know that someone feels this strong anger or hostility towards them. So those are the differences between some of these similar ideas. Now let's move on to our next word, which is anthroposophy. This word is made up of three parts. The first is from Greek and troppo, meaning humankind. Then we have pathos, meaning feeling or emotion. And finally, the English suffix e, meaning state or condition resulting from some action. So anthroposophy is a noun, meaning the condition of ascribing human feelings to non-human entities. And it can be to any non-human entity, but usually it is applied to God or other divine beings. So anthroposophy is actually very prevailing in religious writings. So let's take a look at some examples of this. So here we see arthropathy in not just writing, but also in visual art. Here we have Jesus, who is a portrayal of the Son of God. And you can see that here we have a divine being that is crying. Okay, so here we have a sentence from the Bible. And the Lord regretted that he had made man on the earth and it grieved him to his heart. So when we take human feelings like regret or grief or sorrow, and we apply that to divine beings, especially to divine beings. Then that is an example of anthroposophy. Here we have another sentence. God is a righteous judge and a God who feels indignation every day. So again, God feels this shame and these human feelings and all of these are examples of anthroposophy applying human feelings and human emotions to things that are not human, especially to God and divine beings. Next up, we have telepathy. This word is made up of three parts. Tele is from Greek, meaning far off, path from Greek pathos. And finally, E, meaning state or condition resulting from an action. So telepathy is a noun, meaning the condition of feeling from afar. So when you are able to feel something from afar or communicate from afar, then that is telepathy. And notice that this communication is not just limited to feelings, it also includes thoughts. Telepathy refers to any communication of thoughts by means other than the known sentences. So let's understand the difference here. Telepathy is the transmission of information from one person's mind to and others. So here as you see on the right, we have an image where information is being transmitted from one person to another. Now, telepathy has the root word path in it, which means feeling or emotion. So telepathy describes the communication or the transmission of feelings. But it's not limited to that. Because as we use the word today, it also includes the communication, the transmission of thoughts of what one is thinking and not just one is feeling. So it means the communication of both thoughts and feelings. And telepathy is a word similar to tell a kinesis. So don't confuse the two words because they have different concepts. Telecom nieces is the ability to move objects at a distance with one's mind. Again, you see the word tele in there, which means from afar or from a distance. So to be able to move things from a distance is Telecom thesis. So that brings us to all the words related to the root word pathos. And let's summarise all the words that you have learned in this section. So we started off by first talking about words related to people. We went over sympathetic, empathetic and apathetic. And then in this video, we went over some related words including pathetic antipathy, anthroposophy, and telepathy. So that brings us to the end of our discussion on the root word pathos. I'll see you in the next video in which we'll take a look at some fill-in-the-blank questions. 31. PATHOS: Practice Exercise: Welcome back. In this video, we have a little practice challenge for you for the words that we learned related to the root word pathos. So here we have a fill in the blanks questionnaire. We have the worst that we learned on the left hand side, and we have the definitions on the right-hand side with certain parts of the definitions that are blank and your job is to fill them in. So go ahead and answer all of these questions. Pause the video and once you are ready, and once you have answered all of the questions, you can play back the video to check if your answers are correct. So go ahead and pause the video now. Alright, I hope you had a chance to answer all of the questions because now we are going to go over the answers. Are you ready? Here we go. The first word that we have is apathy. Apathy means the state of being without feelings, enthusiasm, or concern. So remember that e suffix means state or condition of a, means without, and pathos means feelings or emotions, or enthusiasm or concern. Our next word is telepathic. Telepathic means pertaining to the transmission of feelings and thoughts from afar. So here we change the ending. So the word that we learned was telepathy and we change the suffix to ache. And if you recall, the x suffix means something that pertains to something or something that has the nature or characteristic of something. So telepathic means pertaining to the transmission of feelings and thoughts from a distance. So Talley means from afar or from some distance. Then the next word we have is antipathy, which means the condition of feeling hostile against someone or something. Next word is sympathetic, meaning characteristic of being together with someone in their sorrow. Recall the difference between sympathy and empathy. Sympathy is a little bit more distant than empathy. We'll get to that when we look at the word empathy, which is coming up. But before that we have the word anthropomorphic. This means related to ascribing human emotions to non-human entities, and specifically divine entities like God or angels or demons and so on. Then we have empathy. Empathy means the condition of being in the feelings of another person in their sorrow. So empathy is more intimate than sympathy. And finally, we have the word pathetic, which means characteristic of being so pitiful as to be ridiculous. Okay, so in this case, we just looked at the second definition, which is the insult. You will recall that pathetic has two definitions. Do you recall the first definition? The first definition was something that arouses compassion or feelings of wanting to help, e.g. if you see a hungry child starving in some village in the world, that would be a peripheral situation or circumstance. So that brings us to the end of our discussion on the root word pathos. And I'll see you in the next video where we start to talk about the next root word. 32. GENE: Introduction: Alright, so we're now ready to take a look at our next root word, which is from Latin, journey, meaning birth, race, class, or production. So as you can see, all of these meanings are very related because birth is related to production. When you produce something, you bring something new into existence or into birth. And you can see how race or class or group are also related because something that is born in the same place can be said to be related by its class, or kind, or type, or group, okay? So the meanings are very related and they can appear in these slightly but related contexts when we see this root word in various words. So first of all, take note that in present English, the word gene has its own meaning. Gene is obviously from the Latin journey. But here what we are looking at is the word in English, what it means today in English. So both of these words, the English word gene and the Latin root word Jenny, from which this English word came, are both the same in spelling and their meanings, you can see are very related. But whereas in Latin, this root word refers to birth or some group or kind. In the English language, it refers to something else. It refers to the basic unit of heredity that is passed on from parent to child. And that basic unit of heredity is made up of DNA. And that basic unit is what we call the gene. So here you can see on the right-hand side, we have an image of the cell. Within the cell nucleus. We can see that we have a chromosome. And this chromosome is made up of the DNA, which is the material in which our physiology and our biology is encoded. And it is encoded in certain units. Okay, so these units are what we refer to as queen. It's a word that we use in biology to refer to what makes up our heredity. So in this section, these are the words that you are going to be learning, starting first with the main words. We're going to begin with the word ingenious. Then we'll look at ingenuous, which is very similar but different. And then we'll look at disingenuous and finally, genteel. After this, we're going to move on to a discussion of related words that also use the same root word, Jenny. And we'll talk about words including indigenous, congenial, and congenital. And finally, we're going to close off this section with a practice exercise. So I'll see you in the next video where we talk about our first word that uses this root word. 33. GENE: Ingenious: In this video, we're talking about the word ingenious, which is an adjective. This word is made up of three parts. The first is in from Latin, in, meaning in or into or on. The middle part is from Latin, journey, meaning birth or production. And finally, we have the English suffix, us or OUS, which means to be characteristic of all fall off. So putting that together, we have the word ingenious, which means that which is inborn. This is the literal definition that which is born into a person. And what that refers to is innate talent, talent that you were born with or gifted with. So this is someone who is gifted with Janey as someone who is very cleverly inventive, productive, or generative. Okay? So that, which is inborn. So when you are born with a certain talent or genius, we would say that you are an ingenious person. Now, take note that in the original definition, the word refers to something that you are born with. But as we know today, it takes a lot of hard work and intelligent work and skill to become ingenious. So even though the etymology of the word tells us that it is something that we're born with. You can still use this word in juniors to describe someone who's very intelligent or a genius in their field. They don't have to be born with it. You can still use this word if someone uses hard work or intelligent work to get there. So here we have an example of Albert Einstein. So as we talked about, this word refers to creativity or inventiveness in general, it can be any sort of inventiveness in any field. And here you might recall that Einstein was often referred to as the dumb kid in the classroom because he asked some very silly questions. So again, Einstein is someone who worked his way into intelligence. Maybe he was also born with some talent innately, That's also possible. But just keep in mind that this is a word that can be applied to both cases. Someone who is born a certain talent or genius, or someone who works towards it and develops it with time. Now this is a word that we can also use apart from using it to describe people, we can also describe other things using this word, e.g. we can use it to describe an ingenious model of the atom or an ingenious model of something else, or an ingenious design. You can use it to describe an ingenious plot of a movie, or you can just use it to describe a person. Now here we have an example from the movie Home Alone. And if you have seen this movie, then you will recall that Kelvin is a little child who has been left behind all alone in his home. And there are two thieves who noticed that it's just a single child who is all alone in the home. And they decide to rob the house because it would be so easy with the parents, not around. And throughout this film, we see Kevin being an ingenious kid, coming up with ingenious designs and ingenious booby traps to try to stop these robbers. So here in the clip on the left, we can see how he sets up this booby trap where the paint come swinging down on this rubber on the right-hand side, how he sets up another booby trap that pushes them against the wall. So these are ingenious designs and an ingenious way of thinking that saves Kevin and his house from getting robbed. Now let's talk about some modifications of this word. So ingenious, as we know, is an adjective. And if you want to turn this word into a noun, then you just add the suffix at the end and the word becomes ingenuity. And this means the equality or condition of being inventive. If you want to turn it into an adverb, we add the suffix and the word becomes ingeniously. And this means in an ingenious manner. And finally, to turn it into another noun, referring again to a certain state or condition, we can use the word ingenious nares, which means the state or condition of being engineers. Now, if you're wondering, what's the difference between ingenuity and ingenious? Notice they're both nouns, meaning the same thing. So there are basically synonyms. They just happen to appear in two different forms, but they mean the same thing. Now, don't confuse this word ingenious with another word in journals, which is what we're going to be looking at next in our following video. I'll see you there. 34. GENE: Ingenuous: In this video, we're looking at the word ingenuous, which is an adjective. So this word is made up of three parts in, from Latin, in meaning in, into, or on, the middle part from Latin, journey meaning birth or production. And finally, or us, the English suffix us, meaning characteristic of or full of. So together, that makes up the word ingenuous, which is an adjective, meaning characteristic of being born in some place. Okay, so there's that implication. It doesn't say in the world that we are talking about a place, but that is the implication in the parts of the word. The word is simply saying something that is characteristic of being born in, in what, in some place. So in other words, the word refers to a native person, someone who belongs to a certain place, who is a native of a certain place. This is the literal definition of the word. But what the definition has evolved to mean is someone who is sincere, artless, and innocence, someone who can really be trusted, because that's what native people are alike. If people are born in a certain place, then if you belong to the same place, of course you would talk good things about the people of that place. And you would say, Oh, these people are very nice, very trustworthy and sincere. The meaning, the original meaning was honorably straightforward. As we talked about, people who are natives were considered honorable because we always talk good things about people who are also from our city or from our country, right? So if you see another person who also is born in the same place that you are born in, then you would probably consider them to be trustworthy individuals or honourable individuals. So this was the original meaning, or honorably straightforward, someone who can really be trusted. But the meaning then changed and it evolved to someone who is art Leslie Frank. So these are the characteristics of someone who is an ingenuous person. If you are in general, as you show a child-like innocence, you don't hide your thoughts and your feelings that more sophisticated people would consider unwise To reveal. So here we have Forrest Gump. If you've seen this movie here we have forest being completely transparent about how he feels. He says To Jenny, Why don't you love me, Jenny? I'm not a smart man, but I know what love is. So he's being very transparent and open. And this is what makes forest so trustworthy. It's very easy to trust him because he's so innocent and pure like a child. Maybe not intelligent, maybe not smart or sophisticated, and maybe he reveals things that other people would consider unwise to reveal, but that is what makes them so special and innocent. In other words, he is art Leslie Frank. He has no art. He has no cleverness, is artless. So here I have a scene from the movie Forrest Gump, in which I want you to notice the child-like innocence that forest shows. And we can see a clear example of this when he's asked where exactly he was wounded and he saw, he saw innocent and so artless and so unsophisticated that he clearly and frankly states that he got shot in the buttocks in front of the entire audience. Let's take a look at this scene. Ceremony was kicked off with a candid speech by the president regarding the need for further escalation of the war in Vietnam. President Johnson awarded, or Medals of Honor, two men from each of the arms surface mirror goes you a debt of gratitude. I understand you were wounded. Were were you in the buttocks? That must be a site like that. After that, momma went to the hotel to lay down. So I went out for a walk, the z, our nation's capital. So this is what it means to be ingenuous, to be so sincere that when the president makes a joke that he would like to see your wound, you actually take down your pants because of you're trusting and innocent nature. Now I want to bring to your attention a couple of words that are similar in their concept, but they mean something different. Okay, so here we have the word naive. Naive implies a lack of worldly knowledge, okay? So when you are unaware about how things work, then you can be called naive. But naive usually has a negative connotation. So when we say that someone is naive, we are basically saying that they are ignorant of the world in some way, or they are immature or not developed enough mentally or emotionally. So naive is used in a pejorative. Negative connotation. Here you see another concept which is credulous thickness, which basically means the willingness to accept anything as true. Okay, so a credulous person believes anything to be true no matter how absurd something might be, we're going to talk about this word credulous in more detail when we get to the section that deals with the root word credo. But right now, you just need to understand that naive and credulous have a pejorative negative meaning, which is something that ingenuous does not. You see, being ingenuous or being artless refers to a certain naturalness results from one's unawareness of the effect that one producers on others. So if we say that someone is artless or ingenuous, it means that they don't really know how it is that you are perceiving them. And because of that, they are very frank. They are very candid, they're very transparent. They say exactly how they feel. There is no cleverness in them and there is no sophistication in them. And we like that when we see that in people because we can trust people like this because we know that they are trustworthy and they are sincere. They say exactly what they feel and what they mean. So to be artless or to be ingenuous is at the very least, slightly positive thing. Now here we have another word which is Anja new, related to ingenuous, that describes a young, innocent female character. So Anja news is a character that is a sweet female character, very gentle, virginal, very innocent and completely naive. Because she is naive, she is vulnerable to the dangers of the world. And here we have two examples. One on the left is of Snow White who is so innocent that she makes the mistake of accepting the poisoned apple from a witch. This is a magic blood red apple, which sends us victim into a sleeping death. When it is bit in, the victim of it can only be revived by love's first case. So Snow White makes this mistake because she doesn't know how the world works yet. She's so innocent or naive that she makes the mistake of accepting this poisoned apple from a strange which, and here on the right-hand side we have the example of Little Red Riding Hood, who makes the mistake of letting a wolf inside her home. Now, let's take a look at the different modifications of this word. So in general, this is an adjective. And if we get rid of that OUS suffix, then we would get the word Anja knew, which means a young, innocent, artless female character. Then if you want to talk about the condition or the state or quality of being ingenuous, then you would add the noun suffix ness at the end, and the word would become in genuineness, meaning the state or condition of child-like innocence. And finally, to turn it into an adverb, we add the adverbs of x li, making the word in generously meaning in an ingenuous manner. 