Networking Fundamentals | Networking Terms, Commands, Hacking, WLAN Connection, Troubleshooting

1. Introduction : What is that network? Network is nothing but connecting two or more devices together. Let's say I have my system here. I have another system nearby me. I'm just taking a wire, I'm just taking a LAN cable. I'm connecting this work. So that's how it's called, doesn't improve. My system is here. My friend is in some other continent. What I'm doing is I'm connecting to that person with some router or whatever you want, then it's called as an attack. If two devices are connected together, it's called as two or more devices. It's not that you should be only told us that say I have some didn't know 20 devices near me. I'm connecting to all these devices so that they can solve my photos to other system and also I can receive some friends from the other system. So if poor systems are connected together, it can be wired or wireless. It can be in the same place or it can be in some other continents also, what most systems are countered together. It's not that it should be only system that can be some mobile forums or more devices connected together. It's called as a network. Then what is networking? When you start working on it, Let's say, Why do we connect to a remote system together in order to transfer some files, are in order to send him some sentence, received some messages. So when you do all of these, it's called as networking. Systems are when all the devices are connected together, it's called a snippet and you start to work on it. Venues started to send or receive something. It's called a snippet. That's all. What are the types of network? So if I'm connecting to a system which is nearby me, and then it is called as a network. If I'm connecting to a system which is in some other continent, even then it's called as a network. We have to classify this rape network can be broadly classified into two types. The LAN, local area network, and the other one is wide area network. These are the base to classification. There are many other classification, but these two are the basic classification. Local area network is nothing but connecting to some devices which is in the same building or which is near you. I'm connecting to some 50 computers, which is in the same building. I'm just taking a Ethernet cable, will be discussing that later. I'm just taking it ethernet cable. I'm using some debate scholars switch, I'm connecting everything with the web. It's called as a local area network. Local area network is nothing but connecting few devices within a short range. That's already told us locally. Then what is this WLAN Wireless Local Area Network? Initially, we were speaking about a wired connection, connecting to connect to him too many devices which is in the same reading, okay, but everything gets wired, then it's called as a local area networks. We line is nothing but wireless. Let's say you'll be having some Wi-Fi connection in your house, right? That's a perfect example for WLAN, Wireless Local Area Network. You're in this shot. We cannot go to some other place and get your Internet connection, get your Wi-Fi. You should be in the short range, but within the trend you'll get your access rate. So this type of, this type of networking is called nonstop wireless local area network. What is this white area? A Wide Area Network. Internet connection is the best example for why the area network, we will have some hops it will reach to your knee, destination is hidden within the world. It can take some hops actually, we will discuss the Tulsa later, right areas and they progress nothing but connecting to uni uni person who is in some other containment also touch on the other classifications. Man metropolitan area network. What is this? Metropolitan area isn't a coordinated metropolitan area network is nothing but connecting few lines together. I have my learning my host, you have your, let's say your hoses near, near me. We bought attracted together. This man will actually connect on Gettier. But it can be, sometimes it can be a state, it can be a district, sometimes it can also be country. Metropolitan area will connect fuel lines together. I have a land, you have a LAN, so other people will largely have some, none, but within the same area, then it's called us MAN metropolitan area network. Cable connection ratio. Your TV channels have some perfect exemplar for metropolitan area network because someone who channels will not be accessed through the interval to the right. It will be accessible only within the same state or within the same district. So these are some examples for metropolitan area and why are they did? Yeah, it can be broadly classified into two, wire wired network. And the other one is using the router, which is wireless. That are advantages and disadvantages for both of these, we will see that advantages suffer wired network. So let's say I have a wired network, I am connecting to another device, put the wire transmission medium in-between us read actually physically present. So speed will be really high compared to a wireless network. When I'm committing to awareness, torque speed will be height. Also, it will be more secure when my system is connected wirelessly. It's accessible by anyone. So anyone can hack my system. They can do anything. But when it is within my Berlin, people from some other person cannot come inside my network and they cannot hack my system or they cannot steal my data. To mention briefly, touch on so it's more secure. Hawaii kind of changes more security. What are the disadvantages? It's not portable. Got, let's say a white. You are taking a land Gabriel, you're attaching it to your laptop, so you cannot go anywhere rate you have to be stable, you have to sit down only. So that's a, a big drawback of a wired connection. You cannot take your laptop orienting to some other. That's a big drawback. It can be more expensive. So it's not that wiser, more expensive or cheap only, but let's say you have our office. Okay. So you have an office, you have some four or five floors in your office. You have to install this land throughout the bleeding. Even if one LAN cable is cheap, you have to buy more land cables rate also you have to buy some switches, hubs, and many devices also, we will discuss that buying more cables and some other devices also, this would make, make, make it more expensive compared to a widening. A wireless network, totals are not much costlier right now, right? So it can be, compared to a wireless network. Connections are little more. It can be exponentially with this. If it isn't a single floor, it can be cheaper, but if it is multi-flow storage, it will be more expensive. Advantages of a wireless network. The main advantage here is portable. Wireless network is nothing but the Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi router. If you have your WiFi network, you can take your mobile phones anywhere. We can take your laptop anywhere within the short range, but you cannot go away within the trends. You can go anyway, sorry, this portable. Let's take 6.74 officer. And then a wider reach if you want to get is water wide-area network always this router, wireless network would be the best strategy because in some areas, this wired connection not work out. So putting in any costs, the waitlist, Benjamin work or easy installation. Installation is, let's say I wanted to install a land connection, have to take many wires, I have to insert in my machine, I have to insert them. The only one submission. It's a big process, but a wireless network. How to install the device out and I have to re-install the rotor, then I can tell the password to everyone and wife or your name and password everyone see it's in the installation processes much easier for a wireless network. Disadvantages. Speed, speed will be very less when compared to wired network will be maybe if you have not read, is take a land Gabriel. Maybe I will be telling that. I be telling how you have to do that. Just take a land Gabriel tray. The connection will always be very, very faster compared to a wireless network, also less, less secure. We're now at packets, runoff packets when data packets are sent out. People who can come and hack older data that have high possibility for people to have every data when compared to a wide network, when compared to, uh, actually it's not, it's not that everyone can have your data, but some hackers or that they can hack your data. It's been compared to a wired network. Wireless network is less secure. That's all. That's all for this video, we'll meet again. 2. Components of a Network: Now we know what is a network. So in this session we'll discuss what are the essential components in order to establish that I took just didn't, didn't do this. Device is nothing but devices which we use. You can be some mobile phones, laptops, tablets, or water. Because I have my laptop here. I wanted to send a message to my friend who is in some other continents. So I have my laptop here is laptop will be in the continent in between us. There'll be some rotors. There'll be some towers which, which will connect this. There'll be some YS. So there are many thing in-between us, but this is in this end, his computer or mobile phone within that tenth. So these devices are called S induced ulcers. Some smart VC, smart washing machine or whatever Everything's or erythropoietin, which is in the endless cordless individually. So we told the same device networking this not at all possible. The next one is the Ethernet cable. We can always call this as the LAN cable or also called this typically occurs. So these are actually used in, used to achieve her local area network. Even today in almost every local area network will be using this UTP cable. This pinwheel like this cable will actually have big pins in it. Eight pins are also, we can call this, asking for what this will do is for four pins are here to send, send some data and four is used to receive data. If you go to the go to a shop and ask for you to pick April, they will ask you whether if you wanted to state cable or you want a crossover cable. What are the difference between the straight across our state cables are used to connect to some different devices. Let's say I wanted to connect my personal computer with the switch chart. I wanted to connect to my switch to a hub, or