Learn to Read and Write Arabic for Beginners

1. Introduction: Welcome to the begin Arabic reading course. The course that will teach you all the rules around how to read Arabic correctly and with fluency. My name is Abdul overheat and I'm a professional Arabic teacher. Over the past ten years, I've taught hundreds of students how to correctly read and understand the Arabic language with quite a considerable degree of success. But I know exactly what it's like to be a new learner in the Arabic language and be exposed to Arabic literature. This time. It can be quite intimidating. And that's why I've designed this course for people like you who are just starting out. This course will not only teach you how to read the language correctly, but it will also help you to become extremely fluent in your reading and are fun and fast way. In part a, reading old, you will learn about all the major and minor rules that are necessary to understand how to correctly read the Arabic script. We will go through the Arabic alphabet. The three forms of letters, the vows, and all the other remaining diacritical marks that are found all over the language. And compliment it with real reading practice. Chaka, Roger Lewin, email or BBN, wij our own feed, metonymy for Karla album EBU Part B. We'll introduce you to real reading fluency. Here you will combine all the rules that you've learned from part a with new ones that will find junior reading allowing you to read fluently with no mistakes while it's producing some wonderful sounds, we will be looking at the sun and moon letters, the permanent and connecting hands-on the single-letter words, and many other important roles. This course really is for you if you're just starting out as a beginner or you've tried other courses, but they haven't really worked for you. Revolutionary way of teaching will ensure that this time you stick through it until the end. So, thank you so much for your interest in this course, and I hope that you're as excited as I am about getting started. 2. Getting Started: In this video, I will briefly talk about how to make the most out of this course with a few helpful tips. When learning any new topic, start by watching the video. The sound that it produces is equivalent to the English S in words like sun or next, completely accompanying exercise to really cement the topic into your mind. Please note, because the platform isn't able to support interactive videos, these exercise videos will not start and stop automatically in their appropriate places as they were designed to do. And we'll simply play on like a normal video. It will be up to you to pause the video at the appropriate places. Attempt an answer, then resume play to check answers. I know this can be somewhat fiddly, but the end result is pretty much the same. During your learning, it's important that you interact and take part. As such, you will be asked to write things and practice pronouncing things. It's important that you pause the video at these stages and take the time to practice reading or writing. It's very important that you follow the ordering of the modules and lectures. As such, at the end of each video or exercise, you are told where to go next. 3. The Arabic Alphabet: Module one, the Arabic alphabet. Strictly speaking, there are 28 lessons in the Arabic alphabet. There's some would say 30 by the addition of the LF And the motherboard. For this course, we will try to deal with the letters in small groups because of the features that they share in terms of their appearance and the way they function in words. This grouping may not necessarily follow the natural order of the alphabet. However, this shouldn't really prevent you from learning the alphabet in its natural order. As you become so accustomed to seeing it, that it will become second nature to you. 4. The Boat Letters: Module one, lecture one, the boats. This group has been named the boat letters simply because they all share the same general shape that resembles a boat, differing only in the number of dots that they have. The first letter that we have is called. Back. As you can see, its shape is that of an elongated semicircle with a dot placed beneath it. It's important that we play close attention to this line in the Arabic language, since many letters have dots or curves that fall beneath it. And so being accurate is important to avoid letters becoming confused. The sound that the bar makes is much like the letter B in English. In words such as ball, balloon, or break. A good way to remember it sound is to think of a boat which represents its shape. The dot below could represent a boy floating around the boat. We know that the word boy begins with the letter B, which is the same sound as the bad. Begin practicing the letter. Repeat after me. First. Repeat the letter, followed by its phonetic sound. Bad. But bad. But, but. But the next letter that we have is called. Here. We have exactly the same shape as the bad, except that the tag has two dots above the semicircle that sits on the line. The sound that it produces doesn't really have an English equivalent. Though it's closest approximation is the letter t. However, unlike the T, which is quite thick and heavy in words such as Train and Timothy. The Arabic tear is light and soft, produced by placing the tongue beneath the upper front teeth. The T in the Italian to D, From the phrase du dv wrote The isn't exact equivalent as are the Spanish that I'm query low and the French for bar. It was the boy that reminded us of its BY sound. For a good way to remember it is if we can imagine two men on board the boat. The word two, beginning with the T-H sound should be enough to remind you that holds this t sound but is lighter and softer. Let's practice saying the tab. Repeat after me. To the next letter that we have is called. Fair? Once again, that same semi-circle exists for the letter phi, except that it has three dots above it. The sound that it produces is in fact the same as the th sound in the word three. When trying to remember the sound of the letter, Imagine the three dots representing three men this time aboard that same boat. Now that should remind you of the sound that this letter represents. Let's now practice pronouncing that letter. First, the name of the letter, followed by its sound. The next letter that we have is called noon. The previous three letters have shared exactly the same base shape, differing only in the number and location of the adopts. This letter. The noone has a shape that is slightly different, but it's still placed under this group of bokeh letters because of the similar way in which it behaves to them in other areas. You'll discover this later on. As you can see, it's curved line drops below the writing line and returns backup to finish slightly above it. It also has a single dot sitting almost within the semicircle that is produced. The known is equivalent to the English N. In words such as nice or no. This letter looks like an egg with the dot representing the yolk. From here, I associate the egg with the NDCG from the American. Ignored. The N. In. Ndcg reminds me of the sound for known. Now as usual, let's practice the noon sound. No, no, no, no, no, no. The final letter that we have in this group is called yeah. The year begins with what looks identical to the letter S And then extends below the line and then comes back up again, much like the noon. It also has two dots below the letter. Now just like the known, it's placed under both letters because it behaves like the previous four letters. In other areas, the sound that it produces is equivalent to the why sound in English in words such as yawn and yes. When trying to recall this letter, what stands out to me is the S-shape at the beginning. When I see the S, I immediately think of it as the final letter in the word. Yes. The why of yes. Reminds me of the y sound of the Yeah. Now let's practice pronouncing the letter yeah. As usual. First, the name of the letter followed by its phonetic sound. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yes. Well done. You've now completed the first group of letters. The both letters. We now have a summary of the five letters we have covered up to this point. At this early stage, it would be a good idea for you to become familiar with the transliterations until you are more confident of their true sounds. Remember, the four principals. Listen, repeat, practice, and perfect. Once you feel confident and have perfected these leases, move on to the next section. 5. Exercise 1 and 2: Exercise one. Match the Arabic letter with its correct to transliteration. Exercise to listen to the following letter sounds and select the correct letter that produces this sound. Known. Yet. Yet. 6. The Antisocial Letters: Module one, lecture to the anti-social letters. This group has been termed the anti-social for reasons that will transpire later on. Mainly there to do with how some of these letters connect or otherwise don't with other letters. In certain situations, the letter Aleph is not actually a letter, but has been placed in this group because it shares some of the characteristics of the anti-social group. However, due to its unique features, It will be dealt with separately at the end of this chapter. The first lesson that we have is called the dal, looks like the letter C, but in reversed, the sound that it produces is a software and lighter version of the English letter D. Whereas the letter D requires you to place your tongue above the inside of the upper front teeth and caress the inner gums. The dal requires you to place the tip of your tongue directly on the backside of the upper front teeth. It more closely resembled the relaxed pronunciation of the word that you normally hear in casual and informal conversation. Spanish words such as don, Day, and Diablo, exact equivalents. It's not too difficult to remember this letter. Simply draw a line from the top edge to the bottom edge of the letter. And you have what looks like the letter D. The letter D being the closest approximation to del, should remind you that the letter that produces a softer and lighter D sound. Time for a bit of practice as usual. First, let's say the name of the letter followed by its phonetic sound. That the that the that the the next letter that we have is called the shares the exact same appearance as the dal, except that it has a dot placed above it. As for its sound, you may recall me saying that the dal produces the sound equivalent to the English, the when used in a relaxed and informal manner. The that is equivalent to the English verb. When pronounced as it should be of the tongue place beneath the upper front teeth. It will be especially a good idea for you to listen carefully to this letter. To make sure that you are pronouncing it correctly. Let's use that dots above the letter to represent the floating head of an angry teacher in the distance saying, pronounced Your properly. Practice. There. There. There. The next lesson that we have is called a rod. The letter rod is essentially a curved line that begins above the writing lines and curves South Westwood below the line. Around two thirds of the letter hangs below the writing line, and the third remains above. The sound that it produces is most closely seed in the English letter R. However, whereas the English are, is a steady, smooth sound, such as in, read or ready. The rock has a bit more going on. If you were able to trill your tongue, that then you're halfway there. When you trill your tongue. The sound reverberates like a motorcycle engine. The idea is to isolate one of these reverberations. And you have the raw. If you know a bit of Spanish, then you'll be familiar with this Spanish words like a Roberto or a rapid, or have the same sound. It can be quite tricky to master, but once you do, it's a truly wonderful sound that gives Arabic that bounce and flair. So keep rolling the tongue, reduce its length, isolate one reverberation and you've done it. For me. The letter raw looks a bit like a boomerang. I imagined myself throwing a boomerang and shouting. We were was emphasizing the rock within it by rolling it. So go out there and try it. But be careful not to take anyone's head of practice. Overall. Or, or, or, or. The next letter that we have in this group is called Zai. Much like the rock, the letter Z, k has the same boomerang shape, except with the addition of a dot placed above it. The sound that it produces is exactly like the letter Zed in English. Have you ever watched the film of Amar score of 0? If you are familiar with the film, you will recall zeros classic signature sort swipe where he cuts out the shape of the letter Zed. Imagined the dot in the letter Z is sorrows floating head. And the curved line is a gigantic Arabian style curved sword that he's building across. That image of 0 should bring about the letter Zed. I remind you of the z sound in the letter Z. Practice. Zai, Zi, Zai Zhi, Zai Zhi. The next letter that we have in this group is called Wow. It shape is very similar to the rod and the z in that it has that familiar curved boomerang curve that drifts under the writing line. The difference is that it begins with a small circle above the line. It kind of looks like the number nine. The sound that it produces is the exact same sound is the English w. In words like Wednesday or walking. If you've grown up in the 19 eighties than you might be familiar with a particular woodpecker that would masquerade our set-top boxes. He had big oval shaped eyes and a long sharp beak. The letter Wow is almost identical to him, and that the circle of the wow represents his big eyes and the curved line, his beak. The Wow reminds me of that particular would beggar. The W in would beggar quickly reminds me that the wow produces a work sound. Practice. Well, well, well, what the final letter of this group for now, excluding the LF we will deal with later on is called the Hadza. The Hadza is the only lesser whose name doesn't really have much to do phonetically with the sound that it actually produces. Its appearance resembles the letter you in English that has been tilted slightly to face northeast. In it's isolated form as above, it will sit on the line, but in other circumstances, it actually sits on other letters. We shall discover more about this when talking about the LF And the chapter entitled letter forms. The sound that the Hadza produces is what is known in the grammatical world as a glottal stop. Put simply, it's that sound that we find in English words that begin with vowels, like the sound in the word a-ha, or the sound in the word understand, or the e sound in the word, igloo. It's that initial sound that we're really interested in. Note that strictly speaking, the transliteration for him, there is a single quotation mark. Since the hand that looks somewhat like the letter, you simply use the initial sound in any English letter that starts with the letter U, such as umbrella. To remind you that the hamster has that initial sound. Practice. Hm, hm, hm. Well done. You've now completed the second group of letters, the anti-social letters. Summary. Listen, repeat, practice, and perfect. Once you feel confident and have perfective these leases, move on to the next section. 7. Exercise 3 and 4: Module one. Exercise three. Get a piece of lined paper and write down the following. Next. Match the transliterations with their correct Arabic letters by connecting them with a stroke. When finished, click continue to see the answers. Module one. Exercise for on a piece of paper, write down the following next. Listen to the following letter sounds from a to E and circle the appropriate letter. What? Zip? Bro 8. The Jug Letters: Module one, lecture three, the jugs. This group has been named the jug letters, mainly because three of them resemble the shape of a jug somewhat. The other three do not really share this feature, but they're here because they share some similarities as to sound or appearance. This is something that you will discover later on. The first letter that we have in this group is called Gim. The gene is a shape that kind of resembles a jog that's missing a back. A horizontal line with a curved beginning stretches to below the writing line, forming a shape that's almost two-thirds of a circle. It has a dot placed within this incomplete circle, which importantly is below the line. The sound that it produces is exactly the same as the letter j in words like jam or jug. I'm sure you would have guessed by now that remembering this letter means recalling a jug, since GM has the appearance of one, as the word jug begins with the letter J, you'll know that GM has that sound. Let's take the dot within the circle and below the line to mean that the jug is full. So gene is a full jog practice. Gim, me, Gim. Gim. The next letter that we have is called the letter, which has the exact shape of the gene, except that it has no dot placed within it. The sound that it produces is a horse coming from the back of the throat that is clean and crisp. If we stay with our jog theme, you may recall that the Gim had a dot within it that met eight full jog. For the letter hat. We can imagine an empty jug due to the absence of a dot. And empty jog is normally hollow. So when you see the jug shape that's hollow, use the hedge in hollow to remind yourself that the letter had has a sound that is sharp, horse and clean coming from the back of the throat. Practice. The next letter that we have is called. We also have that exact jug shape of the Gim, except that it has a dot that's above the letter itself. The sound that it produces is like the Spanish j in quad or the CH sound in the Scottish law. It resemble the sound made when clearing throat. Excuse me. Continuing with our geography. So we've had a full jog. We then emptied it and made it hollow. Let's assume we entered it by drinking whatever was inside. Now, it's left a terrible taste in our mouths. So we clear our throats by making that sound and outcome something not so pleasant, represented by that dot that's outside or about limiter. Practice. The next letter that we have is called, have. The letter had, has the appearance of an oval river pointed tip, much like a droplet. The sound that it produces is like the normal H sound we get in words like hello or hover. It has been placed in this group because of the sound that it shares with the letter had. The difference is that it's a much more softer and lighter Haidt sound. This letter looks a lot like a droplet of liquid. Let's say the liquid is water. The chemical symbol for water is H2O. Use the hedge in H2O to remind yourself that the letter had produces a normal hedge sound. Practice. The next letter that we have is called meme. The letter meme is essentially a circular shape that sits on the line, followed by a vertical stroke that extends below the writing line around double the diameter of the circle. The sound that it produces, you'll be happy to know is like the letter M in English, in words like mother and monkey. Have you ever seen those wildlife videos about meerkats? Have you noticed that when they sent the danger, they stand up in almost vertical posture and guards around for threats. For me, the mean looks just like that. Meerkat stones in the word MCAT reminds me that the meme has that sound. Meme, meme. The final letter we have in this group is called the amar outta. The thermometer will be discussed much later on. For the moment, consider it as part of this group due to the similarities that it shares with some of the letters in terms of sound. And the parents. 