35. GENE: Disingenuous: In this video, we're looking at the word disingenuous, which is an adjective. So, so far, you already know what the word ingenuous means, right? So we are just adding a prefix in front of that word. So the word that we have is disingenuous. The prefix is from Latin, meaning lack of or not. It's a prefix that negates something. You may have seen this prefix in other words, such as dishonest, someone who is not honest, or disadvantage or disobey. Now, take note that this, this prefix can also mean a part or away, as in the word discard, which means to throw away or to display something, which means to unfold or spread something apart. Because when you spread something apart, then you are able to better see that thing. So therefore, to display means to spread something apart so that you can better see it, see it more clearly. And then here we have the word ingenuous, which we just finished looking at in the previous video, which if you'll recall, means to be sincere, innocent or art Leslie Frank. So together we have the word disingenuous and the meaning of this word is someone who is lacking insincerity or innocence or frankness, right? That is the literal definition of the word, someone who gives a false appearance of frankness. Now take note that this word refers to far more than simply being not ingenuous. It's not something that is the opposite of ingenuous. In some ways it is, but it actually goes a step further. And that is why we are looking at this word in this video separately. So if you are a disingenuous person, you are not simply the opposite of innocent, but rather you are cutting. You are crafty, dishonest and insincere, and you are all of these things while making the pretense of being simple, Frank, and innocent. So not only are you not innocent, but you are cunning and crafty and you pretend to be innocent. So you put up this false facade. And here we have an image on the right, which is a wolf in sheep's skin. And that there is the perfect analogy to describe what a disingenuous person is. They are coming like a wolf. They probably have some ulterior motive, but they disguise all of that into this facade of innocence, simplicity. So as a disingenuous person, you pretend to know much less than you actually do. Here on the right, we have an image from the movie, The Usual Suspects. And if you've seen this movie, then you will recall Kevin Spacey who's all the way to the right of this image, to be a very disingenuous character. And if you're like Kevin Spacey in this movie, then what you say may contain some truth, but it is delivered with the intention to deceive or for some other hidden purpose. So here I have a clip for you from the movie, The Usual Suspects, in which we have Kevin Spacey who's playing this character called horrible kin, who in this particular scene is pretending to be a weak willed and crippled victim who has been taken advantage of, uh, throughout the film by some imaginary character that he has made up to fool the police. And through his tears and emotional appeal, he's pretending to be an innocent victim rather than the diabolical crime lord that he actually is. So let's take a look at this scene. Well, why me? Why not? Me? Why me, I'm stupid. I'm a gribble. I may push your critical verbal because you're stupid, because your weaker than them. If he's dead, if what you say is true, then it won't matter. It was his idea to hit the taxi service in New York, wasn't it? Come on, tell me the truth. So notice that Dean Keaton in this movie doesn't actually exist. It's actually verbal. Kant himself, who has been the crime lord behind the entire operation the whole time. And you can see this truth coming to light in the final scenes when all of a sudden, unexpectedly, he goes from being a cripple to being able to walk. So now that you understand the word disingenuous, let's take a look at some modifications of this word. So if you want to turn it from an adjective to a noun, we add the suffix and the word becomes disingenuous, meaning the state or condition of insincere frankness. Or if you want to turn it into an adverb, we just add the suffix, turning the world into disingenuous, meaning in a disingenuous manner. 36. GENE: Genteel: Our next word is genteel, which is an adjective made up of two parts. So let's take a look. That first part trend is from Latin, meaning birth or class. Notice that this comes from the Latin root journey, which is what we have been looking at so far. So it essentially means the same thing because they are related in their meaning and in their origin. So you must have seen this root word in words such as gentle gentleman or Gentile. So a gentleman is someone who is born in high class in a noble family or royal family. Therefore, they have good manners, right? So people who have good manners are called gentlemen because they come from a high-class, a high family that is the origin of the word. And a gentleman is also gentle. To be gentle means to be considerate of other people. And you know, who's considerate of other people, people who are born in a high class. So you can see some classism in the fabric of our language here, but that's a topic for another time. And finally, here we have the word Gentile, which refers to a group of people or a class of people that are not Jewish. Ok, so in this case, the meaning of that root word is referring to a class or a kind, or a group. Then the suffix that we have here is from French, which means tending to sew together, we have the word genteel, which originally meant tending to be high born or refined. Someone who is polished and well cultured. But now in the English language, we actually use it in a mocking tone for someone who is trying to act Hi class. So basically someone who is trying to appear cultured and well-mannered or noble in order to receive praise or validation from other people. So if you are a genteel person, you probably dread being taken for a common person. And here we have Jordan Peele from one of his gaits that I want to show you a clip off in just a second. But to explain the word a little bit more, you are someone who attaches too much importance to the supposedly marks of social superiority. So as we mentioned before, this is no longer used for praise as it used to be in the past, but now it is only used in a sarcastic, mocking, or joking manner. So in educated language, this is a word that always has some playful coloring to it. So here we have a clip for you from escaped by Key and Peele, in which we have Jordan Peele out with a date whom he is trying to impress with his manners and especially his French. Let's take a look. Places so nice is supposed to be one of the best French places in town. I did not realize that you are still cultured. Sweet. My French is pretty good. So I can order for both of us. Also. Welcome to share the land motor and ventral. I am your waiter for this evening. My name is Joe Look, our notes, but you may conditional Moser zone. You've got any questions about anything at all. I'm more than happy to assist you. I got it. Merci beaucoup. So do you notice how it is that he tries to appear classy on this date? He tries to appear well cultured, and we see that in the way that he presents himself with his choice of clothes and particularly with his use of language. And we're talking about verbal language, which includes his French obviously, but also his body language and his mannerisms. The way in which he carries himself. The joke of it is that he doesn't actually speak French and that is what makes him a genteel character. He's trying to appear Hi class with his use of language and his mannerisms. But he's not actually, he's just doing all of that to of course, impressed the girl. So towards the end of this kid, we find out that the girl is actually a proficient speaker of French. And when the waiter tells them the menu and asks the guy to order, this is what comes out of his mouth. Yeah. We'll have the song. And with those final words, his wonderfully designed, genteel Act finally comes to an end. So now that you understand this word, Let's take a look at its modifications. So genteel is an adjective. To turn it into a noun, we make it gentleness, which means the state, quality, or condition of being genteel. And to turn it into an adverb, we add the suffix which turns the world into Jen Tilly, meaning in a genteel manner. 37. GENE: Related Words: Now that we've looked at the main words related to the Latin, Jenny, Let's take a look at some related words. So in this video, we're going to be looking at three words, indigenous, congenial and congenital. So let's start off with our first word, Indigenous. This word is made up of three parts. The first part is from Latin in the meaning in or within the middle, Jenn is from Latin, journey, meaning birth or production. And finally, we have the English suffix, or us, or us, meaning characteristic of all fall off. Together we have the word indigenous, which is an adjective, meaning characteristic of being born in or originating in some place. So in other words, someone or something that is native to that place. So we can use the word indigenous to describe animals, plants, or even people that are native to a specific region. So e.g. the cow plant is indigenous to South America. That means that it grows in South America, just like pandas are indigenous to China, that means that their origin, their birth took place in China. Here we have an image of cattle grazing in which we can see the Amazon rain forest being cleared away or burned down in order to create space for raising capitals. So notice that these candles are not indigenous species. We would say that the cattle that we see grazing here on these lands are non-indigenous species, meaning that they don't actually belong there. They're not actually from this environment. In fact, it was anthropogenically introduced into the Amazon rain forest. That means that they were introduced by humans into this forest, specifically by spanish colonizers. And this happened a long time ago, because in forests you don't really see cattle grazing in this way. Humans are artificially growing these cattle here in the Amazon rain forest. So these are non-indigenous species. Now here we have the word indigenous being used to describe people. Notice that originally indigenous people were viewed by Greeks as their ancestors or an earlier group of people who inhabited crease before the Greek people did. This was the original contexts in which indigenous people was used. But now in the English language, we use this term to describe are very specific group of people. So let's take a look at the definition here. The definition here is by James or Nia. And he defines indigenous people as the living descendants of pre invasion inhabitants of lands that are now dominated by others. They are culturally distinct groups that find themselves engulfed by other settler societies born of forces of empire and conquest. So, as you can see, when we talk about the word indigenous to describe people in present English, it comes with a lot of historic events linked to it, a lot of history of colonization and subjugation. So it is a term that is very politically charged because we are talking about a group of people that have been subjugated and dominated and colonized by other groups. Now, let's talk about our next word, which is congenial. Congenial is made up of three parts. The first is from Latin, meaning with together or joined. The middle part from Latin, journey meaning birth or production. And then we have the English suffix, ALL or 0, meaning of or pertaining to. So together we have the word congenial, which is an adjective meaning pertaining to being joined together by birth. So to be hindered. In other words, this is the literal definition. So what that means is someone that partakes of the same nature. Let's explore this meaning a little bit more. So originally, this word described the relationship between people that was formed by birth or by this end. In other words, a group of people that were related to one another, such as in a family or tribe. That's what congenial described. So congenial would refer to a group of people who are all related to each other by birth. But later on, this word came to simply mean agreeable. So congenial person is very easy to get along with because they agree with your temperament without necessarily being related. Okay, So being related was what the original definition referred to, but not anymore. Someone can be agreeable. Without being related to you. But you can see where the overlap of meaning is or how the original meaning is connected to the present meaning. Because when you are all related by parts such as in a family, e.g. then you all tend to agree with each other. Well, in theory, at least that's supposed to be the case. Now this is a word that you can use to also talk about other things other than people. You can use it to describe a congenial place or situation or environment. E.g. you can say that this is a congenial workplace or ours is a congenial friendship. It means agreeable or likable. Our next word is congenital, very closely related. So don't confuse these two words. Congenital is made up of three parts. The first from Latin, con, meaning with together or joined. Then we have Jenny from Latin, Jenny meaning birth or production. And then we have the English suffix ol, meaning of or pertaining to. Now here we have the letter T in the middle. They're colored in the gray color. I want you to use this letter as a pneumonic so that you don't confuse the meanings between the words congenial and congenital because they are very similar looking with only the difference of one letter. So let's take this opportunity to use that letter T as a pneumonic for the word trait. And when we say trade, we're talking about a biological trait, such as a biological or physical characteristic. So congenital is an adjective, meaning pertaining to a trait that one is born with. Something that is present at birth, e.g. here we have a little clip, a gift from the movie, curious Case of Benjamin Button, in which Benjamin has a certain birth defect in which he actually takes birth as an old man. And as he ages, he becomes younger and younger until it turns into a little baby. So here we have Benjamin Button saying, I'm only seven years old, but I look a lot older. Well, that's his birth defect. So you can say that this is the congenital condition with which he is born. So congenital is a word that we can use to describe birth defects, such as congenital heart disease or fetal alcohol syndrome or other such birth defects. But take note that congenital does not necessarily mean inheritance from parents. It may have come about through other ways. And one more thing about this word is that it can also be used figuratively to describe something that is seemingly inborn, e.g. a. Congenital sense of humor. So in this case, we are not talking about a physical trait or a biological trait, but this is a personality trait. In this case. It can be used in this sort of figurative manner. So you can talk about someone's congenital sense of humor. So that brings us to the end of our discussion on different words related to the root word Jenny. So let's take a look at all the words that we learned in this section. For the main words we learned in genius, ingenuous, disingenuous, and genteel. And then for related words, we learned indigenous, congenial, and congenital. So I hope you're now ready for our practice exercise that I have for you in the next video. 38. GENE: Practice Exercise: Welcome back. In this video, I have a mix-and-match practice exercise for you for the root word. Jenny. Let's begin. So here we have a mix-and-match questionnaire with some new words on the left-hand side that also use the same root word. And what you have to do is try to guess the correct definitions that you see here on the right-hand side, and try to match each of the words on the left with their correct definitions on the right. So go ahead and pause this video now. And when you are ready, when you already have all the answers listed down, then go ahead and play the video to check your answers. Go ahead and pause it now. Alright, I hope that you had the chance to answer all four of these questions. We will now take a look at the correct answers. So the first word that we have here is homogeneous. Homogeneous means characteristic of parts that are all of the same kind class, or race. Next up we have hydrogen, which is a colorless element that produces or gives rise to or gives birth to water. Next up, we have Genesis, which is the origin or source or root of something. And finally, we have genocide, which is the deliberate killing of a particular nation or ethnic group. I hope you got those answers correct. And I look forward to seeing you in the next video. 39. BENE/BON: Introduction: Welcome to this section on the Latin root word Benny or bond, which means well or good. So you can easily remember this root word by remembering the word bond, bond. Do you know a bond bonds are? Well, if you're not familiar with them, bond bonds are candies that are covered with chocolate, as you can see in this clip over here. So literally, bond. Bond means good, good because they're so tasty. So let's take a look at the words that we're going to be covering in this section. So the main words that are related to people are going to be benevolent benefactor and Devin air. And then we'll take a look at some related words that will include benediction, benign, pro Bono, and bonafide. I'll see you in the next video where we talk about the word benevolent. 40. BENE/BON: Benevolent: In this video, we're looking at the word benevolent, which is an adjective. This word is made up of three parts. The first is from Latin, Benny, meaning good or well. Take note that the adjective form that we have of this word in the English language is bonus. You must have heard of a bonus, e.g. at the end of the year when you have finished your work contract, your employer might give you a bonus, which is a good thing, right? Something that you look forward to. Then the middle part is from Latin. Hello, meaning to wish or desire. And you've probably seen this root word in words such as whale, volunteer, or volition. So to have a will means to have a certain desire. You wish for something to be carried out in a certain manner. The next word, volunteer, means someone who chooses to do something out of their own choice or out of their desire to help. And the final word here related to follow is volition, which means the power to use ones will, or the power to be able to make one's own decisions. And finally, here we have the English suffix, which means a person or thing. And notice that this is a person or thing that promotes some sort of an action, e.g. if we're talking about a person, we might add the suffix at the end of a word like precedent. A precedent is a person who promotes the action of presiding or ruling over a country. Or if you're talking about some object, then you might use this suffix in a word like repellent, e.g. if you go to some jungle, you might encounter a lot of mosquitoes and it would be a wise idea to carry with you or mosquito repellent. So a repellent is something that promotes the actions of repelling something away, in this case, keeping away the mosquitoes. So looking at this word together, we have benevolent and this word is an adjective, meaning a person who wishes well for other people. So, oh well wishing person. Take note that this is a word that applies to people, but also to groups and attitudes. As a benevolent person, you have goodwill and you like to do good deeds that help other people. You're kind and understanding and a compassionate human being. This can take many forms. You may express your benevolence through many forums such as through charity or love or helping other people move their furniture when they are changing homes. Now let's talk about a difference between a related word, which is the inner surface. And so the differences that benevolence emphasizes the disposition or the intention to help other people, whereas beneficence emphasizes the act of actually helping people. Take note that the part that is bolded here in the middle in the word beneficence. The FIC part, that is from the Latin root word feature, which means to do or to make. So e.g. the word factory is from the same root word and it is a place where we make things. Okay? So whenever you see this root word feature, it probably involves some act of doing or making something as in a factory. So now we understand that beneficence is a word that emphasizes the action, the act of doing good things or good deeds. So you can use beneficence to heighten the implication of doing good deeds by emphasizing accomplishment over intention, okay, so you can use this word to highlight that an act of good deed was completed. So in this way, we shift the attention from mere intention to something that goes beyond intention, which is the action itself. So to wrap it up, remember that beneficence contains the root word feature, which means to do or to make, which is the same root word that we see in the word factory, where things are made or in the word fiction of fiction is a made-up story. Now here I have a scene for it, The movie or Mary. And in this clip you can see that a merely is both a benevolent person as well as a beneficent person because she is someone who loves to help people in interesting and unexpected ways. So let's take a look at this scene in which a meli C's are blind man and marshes forth with her benevolent intentions to help this blind man. And she actually succeed in achieving a beneficence outcome. Let's take a look. The peculiar. Because you're reading about what is your other leg between two people and keeping the wash, I could see. Why does cut out. Let me just get some ideas. Typically don't lab-based. If I'm gonna give you put your baby can get my phone is on a particular schedule. So as you just saw in this scene, what started out as a Melies benevolent intentions soon turned into a beneficence action or series of benefits and actions in fact, which led up to this moment of enlightenment for this blind man. Now let's take a look at some modifications of this word now that you understand the meaning. So benevolent as you know, is an adjective with that and English suffix at the end. But let's play around with that suffix. Let's see how we can change this word to turn it into a noun. We would add ends, suffix, and the world would become the Netherlands, meaning the condition resulting from the emergence of good intentions. So the n suffix is usually used to denote some sort of a process, e.g. $1 cents is the process of growing up. You will notice that the ends suffix also appears in the word emergence. Emergence is the process of something coming forth, the process of the development of something. Next, if you want to turn this word into an adverb, we use our handy least suffix and the word becomes benevolent Li, which means in a benevolent manner. 