Learn English: How & Where To Use Punctuation Marks

1. Introduction: Hello everyone. How are you? I hope to be fun. I am Leyla Heaney and I am a teacher. I always hope to benefit others from my job which is teaching this class. I will introduce a group of lessons that will help you to improve your English language. So the classes lessons, we will start by talking about homonyms, homophones, homographs, the definition of each one of them, and the difference between each one of them. Also, we'll talk about the capitalization rules, where we should use capitalization rules or where we should capitalize. We will talk also about sentence fragments and run on sentence. What does each one of them mean? Sentence fragments, run-on sentence. Then we will discuss or talk about punctuation marks. All of the punctuation marks that are comma, a post-war period question mark and exclamation mark. Also talk about parenthesis. Semicolon is anticodons. And finally, we will talk about typhoons, brackets, ellipsis, and quotation marks. So let's get started. 2. Homonyms, Homophones & Homograph: Hello. Our first lesson is about homonyms, homophones, homographs, homophones, and Homer graph. Each one of them begins with the root word home. Each one of these three words begin with root word hormone, and **** means same. So all of these words have to do with the sameness. In specific case. We will start by homonyms. What are homonyms? Harmonic mean scene name. Homonyms are words that sound alike and have different sound alike. Music they have the same pronunciation. They either sound the same or are spots are the same, but their meanings are different. Homonyms could have the same pronunciation or the same spanning. Same spelling means that the words are written in the same way, but in most cases, the words should have different meaning. So each word of homonyms should has its own meaning. Two or more words with the same spellings but different pronunciation and are called determinants. Now we will give examples above homonyms. I'll start by the witches. Di, di means stop living. When the person or someone or the living things, their life or the life of the living things. The verb that means this definition is dying. The second word is die. They sound the same. So here is the first word and the second word have the same pronunciation or the same sound. But as we see, both of these words have the different spelling. By we write it as d and the second word. The E. Also hear both of words. Di. M means different meaning. The first one means stop living. And the second word di, means change the color of something. When we paint, decorate or change the color of wool or anything using colors. This word or this verb means. Here is another example about hominins. The first word is fairly Sadie. Here is a passageway, as we see here, is at transportation vehicle. The second word is also fairly, it sounds the same. So here we have the same pronunciation, but here we have different spelling. The first word of the second grid are written in different ways. Also. They have different moon. The first one is passageway, the second one is a small imaginary being that has magical powers. It is in the order we found these characters in that story is for their children. We see these imaginary or magic and characters. Here we have hominin. These two words are hominins. What are homophones? We will talk about homophones. What are homophones? Homophones means same sound. Here. Homophones means same sound. So we have seen pronunciation here. The sameness is in their pronunciation of the words. The definition of hormone phones. Homophones sound the same but have different meaning and have different spin to the difference between homophones. Homographs. Homographs could have the same spelling or words that are homonyms could be written in the same way, but homophones should have different spelling or should be written in different way. So here we have sameness in one thing on the, which is the same sound. And the difference is in two other things, which are the In the homophones shouldn't have different meanings and difference in spelling. So each word in the homophones should be written in a different way. We will take some examples to understand homophones. The first one is pr. Pr is a set of two things that are in coupled or anything that are made, or any set of two things. Any set that consists of two things, we call it pair. So any two things we call them pair, couple of anything. The second word is PR, is a type of fluids. We have many types of fruits and PR is one of them. Here. As you here, have the same sound, but they have different spelling. The first one is written as p, The second one is written as P, E, A, R. They are different. They have different meaning. The first one is a set of two things. The second one is Fiber fluids. So each one has its own LAN. So here we have homophones. Another example about homophones. See to view something. C is the verb that we use it for living things, animals and human. It is related to eyes. See is related to all of the human or animals. When the human and animals see or watch or observe anything in front of them. This word means citation and this is the verb of it. See view or towards some thing. The other word, see. All of us know the sea. It is a soil torture that covers most of Earth's surface. So also here, the two words have same sound or same pronunciation. Both of them, we pregnancy ate them as C. But the first one is written as SEE. The second one is written as SEA. So they have the different spanning and they have different mean. So here, these two words are homophones. Know another example also about homophones. The first word is night. Night is the time from sunset, sunrise. We have index 24 hours to parts of the gate. We have the night, day, which is the blackness of the sunlight. We have the other book, which we have the sunlight, which people go to the schools, do activities and others. The second word is Mike. It's a man who served his Southern. The first word and the second weird our pregnancy, the scene night. But each one of them is written in different way and have different meaning. The first one means night isn't a time where people are asleep, get rest at home, or enjoy their life and watch movies, whatever they want at night. The second word means a man who is fighting for something. We will talk about homographs. What are homographs? **** means same Writing. Same writing means spelled the same. The definition of homographs are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings. Here in homographs, they should do the sameness in spelling. The words that are homographs should be written in the same way. It's conditioned to be homographs that we should drive them the same, but also they should be different than them. I will give an example. Homographs example. The first word is sync. Sync is a water. It's the place where we wash our hands, face and so on. The second word is sink. Here. The first 1, second 1 are from Nancy aid the same. And they have the same spelling. They are written in the same way. Also the different or only the difference here is in the moon. The first one means motion. The second one means go down below the surface of something. When, for example, someone sink in the C means he get down deeper to the bottom of the sea. Here will finish and explaining our lesson about homonyms, homophones, homographs. We discussed, already discussed the difference between these three types, the properties of each one, and we gave examples about each one of them to understand them ready? Well, I will see you in other lessons. 3. Capitalization Rules: Hello. This lesson is above capitalization rules. We will start explaining this lesson. Capitalization exists to emphasize the importance of certain words in a sentence. Capitalization is to emphasize the importance of a certain word. What does capitalization? Capitalization is you as exhibit is using the capital for the first letter in a word. So when we have a word, like capitalization of this word is writing the first letter of this word in its capital for, while all the other letters in the word mean lowercase. This means capitalization. Now, what's odd capitalization rules? We all discuss you the rules of capitalization. Rule number one, the first letter in a sentence. This one is easy. Always capitalize the first word of a sentence. When we have a sentence with a complete meaning. In all cases, we should capitalize the first word of this sentence. I will give an example. The cat is sleeping. The cat is the sleeping. Here we have a sentence, complete sentence that contains subject, verb and predicate. Subject and predicate. So we should keep the law is the first word. The first word here is that we capitalize it, so we're right there. Or T, The first letter T in its capital for this means that capitalization. Another example, where did I put that book? Here we have a question. And also question is a sentence. We should give it. The law is the first word, which is here, where we put the letter W in it, capital for, and this is the capitalization. This is the first, which is the easiest one. Rule number two, capitalize names and other proper nouns. You should always capitalize people, people's names. People's names are proper nouns, have specific names. For example, Malacca, Alex dump. These names are names relate to people. We should capitalize them. I'll give an example. My favorite author is John Austin. John Austin is the name of this author. In Japan is his name and hosting is his family and his me. We should capitalize these two words. John, the first letter is Jane. Austen, begins with a weak. We put a in its capital phone and kept the law is the word Austin. Another example, Tom and Diana, tongue is boy named. Diana is a girl name. Here. We should capitalize Tom and Diana with, with g in the capital form and the capital phone, thumb. And Diana met at Judy's house. Also, Judy is a person name. We capitalize the word Judy. No. Names are proper names. The names of cities, for example, Egypt, countries for example, I'm sorry. Cities for example, in Beirut. Countries for example, Egypt. Companies, religion and political parties are also proper nouns. You should capitalize them. Example, I live in California. California here is a proper noun. So we should get with the lies. You should also capitalize words like mama and the grabbed. These words like mom should be capitalized when they are used as a form of address. Only when we use them as a foreign morph address. We should keep the lies. Then as example, just wait until one sees this mom here showing a form of address. So we should capitalize it. We put em in its capital phone. Now what will number three? Do not capitalize after a colon. Usually, in most cases, you do not need to capitalize after a colon. So when we have a garland in a sentence, we do not need to put the lives after it only we have some cases, we will discuss them that we should capitalize after the garden, but in most cases we do not need to capitalize. I will give an example. I have one through passion, one back tracing. One by tracing. Here is a normal fleas. We do not need or there is no need to capitalize warm, but we did not capitalize after column. And such examples, there are a couple of common exceptions. Here. Number three, we have two exceptions. The first one is when the word following the column is appropriate. For now, we should capitalize after the colon. If the world after it is a proper noun. When we have the column a proper noun, we should skip the allies. This node, I will give you an example. There is only one place you want to visit, New York City. New York City here is a proper noun, and it is just after the column. So we should capitalize it. We put n and its capital. For. The other exception is when the words following the column for one or more complete sentences. This exception is related to rule number one. We said rule number one that when we have a complete sentence, we should realize the first word. So we have after the colon, a complete sentence. Also. We should capitalize the first word, because here we are talking about a complete sentence and not a phrase. I will give you an example. Maggie said, strong light, old thing gives me a headache. After the kernels drunk light, Olson gives me a headache, a complete sentence. It gives us a subject and the predicate. The subject is a strong light predicate, it gives me a headache. So here we are talking about a complete census after the colon. We should give it the lives of the first word, which is strong, we put S in its capital phone. Now rule number four, capitalize the first word of a code. Sometimes we have equitation or a CT. We should capitalize the first word. In some cases, capitalize the first word of a code when the code is a complete