9. Exercise 5 and 6: Exercise five. Listen to the following letter sounds from a to E. Next, from the selection below, select the appropriate letter that represents this sound. An example has been done for you. Yeah. Exercise six. Listen to the following Arabic words. I don't know a piece of paper, write down whether the word begins with a letter hat over later. Hi. 10. The Tail Letters: Module one, lecture for the tails. This group of letters has been named the tails because they all have a semicircle that clings on to their ends that looks a bit like the tail of an animal. These all behave in a very similar way in the language. The first letter that we have in this group is called seen. The scene is characterized by two small semi-circles that combine to look like a W that is sitting on the line, followed by a larger semi-circle that extends below the line and returns to finish just above it, what I have termed a tail here. The sound that it produces is equivalent to the English S in words like sun or see. This letter. Easy to remember if you imagine the two semi-circles at the beginning to be waves in the sea. The sea begins with the letter S, which is exactly the sound produced by the letter seen. Practice. Scene, scene, scene. The next letter that we have is called Xin. Xin looks exactly like the scene, except that it has three dots placed above the two semi-circles. The sound that it produces is equivalent to the SH sound in words like sheep and shake. If we continue with our waves of the sea example we've seen, we can imagine these waves drifting endlessly until they reach the shore where we find free pebbles or stones. The schwa sound in shore should remind you of the sound for machine practice. Xi1, xi2, xin. The next lesson that we have in this group is called sod. The sod is one of four rounded or emphatic letters that we will learn about later on. The sod is characterized by an elongated circular shape that is situated above the line that looks like a balloon pointing north east. It shares that same curved shape of the seed and the xin. The sound that it produces is like the sound in a scene that has been rounded. Ideally, you want to compress your lips as you would when whistling, for example. Then whiles holding that position throughout, say the letter sod. If you've done it right, it should give out a rounded soft sound as opposed to the more flat in scene. I often equate it to an Italian-American New York and saying, sorry, we were a bit more exaggeration. This letter looks a little bit like a saw with the left side being it's handled and the right side, the blade. Whenever you see it, think of a saw, and you'll find that the letter S in the word saw should remind you of the soft sound for sod. Use the balloon shape to remind you that this letter has a rounded as sound. Practice. Saw. Sop. Sop, saw the SOP. The final letter in this group is called BAD. The Broad is also one of four rounded or emphatic letters that we will talk about later on. It's appearance is exactly the same as the sod, except that there is a dot placed above it. As to its pronunciation. It is like the, the sound in Dell that has been rounded. Once again, you want to compress your lips as you would do when whistling, for example. Then walls holding that position throughout, say the letter Dodd. Now, if you've done it right, it should give out a rounded sound as opposed to the more flat. In that. If we stay with our example of the sort, we can imagine using the soar to cut a piece of wood. The dot could represent the saw dust that is flying around everywhere. The d from the word dust should remind you of the BOP sound for board. Once again, you could use the round balloon shape to remind you that this is a rounded that sound. Practice. Bad. Bad. No. 11. Exercise 7 and 8: Exercise seven. Listen to the following letter sounds and write down the letter that represents the sound. What. 12. The Hooks: Module one, lecture five. The hooks. This group of letters is called the hooks because they all finish with a curved tip that resembles a hook on the left. The first letter that we have is called fair. The letter fair is made up of a small semicircle which connects to a line that extends to the left to a distance of around double the length of the original semicircle. The sound that it produces is identical to the letter F in English, in words like fish and farm. The fair looks a lot like a person sitting on the floor and doing yoga with legs outstretched and arms intertwined in some sort of mystic yoga routine. Yoga is a wonderful way of staying limber and fit. Whenever you see the fair think of someone keeping fit and the f and the word fit will remind you of the foot sound in fair practice. For the next letter that we have in this group is called off. The letter. Off looks very much like the letter, fair, except that the vertical line that is joined to the semicircle does not extend as far to the left as the fair. It also has two dots above it compared to the one dot in. The sound that it produces does not really have an English equivalent. I often describe it as attempting to imitate a gulping sound while keeping your mouth open. Combined with a touch of a clicking sound until they sort of merge into each other. Or if it helps, tried to do the gulping on its own for a minute, then the clerking for a minute. And then combine the two. You will see that over time it becomes one smooth sound that has aspects of both gulping and clocking. I know that sounds impossible right now, but I assure you it is possible. I once mastered, gives a beautiful salad, which gives Arabic that power characteristic. A good way of identifying the letter off when you see it is to think of the two dots as your own eyes. The curved line is the base of your mouth and the circle is your tonsils trying to make that gulping and clicking sound. Practice. The next lesson that we have in this group is called Cat. The letter care is simply described as the letter L, written in the opposite direction with small S nesting within it. The sound that it produces is exactly the same as the letter K in words like Kite and kick. Be careful to distinguish between the sharp sound in calf and the deep throaty sound in, of. Remember how we talked about the calf having a small S-shaped nesting within it. For me, the small S reminds me of a baby kangaroo snugged up in its mother's pouch, which is the reverse L shape. The K in kangaroo should remind you of the sound in the letter calf. Practice. Caffe. Caffe. The final letter we have in this group is called lamb. Lamb looks quite a lot like the letter L in reverse, except that it's horizontal part is curved. We've appointed tip and also dips below that writing lying. Unlike the English L, the sound that it produces is like the letter L in words like lion and Laval. And the fact that the lamb looks like a reverse l should remind you that it produces the sound. Alternatively, you could see it as a lamb chop. Lamb begin with the letter L, should be enough to remind you that the letter lamb produces the lip sound. Practice. 13. The Foreign: Module one, lecture six, the foreign. This group has been called the foreign because all four letters in this group do not share any familiarity with English letter sounds. Some around IT. Versions of Arabic letters that you've already come across, and others are completely alien to the vocal range of an English speaker. The first data that we have in this group is called for. The thought is one of the four rounded letters discussed earlier on. The letter four has that same balloon shapes circle that sits on the line pointing northeast. But instead of a tail hanging below it, as in sod and broad, it has a vertical line that goes up to about twice the height of the circle. The sound that it produces is essentially around this version of the tag that we encountered earlier on. Hopefully, you will regain some idea of how to create that rounded sound from letters such as sod and bored. But just in case you've forgotten his reminder, you want to compress your lips as you would when whistling, for example. Then walls holding that position throughout Saida letter bar. If you've done it right, it should give out a rounded thought. Sound. Have you ever been to Arab lands and taken a look at a mosque? Or perhaps you've seen one within your local area that has been traditionally built. The bar reminds me of that traditional mosque, whereby the circle represents the dome and the vertical line, the minaret. Whenever I see a minaret, I'm always amazed by how tall it is. The t in the word tool reminds me of the top sound in the letter. Practice. For 44. The next step is that we have in this group is called. The letter is identical to the letter in appearance, except with the addition of a dot placed above it. The sound that it produces is a rounded they'll sound that we encountered earlier on. It's important that you really get used to the rounded sound. So please do look at the early descriptions of it and take time to listen to the letter as often as you can. Var. We said that the letter bar was the tall minaret beside the dome of a mosque. Let's pretend the little dot is the sun having reached its zenith. Use the zed in Zenith to give you an approximation of the sound in var. It's only an approximation because the z sound has already been encountered in the letter Z. So we don't want to mix the two up. Practice. Next letter that we have in this group is called iIn. The iIn is an interesting letter and one of the most difficult to pronounce. Its appearance consists of what looks like a number eight that has been chopped in half, where the bottom semicircle hangs below the line, or the top half sits on the line. To best understand the sound that it produces, you will need to really listen carefully and keep practicing the letter almost until your throat begins to hurt. It's as if you are strangling yourself gently and thereby constricting the air passage within your throat. You then say R, with a deep throaty turn. Go ahead. Try it by placing your hands on your throat and constricting the air slightly. If you're uncomfortable, that approach, try lowering your chin until it touches your chest, then always maintaining your chin in that position. Open your mouth, constrict the air in your throat and say, our, Be sure to drink a glass of water after all those exercises. The appearance of the iIn reminds me of a fat man sitting and leaning against a wall with the top half being his head. And the bottom half is protruding stomach. I simply envisage this man doing exactly what you just described as the way to produce the sound. That is, he sitting there, chin touching the chest, saying, our practice. Iodine are high. Ha, ha, ha. The final letter that we have in this school is called looks exactly the same as the data, except that it has a daughter that sits above it. The sound that it produces is pretty much the sound you hear when garbling. So begin by googling for a minute or so. And pay close attention to the sound that you hear. It's the that makes the line sound. If you're familiar with French, then you'll know that the design is equivalent to the r sound in many fringe words like Lavoie in all have, well, let's stay with our man leaning against the wall and imagine him needing a gloss of border. After all the iIn practice, he sits a bit goggles and spits it all out. That's beetle is represented by the dots onto, on the letter. Practice. 14. Exercise 9 and 10: Module one. Exercise nine. Listen to the following letter sounds can indicate on the screen that produces the sound. Module one. Exercise ten. Listen to the following Arabic words and decide whether the word begins with a letter. Although letter. While Mao. 15. Exercise 11 and 12: Module one, exercise 11. Listen to the following Arabic was decide whether the word begins with delta r i. Exercise 12. Listen to the following Arabic words and decide whether the word begins with LSAT. Bobby. While we. 16. The Alif Part 1 : Module one, lecture seven, the LF part one. You're already somewhat familiar with the olive rate was part of the group of anti-social letters. Here we should talk a little more about the LF. This chapter has been named the left part one because there are other features to the belief that we should come across later on, that we'll need separate discussions. For the moment. Let's understand a bit more about what the LF is. The LF is simply a straight line that sits on the writing line. Roles of the LF. The LF essentially has two roles in Arabic. It acts as a place for the hamster to sit on and a long vowel that doubles the length of a specific val. For now, we will only look at point number one, the LF as a place for the hamster sit on. We will look at its second role later on in detail. So don't worry too much about memorizing this information right now. The lazy hamster. So one of the roles of the LF is to act as a place for the hamster to sit on the hands. It is what I have termed Lazy because it can't seem to rely on its own weight and stay put. You'll discover that sometimes it's by itself relaxing on the writing line as follows. At other times, it needs that extra assistance and resorts to nesting on top of other letters. Now, one of these letters is the LF. So when it sits on an olive, it can sit on top of it. Or it may crouch down below it for reasons that will be explained later on. Now, perhaps you've watched other videos or even heard from teachers that the olive produces the sound that's similar to the app in Apple. Well, you should know now that it's actually the hamster that is sitting on top of the olive, which is producing that sound was the LF is simply providing the hamster a place to sit on in order to do so. We've already learned that it's only the hamster that is responsible for that glottal stops out. The LF does not by itself produce any sound and is merely a tool that other let us use for their own purposes. Here is an Arabic word that has the hamburger sitting on the LF. The easiest way to remember the LF is to think of a long planned that hold a leaf. A leaf will remind you of the name of the letter L If the lazy Hamner continued. Another letter that the hamster sits on is the letter, Wow. Once again, if you see the hamster on top of this letter, you will be required to make that glottal stop sound that the hands-on makes. Remember, the wow here is simply a place for the hamster to sit on, just like the LFO's. No sound relating to their wow should be made in any way. Wow sound is only made when it appears on its own without the hands-on. Here is an Arabic word that has the hamburger sitting on the wow. Don't worry about the word itself or its pronunciation at this stage, the main thing is to notice that this is a word where in the hamburger is sitting on the letter. Wow. The final letter that the Hadza sits on is the letter. Yeah. But without having the familiar two dots that are below it, once again, if you see the Hamsun on top of this letter, you will be required to make that glottal stop sound that the Hadza makes. Remember the, yeah, here is simply a place for the handler to sit on, just like the LF And the wild work. No sound at all relating to the yeah. Should be made in any way. The JAR sound is only made when it appears on its own without the hamburger and with its familiar to dots sitting beneath it. And once again, here is an Arabic word that has the hamburger sitting on the air. Once again, don't worry about the word itself or its pronunciation at this stage, the main thing is to notice that this is a word wherein the hands-on sitting on the letter yet without its two dots. 17. The Emphatics: Exercise 13. Listen to the following Arabic words and decide whether the word begins with an emphatic letter or a normal letter. Saba. Salman, Fabio. Well done. You've now reached the end of module one, the Arabic alphabet. Up to this point, you have covered all the desk is quite fully apart from the timer Mordor, which we'll cover much later on. Your task now is to really know these letters in terms of their appearance and the sounds that they make. It's really important that you are able to pronounce these letters as accurately as possible and be able to distinguish them. Listening to them. Spend time listening to the sounds and repeating them until you feel comfortable with them. Finally, don't forget to do the exercises. They are fundamental to your learning and understanding. 18. Exercise 13: Exercise 13. Listen to the following Arabic words and decide whether the word begins with an emphatic letter or a normal letter. Sabah. For B. Well done, you've now reached the end of module one, the Arabic alphabet. Up to this point, you've covered all of the debt is quite fully apart from the timer Mordor, which we'll cover much later on. Your task now is to really know these letters in terms of their appearance and the sounds that they make. It's really important that you are able to pronounce these letters as accurately as possible and be able to distinguish them. Listening to them. Spend time listening to the sounds and repeating them until you feel comfortable with them. Finally, don't forget to do the exercises. They are fundamental to your learning and understanding. 19. Introduction The 3 Forms: Module two. The three forms. So far, we have studied the Arabic alphabet in it's isolated form. This means that we have looked at each data as it stands alone, detached from any other letters. However, in reality, this will never be the case. Arabic is a language that has a cursive script. This means that the letters adjoined all connected together. Let's take, for example, the word house. In Arabic, the word for house is bay, which involves that at a bad, followed by the letter yet, and finally, the letter tear. Naturally, this word includes vowels, but for our purposes here, relating to how words connect, we will just look at the letters involve. You will never see this word written as follows. Remember, Arabic is written from right to left. Instead, the letters will be connected to look something like this. Now, what do you notice about what's happened to some of the letters? That's right, the bear has lost its cursive ending, whilst the Yair has flattened out completely. The only letter that has maintained its shape is the tear. I know what you're thinking. I've just spent an age learning with the individual letters look like and now I had to learn what they look like all over again. The answer to this is yes and no. That's because many of the letters do undergo changes that require you to be perceptive and notice them. Thankfully, though, the changes are so minimal that it is extremely easy to identify what the letters are. In addition, some letters don't undergo any change at all. Lots of practice will ensure that you have no difficulties identifying letters. So how do we know what a given letter will look like in a word? Well, it has a lot to do with where that letter appears in the Word. The lessor can appear at the beginning, such as the in the example above, the middle, such as the year in the example above, or at the end, such as the tear in the example above. As a result, each letter will have three forms. It will be up to you to master the appearance of each letter in each of the three forms. From my own experience of teaching students, I found mastery of these forms to correlate directly reading fluency. In this chapter, we will go through the groups once again and describe each letter in its three forms. A summary table at the end will act almost as a lookup table of the next few lessons as you continue to grapple with words and their appearances. 20. The Boats Three Forms: Module two, lecture one, the boats three forms. So we return to our original groups. And it is in this section that you should see why they've been put in their specific group. It's mainly because they behave or change in very similar ways when in their initial, medial and final forms. Below, you'll see a table that shows how each letter looks in its given form within a real life example of an actual word. Have a close look at this table. For the initial positions. The above group of letters is essentially based around a small vertical stroke above or below which a certain number of dots or place that refer to specific letters. The dots that previously said roughly in the middle of the letter now sits directly above or below the vertical stroke. In the medial positions above the group of letters is essentially based around a sharp point above or below which a certain number of dots are placed that refer to specific letters. In the final form, the letters regain their original, isolated shaped, except that they are connected to the letter preceding them. More than one letter in the middle. You may have noticed that some of the example words above have more than three letters. This may be a good time to explain what is meant by initial, medial, and final. And initial letter is a letter that appears at the beginning of a word, IE, the first letter, a final letter, is a letter that appears at the end of a word, IE, the last letter. A media letter, is defined as any letter that isn't at the beginning or at the end. Arabic, just like any other language, has words that are longer than three letters. In such cases, all the letters that are not the initial or final letter are classified as middle letters and will therefore take their middle forms. In the example above, you can see that the letter yeah. And Xj are initial and final letters respectively. While status as seen, tear and fair are all middle letters and therefore take their relevant medial forms. 