41. BENE/BON: Benefactor: In this video, we're looking at the word benefactor, which is a noun. This word is made up of three parts. The first is from Latin, meaning well or good. Then we have the middle part, which is from Latin, meaning to do. This is the root word that you've probably seen in words like fat. Fat is a dung thing, a thing that has already been done. Or in the word Pacific, which means to tend to make peace or clarify, which means to make clear. So the Latin root word phaco can mean to do or to make. And finally, we have the English suffix 0, r, which we use to refer to a person or something that does something. So together, the word that we have is benefactor, which is a noun, and the word means a welder for someone who does good things. In other words, a person who helps other people, especially when providing financial support. And this financial support can be to any organization. Usually it is to institutions like schools or charities. Now here I have a clip for you from a movie called The benefactor, in which we have the main character Franny, played by Richard cheer, who becomes consumed by guilt after he accidentally kills a married couple who happened to be his friends. And after this point, because of this guilt, he suddenly starts providing financial assistance to the pregnant daughter of this married couple and the husband of this pregnant daughter. So let's take a look at this clip to see an example of benefaction. Here. You are not going to have a baby in North Philly. You know, I can, we have a baby. A baby grows up in nature, grows up with everything that poodles had. Is this your own house or not anymore? Either? You find my house. I bought it for the three of you. Welcome. Jesus Christ for any kind of just worn out. So here we saw an example of how Franny played by Richard cheer gifts this couple a whole house. So this is an act of benefaction, and this is what makes Richard Gere in this movie a benefactor. But this movie is a little bit strange because their friendship takes a dark turn when Franny or Richard G, or becomes very obsessed with this couple and he starts offering his help, even when they don't want it. Benefaction can take many forms. It can take the form of buying someone a house, or of paying off student loans of your kids. Or it can take the form of donations to charities or other organizations. Now, let's take a look at this word in a bit more detail so that we better understand the difference between a benefactor and the beneficiary. The person that receives the benefit or the advantage is what is called the beneficiaries. So the beneficiary receives the benefit from the benefactor. Now, let's take a look at these words in the context of estate planning. So first of all, estate planning is about how to allocate the property and the acids of a person after their death. So when we are talking about the word benefactor and beneficiary in the context of estate planning, then we're basically talking about the person to whom the property belongs. In this case, we would call them the benefactor and the person who receives that property upon the death of that person or upon the death of the benefactor is called in this context, the beneficiary. So we can use the word benefactor and beneficiary in these two different contexts. One is in the context of estate planning, which is the context of death and what happens after someone's death. Or we can use these words outside the context of estate planning for normal things, like paying for someone's loans or paying for the education of someone, etc. So now that you understand the meaning of the word, Let's go ahead and take a look at some modifications. So as you know, benefactor is a noun and that, OR ending that OR suffix at the end refers to a person or a thing. In this case, it refers to a person. But take note that in this word, it specifically refers to a male person. A male person who provides assistance, who provides financial assistance is called a benefactor. But if we want to refer to a female who does the same thing, then we would have to change the suffix to S, that E S, S suffix at the end would turn the world into benefactors. And this would mean a woman who endows a donation. Then if you want to convert this word into a noun, referring to the state or condition of giving a donation or giving financial assistance, we would add the suffix at the end. In this case we have ION. The word becomes benefaction, meaning the condition of doing good. And finally, I want you to take note that we have a word here that we looked at before which has beneficiary, which is very closely related to the word benefactor. So let's take a look at the modifications for this word as well. So beneficiary, as we saw, means a person involved in the receipt of benefits. Now, if we want to turn that into an adjective, we would add end at the end, and the world would become beneficence, meaning characterized by good doing or resulting in good. And finally, if we add the suffix to this world, it becomes beneficence, meaning the emergence of doing good. So the act or process or emergence of doing good. 42. BENE/BON: Debonair: In this video, we're looking at the word debit, which is an adjective. This word is made up of three parts. The first is from Latin, day, which means off or from. This is a word that you've probably seen in words like cul-de-sac or the toilet and de facto. So let's take a look at these words one-by-one. The first one we have here is culdesac, which literally means the bottom of a sac. Okay, so that's where we have the off part in the middle bottom of a sac. And that is just a figurative term that refers to a vessel or a tube in which there is only one way in and one way out. And this word has come to be used for street or passages where there's only one way into this trait and one way out of it. The next word that we have is 0, the toilet, which refers to a perfume that you might apply after a shower. And literally it means water off the bath, in other words bathwater. And finally, we have the term de facto, which means of fact or something that is happening in reality in the moment. Now, take note that this is a prefix that you should not confuse with another prefix which has the same spelling, t and d as in the word depression. It means a different thing. It means down or away from. A depression is something that has been pressed down. Now we have the middle part bond, which means good as you already know. And finally, we have the French suffix i, and that means race or breed. Note that words from this morpheme are not common at all, and we don't really use them in the English language, but the urban air just happens to be an exception. On an interesting side, note, this suffix, I may be related to the Latin Azure, which means a place or a field, because a place or a field is a place of origin, that is where something takes birth. So you can see how the concept of birth is related to race or breed. But this is just speculation. We're not completely sure about it. And finally, I want to point out that you should not confuse this suffix with the suffix air, which appears in words like millionaire or solitaire, because that air refers to a different thing. That air suffix means a person that is characterized by a certain trait. That is not what we're talking about here. In this case, I, which is French, means race or breed in the word Devin air. Alright, then together we have the word Debian air, which is an adjective meaning of good race. Originally, this was the meaning, someone who is of good race or noble race. Now, this word has evolved, and it now refers to a charming, suave or elegant person, and it usually refers to a man. So you can see why being charming and being offer high noble class are ideas that are closely related because if you are a rich person or noble person, then you probably also dress in a very elegant and charming way. So the question is, are you like James Bond? Well, let's find out if you are like James Bond. Or in other words, if you are a Debian air person, then you're full of charm, polish, and worldliness, meaning that you know a lot about the world. You're someone who impresses everyone with your weight and your style. And finally, you have a carefree, nonchalant attitude about things. So let's take a look now at an example of a classic urban air. The man James Bond himself. I admire your luck. Mr. Bond. James Bond. Mr. Ban, I suppose you wouldn't care to raise the limit. I have no objection. Says future. Looks like it ought to get an idea that we teleport. No. Thank you. Andre, I must pass the shoe. Georgia. I hope you'll forgive me, but it's most important. Change. Well, I hope you can see in this video clip how James Bond checks off all the boxes that are required to be considered a Debian air individual. There are three points in particular. First of all, take note. He is dressed in a high-class manner. He's wearing a suit and Bo and his hair has done. He's well-groomed and he looks very charming and elegant. Second, take note of his behaviors and mannerisms. They're very refined and very cultured. And so he carries himself with a lot of grace and charm, not just in what he wears, but also in how he presents himself with his mannerisms. And finally, he has a carefree and relaxed, nonchalant attitude about things, even in high-stakes situations. So when the girl says, Hey, you don't mind raising the stakes to you. He of course has no objection to it because he's just so carefree like that. So those are the characteristics of a Debian air individual. Finally, let's take a look at some modifications of this word. So the banana is an adjective, but to convert it into an adverb, we just add the suffix and the word becomes double narrowly, meaning in a linear manner. And finally, to turn it into a noun, we add ness at the end, turning the world into double narrowness, meaning the state or condition of being debited air. 43. BENE/BON: Related Words: Now that you have seen the main words related to the Latin, bending or bond, we're now ready to take a look at some related words that use the same root word. So in this video, we're going to be looking at the following words, starting with benediction, then moving on to benign bonafide, and finally pro bono. So let's get right into it, starting with our first word, benediction. Benediction is made up of three parts. The first is from Latin, meaning well, DIC is from Latin, meaning to say or to speak. And finally, we have the English suffix tion, meaning the act or process of something, e.g. creation is the act or process of creating something. So putting this together, we have the word benediction, which is a noun, and it means the act of saying good words. So in other words, benediction is a blessing, especially one at the end of a religious service. So here we have Jesus Christ giving his blessings before dinner. But this blessing can also be from a charge finish up, e.g. or some other spiritual guru who others, some good words for your health or well-being or prosperity or success. Next up, we have the word benign. This is made up of two parts. The first is from, again Latin Benny, meaning well or good. And the next part is from Latin, which means to give birth, take node that is very closely related in its meaning to the Latin root word journey that we have already looked at. So if you'll recall, journey meant birth or race or class, in this case, given you, is very closely related to that and you can see the similarity in spelling and it means to give birth. So putting this together, we have the word benign, which is an adjective, and it basically means well-born. This is the literal meaning. In other words, something that is gentle or kind, something that does not do any harm. So in medicine, when we talk about some agent that is benign or some microbe or disease that is benign. It means that it is not harmful. So here we have two types of tumors. Tumors are an overgrowth of cells, but in one case we have a benign tumor on the left-hand side in which the mass of cells does not invade the neighboring tissue. So in other words, the benign tumor does not spread throughout the body, and therefore it is not harmful in its effect. On the other hand, in contrast, we have the malignant tumor, which we see here on the right-hand side, which does break out into other parts of the body and it spreads. And it can be a very serious disease leading to some serious forms of cancer. Take note that the word malignant has the root word Mao in the prefix, which is from Latin, milli, which means bad or something that is wrong. So a malignant tumor is a bad tumor. Moving on, our next word is bonafide. Bonafide is made up of two parts. The first from Latin, bond, meaning good, and the next part is from Latin, meaning faith or to trust. Together we have a word which is an adjective. Bonafide means literally in good faith. So in other words, it means to have the quality of transparency, something that does not have any intention to deceive. So if we're talking about something or some person that is genuine or sincere, we would use the word bonafide to describe them. So take note that people can obviously be bonafide, but so can things. So if we ask e.g. if something is bonafide like some currency, e.g. in this case we have 100 dollar bill. If we say, is this Bona fide, it means is this genuine? So we can ask the question, if there's 100 dollar bill, is bonafide to figure out whether it's a counterfeit, meaning fake money, or if it's genuine currency. But of course, we can also use bonafide in other contexts to talk about people. So let's take a look at that. If you are someone who has earned a college diploma, then you are considered a bonafide graduate. Or if you spend all of your time dancing, then you may be called a Bona fide dancer. On finally, if you sincerely attempt to do something, then you are making a bonafide effort, meaning a sincere, genuine effort. So here I have an example for you that shows the use case of the word bonafide in a couple of different contexts. Let's take a look. You got a name name daddy. Daddy. Don't have a maiden name. Right now. Mom is that I heard about that. Rank. I am the only data you got. I am the dam paterfamilias. So here in this clip, you can see the word bonafide being used by these little girls in a couple of different contexts. The first context is when these girls referred to as suitor, who their mother is going to marry. And they say to their father, to their biological father, that the suitor is bonafide, meaning that he is genuine, that he basically checks out. And then they say that the ring he gave mom is also a bonafide, meaning that it is real and it is genuine, probably very expensive with some genuine diamond or something like that. And finally, they say to their father, when he says that I'm the only father, you got they say but you went bonafide, meaning that you heard not really the father because officially he's not together with his wife anymore. Now next up we have the word pro Bono, and this is made up of two parts from Latin, pro, meaning for or on behalf of, and the second part from Latin, bond meaning good. So pro Bono is actually short for the Latin phrase pro Bono publica, which means for the public good. In other words, work that is done for free. So this is a word that is primarily used in the legal context. So if you are someone who provides under-privileged and low-income people with free professional services, then you can say that that free work that is done for the public good is pro Bono work. And usually is used in the legal context, in the context of attorneys and clients who need help with legal cases. But if you are a dentist, e.g. who's offering free teeth cleaning services, then that would also be considered pro Bono work. But usually, pro Bono work refers to the word that attorneys do for free in order to help poor clients who cannot afford to pay the lawyer fees or the attorney may take up a case in order to serve the public good because perhaps the consequence or the ruling of the case may help the public at-large. So here we have a clear by an attorney called Peter sharp, in which he talks about a pro bono case that their firm has taken on. Well, I'm very pleased with the efforts that everyone's making in London to build a pro bono program. But I've been particularly pleased recently to get involved in a case. Let's close to my heart. We're looking after a not-for-profit organization, which on minimal subscriptions, looks after one of England's historic harbors. And they have a very complicated legal problem for which they have no budget at all. But we've stepped in and we're helping them to recover what's due to them. So it's great to be able to be involved with with that case. So notice that this is a case which is going to have consequences for the public at-large. Amby have taken up this case for a not-for-profit organization, meaning that they are providing their legal services free of charge for the public good. And that brings us to the end of our discussion on the different words related to the Latin, bending and bond. So let's take a look at all the words that we have learned in this section. So first of all, we looked at the main words related to people. We looked at benevolent benefactor and Debian air. And then in this video we looked at some related words, including benediction, benign, bonafide, and Pro Bono. In the next video, I have a practice challenge for you, so I'll see you there. 