INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO

1. Course Introduction: Hello everyone, Hope you are doing well. This course, introduction to this course is for beginners. So no prior knowledge. This course. This is the first step in your journey. Going into our encoding. It doesn't matter if you are a mechanic engineer, electrical engineer on a curious learner. With this, of course, we will go through, we know has to MS. And this course is the first step from novice to an amateur with the introduction to art. After this long journey, that you will find a lot of money because you can work as a freelancer. You can open your own business and you can do your own project and get an Arduino and electromechanical engineering. Is that future? Now was your first lesson in this journey and this series of courses. In this course, you will be eligible arduino, know what is, what is the future of electronics? What is already? Start using? It? Simply quotes. This is one of the project. It's a LED lighting. You will be able to do this project. You will be able to like oil glands. As I said before. No prior knowledge. This course from 0, knowledge of programming, zero-knowledge of the catarrhines, zero-knowledge of Arduino. Even if you don't have an Arduino, you can take this course. You can continue on me because I will teach you. And in this course, we'll start that journey. This is just the beginning and see you in the OS. This is the end of the introduction of their course. An extra video is the introduction of mechatronics. See you at the next video. I hope you have fun. Thank you and goodbye. 2. Introduction To Mechatronics: Hello everyone. Hope you are doing this. And this will be our first lecture in the course, introduction to art. Throughout the course, we will talk about mechatronics. It's simple overview of mechatronics. We will talk about the electrical components. We will use data on y and some information. First of all, what is mechatronics is defined as a multi-disciplinary field of engineering that includes a combination of systems engineering, mechanical, electronic. So in other words, I get a new field of engineering that nurse and mechanical, electrical and computer science and other majors. It has application in medicine, industry, military, smart consumer products, and almost every area of technology in our lives as we see here. So robotics here, also CNC machines, cars. Okay, I will talk about automation layer. It is the simplest form of explaining the Arduino and photonics classes. We had an input that we have an input here. Sorry. We have processing for the input and an output. So let's say it. In other words, our brain, our brain gives the idea that program gives the input. This is what I want to. This is the input. We have application of idea. We have that processing, usually in microprocessors ship. And then we have the output, the output that maybe sounds a function, an engine and motor rotation, et cetera. You will see later on. So this is the simplest for input processing. Let's say plus processing equals 0. We have, as I said before, inputs and these inputs and outputs are, the outputs may be digital or analog, and they might be a PWM output, pulse width modulation. And we will talk about them later on. Just memorize that a pulse with modulation and concerning inputs, inputs may be digital. Binary, 0, 1, digital as yes or no, 01, high, low. There is no other value. So let's say true or false. This is the digit five volts. 0 is 0 for x. And we will talk about them. This is our first PowerPoint presentation, and see you in the next presentation. Thank you everyone. 3. Electrical Components 1: Hello everyone. This is our second lecture in the course introduction to this lecture, you will see all the electrical components that we will use later on. They start getting familiar with them. First of all, let's look at what is a lead in. It is a light emitting diode circuit. First of all, we should provide sufficient current through the LED lights, okay? And always we should put limiting resistor not to burn that. But there is another condition to turn on. Is this condition. The lead has a proper way to put this. We can put, vice versa, the way I would teach you now, every lab has a long and the short leg should be connected to the positive terminal of the power supply, all of that. And that should be connected to the negative terminal of the power supply or the battery. Otherwise, the LED will not. Let's take this leg. And this leg is connected, okay? This is connected to the positive terminal. Okay, Let's take another color. I will take black because this is a short leg from negative side of the postal. Why? Okay? I, and then I want you to see here, this is the configuration of the electrons. So the current comes from positive to negative. This is my current direction. I can pass through the light, can pass through that. Otherwise. What I look, I can not pass of current the other direction. It will be blocked. This is the symbol of the lead, just the demos, that the current cannot pass in the two directions. So if I connect this to the negative side and this side will not. Okay? Now, I want you just to see these different types of lands that has two colors. This isn't a ground. We may see green and red icon and this one will turn on as red. If I connect this one. This is another, this is another type of now we will contain DC model. If you see water can be directly connected to the pools. So these are the two poles of the DC motor. And we can directly connected to the fact that there is a beautiful specification for that DC motor, and that's why it is widely used in our application. The DC motor can look ones and counterclockwise. How I connect the first pole with a positive and this one to the negative. Let's say the motor will turn on. As you see here. This is the first ball that's called this one too. Okay? This is one, this is 21 connected two positives to connect it to negative than what we've done for lunch. Or if I reverse the connection here, I connect the negatives and the positives to do. As you may see here. This is always one. This one is connected to negative, is connected to positive. So the motor will turn counterclockwise or backwards. Okay? So this is why DC motor is widely used and is widely referred into application because rotate clockwise and counterclockwise with respect to that connection of its terminals with the host. 4. Electrical Components 2: Now we will talk about the push button component that connects two points. Okay? So this one here connects these two wives. This warm blue. This is, we can say about, first of all, I have an open circuit here. And I guess this would go down fasces and circuit functions. But I will go Furthermore into some details. Maybe many thoughts as I do now. Okay, this is seen through what does it it has some district Single Throw. It has one from the other. So this push button. Next, just do wives. Now, this brush, but this one is seeing you all. What does it mean? It has one from this side. It has two wires on