I wanted to connect to, connect to switch to a router. So everything is a different device or personal comfort reserve, different device and switches and different Lewis, if the devices are different, we have to go for it. Let's say I wanted to connect my personal computer to another personal computer. The way this is also a personal computer that is also simple. We have to connect it with the crossover cable. If device I sat different, we have to go for us. We will be discussing in detail also. Okay, there are two n's in this cable. I'm connecting to my system and the other end to the other machine. Shall we? I cliff formed a network because to kind of systems are connected together. Let's say I wanted to connect some 50 computers which are near me. I cannot do with one-way because it has only two ends. I can connect up to only another machine. That's all. So in order to do that, I have to go to a special device called the networking hub. What this networking hub will do is it will connect, it has many ports here, right? So with this passport, I'll connect to my device with a second board. I will connect to other livers so I can connect to how many ever reports and available in this system. This hub is used to broadcast. Let's say I wanted to send a message to all the system which is connected to this device. I can do that just by clicking. I can send the information to all the rest. But sometimes it is also a drawback because we can only do broadcasts, we cannot do uniq acid. So if I want to send that information to a particular system, let's say admin system number two, I wanted to send that information or I want to send a file to system number seven. Let's not awesome. Monday as the message can message or whatever can we send to your buddy system which is connected to these toys? For broadcast, this device is okay, but for unicast, this model actually, the other thing is it is half-duplex. Half-duplex means of sending and receiving cannot be done simultaneously. First, I have to send one day after the other devices send me replay. That is if I send them, I said it has to reach the other devices. Only them. They can send a message. At the same time. I cannot send them chatting or transfer of transfer of file cannot be done simultaneously. Let's call this type of transformation is called as half-duplex transmission. But nowadays, we don't have any device like that. These are actually used in 1990s, 1980s, nowadays everything is full-duplex only. Anyhow, this networking hub, initially it was a good model for our broadcast. It has many drawbacks. Read it cannot be, cannot send message to a single device, also just half duplex. So in order to, in order to avoid, in order to work them all these drawbacks. We came with a new database which is called the switch. The switch is intelligent device because it is intelligent to know each and every devices which is connected to it. Let's say I wanted to connect, I wanted to send a message or I wanted to send a file to a particular system. I can do that with this switch, because the switch can identify each and every system based on its MAC address, will be discussing about MAC address book. So don't worry about that. Connect us to the character LAN cable to this port. It will detect my MAC address. In this MAC address, I can particularly spot the computer and send and receive some data that is a major advantage of this switch. Also the other advantage of the switches, it is full duplex, so sending and receiving can be done simultaneously. It is unicast. Unicast means targeting a single system and communicating with that. Full-duplex means. Sending and receiving can be done simultaneously. Also uses MAC address to know each and every device which is connected to it. Okay, The next important devices, router, networking, rotor. We very well know about this router. And this router back it will have some input ports in net, which is called the Internet for each and every house will have this internet cable. If we take that cable and insert at the back of this router, you will get WiFi. That is, we will be, we can connect to the internet. So it allows us to connect to the Internet. This is a device which allows us to, this is the main thing of this router. It allows us not only a single person, Italo as many people to connect to the Internet. And also it can be, many of us think the only purpose of this router is to connect to the Internet. But even without that internet cable itself, we can transfer files even within, within our, within our locality. We cannot share a person who is somebody who is present in some other continent or even in the next street. But if I'm actually getting the same way and the other person is getting connected to the same way. I can even send him to say, it can be used as a land kind of channels. Wireless LAN is pallidus, WLAN trade. We can do that, do the Tulsa, but many of us think it can be used on Piazza only to transport data. Internet. Next is the transmission medium. Transmission medium is everything which is in-between, which transmit data from one device to the other device. So we saw this UTP cable. The range of this UTP cable is only a 100 meters. After a 100 meters transmission speed will not be good. So the UDP cables, yeah, we discussed about this before. Utp cable is HIV transmissions come back to a wired network also, just nobody saw. But notice the next important thing is that once I tell you, okay, I'm connected to the Internet now with the router. What happens here basically, yes, if I send a message here, I want to connect to some other person. This message will be sent to the router. The router will carry this information to the particular person. Hold this takes places to this router will get the information, didn't send it through the wire. It will pass through some towers like this. And finally, it will produce it to that other router, which isn't the other base, and then the other machine, that other ION device will get that information. This is how transcription actually takes place. We are, we know all these, but there is another one thing called this optical fiber cable. This optical fiber cable is somewhat similar to land cable. Machine speed is very, very height when compared to lung cavity itself is pretty high compared to a wide network. But this optical fiber cable list you and what higher, it has even more highest bid compared to land network. And also it can be used to connect to a wide range. Land capital can be countered only up to a 100 meters, but this can be connected to even up more than firefight parameters. Transmission will not lose it split, it will have the same transmission. Sweet bread advantage of this uses this late, the end of this, we'll have some late and maybe you can wonder how late can transfer. Thanks for data in the speed. So it's maybe a taut slate. It cannot transport data, but it cannot transfer lead to a very wide range. But let's say, so how would this, this will actually be, yes, it will have some outer jacket. Everything is okay. But in this score will actually be, be a glass or a plastic instead, which this light will be transmitted. So what happens is this later be transplanted and the light will travel in a zigzag direction to go up to a range. Let's say it would go up to some 20 kilometers. Actually this, these are actually some smaller cables, but there are also some adverse lot of cables which are used to connect some countries. Let's say I wanted to connect, yes, yeah, and the US, I can do that with this cable on. So this is happening to you in today. I will explain the turtle and the next picture. How this works is this is a glass or plastic into this later be transferred. So it will travel on its exact direction once it loses its power. Let's say it's transmitting power. Range is some quanti calamitous after 20 kilometers, it's losing its power at that place at 20 kilometers, what they'll do is they'll have some amplifiers are repeaters. What that will do is it will, it will you to take all this. It will take all these waves. It will again print green transport, same Shamans that for 2020 kilometers. You'll repeat this again and again and again. And this is how this works actually. Even today, many of us think everything is connected only through wireless medium. That is one continent and under continent cannot be connected through where by a red. But even today, each and every continent is connected to wet. This is actually a hybrid optic cable, which is under the water. Even today, each and every continent is actually connected. So once what happened is somewhere in 2008, what happened is a submarine without knowing the winter and dashed on this optic cable and the cable connection got after that for two days for 4822 countries, lost connection, lost internet connection. So this UTP cables, sorry, this fiber optic cable is that much important in today's networking. We will meet again. 