44. BENE/BON: Practice Exercise: Welcome to this practice challenge for the root words, bending and bond. So here I have a mix-and-match exercise for you in which, as you have seen before, on the left-hand side, we have some new words that we haven't looked at before, but I'm hoping you can derive the meaning of these words using your understanding of the root word penny or bond. So all you have to do is match each of the words on the left to their correct definitions on the right. So go ahead and pause the video now and answer all of the questions. Alright, I hope you had the chance to answer all of the questions. We will now go ahead and look at the answers. Are you ready? Here we go. The first word was beneficial and the correct answer was B. Something that results in good. In other words, something that is advantageous or favorable. The second word that we have here is bountiful. And the correct answer was a meaning characterized by or follow goodness, abundance, or gift-giving. Next up, we have the word bonanza, for which the correct answer was C, or sudden opportunity or rush of wealth, benefit, or some good fortune. So bonanza is a noun. And take note that in a more scientific sense, when we talk about a bonanza, it refers to a rich source of precious metal. So if you happen to strike gold in your backyard, then that would be a bonanza. This is how the world came to be used when there was the Gold Rush and the precious metal of gold was discovered. We use this word bonanza to refer to this rich source of precious metal. And finally, we have the word Bounty, which means the reward or benefit that is paid out for killing or capturing a criminal or enemy. 45. CREDO: Introduction: Welcome to this next section in which we're going to be talking about the Latin root word credo, which means to believe. In current English, the word Crito comes from the Latin credo, and Crito has a different meaning in the English language as it stands today. So Crito means a statement of the beliefs or aims that guide someone's actions. E.g. the credo of a performer might be the show must go on. Similarly, for someone who likes to live life on the edge, there credo might be live like there's no tomorrow, or someone who's a very outgoing person. Their credo might be party on or enjoy the ride. Similarly, politicians have cradles, rappers have kudos, and even you may have a few videos by which you live your life. Now take note that the Latin root word credo, which means to believe, is very likely related to another Latin root word, which is Curtis and core. This means heart, as in the words cardiac or cardio. So cardiac means anything that is related to the heart, e.g. a. Cardiac disease would be a disease related to the heart. And cardio is defined as any type of exercise that gets your heart rate up and keeps it up for a prolonged period of time. So running e.g. would be considered a cardio exercise, or cardio is actually short for cardiovascular. So running is a cardiovascular exercise. Now why is it that Cortes, which means hard, is closely related to the idea of credo, which means to believe this is because when we believe something, it means that we put our heart into it. This is why in many national anthems, we usually place our right hand on our heart because it shows that we trust our nation, we trust our people and everything that our country stands for. Now, let's take a look at the words that we are going to be learning in this section. So first of all, we're going to be looking at the main words that are directly related to people. And those words include credulous and Miss Grand. Then we're gonna go on to explore some additional related words, which include credence, credentials, credit, and accreditation. So I'll see you in the next video where we take a look at our first word for this section. 46. CREDO: Credulous: In this video, we're looking at the word credulous, which is an adjective made up of two parts. The first part is from Latin, credo, which means to believe. And the second part is from the English suffix us or OUS, meaning full off. So together we have credulous, which is an adjective meaning full of believing. Someone who is too ready to believe or trust things, even despite having proper or sufficient evidence. So e.g. here we have a bottle. This is a little clip from the movie, from an old movie, Alice in Wonderland, in which it says, Drink me, not poison. Now, if you were to drink this portion believing the label that this is in fact not poison, Then we would call you a credulous person because in this case, you would be someone who easily and willingly believes anything that other people want you to believe and you don't even care about being convinced or for evidence for that matter. You'll believe anything based on little or no evidence. Why do you act this way? Well, probably your credulity results from ignorance, wishful thinking, inexperience, or the inability to realize that other people can lie to you. Now it's important here to understand the difference between credulity and gullibility. You'll see credulity means to believe in the absence of reasonable proof. So you don't care about having evidence. You will believe something even if there is no evidence for it. While gullibility means to believe something to an absurd extent. Furthermore, credulity only requires you to believe something. Whereas gullibility can also involve an action in addition to a belief. So in other words, you can say that all gullible people are credulous, but not all credulous people are gullible. Take note that both these words, credulous and gullible, are pejorative words. We use these as a derogatory term or to insult or mock someone. Now I want to show you an example from the movie called The Invention of lying. And in this video clip, we have an example in which the characters are both credulous and golf ball. Let's take a look at this clip. Jim. My name is Doug. Your name is Doug. I dug so weird. I never knew your real name. Doug is good. Suits. You. Come on. What's my name? Is Doug. Doug? No, it's not. It's mark. Your name is Mark and Mark. Mark suits you even better. Mark. Oh, okay. You know, you don't get it. So here we have the character mark, which is played by Ricky's your face and he's telling his friends that his name is days or his name is Dan. He's just making up words and making up names. And his two friends are believing everything that he says. I'm black. You're very light skin, but I can see it. I always wanted a black friend, B2. I'm an Eskimo. Fantastic. I've never seen a black Eskimo. I'm a pirate. I didn't know. They still have those. You're dangerous pirate. A lion tamer, and I'm wearing a wig. Aren't you scared? You get bitten one day, That's a fantastic week. I invited the bicycle, I love your work. I'm going to discount at ten speed. So Mark just keeps going on and on in this scene making all kinds of absurd statements about who he is and what he does and his friends just keep believing him. So take note that in this case, his friends are credulous. Why? Because first of all, they believe in things without having any evidence for it. And secondly, because they have an inability to realise that it is possible for people to lie to them. That is the cause, because in this world, lying has not yet been invented. Furthermore, his friends are actually also gullible. Why are they gullible? Well, because they believe things even when they are extremely absurd and cannot possibly be true. E.g. when he says, I'm black and they still believe him. So when someone believes something that is extremely absurd, then you would say that they are not just credulous, but one step further, which is colorable. So let's wrap up this video with a quick discussion of the modifications of this word. Credulous, as we know, is an adjective with the English suffix us at the end. And to turn it into a noun referring to a tendency or a state. We add the noun suffix AT, at the end and the word becomes credulity, meaning the tendency or state of being credulous to turn it into another noun, we would add the noun suffix ness, which turns the world into credulous, meaning the state or condition of being credulous. Essentially, these two nouns are synonyms very close in their meaning. And finally, to turn the world into an adverb, we add the suffix, turning the world into credulous, meaning incredulous manner. 47. CREDO: Miscreant: Here we're looking at the word miscreant, which can be both a noun and an adjective. This word is made up of three parts. The first is from Latin, maize, which means wrong or badly, do not confuse this root word, by the way, with the Greek me so that we looked at earlier, which means to hate, as in the words misogynistic or mesalamine. These are two different root words. The middle part then is from Latin, credo, which means to believe as we already saw. And finally, we have the English suffix aren't, which means person or thing that does. So putting that together, we have the word miscreant, which is both a noun and an adjective. So if you're using this word as a noun, then you could use it to refer to a person who believes in the wrong things. So if you're using this word as a noun, then you can use it to refer to a person who believes in the wrong things and therefore behaves in a bad or illegal manner. And if you want to talk about the quality of bad behavior or illegal behavior, then you could use this word as an adjective. Now, the original meaning of this word was actually miss believer, someone who does not believe in the right things. So in the original context, anyone who used to hold or false or incorrect religious belief. In other words, any belief that was different from the established and dominant norm of the time would be called a miscreant, in other words, a heretic. So here we have an image of Charles Darwin. Darwin was a huge erratic because he rejected Genesis as true history. Basically, he asserted that different species originated by the extremely slow process of evolution. So by doing this, he rejected the idea that it was God who created plants and animals and even humans. So he basically claimed that everything stated in the Old Testament was all false. And because of this, of course, he was very controversial at the time. He was considered a miscreant, a person who believed in the wrong things. And throughout history, there have been many other groups that have been considered as miscreants, such as anyone who wasn't a Christian, pagans, ethnic practitioners of other religions or other practices. And of course, scientists such as Charles Darwin. Now, however, the word has evolved and we don't really use it in the original context, in the original sense anymore. Rather, this word is now used to condemn people who are improper or even evil. Let's take a look at some examples of that. So if any of you have seen this video called threw it on the ground, It's a music video by lonely island. It's really hilarious. You guys should check it out if you haven't. But in this music video, he just goes about throwing things. And this is one of the clips in which he's offered a free energy drink by a guy really politely and nicely on the street and he takes it and he throws it on the ground. So if you are a miscreant as the word is used today, then you're someone who is not restrained by any moral principles. And so you really have no problem with behaving badly. So you may do many things, apart from throwing things on the ground. You might tell lies, you might break the law, and you might even yell at puppies. So here I have a scene for you from the movie, despicable Me, in which we see the character grew and all of the traits that make him a miscreant. Let's take a look. It's about Sam that I get my way. Whatever, not a bad, bad j. Plus ago, that's still k. This is so fun to see. Coupon me in this scene, as you can see, grew as a character who is the perfect Hooper villain. He doesn't really care about anything. All he cares about are his evil plans such as stealing the moon. And so he does not really care about how he treats other people. Whether he behaves in an immoral way or an illegal way. He really has no regard for societal norms or for any rules. He basically does what he pleases. And he's mean not just to adults, but even to children, and not just any children, including the children whom he has adopted. Now, as you already know, this word can be used as both a noun or an adjective. But if you want to turn this word into another noun, specifically referring to a condition that results from the act of acting in a bad or immoral way, then you would add the suffix at the end and the world would become miscreants, meaning the condition or resulting from the emergence of miscreant behavior. Now, you might recall another suffix that we looked at, which was very similar, which was n e n c, e, as in the word $1 cents. Take note that ENCO and what we have here in this case, a and C are basically the same suffix is they just have underwent a risk spelling and they appear with a different spelling, but they are the same suffix and have the same meaning. Moving on, if you want to turn this word into another noun, referring particularly to the state or condition of immoral or that behavior, then you would add the y suffix at the end and the world would become miscreants. C, meaning the state or condition of miscreant behavior. 48. CREDO: Related Words: Alright, so now that we have already looked at the main words for the Latin Credo, we are now ready to take a look at some related words that also use this same root word. So in this video, we're going to be covering these four words, starting with credence, then moving on to credentials than credit, and finally, accreditation. So let's begin with our first word, credence. So credence is made up of two parts. First from Latin, cradle to believe, and the next is an English suffix ends, which as you've seen by now, means the condition resulting from an emergence process. So credence is a noun. It means the emergence of believability that results from some evidence. Or in other words, it means the condition of becoming more believable. So take note that we use this word to refer to something that is more probable or more likely to be the case, yet not 100% certain to be the case. So we're not 100% sure, but we do believe that it is more likely to be the case. E.g. we know that the moon was releasing water vapor shortly after its formation. So this finding gives credence to the idea that it once had microbial life on it. So we're not 100% sure, but because we have this evidence, it is more probable that there was microbial life on the moon at some point in its history. Next word that we have here is credentials. This is made up of three parts. First from Latin credo to believe. Then in the middle, we have what we usually use as a suffix, as an English suffix, and which means a person or thing that promotes some action and then tagged onto it is another English suffix 0, which means having the quality of. And then here you see an S, the letter S at the end. And that just denotes plurality. We're talking about more than one. This is because usually when we talk about credentials, we use it in the plural. So what is credentials? Well, it's a noun and it means something that has the nature of promoting or entitling someone with certain trust, authority or right. So let's take a look at some examples of credentials. Here we have some different ID cards on the left. So what is the purpose of these identification cards? Well, all of them are approve of a claim that you make about yourself. You basically use credentials to make clear who you are. So you might make a proof of a claim about your qualifications, your skills, or your authority. Here are some examples of different types of credentials, ID cards or passports, gym membership cards, username and password that allow you to login, face ID on your phone or fingerprint verification. And finally, diplomas or academic degrees, and so on. Next up, we have the word credit. Credit is mainly just from one Latin root word. The base of it is from the Latin credo, which means to believe, as we already know by now, you may be wondering where that IT, at the end of the world came from. Well, credit is actually from the Latin word credit to them. And that means alone or a thing that has been entrusted to another person. And this credit tomb is built on the Latin credo, which means to believe. So when you believe in someone, then you give them out alone or you and trust that person with something that you offer to them. So now we use the word credit as a noun to mean the confidence or trust in the ability of a purchaser or borrower to make payment at some future time. So basically if a bank gives you some sort of credit money, then they are hoping and they are placing faith in your ability to pay them back at some later date in the future. Now how to build credit? Your credit score is a way to measure basically your trustworthiness. So credit score shows how believable or trustworthy you are and so forth. These different loan giving organizations and agencies such as banks, have designed systems to assess your trustworthiness. And one of them is the fico score, which is basically a summary of all things related to your credit reports, such as how long you've had credit, how much credit you have, how much of your available credit is being used, and have you been making payments on time? So all of these things go into assessing how trustworthy you are. Finally, we have the word accreditation. This is made up of three parts. First from Latin, which means to or towards middle credo to believe. And finally, we have the English suffix tion, or in this case, Asian. Notice that all of these are different variations of the same English suffix. Sometimes you might just see ION at the end, or sometimes you might see T-I-O-N add in other cases such as is the case here, you might see Asian with an a at the front. So all of these mean the same thing, which is a state or condition that results from some action. So accreditation is a noun, meaning the condition that results when an institute places it's trust towards a student. In other words, when an organization officially endorses or student because to endorse, means that an organization or a university is placing its trust in your ability, in your skill set that you have developed as a student. So when something is recognized for meeting a predetermined set of professional standards, then you can be considered to be an accredited individual. Take note that apart from people such as you and me who can be accredited after graduating from a university. Organizations themselves, such as schools, hospitals, companies, and other institutions, can also be accredited and usually end up with some sort of a certification or paperwork to show that they have in fact being accredited. And that brings us to the end of our discussion on the different words related to the root word credo. So what have we learned in this section? Well, first we looked at the main words related to people which were credulous and miscreant. Then, in this video, we took a look at some additional related words, including credence, credentials, credit, and accreditation. In the next video, I have a mix-and-match practice challenge for you. So I'll see you there. 