21. The Antisocial Three Forms: Module two, lecture to the anti-social three forms. It is in this section, you will learn why this group of letters is called the anti-social. Essentially, this group of letters does not connect to the letter that follows it as if it's not comfortable being sandwiched between two letters. It does, however, connect to the letter that precedes it in their initial form. Since nothing precedes it. And we know that it doesn't connect to any letter after it. This group of letters simply refracts. It's isolated for medial. These letters connect to the letter preceding, unless that data is one of the anti-social letters. Since anti-social letters do not connect to those letters that come after them. But it doesn't connect to the letter following it. Final form. In the final form, they connect to the letter proceeding. Unless that letter is one of the anti-social letters. Which form after an anti-social letter, will have many words that have anti-social letters at the beginning or in the middle somewhere. As these letters do not connect to the letters after them, you may wonder about how a given word that has anti-social letters within it may be written. Since we know that all letters normally connect with the letter that precedes them. You should hold the following two rules specific to Andy social letters in mind when facing this. Number one, any middle letter that follows an anti-social letter should be treated as a new initial letter and will therefore take its initial form to a final letter that follows an anti-social letter should be treated as an isolated letter. And we will therefore take it isolated for. Let's take the following example. The above Word has the following letters within it, going in order from right to left. Crying. Lf, meme, lamb, Wow, noon. The iodine being the initial letter, takes its initial form. The elif being a middle letter, takes it middle for. The mean, being a middle letter that follows an anti-social letter falls under Rule one and therefore takes its initial form. The lab is simply one of four middle letters in this word. So takes its middle form. The wow, offer one or four middle letters in this word, take this middle form. Now, the known being a letter that follows an anti-social letter and one that is also the final letter, falls under rule two and therefore takes it. Isolated form. Here as another example. Caffe, initial letter, so initial form, LF, middle letter. So Medial form. They'll rule one. So initial form, their rule one. So initial form, Wow, middle letter. So middle form, nude, root two. So isolated form. Now that seems like a lot, but I assure you that it's not. These are merely some finer points that I've included so that you have a better understanding of what's going on as your observation skills get better. Much of this you will learn by instinct as you go along. Stood worry too much about remembering all of this. You can always refer back to it as and when you need it. In addition, for your purposes, it's all about recognizing these letters when you see them. So you wouldn't have to worry about these rules as much. The forms of hands-on. Do you remember when we spoke about SAMHSA as being a lazy letter and needing other letters to support it. Arduous journey through the Arabic language. We learned that the hamster can be situated in one of four places on the line on its own. On top of or crouch below the LF. On top of the wow. And on top of the yeah, without the year having it's familiar to dots below it. Why it sits on specific letters is an issue that has no real benefit for us at this stage. More importantly for us is to be able to recognize the hamster in its various guises. What will help us now is to refer to the table above detailing the appearance of the letters in the beginning, middle, and end. You will note that when the Hadza, its appearance at the beginning, middle or end of a word is more about where it sits as opposed to what it looks like. Since the appearance of the hamburger never actually changes, it always looks like this. We can see that when at the beginning of a word, it will only ever sit on an elif, either sitting above it or crushing blow it. When in the middle of a word. It can sit on any of the four places mentioned. Ie, on the line, on an LF, adopt lasagna or a wow. Finally, when at the end of a word, it can also sit on any of the four places mentioned on the line. On an LF, adopted the CIA or a wow. Look at the following words and notice the various locations where the hamster is sitting. Beginning, middle, end. The above are actual words, would sounds you learned about later on. The meanings are here, so that once you do learn their pronunciation, you have an idea of what the words mean. Vocabulary learning will be fundamental as you continue your Arabic studies. 22. The Jugs Three Forms: Module two, lecture three. The jogs, three forms. The gene have, Hall and meme, all lose their jug handles in the initial and medial forms. In the final form, they regain their jug handles. The appearance of the head for the initial and medial forms includes a teardrop shape that is split by a line in the middle. The hair has two final forms, depending on whether it is preceded by an anti-social letter or not. The dam or water, which we touched upon briefly in the previous module, only ever occurs at the end of a word. You will learn more about this later. It just like the hat has to final forms depending on whether it is preceded by an anti-social letter or not. 23. The Tails Three Forms: Module two, lecture for the tails, three forms. All of these letters lose their tails in the initial and medial forms. They do have a regain them. And the final form. 24. The Hooks 3 Forms: Module two, lecture five. The hooks, three forms. All of these letters lose their hooks in the initial and media forms. They do have a regain them. And the final form, the calf, completely loses its mini essay in the initial and medial form would remain essentially turns into a large S returns. And the final form. 25. The Foreign 3 Forms: Module two, lecture six, the foreign three forms. The DOD and the var, maintain their original shape throughout all three forms. The gain and lose their long tails in the initial end medial forms. They do have regained them. And the final form, the appearance of the line and the line in the medial and final forms changes into what looks like a mushroom shape that is fully filled. 26. The Laam Alif Combination: Module two, lecture seven, the lamb olive combination. Up to this point, we have covered all the individual letters and their appearances in the three positions. And on the whole, there has been complete consistency between them. However, there is one particular combination that need special attention due to the minor amendments that take place in appearances when they are together. These two letters are the lamb and the LF. Specifically, when the LF follows the lamb. Let's take a look. Above. We have the letter Lamb at the beginning of a potential word, giving us the sound. Let's now follow the normal patterns in the table and see what should happen. Only add the LF after it. We can see from the table that the LF, when in the middle or end of a word, simply connects to the previous letter and appears in its normal vertical line form. Now, in normal circumstances, there'll be nothing wrong with this. However, the Arabs, as you'll discover when studying grammar, are not particularly fond of two straight lines sitting next to each other in such fashion, believing it as spoil the corrosive nature of the Arabic language. As such, the above is represented as follows. So what's happened essentially, rather than the lamb and the LF being connected together in a normal fashion. In the initial example, a small crossover occurs at the bottom, at the point at which they connect. So to clarify, the lamb goes from top right all the way down to the bottom left. At this point, a horizontal line is drawn to the right that caresses the writing line. From this point, the LF begins going from bottom to top left. This is specifically the case if the lamb LF combination is not connected to any letter before it, medial or final. If the lamb olive combination is connected to a letter before it, then it will look as follows. Let's clarify it, this shape a little. So we have a letter preceding the lamb LF combination, which is the bare. Now, back ends at the point where the vertical line begins going up. This vertical line can be seen as simply a connector between the bad and the lamb elif combination. The lamb then begins at the top of this vertical line and travels to the bottom left, ending at the point where it did lead touches the writing line. The elif begins at the midpoint of the Lamb and travels towards the top-left, finishing with a slightly chunky tip like the end of an ax. Let's have a look at the Lamb LF combination. In real words. 27. Exercise 14: Exercise 14. Take a look at the following sentences and try to work out what each letter is going from right to left, right down your onces on a piece of paper. An example has been done for you. 28. Exercise 15: Exercise 15. Join up the following letter combinations. 29. Exercise 16: Exercise 16. Well done. You've now reached the end of module two, the 34. Way towards reading Arabic. You should now be able to name all the letters by looking at the isolated initial, medial, and final forms. Pronounce all the letters to an adequate level while continually practicing those that are emphatic and other challenging one's name, all letters based on looking at the transliteration of the sounds. They make. For example, saying of when seeing the Q, right, all letters joined up in Smooth, natural strokes, ensuring that you follow the correct method. In the next module, we'll be adding the next layer to our understanding by learning about vowels. Here's where the fun really starts as we combine sounds with vowels to produce very interesting words. 30. Introduction The Short Vowels: Module three. The short files. You may have seen Arabic script in the newspaper or in a novel, and not seen any vowels. You may then wonder how it can be possible to pronounce words without vowels, considering the existence of millions of words and the time that it would require to learn them. Well. In Arabic, vowels are rarely written because the reader, over time, lens to extract meaning based on vocabulary, word forms, the grammar and the general context. Consider the following sentence. It may not have taken you long to work out that the sentence reads, The quick fox jumped over the fence. There is not a single vowel in the sentence yet, we're able to deduce its meaning. As mentioned, it's the combination of experience with words, the grammar, and contexts that allow us to read this easily. For the beginner, however, these vowels are essential in knowing how word is pronounced. Just to z above sentence would be for a learner of English language. For this course, vowels will be used in their entirety. In Arabic, vowels are called Heroku, that had our cat literally means movement, because a letter without a Vout is simply affinity sound, which doesn't go in any particular direction. It needs a vowel to make the sound move. 31. The Fathah: Module three, lecture one, the Arabic, it's free principal short vowels. The FET is a slanted horizontal line that floats above a letter and gives it the sound that is found in the first syllable of words like Barry and carry. The transliteration for the fatigue is a solid tree, a after the letter that carries the vowel. In the example above, we have the letter back, which produces the sound but followed by the Fed had given us. Try saying this a few times. Back, back, back. Let's now apply it in practice, the rest of the letters but the fatale. Yet net. But men have jet. That SOP. Sharp set. I thought. Let well. 32. The Kasrah: Module three, lecture to the castle. The Tesla is a slanted horizontal line that's, it's below a letter and gives it the sound that's found in the first syllable of words like bizarre and killer. The transliteration for the customer is a solitary i after letter that holds the val. In the example above, we have the letter back which produces the sound, but followed by the Cousera, ie, giving us B. Try saying this a few times. B, b, b. Let's now again apply in practice the rest of the letters with the Castro. 100k. C t be me. He Shi Shi Ji E We Zhi De Shi Si Hai Li. T. A C 33. The Dammah: Module three, lecture three. The drama. The drama is a looped curve that resembles a comma that sits above a letter and gives it the sound that's found in the first syllable of words like bully and pulley. The transliteration for the Dhamma is a solitary you after the letter that holds the vowel. In the example above, we have the letter back, which produces the sound but followed by the Dhamma Wu, giving us bu. I try saying this a few times. Boo, boo, boo. Let's now apply and practice the rest of the letters with the bomber. You knew through to boo, MOOC. Ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh. Ooh. Do. Low. So shou. So whoa, whoa, whoa. Four notes on the hamster. You may recall that the ham says four places that it can be located on. The left. The, wow, the yeah, without it's dots. And on the line. You may also recall me saying that when it sits on the LF, It can be perched above it or may crouched down below. Well, I hope that you've noticed in the previous journals that the hamster was purged below the leaf when it had a castro beneath it. In fact, this is the only occasion that the hamster sits below the LF. When it has a fatter or a dumbbell above it, it always sits above the LF. We now know enough to start learning a few complete words. From here on in, you will notice meanings of words written under the transliteration. 34. Exercise 17: Module three, exercise 17. Try pronouncing the following words. Click reveal to check your answers. Semi. Borodin said, yeah, Dan. 35. Exercise 18: Module three, Exercise 18. Write the Arabic that corresponds with the transliteration, ensuring that you placed the correct vowel above or below a given letter. Malika. Rocky, ban, the man. Man. 36. Exercise 19: Module three, exercise 50. Listen to the following words. I write down the letters that you hear in there, joined up form along with the appropriate vowels. Navarro. You've now completed the third module in the day in Arabic cause and are well-known fluidly. In our next module, we'll learn about losses without vowels. And by doing so, begin to broaden our vocabulary and our fluency. 37. The Sukuun: Module four. In the previous module, we learned that vowels provide a phonetic sound with movement from which the Arabic word for vowels hierarchy comes from. In this module, we will learn about the lack of lumen that let us have the word superfood in Arabic, as you may have guessed, means stillness or rest. Letters that have a spoon on them don't make any vowel sounds almost as if they're at rest. Let's take the following example. The word sunday has two syllables, sun and day. In the first syllable, son, the Val, you give the letter S, that movement that we're talking about. And so we have that sat sound. We then arrive at the letter N, which completes the syllable. The letter N is simply sounded, but no vowel follows it. So there is no movement on the end, simply it's phonetic sound giving us son. This is what we mean by a school. If the letter N here was an Arabic letter, it would have a Sukarno on top of it. The same could be said for the second syllable day. The why having no vowel followed it would be classified as a letter having sucrose soon. This will Kuhn is represented by a small unfilled circle that sits above a letter. In the example above, the letter noone has a Sukarno on top of it, which means that only its phonetic sound will be made without any movement or vowel sounds. Transliterations for so-called cells will be represented by their appropriate letter that we've learned from the alphabet or joule. In the example above, the noon is represented by the letter n. The above word is therefore pronounced. Let's take a look at a few more examples. Min, lack whom? Alpha phi. Dash there. I'll, I will do. I will ensue. Bill Rooney. Notice the lamb LF combination above in the last three words. On all three, the subunit sits on the lamb, was the LF carries a hamburger when appropriate. Val in the first example, the LF is carrying a hamburger, would have had tower on top of it. In the second example, the LF is carrying a hands-on with the Castro below it. And in the final example, the LF is carrying ahimsa word dhamma on top of it. The so-called, especially in religious texts and the classical works, is often represented by what looks like a boomerang above the letter, as opposed to the circle that we've just been learning about. This is quite normal. So you shouldn't be surprised when seeing it. For this course, we will be using the circle that we've become familiar with. 38. Exercise 20: Exercise 20. Try pronouncing the following words. Click reveal to check your answers. Gen B. 39. Exercise 21: Module four, Exercise 21. Listen to the following Arabic words and write down what they should look like in the adjoint up form, click reveal to check your answers. Have Lu Dao regime. Was weizza. Ooh. You redo. You've now completed the fourth module in the begin Arabic cause and are well on your fluidly. In our next module, ten, we will be looking at a feature that adds bounce, flare, and musicality to the language. 40. The Tanwiin: Module five, Lecture one, the ten Weine. In this module, we will continue to add another layer of sound by introducing what's termed the ten Weine in Arabic and non-Asian in English. Then when in Arabic literally means to give something a new sound, the assets, right? We're talking about the Arabic letter noon here. A letter that has a 10-week on top of it is one that produces a vowel sound that ends with a noon or nip sound. Let's take a look at an example. Bomber ten, when you've learned that the above letter bad produces a sound, it has a bomber on top of it in the above example, which means that together it gives us the sound buh. Now, to give us that noon sound, which we call the Halloween, we are simply required to double the vowel symbol. The doubling of the valve has turned the book Sound into Boone. Notice that the letter noon is nowhere to be seen, and that's the whole point. The 10-week provides us with that final noodles out without the actual appearance of a noon. It's done by simply doubling the val. We cool the ten wean of the rumour. Simply dumber than when you appearance of Dhamma 10-week. The long button when it can be represented in one of two ways. Either with two numbers sitting next to each other as in a or we were looped squiggle, that appears as though it says 2P as in b. For this course, we'll be using B since it appears more frequently in Arabic texts. Important, the ten we'd only ever sits on the final letter of a word. It never sits on an initial or medial letter. Crypto bond. Euler moon, Cal born. You will never see anything that resembles the following. The above are a selection of non-existent constructions written purely for the purposes of demonstrating the point casserole, then we, we know that there are two other vowels in Arabic, the Fatah and the Castro. The exact same principles are applied to these valves to give us that lewd ending sound. Doubling the val. Let's take a look. A single customer below the letter by giving us the sound b. The doubling of the castle now gives us that noon sound at the end. And so we have been fed ten when a single fat above the letter by giving us the bat sound, the doubling of the fatter gives us that num settled at the end. And so we have Ben. 41. Exercise 22: Module five, Exercise 22. Try pronouncing the following words that contain Done button wins. Fat Hatton wins and gets rotten means click reveal to check your answers. Lama warned belladonna. 