the other side. So this is how does this thing, and then, you know, okay. I think this one to the power supply. Let's say I have here, I have and I am connects these two lobes. Proposal. Okay, with that there are, let's say load one is landlocked. Look as if I connect the push button as follows. The LED light will turn on and off because that lows. Okay, The current press into the ground, you know, figured out is that. So if I switch from and are now turned on and turned off. So in this way, single-pole, double-throw. I am controlling surface, not warm as I can. As follows on. I can't, I can't. I will erase everything. And about another question, we may have w. What does this mean? We have two balls here and we have for each tooth rows. Okay? So this is double. Each school I have throws. So double. Okay, here I am continuity. For circuits 1, 2, 3, 4. I may have 145 throws for each one. I should hide part, gone to call it. But I hope everything is clear. And now we will go to the next element, which is due to the motion machine part or presence of an object rather than a human pressing. For the push button, we said we will compress it. I put image, which most often in the industry. And this one is not a person who push it. Okay. I would then emit switch on a machine somewhere where boxes are fast. And every time it looks, his sentiments switch is pressed and when it passes, it is open. We may use a switch to count, count the boxes passing on each time the books first, that is an image which express it. It's closed, open and then open wound up books facet. So I'm counting limit switch to remove. Let's say on my car via all boxes must be this size, that's small size. Then a big books, photographs. And I put the limit switch. One of his books on these small boxes. Nothing happens. The covariance still working. When a big box passes, it, hit the limit. Switch, is now glows and then it stops at substantive icon and human interface and DevOps. This is one of the applications. Usually the limit switch is like single-pole, double-throw. It has one pole, but it has to throw circuits. And usually we use one as normally closed. One is normally off. I'm going to explain editor. Even if we were to talk about these later on. But the normally closed is when the first state of the image switched on. So if I connect, I want you to always turn on when it is not breast. I connect here or let's say them all to Dr. convenient. Okay. So when nothing is happening, when the limit switch is open, the conversion is working. The motor is on because the circuit here, this is, let's say this is, this is the circuit. Normally when a books and hit filaments switch and it is closed, this one will switch here. So the combiner is now an open set. Let's say this is not the end. This here. So this is an open circuit stops. And here nothing that is not the human interface. And we remove the box, then the limit switch is up and again, then this one is connected again, then the circuit positive or negative. Now, let's go to that potential is not that provides which can be used as an analog fat. As we talked before, we have digital and analog. Digital. It is. What is equality but resistance and volume and value. Reading, it's always the potential meter provides for us. How does it work? Firstly, this is a potentially, it has many shapes. This is one of them, but always has the first LED and the third leg responsible for the total resistance. So this is okay. And we may have it. If I connect one and next to that circuit, I am using all the resistance of the potentiometer. Let's say this is ten kilo ohm potentiometer. If I connect like one circuit, I am putting the circuit. So this is the whole resistance. Well, if I, let me erase first of all this. And let me also, let me say I connected and let a portion of that resistance, I'm not using 10 kilo ohm anymore. Let's say this is the circuit. No matter what. That is, is a power supply, a motor, a red light. Everything's, this is the whole circuit here. And here is the resistance. So the current goes up. It passes through this resistance, then it, okay. And it goes, This is the way the current is. The current is passing through. That is, as it is seen just this portion. Let's see, this pollution is 1 third, if we divide this 2, 3, okay, 1231 third, then over three, let's say it's about three. Now, my circuit, I am putting 3.3 kilo ohm resistance. Okay? Are you will start again. Let's say this is not here. Okay? So if a client responses and going now, I am using my resistance. Let's say again. Thank you to all. Now I'm using five. I hope this is clear. This is the symbol of a potentiometer circuit. All we may draw it like that. We put this arrow here. This isn't the first leg, this one, the second one, and this is for this form. But when we connect the circuit, connected from this to next variable, resistance, power supply, let's say. How can I use a potentiometer? If I increase the resistance here, the LED light, the brightness will decrease. If I decrease the resistance here, it's brightness will increase. Or I can use it to read an analog value, and that's how we will use it later on. We'll talk about it. Now. We will talk about temperature. This temperature sets, it may be 35, 36. What does it aperture. At a pressure sensor is a device that provides temperature readings and unethical segment. Okay? How this happens? Firstly, I will teach you how to connect them and will repel alcohol use. Temperature sensor has one connected to VCC. So the positive power supply, let's say 50. Third one connected to the ground. The ground of the power supply and outs is responsible for the signal. This leg gives us the sigma. We take the reading from this. I will explain more vessels. The three legs of this one is connected to the negative. This one is connected to the positive, and this one is connected to the input of the. I will show you later on our input, analog output everything. I want you just to understand that from the second lens, we take the signal of the temperature sensor by the erase everything. And I want you to understand something. How you use a temperature. I can put it at furniture sensor in my home. So when or in the kitchen. So when the temperature exceeds, let's say 36 degrees, an allotted heartbeat. Okay. I can adjust it. 2003, 38 degrees or I can adjust it how I want it. Okay, there is a set of goals that we will learn it later on when we start talking about Arduino. But just I want you to understand how it works. Let's say the example. Here. We can see that they are valid launched from the sensor. So let's take an example. There are saying when that aperture is here, let's say 20 degrees to that lots are on when the temperature exceeds 20 degrees. So if I have it aperture like 30 degrees, this one will be turned on. We may have many solutions, many predictions. Just I want you to know that we can't control anything through our temperatures. Now, we will talk about photos. Firstly, what is said is basically that it's resistive value, usually depending on how much light is