49. CREDO: Practice Exercise: Welcome back. Are we ready for a practice challenge? Well, in this video, I've got some new words for you. Here. On the left-hand side, what you have to do is match each of the words on the left to their correct definitions on the right. So all of these are new words that are on the left-hand side. And I'm hoping you are able to figure out their meaning based on your understanding of the meaning of the Latin root word credo, that we have been looking at so far in this section. So go ahead and pause this video now. And when you are ready played to check your answers, go ahead and pause the video now. Alright, I hope you had a chance to write down your answers for all four of these words. So we will now we're looking at the correct answers. The first word was Creed, the correct answer for that was the letter D. A creed is a system of Christian or other religious belief. In other words, it can refer to any faith, but originally it referred to the Christian faith. Next word we have is discredit. The correct answer was B, which means to disprove something or some person by showing that it is unworthy of trust, by showing that it cannot be trusted. Number three, the word is incredible and the correct answer was C, which means something that is difficult to believe, something that is extraordinary. And finally, the word creditor, for which the correct answer was a, meaning one who trusts and lends money. So a creditor is a person or institution that lends the money, or in other words, is the person or institution to whom the money is owed. So e.g. if you've taken out a 5,000 dollar loan from a bank, like Bank of America, then Bank of America would be considered your creditor to whom you owe them money. I hope you got these answers correct, or at least some of them. And I hope that you can see how it is that the meaning of this root words can help you to figure out the meanings of even new words to which you have not yet been exposed. I'll see you in the next video where we look at our next root word. 50. FARI: Introduction: We're now starting a new section containing a new Latin root word, which is phi, meaning to speak. So first, let's begin with a quick introduction with a mnemonic that will help you to remember this word. You must have heard of the word fade. Fade is from Latin, FADH2s, which means spoken and photos, is a conjugated form of the word fiery, which means to speak. So tracing back the meaning of the word fade, it meant something that was spoken by the gods about what will happen in one's life. The definition is from Greek mythology, and as we know today, the word means a very similar thing, basically a development of events that are beyond a person's control. And usually these events are regarded to be determined by supernatural powers. So let's take a look at the words that we are going to learn in this section, beginning with the main words related to people. So first we're gonna look at the words affable, nefarious, and multifarious. And then we're going to move on to related words that include infant, ineffable, fable, and prophase. 51. FARI: Affable: So here we have our first word for the Latin, fiery. And the word is affable, which is an adjective. This word is made up of three parts. The first is from Latin, which means to or towards. Take note that this prefix undergoes a risk spelling, e.g. it might turn into a f, or a g, or a elle, etc, in accordance with the following consonant. So it depends on what consonant it is that follows, that is going to determine the risk spelling. So you will notice e.g. in the word accordance, we have the AAC bolded in the purple color. This is because this AC is from the same Latin prefix. It just happens to have underwent repelling depending on the consonant that follows. In this case it's a C, it becomes accordance in the word affection. It becomes a F in the word aggression, it becomes a G. And you have seen this prefix ad in other words as well that we have looked at before, words such as adversary and advertisement. Next up, we have the middle part of the word, which is from Latin, meaning to speak. Finally, we have the English suffix able, meaning capable of. So together we have the word affable, which is an adjective meaning a person who can be easily spoken to that part in there. Something that can be done easily is an indication of capability. So that part comes from the English suffix, able. So a person who can be easily spoken to or in other words, someone who is approachable and open to conversations. You can also think of it as a synonym for the word friendly. So you are friendly, but you're more than that. In addition to being friendly, you're also relatable. It is easy for people to relate to you and open up to you. So if you are an affable person, you are someone who makes people feel welcomed and at home. You really listened to people and you relate to their emotions, to their story. And finally, you talk enough. Not excessively, an affable person is not necessarily a talkative person. So just because someone is approachable doesn't mean that they are going to talk your ears off. It means that they know how to balance talking and listening in order to be relatable. So here I have a scene for you from the movie Harry Potter. And if you've seen this film, then you will know that Hagrid is a character whom all the students of Hogwart's can trust. So whenever students have problems of any kind, usually they go to Hagrid to consult because he's such an alpha ball and inviting character. It is easy to talk to him because he is warm, understanding and he really listens to what the students have to say. In this scene. We have Hermione who is crying because she's upset about something. And you will see how approachable and relatable Hagrid is that allows Hermione to talk through what she is feeling. Let's take a look. Who's around trying to curse anyway. Malfoy, he called Hermione. Were like, I don't know exactly what it means. Cooley and mud blood. Did not what's in my blood. It means does he blood? Mud bugs are really foul name for someone who is Muggle born with nomadic parents. Someone like me. A time when you shake hands and civilized conversation. Thing is Harry, there's some wizards like the Malfoy family who think they're better than everyone else because I want people call pure blood. That's horrible. Disgusting. It's caused while up to birds. Dirty blood. Why there isn't a wizard a load today that's not half blood or less. More to the point that yet I think of as spell that are Hermione cotton to come here. You think on it. Hermione. Don't you sit on it for 1 min? So as you saw, Hagrid is someone who empathizes with people. So in this scene, when Harry, Ron and especially Hermione, where this trust, they went to Hagrid because he's so easy to talk to. And you can notice very clearly how comforting Hargreaves presence is for Hermione. Now finally, let's take a look at some modifications of this word. So affable is an adjective and we have the able suffix there at the end. And to turn it into a noun referring to a condition or state, we would use the noun suffix AT, and the word would become affordability, meaning the tendency or state of being affable. Or if you want to turn into an adverb, then you would add the suffix at the end, changing the world into alpha, meaning in an affable manner. And finally, to turn it into another noun, which also means state or condition, you would add the suffix, turning the world into alpha boldness, meaning the state or condition of being affable. So alpha boldness and F ability are essentially synonyms, meaning the same thing. And that brings us to the end of the word affable. 52. FARI: Nefarious: In this video, we're looking at the word nefarious, which is an adjective. This word is made up of three parts. The first part is from the Latin prefix name, which means not. Then we have the middle fiery from Latin meaning to speak. Now take note that fiery is very closely related to another route, which is fast. And fast means something that is right or lawful or divinely spoken. So the meanings are very similar and related because as you might remember in our introduction video, we looked at another word which was fate. Fate means the development of certain events that are beyond a person's control. And these are events that are regarded to be determined by supernatural powers. So in other words, you can think of it as something that has been divinely spoken. Deities or gods have decided that these are the events that are going to happen in your life, then those events that are divinely spoken would be considered to be your fate. So these words are closely related in meaning the Latin, fast and fiery. And because of that, you can interpret the word nefarious in two ways. First of all, nefarious means someone or something that is characteristic of something evil, unlawful or illegal. So if we look at the meaning of the Latin fast, which means unlawful, then we can interpret nefarious something or someone that is characteristic of being unlawful or illegal. The other interpretation that we can have is based on the Latin fiery, which means to speak. So nefarious could also be interpreted as something or someone that is characteristic of not being spoken off. And why is it that we would choose to not speak of some people or certain things? Well, because if someone or something is evil or bad, then we don't talk about those things. So nefarious can also be interpreted as someone or something that is characteristic of not being spoken off because something really bad or illegal. Now finally, as you know, the English suffix us or OUS means characteristic of or fall off. So as we already discussed before putting this together, we have the word nefarious, which is an adjective meaning characteristic of a person or actions that are extremely evil and wicked, and therefore not to be spoken off because we don't talk about evil and bad things. Now take note that this is a word that we can use for people, but also for actions. So usually this is a word that is used for people, but we can describe certain types of activities, particularly criminal or wicked activities using this word. So here on the right-hand side, we have an image of Adolf Hitler, who, as you must already know, was the leader of Nazi Germany. And he orchestrated both the World War II as well as the Holocaust. And these are the events that led to the deaths of at least 40 million people. So you can say that Hitler was a nefarious person and also that he engaged in nefarious activities. Let's take a look at a couple more examples. So you can use this word to talk about the nefarious uses of the internet, to talk about nefarious organizations, nefarious hackers, and so on. Now here I have an example for you or for nefarious character that you probably know all too well, the Joker in this particular clip, you can see an example of his nefarious behavior in which he kills the boss of a gang and basically leaves three of his gang members to fight amongst themselves. Why So Serious? Now, our operation is small, but there's a lot of potential for aggressive expansion. So whichever you find gentlemen would like to join our team. There's only one spot open right now, so we're going to have tryouts. Make it fast. So what makes the Joker such an nefarious character is that he likes to bring chaos to people's lives, and he likes to cause pain for no other reason than his personal amusement. Now let's wrap it up with some modifications of this word. So here we have the suffix us or OUS, which has turned this word into an adjective. But what if we want to convert this word into an adverb? Well, all you do is add the suffix, turning the world into nefarious, meaning in a nefarious manner. Or if you want to turn it into a noun referring to a state or condition, then you add the suffix at the end, changing the world into nefarious, meaning the state or condition of being nefarious. 53. FARI: Multifarious: We're now looking at the word multifarious, which is an adjective. This word is made up of three parts. The first from Latin, maltose, meaning many or much. You must have seen this prefix in words such as multiply, multimedia, and multicultural. So to multiply means to make many or many fold. In other words, to increase the number or quantity of something. Multimedia is a way of relaying information that includes many different forums of communications such as video, audio, text, and so on. E.g. when you read a blog on the internet, that blog might be made up of multiple different forms of communication, e.g. there might be a video in there, some photographs and some text to go along with it. So this would be a multimedia form of communication. And finally, we have multicultural, which just means made up of many different cultures. Then we have the middle Friday, which means to speak as we already know. And finally, the English suffix, which means characteristic of or fall off. So putting that together, we have the word multifarious, which is an adjective meaning characteristic of a person or a thing that is full of many different sides or aspects. In other words, that which can be expressed in many different ways. So you can use this word to describe anything that has a lot of different sides. This can be a person or a thing. So you can say e.g. that the Internet has multifarious uses and that art exhibitions are known for their multifarious collections. Or you can use this word in other situations, e.g. the Hindu gods are associated with multifarious incarnations, meaning that they are believed to take on many different forums. So you can be a comic who makes multifarious faces, like Jim Carrey over here on the right-hand side. Or you might be a polymath who is able to sing and dance, coach people, and speak multiple languages. So here I want to show you an example of a multifarious character, judge Jesse from the Comedy Central, scared of Key and Peele. Judge, just as a police officer, he defended the streets. As a trial lawyer. He's a black belt. He asked her discipline. As a carpenter. He learned the value of craftsmanship. As a surgeon. He mastered cool. And as an announcer, he does the voice over on this show. So that is what it means to be multifarious. It means to be good at multiple different skills. Finally, let's take a look at the modifications of this word. So to turn it into an adverb, we turn the world into variously meaning in multifarious manner, and to turn it into a noun referring to a state or condition, we changed the word into multifarious, meaning the state or condition of being multifarious. 54. FARI: Related Words: Welcome back. So now that we have covered the main words related to the Latin, fiery, we are now ready to take a look at some additional related words. So in this video, we're going to be going over the following words, starting with infant than ineffable fable and finally, preface. So let's begin with our first word, infant. This word is made up of three parts. The first is the Latin prefix n, meaning not or opposite off. Then we have the middle part from Latin, meaning to speak. And finally, we have the English suffix and meaning a person or thing that does. Take note that the a in the middle has basically fused together. It has merged from the Latin fiery and from the English suffix, and it has merged into a single a. So putting that together, we have the word infant, which is a noun referring to a very young child that is not yet able to speak. So in other words, this is a formal term for a baby. Take note that the term infant is used for very young children under one year of age. However, definitions can vary and may include children up to two years of age. Here on the right-hand side you'll see an image of a child going through different stages of development. So if a child is 0-2 months old, they would be called a newborn. If they are between two months to one year in age, they would be called an infant. And finally, anywhere 1-4 years of age would be referred to as a toddler. To be more specific. It is usually when a child starts to walk that we consider a child to be a toddler. The next word is ineffable. This is made up of three parts. The first is the same Latin prefix that we saw earlier, which in meaning not or opposite off. Then we have this middle part, E, F, which is from the Latin X, meaning out, then we have fatty, meaning to speak. And finally we have the English suffix able, meaning capable of putting that together, we have the word ineffable, which is an adjective, meaning that which is not capable of being expressed. In other words, something that lies outside of expression or something that is too great for words to be able to capture. Something that is ineffable is beyond expression. It is outside. What can be expressed in words. Something that is ineffable is so powerful, beautiful, moving, or perhaps even horrible, that you can't even describe it. In example might include the ineffable happiness that you feel upon your marriage or an ineffable sadness that you feel after losing a loved one. So the word ineffable basically means inexpressible. So here we have an image of the character Chris from the movie, The Pursuit of Happiness, played by Will Smith, in which after a long period of struggle, Chris finally succeeds and experiences and ineffable joy that he hasn't felt in a very long time. So here I have a clip for you from the movie, The Pursuit of Happiness, in which we have the final scenes of the movie and everything that precedes it is a long period of struggle because throughout the movie, Chris struggles to find a job. He goes through countless rough patches. His wife leaves him. He's thrown out of his apartment and then later thrown out of a mortal due to failure to pay his rent. And basically he's left with his son to spend nights in homeless shelters and churches, and even a subway bathroom. So it's a long period of struggle that he goes through. And only at the end of that long string of unfortunate events does he finally experienced this happiness, which is so ineffable that he just cannot express it. Let's take a look at this clip. This part of my life, this little part is called happiness. So as you can see, Chris just cannot contain himself because he can't remember when was the last time he felt this ineffable sense of pride and happiness and other powerful emotions like astonishment in Gratitude. So all of these are very powerfully moving emotions that he is not able to capture in words. And so he tries to express it, but words just don't come out of his mouth. Now the next word that we have is favorable. Favorable is made up of two parts from Latin, fiery to speak, and English suffix, able, meaning capable of. Now what I want you to notice about this suffix is, this is a suffix that we're using for a noun, and this is a suffix that appears in other nouns, such as table and stable. So this is a suffix that usually we see at the end of adjectives. In adjectives, it means basically the same thing, which means to be capable of. So if we have an adjective like doable, it means that something is capable of being done. Or edible means something is capable of being eaten, right? So usually we see this able suffix at the end of adjectives. But in this case, what we have is a noun. So when we see Abel in nouns, it comes from the Latin bulla, which refers to an instrument, and sometimes it can also refer to a place. So a table is an instrument that allows us to keep things on it. And a stable is a place. Or it can also be viewed as an instrument, a place, or an instrument that allows us to keep horses. So then the question is, what is a fable? What sort of an instrument is a fable? Let's take a look. So putting together February and April, we have the word fable, which is a noun. And fable is a story that is capable of being told and capable of importing moral lessons. So, in other words, a fable is a moral tale or an instrument for teaching through a story. In recent times, fables usually portray characters that are animals, but this was not the original definition. But now, when we talk about a fable, usually we're talking about a moral tale that involves animals as characters. So in a nutshell, a fable is a moral tale that features animals. And certainly you have heard of the tail of the tortoise and the hare, right? In which the tortoise and the hare race together to see who wins. Or another very famous fable is the boy who cried wolf. And each of these stories have their own moral lessons to impart. In the case of the tortoise and the hare, the moral lesson is that slow and steady wins the race, so never give up. Alright, our last word is preface. The first part is from the Latin prey, which is a prefix meaning before. And the second part, of course, from Latin, meaning to speak. So preface is a noun, meaning preliminary remarks that introduce a book or some discourse. In other words, for speaking, basically words that come before the main text or the main content. So the preface is section where the author gets to make additional comments, remarks, or provide additional context for their book or some other content that they are presenting. So if you see a preface in a book, then that preface is probably going to describe the subject of the book, how that book came to be, and what is seeks to accomplish, what is the goal and the vision of the book? And here on the right-hand side we have an image and a preface. Usually looks something like this. Now there's another word which is similar and often confused Witches forward. So do not confuse preface with forward. Although if you look at the literal meaning of the two things, of the two words of preface and forward. They both seem to mean the same thing, which is the word that comes before something, or that which is stated before something, right? Literally, they both seem to mean the same thing, but there is a difference. And the difference is that a forward is that part which is written by someone other than the author. Forward is also something that comes before the main content of the book or of the discourse. But a four word is written by someone other than the author, whereas a preface is written by the author himself or herself. Okay, so that brings us to the end of our discussion on the different words related to the Latin phi. Let's take a look at the words that we looked at in this section. So for the main words, we looked at affable, nefarious and multifarious. And then in this video we looked at some related words including infant, ineffable, fable and preface. In the next video, I have a practice challenge for you to test your understanding. So I'll see you there. 