42. The Irrelevant Alif: Module five, Lecture two, The irrelevant ADF. You may have noticed an NF attached to letters that have a fatter than when and wondered what it was all about. Well, you should know that the lf must follow a letter carrying effect had Edwin. However, this LFO has absolutely no phonetic impact on the letter and should be treated as if it wasn't even there. The LF that follows a fatter and when is something that is simply existed in the language historically and simply become part of the script. We've already learned that one of the functions of the LF is to act as a place for the hamster to sit on. Later. You learned that it also acts as a long vowel. But here it has neither of these functions and is completely ignored being pronounced as if it wasn't even there. The sword that has the fatter than when followed by the LF is exactly equivalent to the Assad having a forgotten when and not having any LF at all. Exceptions to the rule. There are however, a few exceptions to this rule where you will see a letter carrying the fatter than when, but there is no elif following it. They are as follows. When the fat Hatton when sits above the tomato bulldog, Do you remember me mentioning that there exists one other letter in the Arabic language that we would cover later. Well, that letter is what's called the Tamar Bordeaux. I'm afraid you'll have to wait a little bit longer before learning more about it, as it has some peculiarities that we'll need close attention for the moment. It's worth mentioning that the thermal water has the following two appearances. In a, it is not connected to a preceding letter. In B, it is connected to a preceding letter. And here it is with the fatter than lean. As you can see, there is no LF following either version of the Tamar water. We will learn more about the Tamar water later as to its sounds and other features in detail, this information has been placed here for the purposes of completing the rule for reference purposes. So don't worry too much about it right now. Number two, when the fat Hatton when sits above a Humbaba in two of its four places. A isolated on the line walls, specifically following an elif carrying a so-called. By now, you will hopefully be aware that there are hands-on has four places that it sits on. One of those four places is on the line. When the hamster carrying a fat Hutton wean sits on the line while specifically following an elif carrying a school. It will not have an elif after it. If however, it sits isolated on the line but does not follow an elif carrying a school, then the hands-on carrying the fat Hatton when will be followed by the elif. B, when sitting on an olive. Another of those four places is on the left, a hamster carrying a fat hat. And when that is sitting on an olive, will never have an elif after it. Three, when the fat Hatton when sits on top of the elif MAC Sura. There is one final exception to the rule of an elif, always following the fat Hatton when this exception is found in words that are called. Ok, so rotten. These are words that you will see all across the language which end in what's called the elif MAC Sura. We will learn more about the elif knock sooner or later on. When the 10-week sits on top of the elif luck Sue raw, it is never followed by the elif that we're familiar with. The word above is composed of the following four letters going from right to left, mean known gene, and a special type of lf called the elif MAC Sura. The LF MAC Sura resembles the letter, yeah, but without the two dots and only ever occurs at the end of a word. When pronouncing the above Word or any word that resembles its ending, the following guidelines should be applied. The fat Hatton win, even though it sits above the LF MAC Sura, should be pronounced as if it is sitting above the letter that precedes it. The gene in this case, and the aliveness Sura should be ignored completely. The transliteration here clearly indicates this rule being applied. Who the word moon engine, where the gen represents the fat hat and win above the gene and where there is no indication of the elif MAC Sura hierarchy at N bar or attend chef at n. Sharjah, rotten, isolated hamster following LF carrying the spoon, CEMA and Mayor and the air. And there were and note you will know to construction in this group of letters that's represented by a double a and the transliteration. This is what is termed a long vowel, and part of its creation involves placing a spoon on the LF. We will learn about the long vowel fully in a chapter its own. These words had been mainly placed here as examples to understand the rule about the fatigue and when, as well as to give you meanings of these words. So don't worry too much about them. Once you've covered long vowels, you can return to these and it will be easier to understand. Hands-on, sitting on an olive manager and Medan. 43. Exercise 23: Module five, Exercise 23. Try pronouncing the following words that contain the elif Mazzola. Click reveal to check your answers. Who then had a add-on. So then this brings us to the end of module five and the ten, when well done for making it this far, I hope that you are now beginning to feel the language War and are getting better and better at pronounciation and recognition. Remember, lots of practice comes greater fluency. Take your time and absorb the information slowly. Don't worry too much about the extra information regarding the fat Hatton when yes, knowing when and where certain letters occur and how they behave has great benefit. But in the end, your purpose is to be able to recognize letters and words when you see them and be able to pronounce them confidently. You pick this up naturally as you go along and these rules will become absorbed organically. 44. The Long Vowel: Module six, lecture one, the long vowel. In Module three, we learned about short vowels that added movement to letters. In this module, we will explore long vowels that give Arabic that melodic sound and euphoric harmony. What is along val? As the name suggests, along val is simply a vowel sound that extends for a longer period of time. Short vowel. Let's return to short vowels for a second to understand this better. The letter above is a bag that has a fatter above it producing the sound. But we've learned that when pronouncing it, we will pronounce the vowel length for a fixed length that equates to roughly the bad cell in the word Barry. Let's now name this length as one unit. So all short vowels have a length of one unit. The long vowel in Arabic is equal to two units that is about the same as two short vowels. So if we said that the sound in Barre was a short vowel, then the long vowel will be more like the bass sound in balmy. Can You Hear the increase in length? Let's now take a look at how the long vowel is created. Just like there are three short vowels in Arabic, the rumba, Fatah, and casseroles. There are also three long vowels. The LF part two. Do you remember me mentioning right at the very beginning of this course that the LF has two fundamental roles. Well, we've already learned that one of its roles is to carry the Hadza. It's second role is to act as a long vowel. And what you see here, how that works, the LF, long vowel form one. The LF has a long vowel comes into effect when attempting to double the fatter sound or create two units of the fatter. This happens when a letter carrying a fatter is followed by an elif carrying a spoon. Let's take a look at an example. Above. We have the sound bad, which as we've learned, extends for one unit. We have now added an elif carrying a spoon after the bat, and consequently doubled the vowel length to two units, thus giving us back. Notice the double a in the transliteration to represent the fatter low vol. Let's now look at some words that have the LF long vowel. Do you remember some of the words from the previous module on ten? When does the elif long vowel make more sense? Now, CEMA and Mayor and the air and there were, and now look at the following words that contain the al-Islam Val or Dee noticed about their meanings while you're aware, noon, LaSalle on, Zafar on, or did you figure it out? That's right. There are hundreds of Latin words, English, Spanish, Italian, that have descended directly from Arabic. Indeed, some of these words are over 1000 years old. So not only has it been speaking Arabic without realizing it, but you've also been using ancient words. 45. Exercise 24: Module six, Exercise 24. Try pronouncing the following words. Click reveal to check your answers. Yeah. 46. The Alif-Long-Vowel-After-Hamzah: Module six, lecture two, the lifelong vow. After hands-on. When the olive carrying a soup spoon follows a hamster carrying a fatter to create a long vowel. More often than not, certain changes occur that you will need to be aware of. Let's take the word order N, the Muslim holy book. As an example. The word or n has the following letters in sequence, from right to left off. Rob, hands-on, elif, nude. As you can see in the middle of the word, we have a Hadza carrying a factor that is followed by an olive with a school and thus a long vowel. You might expect to see the following When joining the letters out. Now, there would be absolutely nothing wrong with this. And in fact, in the or and this is often how this word and others that have similar characteristics is presented. However, there is also an alternative way of presenting this information and one that is often seen in day-to-day literature. And in the end it is as follows. Or add on. Now, what has taken place here? Well, in simple terms, the whole of the hamster carrying the fatter, followed by the olive carrying the school has been replaced by an olive with a squiggly line above it called a mud. The reasons for this mainly revolve around aesthetic beauty. For your purposes, whenever you see the LFO Uber squiggly line above it, you should immediately think that that's a hands-on carrying a fatter, followed by an elif With a spoon. Also, except for rare words like or add, the long vowel involving the Hangzhou would only really occur at the beginning of a word, as you will find out. 47. Exercise 25: Module six, Exercise 20, HIV. Practice saying the following words that have the mud within them. Aba. 48. The Alif-Long-Vowel-After-laam: Module six, lecture three, the elif long vowel after Lamb. You may recall learning about the lamb additive combination and the changes in appearance that take place when they are together. Let's refresh our memories quickly. Dilemma LF combination can appear as follows, depending on where it is in a word, initial, medial, final. We've also seen their appearance in actual words, such as those that follow. Our window is small. And Uhuru, arrow. Do Lu Hou Lai De. Let him wound. Layer, layer are lazy mood. Now let's clarify some facts about the lamb elev that will prevent any confusion about what's going on. When you begin to see letters and markings on them. You can see the lamb I live in all groups of words a, b, and c. Group a, the lab carries a spoon, was the Aleppo accommodates for Ahimsa that is carrying a val, fatter, Castro, Dhamma and the hands along val. Remember, the elif is one of four places that the hands-on sits on. In these examples, it just so happens to sit on an olive that follows alarm. Group BY the land carries a vowel fatter and katsura was the LF accommodates for a hamburger that is carrying a vowel, fatter and Bomber. Group C, the left carries a fatter, was the LF carries a spoon. What we've learned in this module so far, a letter would have had, had followed by an elif of secured means along val. Here, it just so happens that the LF of school follows alarm. The reason for explaining all of this is that often learners can become confused with the shape of the lamp lit and consequently get mixed up about whether they see a long vowel or vowels. And so Kuhn's always looking at what's above or below a given letter and simply follow the rules of what you've learned to establish what's going on. You can't go wrong. 49. Alif Long Vowel Form 2: Module six, lecture four, the lifelong val form to we've just heard about one form of the LFO val and how it is created. This is the most common form and one that you will encounter frequently. However, there is also another form of the LF, which we encountered briefly in the previous module called the elif luck Sura, that can also be used to create along val. The second form of Aleph follows exactly the same principles as the first type in creating the long vowel, except that it's appearance is different. This particular LF is called an elif MAC Sura. And along val is created with it when a letter tearing a fatter is followed by an electric Sura carrying a so-called. Let's look at an example. As usual, we begin with a letter that has a fatter above it. Here we have the letter sod with Fatah above it, giving us sop. We have added an elif MAC Sura, carrying the school after the saw, and consequently doubled the vowel length to two units, thus giving us saw. Notice once again the double a in the transliteration to represent the fatter long vowel. What do you notice about this LF? That's right. It's basically the shape of a year without the two dots. Now previously, we've learned that a year shape without the two doors is one of the places that the hands-on sits on and should be treated as if seen as such. For example, heavier. We've seen in the previous module that when they, yeah, without the two dots has a fattened we'd above it, then it is ignored and the fat Hatton weed applied to the letter preceding it. For example, a real bond. However, when the shape of the yeah, without the two dots has a so-called above it, then it behaves as an elif and consequently doubles the length of the fatter that precedes it. For example, Romer. There is one important quality about the elif MAC Sura along val, to keep in mind that will make your life easier. And this is that the Alley Flat Sura will only ever occur at the end of a word and never the middle. Unlike the form one electron val, which can occur the middle or the end. Here is a word with both forms of the LF, long val within it. Notice the normal lf in the middle and the left buck Sura at the end. 50. Exercise 26: Exercise 26 tried to pronounce the following examples of words that contain the elif metal ball? Yes. 51. The Yaa Long Vowel: Module six, lecture five, the year long vowel. We now come onto our second long vowel, the yellow val. We've learned that when a letter carrying a fat ha is followed by an additive carrying a spoon along valleys created whereby the one unit of the fatale is doubled to two units. This was the lifelong vow. The yang vowel follows pretty much the same principles, except that it involves the lengthening of the Castro's out to two units. Let's use an example. Above. We have the letter B with a castro below it, giving us the sound b, which represents one unit of the Castro sound. To extend it to two units, you need to simply add a yeah, carrying a subcooled to it, thus giving us B. Notice the double i in the transliteration to represent the Castro along val. Let's now look at some words that have the yang vowel. Body and Jackie wound. Alu may need mary alone. Hadi. 52. Exercise 27: Module six, Exercise 27, tried to pronounce the following original Arabic was that contain the long vowel? Harry? Yes. 53. The Waw-Long-Vowel: Module six, lecture six. The wow along down. We now come on to our final long vowel, the wow along down. The, well long vowel follows exactly the same principles as the LF And yeah, long vowels, except that it involves the lengthening of the lumber cell to two units. Let's use an example. Here. We have the letter which has a number on top of it, giving us the sound hole. This represents one unit of the domiciled. To extend it to two units, you just need to add the, wow, carrying a subcooled to it. This gives us the sound. Who? Notice the w in the transliteration to represent the Bomba long vowel. Let's look at some examples. Subunit Wu Lun, manure and now mu that June. Who you wound Moureau dune. 54. Exercise 28: Exercise to try to pronounce the following original Arabic was that contain the wow long vowel? I. Do. 55. The Irrelevant Alif Returns: Module six, lecture seven, the irrelevant LF returns. You may recall the irrelevant LF when talking about the fat Hatton weed. It also occurs on occasions at the end of a word, specifically after a wow that is carrying a spoon, pseudo be too alarmed when you see it. Remember, its existence usually has something to do with tradition or grammar, neither of which concerns us at this stage. Our goal is to recognise it, know that it occurs at times after a while carrying a so-called and ignore it as having no phonetic impact. Try listening and repeating the following examples. A, R, di lu. Here, Ruggiero, Baraboo, be Jarrow that go. For Renault. You'll probably be able to work out through the meanings that it mainly occurs in Arabic plural verbs for the perfect and command tenses. Note the irrelevant LF coming after a while long val in group a, whiles coming after a normal wild carrying a secured in Group B. The transliterations and listening to these words confirmed that the LFO has no role to play here. 56. Exercise 29: Module six, Exercise 29th. Try reading the following short sentences. When ready. Click reveal to check your answers. Number one, E, that are out there and death garage, or you buy a eureka with core or on Cuba left Sega. Number two. I mean, IDA, the Madden. I'll vote for whom. You'll be glad to know that we have reached the end of this module entitled. I hope that wasn't too difficult to grasp. As mentioned before, the learning process is one that requires practice and patience. Each point in this module is very important to ensure that your reading is perfect. Tackle each point individually and keep on practicing by doing the exercises and repeating words to perfect pronunciation. In time, you should see all these small rules come together in your mind to give you a more holistic picture of the language. 57. The Shaddah: Module seven, lecture, what does shed? The word shutdown linguistically comes from a verb that means to tighten, strengthened, and intensify. As such, it's almost as if the shedder, whenever it is in a word, binds the Word together and gives it a sense of power. In fact, you'll discover when studying grammar that the shed that often adds a sense of force, depth, and breadth to meanings of words. What is the shut down? In simple terms, the shoulder is the doubling of a consonant that results in its pronunciation in quick succession. Let's see how this works in Arabic through an example, we begin with the sound. This is followed by the first of our double letter, bad, but which carries a school. The second bad carries a 10-week Boone. This is pretty much the essence of a shutdown, a doubled letter, where the first carries a school and the second carries any of the free short vowels or the 10-week. When pronouncing the word, it is imperative that you utter the double letters in quick succession to give the word that balance. Or if done correctly, you should produce the word should Boone. Let's slow that down. Hope Boone, and speed it up. How Boone her Boone, should Boone. Now, the above is a representation of how the shoulder is broken down so that you can understand what's going on underneath. In its actual form, the above would be represented as follows. Trouble. So in essence, we have the following. Let's explain the shed, the symbol. The shutdown is a small w that sits above the doubled Plaza and carries one of the six signs. Dhamma Castro fat has been met and wind Castro turn, we hadn't win. Whenever you see a letter that has a shed, the above it, that shed there will be carrying one of the six mentioned. The best way to think of the sound that is to be produced is to think of the Shephelah symbol as representing our first double letter that holds the spoon. As such, the first sound that will be produced will be the given letter in a second state, I-I, just the phonetics held. Next, look at what the symbol the shutter is carrying. This symbol is what will sit above us second double letter, and this produced the appropriate sound. Her boon for boon for Boone. Let's look at another example. Lu Bu. Here we have a Sherpa that is carrying ulama based on our principles mentioned, this should be thought of as follows. Lu Bu Hou, Lu Bu Hou Lu Bu, Lu Bu. Notice the double B in the transliteration to represent the shutdown. Let's complete the shutdown by doing the above four Castro and number Castro. But the bond by boon, by baboon toy you Boone has rotten mean. Bu, the dean would then Boudin. Boudin. An important observation here is the customer and Castro tangerine sitting below the shutdown. This only occurs with the customer and the caseloads Halloween and is simply an orthographic feature. Fat her. But but Rebecca, Rebecca, Rebecca fat Hatton wean. The then rather than, rather than RAD then. Note the irrelevant lf in the word Herod. Then remember, nothing changes here with respect to the rules of habitat and when and its accompanying LF. It just so happens that the fat Hatton when it's sitting above a shutdown, really ensure that the concept of the Shephelah has hit home. Compare the following words that have shoved to the equivalence without the shutdown or delay. But della, forbear, dare fare better. Gathered there. Kevin Weber. 