shining into the S phase. So we talked about a variable resistor that change, that is resistance with our human interference, we turn to change. That is, a photocell, has the same constant. It is a variable resistance, resistance change, but not a human and confuse it change with respect to light. When it is needed. When we have live here on this face, its resistance significantly. And the current passes in a circuit, and its resistance very much. Then to the power five, we have a very, very, very much. So the current stops. So I will give you an example how we can use a photocell, an input it on my home, let's say on the balcony. So when the sun shines and comes into sky, the lines of my balcony. So how does this work? When the sun shines here, it had, its resistance comes down and decrease very significant. So it passes in any circuit I made. Then I can control the Arduino. I can tell her you have a current. When you receive a current develops. So when the sunshine, the resistor, the current passes in the circuit. And that turns. This is an example of how we can use a photocell or a variable resistance with respect to the light on how much light is shining onto it. Now, I will continue that transistor in the next video. 5. Electrical Components 3: Now we will talk about transistors. First off, what is a transistor? The transistor is a tiny switch that can be triggered by electric sigma. I go back when we talked about push button, push button, switch triggered by human interface. Here, usually used in machine and warriors, boxes, etc. A transistor is also a switch, but we don't push it. We don't pass a box over it. By an electrical signal. Transistors are widely used in mechatronics. So you can imagine how important are they. They are used as amplifiers for electric signals, are used as Electric as switches. In our course and in Arduino, we use them as electrical switches. There is two types of transistors. We have a PNP transistor and an NPN transistors. In an NPN transistor, the flow of current drawn from the collector terminal to the emitter. And in a PNP transistor, when there is no flow current at the base terminal of that transistor is switched on. Now, I will explain furthermore. And why syndrome. This is a transistor. It has three legs. These legs are base and emitter and the collector. Usually we will use a PMP. Pmp most often, but also we will use MPN. Why? Making an attribute which we will talk about it. So these three terminals are base, emitter, collector. Base, is that then they are connected now in our course to the Arduino. So I write here, okay, The collected is connected to the ground and the emitter is connected to the load. The load then to the power supply. Let's say it is a 50. Let's say that. Let's say the load is a LED lights. Okay? So if I use a trigger signal here to debate, the emitter will allow the flow of current and the LED will be turned on. Hey, this is how we will connect a transistor and how it will function. So here I will connect the load background. And I am controlling that transistor from the base connected to the Arduino by Sigma. So I give it five volt, let's say on or 0 volt on. We will talk about it later on, but this is how we will connect a transistor. Let's take an example here. As we see, there is a circuit and maize collector emitter. The veins, as we said, is connected usually something that it will give him a trigger. I said here are doing here. The base is connected. The push button. When I press the push button, it allows the flow of current. If I remove my hand, doesn't allow the flow of current, so the circuit will turn off. And here as you see if I press the push button, the flow passes from the collector to the emitter here. And okay, sorry, this is emitter one and this has the electron because we said the collector is connected to the load. Okay? So here it will be connected to the load. This is all about transistors. Now, we will talk about PLAs one more time. We mentioned before push button switch limits. This transistor is unethical. It is also a switch. It functions as a switch, has got an ordinal. But ADA or release our switches that are open and close circuits, electromechanical, all electronic. Okay? So a relay up and grows. When a signal comes through the solenoid on it. I'll draw it. Simplified. Then we will talk about this in a relay. You will see, okay, okay. This time, this is one of the simplest form of Ariely single-pole, double-throw relay. It has five terminals and not this one, the boy, let's say connected to the positive, let's say 220 volt. Okay? This is the first row and this is the second through that. Let's say this one is connected to a friend. And our kitchen. Let's say this is a fruit. This is Fellows. And this one is not connected to anything. Okay. The OK. That solenoid, what here? You know, I use another color. Sorry. Okay. It may be here for year one or two. Let's say from the manufacturer at is one. So one is the normally closed terminal of the delay. So now, as you see, obviously here, there is a fridge is working. It is in a closed circuit. And the voltage comes here, plus the French coast to the negative. So the fridge is working. When I give an electric signal to the solenoid, solenoid is connected, let's say, to five volt and the ground. When I give an electric signal to the solenoid, very least switches its sides. So this one comes here, it is connected to towards the fridge, is turned off. When I remove the electric signal 0 volt, then it goes upward to the initial states, and the fridge is turned on. So the signal on the base controls the transistor. Here. The signal, the solenoid control, very late. What? That resistors has always three legs. The relay, maybe single-pole, double-throw, double ball, double-throw for throw, etc. We may have control as many circuits as we want. When using any late. I will do a little comparison between relays and transistors because they work as the same concept. So when you use a transistor, when to use it in a guy with a higher power and higher voltage than transistors. So they are used in let's say higher circuits, okay? It is, have big shape. So transistors are used in small shapes, so it gets an electric components. Resistors consume more power. They consume. We have here a 0.7 volt drop of voltage. But relays. Relays needs maintenance and to be changed regularly because we are talking about a mechanical switch and varying here. So they may be broken or anything else. But transistors that is normal should hear no mechanical motion here at all, just electrical motion. So they have a longer life. Relays are cheaper. Transistors cost more than a relay. But as we said, they have a longer life. Now, I want to mention something very important. We will use it later on and information that we would other set clearly after that. But I want to mention it here. When working with WM signal, we always use a transistor. You never use. Because a PWM signal requires fast switching. And at the resistor is the component active opponent that gives us the fastest switching between all the switches we talked about. It really is slow switching component and we can use it when working with WM. Okay? Now we will talk about attributes. I will go back to my initial inquiry. And it should bridge, is an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be applied across a lot in either direction requires or counterclockwise. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow dc motors to run forward and back. So and that should bridge circuit. It's not a component. It's not like a motor, it's not like a relay. It's a circuit in the attributes we have a circuit, and later on, we will learn how to build an attribute. So we use the attributes in 3D as it is here. And also, we will build energy bridge. We will build the circuit of the attributes. This is the configuration or the circuit of energy bridge. And we will know and we will understand how it works. The actual bridge allows us to control a motor to turn clockwise or counterclockwise. As we said before, a motor has two terminals and it can rotate clockwise and counterclockwise. Obviously, it's not every time we want to switch that direction, we come and with our hands we change we change the poles from the terminals and then we want to change it again and again. Obviously it's not like that. We will use attributed. How does this work? Okay, I erase everything and the attribute is fond of phototransistors, Resistor 1, 2, 3, 4. We have two, PNP and NPN hysteresis. Ok? Now, if I want the motor to turn, let's say clockwise. So I want the current to come in this direction from right to left. Use another color. And I will, okay, let's say we want the direction of the current in this way from right to left. So I'm water turns clockwise. Then I close that resistor, as you see here, 23. Why the voltage and current comes here. Continue in the close third clue. Then comes here and then to the ground. What happens if I open these two and I close these two? Let's say, let's see here, I opened S2 and S3. I closed S1 and S4. So the current passes here in the closed loop like that. So it passes from left to right in order from left to right in that motor, in the opposite direction of the first one. So the motor turns in the opposite direction. This is the simplest way to understand an attribute and how infections. Later on, we will understand how we use this, why it has 16 pins, why, what is the function of each pin alone? But now, I just want you to understand that this is the way that an attribute which was later on we will. Now what is this? This is the enable this to our ground. This is out, this is the input to the attributes which we will talk about them later on in detail. And as I said, we will build an attribute. Now, I will talk about servo. This is what is it is a closed loop position control motors. One of its advantages is that it has a high torque ratio. We use sample model when we need a high torque. But on the other hand, it is limited to a certain position, usually minus 180 degrees to 180 degrees. So the servomotor do not turn infinitely. It has a limited position between 180 and minus 180. So like that, like that, like that, okay? Not infinitely. Servo motors are used to control, let's say evolve. We put a big servomotor, obviously not this one on evolve. So it controls evolve. Evolve needs to be turned from 0 to 360 and vice versa. So it is a central motor is a good use for it. As we said servomotor, it has a high torque ratio. So it is a good use for a valve also. And it is precisely control. So let's go to 90 degrees. It goes to 90 degrees, Let's go to 110 degrees. It goes to 110 degrees. At this very precise. This isn't water is controlled using this signal is received by this pin here. So we have, as we know, the power supply, ground and the other pen or the other terminal. It is the signal. It receives. The signal. What is the signal received by several model it as a voltage, it is an angle, it is what it is. Okay? The signal received is a bond. It is time. Okay? This is beautiful. How? Okay? If I give a signal of 20 milliseconds for the servomotor. It understands that it should stay on the 0 degrees. If every 40 milliseconds, I give that to the servomotor, it understands that you must go to 90 degrees. If I give a signal 40 milliseconds or 50 milliseconds, it differ from a servo motor to another, how it is broken up. So it goes to 180. This is how a cerebral motor functions. Now, I will talk about stepper motor. Let's talk about four phase stepper motor. Stepper motor is an open-loop position controlled motor. So what is, what does this sentence mean? Here? I said the servo motor is a closed loop. So for motor and connection itself, if there is any mistake, they do the correction alone. But a stepper motor cannot do this privilege or this function. Well, the vestibular water has an advantage. Its advantage is that it can run a limited position. For example, 107 degrees to minus 700 degree to 1 million degree, minus 1 million degree. So it is not like the servomotor minus 180 plus 180, know, it turns unlimited turns to a degree you are assigned at four. So we don't have any limitation concerning the functioning of a stepper motor. I said before for the cell, for water, it is controlled with time signals, but the central motor is different. Okay, let's see how inside the stepper motor, we have this force phase stepper motor from inside, okay? And we have here a Mac has, okay. If, you know, if I give a signal, if I have a current passing in the coil, it will generate a magnetic field. Okay? So if I give a current here, a magnetic field here will be generated. How does the stepper motor, or if I give a current year and here we have a magnetic field, magnetic field here. So this magnet will rotate in a way to adapt to the two magnetic fields. Then I will remove the current year, I will give the current year. So this magnet will continue its rotation here. Then I will remove this current. I will give here a current. It will rotate and rotate. So, but this is happening fast way, very fast way on, off, on, off, on, off to the level that this magnet turns very fast, very fast. So this magnet connected to the shaft rotates. We have, we have phase stepper motors, we have more coins here. So this one will be more precise because the steps will be lower. Like here. Each step is 45 degrees. If I have more coils here, I have an age phase stepper motor. Each step is, perhaps it is 15 degrees. Okay? So it is more precise and each one has its usage. This is the end of our lecture. The electrical components. We will use them, all of them later on with an Arduino. We will control them with an Arduino. We will program them. We will use m then in beautiful circuits and beneficent circuits. See you in the next lecture. And then after it, we will begin to control our Arduino and the program. Bye-bye. 6. What Is An ARDUINO: Hello everyone. Today we are stored in your introduction to first of all, what is our walls are able to read inputs like fingered on a button or a Twitter message and turn it into an output, like