sentence. Also here, we can relate this case to the first rule. So also here where we have between or inside the quotation marks, or when the code is talking about a complete sentence. When the court itself is a complete sentence, we should capitalize the first word because the first rule we should give utilize their first word in each complete sentence. So when we have a code, which is complete sentence, we should capitalize the first word. I'll give an example. Mario asked, What is everyone doing this the weekend? What is everyone doing this weekend is a complete sentence. It's that question. It's a complete sentence. So we should capitalize the first word, which is what? Wns capital fall. Here we have occurred between the degradation marks. Another example. Rc answered my sister annoy, or going to the water park? My sister and I are going to the water park is a complete sentences consists of subject and predicate. That is between that quotation marks, we should capitalize the first word, which is my M in its capital. For. Now we will number five, capitalized days, months, and holidays, but not seasons. The names of days, for example, Monday, Tuesday, Saturday, dream of months, for example, January, February, April, and holidays, for example, Christmas, Easter, and so on. These names, the names of days, months, and holidays are proper nouns. We should, or you should capitalize them. We said that all the proper nouns, we should utilize them. And the names of days, months, and holidays are proper nouns. We should capitalize these names or these words. I'll give an example, or I hate Mondays. Mondays or Monday, name of date. We should capitalize it with M in its capital foreign. Another example, toms birthday is in June. June is a month or name of months. We should capitalize it. We put the j in its capital phone. We have here a note or Aramark. Then aims seasons, however, are not the proper amounts, so there's no need to capitalize them. We have seasons or the names of seasons. For example, spring, winter, summer, autumn, these four seasons. Not the proper nouns. So we should not capitalize them or there is no need to capitalize them. Example, I hate winter. Winter here is a season and there is no need to capitalize it. Another example, having a summer birthday is the best. Summer is a season. There is no need to The lights it. And this sentence. Now, rule number six, capitalized most words in titles. When we have our title, title for, let's say for the story, for a book, for the movie, and so on, we should capitalize these titles. What there is rule for capitalizing titles and general, you should capitalize the first word, the first word in the title. All of the nouns and the title, all the nouns that are considered in the title, we should capitalize them. All the verbs should be capitalized. Even short ones like is. Also be, should be capitalized in the title or the adjectives. Adjectives in the title, we should capitalize them. Proper nouns, also the proper nouns. That means you should lowercase or there is no need to capitalize the articles. The articles are AN and, the conjunctions, for example, and, but, or yet, so, and so on. And the prepositions, for example, on, in, and so on. There is no need to capitalize them. Example, sounds and sensibility is better than Pride and Prejudice. Fats and sensibility is a title should be kept, the lies and sensibility should be capitalized. Also. Here is a conjunction. There is no need to capitalize it. Pride and Prejudice is also another total. So we should capitalize Pride and Prejudice and is a conjunction. So there's no need to capitalize x. 4. Capitalization Examples: I will continue explaining capitalization rules. Listen. Now I will discuss rule number seven. Capitalized cities, countries, nationalities, and languages. Their names of cities. For example, they erode. Countries, for example. Egypt, nationalities such as Lebanese, and languages, for example, English, proper nouns, these cases or these names of cities, gantry, his nationalities, languages are proper nouns. And we should capitalize proper nouns so you should keep it alive. Then. Here are some examples. English is made up of many languages, including Latin, German, and French. English is a language, is a language. German and French are also languages. So these four words and this exempt but should be capitalized because it's these words are proper nouns. Another example that got a bit dull of Botswana is Gaborone. Botswana country. And Gaborone is a city, name of country and name of city. These are proper nouns. We should capitalize them. Now, rule number eight, capitalized time periods and events, sometimes specific periods at us and historical events that have a proper names should be capitalized. We are talking about a period or a time or as theatrical event that is related or is considered as a proper noun. So we should capitalize them. Example, most of the world we're one, veterans are now deceased. Weird we're one is historical event, which is, or which is related to a proper noun. Specific word, which is where we're one. So in this case, we should capitalize it. We should get the laser quit W in its capital for when. We should capitalize it also we put W and skip that fourth one here is in a Latin form. Example number two in the middle ages for Hygiene's was partly responsible for the spreading off of bubble con, plot. Middle Ages is a specific period, which is a proper noun. So we should capitalize at Middle Ages should be capitalized mid that in its skeletal form and ages put a in its capital. For small note. However, centuries and the numbers after them are not capitalized, are talking about centuries and the number of this century. There's no need to capitalize. It will give an example. In the 16th and 17th centuries, England blossomed into an implied 16th and 17th centuries. There's no need to capitalize them. We have here the word centuries, the numbers before 16th and 17th. There is no need to capitalize. Then I finished explaining this lesson, which is about the capitalization rules. I discussed eight rules of capitalization, where we should capitalize the words in each case and thus accept shows for some of them, I hope to be benefits from this lesson. 5. Comma: Hello, I will start explaining punctuation marks. The first punctuation mark that oil discuss is common. All of us know what Come on means or what the punctuation mark coma is. But in this lesson, I will discuss with you the rules of using come. I will start by rule number one. Use comma to separate and dependent clauses. Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions are, but, yet, or, nor, or four. When it joins two complete sentences or ideas. Or we say for them independent clauses. This case, we are familiar with compound sentences. We explained the lesson about compound sentences. The compound sentence consists of two independent clauses. Each one of them has a complete idea and is a complete sentence that have subject at all. It has a subject and a predicate. These two sentences are joined by a coordinating conjunction, after or before the coordinating conjunction. Before the coordinating conjunction, we put gamma example. He walked down the street and then he turned the corner. He walked down the street, a complete sentence. Then he turned the corner is another complete sentence. And the coordinating conjunction here it is n. Before we add a comma to separate two independent clauses. Another example, you can go shopping with me, or you can go to a movie alone. You can go shopping with me is a complete sentence. Have a subject or has a subject. And predicate can go shopping with me. And the other sentence is you can go to a movie alone is not complete. Sentence with subject. And predicate can go to a movie alone. Join these two independent clauses by the coordinating conjunction or so before, or we add to come out to separate them. Now rule number two, use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase. Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase. A comma tells readers that the introductory clause or phrase has come to a close. And the main part of the sentence is above. To begin. I don't give an example. Whenever I was ready to iron, Scott dripped on the cone. Here's the introductory clause is whenever was ready to iron. So it's separate from the other part. We add comma. Another example, near a small stream at the bottom of the canyon. Park rangers discovered a gold mine. Yet a small stream at the bottom of the canyon is an introductory clause which indicates that the other clothes In you to come. So we add covered separate the two closest rule number city. Use a comma between all items in CDS. What's the meaning of a city? The city or CDS is a group of three or more items. Use comma to separate each item in a series. Series is a group of three or more items having the same function form in a sentence. I'll give an example. We bought at those peaches and bananas 2D CDs of words. Oppose is a type of fluids, pitch type of fruit, bananas, thoughts of fruits. And these are three items having the same function are the same kind. So this is the words is a CDS. So after each world we add a comma to separate them. Another example, the instructor look this through his briefcase, through his desk and around the office, afford the loss Gradebook. Series of phrases through his briefcase is the first one through his desk. And around the office. These three phrases are related to the same function and having the same board, so they form a series. So after each one we add comma to separate. Then rule number four, use gamma to set off non-restrictive clauses. Use cameras to include closes, none essential to the meaning of the sentence. In Sun sentences or in many sentences, we have a part of the sentence which is not important or not related directly to the meaning of the sentence. They are not the main meaning of the sentence, but they are important to understand the whole sentence or what the sentence is talking about. These nonessential clauses are called non-restricted. These clauses that are non-essential, we call them non-restrictive. Both what restrictive and non-restrictive clauses may begin with our relative pronoun, such as Who, Who was that, or which are relative pronoun refers the noun or pronoun that proceeded in the ink lows closes. That. Non-restrictive clauses. We may use the relative pronouns. Pronouns are related to the pronoun or the noun that precede them, or that these relative pronouns are maintaining them. But in some cases we have non-restrictive. Close is not important for the whole meaning. And in some other cases, these phrases or visit closes our restrictive. So they are important for the mean. The case of non-restrictive clauses, we use cameras or report the non-destructively close between cameras. In the case of restrictive, there is no need to add AECOM. Here is an example to understand this rule. Stevens Thorpe, who's showing you like Orwell host a party next week. Non-restrictive. Show you like is not an important idea or not. From them main meaning of the sentence. The main meaning is Steve. Steven stone, well, the host for the next week. But to explain the subject more or to mention it, we use this phrase. Show you like to refer that person that you like, the histone. Another example, gentleman who was standing by the fireplace is a well-known compose it and restrictive because the clothes or the relatively close is related directly to the meaning of the sentence, so we cannot extract it from the main sentence. Here it is restrictive, there is no need to add gamma. In the first sentence we have non-restrictive. We put the phrase whose sure you like between commas to separate it from the whole part of the sentence. Now rule number five, use comma to set off a positives. What are a positive? And a positive is a noun or pronoun or noun phrase. An appositive is a noun or noun phrase, renames any of the boy knows, appositives offer non-essential information. I will give an example to understand it. Alexander Pope, the restoration poet, is famous for his monologue. Here is an appositive that restoration poet is unknown phase that renames Alexander Pope. We put this phrase between commas. Another example than New York Jets. The underdogs surprised everyone by wedding the Superbowl. Here we have an, a positive. So this app was active or this now new phase. We put it between commas to separate it from the whole part of this sentence. We will start boy, rule number six. Use a comma to indicate no direct address when a speaker in a sentence names the person to whom he is speaking. This addressing of his audience is called direct address. When the speak it mentions or addresses the audience that he is directly speaking to him. We have here direct address. The direct address is indicated