58. Exercise 30: Module seven. Exercise. Look at the following words that contain the shutdown. Attempt to pronounce them. Then click reveal to check your pronunciation. Shut. Say hi. 59. Reading Rules Shaddah: Module seven, lecture to reading rules, pre and post shadow. Having led the shutdown, it's important to mention that whatever precedes or follows the shutdown should be read as normal based on everything that you've learned so far. This point is only raised here because at times, learners can get slightly confused about how to read what precedes and follows the shedder, since the shutter involves a bit of effort which can weigh someone. Let's look at a few examples of some of the aspects that can be befuddling. Number one, a vowel following shutdown. Would dare. He doesn't have Berrou dilemma. In the examples from right to left, we have a castro bomber and fat high respectively following the shutdown. As you can see from the transliteration. And by listing the vowel after the shutdown is read as normal. Number two, long vowel after shutdown. Jeanette and more a Bina, MOHAI Buddha. The examples above include the three long vowels. As you can see from listening to their sounds and the transliteration, they are extended to the appropriate lengths. Ie two units is no more. It just so happens that they occur after shutdown. Number three, a lift MAC sura. After shutdown. Had the diamond solid. We already know that the elif MAC Sura always occurs at the end of a word. Here, it is simply proceeded by a shutdown. Once again, listen to the sounds and analyze the transliteration to see that these words are given their normal extensions in length two units. Number four, long vowel, elif before the shutdown. Jeff Fund. Have our moon. In the examples above, the lifelong val precedes the shutdown. As usual, all normal rules are applied. This is the only one that's slightly tricky to pronounce as it involves a lengthening sound, moving into doubled sound. The best course of action is to listen to the recording, paying close attention to how the narrator ensures that the double shed the sound is apparent. To drive the point home. Listen to the same words without the shutdown, followed by with the shut down, you should notice a difference between the two. Jeff on jeff phone. Hang our hat are RM 11 Jeff fund or wouldn't notice how the meanings of the words have changed for some, while, others have turned into non-words. Do you now see why pronunciation is so important? Simply pronouncing a shudder when it's not there or not pronouncing one when there should be can completely change the word that you intend and consequently the meaning you are trying to portray. 60. The Taa MarbuuTah: Module Eight, the timer motto. You may recall me mentioning very early in the course, a letter that will be discussed later due to its unique features. Well, that laser was the timer. Walter, let's take a look at this letter. The dam or water resembles the having that appearance of an oval with a pointed tip, much like a droplet, except that it has two dots sitting above it. The Tamar Buddha is unique in that it produces two sounds depending on certain circumstances. For the moment, we will only look at the first of these two sounds. The circumstances around which the Tamar water produces its second sound, are related to a rule that comes in the final stages of reading Arabic. The first sound that it produces is the exact same sound made by the letter tear that we've encountered already. It's transliteration will be represented by the letter T with the small arrow next to it. So as not to confuse between this and the letter pair, which is just the t alone. One important point to remember about it is as follows. The thermal both are only ever occurs at the end of a word, IE, the final letter of a word, and never occurs at the beginning or anywhere in the middle. As such, in terms of appearance, we only really need to look at the final column or the final form. It essentially mimics the hair and it's final form. If you look at the final form column of the hair, you'll see that it has two final forms depending on what letter precedes it. The same is true for the Tamar water. Let's have a look. Final form one. When the tomato water is preceded by a letter that connects to any letters after it. I0 will accept the anti-social letters than it appears in the above four. Kelly melatonin. Final form, when it is preceded by a letter that doesn't connect to any lattice after it, I-I wanted the anti-social letters. Then it appears in the form below. Fat there too. 61. Exercise 31: Module seven, exercise 31. Take a look at the following words and try to pronounce them. Click reveal to check your answers. Soon. They're rotten. Fat rotten. It is hope that you're able to pronounce them perfectly without any major problems. Did you notice the exact same sound of the tag and the Tamar molto in the word fat rotten. 62. Reading Practice 1: Module nine, reading practice. One. See how much of the following short Arabic stories you are able to read. The video and narration will guide you sentence by sentence. Really attempt to read the sentence before rushing to click the lesson. Note that the transliterations are written from left to right as opposed to beneath the word as before, to allow for ease of reading and for reasons that will transpire later on, the translations of the stories had been written holistically, since a literal translation would not really present an accurate depiction and what's going on. Your future graduate studies will help you discover more about this. 63. Story 1: Module nine, story number one. Bobby Bu Wang, cost flow. Chaka, Roger Loon, Toby been watching our own fee botany for color. Bobby Bu Man, a Ledi delta L to a refund for their alphabet, DB2, the Koshland Leo Kehillah, LMR read fatwa variable in ash techie Min De Ba Ni Ni Bu Lai De RF2. While akin OCHA, he luca, the tube. Sarah Kula who 64. Story 2: Module nine, story number two. Do you have well, I'll say illu can do fee or Luigi, min, Mansi Lehi, photographer Baba who a Hadoop, I'll Ashkenazi for Apala Min, Shou Betty for rah, rah Jeuland for koala. To redo all in attacking the UGA Lima fantasy. You have the alert module and family. Halley, who read, who hasn't attend? Yes. A ED. Fat is Father, Ju Hua Min-woo. While I can know ketamine as Iowa, who were Karla level it? Debbie or any sorry that you have a beatty were alert modulo yet Barrow who was also a layer. L doggedly, I lower Louis is definite that ylab LSA, a love or your 30K for agir Bi Ru, Ru while leaving the lambda lowly Relic, where they know that in that law. What NDA, Lima and Zell Danny, why lambda o li where NFO. 65. Story 3: Module nine, story number three. And they soon were followed that too. Low subplot dot min NCAA funnel that too. He the YWCA where he forgot our methylene Bart photo data in there that said that phi lou be aloe vera. You're an unknown, can get GED be seratonin. Legally happened BIA Tatar in, but what better? I'll be LSAT. Wherein the sorrow dizzy. I somehow thought min, sodomy, that Fatah day, Hey there. Mac and I mean, who is cholera? Alfaro data I Lithuania eta will be songwriting. Rama Hare, BG, LFTR dotty, I'll see Getty Atari. For Java as the UW was that ALU may have Melaka, IMF, IL-2, lema, the ROM eta farther, ie. And as soon, I'll hacky move above to Lily fertility, a levee, the edgy do ii and yada, yada further Taney via stealthy in the behemoths, fellow wedge for data and we're headed then phi land to feed them who, when a Steffi that min here, A1, linearity limb and Asana mean Darcy and narrow either. Tenor, Shi Bu Fen Ye Bu Isla as I arena, where your MI Lula, who I'll say data file nephron. While an Zan. Tana, for hell you are Edo has Lu metadata. 66. Story 4: Module nine, story number four. Udu were welcome. Alpha has sued when whereby by in a year they had the Alamo looky for color, diamond, a mini Mettrie Danny for any set or any math yet Lu Bu, Lu, the Asara Hadoop, Ye Bu, lil, hurry. And a well-done photoshopped though elan. Well, again, could mean whom? He asha. And yet you CBA, RFA, manual Cebu for all l molecule in lambda phyla. Man, I'll talk to say coma. Felt la, LA, LA Zoo. Yeah, malaria if alarm there in a year. 67. Story 5: Module nine, story number five. Now, I meditate. You're an American. Can a coup though Latin NuSTAR, Gid, then I rather have a biomolecule. Yeoman, I'll be reflecting Barea tin, but we let in what, how, and who lot mat B sub e v e i t d, t at t Medina THe B D. Well, I can assure I lazy, mustachioed Rue de nutty in Bala. Well, who am ALU? So rotten that buy them a faculty. For Tenet, had the mydata narrowly. 68. The Definite Article: Module one, lecture one, the definite article. In this module, we will learn more about what is termed sun and blue letters. In order to fully understand how they work, we first need to learn about the definite article in Arabic. The definite article in any language is some sort of particle, a word, a term, or conjunction that makes a word definite. Let's look at an English example. Below. We have a word combination, a fish. From what we know about English, the term a fish refers to an unknown, undefined fish. That is, it could be a random fish. We may not know who it belongs to or anything about it. We simply know that it's a fish of some sort. It is the a before the word fish that gives it the sense of unknown or indefiniteness. In English, we would call this a, an indefinite article. Now, let's suppose that the fishing question is one that we are familiar with. That is, we know that it belongs to somebody or that it stays in some particular place, or that we have dealt with it before. The previously unknown fish has now become known or defined. We would therefore express it as follows. The fish. As you can see, we have simply added the word the before the word fish to make the fish known or defined. This in English is called the definite article. That is, it makes a word definite or known. The same of course exists in Arabic. The definite article in Arabic is the word I. When the word appears before a word, it makes a word definite or known. Importantly, it connects to the word in front of it and it will never appear isolated. Let's look at an example. Or you burn. The word oil born, as seen above, means a heart. As you can see, there is no before it, which means that it is an indefinite word. It could refer to any heart. Let's now add the definite article. I'll, I'll buh. By adding the word. The word has now become definite. We now know what hardware talking about. Noticed the previous ten wean above the bear has turned into a dama. But that's a grammatical point which you'll learn about in future studies. Notice the Al connected to the word or. It's quite simple. What do you say? You've actually now learn how to make a word definite. Well-done. Here are further examples. Indefinite, thick Raton, our Aldon key, they're born definite. Alfie grotto, Arnaldo, lucky dabble. As you can see, media adding the definite article before a word makes it definite or known. What you've just learned is closer to a grammatical point than it is to reading. However, it is necessary to understand the definite article in order to comprehend the sun and moon letters. So with the definite article now understood and in mind, let's dive straight into the sun and moon letters. 69. The Sun and Moon Letters: Module one, lecture to the sun and moon letters. So what are these letters? Well, they're essentially all the letters that we have already learned about, but placed into separate groups, even the group of sun letters, of a group of blue letters. The reason that they are placed in their respective groups will be touched upon later on, but it's not highly important. Let's first see which letters fall into which groups. Sunlit, is there. Fair? Dal? They'll RR, Zai, seen Xin, sod, God, br law, lab and noon. Moon letters, hands-on. Their Gim had whore, iIn, Rhine there of cath. Meme has, Wow, yeah. We now know what the Sun and Moon letters are and have also learned about the definite article. We'll now put the two together to learn our first reading. Roll around them. Sun letters rule. If a son lesser follows the definite article than the lamb in the definite article is completely ignored while the Sun letter is doubled, and therefore pronounce as if there was a shedder placed above it. Let's take a look at an example. If you were to pronounce the above word exactly as you see it. And based on all that we have learned in part a, then you would pronounce it al-Sham x2. This is also shown in the transliteration. Doing so would also be perfectly fine and not in any way you wrong. However, in this part of course, we are learning about making reading fluid and more easy and more beautiful to the ear. As such, we will apply reading rules and observe how this affects the sounds that we produce. So let's look at the above word closely. We can see that it begins with a definite article Island. The L is then followed by the letter Xin. We can see that the letter xin is part of the sun letters. We thus look at the rule which states that the lamb in the definite article is completely ignored was the xin is doubled and pronounced as if there were a shutter placed above it. We therefore have the following. A shampoo. As you can see, once we apply the rules, I'll shampoo becomes a shampoo where the Lamb has been completely ignored. And so we have gone directly from the Hadza carrying a fatwa to the double Xin, thus giving us a chef and then continuing to finish as normal with a shampoo. Can you hear the difference between al-Sham Sue and a shampoo? Isn't the letter much more fluid and easier on the tongue than the former. Remember, in terms of appearance of such words in texts, technically, though actual changes take place. The words appear as they should based on how they're spelled. The highlighting of the letters and adding of the shadow here are mainly presented in order to assist you in understanding how the world should sound when reading rules are applied. So for the example above, the word is still written as follows. And we're reading rules applied. It's pronounced as follows as shampoo. Having said that, don't be surprised to see the shutdown above the sun letter in beginner's texts and children's stories. This once again is to highlight to you that is sun letter is present, so needs to be doubled. However, you will of course, be no need for that as you will memorize what the sun that letters are and be able to immediately apply the rules when you see them after the definite article. So you're already one step ahead of everyone else. Moon letters rule. If a rule letter follows the definite article when the lamb is not ignored and the moon letter is not doubled and is therefore pronounced as normal. Let's take a look at an example. Amaro. So let's look at the word above closely. We can see that it begins with a definite article alpha. The alpha is then followed by the better off. We can see that the letter off is part of the moon letters. We thus look at the rule which states that the lamb in the definite article is not ignored and the off is not doubled and is therefore pronounced as normal. We therefore do not need to make any changes whatsoever to this word. And it will be uttered as it is seen as amaro, Wai, Sun and Moon letters. So it is clear that the rules that we have mentioned only require you to make changes when Sundays are involved. Lu letters are fine as they are. Let's quickly mentioned why such changes are made to sun debtors that follow the definite article. The principal reason for such changes is to make a sun that is after the definite article, easier to pronounce. The lamb of the L In the definite article is in very close proximity to the sun. That is, as to the vocal region from which it is to be uttered. Consequently, to go from the lamb straight to the sonata is cumbersome and not fluid. The solution to this is to implement the sunlit a rule and thus skip the lamb altogether going directly from the Hadza to the sun letter. This does not exist with blue letters. The lamp of the L In the definite article is not in close proximity to the moonlit is as the vocal region from which it is to be uttered. As such, there is no need to skip their lab and simply reading is no more remains fluid and easy. 70. Exercise 32: Exercise that D2 and have a good pronouncing the following words, applying the rules for Sun and Moon letters without looking at the transliteration. Once finished, listen to the recording to check your pronunciation and any errors. At yeah. As seven. Ooh. Ooh. 71. The Connecting Hamzah: Module two, lecture one, the permanent and connecting hands-on. We've learned quite a lot about the hamster already. And I found that it has various peculiarities, mainly around where it sits. You'll be glad to know that in this section, we are not learning about new hamsters in any way. Like I said already, you have learned everything you need to know about the Arabic letters, their sounds, their appearances, and they're correct pronunciation. In this module, we will learn about some of the characteristics of the hands-on which have certain implications for reading. Although this module will be quite lengthy, its principles are essentially simple and repeated throughout. As usual, take your time in learning these and apply them through constant practice. The connecting hamper, the Hadza, just like any other letter, exists all over the Arabic language. Whenever you see becomes a, just like any other letter, you should pronounce it along with any vowel than wean, shed that, et cetera, that it comes with. However, there are a number of words in the Arabic language that begin with a hands-on, which behave somewhat differently when in very specific circumstances. These include a turtle of around 14 and the whole of the Arabic language, as well as number of verb forms. You will learn about verb forms when studying grammar. Then notice important at this stage, the hamster that these 14 words begin with is defined as a connecting hamster. Let's have a look at these words. The definite article, the balloon ibn network and in maroon, him Rotten. Moon. If nanny, if net Danny a levy, a lev, any, uh, Levine, a Leti, uh, let any clarity. Note words 2345, May 6 end in any of the 10 million derivatives that Hatton when the methane weed and cast photon when, or any of the short vowels that Dhamma Castro, the meaning of the word remains the same irrespective of any of the above variations, you learn more about this in grammar. Words 7810, May 13 end as follows respectively. If n0, Taney, Allegheny, detainee, once again, the meaning of the word remains the same irrespective of any of the above variations. You learn more about this in grammar. So as you can see, the above letters all begin with a hammer that is sitting on an olive. It is, this hams is specific to these words that is called the connecting hands-on. If you listen to their pronunciation and read the transliteration, you'll note that nothing out of the ordinary is taking place. They are uttered exactly as they appear. However, there are circumstances where they're reading changes. The following rules will guide you through this. Rule. Number one, If the connecting SAMHSA is preceded by any of the following, number one, short foul, Dhamma, Castro, fatter. Number two, long vowel, long vowel, LF, long vowel, wow, long vowel, year. Number three, Suo, Cun. Number 410. Wean, Don Merton when fat Hatton when castro tangerine, then it is completely ignored. And the letter that follows it, which normally carries a subunit, is uttered directly from the short vowel, long vowel school, often when that precedes it. Example occurrences, middle of a sentence, phrase or idea. This is when it may occur. Rule number two, the connecting Hadza is not preceded by anything, IE, short vowel along val, a, spoon, or earthen when, then it is uttered fully. Example occurrences at the beginning of a sentence or phrase or idea. Understandably, the above rules sound extremely wordy. However, in practice, you will discover that it is not difficult at all as we break it down. 72. The Connecting Hamzah Preceded by a Short Vowel: Module two, lecture two. The connecting hams are preceded by a short vowel. The connecting hamster preceded by a short vowel. Above, we have a word