activating the motor, turning on, publishing something online exit. So how do you can then you'd go, what is that instruction to the microcontroller. So use the Arduino programming languages. Why Jews are? Many other boats. Over the years, Arduino has been the breed of thousands of projects from everyday objects to complex, scientific. To Arduino is inexpensive. It is affordable by students and mentors. Arduino simple and uses a programming environment. For Arduino is a cross-platform. That means that the Arduino software runs on Windows, Macintosh, Linux operating systems. Most micro-controller systems are limited to Windows. Now, we will talk about how that can afford. This is the Arduino board. This one is that we will use later on during all our applications. We may have other Arduino's are used in small projects. Arduino Nano use smaller projects in a very small projects. This is the website of the Arduino to enter and check what you are talking about. We have other features. We have here Arduino Mega, size of memories are legal, 0. Also we have like Arduino shields. So this one is used as issues for exit data types that we can use why we are using Internet. So let's take an example of that is connected to Wi-Fi. Wi-fi and then sold. Where do I find and connect it? Okay, now, how should I choose? Said we have money, laughs. Okay, so how should I choose my LP? There is a comparison between the bolts of Urbino as flexible as an example here that I go and pick it out. So it has a possessive. So any 560, its functions on seven volt up to four fold is 16 megahertz. It has 16 analog, has 64 digital input, output, and I'll be WR. Aspects of folders. This is for the owner. I will talk about it. First of all, I want to mention is there is a proper way to handle that. Is you have a damage on the board, so you should handle it that way. Okay. From the two sides, this is ok. So, well, it doesn't have to be the first. You should use an external power supply, or we should connect it to the USB plug, PC or laptop. And it will be 0. Okay? This is the 18 to reset button. I can push it. And then if I give 500 to this, when I started talking about that, we have the analog of the spin. We will use it later on. But you should know that this is the amino group. Area has eight, we have 13. These are the digital input, output bits. And from the other side here we have the analog input. This, these are inputs, outputs, one input, outputs. Then we have the analog input pins. We should move our eyes very well because the most of our work this out and we will talk about them and use them. And that voltage will burn, as I've said before. This is doing well that we use in our application. We will get more familiar with and use it every day, the day of programming. These are aspects of this. Firstly is a microphone. As I said before, it is 80 mega 32. The operating voltage is five volts. The input voltage recommended is seven to 12. Voltage limit is six to 24. Well, does this renal functions that must properly and safely? I gave it six-fold. That will function. If I gave, it, will not burn, but not in a proper way. So the best and recommended voltage input is 37 and 12. But we should not exceed this label. I will pull from that. And this Arduino, as I said before, we have 14 digital input output pins of that PWM. Pwm. And put output is the one we have this sign, 506, then lever. And if you count them, as we said, okay, we will learn how to use them. But just you should learn and what are its okay. Pwm input output, as we said, it's analog input pins 65. Okay? The DC input output pin is 20 million years. So if we are using five volts, so we should know that consumes more than 20 million IOPS. So I had a lead, usually for 40 milliamps, functional may burn it. So I have it running. Unless otherwise, I want to use a motor, two amperes. So I don't use no, this is not going to use any other owner that we will learn later on. But if it should be. Okay if I'm using three points, I can see that our Freeman, what is, the speed, is 16 megahertz. What does this mean when I'm programming? Lines? Read every second. So the lines of program every second. Okay, Concerning glands. And this is our first one is called the slide. There are used there are microphones, which is one of the, of the Static Random Access Memory is when the sketch created and manipulated. So in this memory, we actually think that's the EEPROM is in memory space that programmers can use to store information. That means, every time you will program it, every time you turn on the Arduino program. The program is, what is the difference between these three definitions that are nonpolar? So when you turn off the other programs, so the information, okay, but the sram and will be lost when the slope is the same as that answer. That answer will be lost. So this lecture and next lecture. Thank you and goodbye. 7. ARDUINO Starter: Hello everyone, Hope you how you could access program in between. You should make sure that those with Arduino and upload the language and the software. First of all, you and to grow there, who wrote it on the official website. Then you would go to software. And you choose in the seven. Okay, I will upload Windows 7, Zip plot. I click. Okay, and now just download. It will begin downloading. When it finishes, you will see this icon on your desk. You activate this icon. Then you unzip, extract to a specific quote after that. And you will see this icon on 1. I hope you will enter and then enter. Now, everything is okay. Now, this is where I will explain. What is void setup for loop. What do we use? The font when? Everything about? Later on. Now, I'll just say some notes about that platform. First of all, what is the difference between these two? Verify and upload. If I'm not and I don't want to verify if my court is 35 and I then I continue. If I will upload the code to the Arduino connected to my laptop. I just click Upload. Upload, it is verified, then I can have a new project or project. And I want to mention something. And you start early. And they are very helpful. Any extensions because they give you the whole of the extensions as examples, let's see. I want them blink. The LED pinky. This is the world of that ad. Let's see. Did you tell button, then the book Leading Digital button. You will learn all of these. In the next video. After that X1, you will learn that a blinking and the push button. But they also then explain as examples, let's see senses that it is explained at this set of clips of communication. Okay, I want to match her also something else. We should choose the amino competent with that programming here. So I go to Tools. I choose Arduino, but not lovely. Okay? Okay. Okay. I can also verify if I go home, we will use this. I want to talk about this. Now, let's say you don't have to learn in this course. We will use an online simulation software that are connected to Internet of Things. This is an online simulation software provided by Autodesk. Hit. It doesn't a download of any floats. Just you shouldn't be connected to it. If you aren't. You will sign up through account let's say January 19. Okay. So let's see. Okay. Now, You would have thought, and then I will show you that first page. When you enter cat, this is the page that they are not going to design. The designs. We're going to design circuits, circuits. What made them before? This is the page that will appeal to you. Is this oh, no hornets. And now this is how, if you have a method, if you want to learn, I'll see you next video. 