by the use of gamma or cameras. When we mentioned a direct address, we should use come up or commas more than one comma, two. To set that aid or to indicate this direct address from the whole part. We use gamma or comas depending upon its replacement within the sentence. The number of commas is depending on the placement of the sentence. If it is at the beginning as a method or at the end of the sentence. I will give an example. I think Joan, your wrong. I think joan, the speaker, is mentioned, the audience, the person that he is talking to him, which is Joan. We have direct address. So this Mention or this address is put in between cameras, or put between cameras. We put here two commas because John is add the middle of the sentence. Second example, Joan, I think you are wrong gear will put the John at the beginning of the sentence. So only we use one comma after the name of Joan or the direct address. The last example. I think you're wrong, Joan. Here, John is at the end of the sentence. We have here direct address. So we put only one comma before the noun or the direct address. Now we're on number seven. You will come us to set off direct quotations. If the speaker, not the listener in the conservation is identified. If the speaker or the person that is telling the sentence or the conservation is identified, his name, noun or pronoun used to revert to this peak ID. The name or the noun or the pronoun that's used to refer to the speaker. And the verb that refers to his speaking are enclosed within comma, the noun and the verb that are related to the speaker. We've put them between cameras. I will give an example. Maddie said, Marie, here is this peak it. So we mentioned here the speaker, the verb after it. Or that refers to the speaker. Said. So after Mary said we put gamma2, set pet ate, it also encloses this spot. Maddie said, I dislike concerts because the music is too loud. Another example, I dislike concerts because of the music is too loud. She said, here, the speaker is identified at the end of the sentence. And the verb that refers to this speaking is also at the end. In this case, we add comma before the speaker. We put come on before the speaker to enclose it. Just separated from the whole part of the sentence on this slide, cancers because the music is too loud. 6. Comma Examples: Hello dear students. Here is the last rule for using comma, the punctuation mark, which is our rule, is rule number eight, use commas with dates, addresses, titles, and numbers. I will start by the rules of dates. Dates, the year is set off from the rest of the sentence with a pair of cameras, where we write the date. The year, for example, in 2021, shouldn't be separate from the rest part. We use commas to separate it. On, I'll give an example. On December 12th, 1890, orders were sent out for the arrest of setting both. Here we have a date, December 121890. The year here is 18 nineties, so it's separated from the whole part of the sentence using pair of cameras because he or the year is at the middle of the sentence. Use two cameras, one after the year and one before it. Now, the rules for addresses, the elements of an address or a place name are separated by commas. Give an example to illustrate this rule. Dorne Lebanon was born in Liverpool, England in 1940. Here we have an address. We have the name of the place name, which is England. It is the place where John Lebanon board, which is Anglin. So we said petty this place name from the whole part of this sentence using calculus. England here is add the medal. So we use paired off comma's one before the place name, one after eight. Now, the rules for titles. If a title follows any set pet aid, the title from the rest of the sentence would occur of cameras. Also here, I will give you an example to understand this rule. Sandra balanced key MD has been appointed to the board. Mdf is separated from the whole part of the centers with appeared off gammas. The last rule, which is rules for numbers and numbers more than four digits long, use commas to separate the numbers into groups of three, starting from the rock. Mathematics or in the world of numbers, we have a lot of numbers starting from one digit, two or three or more. When we start by three digit number consisting of three digits, there is no need for commas. This is the group of units. When we have four or more digits, we shouldn't start using commas to separate the groups, two separate units from the thousandths, from millions, from billions. In each group of numbers. We use comma to separate them starting from the right. Each three digits are separated by a comma. I will give you an example, 30,500. Here we have four digits. The first three digits from the right are separated by a comma from the fourth. 1500 is the last, the last three digits number. We put comma before. 500 is the units class. And city is in the thousandths class. We put comma between them, 100000 thousand. Here we have a number consisting of six digits. We use only one comma between each three digits. Three digits. In a group. For example, is 6,000,540 thousand. Here we have seven digits. Each three are separated by comma. So the median glass, we have only six after it, or between the millions of class and less thousandths class, we put a comma. This is our lesson about the rules of using cameras. I hope you benefit from this lesson. 7. Apostrophe : Hello. New lesson is about your new punctuation mark, which is at post-stroke. First of all, what is a post? I will define this punctuation mark. At post-stroke is a punctuation mark used to create a contraction or to show possession. Use punctuation mark into cases to create a contraction or to show possession. I will discuss each one. If these two cases. We'll start by their rules. Rule number one, use an outpost off when two words are shortened into one, went to words are shortened into one. If we want to combine two words to form one word, we use post-stroke to replace the missing letter or letters. This combined words is called traction. With the contraction is combining two words to become one word using the app posts throw. This word which is formed, I'm using the poster of is called contraction. I'll give an example to illustrate it. It is, or it has with the verb to be. Is it with has? We shorten them into x? It is. We remove the put a post strove to replace it. So it becomes it's it has we remove the H and a foot or replace them by an apostrophe. So if we have it in this form, it has two cases. It is, or it has depending on the whole meaning of the sentence. Another example they are, we can shorten it into. There is the abbreviation of the AR. Using the Apple Store. Also will not, becomes, won't. Want is the abbreviation of well-known lumber to use an apostrophe when showing possession. For the possessive nouns. To make a possession, we use an upholsterer of. The definition is when showing possession and apostrophe S to the owner world. When we have a singular noun and we won't to make a position for this noun, the owner. For this now, a postdoc at the end to show that this noun is the owner of the position. The plural of the word is formed by adding ns. The plural form of the noun is formed by adding ES at the end of this word or noun. For example, cats. We add us to make the plural form. So in this case, please the apostrophe after the S. So here we add only a poster after. In case if we have plural of the word. That is formed with adding, without adding an S in case of irregular plural forms, for example, child become children, men, men. These examples, for example, are not formed by adding S at the end of them. Children, it's an irregular, it alone. There's no S at the end. So in these cases, we add apostrophe S, as you would do the singular form. As the case of the singular form, we add for irregular plural nouns apostrophe S to make the possessive. For. Here are some examples. The tables leg was broken. Show that the leg that was broken is for the table. We use that possessive form. The leg is for the table. The table is there. Owner of the procession. We add four table apostrophe S because it is a singular noun. So we add apostrophe S. Know that example. Students names are pretty. Students here is plural noun that ends by air or that form by adding S. This noun in the plural form is formed by adding ES. To make position, we add only a poster after S, the students names. The last example is one of the jobs. Is very hot, woman is irregular plural noun. To make position, we add apostrophe S, as we do for the blue for the singular nouns, we add apostrophe S. Woman's a job. Job is related to omega, so it is the position for them. So we add apostrophe S. In case of position, that is an exception. The exception here is using possessive pronouns to show possession. In case we have possessive pronouns. For showing the position. There is no need to add apostrophe S. For example, using my mind, you would yours, his hairs and so on. In these cases, there is no need to add a poster example. That is my book. Is that thrown out for the possession that shows the owner of the book? My book. My book means that the book is for me. Here we show the owner boys a pronoun, so there is no need to add a post truth. Another example, this bag is mine. Mine here is a pronoun that shows that the bag is for me. Mine is the pronoun that shows the owner of the bag, so there's no need to add a post truth. Now rule number three, do not create a double load triple S when adding an a poster of if adding an apostrophe S would result in a bubble or triple S as the end of the world, erase the S after the apostrophe and leave that poster in place. If we add a poster of the end or apostrophe S at the end to make the possessive form. When we add apostrophe S leads to more than one S. At the end of the world. We raise that S after the equals throat and remain only the apostrophe only we add a post truth. I will give you an example. Could discard is red. Here, ends by S, then aim and boy, if we add apostrophe S, So S at the end, We arrays or remove the S after the apostrophe and only add a poster of Lincoln's party was very amazing. Lankans is only by s. So if we add apostrophe S, we have double S at the end. We add only a poster of, but also here, there are exceptions. Now rule number four, do not use an app poster for the fluid elements. Do not use a poster for plural nouns on listening are showing possession. Automating the nouns in the plural form only. Without showing possession. There is no need to add a poster. We add a post-doc. The plural noun shows a position. If there is no position, there's no need to add apostrophe example. This example is incorrect. Several students went to the meeting. Several students here, there is no possession on the students, is in the plural form. So if we add a poster of it is incorrect. The correct form is, thus myths are on the cation. Here is a correct one because we are mentioning Smith's family. So there is need to add an apostrophe in this case. Number four. Do not use an apostrophe for uppercase letters used as words, for abbreviations, and for numeral used as nouns. Did not use an apostrophe for uppercase letters. Words, example. Here it seemed mostly A's on the papers. Tas here we have uppercase abbreviations or letters. Ase is a mark or graduation value that's used for evaluating students. There is no need to add a poster of in this uppercase letters. Do not use a poster for abbreviations. Ceos of each province shall office meet annually in Regina. Ceos is an abbreviation. So there's no need to add a poster of here. The last one is, do not use a poster of four numerals used as noun and decades. Example. All I have in my wallet or tens and twenties he owed, we have a new metals, so there is no need to add an upward stroke for them. This is the end of our lesson, which is about the app was thrown when we use it and when we should not use it. I hope you benefit from this lesson. I will see you in other punctuation mark lessons. 