3. Wi-Fi: In this session, we will discuss about Wi-Fi connections. In some situations, what happened? Maybe in some libraries, what happened? Let's take our laptop Wi-Fi password and give it back to us. Let's say I'm already connected to a Wi-Fi, but I don't know the password of how to know the password. Just go to Control Panel, IT network and Internet, Network and Sharing Center. Click on this. Click on this wireless properties. Security. This is our Wi-Fi password. Just click on the short characters in this hat where I wanted to three is my Wi-Fi password. Know how to do the same using a mobile phone. First, we have to long press on this Wi-Fi icon. Now click on Settings. Now click on this shap. Enter your password with the last word password. This is my daughter's password. Halfway wanted to agree with this person. Know how to display all the previously encountered Wi-Fi networks. We will connect our device in many places. Regulates, I'm going to my friend's house and we connect it to my connected to his wife. I'll go to some someone who just based on too many way for you how to display on the wafer we just do it says already connected. Just go to the command prompt first and type this command knit such WLAN show preference, net assets that we will then show preference. So this will display all the networks which we have already connected. These are all the networks which I will counter. So now how to know the password of previously connector? Just nobody saw previously connected networks. Let's say I wanted to know the password. Admin or not ten Pro Max. Nik test such WLAN show profile name is equal to the Wi-Fi name wife and m is the network's name. This Redmi Note from I should come here, Come on, displace this way. First name, then k is equal to clear. It will display all this information in which this key content will be the password. This red meat. Notice the password after gonna convert when I connected, maybe no, here he might have changed it, but when I connected, this was the password. Del it away, say profit. So just now we saw many pre-filled Ray, I saw this money professors in my laptop del it away for provenance. They connect SH WLAN, billet preferred and then the wireframe. You have to enter the Wi-Fi name. Professor, I have done duct here. Billet profile name is equal to maintain. Deleted from your interface. No code to see how the available networks with just near to me. Usually when we click on this Wayfair, delivery networks returned near me. How to do the same using Command Prompt, just net S-H WLAN, short networks. For this, we'll display. This is actually the same using command. This act will be, this act is somewhere here, this axis here. This hydrocarbon is how do you got on this? Yes, some of you, this is the same using the command prompt, the child know how to connect to a Wi-Fi using Command Prompt. Tsh WLAN connect name is equal to your wireframe. Here. Don't give any spaces in-between here. Yes, we do it without space. It's not that you can connect to any network only you can connect to a network which is already previously connected. How to see the wireless setting. Sometimes you'll get some ratio with this wireless adapter. Will give us some issues regarding this wireless adapter. Sorry, that thing. Just come on. Net assets, WLAN show interfaces. This is w. So these are all the information about my adapter. View, the wireless adapter private information. Just take this net S-H w Len short drivers. For this will display the information. In order to generate a complete report, complete report. Our Wi-Fi network. Just type this command, net. I said the WN, WN report. So when you enter this command, you will think the report will be generating like this. And finally, there'll be two. It's actually a frame. It will be stored in this location. Finally, to tell you the location of that, you have to go there to this in my system at C, programming the atomic with afternoon. Your systemic to reveal some other location, you have to go to that location and you can find this. If you open the plane, you can shoulder. You can see our report feeling less Netbook. That all with this video, we admit again. 4. Important Terms in Networking: Welcome back. In this session we'll discuss about some basic terms that we'll be using in networking. The first one is the Internet Service Provider, or ISP. Isp is nothing but the companies, their products Internet connection. So let it be this Yeti and t exponent, T air or water. So they're the ones who are giving us Internet connection. So we call them as Internet service provider. That's on. The next one is some MAC address or Media Access Control address. Mac address is nothing but the physical address of a device. So each and every one office in this world, we will have a unique identification. That would be our government ID card. Each and everyone will have a unique identification, so same as that. Each and every device in this world will have a unique identification which is called the MAC address. Mac address is actually given to each and every device. By the winter, there is a manufacturer. So what they'll do is when they are manufacturing the device itself, I didn't give a identification for them, which is a MAC address. Mac address will somewhat looked like this. It will totally have 12 digit, which is in hexadecimal format, in which the first six will represent the manufacturer. It can be internal, if it's a networking device that can be scored whatever. The final six will represent our device specific number. This is how MAC address or MAC address is used to connect a device locally. So as we saw before, let's say we are using a switch. Switches identify each and every database based on its MAC address. A MAC address is used to connect device locally, that isn't local area network. This is nothing but an ENaC card. Manufacturer of value while they're manufacturing or device itself, they will print the MAC address because it's not going to change rate. So they reprinted in the IC card directly. Mac address can be changed only if we wish. If not matter, address will never change. Mac address will remain the same. So just take out the area and I say cut and you can check out your MAC address physical itself. The other way by which you can know your MAC address. This way, you can get into command prompt and type IP config bar all the parameters. When you do this, this will be your a MAC address, which is the physical address is nothing mature MAC address. You haven't have a separate command for macro transistor, which is GetMax. Just type git Mac, and this will be your newest MAC address. The next one is that IP address. So what's the difference between IP address and a MAC address? Ip address is used to connect devices globally, that is using the Internet connection, but MAC address is used to connect devices locally. Locally identical. Ip address will always change. What MAC address will never change. Ip address can change or it cannot be the same also, but MAC address will be the same. Because IP address is actually given to you by your Internet service provider. Be this water. Don't store protein, your Internet connection so they can change it. Okay, I'll explain this with a small example. Let's consider here, is it okay, Let's consider, here is a huge building and you are here. You are here, and your friend is set. Okay, So now you cannot directly interact with this person because consider, you cannot directly interact with this person because of this building. But that is a person who is in top of this building who can, who can see you also, and he can see your friend also. This person is called the Internet Service Provider or ISP. Let's consider this person is me. This is you, this is your friend and this Internet service product is, what I will do is I will throw a rope to you. I'll draw a rope to you and I'll get to information whether it be filer water, I'll get to information. I will take that and deliver it to the friend who you want to convey the information. This is how Internet itself works. So this rope is nothing but the IP address. Okay, So I went the top of the building great. Today I can give you a rope. Tomorrow I can give you, I have many Arab Studies. I have many IP address for today. I will give you a rock tomorrow, I'll give you some other let us reiterate. Let's say today a PM, you went you went back to your home. Let's say some other person is coming some other person is coming to this location. So today I can give that rope, which I gave you yesterday. I can give the gift that truck to this person or I can give some of the rubber rope also, which can be random. Let's say you are also coming to the URL to the mean. So today I will give you some other, because I have many Arab Studies, I have many API, but this is hope IP address works because Internet service provider is giving you an IP address. So it can change, but matter does not change because, well, it's rarely does manufacturer itself. A MAC address will be undefined. Ip address in your device can be changed on your location. So most probably with the help of a IP address, we can identify a location that is one. The area itself will be having this similarly IP address. Based on, let's say, some web pages will be blocked for some countries around because of IP addresses. Because when we enter country itself can be, we can start to contribute based on its IP address. So that is how it works. Based on its location. Ip address is given to you by your Internet service provider related to water. It can vary each time you connect to the Internet. So we have two versions. Ipv4 is nothing with the IP version four. And the other one is IPV6, which is high promotion six. So what is the difference? In the year 1980, IPv4 was that is in 19, somewhere in 1983 Actually, IPV four was introduced. I'll introduce descended to connect 32-bits in tasks. It had 32-bit. With this, they were able to connect 4.3 billion devices, that is 4.3 billion IP addresses in that year, in that decade, actually, that are not meaning computers or there are not many laptops, certain know smartphones at all at that time. The attempt they thought, okay, this many IP addresses enough. But nowadays what happened? Even kids are using already formed, so even they will have a IP address, right? So what we will notice, notice each and every person also. Let, let's save myself. I'll be having an official number, I'll be having a personal lumber I'll be having an official laptop. I'll be having a personal laptop. So each and every person in this world is having some three or four devices, so they will need more IP address. What happened in hours? They came up with a concept called IPV6, which can connect these devices. In 1980, they came up with IPv4, which is 32-bit, which can currently 3.34 billion devices. But now after discovering this IPV6, you can connect trillions of trillions, even given for many more generations, this IPV6 itself is enough. So the basic concept of IP before and six is IPv4 had only few, entirely 4.3 billion IP addresses. So it was not able to collect many devices. So they came up with IPV6, which can connect many devices. That is a basic difference between IPV4 or IPV6. So before that, there is something called a static IPM. Dynamic and static IP address is nothing but the receiving an API. Let's say I have an IP address, 10921681. Let us say some ten, this is my IP address predict a static IP address is nothing but receiving an API, let's say one that I can get into control panel and I can resolve that IP address. So you every time I connect to the internet, I will always get the tin alone. This is static IP address. Dynamic IP address is something which is randomness. And today I can get ten, tomorrow I can get some other number of waters. So that's the difference