8. LED Blinking: Hello everyone. Hope you are doing what would be our first lecture using Tinkercad online software. And before I start, I will show you the components we explained before. This is, this is a lead, as we see it has two lines, one short and one long push button and potentiometer and it has are involved battery, red board and these two components, I will talk about them later on. Indeed. This is the DC motor servo motor transistor. This is an NPN transistor. Also, we have a PNP transistor. So let's do it and let RGB see if this leg, as we see, it has four legs. One is for diagonal and one photo, a color for the resistor. Wanted GPS sensor, etcetera. Now, I will erase these two, and I will start with that. That simplifies and makes our life easier. It makes any project and easy to use. The board is connected as follows. All these bones are connected together and all these pins are connected to the same here. All of these trends are connected together. And all these pins are connected together. Okay? But concerning, the pins are not connected in a vertical way. Let's rotate it. All. The bins all connected horizontally. So these five bins are connected. These two are connected, and this side is not connected to this side. I will show you more. As you see here, in vertical way. All these pins are connected. All these pins are connected and these two are separated. But it is not the same. For here. We have that bends connected in horizontally, okay, and not on method in vertically. Now, back to that Tinkercad. Let's have an example. I have, let's say I have in mind volt battery and a multi-meter. Okay? I will connect the negative two. Then I get the positive to the positive. And I will connect. And I want to meet. I will start simulation. I will read nine votes. Let's put this one here. And let's put this one here. And we can also as always, nine volt. So all these are connected and all connected. Now I will stop this simulation and then negative, okay? I will delete it and I will put the wires. And first of all, we have that at one. I will put here. Now, we have a black one. I would put it here. Now, I will call this one. And this one here. I will start simulation 0. Why? Because, as we said, are not connected vertically, they are all connected horizontally. I put that black wire here next to the first one, and then add y or x plus 1. Now I have nine volts. Okay, let's take another example. If I flip the red and the black on the same line, I have a short circuit. The battery will explore. I think it is clear now concerning the breadboard, I will erase everything. And I erased everything. I will put an audit. This is the reign of all of our projects. We should be more familiar with it. So I already explained it and I will explain it. As we said before, we have here, due to the input, output digital bands, we have to 85 the analog input pins. Here it is concerning power. We have five volt output, output ground, Vn, and reset. We have here a and F. Again, I will talk about it. They could on, we have a lecture, lecture to explain the data. It is not. It is a complicated and very important. Then here I have the communication events, serial communication, I have gotten, this is a microprocessor. So this will be our brain, the brain of all our projects. Our, let's call it our friend from now on, because we will use it every single lecture. To begin with explanation of the Arduino. We will start with the old. They are given it in the Arduino as a built-in quote, we have lead. Okay? So to access, firstly to access the code, we can click on Code or we can use the shortcut E, push the letter E on the keyboard. Continue. This is every time we open Arduino on Tinkercad, okay? As we know, we use C plus plus language that okay, we have two main body texts, the void setup and void. In the void setup, we will put states, as I said before, to 213 our input output digital pins. So I'm, I using this pen as a input or am I using it as an output? In this body texts. Specifying if I add an input or an output. I want to mention something else, that every line is repeated one time. So when I press Start Simulation, the court will start. The Arduino would read my program. So this between these two brackets, this part will be read a single time, just one time. Okay? No matter how much time I am repeating the code, I am keeping it functioning. This part will be repeated or will be executed one time. But in the blue, this board will be repeated infinitely and as fast as 16 million lines per second. Okay? So I will start telling you what is written here. First of all, as we said, we want to specify if the pen is an input or an output. The internal LED is connected to pin 13. So when I want to program that led here, I will program the 13. So as a startup, we specify that then 13 as an output. It gives me a light signal that likes a lab, a voltage. Okay? So it is an output. This, I will set that, and now I will repeat it. Okay? First of all, programming and sensitive. So I can't change anything. I can't, I can't forget the comma. I can add this base or change any level. So let's take an example. I can't draw it like that because you should try it. And I can draw it out in small letters. Because sensitivities a sign that I am controlling. So I am giving this diversification output. So common. Instead of output, input, output, input. Now, okay, I assigned that 13 is output. Now, I won't cool, what does first of all, digital noise to your heart? Okay. This Ben and all of these events are a digital. What does digital? Digital? Let's draw it. Okay. Yes or no. This digital means either false. It can be 40 or 50. 