8. Period, Question & Exclamation Marks: Hello, This lesson is above the punctuation marks, PDF, question mark and exclamation mark. We are talking here about this epoch. Tuition marks will chart period, the question mark and the reclamation mark. We will discuss each one of them and when we use each one of them, I will start boy, period, the period rule. Use the period, the end of a complete sentence. That is a statement. We have four types of sentences. If the type of the sentence is a statement with a complete sentence that consists of subject and predicate. We end up boy a period example. I know him well. Here is a complete sentence with a subject and a predicate. Know him well. We ended by a period. As you see. The last item in this sentence is an abbreviation that ends in a period, did not follow it with another period. Here is a remark or note that you should be careful when you add a period. If at the end of the sentence we have an abbreviation with a P, there is no need to add another period. So we have the MWA periods. There is no need for it. We add on the one-period. I will give you the exempted the incorrect case. This is Alice Smith. Md in MD is an abbreviation that end with a period. If we add another period SUSE, there's double period and this is incorrect. Correct case is that this is Alice Smith, MD. There's enough to add one period only. Another example. Please shop, cook, etc. We will do the laundry, etc, is an abbreviation that end with a feed here. There's no need to add another period only we add one period. Now we will talk about the question mark truths. Use a question mark only after a direct question. The sentence type is a question form. We add a question mark at the end of it. Example. Well, you go with me. Here is a question. We add a question mark at the end of the uncorrect case. I am asking if you will go with me. This is incorrect. There is no need to add a question mark because this is not a question. For an audit. It is not a dielectric question form. Rule number two. A question mark two places a period at the end of a sentence. Example in the case when you go with me and web question mark, there is no any to add a period after a question mark. It's incorrect to our question mark, and then a period only we add a question. What if we have a question for the case when you go with me and we add only a question mark, there is no need to add a period. Rule number three, capitalize the word that follows a question mark. When you go with me with a job, with anyone, here, we have more than one question. So after the question mark, we capitalize the word that becomes directly after it. The first question, when you go with me, after it, we have width. We should capitalize this word width. We put W and it's capital form with a Joe is another question mark after it we have also with also we should capitalize the other or the second with we add w in W and it's capital form. This is the correct case. After question mark, we capitalize the word that comes after it. Rule number four, avoid the trap of using question marks with indirectly questions, which are statements that contain any questions, use a period after an indirect question. Here is an example. The incorrect case. I wonder if you would go with me. Here is an indirect question. If we add a question mark, it is incorrect. The correct cases are good. We add the column. Would he go with me? Here's would he go with me on Lee is a direct question. Here. We should add a question mark we separated from the speaker, others. I wonder. We add period such as, I wonder if he would go with me. If we write it as a sentence or a statement, we should add, period, not a question mark because here there is an indicted question. Rule number five. The question mark when the statement or when the sentence half the statement has the question. Exempt. You do care. Don't you hit you do care is a statement. Don't care is a question. This sentence is half statement. Have a question. And the question is at the end. We add a question mark. We'll replace the period white question-mark. Rule number six. If that question is whether the coated material, a question should be placed inside the quotation marks or the question mark should be placed inside the quotations. I will show you the examples Alberta asked. Will you still be my friend? Will you still be my friend? Is the question this inside the quotation marks? Here's the question is inside. We add the question mark inside the quotations, math outside them. Another example. Do you agree with the same OLS fit in love? Here, hold the whole sentence is a question. From the whole sentence is a question form. We add the question mark outside the quotation because it is not related to the material that all that is inside the quotation. Add the question mark outside of the quotation because it is related to the whole centers. Now we will talk about the exclamation mark. Use the exclamation mark to show emotion, emphasize, or surprise. Example I'm truly showed by my volume would behave in Julie shot. By your behavior is an exclamation sentence. We add an exclamation mark. Now that example, yea, yea is an exclamation sentence showing emotions. We add the question mark also we want is an exclamation center. So we add at the end of it an exclamation mark. Rule number two. An exclamation mark replaces a period at the end of a sentence. It all sort of places. Mid-sentence come. Exempted. The anchored case. I'm truly shocked by your behavior. We have here an exclamation sentence. We should add an exclamation mark, but it is incorrect to put an exclamation mark at period at the end. So only we put an exclamation mark, the correct case. I'm truly shocked by your behavior. Only at question one. Another example. I am truly shocked by your behavior. Also here we have a question or an exclamation sentence inside the quotation, and it is as admitted. After the exclamation mark. We add DICOM, and this case is encouraged to add an exclamation mark and camera. So only we add an exclamation mark. The correct case. I'm truly shocked by your behavior. We add an exclamation mark. I told her. Here are some notes. Avoid using an exclamation mark and formal is writing. Also, overuse of exclamation marks is a sign of undisciplined writing. Do not use either one of these marks. Unless you are convinced it is justified. You is. Each one of these punctuation marks in its appropriate place? Do not use them in any place you want. In the appropriate place. The appropriate question mark. This is the end of our lesson. I'll see you in lessons about punctuation months. 9. Parentheses: Hello. In this lesson, we will learn about a new population mode, which is parenthesis. I will start by defining parenthesis. Parenthesis, parenthesis. You see they're formed, are used to enclose non-essential information in a sentence. If you have an additional information or extra information, we put these non-essential information between pattern that says, parenthesis are always used in pairs. So always we use parenthesis in-person. We must have both an opening and closing parenthesis. I'll start by explaining the rules of using pen and this is use parenthesis. And I would non-essential information or adopted changes in thought. If we have non-essential information, we use parenthesis to put these non-essential information inside it. When the words in parenthesis **** a complete sentence placed a period inside the closing parenthesis. Here are some sub rules about using parenthesis for non essential information. Among essential information is a complete sentence. At period including planet. This is, this is the exemple. No personal phone calls are allowed on company time or effort to the policy manual. Referred to the policy manual is another essential information. We put it between parents and it is a complete sentence, so we add period inside pattern. This is also another subdued when the words in fact emphasis are not a complete sentence, plays the period of the closing parenthesis. Here is an illustrative example. The meeting will be held next year in March. The march is an non-essential information. Between balance. This is not complete sentence. We add period outside the parenthesis and not inside. It. Also always a place commas, semi-colons and Colin's outside the closing parenthesis. So if we have commas, semi-colons and colon's near to the parenthesis always we put these CCD punctuation marks outside the closing parenthesis and multiply inside it. See the example. The tasks consists of enabling paperwork, including getchar documents, setting up your e-mail account, and getting a photo ID, including HR documents is an honest essential information. We put it inside or between parenthesis, and it is the middle of the sentence. Near to the closing parenthesis, we have Cameron replace gamma outside the parenthesis mountain side. Now rule number two is the information in parenthesis requires a question mark or an exclamation mark. That information in parenthesis is a question form or an exclamation sentence. Use the mock inside the parenthesis. Only if the sentence ends with a different mark. I have a question sentence or question forum or an exclamation for that is needed to add question mark or exclamation mark. We add them inside the closing parenthesis. If the whole sentence or the main sentence ends with a different punctuation mark. I will give you an example or a chart bender. Remember him stopped by me by to see me yesterday. Remember him is a question for it needs and it is between parenthesis here, the main sentence ends with a period. We add a question mark inside the closing panel. And this is because the whole sentence ends with a different punctuation mark which his period. But in the second example, do you remember it's shared? You can remember back that far from the bank. This example, the whole sentence is a question form between parenthesis, also a question for you have the same punctuation mark. We add question mark at the end of the main centers and not inside the parenthesis. Rule number three, use parenthesis to clarify proceeding words. To exit plane the preceding information or the proceeding. Whereas in the main sentence we use parenthesis to exit plane the preceding words. This is the example. Next week we will study the hardware clock cycle, also known as the water cycle. Here the information between plant emphasis, this drives what hydrochloric site hydrologic cycle is. Hydrologic cycle is the water cycle. We use parenthesis to explain this term, hydrologic cycle. Rule number four, use parenthesis for references or documentation of sources. This is the example 50 contrast where, uh, showed this year. See Table one. Here is a reference or mention for something. This mentioning we added between Pena and this is, for example, see Table one. Now what will number five? You will spend emphasis and abbreviation, or acronym when it is used with this filled outward example, please submit the Student Aid Report. Sar is the abbreviation for student aid report for student afford eight. And this abbreviation SAR, we put it between parenthesis. Now it will number six, use parenthesis, horizontal list of items that uses either they're letters or numbers. Example, I need a three items from the store, apples, bread and milk. Here we are listing items before each item to a number of them. When you put the number between parentheses, this is, we use parenthesis to put the listing or the numbering of items between. As we see here, I need from the store three items. The first one is apples, the second one is bread, and the third one is min. Now, lift seven. Capitalize the first word in parenthesis. If it is a proper noun or the beginning of a complete sentence, only we capitalize the first word in parenthesis. If it is a proper noun. For a person, proper noun means name of a person named for ICT for a country, religion, specific, specific party or specific holiday. Proper nouns should be capitalized. Or if that sentence between parenthesis is a complete sentence, we should capitalize it. Example, verify all items, check the boxes. Check boxes is a compliment sentence. It is an incomplete sentence. We should capitalize the first word, which is check. Put C in its capital form. Another example called the assistant Robert dead at noon. Dag is named for a person. We should capitalize it between parenthesis, that orbit to put our capital. For. Now, we will explain rule eight. Use parenthesis and I am the numerals used with spelled out number. This is the example. I have a 99 key. We put the number between parenthesis, the illustration of the word 90. I have $90 left two from my paycheck. Number nine, use parenthesis for Minor Subdivision in pneumatic outlines. If we are mentioning a listing or outlining something, we use parenthesis for an alphabet and for numbers. For example, here 123, we use these numbers between parents. And this is the end of our lesson, which is about using patterns. This is in its appropriate way. I will see you in other lessons. 