between static and I pick what drawback in this static API. So the drawback here is, let us say I have already resolved that is statically result number ten for me, what some other person has entered the network or someone yells, has come to my home. Well, what happened? We'll be discussing about this DHCP also. What I'm on this, he got the before me who got the two people who cannot have the same IP right? Now I want then I also, I'm always asking for IP address. Until he disconnect the device, I will not be able to enter the Internet connection. So that is a drawback between a static, static IP. But static IP will be used in minute companies to know the data. So that's a different concept. This is the difference between a static IP under dynamic IP. Okay, so now how to see your IP address JS code to go to the Control Panel and type IEP conflict. When you take this, this IPv4 address is your IP version four IP address. And this is your IPV6 address. Let's say if I pick on figure and you can see this broken. The next one is the domain name server DNS. Dns server is something which translates each and everything each domain toward IP address. Lewis's, each and every devices will communicate with the IP address, but we cannot know the IP address. Let's say see, here is an IP address, 1042250. This is IP address of google.com. You can actually go to your browser and type www.google.com in the same place. Just type this number alone and hit Enter. You'll enter into google.com. This is IP address of google.com, but we cannot remember this rate every time we cannot say same as Islamism. We will have a IP address, Facebook or have an IP address. So each and every side to really haven't specific IP address, but we cannot remember each and everything. So this DNS server will translate this domain. We can know that Google Doc, we can remember google.com, amazon.com, facebook.com on whatever. The DNS server, the main purpose of this DNS server is to translate this domain name, that is google.com, into an IP address that's on simple domain name. Is a phonebook. It's like a phone book. We cannot we cannot remember each and every number. It will only save the numbers with the name so that we can make a color monitor it. So it's like a phonebook of the Internet. Dns translates domain names into IP address, so process can glow. So this is an example that's DMS is to translate domain name into an IP address. Simple, that's okay then what is a gateway? Gateway. You can consider this as a good. Okay, this is our house, okay, this is how host we want to go. We want to go somewhere. The first thing we have to do is we have to cross this, get rid. We will cross this gate, will go somewhere out. We can go somewhere out like this. And again we have to get in. So again, when we get into our host, we have to cross this get and only we have, we can come in late. So that is the basic concept of a gateway. This is a good gateway. So gateway is nothing but our rotor. So let's say we are connecting our laptop to the router, that is our Wi-Fi router. What happens is let's say you are sending an information. That is you're sending your filer water first, that failed way, you enter the rotor rate, it'll enter the router and only then it will go wherever it wants to go when we are attempting to the Internet. So seamless that if some other person is sending an information, firstly, it will reach a robe and only then it will come to you. So this particular rotor is called gateway because it acts like I said, get for network, that's our default gateway connects or local network to the Internet connection. And it acts like a good and get to enter the Internet. That's all. I hope you'll find your default gateway. Just take the same command, IP config, and this will be your default gateway. Most probably in many systems will have this warning to 168 dot one. Next, what is this DHCP server DNS service episode is Something which are saints, the IP address randomly. We already spoke about the trade. That is pretty, I can get an IP address tomorrow, I can get some other IP address. So the sclera TPI, There is a stem limbic host configuration protocol is something which assumes that IP address could I am getting IP address dot ten tomorrow I will get 11 or whatever. The main purpose of this DHCP server is to simply saying that IP address or whatever. If we are in a static connection, there is no book for this DHCP. When we are in a dynamic Kunshan, this DHCP something which I think dynamically as its IP address and other info to all the devices. As we know before, it's telling us this is the cell phones, laptops, or water. Okay, The next one is ICMP, Internet Control Message Protocol. Icmp is nothing but the main purpose of this IP address. Ip ICMP is nothing but you are reporting. Let's say we are sending a message. Okay. Let's say we are sending a message to some other person. So how will we be sure if that message has reached that particular person or not? We cannot be sure. So this ICMP is something which reports set up, let's say while your message is traveling, that is, when it, when it transfers through many hops somewhere, there is a problem and the message has not reached this particular person, then it will report an error. With the data. You will know that the messages properly not so recently, this ICMP, we will not be sure if the packets that we are sending reaches the destination or not. So the basic concept is data reporting. It will tell you if the, the transaction is successful or not. The primary purpose or ICMP is for error reporting. So that sounds simple. The next one is Data Units. Simple concept which everyone offers. But even then, we'll network. Network packets will most probably transfer in bytes. We have to know about this bytes and a byte is nothing but so okay, those and 24 bytes is one kilometer trip. So same as that one kilo, 1024 kilobytes makes them pick a better roto. Byte is nothing but no character. So I'll explain that for the small example. Let me connect or let me open a text document. Let me type. My name is Martin protect character. So this Joshua has six characters, 123456. So the size of the frame should be six bytes. Save this. Let's get into properties. The size here is six points. Each and every character is a byte. Even the space will be contact. Let's add a space. A space. Now what should be sandwich? Because office space, Let's check it now. Notice someone bites. Same as dark. If we take, if we take those and 24 character somewhat randomly like that, it will show us exactly it is one kilobit because 1024 bytes makes one kilobyte. I've already saved a document like that. I have typed something randomly, which has exactly 324 kilohertz, which those improved four bytes, which is characters. So now it tells me, Okay, it has 1023 bytes. Know It didn't tell me that it has one kilobit. It tells me No, it has 1023 bytes. So now let me add only one character to it. I'm just adding one character to it. Let me save this again. Now it'll tell me it is one kilometer. Let's check it. Now it tells me one kilo bit until 123 characters. It said me, it's 23 bytes. So this is the difference. 1024 bytes, There's 1024 characters, will make one kilowatt. 5. Command and Parameter: Welcome back. In this session we will discuss what is the command and what is a parameter. Also, we will discuss the different ways by which we can shut down a computer system. What does it command? So say for example, you have a pet dog in your house, going to say in your doctor sip, your laggards separate because your downloads that for this command is it I have to sit step. There are different commands in the command prompt also, and each and every command will have a unique meaningful. Let's get into the command prompt. Start with the keyword start itself. The command staff. Let's say I wanted to start node point. A commanding the windows to open Notepad. I'm hitting Enter. This stock is a command which has a meaning that it has to open some other application. Let's say I wanted to open my browser. I'm using a message hedge. So let's play some other commands. So start has this meaning and say, for example, I'm using the word, I'm using the command followed domain name. Title has a meaning that it has to change the title to what the specific know the title of this command, this command prompt Rachel, I'm asking the windows will change it to my name. Must not changed. This is what I command this. Then what is the parameter? Parameter is nothing but specifying a command. Let's say, for example, I wanted to shut down a computer system. So there are different ways by which we can chat on a computer system. We can either shut down and restart it or we can put the histone pi button it more, or we can just log out of the system. There are different risks specifying how I want to perform the command is called the parameter. Let's start with this shutdown itself. I wanted to shut down the system, which I don't use my Command. And always parameters will have a slash with it. So it will have a slash followed way and let it auto, most probably to be some letters. Sometimes you will also be some words. So let's say I'm using the parameter yes, this shutdown, How would I want to shut down? I wanted to shut down the system or not more eraser. I'm using the parameter yes. We're going to hit in depth. Windows will shut down in less than a minute, which is exactly 30 seconds actually. When I shut down, I cannot regard the slate. So what I'm doing this shutdown slash, I'm using the year but I went to what this year parameter or Louis, it'll cancel this cancel the shutdown. So here for example, I wanted to put the I wanted to shut down the system, say some five minutes, I'm putting a timer. So we have some other parameter for that. If I'm using, we can also use two or three commands in a single command, dollars two or three parameters in a single command. Also, I'm using the flashes 30s. I wanted to say the one that system to be shutdown in a normal rate. And also I'm using the d parameter p is what? I want to shut down the system. And what is it? 300, you have to specify specifically the time, mundane seconds, 300 seconds, this five minutes. So I'm mentoring 300, shut down my command, an automobile. I wanted to hit on it normally, so I'm using slashes. D is for dimer and in thirty-seconds, first 300 seconds squat five