that begins with a hammer. The first thing we need to do is establish whether the Hadza is a connecting Amazon or not. Let's refer to our list of 14 and check. It seems as though it is. We then see whether it is preceded by anything, IE, short owl, long vowel, soup, spoon, or ten mean. It clearly isn't, since it isn't preceded by and think we simply follow rule number two, which states that the Hadza is fully uttered and therefore we have a Marone. All seems perfectly normal at this stage, we have the Arabic word for a man that isn't proceeded by anything. Let us now suppose that it was preceded by a short vowel. If we read the above sentence as we have become accustomed to doing so, it will be read as follows. The Habre in Marone. However, we know that we have a word that begins with connecting himself that is now proceeded by a short val, a fatter that is sitting on top of the bear. We therefore apply rule number one, which means that we completely ignore the Hadza and go directly from the short vowel, the Fatah above the bar, in this case, to the letter after the hands-on, the letter need carrying a secured in this case. Note the grayed-out connecting hams up to indicate its non-participation. We therefore have, there have been marooned. Let's repeat that. Thereby. Maroon sounds strange, but it's correct. There have been maroon. The transliteration above shows that the pronunciation went directly from the fat high above the bar to the so-called above the mean. This direct movement is represented by a dash. Since the connecting hamburger was completely ignored, it has been removed completely from the transliteration. Listen to the two readings once again, to solidify this concept in your mind. Here we have the unconnected reading their Habre in Morocco and this is the way we have become accustomed to reading it. Now let's do the connecting reading. Thereby Marone. Can you hear the difference? Can you hear how the second version is much more fluid and smooth than the first. In the example above, we have the word ebony, which is one of the 14 words whose hamster is connecting Amazon. It is preceded by a short vowel, dhamma. As such, we apply rule number one, which means that we skip the connecting hands-on going directly from the Dhamma above the dal to the bad carrying the spoon. This gives us the following harley do bunny. This then is followed by the word alloy lead. We can see that this word begins with a definite article. And we know that the definite article is one of the 14 words whose hamburger is a connecting hands-on. We notice that it is preceded by a short vowel, Castro. We therefore apply rule number one once again, which means that we skip the connecting hands-on going directly from the Castro beneath the noon to the lamb carrying the spoon. This gives us the following. Harley do Bonilla OLED, unconnected reading. Harley do ebony, ALU LED, connected reading. Harley do Bonilla LED. It hopefully did a misuse that the above phrase has two words that begin with a connecting hands-on, both of which are preceded by a short vowel. Consequently, both connecting handlers are skipped. Did you notice how much more fluid that connected reading was compared to the unconnected? You are now begin to see whether musicality and rhythm of the language comes from. 73. Exercise 33: Module two, exercise 33. Try a unconnected and connected reading of the following short phrases. Checked you're reading with the recording and transliteration after you've had a few attempts unconnected tomorrow, the ebony, aloha, Bobby connected, Romero Bonilla, how Darby unconnected LB into Iraq, to Jimmy LA, to connected. I'll been duly hierarchy yet we'll Jamie LA to, in this example, we have three words that begin with the Connecting handle. All of them have the definite article attached before them. You will note that the first word, Hindu, isn't preceded by a vowel and so is fully pronounced. The other two words allow hierarchy adieu and algae Amelia to both preceded by vals Dhamma for both in this case and are consequently ignored. Unconnected, a hub do alway, a levee, Sarah, lamella connected, have dual while adult Ledi sorrow. How did you find the above examples? Remember, spent time listening carefully to the phrases mentioned and all listening activities in general, pay close attention to the transliterations as well in order to verify what you hear. Great. Let's see what's next. 74. The Connecting Hamzah Preceded by a Long Vowel: Module two, lecture three. The connecting hams are preceded by a long val. Let's now take a look at what happens when they're connecting hands-on is preceded by a long vowel. Remember, we are still following the original two rules. If we read the above, as we have become accustomed to doing so, an unconnected reading. It would be read, man, Al-Shabaab. Ooh. However, we know that we have a word that begins with connecting Hadza, allowable that is now preceded by a long vowel, a fat. How long value? In this case, we therefore apply rule number one, which means that we completely ignore the Hadza and go directly from the long vowel to the letter after the Hadza, the letter lambda, in this case, carrying this Okun. Now, based on the above rule, you may be tempted to pronounce this word as follows. Malibu. So you follow the rule by first uttering the long vowel manner, then skipping the connecting hands-on and going directly to the lamb mal. However, and through no fault of your own, this would be incorrect. One thing that you'll discover later is that the Arabic language isn't fond of the idea of having two letters carrying spoons being uttered one after the other. The LF here is carrying a spoon. Since the connecting handset is skipped. The next letter is the lamb carrying a superfood. Consequently, we have two letters carrying sucrose wounds being uttered consecutively, such as in the case of a long vowel preceding the connecting hamster, we have to add a further clause, the long vowel clause. If the connecting him there is preceded by a long vowel. Not only do we apply rule number one, but in addition, the long vowel, LF, Wow, or you're carrying the spoon is also ignored. Pronunciation takes place from the short vowel, proceeding the long vowel directly to the letter after the connecting hamster. Normally carrying is a Kuhn. Once again, this seems like somewhat of a wordy explanation, but it's actually extremely simple when applied. Let's return to our example. So rule one tells us that we are ignoring the connecting hamper. The long vowel clause tells us to ignore the long vowel proceeding the connecting hamburger, IE, the elif, carrying the so-called In this case. It then tells us to pronounce from the short vowel preceding the long vowel. The fatter above the mean, in this case, directly to the letter after the connecting hands, her, the lamb carrying the spoon. Consequently, we are left with the following. Malibu. As you can see, pronunciation is essentially the same as the case for the short vowel proceeding the connecting hands-on. This is also clear from the transliteration highlighted in blue and recording. In this case, however, it is so because we have developed it into such due to the aversion around consecutive letters carrying secure, alluded to earlier. The knowledgeable listening, however, will have no problem with distinguishing between the two. Because of grammatical knowledge, you will be in the same position once you begin your grammar studies. For the moment, keep remembering that your goal is identifying and pronouncing correctly. Don't worry too much about the wise. More importantly, learn, remember, and apply the rules and clauses. Here a further examples with the remaining long vowels. Wow, long val. Unconnected reading. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Connected reading. A bool Baghdadi. Along vow. Unconnected reading. The Connected Reading. Fill. The elif long vowel form to IE, elif MAC, Sura. Unconnected reading. Marionette, alkalemia, Connected Reading, Marinelli, Kelly Mattie 75. Exercise 34: Module two, exercise 34. Try a unconnected and connected reading of the following short phrases. Check your reading with the recording and transliteration after you've had a few attempts. Unconnected. Abu, truly TIM thallium, buddy moon, the Misra allow Li Mi Connected Reading abalone truly DEM value or the moon, miss or allow the me. Note the blue highlights in the transliteration for long vowel connections and the red highlights for short vowel connections. Unconnected. As we're all Muji, Remy, ala carte Yeti, Connected Reading. As for una mujer Urey-Miller, curiosity, unconnected row there elementally, yes. That bureau fee narrowly Connected Reading a row, Delhi. Yes, deck be rueful, ROD. Note the irrelevant LF from Module six at the end of the word or our unconnected cam can outlet, connected reading cam can Herbie. 76. The Connecting Hamzah Preceding Sukuun: Module two, lecture for the Connecting hamster, preceded by a school. Let's now take a look at what happens when the connecting hamburger is preceded by a spoon. Remember, we're still following the original two rules. If we read the above, as we have become accustomed to doing so, an unconnected reading, it would be read min alcohol be. However, we know that we have a word that begins with connecting him there at Columbia that is now proceeded by a letter carrying a spoon. We therefore apply rule number one, which means that we completely ignore the Hadza and go directly from the spoon to the letter after the hamster, that letter lamb carrying a school in this case. Let's therefore follow this rule and see what happens. Min Albee, you follow the rule by first uttering the noon carrying is a Kuhn. Then skipping the connecting hamburger and going directly to the lamb, carrying is a Cun Min Albee. However, and through no fault of your own, this would be incorrect. As you've already learned, the Arabic language, isn't fond of the idea of having two letters carrying spoons being added consecutively. Noon is carrying a school. Since the connecting Hamlet is skipped, the next letter is the lamb carrying a spoon. And consequently we have two letters carrying schools being uttered consecutively. If you actually attempted to pronounce the two letters, it would just produce a blending of the and low sounds, which simply do not exist in Arabic as they do in English. The solution to this is the introduction of what we call an appropriate short vowel in the place of the spoon that sits on the letter proceeding the connecting Hadza. This vowel will allow for movement once again between the two letters as opposed to the blended sound alluded to. So let's add a clause for when the connecting hamburger is preceded by a spoon, so-called clause. If they're connecting hamburger is preceded by a school. Not only do we apply rule number one, but in addition, we replace the spoon with an appropriate short vowel. Appropriate short vowel. So we need a short vowel to replace the spoon that comes before the connecting hands-on. However, we have three short vowels, fatter, bomber and Kaslow. Which one do we select? Well, in order to select the correct or appropriate short vowel, we need to take a closer look at the short vowel that sits above or below the letter that precedes the so-called. Upon doing so, we use the following table to select the appropriate vowel. Note. There are some variations to the above table which you will discover when studying grammar. The above will be sufficient for us in this course. Now, let's return to our original example in order to select the appropriate val, let's look at the table. The first column indicates that we need to look at the short vowel preceding the letter carrying the so-called. We can see that the letter carrying the sickle and therefore requiring an appropriate val is the noon. We can also see that the short val that precedes it is a castro that is sitting below the mean. We therefore select Castro from this column. From the second column, we can see that if the short vowel proceeding the letter carrying the school is a casserole, then the appropriate vowed that is chosen to replace the spoon is the fatter. Let's now apply this mean L Albi. As you can see, the so-called has now been replaced with the appropriate short vowel Fatah. The transliteration in green indicates this with the edition of the letter a. The noone has now been given movement and is able to connect to that lamb, that is to be uttered Next. Remember, except for beginners and children's texts, the appropriate val will not be written. It is up to you to know the rules and apply them whenever you see the need. As I keep reiterating, you will find these rules to come to you instantly without hesitation after continued reading practice. Let's now complete the cases with the appropriate Val is a customer or a dhamma Castro. Unconnected. Hell. Voila, Do we have a spoon proceeding the connecting hamper, the short vowel proceeding. This school is a fat sitting above a half. The table indicates that the school should be replaced with a casserole. Connected Reading. Highly Lula do, bomber. Unconnected. Whom? Meaning we have a spoon preceding the connecting hands or the short vowel proceeding. This school is a lama, sitting above a half. The table indicates that the school should be replaced with a bomber. Connected Reading hormone root, meaning. That concludes this section on spoon. Remember to always listen to the recording to make sure that your pronunciation is correct. 77. Exercise 35: Module two, exercise 35, tried to pronounce the following short phrases with the help from table one. Once you've made a few attempts, check your reading with the recording and the transliteration. Unconnected. Bell a. Levine I carefully to feed that ve been connected reading by little Ledi like alpha rho V that leave in unconnected reading Lehmann EL molecule allele OMA, Connected Reading, lemony molecules. Unconnected reading alto molecule. Yet a LSE ED, Connected Reading. Author I lamella, Cool, yada, yada, SBD. 78. The Connecting Hamzah Preceding Tanwiin: Module two, lecture five. The connecting SAMHSA proceeded by a 10-week. Finally, let's now take a look at what happens when the connecting hamburger is preceded by a 10-week. Remember, we are still following the original two rules. If we read the above, as we have become accustomed to doing so, an unconnected reading, it would be read Mohammedan amino. However, we know that we have a word that begins with connecting hamster alpha amino that is now preceded by a 10-week bomb met and when in this case, we therefore apply rule number one, which means that we completely ignore the Hadza and go directly from the 10-1 to the letter after the hamster, the letter lamb carrying a school in this case. Let's therefore follow this rule and see what happens. Mohammedan amino, what's happened? Essentially we have folded into the same problem as we did with the Sioux Kuhn. If you listen carefully when pronouncing Mohammedan and look closely at the transliteration, you'll note that it's ten when ending dune means that it finishes with a consonant. As there is no vowel sound after it. We, once again, we'll find it impossible to go from the sound directly to the lamb carrying this Okun. So as has been the case before, we need a short vowel, we will call this val the invisible short vowel. And you'll be glad to know that it's the same short val for all 310 when endings for proton wean them methianine and caseloads. And we'd let us therefore add the clause. Then we enclose. If the connecting hamster is preceded by any of the 310 weans for thought and when the mutton, when castro ten when. Then, not only do we apply rule number one, but in addition, we pronounce an invisible short vowel casserole after the 10-1, which goes directly to the letter after the connecting hands-on. Let's now return to our original example. Mohammed O'Donnell amino. So having applied the clause mentioned, the result has been that the letter I representing the invisible Castro has been appended to the end of the word Mohammedan. It has been named the invisible castro because even for presentation purposes, it can't really be written since it would have to in some way a p as a floating Castro after the DOM beta1 mean, which would look bizarrely out of place. For your purposes, the eye in the transliteration in the color pink will represent the invisible Castro. Don't forget to listen repeatedly to the recording to understand exactly how it is being pronounced. Mohammed O'Donnell amino. Let's now do the same for the remaining 210 lean types. Remember to listen carefully to their unconnected and connected readings. Castro attenuation, unconnected reading. And as in Alabama, really connected reading. And as a nil back really fat had ten we unconnected reading Ze, Then Connected Reading Zai, then it'll is a ladder. Note the irrelevant LF after the fat Hatton when that we learned about in module five. Hopefully you're able to see that in all three cases, when they appear before a connecting Hamsun, they all take an indivisible Castro, represented here by the letter I in the pink transliteration that allows for pronunciation to be made from the 10-week to the lamb. 79. Exercise 36: Module two, exercise 36. Try unconnected, unconnected readings of the following examples. Remember to check your answers with the recording and transliteration. Unconnected. Ela Rebecca Yammer, even Alamo staccato. Connected Reading. Ela Rebecca yo my EV in Illinois staccato rule. Unconnected reading. Sarah methylene, aliquot a levine again, there will be a dina Connected Reading said methyl and calm all levine again, there will be a D. Note the irrelevant LF after the fact Hatton, when in the word methylene that we learned about in module five, also know the irrelevant LF at the end of the word Kev taboo, which was discussed in module six. Unconnected reading out rah, rah Jim Allen in Morocco, Zaydan al-Hakim Connected Reading, RRR, Latin Mass. Zaydan al-Hakim, Amy. 80. Combining the Connecting Hamzah and Sun Letters: Module two, lecture six, combining the connecting hamster and this sun letters. Have you noticed throughout this module that the letter that has come after the definite article in all the examples has been a moon letter. This was done intentionally because we've summed it is, there are a few rules that you need to be aware of. Introducing these rules together with the information already presented may have been a bit of an overload. However, no new information will be presented here. Mealy, the combination of two principles. And as you will see, it's not difficult at all. Let's begin with an example. Connected Reading. Share had Duchenne answer. Nothing appears to be out of the ordinary. Here we have a connecting hamburger that is preceded by a vowel, bummer. If we follow our rule, we know that from the doma, we skip the connecting hams at and go directly to the lamb after it. This will give us share had delusion SAMHSA. This reading is not problematic or flawed in the technical sense. However, we are seeking to beautify and make more fluid all parts of our reading. To do so here means that we need to consider the Sun and Moon letters. Taking a closer look at our example, we can see that a son debtor follows the definite article in the second word al-Sham, sir. We know from the module about the sun and moon letters that if a son knitr follows the definite article and then the lamb in the definite article l is ignored, whilst the sun letter is doubled and therefore pronounced as if there were shut, they're placed above it. Consequently, if we isolated the second word in our example, we would have the following when applying the rule. As Schumpeter. Let's now re-introduce the first word in our example. Cher had, do, we now have a short vowel, bummer, proceeding the connecting SAMHSA. As such, we knew that we will skip the connecting hands-on rule one. However, we also have a son letter after the lab in the definite article. So we know that we will skip the lamb and double the xin. This is indicated by the grain out of both the connecting hamster and the lamb. It would be read share had to show himself. In simpler terms rule when the definite article is followed by a sun data and proceeded by anything. Short vowel, long, val, spoon, or shut down. Then the whole definite article is skipped and the sun letter that follows is doubled. Let's try a few more examples that include all four diacritical marks that we've covered, combining them with the Connecting hamster and the sun letter. I left long vowel unconnected. I saw a lady