10. Dashes : No, we will explain a new lesson. This lesson is dash. Dash. Dash is little horizontal line that floats in the middle of a line of text, not at the bottom. That's an underscore. We did not put that dash at the bottom because the one which is at the bottom as the underscore, it's longer than a hyphen and is commonly used to indicate a range or oppose. You is two separate groups of words not to separate parts of words like a hyphen does. We use to sit for eight groups of words, let you separate or parts of a weird we have here in this lesson two types of data. The first type is indexed. What does em dash, and saves the day you weren't. Other punctuation would be awkward. For instance, Index, Scan, replace parentheses at the end of a sentence or multiple cameras appear in a parent's surgical phrase. So the Indus replace the parenthesis that and with that contain multiple cameras. I'll give an example. After a split second of hesitation, the second basement leaped for the ball, a rather lift for it here we have a parenthesis, and inside that we have or rather limped for it. Inside the parenthesis we have two commas, so we can replace the parenthesis with em dash to make a change in this sentence. But there is no change in the meaning. After a split second of hesitation, the second baseman leaped for the ball, or rather lymph for it. So here we replaced the parenthesis by m dash. Enable a Reuters to introduce a cause that amplifies whatever came before the colon. When you want to generate strong emotion in your writing or create a more casual tone, use em dash. So we have this sentence and we want to explain a strong feeling or to create an unusual to one. We use the dash rather than columns or do we replace the columns by m dash? Compare these sentences. Example, he is afraid of two things. Spiders at senior prom. We use here Collins. The replacement is he is afraid of two things, spiders and send your prom. We replace the colon by m dash to emphasize or to generate a strong emotion. And transcriptionists replace unknown, censored or intentionally omitted letters within. These cases. Appear in pairs. All three sons. When we are talking about something unknown or we want to put something unknown in the sentence, we use them thus, we use them in pairs or in three sums. Example, a former employee of the company. We have here three em dash offered. A statement of record, will use it the index for an unknown inflammation. Also an example. H are all the same. They cause trouble wherever they go. Also an example carved into the dresser drawer was a faded inscription made ford kristina, by your debt, ED. And you have here two em dash to place an unknown information. The end is Salem. Know the index. The second type of data. Recall that in this slightly shorter than in Desk, this may look similar to invest, but they function in a much different way. The nuke The couldn't be similar, but they have different function or different tools, or different tools. We can say. We have here some rules for the index. The first rule is using the dash to indicate spans of time or range of numbers. The dash is often used to indicate spans of time or range of numbers. In this context, the dash should be interpreted as meaning either to or through. Consider the examples below. The teacher assigned pages. Hundred one hundred eighty one for tonight reading material here we are talking about something or as pan of pages or numbers. We use in dash. Another example that scheduled window for the cable installation is one to 03:00 PM. Here we have here also at duration span of time. So you index. The second usage is, or the second rule is using the dash to denote connection. May also be used to indicate a connection between two words. Use an index when you need to connect terms that are order isn't needed or when you are using a two word or phrase as a modifier, when the dash is used in this way, it creates a compound adjective. Use the dash to indicate a connection between two words or terms. Example, the pro-choice pro-life argument is always heated one. Here do we have a collection of words? We use the dash to collect them. Another example, the Nobel Prize winning OSA will be reading from her book at the library tonight. Nobel Prize winning is a phase of word that shouldn't be connected. So we've connected by an N dash. This is the end of our lesson, which is that we had discussed. We discussed the two types of dash, the index and the index. And when we use each one of them, I will meet you in other lessons. 11. Semicolon & Colon: How are you, everyone? This lesson is about semi-colons and columns. These two punctuation marks, I'll start by semicolon. It looks like a Gamma, but above the comma we add a period. The definition of it, like cameras, semi-colons and the Kate and older will pose slightly longer than a cameras, but short of periods. Full list of use semi-colons tool. Make an audible pose which is longer than the camera and shorter than the period. Periods have other functions too. Now that it was using semicolon, it wouldn't number one, a semicolon can replace a period if the writer wish to narrow the gap between two closely linked sentences, independent clauses. If the two independent clauses or very close to each other or closely linked to each other, we add or we put between them semicolon to separate them. Because when we put a semicolon, we narrow the gap between these two independent clauses. Here is the example. Call me tomorrow, you can give me an answer then the first one called me tomorrow, and you can give me an answer then the second independent clause are very linked together, are closely linked together or to each other. So we separate them by a semicolon. Another example, we have paid our jews accept all their privileges listed in the contract. The two independent clauses are closely linked to each other. We add a semicolon to separate. Then. Number two, avoid the semicolon when ADH dependent clause comes before an independent clause. We have a dependent clause at the beginning of the sentence. We should not use a semicolon after it. When we have a dependent clause at the beginning. We did not add a semicolon between the two closes. Here is an example. The incorrect one is, Although they tried, they failed. Here, the dependent clause, although they tried, it begins with, although a subordinating conjunction. It is a dependent clause. The other one, the enthalpy component close is they failed. Between these two closes, we add a semicolon and it is incorrect. We should avoid using semicolon between the dependent and independent clues. If the dependent clause is at the beginning, the correct one, s, Although they tried, they failed. The comma is the appropriate one. Now it will number three. You will semicolon before such words and terms as namely, however, therefore, that is example. For example, these words, if we have words like this group of words, and these words introduce a complete sentence. We use a semicolon before them for these groups of words. If we have them in a sentence and they introduce a complete sentence, we add a semicolon before them. It is also preferable to use a comma after these words and terms used both semicolon at gamma semicolon before these words and gamma after. I will give you an example. Bring any two items, however, sleeping bags and tense all in short supply. Here we have however, one of the words that we mentioned above. We put a semicolon before and a comma after it. Also. You will see that sleeping bags and tense are in short supply. This word, however, introduces the complete sentence. Sleeping bags and tense are in short supply. Use a semicolon. Rule number four, you would semicolon to set that h units of cities when one or more of the units contain commas, we have unit of SATs. We use semicolon in this case, the example, we'll explain this rule. The confidence has people who have come from more scope in Springfield, California. Now what dynasty and other places as well? So here we have units of cities. Most score is a unit. Spring filled, California is another unit. Alabama, Tennessee is another unit. After each one of these units, we add a semicolon to separate them. Now we do true number five. Semicolon may be used between independent clauses joined by a connective such as bought or no, etc. So if we have a compound sentence consists of two independent clauses joined by one of the connectors or the coordinating closes. We use a semicolon rather than using a comma when one or more cameras appear in the first clause. So if we have in the first independency close one or more cameras, we The, remove the comma before the connected and replace it by a semicolon. Here is the example. When I finish here, and you will soon, I'll be glad to help you. And that is I promise I will keep when I finish here and all you will soon, I'll be glad to help you is the first independent clause. And as you see, it has two cameras. So we add a semicolon before the connector, which is n. So before and we add a semicolon to separate these independent clauses. Now, the last rule for semicolon, which is rule number six, do not capitalize or do naughty words after a semicolon. Here is an example case. I am heat. You are over there. After the colon. There is no need to capitalize the word that is directly after the semicolon. Only. We capitalize the first word after the semicolon. If it is a proper noun, the chronic case is IM. Here you are. Over there. We lowercase the word after the semicolon. There is no need to capitalize. 12. Semicolon & Colon Examples : Now we will talk about currents. What is a column? A column means, that is to say, Here's what I mean. Common sense semi-colons should never be used interchangeably. The current lens means that the illustration of what I mean or what there is many commonly mistake, which is the usage of column and semicolon. Each one of them has a specific function and we should place it in its specific in place. We cannot interchange between them. The rules of accounting. Rule number one, use a colon to introduce an item or a series of items. If we have a series of items or MLA item, only one item, we use a colon to introduce this item. Here is a very important note that do not capitalize the first item after the columns, after the colon. We should not capitalize the first word. Unless proper noun only in case of the first is a proper noun, we capitalize it, and other cases, we do not capitalize the first word after the colon. Here is an example. You know what to do, practice. You know what to do practice. Practice is an item or the thing that I mean. So here we use a colon and it is annoyed him. So there is no need to capitalize it. Another example, you may be required to bring many things, sleeping bags, pens, and warming clauses. Here we have many items after the column or we are introducing more than one item column. These items are sleeping bags, pens and one, close this. And as you see, the first two are the sleeping. We do not capitalize it. Now rule number two. A capital letter generally does not introduce a word, phrase or incomplete sentence following icon. Here's an example. He got what he worked for. A promotion is a word. The capital letter does not introduce this work. Another example, he got to watch, he worked for a promotion that paid a higher weight. Here we are introducing an incomplete sentence, but here the capital letter does not introduce it. Now rule number three. Avoid using a colon before a list if it directly follows a verb or preposition, that would ordinarily need no punctuation in that sentence. If we have a list, and this list follows a verb or a preposition. This case, we should avoid using the colon because in this case, there is no need to use column. So we avoid using colon when we have a list of things. And this list is followed by, or it follows a verb or a preposition. This case there is no need for punctuation. Example, think garlic days, I want butter, sugar, eggs, and flour. Here. The verb is followed by a list of things. This list is butter, sugar, eggs, and flour. So we should avoid using columns, so it's incorrect to put colon after the verb. Afterwards a list of items. The correct one is, I want buyer should get eggs and flour. Here. There is no need for a punctuation mark. Only we put the subject, the verb, and the list of the items. No need for any punctuation mark. Now, rule number four. A colon instead of a semicolon, may be used between independent closes. When the second explains, illustrates parenthesis or expands on the first sentence. We can replace the semicolon by a colon, or to join two or between two independent clauses. Only in some cases. When the second independent clause. Explains, illustrates, or expands on the first sentence. I will give you an example. He got what he worked for it here really earned that promotion. He really earned that promotion. Explains or illustrates the first one or the first independent clause, which is he got what he would fall. Here. Between these two independent clauses, we put a colon instead of a semicolon. Rule number five capitalize the first word of a complete or full sentence quotation that follows a colon. So if we have after a colon equitation, and this quotation includes a complete or full sentence. We should capitalize the first word in this complete sentence. Here is the example. The host made an announcement. You are all staying for dinner. Here we have a quotation. Inside the quotation we have, you are all staying for dinner. You