minutes. So I'm hitting Enter windows which will shut down in five minutes. So again, what I'm doing, this, I'm going to cancel it using the parameter. Also we have a parameter called slash hedge parameter, which is called the Hibernate normal. Now use this slash which parameter of histamine will go to hibernate. So what is this hibernate? Usually when we when we close our club closer, when we shut down the system, it would have been given the application is able to programs and growth rate. But when we put in this hybrid, make more, none of your programs will close your system, which I don't actually, but this program will never cross. Let's say for example, if I hit the internal, what would happen is an extremely open the system in this command prompt will look the same with all these commands, nothing will be changed. So maybe this is something new for many people. You can try this out. Also that is a parameter called the slash. If this is true, false, false, all the applications to close them then it reach out on say for example, you will bring some high graphic games and suddenly you want to shut down your system. It will take some time, write the initial plausibility programs and Denon and only then you can share them. But using the slash, if nobody programs will immediately close annual system with children. Not only this parameter that is also a slash, slash p, but there are many other parameters also. Not that we have all the Gadamer does. I'll tell you how easy way by which you can remember all the parameter studies. We can directly see all the parameters also we can see on the commands, which is in the command prompt. Thanks for watching. That's all we do with this video. Again. 6. Important Commands in Networking: Welcome back. In this session we'll discuss about some commands that we'll be using in networking. We should definitely have an active Internet connection mass system in order to execute all these commands, because these are all networking commands. The first command is the ping command. Ping command is used to check for device or salaries act or not. That is, it has a profit Internet connection or not. But let's say I have my system here and I have another system nearby me. The first scenario, Let's say I have a proper Internet connection in that system. So now what I'm going to do is I'm going to, so pink is the commentary to ping is monochromatic color with IP address of that system. So if I hit Enter, I will probably get a reply like this because it has a proper Internet connection. In the next thing I want I'm gonna do is I'm going to turn off the Internet connection in the other system, an extended if I do the same and not to get data replay like this because it does not have an Internet connection. Ping command is used to check for device ortho is act or not. Okay, in this example, what I'm doing this, I'm thinking the several Google I'm getting for replaced by default, actually four packets will be sent and four packets will be presumed. I'm getting replay for all the four packets, which means they're strong interaction between me and them. So I'm getting replaced by it. So 32, we already know one waitress, nothing but one character. One packet of 32 bytes once into the TTL is nothing but a time to live, time to live for each packet in math, in each annuity. Under the statistics yeah, packets. So what packets are settled and all the packets are received also, so nothing is lost. Everything is, sometimes what will happen is simple. Always before will be sometimes only three and loss will be one. Which means one packet can be lost at two packets can also be lost, which means the connection is not so good. Maybe you can do this Google, so I'm getting everything good. In some websites which are not much popular, most probably you can enter encounter those cases also will get only two packets backwards and get the other two packets back. Okay? So there are some parameters also along with this ping command. Parameters are used to change the way it works. So pink is my command. I'm using this slash. We can use slash our hyphenated anything will work, no problem. Usually for packets will be sent, right? So I'm using this hyphen T parameter, which will keep on continuously repeating the same server until I stopped. So now I have only four. If we use a slash t, we will be getting replaced continuously until we stop. How to stop? Stop or how to stop a loop in a command room? Yes, current, press Control and C, your termination growth stops. I'll explain this also. There is something called hyphen Yana and the count. So if you can just take a look at this slide, I've explained everything very clearly. You get an idea for this, for this command, what will happen is fingers my command and the CNS, the parameter and tin, which means that count, usually you only four will be pink, right? But if I use this parameter, and specifically the con here, a distance, so ten times, I'll be getting repetitive. Ten times the ping command will execute. The next command is IP conflicts, as we know before, it reconfigures used to display some information like our IPV4 address, IPV6 address. And also we can configure our Internet settings using this IP conflicts using the parameters, just use the question mark parameter to oversee all the parameters which are available with each and every command that you can also check it with it I be conflict. It's usually pushing on ultimately. The native. The next command isn't getting my group, which we already know, get my command is used to get the MAC address of a device. The next command is here, unless lookup. Yeah, Unless look like using a DNS server. We know let's say I know the domain name of google.com, but I don't know the IP address in that case, I can do that. What the skin is, look up a Lewis, if I specify the domain name, it will give me the IP address. We can also do a reverse lookup lettuce. I can specifically the IP address and get the domain name. Here, DNS lookup is the command followed by the domain google.com. So this is the IP address of google.com. Dns Lookup will give the IP address, the domain name. We can net start. Stack is starting, but it will give the status of our connectivity recommended Control D. And there are many parameters for netstat also, you can use it because you see all the parameters which are available with this. Let's talk to my utilized to display the state, whether their conscience proper or motor or mixed commandos. The address resolution protocol command is using this gear B command, along with this parameter, will give you the MAC address of the default gateway and also the other devices which are countered with the same rotor. For this lesson. Just for specifying parameter, I got the MAC address of each and every device. The 1.1st 11 is my default gateway, as we know before, this is our default gateway. So if we are very much specific, if I want to know the MAC address of some device, let's say I want to know the MAC address of this particular IP address. Again, just copy this IP address and vegetable here so that I will get, specifically I will get that alone. Or else we can use this shape parameter to display everything. The next command is a phrase rule three, SRT or the traceroute command. Traceroute command is used to, it is the group how a packet travels. We already know, right? Let's say I'm in my host, I'm connected to a router. If I send a message or if it's Endo file, what will happen in the internet? So what will happen first is my message with you until the rotor. The rotor will transfer it to the first power, then it will go through a wire tower or whatever and friendly it will take some hops and reach their destination. So the ExpressRoute will trace the route how it powers. We just think it'll be, it'll go somehow. But this stressful it will give you the root itself tablets. So this will be the default gateway. So here what we're doing, this praise group, google.com, I'm going to trace the route of google.com. The first, It's my message is you entering their default get rid. This is the IP address of the default gateway. The default gateway mixed from the default is for my router. Next year they're going to this IP address. Most probably this IP address will be in your state itself, it will be in your district or your standards. The next one we'll go to the stead with just near where you are. It can go somewhere else. You can actually check everything. I will tell you that that is how it'll show the root hole travels from one place to another. The other thing you can do here is in order to get a proper idea, you can think another system which is in your SIM, same home that you have a rotor. I'm connected to my daughter, data's guys is also granted to the router. So at that time, if you pick the other device, you will not get these many replacement this money. In the first hop itself. Everything will get a message that race is completed because it doesn't have to travel outside, right? Because the destination is in your homework. You will not get anything like this. You will get only the first thing I know how to know how it travels. This will be mostly your home router. This will be the thing you hold the check this, Let's take something random, which is 74. Let's take this IP address, 74.128, something that is called IP location.net. Just go to the site and paste that IP address. So I'm just copy pasting this IP address, 128. If you click on this IP lookup, it'll tell you the location. This location is when I was in the country, United States of America, california. And you and I can get the city. It is in Mountain View. Same as this for each and every helps this. If you check this dress, it will be in your state. The next one, you can see how it travels itself. In order to be more accurate, what you can do is this is a latitude and longitude of the term, so you can just copy this and paste it in Google Maps. Let's go to your Google Maps. Copy this latitude, put a command and paste this longitude, doctor, so it will show you more accurately. Radicals is very important command actually because you can know exactly where something goes on. Let us say you are sending a message. So usually we use to find this, it will travel five hops. The sixth hop does not. It does not show me any value, which means connection is lost exactly in that sixth. That is some problem in the truth. I have to go through some other go. I should take a random, I should take some alternative route to say very, very important command. Oh, yeah. So it's not that we can only use the domain name, we can also use IP address. This is the IP address of google.com. Anything above using this domain name will also work. Using this IP address will be larger, but this interpret. The next command is the print command. This command will display the routing table of your IPV4 and our central, this better proteins they will offer IPV6. You can actually configure that by using this syntax. You can use this in textbook. Configure your routing table. Finally, how to use parameters. It beginning command, Let's take some command, stress root, netstat or whatever. It's just. This is the command. In this place, you have to enter your command, let it be traceroute, followed by your costume on this slash end customer, which is a parameter. When you do this, you will see all the parameters which are available with that particular command. Let's say pink, pink here, followed by a slash. And customer get all the parameters. When you, when you know about the parameters, you will get a better understanding. But what each and every command that's on this video, we'll meet again. 