Connected Reading houses AD. While long vowel, Abu, connected reading them MAT. Yeah, along val, Nim to fi, allele. Second, Connected Reading Nim to fill lately Zack in and and if long val form to a live MAC Sura, El Sala to Connected Reading, metazoan l2 superfood, unconnected min as Sabah, he connected reading, Minnesota. He then when unconnected reading or tell do Zaydan ulema connected reading or tell do Zaydan in Lima. 81. The Permanent Hamzah: Module two, lecture seven, the permanent SAMHSA. The title of this chapter was the permanent and connecting hamster. And you may have been wondering whether we would ever reach the permanent Hadza. We have spent a great deal of time talking about the connecting SAMHSA and have now thankfully finished. Hopefully the information wasn't too difficult and you are able to absorb it even if it took me some time. Just to reemphasize. Arabic is a language that's different to European languages. It often takes some time for somebody who has been accustomed to Latin texts to adjust and become familiar to the Arabic script. So don't feel disheartened in any way. If you seem to be struggling, things will fall into place with time and practice. We're also always around to help and answer any of your questions. We will now talk about the permanent hamburger. And you'll be glad to know that it is extremely brief and wonderfully simple. Now, do you remember what we said at the beginning of this module about the connecting Hamster? That's right. There are a total of 14 of them in the whole of the Arabic language, roughly, as well as some verb forms that you will learn about in grammar. Also extremely simple. Well, know that every single word that begins with a hands-on and isn't one of these 14 words or amongst the verb forms is defined as a permanent SAMHSA. And there is one simple rule about the permanent hands-on rule. The permanent SAMHSA is always pronounced irrespective of whether it is preceded by something, a short vowel, a long vowel at then Wien, or a shadow, or not. Simple. All you have to do if you ever see a word beginning with a hammer is check to see if it is one of the 14 connecting Kansas. If it is, apply all the relevant rules that pertain to the connecting hands-on. If it is it apply the rule that pertains to the permanent hands-on? Let's look at an example. The above word, baboon begins with a hamster. We've learned that with both the connecting and the permanent homes, or if nothing precedes it, then it is fully pronounce. It seems that nothing is preceding the above word, so it will be correctly pronounced upon. Let's now place a word before it. Now we have a valve that precedes the word fat hat. In such circumstances, we first check to see if the word Airborne is one of the 14 connecting hamsters. We can see that it isn't. This means that it must be a permanent SAMHSA. We revisit the rule for permanent hamster, which states that the permanent habitat is always pronounced irrespective or wherever it is preceded by something or not. Now we know that it has to be fully at it and not skipped, as would be the case if it were a connecting hands-on. Consequently, it will be read who are aboot. And as you can see, unlike the connecting hands-on, the permanent tanzer is still pronounced even though it is preceded by a vowel. This is why it's called the Permanent hammer. It simply doesn't budge. You'll be glad to know, and that's pretty much everything there is to the permanent. 82. Exercise 3: Module two, exercise 37. Try reading the following phrases that include permanent and connecting hamsters. Remember, attempt the phrases, buy yourself a few times before listening to the recording and reading the transliteration. Semiotic Amira Al JC, You are still Mira Bain and NesC at agenda to the academic omega t, a chameleon mini II man and a woman. And while our buffoon Lia Lee, how did you do while you able to distinguish between the connecting and permanent ham says, did you notice the permanent hamster being uttered even if something preceded it? Well-done. We have finally finished Module two, which I'm sure you've gathered with a very low module. However, at this stage you are doing fantastic. I should really give yourself a pat on the back for reaching this far and achieving this level. You're well on your way to completing the course and now have only a short way to go. 83. The Single Letter Words: Module three, the single letter words. In English, most words that have meaning consist of more than one letter. Exceptions to this, and normally the personal pronoun like I, and the indefinite article a. Let's look at a few words. The above English words are essentially prepositions of some sort that connect words to each other and hold the language together. The point is that they all have more than one letter within them. In Arabic, the equivalent of the above ten words are represented by single letters carrying short vowels. Some of these letters have more than one meaning depending on the context, which is why only five of them represent the line above. These letters and their associated short vowels are as follows. Be Fan, Wo, Kan, Li. The reason why they are being introduced is to help learners to distinguish them from other worlds. You may ask why that would be required, since if you were to see these words in isolation, you'd recognize them now that they had been explained. The reason is that they don't appear in isolation. The following rule should help you clarify their position. Rule. In Arabic, words are often represented by singular letters that carry short vowels. These include the following, be fair, Hua, Li, and care. These letters and their associated vowels will never appear in isolation and they will always attach themselves to the word in front of them. Let's take a look at some examples. Being brought in. For us. There are white millieu, lead Toba, Sarah, caffeine earlier in. So if we take our first example, we now know that in the word Bharat Yin, the b means with and the rot Yin means an opinion. That is to say there are two separate words that are connected due to the rule above. Now, the above mentioned hasn't really made any difference whatsoever to your reading abilities. Indeed, if I hadn't even mentioned these singular letters and asks you to pronounce the above was you wouldn't have had any problems. So why have I mentioned them? The main reason revolves around the attachment of these singular letters to words that begin with the Connecting hamper. The single letter words, and the connecting Amazon. In the previous examples, the single-letter words are simply attached towards that. Don't begin with the Connecting hands-on. When they do connect to words that begin with the Connecting hamburger, we just need to be conscious in applying all the rules that we've previously learned. Without knowing that these letters are separate entities, learners can often become confused around their pronunciation. Let's take a look at some examples. Unconnected. Be LSAT. This is the word that appears in one of the stories from our reading practice. When he first looked at this word and with the help of the transliteration, you probably thought that this was one complete word that began with a letter back and finished with the letter wrong. And you wouldn't have been criticized if you're done. So in fact, the transliteration probably propelled you forever to do so. However, we have just learned that B never appears in isolation and always attaches itself to the word in front of it. As such, the above broken down is actually as follows. B, I will say it is now easier for us to see that we have a word that begins with connecting hands-on that is followed by a sun letter and preceded by a vowel, consequently, and based on what we've learned about the connecting hands-on, we have the following BCD. We know that the B never appears in isolation. So let's put it back to where it was connected BY society. And there we have it in its essence is simply a connecting Hadza preceded by a vowel. It just so happens that the letter carrying that val is attached to the connecting hands-on. Here is an example with a moon letter unconnected, be Al-Yahudu, e, separated BY Al-Yahudu UI. Rules applied. Bill, who do we reconnected? Bill who do E. They'll see some examples of the remaining singular letters. They're attached to a word that begins with connecting. Samhsa. For Weaver moon letter. Unconnected for I'll hire two connected fall higher to have a son letter unconnected for Alzheimer or connected or wow, we're a moon letter. Unconnected will allow city connected. While law, sorry. The wow, over sun letter, unconnected. While new Juno connected. One new Juno. Calf with a moon letter. Unconnected. Algae, barely connected. Casualty, barely. Some letter. Unconnected. Catalina batty. Connected. Can now Sabeti Lee with the moon letter. Unconnected, L0, L1, FET connected, Lily urbanity. The omission, the above seems normal, following the same principles as for B, phi were concur with Lee at this stage. And extra amendment is made. Not only is the connecting hamburger skipped, but it is actually removed completely to look like this. Connected with emission. Lily urbanity. The reason behind this, as is normally the case with Arabs, revolves around aesthetic beauty, IE, to beautify its appearance. As the connecting handler is skipped anyway, they decided to remove it altogether, leaving the two lamps to connect directly. As such for Lee, no real work is required from you in terms of skipping the connecting hands-on, as you will only ever see that connected with emission version and therefore can literally read it as you see it. Here it is Wilson letter, unconnected, Lee aliveness, ie, and connected Lynn ne se ie, connected with the emission. 84. Exercise 38: Module three, exercise 38. Try reading the following phrases that contain the single letter words. Remember to apply all previous rules wherever you encounter them. Use the transliteration. If you have two, Don't forget to listen to the recording to Check pronunciation. Lamb and Arsa, mineral Haiti. Well, multi bill Hannah, E. Was she fair? Ie while our bar what I had little nm for Ledi yet again, non-mobile LoRa de la araBAD, an amino end. We have now completed module three. I hope you didn't find it too difficult. Lots of reading will ensure that the principles in this chapter are solidified until they are produced almost automatically. 85. The Hidden and Irrelevant Alif: Module four, the hidden and irrelevant lf. You may recall learning about the LF in Part a of this course and how it had two fundamental roles. The first was as a place for the hamster to sit on, and the second was as a long vowel. We also learned about the irrelevant LF and its appearance after a fat hat and when and after a while with a school. In this module, we will learn about the pronunciation or lack thereof of the LF in a small number of very specific words. These are essentially words that could be classified as anomalies purely because they have features that don't really conform to normal rules. The hidden LF. There are a number of words in the Arabic language, mainly demonstrated pronouns i0, this, that et cetera, that DO have the familiar I left that we become accustomed to seeing visible anywhere within them. However, when pronouncing these words, It is clear that an elif does exist. Let's take a look at an example from our short stories, Malika. You've been told that the above word is to be pronounced Malika, and you would be correct as there is no indication of any other letters to point to anything different. However, in actuality, it is pronounced as follows. Their liquor. As you can see, there is an elif that follows the val, which is represented by the extra a in the transliteration. This LF is hidden from sight and you will never see it written like this, but this is how it should be pronounced. Thankfully, the number of words that this applies to is only a handful. So you will be able to memorize them very quickly as a compensation of some sort, however, and especially in begun as text, you will see a mini elif that will sit above the letter that is lengthened the L in this case, to assist and remind you that you should pronounce a long route After this letter. If it helps, think of the mini lf as the normal one that has shrunk and elevated itself their liquor. So to summarize, their liquor, Ilia, one layer kin. And the e, then e, a law who. This final example represents the Arabic word for the god. You may have noticed that it begins with a definite article and consequently a connecting hands-on. As such, all the rules that apply to the connecting hamster will be relevant with this word. Noticed the Minneapolis sitting above the Lamb. It just so happens that in this case, it also sits above a shutdown. Since we've learned that the Lamb is the sun letter and is therefore doubled when following the definite article. The above seven words are the major ones that you'll come across that contained the hidden lf. As you can see, the principle is very straightforward and they're very easy to learn and memorize. Make sure that you listen to the recording to correct any pronunciation. We've just spoken about the existence of an elif sound when there doesn't seem to be any actual appearance of the LF anywhere apart from the mini lf in some beginnings materials. You've also learned that the opposite also exists. That is to say, there are cases where there isn't visible, but it is completely ignored and it affects non-existent. This was seen with the fat head than when. It was also seen in the category of words that ended with a wow carrying. These fall under the category of irrelevant LF. To this category, we will add the following word. And as you can see, the personal pronoun Anna has an LF at the end. But if you hear the recording and look at the transliteration, you will know that there is no actual elongation taking place. You may simply ignore that this lf even exists. They're hidden and irrelevant. Lf combined. There is one word in Arabic that in fact combines the two principles that wherein within the same word there is a hidden Aleph which is uttered and an irrelevant lf, which is completely ignored. The Word is another demonstrating pronoun and is and is as follows. Had there. You can hopefully hear from the recording that there is a hidden LF after the hare, which is indicated by the extra a in the transliteration. In addition, it is hope that you heard only a short vowel fatter after the there, meaning that the elephant, the end, the irrelevant LF was completely ignored. Also indicated by that non addition of the extra eight in the transliteration. Have. So there we have it. A total of nine words that will need your special attention during reading. They will not take you a long time to memorize and will facilitate your reading as you navigate those beginners texts, refer to them as and when you need and don't forget to practice their pronunciation. Often. 86. Pausing and Stopping: Module five. Pausing and stopping. We're approaching the end of our course. And in our penultimate module, we will speak about pausing and stopping in the Arabic language. In English, there is nothing exceptional about stopping or pausing at a particular word. If we decided to stop at a word due to reaching the end of a sentence, or if there was some sort of pores that was relevant, we would pronounce it just as we would we to continue the flow of speech. Let's look at an example. I said to the man, pay the fee. I said to the man pay the fee. The above two sentences are exactly the same, except that the first has a comma after the word man, whilst the second doesn't. In the first sentence, you take a little pause after the word man Watson. The second you'd continue without pause. Either way, the pronunciation of the word a man will be exactly the same. The stopping or posing at man doesn't have any impact as to its pronunciation. In Arabic, This is not the case. Posing or stopping at given points requires us to make slight adjustments in our pronunciation of the final word. The adjustments are based on the principle of ensuring that we end on a Suo Cun sound, IE, a vowel, consonant sound. There'll be addressed individually as follows. The short vowel rule. When posing or stopping at a word that ends in a short vowel, that short Vout is completely ignored, leaving us with only the vowel sound of the final letter as the last sound that is to be made. Let's look at an example. We'll do little, tiny Ohm's Law year haha Decca. In the sentence above, there are two places that we are directed to stop at. There is a pause before the comma and a complete stop at the end of the final word. Let's tackle each individually. Before the pause, we have the word lil has ini. Listen carefully to this word on the recording and notice the pronunciation of the final vowel. Since we are posing here, we need to apply the rule. This will require us to completely ignore the vowel sitting beneath the noon, which in this case is the customer, and only uttered a valveless noon sound. Consequently, we have the following little Hissene. Notice the grayed-out i at the end of the transliteration, Bill hazard, which represents the customer to indicate its non-participation. Now listen to the recording once again to see the difference. Lily acini. Lily has iin. Did you notice the word finishing with only the sound of the noon without any vowel sound being uttered. From what we know, are taking only the sound of a letter without any valves following is the equivalent of uttering a letter carrying a cyclone. Therefore, if it helps, you can imagine the Castro being replaced by a spoon limousine. Remember, the spoon has only been written here to give you an idea of what sounds should be made in order to assist you. This word will never appear in this form. It will appear in the normal form shown earlier ending in the customer. It will be up to you to apply the relevant rules. Next, the final word we have before completely stopping is high Attica. Since we are stopping, applying the rule means ignoring the fatter sitting above the calf and only uttering the vowel sound of the calf as if the Fed ha, had been replaced by a spoon. We would therefore have the following hieratic. Listen to the recording and take care to notice the non involvement of the final fatter during the pronunciation. Also noticed the grain out of the final letter a in the transliteration, higher deca. So the sentence altogether. All Doolittle has seen a year Hayek. Let's try an example that end river Lama. Bar are the highly yell are. Once again, notice the grayed out you to indicate the non-participation of the Lama. Long vowel. Stopping at a word that ends in a long vowel requires no extra effort whatsoever. You may recall in the previous section where an imaginary so Cun was used to assist in understanding how to utter a word that ended in a short vowel. Well, the long vowel already ends in a secure and as such, it is uttered just the same as it would be where it not being stopped at i0, fully pronounced long vowel, Ali, Baba, who Bill saw. As you can see, the normal lengthening of the sound that the LF provides. They'll remains. This is indicated by the double ANDing. Long vowel, wow. Some multi-wall ADA Abu. Listening to the recording as well as the W in transliteration, confirm that the word abu is pronounced fully when stopped, add. Don't forget your rule from other sections of the course in this Centers, the middle word at Loyola that begins with connecting hammer. It is preceded by a long val, which means that we go directly from the Obama above the mean lamp, carrying the spoon, skipping the long vowel, wow, the irrelevant LF, And they're connecting hamper. The hammer that the word Abu begins with is not one of the 14 connecting hamsters. As such, it is always uttered. Long value. Tried to save ALL Herbie Lee Abby listening to the recording as well as the wi in the transliteration confirmed that the word Abby is pronounced fully when stopped at if long val form to olive MAC SSR. Set behest Mao Rob became layer. Listening to the recording, as well as the double a and transliteration confirmed that the word is pronounced fully when stopped that notice the connecting hamsters being skipped in the word Izmir and the definite article. I'll do two, both being part of the 14 words containing a connecting hands-on silicone. Stopping at a word that ends in school also requires no extra effort from us. Recall the imaginary circle in principle, once again, a word ending with school is already at this point. As