50. Now it is true or false. It is one or this one. Or it is, you can't have 0.5. It is discrete. It is high or low? I can't have medium. Now. It is high or low. On oh, yes or no. Let's do number five volt. Five volt. This is for one, is for blue and is the same or no flow. So now we understood what does digital digital noise? This is your second comment we are learning today and we are no more. Iz the first one was more. So how to assign that? Then? If it is input, output, the second one, digital. So when I want to output through our iodides for my digital route, I would repeat it. Done. Capital letter, capital W, right? Okay. I will assign that. Okay. I am talking about 13. So 13. I can run one. Because we said Okay, I keep it in capital letters.com. When I do this. Let me erase all this. I will copy it. Let us try this. Now. Then it turned on. I will start the simulation. I will start again, the LED turned on. Okay. Let us try to either. Nothing happens because 13 doesn't know that it is an output. It doesn't give an older the OR comment on their life. Or they'll add this here. And after I said, I am asking wait 1 second. So we recommend is ten hundred. Ten hundred because they're in milliseconds. So 1000 stands for 1000 milliseconds or one. So now what am I telling the Arduino? That 13 is an output. That is an output. And then wait 10 seconds. And now what should either hurt? So low? The same. But now I'm turning it off. And 1, 0, 0, 0 through this set of books. First of all, what do you think will happen? What do you think? That is behind my cursor? Okay, I'll give you three seconds. Now. I will show you that is us. It is. And how. First of all, it is. It wait 10 seconds, during which 1 second, 1 second, 1 second. This is how the systems work. Let's see the importance of this delay. You will see why to put two delays. And as we will see that the LED is always 0. It is not true. Then it is 32nd turning off. And on. We said 16 million per second. So this is how fast that code is executed. That's why I need to put okay, sorry. That's why I should work. Okay. I want you to think of a way to make that fast. You have two seconds, three seconds. Okay? The delay here, let's put a 150 milliseconds delay. Let's see. Okay, It is linking fast. Okay? Now, let's set of ball and lift and control. I will only let that is outside the normal. First of all, that it has two legs long lead that shouldn't be connected to a positive and that should be connected to that. Okay. I will correct the first one. Okay, Now let's take long. I will connect it and I can connect to anything in between. Let's first of all, before we start, I want to mention every time you connect anything to put, okay, We can put it here or here. Nevertheless. So I would rotate that. And now, as we said before, we should specify whether that is an input. It is definitively. So how would we should not forget this one? And now I will tell them what it should do. First of all, what we talked about before, okay, firstly, we will turned on, so did Gita, which I will use one. Then if I saw simulation, will I see anything of it will be on or off because it is executed very fast. So stop simulation. I should add that. I now have to mention something. This is how we we don't know the old from that very first step. I don't have all that. This is a small quote, but later on you will have one hundred, two hundred lines. Okay, fine. I add a third this simulation and see what are my weaknesses. And I don't know that all the old phone. Okay. Now, let's see what happens then at 30 seconds. But the LED is not shining at all. Why? Let's try to put here is 330 is relative now. Okay? Let's put a 120 is brighter and brighter and thinking for 1 second. Okay, now, we understood that pinMode statement and the digital rights. Before I go to another statement, I want to explain why we use a 120. Not more than that, less hands up. As you all know, you fight over. As you know, in our circuit, I simply pilot and V naught minus five-fourths, even. Hoping for. And I let, I will go to Google and I will see you for the lab. Red LED is 16 to 18 million amperes, max current 20 milliampere, and the voltage drop is 1.8 to 2.2 voltage. So I will take the green cases. So I will have here 0.8 voltage and 16 times ten to the public. And the answer to this equation would be 200. Okay? That's why we should use this is our minimum, okay. Because I took here extreme cases. That's why we should use a 100 ohms. So we use it to 120 because it's standard, or 330 because it stands. And Apple. Okay, it is free for now. Now, let's get back here. I finished my lecture. I want you to memorize, well, Finnemore statement, that digital NOT statement. In the next lecture, we will learn that digital read statements. And finally, we will take our first good luck and thank you. 9. Push Button: Handler. This would be digital. This is what I call. Let's see. I want this. I move that when I press. Okay. Let's first look at, as we said, between him and the push button has four legs, we will use three of them. First of all, I want you to know that what does that has one net, this circuit, the other connected graph. If I connect resistance as follows and pull it down and use it. Let's hope this second step. And the opposite. It's so down. Concerning the leg is connected to the positive and the signal taken from the leg opposite. Okay. I will press the button on your keyboard. And now I have this. I will call the first one is five. Then it is an output or an input file. So now I've finished. Now. How can the placebo Flu? And digit five? What did I do here? I did. First of all, I generated push, push, push, push, push, anything. It is our decision to call it what you want. And who's 40 Boolean. So push button is high or low. Because we are connected. Input, output. So a Boolean is enough. So push button one is the name of the book are equal. This is the new statement, as we will learn now, allows us to read the statement of the problem is so digital signal, I'm taking so much water. I want to mention that we put lashes. We can write, I think here. And I want to write that next quote, unquote. But in English or the language. So I want to say is I will use, I can add anything between them. First of all. Welcome. Okay. So this set of code is used. I'm saying if I press the push button, then it turns on. If the push button, nothing happens. So I can do this. But I wanted to show you that not everything we think about. We can rewrite it in code because it will be there. All can understand from viewer sets of sentences. Okay, Let's talk about this one. If I press the push button, the letters I want to translate to the edge. It is the if statement. So if I will open bracket, I will push a button. And it will open and close brackets as we learned before. All right, Let's talk about this. First of all, if statement. The if statement is used for such a case. When I have a statement that I want it to be executed. Just a simple case or in case. My case here is the push button is pressed. So I use and I always use brackets because between the brackets is the order I'm giving if my case study is applied. So if the push button is pressed, everything written here will be applied. I may have also delay of x. Okay? So this is what is concerning. Now, why did I understand that? I am assigning variable? Do something. He and I wrote plus 1 equals 5. So every time I read five changes, much book on this quantity will change. So if I write one equal the push button one will be a valuable high volume, not a Boolean anymore that can be on or off. And I will help you because that's why we write equal. So now I'm doing a comparison that are doing with it. If the push button is equal, equal height is like rest is. Receiving five volts is on. I am comparing two states. Do me this quote, okay. This is why I will start with this correlation to see what would happen. Then it is turned off. I would press the push button and then our code is executed. I will stop the