7. Router: Welcome back. In this session we'll discuss about the rotor. Rotor is nothing better. Do I sustain my mobile phone, laptop proto results over there. It also has this RAM, ROM and everything. Also it has some operating system or so. So usually the capacity of the router, which we use in our home will be in this range. It will be 128 MB do to have the 16-bit the operating system used by many doctors, not all the rotor is operating this from USBE. Many daughters will be this, this is quite a Cisco is actually a company which is in San Jose, California. What they do is they are the manufacturers of this networking equipment such as switches, land cables, hubs, and everything. Also, did they make some software? Software also? As we know, I always standing for iPhone operating system. But in networking terms, I was terrified. Inter-networking operating system, Cisco devices which are manufactured by a Cisco over how this cisco IOS, as we, as we know before itself, router can be used as a local I didn't have to get is a wireless local area network. And also it can be used as the Internet. There is a wide area networks. Let's discuss how data is actually transmitted from one place to other. Let's say I'm sending a message from here. My friend is in some other continent. I wanted to send that message. But what happens here basically is my message will first enter this router, which I have in my home. This rotor will have a LAN cable attached back to it. We know the threat landscape. It is actually given to us by our Internet service road, ISP or Internet service provider. Internet service provider. And this is nothing but the company which gives us the internet connected, let's say AT&T waterfall, not whatever. They are, the ones who provide us Internet content. So they are called as Internet service providers. Data that high message will first reach this rotor. Then it'll be traveled through this, through the LAN cable. It will then need to somehow go and reach a tower. The tower will again transmitted through some wired connection. It will transport to the next tower from the mixed over. It'll again transferred to this transmission takes place from one end to the other end. Now, what this data packets, Let's say I want to send, I want to transmit a file which is some denim beam. Say. What happens is when I send the sternum be the standard B should go through, go through the rotor, tended to go through some networking towards the moist. So this is ten meters. Let's continue this logic. This is just for an example, let's consider the standard B itself is large, but it cannot be transported very quickly. Write data if data is lost, every data is lost. So in this case, what happens is not only in this case, usually what happens is a large file will be split up, let's say ten MB is illogical. This ten MB will be split up into small, small phase. This tendency can be split up into one, will be one and b. So it will totally to have some didn't packets in each and each and every one of them BY is a data packet. Data packet is nothing but a smaller size. So for data that's out, the number you will be split up into 100 MB each and every one of them, we will be a data packet touch up. What happens here is a large failure will be split up into smallest morpheme. That's full file will first be sent it to the destination. So each, each and every data, favorable data packet will have a serial number. This first data packet will be numbered as one, second-order be numbered as two. So this is how each and every data packet will be. The first is number one, the destination, then the second will reach. This is how transmission takes place. You may also have a doubt what if data is lost? I said that data is transmitted from here to this wherein, let's say first packet reaches successfully, second packet treated successfully. But there are high possibilities that some, some packets along can be lost by what happens in this case, let's say some packet number 47 plus what happens in this case is this packet number four alone will be retransmitted. This receiver, the receiver will receive it again. So how would this one happens is how this one actually happens is the descender myself, the standard machine will send packet number one and it will cross through all the hops and friendly destination. This desk technician machine actually systems bought the machine will communicate with each other, each other. This legislation machine will send a message that yes, I got that. I got back at number one. So next packet will be reached. Then it'll against replay that. Yeah, we got this is how communication takes place. This machine is sending a message that is called as acknowledgment. In networking terms, we call the test acknowledgment. Acknowledgment is sent by the theorem machine for packet number three. That packet number four alone or this one did not send them, which means packet number four alone as lost somewhere. This data, the center machine will know what are all the packets sent already and what are all the packets missing? Packet number of dissenter machine didn't get the replay or the acknowledgement for packet number four. Along with this data, the central machine will know that packet number four is somewhere lost. So I have to retransmit. The data will not be retransmitted again. Only in this packet number for our own will be retransmitted. Again. This is how communication takes place from one place to other. There are two ways by which this communication actually takes place when one is called Transmission Control Protocol and the other one is User Datagram Protocol. So what we were speaking to know as far as an example for this Transmission Control Protocol. Let's say we are sending some files. Let's say we are sending some image video or whatever. The best mode for this tier, for this type of fine chatting, this Transmission Control Protocol, because sender will send the message, it will check whether the packets are reached. If not, it will be retransmitted. Tiny will be consumed red because it's your job to ensure, ensure all the packets are reached up safely. If not, should again, retransmit so it will little time-consuming. This is only a Trevor, but all the data will be, all the data will be shared. 100%. There'll be no loss of data. Transmission control protocol. The other type of stuff, User Datagram Protocol. This is suitable for some fast communication. Let's say I'm, I'm speaking with some other person through a video call or I'm just making a call. At that time. Data cannot be checking. If this is only if this is sent, it should. Actually in TCP, what happens is it will check, it will again send a message exactly time-consuming. So what will happen if we follow this PCP in foreign colleges? I will first speak. Why should we heard that? It should check whether all my heart, my data went there. If if in case some data is missing, again, it has to retransmit. So until that there'll be some timeline. So far. For this type of communication, there is something called as UDP. Udp, the central machine will return the message, but it will never care about whether the message is received that or not. Have you ever noticed that when you are doing some video calls or when you are speaking with someone, sometimes you will get a lag, but sometimes some, some words alone will not be correct. That is, some data is actually lost. Some data will come in TCP, all the data will be transmitted perfectly. But in UDP, some data can be lost, but transmission that data alone will be lost. But transmission will be faster. So you can again ask them. Yeah, I didn't heard of it. Can you repeat that? Putting TCP that is not. And so this is the difference between TCP and UDP. This one is useful for file sharing. This one is useful for some fast transmission such as, such as this video calls, phone calls or whatever. Okay, That's all for this video. We'll meet again. 8. Internet: In this session we will discuss what is M, Internet. Internet is nothing but interconnecting two or more networks together. Let's say that is a person in India and she has a friend who's in the US. So she is also connected to a local area network and she's also going to get to a local area network. We can usually know she will be able to impact to them hertz at all. That is within her area. And children also be able to interact within her area. Great. Now let's take a Wi-Fi router as an example. Let's say I am connected to a Wi-Fi and my friend is nearby me. He's also connected to them. Same way, friend. No, I can actually transmit or receive some data rate. I can send some message to him. And I will say, this is some data from him, but because we bought that counter to the same Wi-Fi, the same concept applies here also. This is an a torque. This isn't a total. What we are going to do is let's install a medium in-between both these networks. And let's connect this country and this country. That's on here. In my host, one rotor is enough to connect both the people because it's a short range. But this is a country and this is secondary. In-between this there'll be many wires, many towers and many things in order to connect this. But someone who, this country and other countries we connected not only this, each and every country in this world will be it like this. And that is only called as Internet. The Internet is nothing but interconnecting networks that have many networks around this work. You already networks are connected together. And that's why it's called as interconnecting networks. So why do we call it as Internet? It's actually an interconnecting to a grid. So this term looks literally laundry. Interconnecting networks. Dome looks long, so let's hit him or disconnecting from here, and let's remove this works from here. What will be left out? This Internet? The Internet is nothing but interconnecting networks that Charlie, This video will meet again. 