are all staying for dinner is a complete sentence that contains a subject and a predicate. So we should capitalize the first word in this quotation, which is, you will put the y, the lecture why in its capital form. Rule number six, capitalize the first word after the colon. If the information following the Garland that requires two or more complete sentences. If we have after the colon, two or more complete sentences, we should capitalize the first word after the colon. Here is an example that gave us these rules to live by Woodcock. Be honest, always show up on time. Here we have a colon, and after the colon we have three complete sentences. The first one, work hard. Be honest. The second one, the third one always show up on time. So here we have more than two complete sentences or more than one complete sentence. Here, we should capitalize the first word after the colon, which is where we put W in its capital form. Rule number seven. If adaptation contains two or more sentences, Many writers and editors, and to reduce it with a colon rather than a comma. We have equitation. This quotation contains more than one sentence. The writers use a gallon instead of using a comma to introduce these sentences or this quotation example. That often said to me, what COD, be honest, always show up on time here. We have a condition that head. There is someone who is speaking here inside the quotation, we have a city. Complete sentences, work hard, be honest, the second one and the last one always show up on time. Here. The writer used garland instead of gamma to introduce these three sentences or this quotation. The last rule is use a colon rather than a camera to follow the salutation in a business letter. So if we have a business letter and we have a salutation, we use a colon instead of using erythema even when addressing someone by his or her first name. Also, if we are mentioning the person's name or addressing the person's name in the letter. We use a gallon instead of a comma. Here is an exempt. The formal way, dear Mrs. Rodriguez, in the informal way, due date for the photo middle letter or for the business letter in the salutation, then we use a colon when addressing the person's name. But in the informal one, we only add a comma. And this is the end of our lesson, which is about semi-colon and Ghana. Where do we use the columns and where we use it as semi-colons? I hope you'll benefit from this lesson. I'll meet you in other lessons about more punctuation mark, the rules. Where do we use each one of these punctuation marks. 13. Hyphens, Brackets & Ellipses: Hello everyone. I hope to be well, our lesson today is about hyphens, brackets, ellipsis, and quotation marks. We will discuss each one of them and the rules of using each one of them. I will start by hyphens. First of all, the definition of hyphens. What are hyphens? Hyphens main purpose is to glue words together. The main function of hyphen is to join two words together. They notify the reader that two or more elements in a sentence are linked. The reader sees hyphen. He notices that there are two or more words link together. Although there are rules and customs governing hyphens, there are also situations when writers must decide whether to add them for clarity. Now, the rules of using hyphen, rule number one generally hyphenate two or more words when they come before a noun, they modify and act as a single idea. We have before the noun, two or more words that modify or x planes. This num. We use hyphens to link them together. This is called a compound adjective. We have a hyphenated adjectives that modify the same note. So these adjectives are called compound adjective. Here is an example. Off-campus apartment of an adjective for apartment. And campus is also, they are before the noun, which is apartment, the noun they modify. We hyphenate these two words of campus. State is an adjective that modifies design, then on design, also of the art. So here we hyphenate this phrase, state of the art, which modify then our own design. And this is the compound adjective, state of the art. When a compound adjective follows a noun, a hyphen is usually not necessary. We have a compound adjective, but not before the noun. After the noun, there is no need to add a hyphen or to hyphenate this compound adjective. Well, we have the compounds out objective after the noun that is modified. Here is the example. The apartment is off campus. The noun here in this sentence is apartment. And the adjectives that modify it. Off and campus. We have two adjectives that modify the noun. Apartment here we have a compound adjective, but they are after the adjective, so the hyphen is not necessary here. Now rule number two, you will suspend the hyphens when two or more compound adjectives come before the noun they modify. We have more than one compound adjective before the noun that they modify. We use assessments and hyphen exemple. We offer the finalist protective equipment, including latex gloves. Here we have two compound adjectives. We use. Suspense. The hyphen Z is compound adjectives modify the noun, they lose. Rule number three. A hyphen is frequently required, one, forming original compound verbs for vivid writing, human or special situations. Here is an example. Laker video game, his way through life. Here we have a compound verb, video game. So we use a hyphen four vivid writing. Or for humor. Another example, Queen Victoria, thrown sat for six decades. Thrown set is a compound verb. We use a hyphen four, vivid voting. Rule number four, when writing out your new or original or unusual compound nouns are writers should hyphenate whenever doing so avoids confusion. When we have a new compound noun or original, or a compound noun that is unusual, that writers should use hyphens to link this or these nouns is that makes the compound. Now, to avoid confusion, example, o e changed my diet and we gain no meat. No meter is too confusing without the hyphen. No meter is new compound noun or unusual compound. Now, here the hyphen is necessity to link the word or the compound. Now, no meter because it is a bit confusing without the hyphen example. Thus, Laker was a video game. A video game at stake was a video game. Video game is a clear without a hyphen, although some writers might prefer to hyphenate it. Here, video gamer is familiar for us. It is usually a little bit for us. Here, the hyphen is not necessary. All those songwriters prefers to hyphenate at or add hyphen for video games. To clarify it more or to be more clear. Writers using familiar compound verbs and nouns should consult a dictionary. Look online to decide if these verbs and nouns should be hyphenated. So we have familia, compound nouns or verbs when we are familiar with them. Also, the writers must see the dictionary or make a research to decide whether they should hyphenate these compound nouns and verbs or not. Number five, and often overlooked, rule hyphens. The adverb and every adverb ending in LY, not hyphenated. We have the adverb or an adverb that ends with alway. We should not add a hyphen. The uncorrect one is, is a very elegant torch. Here we have the adverb vary. If we add a hyphen, as we see, it is incorrect in this centers. Very elegant. Watch. The correct one is to put very elegant without hyphen. Also another incorrect example. The finely tuned watch. Finally here is an adverb that ends with alcohol. So it's incorrect to add a hyphen between finely and June, the correct gaze is doubled to put finely tuned without a hyphen. This rule applies only to adverbs. We apply this rule only for adverbs. The following two examples are correct because the words are not adverbs. We have words that end with L-Y and these words are not adverbs. It is correct to add a hyphen. There is no confusing or incorrect case. Only, we should not put a hyphen for adverts that end with other words that end with L-Y. A correct case to add a hyphen. Example. This example is correct. The friendly looking dog. Friendly looking dog friendly is not an adverb. It discouraged to add a hyphen friendly looking to link these two words together. It is a correct case. Another correct example, family owned cafe, family. It's not an adverb, but it ends with it's correct to add a hyphen between family and own. Link. These two words. 14. Brackets Examples : Here we will talk about brackets. We will continue our lesson and talk here about brackets. Brackets are far less common then parenthesis, and they are only used in special cases. Brackets are not commonly used parenthesis. And they have their own special cases where we use brackets. Brackets like single quotation marks. Are you exit lucidly within coated material? We will start by the rules of using the brackets. Brackets are interruptions. When we see them, we know these being added voice someone else. Where we have a brackets, we know that someone else added these brackets. The RUs to explain or covenant on deputation. We use with him inside the quotation to explain or to add a comment. Here is an example for scores and seven. Today, we'd say 87 years ago. Today we'd say 87. Between the brackets. Here is an explanation and slide that. Another example, bill shock shook hands with his son. His son between the brackets, it is an explanation or a comment. In this mutation, we use brackets. Everyone number two, when quoting something that has a spelling or grammar mistake or presents material in a confusing way. We have inside of the critique something that has grammar or spelling mistake. Or when we are presenting material in a confusing way, we answered the term sick in italics and enclose it in nonmetallic, unless the surrounding text is italic. Brackets sic, it means thus in Latin is shorthand for this is exactly what the original material sees. Exempt been. Better angles of our nature gave a powerful ending balance. First inaugural address. Lincoln, memorable phrase, came sentence. The word that was not originally capitalized. The word that is not originally capitalized. We put the letter T between Racket's. We have here spelling mistake so we use brackets. We will start talking about ellipses. Ellipses, plural form ellipsis. Without AI or instead of I will put e to make the plural. And fall is a punk tuition work consisting of a three dots. Ellipsis is a punctuation mark. Simply putting three words, three dots, or three periods next to each other. Use an ellipsis when a meeting our phase line paragraph or more from a coded message. When we have a quoted passage and we are omitting or eliminating a word, raise whatever we eliminate it from this quoted passage. We put in the place of this eliminated material. Ellipses. Ellipses take the place of the omitted material in a quoted passage. Ellipses, it saves space or remove material that is less relevant. If we have appropriate or not unimportant information and we want to remove it. These eliminated material is replaced by ellipsis. They are useful in getting to the point without delay or distraction. Here's an example, full mutation. Today, after hours of careful thought, we vetoed the veil, we vetoed the bed. Here is the complete Cartesian with Alexis. Today we vetoed the business after hours of Gershwin thought is extra information. We want to remove this material or this sentence. After all, this is a phrase after hours of carefully. We want to eliminate it. To eliminate it, we'll replace ellipsis in the place of this. Eliminated, please. Today we vetoed bills. After today we put ellipses. The three dots method is the simplest way for ellipses. We use the three dots. It is the simplest method. Some writers and editors feel that no spaces are necessary. They are saying that the space between the dots is not necessarily an example. I do not know. I'm not sure. Here there is no space editors, correct? Commonly used method we feel good is to enclose the ellipses with a space on each side. We prefer what do we like to add a space after the ellipsis and before it got stuck to this space. And it is correct to not add a space or there is no space needed. The bookcases are correct. For dot method may be used to indicate the period at the end of a sentence, then the ellipses to indicate method material, I don't know, not sure. Use them to indicate a period or the period. The end of a sentence. Here, the ellipses are used to indicate a method material. Here we have an omitted material. We will start by explaining the rules. Rule number one, many writers use an ellipsis, whether the omission occurs at the beginning of a sentence, in the middle of a sentence or between sentences. Ellipses are used even when we have the omission of the beginning, middle, or end of the sentence. Or between sentences. There is no difference. A common way to delete the beginning of a sentence is to follow the opening quotation mark with an ellipsis plus bracketed capital