simulation. I will start the simulation again. Now. I will press buttons to press. When I'm pressing the plus button, I'm executing this set of the if statement is true. When the if statement is true, everything will be executed. So when the digital route would be read by the Arduino and will be uploaded. And as we see, the LED turned on. Let's say for example, I didn't write equal, I wrote one. What does we'll have? As we see, we have okay, nothing from the hole is functioning. Because toxic relation, that is all. Start simulation on biotech. So I'm not having the output from this quote. Alright? Okay, let's stop this relation. And let's draw it. After I press. Okay. As we said, when this data is through, everything executes. So the owner responsible for that will be written here. After I after that I had just turned on. I will delay let's say for a second. Then I will turn off. Then 1 second. And let's try. Okay? Now, as we see within at equal, equal here. So it's not perfectly now. Okay, I want to mention something here. It is very important. There is a difference between syntax error and, and logical error. Syntax error is an error that will never run that on after it is done. Let's take an example. If this one, okay, this is Ampex edit. The code can be executed. I have an edit, but not you've got to edit is the same as what we had before. Let's remove this one. The globe is executed. That circuit is functioning. But I'm not receiving the output. I wanted. I have an output, but it is not what I want. For me. I want that when I press the push button that had drinks. But it is it is logging. It is executed. That silicate is logging, but I'm not receiving the output. So this is how I stop the simulation. I was disturbed. When I press the plus button, it will bleed. Let's see. Oh, okay. Let's see what is happening. It turned that off, then it stopped. What? I will tell you. Because the set of all we'll set one bar. So every time I want it turned on, I should press. Okay. Now, that idea to the project where you will challenge yourself to try to make the lead. Time. When I press the push button, just one. Okay. I will explain the project in the project section. Thank you for your time. 10. Project: Hello everyone, Hope you. What will be the project? Of course, to do that project, you should copy the circuit. And your assignment is what I meant. So now I will show you the output and you should do the OD this out. Okay? First of all, ACAT copy the circuit and I will start this simulation. Circuit should do 36. One. I press the push button. Led, turned on for 1 second. Okay. Each time I press, that would be 30 foot-long. If I press the second button, it blue LED will be turned on for one. Each time I pressed it. For once. These two are normal. What is challenging is this one. When I press this one, we'll start doing that for ten times. Okay? How would you do this? I will give you a small hat. You will use search on Google or on any blood form or ask anyone if you just dry, then you should use I did them before. I will explain it. But I wanted to mention that at problem-solving is the most important nowadays any project assignment. So now I want you to join, and if you got them are non solo, this problem. How would you solve it? And so I am showing now, I will see you soon. 11. Project Solution: Hello, In this lecture, I will, first of all this. Now. First of all, the inputs and I will, okay, first of all, as we see, we have three inputs and C, push buttons, inputs and outputs for their stores. I'll now 68 inputs. Okay? Yeah, I wrote it as thus. No sensitive. Her videos are input pins by default. So as we know, we should draw it. And what does happen if I don't write this statement? Nothing. I am obligated. I should write the output state. While considering the input statement. I can skip it. Okay? Okay. Now, as we said before, firstly, I have to give the names and signal from that next one, which is the same. And always add more because someone else is looking after you. He will not understand if you do not put notes. Ok. Now, let's see. The first one. When V1 and V3 plus button is pressed, what should I have? As I said before, you should have an output and will be turned on for us. So first of all, I should put the if condition. If give me one equal, equal, as we said before. I open brackets, close brackets. Okay. Now, what does digital? Digital. Okay. Which LED? Led, which is now 11 seconds. Then 84. I would always vote for the simulation. Okay. I will press. Now that this term, now, this many. Okay, now let's go to the second one plus button. So we will have the same setup within it. First of all, second. So it starts simulation. I press second one. So I'll second that. Okay. Now we have it is the third one. And push button is pressed. As I said before, you should have lead. Okay, let's start our first day. What this first statement is used where I want something to be repeated. Considered number of ofs. Okay. So that's that. All right. What did Iraq? I said that first of all, I generated a new variable called and I is that every time is smaller than 10. A boy, what is written in these brackets and long? Let's draw it some. Set. The idea of here. Ok. We want it to bleed. As we know before. I want to turn on delay, digital rights and ever. Okay. Okay. Okay. Now I am say if I is smaller than, then apply, execute this and add one. So let's say I equals 0, okay? Okay. This set of code is executed. We go back here. Okay? I is equal to one set of code executed, exited until I equally. Okay? This, that will be executed. Okay, Now this quote and I is equal to 0. If I add one to I, it will read them. But on should always be smaller than ten. So it will be executed or Morton know, this is when the full statement stops and out of the statement of the loop here. And then our beginning was executing the old here and waiting, it was flipped. And that's how many dimes from 0 to nine. If I start from one, I should put 11 here. I should put smaller or okay. So let's give it 01. Let's now what did I forgot? You have two seconds. I forgot to put the if statement. If our start simulation now, this LED blinking because the statement here is upload, stop simulation. Okay. If I opened up on census before, I don't know all that. From the beginning, I am developing. I'm adding to my goal till I reach that desired output. For not forgotten estate, if I start simulation, you will see something wrong. So our stuff, this simulation and I go back. Now. Let's start and see. If I press push button that 1 second. If I press setting that Lu, second, if 36789 and 10, now it will exit the loop and stop. Okay. I want to add something to that for statement. You are not required to understand what I'm writing. As. You will learn this later on. Now, I press push button. Now. Okay? Okay, as you stop Ollie, Ollie is always smaller than then. It can not be ten. This is how the for loop. And I just wanted to show you are you will learn that on there. Now we finished. Thank you for your time. I'll see you in the next course. And goodbye.