55. FARI: Practice Exercise: Alright, welcome to this video in which we have a practice challenge for you. It is a fill-in-the-blank questionnaire on the different words that we have learned related to the Latin phi. So here we go. On the left-hand side, we have the words that we covered in this section. And then on the right-hand side, we have the definitions of each of these words with some parts that are missing. So what you have to do is you have to figure out the correct meaning of each of the parts of the world on the left-hand side. And recall the correct meaning of the root words and the prefixes and suffixes that are involved in each of the words on the left. Go ahead and pause this video now and answer all of the questions. Alright, I hope you had a chance to answer all of these questions. We will now go ahead and look at the correct answers. Here we go. So our first word is multifarious, which means a person or thing full of many expressions or aspects. So that ous, ending at the end means full of or characteristic of both are correct. And multi means many or multiple, as in the word multiply. So a person or thing full of many different expressions or aspects, fatty more specifically means to speak, but speaking as a form of expression so you can see how the meaning is still related. The next word that we have is affable, which means a person who can be easily spoken to. In other words, a person who is approachable. Next up we have infant, and infant is a young child or baby that is not yet able to speak. And do you remember what do we call a child who is able to start walking? This is a child 1-4 years of age. Do you remember the correct answer is toddler. The next word that we have here is nefarious. Nefarious means full of so much wickedness as to not to be spoken off. Remember, nefarious means something or someone that is very unlawful, illegal, or evil, and we don't talk about evil things. Next word is Fable. Of fable is a story that enables the telling of moral lessons. Do you remember when we see the able suffix at the end of a noun? That suffix means an instrument, something that allows us to do something just like a table allows us to put things on top of it. And this table allows us to keep horses in it. A fable allows us to impart moral lessons, particularly through a story. Or a fable is basically a moral story. Next up we have the word ineffable, which means which is not capable of being expressed. Outwards that E F part in the word ineffable, which is in the color gray, means out or outwards. So you can just say that which is not capable of being expressed. I've just put outwards here just to highlight the different parts of the world so that it's clear to you how it is that the parts of the world come together to give rise to the meaning. So something that is expressed is naturally expressed outwards into the world. So we don't really need to say outwards because it's redundant. Matter of fact, the word out appears in the word express itself. X in the beginning of Express actually means out. So we don't have to say outwards is just redundant. But I hope you can see how it is that the parts of the world come together to make up the meaning. Finally, we have the word preface, which means introductory remarks that are mentioned before the main text of a book. That brings us to the end of this section on Friday. 56. PULSO/PELLO: Introduction: We're now ready to discuss a new root word, which is from Latin, pool. So which means to push or to drive. You'll notice another root word in there, which is value and pools and bellow are essentially the same root word. There are just two different forms of the same root word. The only main difference is, is that there is a little bit more intense form of pools, so, okay, but the meaning is the same to push or to drive. So first, let's take a look at how you can remember this root word. So we have the word poles in the English language, which is from Latin, pools. So, and pulse is basically a throb, a stroke, or a beat as in a heartbeat. So you must have seen a graph like this that shows a pulse of a patient in a hospital bed, e.g. so a pulse is basically a bead that pushes or drives a certain rhythm. Now let's take a look at the words that we are going to be learning in this section, we're going to start off with some main words that are related directly to people. And we're gonna be talking about impulsive, compulsive, and repulsive. And then we're gonna move on to talking about some related words. And these related words are going to be using the Latin root word value, which as you will recall, is the same as pool. So the only difference being that it denotes a slightly greater intensity. So the related words that we're gonna be looking at include impel, dispel, propel, and finally appeal. So I'll see you in the next video where we go over our first word for this section. 57. PULSO/PELLO: Impulsive: In this video, we're looking at the word impulsive, which is an adjective made up of three parts. The first M is from the Latin suffix, in, which means into, on or upon. So you will notice that in this case, we have a risk spelling. The n changes to m depending on the letter that follows it. You've probably seen this prefix in words including indirect, ingest, or imbibe. So to inject something means to drive or force some sort of a liquid or a drug inside of some person's body or some animal's body. So when you inject something, you are driving something inside of someone's body, usually through a syringe or some other similar device. Ingest means to consume something and also take something into one's body, but through the process of swallowing some things such as when you swallow food. And finally, to imbibe means to drink in. And it's a word that we particularly use for drinking alcohol. Again, you will notice that in the word imbibe, we have a risk spelling, so that Latin prefix in undergoes a risk spelling and changes to m or m When it comes before the letters b, m, or p. Now we have the middle part, which is from Latin, pool, so meaning to push or to drive. And finally, we have the English suffix IV or IV, meaning having the nature of or having the characteristic of. So putting that together, we have the word impulsive, which is an adjective. And literally we can translate it to the following definition. It means having the nature of acting upon the drive or the urge of some emotional stimuli or some involuntary stimuli. So dogs come to mind, right? Because dogs immediately salivate in the presence of food. They're very impulsive. Soon as they see food, they're going to jump at it. So first, let's talk about what exactly our impulses, impulses are, short, quick feelings. And if you are in the habit of acting on them, then you would be considered an impulsive person. E.g. maybe you have a remote and it has this big red button right in the center and you don't quite know what it does, but you feel very curious. You feel very excited about finding out. And you ask yourself, what does this button do? And if you were to act on your desire or excitement or emotions in that moment. In other words, if you were to act on your impulses and decided to press that button without actually knowing what it's gonna do, then you would be an impulsive person. This means that you are someone who act on instinct without thinking your decisions through. In other words, your actions are prematurely expressed, unnecessarily risky and very likely to be inappropriate to the situation at hand. So let's take a look at a couple more examples of impulsive behavior. Let's say that you have worked for months to save up for a vacation, but suddenly you decide to spend it all On a diamond ring because you just love the way it looks. Well, that would be a very impulsive decision because you work so hard to save up all that money. And then in an instant, you decided to spend it all on a diamond ring. Or maybe you're trying to lose weight. But then you smell some really delicious food, cooking or baking like Simpson over here. And you decide to eat it anyway as a result of acting on your impulse or on your instinct. In other words, you're only thinking about the pleasure that you're going to derive in the present moment without any regard for future consequences. One thing that grocery stores really like to do, well, they love to stock chocolate right at the checkout line because they hope that some of you customers out there will impulsively by them. So here I have a clip for you from the movie, The mask in which we have the character Stanley, who is a repressed man and he just wants to be able to do whatever the **** he feels like in the moment. So when he discovers a wooden mask or magical mask, every time he puts it on, his hidden desires come to the surface. Let's take a look. Do you really, really, really old? So as you can see, the mask is a character who acts entirely on how he feels in the present moment without any regard for future consequences. This is not something that he just does once in a while. No, this is how he always is. In this case, he sees a girl whom he really likes and immediately starts acting on his impulses and emotions. So that is what it means to be impulsive. And we're ready to wrap up this video with a quick discussion of the different modifications of this word. So as we discussed, impulsive is an adjective, but if we take away that if suffix at the end, what we get is another word which is related, which is impulse. An impulse, as we discussed, is a sudden strong urge to act upon an instinct or upon an emotion in the moment. If we add the suffix or the ION noun suffix, then the word becomes impulsion. Impulsion means the condition or state of being impulsive. If we add the suffix, we turn it into an adverb, changing the world into impulsively, meaning in an impulsive manner to turn it into another noun, we add the noun suffix ity, which turns it into impulsivity, meaning the quality of being impulsive. It's very closely related to the idea of impulsion. And essentially these two words are synonyms. And finally, we have another noun, variation of this word, which is impulsiveness, which means the state or condition of being impulsive. Again, this is just another synonym for impulsion or impulsivity. And there we have all the different variations of the word impulsive. 58. PULSO/PELLO: Compulsive: In this video, we're looking at the word compulsive, which is an adjective. This word is made up of three parts. The first is from Latin, corn, meaning with or together. This is a prefix that you've probably seen in words such as comrade. Literally, comrade means someone with whom you share a room. So someone whom you share a room together, where is your comrade? In other words, a close friend or an ally. We also see this prefix in coincidence. So a coincidence is an incident that happens to coincide with another event that happens to happen at the same time with another event in an unexpected or accidental manner. And finally, we see this prefix in the word collaborate, which means to work together with someone or some group of people. So what you'll notice here is that this prefix undergoes a change in spelling depending on the letters that follow it. So that gone prefix can turn into com or it can turn into CO, CO. And now this code part, this co prefix is also something that we see in words such as copilot or co author or co-founder. So whenever there are two founders or two authors who happened to collaborate together, we say that they are co authors or co founders. Now moving on, we have the middle part of the word, which is from Latin, pool, so meaning to push or to drive, as we've already seen. And finally, we have the English suffix if, meaning having the nature of. So putting that together, we have the word compulsive, which is an adjective. Now, here is the definition that we have arrived at or derive that using the parts of the world. So we had to derive the meaning, the definition in a sort of winded manner and does not a straight forward definition because oftentimes language is not a mathematical equation with which we can easily derive at the definition using the parts of the world. A lot of times this can work, but not every time. And in this case, we have such a situation in which we don't have a mathematical derivation, so to speak, of the definition that we are able to derive that from the parts of the word. But you will see that you are still able to get a sense of the definition if we put the parts of the word together. So in this case, deriving a redefinition is more of an art rather than a mathematical equation. So let's take a look at this definition. Compulsive can be interpreted as being characteristic of acting upon one's drive or urge together with an irresistible desire. So, in other words, we are talking about an irresistible desire, an urge that is contrary or irrational, contrary to one's, well, and therefore probably irrational. So let's explore this meaning a little bit more. Let's get some more insight into this world. Now, let's talk about what are compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that the individual fields they must perform in order to ward off some distressing situation. E.g. some people just like to fiddle around with things. Some people like to compulsively doodle on their paper or press buttons or bite their fingernails. All of these are examples of compulsive behaviors. In other words, what it means is you just cannot stop yourself from doing certain things. So e.g. if you are a compulsive gossip per, then that means that you just cannot keep a secret. Or maybe you'd like to compulsively count the number of sidewalk blocks on your way to school. Or maybe you are a compulsive eater who likes to eat whatever you see inside. In this case, you would be considered both an impulsive person as well as a compulsive person. You are impulsive because you're acting on your emotional impulse in the moment of eating that delicious cookie. And at the same time, you are compulsive because this is a behavior that you continue to do. And this is a behavior that you are unable to stop yourself from doing so. In other words, eating nonstop has become a bad habit. Now we're, I want to illustrate a final example from the Netflix TV show called the squid games, in which we have the main character, song, who is a compulsive gambler? What exactly is it that makes him a compulsive gambler? Well, let's take a look. No. So as you saw, song is a character who just cannot stop gambling even when he continues losing round after round and continuous getting slapped cheek after cheek. So that is what it means to be compulsive. It means to not be able to stop yourself from doing the things that you are doing, especially when you know that they are harmful or irrational. Finally, let's wrap up this video with a quick discussion on the different modifications of this word. So compulsive is an adjective, as we know by now. But to turn it into a noun, we can add the suffix which would turn the world into compulsion, meaning the condition of being compulsive. If you want to turn this into another noun, referring to another state or condition, then we can also add ness suffix at the end, turning the world into compulsive minus, meaning again, the state or condition of being compulsive. So compulsion and impulsiveness are synonyms. If you want to turn it into an adverb, then we add the suffix, turning the world into compulsively, meaning in a compulsive manner. Finally, if you add the suffix at the end, then the word becomes compulsive, meaning the quality or tendency of being compulsive. Again, similar in its meaning to impulsiveness and two, compulsion. So these three nouns are basically synonyms for each other. And that brings us to the end of the word compulsive. 59. PULSO/PELLO: Repulsive: Welcome back. In this video, we're looking at the word repulsive, which is an adjective. Now this word is made up of three parts. First from Latin, meaning again or back. The middle is from Latin, pool, so to push or to drive. And finally, the English suffix, if, meaning having the nature of or being characteristic of. So putting that together, we have an adjective which literally translates to having the nature of pushing back or away. So if you go up to a person and you feel that they have certain characteristics or certain traits tend to push you away from them than they would be considered a repulsive person. In other words, repulsive means something that arouses intense disgust. So if you are repulsed by some person, it means that you feel strong disgust towards them. And that disgust is the quality that this other person has that is pushing you away from them. Repulsive is a word that we can use for both people and things. So if something is repulsive, then it means you have such a strong emotional reaction to it, a strong emotional reaction of disgust that you don't want to be anywhere near it. Here are some examples, e.g. dead bodies or rotting meat. These are very repulsive things. Of course you want to stay away from them. Or body products like urine or mucus, or a person without manners. Now, I want to show you a small clip from a TV show called natural born killers, in which ad is a father to a daughter called Mallory. And Ed, as you will see, it's a very repulsive person in many different ways. You look nice, Mallory. Yeah. Thanks. Well, I'm gonna go now. I'll be back at me and say, What are you wearing? A broomstick in a trash bag. Once you put some meat on your lighting, it'll be missing the opening. So as you saw in this clip, and is a completely repulsive character on many ground. First of all, he's just disgusting in the way that he dresses. He's also disgusting in the manner that he eats his food, which spills all over his clothes when he eats, he also talks with his mouthful and he lacks manners. So he talks in an offensive way that pushes his daughter away from him and makes her not want to be around him. And this show is a dark comedy. So actually add, is also a character who actually raped his daughter when she was little. So as you can see, all of these are different examples of repulsiveness all packed into this one character. Finally, let's talk about the modifications of this word. If we remove the suffix than the word that we're left with is repulse, which is a verb. So repulse means to repel or push something away. If we add the Sion suffix, the word becomes repulsion, meaning the state or condition of being repulsive. To turn it into an adverb, we add the suffix, changing the world into repulsive, meaning in a repulsive manner. And finally, to turn it into another noun, we add the nest suffix, changing the word into repulsiveness, meaning the state of being repulsive, which is a synonym for repulsion. 