letter. So to add to delete or to admit the beginning sentence, we follow the quotation mark by an ellipsis and put the first Let it in between the brackets to capitalize it because it is spelling mistake. And we eliminated the first to the beginning of the sentence. Use ellipses. Example. We have equitation ellipsis and the letter a between brackets. After hours of care for thought, we vetoed the bend. Here. We omitted a sentence or material. We admitted material at the beginning of a sentence. Use directly after the quotation mark and ellipses. We put the first letter between a bracket switches a, and this is the usage of ellipses here. Other writers omit the ellipsis. In such cases, feeling the bracketed capital gets 0 points. Rule number two, ellipses can exit, press hesitation, change, mod suspense, or thoughts dreaming of. We have changing in the morning, suspension has cetacean. We can use ellipsis to express this state or this a change of mood. Writers also use ellipses to indicate oppose, wavering in an otherwise straightforward sentence. Example, I don't know. Not sure. 15. Quotation Marks : Now we will start doping above quotation marks. We all know the quotation marks, but here we will discuss the rules of using quotation marks. The first rule is use double quotation marks to set off a direct word for word quotation. Here is the example. The correct case. I hope you will be here. He said, Here we have a direct, direct speech. Indirect speech. We use quotation marks for the Android speech. We did not use quotation marks. In the second case, we have indirect speech. He said that he hear the speech is indirect, so all we did not use quotation marks. The second sentence is not correct. That quotation marks are incorrect because hoped I would be there does not stay the speakers exact words. Here. Hoped I would be there. It is not the speaker's execute or the speaker is not talking itself. Rule number two, always capitalize the first word in a complete quotation. Even mid sentence. Even if we have a mid-sentence. And inside the quotation, a complete sentence, we capitalize the first word in it. Whenever we have quotation marks or mutation inside it, full or complete sentence, we capitalize the first word inside the quotation. Example. Lamar said, The case is far from over and we will win. The case is far from over n, We will win is a complete sentence. It is inside the quotation. It is a complete mutation. So we capitalize the first word, which is the T in its capital for. Number three, do not capitalize coated material continues a sentence. Here. It's an important rule. If the coated material completes another sentence, a complete sentence by its own. We do not capitalize the coated material. Here is an example. Lamar said that the case was far from over it and that we will win. Far from over is a code material. We will also accorded material. But these two coated materials, complete or continuous, the whole sentence, which is Lamar said that the case was far from over and that we will win. So in this case, we do not capitalize though first word in quotation mark. Number four. Use commas to introduce or interrupt direct mutations of dialogue or texts. So if we have speech, we use a comma to introduce this direct speech. We see in the example, he said, I don't get, here is a direct speech. The coded material, I don't get width, reduce it by a comma. The second example why I asked, Do not you care? Also here, It's a direct speech. The speaker is talking by himself. So we have direct speech. So introduce this speech by a comma. This rule is optional with one word permutation. So if we have only one word that is coated, it's optional to add a comma or not added. As example, he said Stop, stop is only one word. It's coated so it's optional to add the camera or to remove it. Number five, the equitation comes before. He said she rode. They reported Diana insisted such words as similar attribution and then go to the material with a comma. So if we have permutation, this quotation comes before expressions like he said, shield, they reported. We add comma at the end of quotation. Even if this quotation is only one word. Also at the quotation contains or consists of one world, we add a comma. At the end of it, if it is followed by exponentials like he's head she wrote. And so on exam then I don't get, he said, Here we have. He said after the quotation, we end the quotation with a camera. Stop. He said, he said is the expression, it is the end. And after it will have a quotation. This quotation is only when we're, even if it is one word. We add. Rule number six. If function as a subject or object in a sentence, it might not need. The quotation acts as a subject or as an object in the sentence. There is no need to add a comma at the end of the quotation is, I don't care. All you can say to me here, I don't care, acts as a subject. So there's no need to add comma saying stop the gut wall is a mistake. Here also. There is no need to add comma number seven. Periods. And commas always go inside quotation marks. In all cases, when we have periods and commas, we put these periods and commas inside the quotation marks and not outside them. The example is the sign read, walk. Here is a period. We put it inside the quotation. Then it said, don't work. We have comma, put it inside the quotation, then walk. We have also camo. We put it inside the quotation within 30 seconds. Here we have three quotations and each one of them. And by a period or comma, we add these punctuation marks inside the quotation marks. We'll number eight. The placement of the question marks with quotation marks follows logic. Here, we should follow the logic in case of Cartesian marks and question marks. When we have a question mark, if a question is whether and with coated material question marks should be placed inside the quotation marks. So if the quoted material is acquisition itself, we add the question mark inside the quotation. But if it is not from the quoted material, we do not add it inside the quotation marks. Example, Alberta asked, where you stand. Be my friend. While you still be my friend is the coated material. It is a question. Follow it by a question mark. Question mark is inside the quotation marks. The question, when you stay, still be my friend is part of the quotation. So put the question one and side because it's apart of the equitation. Another example, do you agree with the saying, all is fair in love and would hear that question is for the whole sentence, not only the quoted material, we add the question, what outside the quotation? As you see, the question mark is outside the quotation mark. The question which is, do you agree with the same is outside the quotation. So the question, what is not inside the aggregation? Rule number nine. If I go to the question, ends in mid-sentence, question mark replaces a comma. If we have a coated material at the middle of the sentence, a question it shouldn't be. And what question mark? In this case, the question mark replaces a comma. We do not add a question mark beside it, a comma or puts only question mark. It will replace the camera. Exempt when you still be my friend Alberta asked here, liquidation is at the mid sentence. We place the camera by a question. Mark. Number ten, you as a single quotation marks for mutations was in quotations. Example, mother will be angry. Wait until your father gets. She'll say, if we have a quotation inside the quotation, use a single quotation mark. This is an easy rule if we have two quotations, one inside the other. For the first one, we use double quotation marks. For the second one, which is inside the main mutation, we add only single quotation marks. Note that the period goes inside both single and double quotation marks. Also here, the period and comma goes inside. The single and the double quotation marks. It will number 11. Quotation marks are often used with technical terms. Terms used in an unusual way, or other expressions that valley from standard usage. If we have terms used in an unusual way or we are naming something, we use the quotation marks. Example. It's oil extraction method known as fracking. Fracking is here is an expression or a technical term. We put it inside equitation. He did some experimenting in his college days. Also here we use equitation. Number 12. Never use single quotation marks in sentences like the previous three. If we have such example, I had a visit from my friend, the taxman. Now, the last rule, which is rule number 13, when coated material runs more than one paragraph with one paragraph, start each new paragraph with quotation marks, but do not use closing quotation marks until the end of the passage. If we have an essay that consists from more than one paragraph and we have dictation. This could patient starts foot on one paragraph and didn't and it continues for the other paragraphs. We start each paragraph by equitation mark. What we didn't close the equitation marks until we reach the end of the passage or the end of the quotation. For example, Francis wrote, I don't paint anymore. For a while. I told I thought it was just a phase that I'd get over. Now, I don't even try. Here we have two paragraphs or two sentences that are separated. First one and the second one, reputation continues from the first one to the second one. From the first paragraph two, the second paragraph, we did not include the potential mark and the first one, because the mutation continues. We start the second part of the quotation. Since the passage ends, we close the quotation marks. The beginning of each paragraph. We put the quotation marks, but we didn't close the quotation mark until we reach the end of our passage. This is the end of our lesson. Hope you bet. 16. Sentence Fragment & Run-on: How do you have you want? This is a new lesson about sentence fragments and run on sentence. We will start by sentence fragment. What is sentence fragment? Sentence fragment is a group of words that looks like a sentence. What actually isn't a complete centers sentence fragment is a group of words that looks like in its shape as a sentence was actually it is not. A complete sentence, doesn't have complete meaning. Sentence fragments are usually missing a subject or verb, or they do not express a complete thought. We identify a sentence fragment. If the sentence fragments or the group of words are missing the subject, the verb, these main parts of the sentence or the whole sentence, do not express or does not express a complete thought or a complete meaning. While it may be punctuated. Look like a complete sentence. If we have a sentence fragment, we may see this sentence fragment or this group of words are punctuated to look like a complete sentence, the disease group of words. Actually not a complete sentence. Fragment cannot stand on its own. We can use a fragment by its own. Here are the distinguishing features of a sentence fragment. The first one is missing a subject. The main case of identifying fragment is the blackness or the absence of the subject. The group of words. For example, to the store faster than at Abbott. Who didn't make or made the action of running. Who is it The someone or something or whatever? Who then we do not know. The subject here is missing. So here we cannot say that this is a complete sentence. It is a sentence fragment. The second future is missing other or has the wrong verb form. Also another main feature for sentence fragment is missing the vote. Cannot say for a group of words, a complete sentence, and these groups of words must have the verb is the main part in the sentence. The absence of the vet means there is no sentence. Example, life, history teacher. What did the teacher do or say? We didn't know already, not know what the history teacher say or do, or did whatever. We didn't know what this teacher. We cannot say that this is a complete sentence. It is a sentence fragment. Feature number three. It is a left over fleas. I will give you an example to understand it. For better or worse. What is better or worse here? What is it modifying? We didn't know. The math to understand? Here is only a phrase without complete meaning. It is a sentence fragment. Number four. It is an abundant close. The example is when my mother married my father. Here we have only an ADH dependent clause. Here the closed is dependent. So it should have another closed which is independent to complete its mean. We didn't know what this dependency close mean. This sentence fragment. What happened when my mother married my father. We didn't know what happened one way more than married. My father saw this. Close is a sentence fragment, or this group of words is a sentence, a fragment and not a complete sentence. Number five, it is misuse of such as for example, especially and etc. When we misuse such expressions, for example, such as