9. How to Configure a Router: Welcome back. In this session we'll discuss how to configure a router. We can change the Wi-Fi password, we can change that alters password, or you can block certain users from accessing them. So we can do many things, but we won't get started. We can do all of these. The first thing we have to do is we have to enter the command prompt. Before entering into command prompt, just check if your device is connected to the, the same row rotors. Only if you connect it to the same route as my friend, you will get the default gateway, which you can do all these. Once you enter the command prompt, just pay IP conflicts. New command prompt. You'll get a page like this where you'll get also the default gateway for this is right before IPv4. Default gateway is copy this and paste it in your browser. It can be Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Firefox, Chrome or whatever. Just go to your browser and paste it here and hit Enter. When you hit Enter, you will get a page like this where it'll ask for your username and password. This is not your Wi-Fi is username and password. You'll notice username and password. In order to know your routers username and password, just lift your router. Most probably all the routers will have its username and password at the backside of just check with it and enter your username and password. If not, just Google your rotors model and just Google, let's say you are how you are using halfway. Just Google had brought her username and password. Most probably you will get your username and password. Paper Tera, he tempted. Once you hit enter, it will show some basic details of your rotor, which now I'm going into this network tab. Ponder News Network tab I'm getting inset wn, just wireless local area network. This is my rotor, this is the name of my doctorate halfway. The same Hathaway is here. The CSS ID's name is nothing but the rotors. That is your wife face name. By changing this hardware, the name will be changed. That is your Wi-Fi is numerology be changing? What is this 32 maximum clench is nothing but the number of devices. That is 3232 devices can be connected to my Wi-Fi. If I restrict this, lucky I'm editing this. So at the time modify and devices can be character. Maybe 60% is coming. He has to wait until devices disconnected only for devices to this character. He'll be able to access, he will be able to get into my network. The next one is I'm getting into security under which this WPA phosphate system. My password, password for my wife. If I click on this checkbox, this halfway Want to three is my password. So I can change my password here just by editing this, my password or a beach with my Wi-Fi is positive. We changed. Also. Here's a drop-down which is winter, the president of the security level. Let's say I'm clicking on the swap and system. That's all my Wayfair will be a weapon that is here. Anyone can access without a password or I can change the level of level of security. Or the next thing I'm getting into this associated devices. These are all the devices which are currently connected to my Wi-Fi. So how would these many devices currently character? And the main thing here is I can get the MAC address of each and every, each and every device. These are all the devices which are contribute can be laptop or mobile or whatever. So these are all the devices. These are all IP address which are given by my rotor will be discussing that here also, we have this transfer it that is this money. These molecular boots are transferred and these are X to the person that received the kilobytes. Now let us get into this access control list. Let's say here will be having a 32 more to just block and permit how to march block and permanent. Okay. Let's see. I'm looking at the devices logged into my router. And I see that this MAC address, which is starting with the sound aid, is not my device. I suspect that someone else has come into my network. What I can do here is I can just copy this MAC address and pitch it to work here. I can just paste the MAC address over here. If I click on, I have to click on this block to block the person. If I click on this Add, that device will be added here. Unless you click on this delete, the device will never be able to enter into audio Wi-Fi. Same as that. That is another option called permit. Let's say I have some fade away, so I use one. If I do it says, I think other than this fido ISS, no one should come into my network at that time. The same process, what I can do, I can click on the sperm it and add all my MAC address. Let's say my mobile MAC address, my tablets MAC address. I can add everything. Keep it so other than that fire does no one else from no other people who can come in and say, no under this land land tab, I'm clicking on this beard CP solver. We already know that D adsorb CP solver is something which can use US IP address, IP address, default gateway subnet mask as water, it automatically as interest paid. The DHCP start IP address, land IP address will always be 1.1. This will be the default gateway, so leave that. But here we have something called DHCP start IP address, which is like which starts with a dot to the final digit is D2. The first three digits will always be saying, I'll show you again, I will show you the list of devices under this associated devices. These are all the devices associated with that is, these are all the devices which are connected to a minute to create something that is something common in its IP address. That is, the first three digits will always be the same. 1921681. All these devices will have the same same address, first three digits, and the final digital alone query. Now let's look at this. Because the start IP address here is to, the IP address here is. Before you can do is we'll get an IP address between these 2254. Let's say I'm editing this. Let's say I want to I'm making this as fight. That is only for a period 2345. There are only four IP address left. So if I make it fight, then what will happen is this device cannot come in because it has a center. That is what will happen basically is only for device will be able to connect and eat and all other devices will have an IP within 234 or five. Because my paper is, let's say I have edited this to fight that are only restricted to it only for IP address. Other than that, for for IP address other neither epic and we went to another division. The next thing is administration tab. Under this, I'm clicking on this user management. This is the username and password for my router, the Wi-Fi router. Usually this default username and password, that is, each and every dirty rotor will have a default username and password. Monday, people like you and me know how to change it. So we have to go to this username and changes this weekend. Thanks. This username entered the word password and the new password in order to make it more secure. Because this can be easily hacked by anyone, will be discussing about that also. So this is an important step we have to, in order to make our rotor secure, we have to change our username and password established to reboot them, restore or hold information. This default configuration management is a very important thing because there'll be two options. One is backup configuration and the other one is least to a configuration. This backup configuration. First, let me tell how to backup your router. Just go to this default configuration management and click on this backup configuration. When you click on this, what will happen is finally be downloaded with all the informations that is your current password and everything will be download it. When you click on this backup configuration, you can just save it somewhere safe. And when you click on the Choose File, why do we backup? Let's say, let's say our rotor has been preset. Color information will actually code. That is actually a button at the back of a rotor. When we press that for some long time, all the settings will be reset. Once our router is reset, all the information, even if we secured, all the information will go off, it will be erased. What happens is, once a rotor is reset, our ISP, that is the AT&T, apple or whatever, they will stop the Internet connection to our router. They will suspect that someone has hacked or rotor and stop the Internet connection. At that at that time, what we have to do is we have to pinch it. We have to click on this choose frame. We have to choose the frame which we have already backup. When we do that, we can get back our Internet connection because if not, what we have to do is we have to call it, I call it the ISP, tell them that we are the users. We have to make sure that no one has had and it took only. So for that we have to backup the fin case, our router, reset it. Quite long process to make, to send an e-mail, to make a call and get it back. At that time, just click on the Choose File and choose the trail, and click on this to restore configuration and you'll get your Internet back. That's all for this video. We'll meet again. 