60. PULSO/PELLO: Related Words: Welcome back. Now that you know, the main words that we looked at mainly related to pool. So we are now ready to take a look at related words. And in this video, we're gonna be looking at related words that are from the Latin value. And if you will recall, pull so and value are basically the same root word with the same meaning. They just happen to be different forums of each other. So in this video, we're going to be covering these four words, starting with impel than, dispel, propel, and finally, appeal. So let's take a look at our first word, which is impel. This word is made up of two parts. The first part is the Latin prefix in meaning into n or upon. The second part is our main root word, which is from Latin, meaning to push or to drive. So putting that together, we have the word impel, which is a verb, meaning to drive or urge someone to do something by using a strong force. And the strong force can be some sort of a motive or incentive. Now, let's understand the difference between another word which you may have seen. This word is compel. So we have two words that are very similar. We have impel and compel. The meaning of the two words is also very similar. So you will see that impel and compel both contain the idea of using physical or some other force in order to cause something to be done. So in that sense, they are similar in meaning, but here is the difference. You see compel means to make someone yield, and this is likely to be against someone's will. Whereas impel means to motivate someone by using a strong force, such as an incentive. E.g. we might say that fate compels us to face danger. Or you might say that your poor economic situation has compelled you to take up a job, right? So here's the difference. Compel means that you are made to do something that is likely to be against your will. You did not want to take up a job, but because of your poor economic condition, you were compelled to take up a job. In other words, the force that is used in empower and compel our different impel implies a weaker force compared to compel. To be compelled means to be faced with a greater force than if you are impelled. Now here I have a scene for you from the movie Liar, Liar, in which we have the character Fletcher played by Jim Carrey, who in this particular case is compelled to tell the truth. You see, throughout his life, he has been a compulsive liar. That means that he's a liar who just cannot stop lying, right? Do you remember that word from before? Compulsive. So Fletcher is a compulsive liar. But one night when his son sees a shooting star, he prays to the heavens, that may his dad become a truth teller. So the next morning, when Fletcher wakes up, he finds out that he's simply unable to tell a lie. In other words, he is compelled to tell the truth. Let's take a look. Whatever it takes the focus off your head. What's up? What's your cholesterol? You're not important enough to remember. What's it gonna be, Mr. Mark eventually? Regard six, Don't you can read this matter of willpower. So that was an example of the word compelled. Now I want to show you another example of the word impel, so that you can see in action the difference between the forces that are at play in compel, It's a much greater force. Fletcher is compelled to tell the truth even when he doesn't want to end. Now, Let's take a look at another scene in which he impels his ex-wife to get back together with him. Here's what I want you to pay attention to. Notice that Fletcher is trying to influence his ex-wives decision by giving her an incentive. Do you remember that when we are impelling someone, we are trying to motivate them by giving them an incentive. We're not making them do something against their will, but we are trying to incentivize them in order to get someone to do something for us. In this case, Fletcher is trying to convince his ex-wife to get back together with him by giving her an incentive that he's going to become a better dad. Take a look. What if I come over right after court likes to play ball with max, didn't you? And I can sit down and talk before you make any rash decisions. Now, we are leaving tonight. Please forgive me one more chance. Throwing myself on the mercy of the court. I lost you. Please don't make me lose mix to give me a chance to be the fodder I started out. I hope it is now clear to you the difference between impel and compel. We're now ready for our next word, which is dispel. Now this word is also made up of two parts. The first part is the Latin prefix days, meaning away. Now, be sure to not confuse this prefix with another prefix, which is also this. And that means lack of or not or opposite of. So e.g. if we say dishonest, it means the opposite of honesty or lacking in honesty. Or if we say disallow, it means to not allow. So this is a different prefix with a different meaning. So do not confuse the two. In this case, when we use the prefix this, we are talking about the away meaning. And as you know, the second part just means to push or to drive. Putting that together, we have the verb dispel, which means dr away in different directions. In other words, to get rid of something by dispersing it or by scattering it. Now, take note that when we talk about dispel, we're talking about driving something away in different directions, right? So this means that it is a word that we cannot use for a single indivisible thing. This means that you can dispel a pack of wild dogs. But if you're talking about a lone wolf, then you cannot dispel it away because there's only one. So dispel is something that you only use when you are talking about multiple things. E.g. if we're talking about a bunch of criminals who are trying to attack you and you dispel them away in different directions, that would be a valid use of the word. Or you can also use it for emotional states like fears, worries, or anxieties. These are emotions that you can dispel away or if the students in your school or spreading a lot of rumors about you, then maybe you can shed some light by telling the truth and dispel those rumors. So to sum it up, you can use this word for things, for people, for emotions, or even for abstract things like rumors and lies. Now let's move on to our next word which is propel. Propel, the first part is from Latin pro, meaning forward and the main route in there is Latin, meaning to push or to drive. So this is also a verb which means to drive onward or to cause something to move forward. Now here we have an example, two examples. In fact, on the left we have an airplane, and on the right-hand side we have a rocket. Now notice here what we have is a propeller. What is a propeller? If you'll recall that E r suffix at the end means a person or a thing that promotes some action. In this case, a propeller is something that promotes the action of propelling. In other words, promotes the action of causing, in this case, the airplane to move forward. In technical terms of propeller is just a mechanical device that helps to propel a boat or an aircraft through some blades that revolve around. Now, related to this word is another word which is propellant. And suffix at the end has a basically similar meaning. It means something or some agent that promotes some action. So a propellant is some mass that is expelled or expanded in such a way that it creates a thrust or a force that allows something to move forward. So this thrust that is being created in the rocket is being created by what is called a propellant. In this case, what we have is a combination of the rocket fuel and oxidizer, which burn up and get expelled out, get thrust it out. That allows rockets To propel upwards. So to sum it up to propel means to cause something to move forward, just like you might see, a sheepdog that propels a herd of sheep forward. Now, let's talk about our final word, wishes, appeal. Appeal is made up of two parts. The prefix is from Latin, add meaning to or towards. And this is a prefix that you have seen in words like advertisement, right? An advertisement is something that turns you towards a product node. That ad, in this case gets repelled to app with a p instead of d. And this is something that happens before letters. B like boy, and P like Peter. And the main part of the word is of course from Latin, meaning to push or to drive. So putting that together, we have a pill, which is a verb, and it means to push, so to speak, to push a request towards another person. In other words, it means to ask for something, to address someone, or to call upon someone, or to call upon someone or something. It is particularly used to make a serious or urgent request. Now, this is a word that does have many other definitions. So I just want to quickly brush over some of the main definitions, some of the most common definitions. So as we saw before, the main definition, the primary way in which you're going to see this word being used is as a verb, meaning to make a serious request, especially one that is made to the public. But this word does have other definitions as well. So let's take a look. So the first is a noun definition, so appeal is a verb, but it can also be used as a noun referring to a serious request that is made especially to the public or as a verb, it can also mean to apply to a higher court for reversal of some decision that was made by the lower cord. So to appeal to a higher court in order to reverse a decision that was made. Or as a noun, it can also refer to an application that is filed to a higher court for a decision to be reversed. Or we can use it as a noun to refer to the quality of being attractive or interesting, e.g. when we talk about the popular appeal of football or basketball or some TV show. And finally, you may have seen the phrase sex appeal, which is also a noun, is a noun phrase referring to the quality of being attractive. But in this case, in a sexual way, of course, we have the word sex in front, but it is similar to this other meaning when we talk about the popular appeal of football. So appeal can mean to be attractive. So take a look at this clip in which we have the character Patch Adams, played by Robin Williams, who is appealing to the medical students. That's one of his appeals. Take note that appeals, as I used it just now, is a noun. So Patch Adams is making an appeal to his students. That is, the use of the word as a noun. Or we can say that Patch Adams is appealing to the students. But you will see in this scene that he's not only appealing to the students, but he is also appealing to the medical board to let him graduate. Every human being has an impact on another. Why don't we want that in a patient-doctor relationship? That's why I've listened to your teachings and I believe they're wrong. A doctor's mission should be not just to prevent death, but also to improve the quality of life. That's why you treat a disease. You, when you lose, you treat a person. I guarantee you when, no matter what the outcome. Now here today, this room is full of medical students. Don't let them anesthetize. You don't let them know MUX out to the miracle of life. Always live in all of the glorious mechanism of the human body. Let that be the focus of your studies and not a quest for grades, which will give you no idea what kind of Dr. you will be considered Adams, please turn. Wait till you're on the ward to get your humanity back. Start your interviewing skills now start talking to strangers, talk to your friends, talk to wrong numbers, talk to everyone, Mr. Adams, and cultivate friendships with those amazing people standing in the back of the room, nurses that can teach you. They've been with people every day. They wade through blood and ****. They have a wealth of knowledge to share with you. Instead of the professors you respect the ones are not dead from the heart up. Share their compassion. Let that be convinced you that on the side, good man. That you turn on addressed the border. I want to be a Dr. with all my heart. In this scene, as you saw, patch did some things that weren't really aligned with the medical policies of this institute. And because of that, he got in trouble. So he probably had to file an appeal to the medical board in order to let him graduate. And this brings us to the end of our discussion on the Latin root word pool. So, and it's other variation. So let's take a look at the words that we learned in this section. We started off by first looking at main words that come from the Latin pool. So we looked at impulsive, compulsive, and repulsive. In this video, we took a look at some secondary words that come from Latin, pelo. And we looked at impel, dispel, propel, and appeal in the next video, I have a practice challenge for you. So I hope you are ready to take a guess at some new words that you haven't yet seen and guess their meanings based on your understanding of the Latin root word pool. So. 61. PULSO/PELLO: Practice Exercise: Alright, now let's jump right into it. We have a practice exercise for you for this section on pulsar add bello. So here we have a mix-and-match exercise for you. And as you've seen before, on the left-hand side, we have some new words and you have to match them to their correct definitions on the right-hand side. So go ahead and pause this video now and played only once you have answered all of these questions and played only once you have written down your answers for each of these four words, go ahead and pause the video now. Okay, I hope you had the chance to list down the correct definitions for each of these words, we're now going to go over the correct answers. So the first word is repel. The correct answer was the letter D. Repel means to push back or to drive something away. E.g. a. Mosquito repellent is something that repels away the mosquitoes next word was expel. The correct answer for which was the letter C, meaning to drive or cast out. In other words, to force someone to leave some place, e.g. if you do some bad stuff, then maybe your school will expel you. In other words, they're gonna cast you out by fours. And they're going to say that you cannot come back into the school until you meet certain requirements. Next up, we have the word repeal, the correct answer for which was the letter P, meaning to take back or to revoke some law or policy. In other words, it means to call something back or to withdraw something. E.g. if a certain governmental policy is not working out, then they may choose to repeal that policy and replace it with another one that is better suited. Finally, we have the word compelling. The correct answer for which is the letter a, meaning to drive or to urge in an irresistible manner with the use of some physical or moral force. So we already looked at the word compel, and we already talked about how compel is the use of some very strong force. But we can also use the word compelling to talk about something that has a strong physical or moral force, e.g. in a sentence, we could say that the evidence showing that the overconsumption of meat causes heart attacks is very compelling. And this brings us to the end of this section on Buso and value. 62. BONUS: Introduction: Hey guys, welcome back. First of all, I want to congratulate you for having made it this far into the course. Because now we have finished looking at all of the main root words for talking about people in this course. And so as a gift for having made it this far into the course, I wanted to reward you with some extra bonus words. So in this section, we're going to be looking at some words that are named after people. The technical word for words that are named after people is eponyms. Eponyms, if we're talking about plural, eponyms, is a word that is made up of two parts. Epi means upon or after, and NIM is from anima, meaning name. So an eponyms is essentially a word that is named after the name of some person, e.g. the word America is named after the Italian mapmaker Amerigo Vespucci. America is an acronym. So in this section, we're going to be learning some eponyms. And here are these bonus words that you are going to be seeing in this section, starting with chauvinist, then we'll look at narcissist than modelling. And finally, Maverick. So let's just jump right into it. I'll see you in the next video where we talk about the word chauvinist. 63. BONUS: Chauvinist: Alright, in this video, we're looking at the word chauvinist, which is a noun. And as you can see, Mr. show van over here is very injured and we'll talk about that in just a minute. But first, let's break down this word. The word chauvinist has two parts. The first main part is from the name Nicholas show von Nicholas show var was a French soldier in the army of Napoleon Bonaparte. So this is an image of him or reconstruction of what people believe he may have looked like. The second part of the word is just the English suffix, meaning a person who does. So putting that together, we have the following definition. Or chauvinist is a person who is like show von. So we now have to understand what exactly was it. I was like, well, in a nutshell, show one was a blind and fervent believer in the superiority of his cars and off his group. So anyone who believes in the superiority of their cause or off their group can be considered a chauvinist. However, this word has evolved in its meaning over the past decades. So let's talk about that quickly. So first of all, who was Nicholas? Show one, as we talked about, he was a soldier in Napoleon's army. However, he wasn't just a normal soldier. He was in fact considered the most loyal soldier there was. Why? Well, first of all, he was wounded 17 times in his nation's service. And the result of this was that he suffered permanent injuries and disfigurement. Despite of all this, he continued singing praises about his cause, his group, and continued participating in wars. And because of this loyalty, Napoleon actually rewarded him with the saber of honor, which was the sword given as a reward of loyalty. So Nikola show von was a fanatical Bonaparte test. Here we have an image of Napoleon Bonaparte going to war and show var was portrayed as being a soldier who was always there beside him. Despite his disfigurement and his wounds. He always loudly touted his blind and zealous devotion to Napoleon even after the Emperor, Napoleon was long ousted and exiled out of his country. So Napoleon was no longer even in charge because he was exiled. But show von still continue to sing his praise. And because of this, Nikola show VLAN became a figure of ridicule and idiocy. Take note however, that Nicholas show von may have been a fictional character. We don't really know if it was real, but most of the evidence suggests that he was probably a fictional made-up character. But this word spread internationally and this ridiculous patriotism came to be captured in this term, chauvinism. In the original sense, when we talked about the word chauvinism, it was used to simply talk about some fanatical belief in some cause or some group. And this term was later picked up by communist parties and it was modified to race chauvinism or white chauvinism in order to talk about the racism that happened in the US and in order to better be able to fight the racism in the US. And inspired by this term that was used by the communists, women of the Communist Parties also took on this term and modified it to male chauvinism to talk about the prejudice that they felt perpetuated by the males in the country. So they took on this term male chauvinism and later this term male chauvinism. And alongside it, another term, male chauvinist pig, started circulating in publications, newspapers, and magazines to talk about these prejudices that happened against women. So the word male chauvinist was later contracted to simply chauvinist, and that is what we mean today. So today when we talk about the word chauvinist and when we use this word, we are using it to describe the male prejudice against women. In other words, the belief that men are superior to women. And this is of course, a belief that is held by men because it's all about believing in the superiority of one's own group. So of course, if a man is a chauvinist, it means that the man believes that his group of males is superior to the other groups, in this case, the group of women. Take note that the word chauvinism, first of all, it's derogatory. It's a negative word that we use as an insult. And another thing to note about this word is its belligerent. Quality and it has a belligerent quality. Belligerent by the way, means to be eager to fight. Chauvinism has this belligerent quality and probably because it has been used by the communist parties to talk about racism and other such prejudices. But also because the word chauvinism itself comes from the context of military. And so it comes from the context of war. So because of this as well, it probably has this belligerent quality. Now here I want to show you an example of what male chauvinism looks like. This is a short interview clip from the year 1990. And here you can see how the men that were being interviewed really do believe in the superiority of their group. Let's take a look at really the main people in the woman's lived movement, or just a big fat, ugly feminists to attract men and that's their problem. Man has been on this earth for millions of years. He's been here before I got married. While this is very reasonable because of the threat and challenge around, since I've gotten get me on breakfast this morning. A big change on. Your wife had that effect on event? Yeah. I mean, well, they just got it from me before I can talk about my mother actually go through women's rights and all this has become a total pain in the backside of that. And I would say not only for, for kitchens and megabytes and berries and every chauvinist. So as you can see in this video, the men being interviewed in this video believed that their group of men is superior to women. That men are more intelligent and more capable in many ways. So this is an example of chauvinism inaction. And you can probably see how chauvinism goes hand-in-hand with sexism and misogyny. Do you remember those two words? Sexism is when we classify what a person should do or act like based on their gender, e.g. a woman should be cooking and cleaning and spending time at home with the children while men should be out working. That is a sexist viewpoint. Misogyny, on the other hand, is the systemic oppression of women. And lysogeny is something that can be perpetuated by both men and women. In most cases, it is perpetuated by men, but it can also be perpetuated by women. Misogyny means the hatred of women or the dislike of women, or the prejudice against women. So sexism, misogyny, and chauvinism are concepts that are very interrelated, yet they have their own differences. And I hope that you can understand and see these differences. Now I want to talk about one more difference. There is a word called machismo, and this also seems to be a related concept. Machismo means to have a strong sense of manliness, or a strong sense of masculine pride, or an exaggerated sense of masculinity. You see macho men ostentatiously display their bravery, their manhood, and their toughness. Ostentatious, by the way, means to float something, to show off something in order to gain praise or admiration. So macho man like to show off how masculine they are by showing their full chest of hair, e.g. as we see Gaston doing over here from the film, Beauty and the Beast, or a macho man might like to show his muscles or his Ferrari or some other such thing. But in essence, macho men like to display their bravery, manhood, and toughness. Finally, I want to go over some modifications of this word. So as we talked about, chauvinist is a noun. But if we want to talk about another noun, in particular, if we want to talk about the practice of this prejudice, then we would add ism, and then the word would become chauvinism, meaning the practice of or the belief in the superiority of ones, cause, kind, or group. If you want to turn it into an adjective, we turn the world into chauvinistic, meaning, characteristic of chauvinism. And finally, to turn it into an adverb, we add the suffix and the word becomes chauvinistic, meaning in a show urbanistic manner. 