especially. To illustrate these expressions, the misuse of them make a sentence fragment. Example. Such as my brother was practicing material, such as. Is in the incorrect, please. So here we have a sentence fragment. It is unclear. Did something happened when my brother was practicing material arts? We didn't know. This is a sentence fragment. Three ways to turn a fragment into a complete sentence. How to turn a fragment to a complete sentence? First one is attached at the fragment to a nearby complete sentence. Then connect one is, I forgot to eat breakfast on the morning. Test. The morning my driver's test is the census of fragment. It has new to it a complete sentence, I forget to eat breakfast. If we link or combine this group of words with the complete sentence, we, for complete sentence, the correct case is I forget to eat breakfast on the morning of my driver's test. We join, combine these two synthesis or the sentence with the sentence fragment to make one complete sentence, we join them together. The other method is revise, revise the fragment by adding whatever is missing. Subject verb, complete thought. We really need this fragment and add the ink blot. If the missing part is subject to add subject. If it is a verb, adverb, if it is a complete thought, we add a complete thought or complete of the words to make a complete sentence. Example. The uncorrect case is, loves to lie down in the sun all day. Subject is missing. Who loves to lie around? So if we add a subject is a complete sentence. My roommates pug loves to lie around in the sun all day. Here we add the subject, which is my roommates punk saw. The missing part is added here, so it is correct and it is a complete sentence. Now, Number three, rewrite the fragment. Rewrite the fragment or the entire passage that contains the fragment. If we rewrite it, we change it into a complete sentence. Example, the incorrect case is our new landlord was expected to make changes such as fixing the plumping, installing, and you watch it and replacing the security gate has not done any of it yet. And weeks have passed here such as fixing the lung being and so on is a fragment because such as is also the last thought has not done. The subject here is missing. The correct one is our new landlord was expected to make changes such as we combine them, such as fixing plumbing and spawning new washer and replacing the security gate, lock. Weeks half fast, and he still has not done any of it yet. Here also we add a subject, the last group of words. It became a complete sentence or a group of complete sentences. This is the explanation of sentence fragments. 17. Run-on Sentence Examples: Now we will talk about run-on sentence. The definition of thrown on sentence. On sentence occurs when two or more independent clauses, also known as complete sentences, are connected improperly. So if we have more than one complete sentence together, without separation between them, without a conjunction, without a punctuation mark, and so on. In this case, we have a run on sentence instance. If the two sentences or more sentences are together as one sentence but without something that set pet eight, these independent closes. Example. I like to, I love to write papers. I would draw at one every day if I had time. I love to arise papers is the first sentence. I will draw one every day, the other one. If I have the time, we can see that this also close. The SEC loses shouldn't be separated. Especially the first one I loved to write papers, and the second one I would write to an everyday. These two ports should be separated by a punctuation mark or a connected or so on. We have here, I don't on sentence. The two sentences together without punctuation mark or conjunction, that connect or separate these two sentences. There are two complete sentences in the above example. First number one, I love to write papers. Since that's number two, I would write one every day if I had the thought. These two sentences are together. One common type of run on sentence is a comma splice. Comma splice occurs when two independent clauses joined with just this comma splice is the case when two independent clauses are joined by only a camera without using conjunction or a coordinator. Connected exemple of comma splice. Participants would leave the study at any time needed to indicate their preference. These two clauses are independent. They joined only boy, come. Here we have a comma splice. Sentence number one. Participants could leave the study at any time. The second one is, they need that to indicate their preference. Connecting run on sentence, how to correct run-on sentences, or how to fix them. On sentence can be fixed like connecting it spots correctly. There are several ways to connect independent clauses. You was a period to split the sentence into smaller complete sentences. The simplest one is putting a comma or period. For each complete sentence, we ended by a period. We make its symptoms alone. This is the thirst case or this is the first method how to fix on synthase H complete sentence and it's by a period exomes. I love to write papers. This is the first sentence and the boy period. I will draw it on every day if I had the time. Also, this is the second one. We separate these two sentences from each other. Number to use a semicolon between independent clauses creates, aggregate them ethically correct sentence. If we want to separate them, we can only a semicolon between these two independent clauses. This is grammatically correct. Exemption. I love to write papers. I would write one every day if I had the time. Between the two sentences, we add a semicolon. We separate them, we fix them, run on sentence. Rule number three. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction. Corrects. Run on sentence. If we add a comma and next, the camera or after the camera coordinating conjunction. We transformed with a run on sentence to a compound sentence. Grammatically is correct. We fix here that are on sentence. If we add the next two comma coordinating conjunction exemption, I love to write papers. I would write one every day if I had that line. We add that coordinating conjunction. And here we have two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction and with a camera. Here we form a compound sentence and not run on sentence number four. The last one is, use a subordinating conjunction to turn one of the independent clauses. The ad that closes. We use one of the subordinating the closest to transform or to change one of the two closest from independent to dependent. One of these two independent clauses became dependent, depends on the other independent clause. Here is the example. Because I love to write papers. I would write one every day if I had time. The first sentence with cheese, I love to write papers is independency close. We add the subordinating conjunction because it became dependent clause because I love to write papers here. We'll change that run on sentence into a complex symptoms. In this form, the example means a complex sentence. And complex sentence is grammatically correct. It is a complete sentence. The dependent clause is because I love to write papers. The second part remains independent. I would write one every day if I had time. We end our lesson by explaining things. The first one, sentence fragments. What is the case of sentence fragments? And how to fix the symptoms fragment or how to change it from a sentence fragment to a complete sentence. The second part is about, and I'm on symptoms. What is the meaning of run-on sentence? And how to fix this Sirona on symptoms to become a complete sentence or a correct sentence? Automatically correct sentence. I will see you later in other chapters, other lessons to benefit more from our English lessons. 18. Project: Hello, how are you hope to be fine? Here is a project about the previous lessons. At the beginning, we took homophones, homonyms, homographs, the definition of each one, and the difference between each one of them. We will make exercises about homonyms, homophones, homographs. Then the capitalization rules when we should capitalize the words. Also, we will make exercises. The last chapters or the last lessons, or the other lessons are above punctuation marks. We discuss each punctuation mark we have learned about each punctuation mark. We will make exercises above the bank deviation marks. I will start by exercise one about homonyms, homophones, homographs. Here this through three words. As we said, they should do sameness in special case. Homonyms are words that have same spelling or same sound but different meaning. In all the cases, homonyms should have the trend meaning they could be the same spelling or the same sound. Homographs shouldn't have the same sound, but different spelling and different meaning. Homophones should have different meaning and same spelling. The **** glass should be written the same way. All the words that are homographs should be written in the same way. The direction of exercise one, choose the character. Here is an example. Please try not to waste or waste papered. The correct word is waste. The meaning of it is to lose or through. Get rid of papers. This is the suitable word for this sentence, not the other word. Here. We continue by their sentences. We have sentences from number one to number 15. In each sentence, we have a group of words, two or three words. You should choose one of them. Following the rules of harmonic homophones, homographs, and the meaning of the whole sentence. Now, exercise about capitalization or capitalization practice. We have learned about the capitalization rules where or when we should capitalize the words in a sentence. Here is an exercise about capitalization. Which words in the following sentences need a capital letter? Each sentence from the following sentences should be rewritten. Each weird, we have to see if we should capitalize it or not. The first sentence is solved. My favorite books are Green Eggs and Ham. Horton hears a whole. Here is the first word in a sentence. We should capitalize it. We put n in its capital for Green Eggs is a name for a book, or green eggs and ham is a name or a title for a book. We should capitalize this title. We capitalize the adjectives and everything in the title except the articles that conjunctions, prepositions, and so on. So green is an adjective, shouldn't be kept. The lies we put the G in its capital for eggs is N-A. Hand is also unknown. We should capitalize them. Hard to learn. Here is also another thought that we shouldn't capitalize it. Hurts, don't capitalize it. Here's a, we also capitalize the verb in applied till is an article, so we do not capitalize it. Who should be capitalized? Also, continue solving these exercises or these sentences. As the previous example. Exercise number three, rewrite these sentences on a sheet of paper to fix. The errors. Here we have a mistakes or errors. We have mistakes or errors in these sentences. We should correct these errors. Concerning the capitalization rules. What time is it in China? China is a proper noun. It is a name for a country, so it should be capitalized. But the main sentence, it's not we should correct. It asked me like that. We said that mom, dad, grandma and grandpa, and so on. These words, there is no need to capitalize them. Only if we are addressing here, that should not be capitalized. So we should correct it. Continue solving these sentences as the example. Now, exercises about the punctuation marks or the punctuation lessons. Exercise number four. Punctuate the following sentences using a comma, semicolon and the colon. Here, you should only use one. From these societies. Punctuation marks, comma semicolon or colon. Here, in this exercise, we have to choose comma semicolon or colon. Only the city punctuation marks. It's suitable position in these sentences. The first synthesis, soil, the Gita says life is action. Mean we should use a column. We add colon after the vertices. The Gita says, because here the colon introduces another thing which is life is action. You continue solving these lessons or these sentences. You continue solving these sentences. We have two, synthase number ten. Now the last exercise is exercise five, U as appropriate punctuation marks. In the following sentences. Here, there is no mentioning for specific punctuation month. They use should use the suitable one from all the activation marks that you have learned from the previous lessons. The first sentence is solved. We had a great time in France that kids really enjoyed it. We had a great time and France an M that kids really enjoyed it, period. The sentence should be ended by a period. In all cases, you should continue solving these sentences. I hope you benefit from these lessons. I will meet you again in other English lessons to learn more about the English language.