such, we simply utter the word just as we see it. Sorrow hotel or Moorely while at the OEM. Once again, listening to the recording and reading the transliteration confirmed that no changes are made to have the final word ohm is uttered. Also notice the appropriate val casserole that replaces the spoon above the tear in the first word, sorrow has. Then when words that we wish to pause or stop at that end. And then we'll require us to make some adjustments. Specifically the Dhamma and Castro have one rule was the fat Hatton when has another? Let's begin with the former role. When deciding to poll or stop at a word that ends in Obama or Castro ten, When they tend when is completely ignored, leaving us with only the sound of the vowel is final letter as the last sound to be made. Let's look at an example. Is the hieratic BGN took her word. Did you notice the final Das sound being uttered without the following in that is expected of that. Then we can also look at the transliteration. The IN has been grayed out from the end of the final world to leave us with Gvd node separately, the appropriate val that replaces the spoon above the tag in the word is the heroine. Here is an example where the dumber than when in a robin Linnaeus really hear Ari. But did you notice the final sound being uttered without the following on that is expected of that. Then we also look at the transliteration. The UN has been grayed out from the end of the final word to leave us with our eBay. Try the following sentence. Let me out. Be him Ghani, The ham movie a year. Did you notice the final hands are sound being uttered without the following in that is expected of the ten when the transliteration also indicates by the graying out of The IN, he may have only just about caught the sound of the final hamburger and possibly not even heard it. I'll show you how it is there. It's just that making solely the hand this out without any vowels to follow is quite difficult. Lumberyard beam Ghani, The Hammurabi, AEI. For Titan, we the posing and stopping rules for a word that ends with a fatten when are slightly different, you may recall the fat Hatton we as always ending with an irrelevant LF. Well, this is the only occasion where that irrelevant LF is no longer irrelevant and actually plays a role. The general rule is when posing or stopping at a word that ends in effect Hatton when hypothetically, the 10-week is replaced by the short vowel fatter and the irrelevant elif becomes activated, thus producing a fatter long vowel. Let's apply this rule to the above sentence. To oil and more are by there. As you can see, the normal pronunciation of more OK. By then containing the unending has now been converted to a long vowel sound, giving us more are there. Remember, the above appearance is what you visualize in your mind. The text will appear as presented in the first example above. You may have noticed. Word proceeding moire by there also ends in a fatter than wean. However, since we are not stopping there, we read the Word as normal. My island with the unending shed them pausing or stopping at a word that ends river shed that requires us simply to look at what diacritical mark sits above the shudder, either short Val or then wean, and consequently apply the relevant stopping rule for that mark. For example, NLS, intel. In the above sentence, we have a word that ends in a shed, them. Sitting above that shed there is the short val. Consequently, we apply the short vowel rule, which means that we ignore the Dharma indicated by the grayed-out. You. Doing so leaves us with, essentially we end with a double sound without moving onto any vowel. This is indicated by the double l in the example above them. Listen to the recording to get a better idea of the double sound that isn't followed by an eval. It almost resembled bouncing or the letter maintaining the sound for a bit and then just stopping. As a comparison, listen to the pronunciation of the following two words that are stopped at short val ending without shudder, eval. Short vowel on top of shut the ending. Did you hear the difference? Ending on a short val produces a subtle short-lived consonant sound while it's ending on a short vowels, sitting on a shudder produces a stronger, more lingering consonant sound. Let's run through the other remaining vowels and ten wean examples. Castro, who were told lament and when the Alibaba regular nursery above, we end in a word that has a shudder. Above the shudder sits a vomit. And when. Consequently we apply the ten when Rule, which means that the 10-week completely ignored, indicated by the grayed-out ONE, leaving us with only the sound of the final letter as the last sound that is to be made. Doing so leaves us with misread. Once again, we end with a double sound without moving onto anytime when this is indicated by the double y in the example above, listen to the recording to get a better idea of the double sound that isn't followed by anytime when sound Castro ten when I kneel, Gary 30, Haldeman math arrow, that then wean is completely ignored, indicated by the gray doubt in leaving us with only the sound of the final letter as the last sound that is to be made. Doing so leaves us with Matthew Hatton when in this final example, we have a word that ends with a fat Hatton wean sitting on a shutdown. Let's apply the rule we learned that was specific to their fat had and when. We know that hypothetically, they tend when is replaced by the short vowel fatter and the irrelevant elif becomes activated, thus producing a fat along vowed, this gives us omega. What are the, what our linear rod there. As you can see, the normal pronunciation of a rod then containing the unending has now been converted to a long vowel sound, giving us. Remember, the above appearance is what you visualize in your mind. The text will appear as presented in the first example above. The Tamar Buto. Do you recall the term or both are? Yes. I know it seems like ages since we last spoke about it. Let's refresh our memories. We said that the Tamar Buddha was a special letter. What made it unique was that it had to sounds rather than one. Its first sound was discussed earlier and was taught as being exactly the same as the tere. We also said that the Tamar water will only ever appear at the end of a word and never at the beginning. In the middle. To this, we can add that the Tamar Muda may carry a short vowel or attenuation, but not a shutdown. Great. Let's now learn about the second sound on the Tamar motto. The above sentence has the thermal water peppered all over it. In fact, it appears in every single word. Based on what we've learned prior to this module, the above centers would be uttered as follows. Kelly Martin, boy button, Ghoshal, rotten per year. But in the final word in this sentence, I E, the point at which we want to pause or stop ends with a dam or water. And this is where it's second sound comes into play. The general rule is as follows. When posing or stopping at a word that ends in a Tamar Bolter, two things take place. Number one, the Tamar water produces the hair sound equivalent to the sound produced by the letter hair. Number two, the short vowel, or 10-week, that sits above determinable data is completely ignored, leaving us with only the Vallas has out as a final sound that is to be made. Let's apply this rule to our sentence. Gallium atom by you, but only cachexia rotation by this integral recordings. Did you spot the difference between the two? Did you hear the sound that came at the end of the second reading? Look at the transliteration. The grayed-out thin indicates that the sound of the Tamar woulda, along with the inside of the 10-1, is relegated completely and replaced by the has Out of the hair. Notice how the Tamar waters found in the first three words are pronounced with the pass out and with the associated ten wins. That's because we are not stopping at these words. Let's try an example with a short vowel on the Tamar water. A day to learn at, there'd be so Hula. Once again, a sentence that ends with a word that has the Tamar both at the end. On this occasion, the Tamar Bhutta is carrying a guessed wrong. The stopping rules have been applied. The grayed-out t indicates that the task of the Tamar boulder, along with the sound of the Castro, are relegated completely and replaced by the house out of the. The second word also has a thermal Buddha, the end. However, since we are not stopping at it, the normal tears out along with the associated val feta and maintained forever examples, I will lose Shariati bed. There are another example. I'll hire Asura, Albumasar, EBU digest ALU had though ELA. In this example, we have a boars and a final stop. Both points are preceded by a word ending in a timer water. As such, stopping rules are applied in both places. Notice how the connecting Elliot that followed the first-time or Boulder wasn't skipped even though it is preceded by something. That's because we decided to pause after the first time or water. So as a general rule, the first word after a port or a stop is considered as a new beginning and technically not preceded by anything. We know that when they're connecting him there isn't preceded by anything. Technically or otherwise, it is uttered fully. In this module, you have been given guidance around places to pause and stop at, based on seeing commas, full stops, semi-colons, et cetera. In reality, you may stop wherever you feel is appropriate, just as you would when reading English. As such, it will be down to you to apply pausing and stopping rules whenever you wish to do so, your skills in imposing and stopping on your own will grow as your understanding of Arabic grammar increases. 87. Graded Reading: Module six, graded reading. Our final module is more supplementary then it is essentially, although for the most part, what you will learn here can be picked up as you go along in your reading through keen observation, it will harm you to get a head start. In this module, we will briefly discuss some emissions in reading material that you are likely to face when you begin to read Arabic. Knowing these emissions will assist you in better reading fluency and familiarity with new material. In this course, you have learned how to read Arabic text that is fully vowed. That is to say, there is some sort of diacritical mark, vow ten, wean, et cetera, on every single letter in a given word. The truth is, however, when you encounter texts in Arabic, it is unlikely that you will see every single diacritical mark. The likelihood is that some diacritical marks were we missing due to their being an expectancy of the student knowing them? As you're reading advances and you begin to tackle more advanced material, you'll find that more and more of these diacritical marks will begin to disappear based on the whims of the writer. However, your increased understanding of the language, along with your expanding vocabulary, will ensure that you are never at a loss. In this module, we will learn about missing diacritical marks as they pertain to early and begin as texts. Since these have some degree of consistency about what they keep from what they remove. Let's briefly explain them and then see how they appear. The definite article, el, quite simply, the definite article will often appear without the hamster that sits above the LF and without the fatter that sits above the hamster. In addition, the lamb often appears without it soon. I'll him a solar to her urine, min and gnome. In the example above, both the initial and final definite article are missing all diacritical marks. Notice the appropriate val replacing the spoon in the transliteration of the word min, as well as the emission of the castle at the end due to the stopping rules. Long vowel, long vowels are more than likely to have the spoon above them, LF, Wow, yeah, or alec, mock, Sura missing, as well as the short vowel that sits above the letter that proceeds. In fact, have an elif, bummer for awhile, Castro for year, and Fatah for alec knock swore. Hamel, subunit. Jameel, from all other missing, know that any other letter that is missing a diacritical mark and which doesn't fall into the above two categories mentioned, is more than likely missing a school. For example. This double doors. In the example above, we can see that the letters scene of an lamb are missing diacritical marks. We can see that none of them are involved in any way with a long vowel, and none of them are part of the definite article. We eliminate the former two categories and thus conclude they must be missing sucrose. This is verified by the fully val version, the transliteration and the recording. Here are some examples we have begin as rules applied combining the definite article, the long vowels, and the all other missing. Try to read them without looking at the transliteration. Once attended, listen to the recording to check your pronunciation. Doobie led all 2y, let hope be man acinar ealier, where boldly man, SA LA hair. How did you find that one? Isn't it amazing that you can now actually read even with missing diacritical marks. I hope you were able to locate the missing schools, definite article and long vowels, extra points. If you were able to apply the appropriate vowel to the missing school about the path in the first word, jubilant. For those who didn't the tear in the first word as a missing school based on the process of elimination that we've just learned. We therefore have a soup spoon preceding the definite article el. We've learned that when this happens, we need an appropriate val to allow for movement between the two spoons and the lamb. In this case, since the vowel proceeding the tear is a fatter. Our table indicates that the school is replaced with a casserole. For example. Merck and our reef of Vichy in less than women newsy I'm in, in elec shared regulations. You regret. We have now completed part B of this course, which covered all the reading fluency. At this stage, you should be able to read Arabic texts that is fully vowed with complete reading fluency. This is a wonderful achievement for which you should be genuinely proud. Let's now put all that we've learned into practice and attempt another reading of our short stories. 88. Reading Practice 2: Module seven, reading practice to, let's now put all that we've learned into practice and attempt one final reading of our short stories. In our final attempt, we will now carry out a connected reading of our short stories while implementing everything you've learned in this course. Think of this attempt as a true attempt because not only is it Arabic that is presented in real life texts, but also it will really test everything that you've learned in this course. You'll be combining both reading rules and reading fluency. This is pretty much the great extent you can go in reading Arabic without venturing into grammar. Studying grammar will get you to this stage where you are able to read Arabic without any diacritical marks whatsoever. Who show you an example of this at the end. You may also notice some words having a different appearance to their equivalent in the previous readings. This is merely orthographic and often happens when the schools are removed. At other times, it may simply be due to the font in our stories. Simply referring to the transliteration will be enough to give you an idea of what's going on. However, to provide you with some assistance, some of the words that change had been clarified for you. There are many, however, that haven't. Take note of the slight differences in the letter combinations within them between the graded reading and the fully valid reading. Agile, I do. Notice the difference between the fully valid rendering and the graded reading rendering. A Leti noticed the tar, it slightly off the center aisle. Maria, though. You may be wondering where the mean is in the graded reading version of this word, while it is in fact present and is actually that extended corner that protrudes from the bottom of the lab in the south easterly direction. The above the lamb actually belongs to the mean. Remember, we've learned that the definite article el isn't normally depicted with vowels. Fee. Once you've had a few attempts at the text, listen to the recordings was following the texts and check your pronunciation with the transliteration. 89. Story 1 : Module seven, story number one. Shekhar Roger Louis XVI, button. Melody again. For their eye, Bobby will be covalent. Botany, levy irony. The aircraft. While I can. 90. Story 2: Module seven, story number one. Again, a Jew half 200M in Mendeley. Photographer but who are huddled ash house upon laminar should back if for all matter to read. Indeed, limbic. Nfl, you'd all hell, who read, who hasn't attained ESA Idi Amin? When I didn't know, get them a really low it WR knee. Sorry that you had either parallel beta-1, Roger yet Barrow dilemma. Laura Louis, LSA, Allahu your 300K for lambda. So I went lema, the enzyme lambda NFO. 91. Story 3: Module seven. And as soon without a headache. But I'll methylene Mathers, a def, hello. Your AKA an Amazon can GDB sewer at him really happening. We adopt what I'd better allocator Ruby saying. Wherein the Soro Academy for America and I mean, who else? Who was the ALU? Mohammed like IMF, Lemaitre, Omega four. The ADA and Sunil hierarchy. In defer RB Hema. Fellow budget farther than were header, file into feta who, well NS defeat the enemy. Aidan, linear, limb and phenomena. That does. And no, either Ferdinand arena, medulla whose value or a doula. 92. Story 4: Module number four. And I am in Nim equity then for any set or the thin door family yet Luba whole facade or a huddle at the abuela photoshopped erato ELA. Look, I mean Humayun, Russia and yet I'm in the hollow door Fabula. You'll see both. Malik. 93. Story 5: Module seven, story number five. Medic. You're an American can let NYSE at NG. Rather the lamella Creole Manila Pm will be that embed radiating Coahuila. What really allow that? The watcher that an academic would be separability machine, total Kalhu RER, foster model suma, Yeah, dB t at equally shallow area remedy in the bill. Well, I can Asherah Lahey mustachioed Medina T bureau in savy routine data, automobile medically for beta1 that had the EBITDA at an ideal. How did you find your reading? Were you able to read it fluently without any problems? What did you find some difficulties, not to worry, keep practicing. Repeat the stories over and over again. Was listening attentively. You'll find that in no time you'll be able to read fluently without any errors. And the application of all rules emitting a smooth, clear and melodic Csound. 94. Final Thoughts: Module seven, final force. We have now reached the end of the course, became Arab. I hope that you've enjoyed the course and learned a great deal about the wonderful world of the Arabic language. A lot of material has been covered in this course. So don't be alarmed if you feel somewhat overwhelmed. It is hoped that you have taken your time absorbing the information, ensuring that you've mastered each module before moving on, now would be a great time for you to continually review the material. You will find that after continuous review and constant practice, many of the rules become second nature and reading will feel smooth, easy, and enjoyable. As for next steps, having mastered reading, you'll be in a wonderful position to begin studying the meat of the language, the grammar. It is important when choosing how to study. You select a course that incorporates both grammatical rules that must be learned and practical application of some sort, whether that's speaking practice, reading actual Arabic texts, watching Arabic programs will simply practicing Arabic. We're friends. My experiences have told me that any student, so long as they are motivated and have the correct learning path, can master Arabic or indeed anything. So choose carefully when deciding to study the Arabic language. We are currently in the process of developing the next stage of our teaching. Part C, Arabic grammar one, as part of a series of grandma teaching modules that will get you to the stage where you can begin to read and understand the Arabic language better. All that remains for me to do is wish you all the best in your adventures and pursuits in the Arabic language, you've come a long way and already surmounted a number of obstacles that others have failed to do. Keep pushing yourself and you will no doubt soon reach the stage where you'll be enjoying reading other rich in extensive history, culture, religion, and literature of the Arab people in their own tongue.