10. Troubleshooting a Network: Welcome back. In this session, we'll discuss how to solve some basic issues with the network. Let's say I want to connect to a web page and I got this message, period, the smartphone, for example. Let me say that I want to connect to amazon.com and well-connected. And Thomas, welcome. I got this page where the smart phone that can be issues either in My Gateway or that can be used in the internet, or that can be also some issues in that particular pitch. That is, that can be chosen that particular pitch, which is Amazon.com. The first thing what we have to do this, you have to check whether the problem is in our connectivity or that particular represented. In order to make sure of that, we have to check with some other F6. So we're bringing amazon.com. I got this message pitch, that's not fun. So let me drink some popular website. Let me say google.com. I'm trying Google.com. So you know, if I'm able to connect to Google.com, which means the connection for Internet is perfect, but that is an issue only with that particular represent. The other thing is maybe some firewall is blocking. Our firewall is blocking that particular website. Maybe the IPsec can be harmful. So our firewall will block the treatment. So these are the possibilities. This second case is well trained to connect to Google. Also, not get up. I will not be able to connect to Google.com. The page will again tell me that they're just not fun. In that case, what we can do is we can bring the network in order to check the connectivity. I can ping amazon or concerns. Let me pick outcome and if I get replaced, which means that the internet connection is perfect. If I didn't get replay. Let me check with some other website. I'm checking with google.com. Let me say for Amazon.com, I didn't get to replay. And for google.com, I'm getting replayed. In this case, there is a DNS problem with Amazon.com. Just go to this DNS page and we can click obtain DNS server automatically. We can choose, we can go to this step static. This is actually a dynamic and static. This aim dot-dot-dot, dot-dot-dot. This is the default IP address for Google.com. We can use this DNS also hurting real work perfectly. Okay, So the next case is, I didn't get a replay for google.com. I tried to ping amazon.com. I didn't get rid get a replay. I started trying to ping Google.com, went for that. I didn't get the reflex. In this case, what I can do is I have to check my connectivity with my rotor, whether my device and the rotor is connected perfectly. Rotor is the default gateway. This will be the default gateway. As we know, we're typing IP config. We will get this page in that there's a default gateway. This is IPV4 for rotor. Let me pick this address first. I'm bringing my default gateway, which has this address. If I get a replay from this, which means the connectivity between my device and my daughter is perfect. That is some problem in the Internet only. But if white pinging, I didn't get a replacement my router itself, which means my rotor is not properly. What I have to do is have to go to my router. I have to check whether all the cable gonna cancel out proper. If not, I can actually remove everything and plug plug-in again. And I can, the best thing is we have to restart router. Mostly when we restart the rotor will get back. Get back to normal. Most probably Bye this case study itself, then Tokyo should be solved. But there are also some chances are when we are typing IP config, it will not show as a default gateway. Ip address will look somewhat like this. Usually I paraphrase, we'll start with 1921681 something, or sometimes it will start with 10 something. But this is actually not proper IP address and this is a problematic IP address which starts with this 169. And to fight for your furniture, start with this 169 to five, which means there is a problem in the DHCP. As we know before, DHCP is the thing which gives us an IP address. If we get an IP address like this or in case we didn't get a default gateway. The next thing we can do is we have to check, again. Most probably if the rotor is marked character, well, I will get a message like this rotor. And the other thing we can do is we have to go to this page. Actually, you know how to go to this page, right? I'll show you that. Go to Control Panel. Click on the Internet and then go to the Network and Sharing Center. Click on this change adapter settings. Wafer is not connected actually. Sorry, I don't know. I'm connected to my Wi-Fi. Click on Properties. Going to call this IP. We fork. This is how we can get this spirit. This is actually a dynamic that is my router can give me an IP address as per its wish. But if I choose this and paper nike address, let's say I wanted to type in 1921681 because one will always be default gateway. So now let me try this three and if I go, okay, what will happen is I am receiving this number three for me. Because of this, there'll be some issues sometimes because I'm actually deciding this three-fourths million now. But let's say I'm coming late to my place and someone else's someone else has come before. And that number three was previously given to that particular person. My router will not give me a new API because I've already added resolve this three alone. So it will give me these three, but three was already blocked by someone else. So until he goes until he logs off, I will not get an IP, which means I will not be able to login to the Internet or not. I'll not get the internet connection. The best thing is we can actually keep it in automatically. And this is also automatically. This will be the perfect setting actually. Let me close this. This is the difference between a static IP, dynamic dynamic IPs, what the router gives us automatically, and static IP is the reservation. The final possibilities, the firewall. This is actually a device. This is called the firewall. Usually when you are in your office or whatever many office with this device, what we can do is actually we can assign an IP for a particular person. We can completely restrict them. Let's say I'm given an Internet to my office, to my office mate. So I can completely restrict them. I can give them access only to some particular sites alone. Let's say I can give it, give access to my particular replayed and let me give them access to google.com and I can block every other group saved. In this case, what will happen is because of this firewall, you will not be able to interior. You enter your particular website. These are all the possibilities, most probably within the step to itself. Here we get back your Internet connection. 34 are some additional, maybe in your office or somebody you're going to experience it. So this video, we'll meet again. 11. Establishing WLAN & LAN (Practical): Welcome back. In this session we'll discuss how we can practically connect to a local area network. Let us, we're going to transfer and receive files from one system to the other system. Before we enter, we have to make sure that what the system.com nervous system you have, everything should be connected to the same net of, that is the only thing should be connected to the Wi-Fi router or wireless for the tour. What kind of control? Land cable. So let's get started. First, I'm getting into this random application. And in this random application first we have to start with the backslash, forward slash, we're not record, we should start with this backslash followed with the IP address of the other machine. It can be IP address or the Nim. If we specify the name, it should read exactly. That should not be any difference in the characters. In order to connect to the next machine, I have to know the IP address of the other machine. I have another system. In order to know that, as we discussed before, in order to know the IP address, I'm entering into this command prompt and I'm typing IP conflicts. Ipv4, it is my IP address. So this 17220, I'm entering that IP address 1.3722010. Gonna no, I'm clicking on this bouquet. It once. If, once I do this, I'll get, get a window like this, which will ask me for the username and password, the username and password. We have to specify the username and the password of that other machine, not a machine. The other machines, this is the login credentials is nothing but when we enter into the machine, it last class for the username and password array. So we have to enter the credentials of the other machine. In my case, it's hitch bn, the password. If we click on the sermon, remember my credentials, we don't have those specify the username and password when we login. The next thing. Now I'm clicking on this. Okay? No, I have successfully created a local area network. So this new folder is something which is present in the other machine. Now the machine is the host machine because I'm getting access to that machine, but that is the host machine. And I'm getting the data which is this folder is from the other machine. Know what I'm going to do is I'm going to get it the datas which is in this machine. I have some, in the first line, I have my name followed by some text. I'm going to edit this, typing my name and I'm saving this. This changes will be reflected in that position. Let's take this machine. This is the folder named a new folder I'm just entering into that. Also have a text file we just named name. When I click this changes which I've made here was reflected there. Also there is something called permissions. Will discover that whatever the file is, just go to Properties. Click on this sharing, and then click on this Advanced Sharing. Okay? So this is the option. This is the best value you can get a sharp. We can close our sharing. What I'm going to do this, I'm going to edit the permissions. So right now I have given complete access to my folder. I have given full control. So now what I'm going to do is I'm going to remove this tick mark from this full control and change. So now I'm given privilege only to read my folders. No other change can be done. Now I'm clicking on discipline. Now. I'm coming back to my machine. No, I cannot make any tension. Let's say I'm typing something like this and I'm trying to save this. And it tells me, you don't have permission to open this fight. The host machine has the privilege to either permit or they can just take the data. It's not that we can only edit or we can only transfer some text. We can do, we can transport images, videos or whatever. Everything will be done with. All these transfer is done without the Internet tension within a local area network. There is no difference between f wired network, wireless me, but if we're just a wireless network, we call it as a WLAN Wireless Local Area Network and refered SAR, wired network. We call it as a live locally. What will have the same setting, so there'll be no tennis in it. But that's all for this video. We'll meet again.