64. BONUS: Narcissist: In this video, we're looking at the word narcissist, which is a noun, is a word made up of two parts. The first is from the Greek Narcissus, who was a mythological character, a beautiful youth. In Greek mythology. You must have heard the story of narcissus. So this is Narcissus looking at himself, looking at a reflection of himself in a pond and falling madly in love with his own reflection. Now there are multiple variations of the story. There are different versions of the story, but the general premise is that narcissist was so impossibly handsome that he falls in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water. And unable to capture his reflection. He stays by the pond until he starves to death. And then flowers start growing out of his dead body, or in other versions in the place where he died. And these flowers came to be known as narcissus. Now, it's interesting to note that there is a root word in here, which is the Greek narc. And this is a root word that we see in the word and archosaurs. And possibly this is the same root word that appears in words such as narcotic, Narcos is, and narcolepsy. So this Greek root word narc means numbness. And it may be due to these sedative effect of the plant called Narcissus. It may be because some plant or some family of this plan contained the sedative effect. So because of this, it is possible that the word Nakasone contains the same root word, narc. Now, we're not 100% sure about it, but the evidence points that this may be a possibility. So I wanted to mention that because it is interesting because this is a root word that we do see in these other words, as I mentioned before. So narcotic e.g. means a substance which directly induces sleep. In other words, a substance with numbing or parallelizing effects. Narcos is our second word that we see here, is a state of unconsciousness that is caused by a narcotic. In other words, a state of stupor, drowsiness, or unconsciousness that is produced by drugs. And finally, we have the word narcolepsy, which is asleep disorder. It is a condition that is characterized by the tendency to fall asleep at any random time during the day. So basically, it is a condition in which you get attacks of sleep. So you suddenly become numb and paralyzed and you fall asleep. You can see how this root word narc, it may be related to the word narco source because in the mythology, the flower narcissist grows where the character narcissist or market source dies. Finally, the last part of the word, as you've seen many times before, just means a person who does. So a narcissist is a person who is like narcissist. And what was narcissist like? Well, he's known to be excessively self admiring because he does end up falling in love with himself. He's also said to have had a very big ego, which is why he's said to have been punished by a name because he had such a big ego. So narcissist is a derogatory term. When we use it in everyday speech, we are using it to talk about someone who is excessively solve, admiring. So someone who is too full of themselves, that is a narcissistic person. So take note that this is a word that can be used in everyday conversation in day-to-day speech, as well as in the medical context. So it can have a clinical use as well. So I want to first talk about the characteristics of what a narcissistic person is like. So if you are a narcissist, you are someone who is excessively obsessed with love and admiration from other people. You're also very obsessed with your own feelings. And because of that, you lack empathy, because you're too focused on your own self. And finally, you are obsessed with unlimited perfection, beauty, love, or power. So when we use the word narcissist in everyday speech, we are using it to describe someone who is excessively self admiring. In other words, we are using it as an insult. In this case, we have a character to honey from the TV show, The Good Place in which we have a little quote over here. She says, I would say I myself, but I'm always this code, so I simply did myself. So this is a little joke, but if you have seen the show, you will know that honey is excessively self admiring. She also believes that she is superior to other people, and she also checks off the other boxes that we talked about, the other criteria of what it takes to be a narcissist, e.g. she's very obsessed with getting love from other people and admiration from other people. And as a child, she always competed with our sister for her parent's attention and she's always seeking validation. So when we use narcissist, we use it in this way in everyday speech as an insult. When we are talking about this word in the clinical context, of course, it is not really an insult because we're using it to describe a medical disorder. So when these characteristics of self admiration and selfishness are taken to their extreme, they can become what we call narcissistic personality disorder in clinical language, it is a condition known as NPD narcissistic personality disorder. So here I have an example for you from the movie American cycle in which you can see how the word narcissist or the concept of narcissism is used in a clinical context. Let's take a look. It's not a gram. New card. What do you think? Oh, very nice. Look at that. Pick them up from the printers yesterday. Good colorant, that's bone. And the lettering is something called Caelian Braille is very cool. Bateman, but that's nothing. Is really nice. Egg shell with remodeling and type. What do you think? Cheeses. That is really super ad and it went like you get so tasteful. I can't believe that Bryce prefers Van Patton's card to mind. Let's see Paul Allen's card. Look at that subtle off-white coloring. A tasteful thickness of it. Oh my God. It even has a watermark. Patrick. So as you can see from this clip, Patrick Bateman's ego, Patrick Bateman, by the way, is the main character played by Christian Bale in this film. His ego is so big and yet at the same time, so fragile that something as insignificant as a business card can make him extremely insecure and his entire sense of self-worth depends so heavily on this external object, as insignificant as a business card. In fact, it bothers Patrick so much that Paul Allen's business card is much superior to him, is that he's enraged By the superiority of his business card in the actually ends up murdering a homeless man and his dog later that same night. So when self admiration is taken to this extreme, it becomes a medical condition. And so when we are talking about a narcissist in this context, it is, of course, a very different use of the word. So now you understand how to use this word in both the conversational context as well as the medical context. Finally, now I want to show you the different modifications of this word. So narcissist is a noun referring to a person. But if we add ism, the word becomes narcissism, which is a noun, meaning the practice of excessive self admiration. In other words, vanity. Or if you want to turn it into an adjective, we turn the world into narcissistic, meaning, having the nature of or being characteristic of narcissism. And finally, to turn it into an adverb, we add the lease suffix and we have the word narcissist, typically meaning in a narcissistic manner. 65. BONUS: Maudlin: In this video, we're looking at the word modelling, which is an adjective. So this word is actually just made up of one part. And modelling is from this Greek name, Magdalene. Mary of Magdala was a supporter of Jesus. So here we have Mary Magdalene, or Magdalene, who is often portrayed as a center and probably a prostitute who meets Jesus and repents for her sins and pours oil on his feet in a gesture of humility, penitence, and repentance. So Mary Magdalene is often shown a lot of tears, often crying because she is repenting for her sins. Now often people think that Magdalene or Magdalene is a surname, but it is actually not. The word mug data is actually the name of a city that is located in the northern most region of ancient Palestine, which is now Northern Israel. So when we say Mary of Magdala, we're talking about Mary from the city of Magdala. And later that turned into Mary Magdalene, which people think is a lastname, but it is not. So the definition of the word is tearful or weeping, or self-pitying, or tearfully sentimental because Mary Magdalene was often portrayed in this tearful and weeping manner because she was repenting for her sins. But now when we talk about the word modeling, which comes from Magda, then we are using it to describe someone who is overly sentimental, who is tearful and weeping in an exaggerated manner, often through drunkenness. So you can use the word modeling to describe something that makes you feel very emotional. E.g. you can use the word to describe something that brings tears to your eyes. E.g. romantic movie like the Titanic or the Notebook. Or you can use it to describe a person who is overly sentimental, often in exaggerated way. So here I have an example for you from the movie 51st days, in which we have the actor Adam Sandler trying to get this girl's attention whom he likes by being overly sentimental. It's trying to get her attention by crying and exaggerated manner. So here you can see that he's acting in a modelling manner. What's the matter with him? Look like a stupid ******* to me. I didn't mean to startle you. Okay. I'm fine. I'm having a problem with something that isn't something that I can help you with? No, no, no, I just eat. So as you can see, Adam Sandler is being overly sentimental and he's exaggerating. It is almost artificial and kind of laughable situation. So we can use modelling in this way to describe someone who is being overly sentimental. Now, of course, in this case he's not being genuinely overly sentimental because he's just faking it to get the girls attention. But we can still use this word in this situation because it is a situation in which we see an exaggeration of tearful sentiment. So you can use the word modeling if someone is being overly sentimental in this pretentious way, or if someone is genuinely being overly sentimental, but kind of exaggerating the situation out of proportion to an absurd degree. Or if someone is weeping out of proportion to the situation through drunkenness. All of these are appropriate contexts in which you can use the word modelling. Now finally, I want to wrap up this video by talking about the different modifications of this word. Modelling is an adjective. And if you want to turn it into a noun, you would add ism, changing the world into modernism, meaning the state or practice of being modelling. Or to turn it into an adverb, we would add the least suffix, turning the world into modelling only, meaning in a modelling manner. 66. BONUS: Maverick: Welcome back. The final word we're looking at for our bonus section is the word maverick, which is both a noun and an adjective. So this word is made above one part, and it comes from the English name Samuel maverick, who was a Texas catalog owner. And this is a photo of Mr. Samuel Maverick. And the story behind this man goes that essentially one of his friends owed him $1,200. However, the friend was unable to pay him back in cash, and so his friend offered to pay him back in 400 head cattle instead of cash because his friend didn't have the cash. So SAML maverick accepted this payment and this is how he got into the cattle ranching business. But the thing is, Samuel Maverick was a busy man and also he didn't really know much about cattle ranching, so he would often just leave his cattle roaming around the farmland without actually branding them. So branding was a process in which the ranchers would press hot burning iron against the skins of these cows and cattle in order to brand them so that all the other ranchers would know who it is that that particular cattle belonged to. It was a way of marking ownership. So some versions tell us that SAML maverick didn't really have the time to do this. And other versions tell us that he was very kind-hearted, so he didn't actually want to hurt these cattle because it's a very painful process. So at the end of it, what happened was that these cattle were left roaming around on the farmland unbranded. And so nobody actually knew who they belong to. But the word spread that, hey, this ammo maverick, the only guy in town who doesn't like to brand his cattle. And so all the ranchers knew that if you see an unbranded Carol, it probably belongs to Samuel maverick. So the definition of the word, as it means today, as a noun, it means an unorthodox or independent minded person. In other words, a non-conformist. So a nonconformist, because sample Maverick was himself a nonconformist because the norm of the time was to brand the cattle so that everybody would know who the cattle belongs to. But maverick did not do this. So he act in an unorthodox manner or in an independent manner. He did what he wanted to do without actually carrying about the norm of the time. So as a noun, we use this word to talk about an unorthodox person. But you can also use the word as an adjective to mean unorthodox. So today, what the word has come to mean is a visionary, someone who is unorthodox but not in a negative way because you can be unorthodox and negative way as well. But that is not what we're talking about when we use the word maverick. When we say maverick, we're talking about an unorthodox person in a positive way, someone who likes to think outside the box. So in other words, someone who is a visionary, someone who is innovative and daring, a risk-taker, someone with a very high tolerance for risk, or someone who rebels against the standard norms and the established status quo. And someone who likes to think for themselves without conforming their viewpoints to those of others. So here I have an example for you of a maverick individual. If you have seen this film called Captain fantastic, really great film by the way. In this film, the main character is this man in the center dressed in the red suit and his name is Ben. Ben is a father to all of these children that you see him surrounded by. And he is a very unorthodox person because he likes to do things in a new way, in an unpredictable way. He likes to do things that are completely unorthodox. E.g. you can see how they dress. They are dressed in a very unorthodox manner. You see Ben has left society because it was his and his wife's decision to raise their children in the wild. They believed that modern society made people's bodies and minds week. It was their decision to raise their children in the wild. And so as part of raising their children in the wild, Ben does a lot of unorthodox things, e.g. every morning, Ben and all of his children climb up and down the mountains to train their minds and their bodies. They all live in the wild. All of his children are homeschooled, which is of course, very unorthodox, very unconventional because most children go to schools, but bends children don't. And yet at the same time, they happen to know all the important things that they need to know about the world, from philosophy to literature, to physics, to mathematics, politics. And much more. And later when the family hears the news that Leslie, the mother of these children, has passed away, they decide to go to the funeral and they find out that Leslie has been buried in a cemetery. And what do they do? Well, they find out that their mothers last wage was not to be buried in a cemetery, but rather to be burned as they do in the Indian cultures. So Ben and all of his children go to the cemetery at night, dig up their mother who was buried under a tomb, pull her out, put her in a van and take her to a natural place, this river, where they burn her dead body. And then they proceed to all sing and dance as per her mother's final wage? Well, almost final wage because you see, their mother was also a maverick. Her actual final wage was that after she is burned, her ashes should be flushed down the toilet to symbolize the cycle of life. And so that is what it means to be a maverick individual. The word can be used as an adjective or to be a maverick. The word can also be used as a noun. At this word has no other forms. It stands alone as both a noun and an adjective. 67. The End: Congratulations on having made it this far into the course, on having completed this course. I just want to say, I'm so proud of you and so happy that you have managed to finish all of the words that we learned in this course. Before we go, I want to give you a summary of everything that you have learned in this course. These are all the words that we went over our ten main root words and our little bonus section at the end. So you can look at this slide if you ever need to review something. And I want to encourage you to maybe even pause the video and take the time to try to recall the meanings of these different words. I want to thank you so much for your time. This brings us to the end of this course. And I look forward to seeing you in another course. If this is something that you enjoyed, if you like this course, then please do me a favor and leave a review about what you thought about this course. And if you have any suggestions for what can be improved, I'm always open to improving the content so that you can learn even better. Thank you once again, and I look forward to seeing you in another course.