C# Programming in Godot 4

1. Course Intro: Are you interested in creating games but don't know where to start. Do you want to learn how to use the fastest-growing game engine? Got O4, that is also gaining in popularity more and more as the years go on. And program games with the powerful and versatile language C-Sharp in this course is for you. The c-sharp programming course here, or got O4 is designed for anyone who wants to learn how to program using C-sharp and God, oh, for whether you're a complete beginner or a TD script user looking to transition into using C-sharp, this course will provide you with a solid foundation to get started creating simple games and applications. This course, you will learn the fundamentals of programming including datatypes, variables, loops, conditional statements, functions, classes, and more than apply all of this knowledge at the end to create a game of your own. So if you're ready to learn how to create games using C-sharp and got a four, enroll in the course today and start to journey in development. 2. Download Godot: All right, welcome everyone. In this video we're going to focus on picking up the engine, but not only that, but the correct version of the engine we're going to need for this course. Now, normally I would say that you can pick up the sentence from the website and go to it. Steam. You scoop. Or I think there's maybe one or two other places that you can pick it up as well. But considering we're going to need the version that supports C-Sharp, I think he can only get to hear from the website maybe on it. I've never looked at HP, So I don't know if the C-sharp version is there. What you're gonna do with this, come over here to their website, Godot engine.org. And you'll see right here on the front page we have downloaded LTS for 3.5 and download latest 44.0, 0.1. Now I'm going to need to get this version as well. So we'll go ahead and click on that with you guys. Alright, so I'm just going to go ahead and click on download latest and will be brought to this page. Now you can see here there are two versions on the screen. They both look kind of similar, but one from does say dotnet, and if you look under it, the bottom one here says C Sharp support. So that's the version we're gonna go ahead and get. So make sure you click on the bottom one here. Going click that. And if you'd like to contribute to the engine, you can go ahead and make a donation there, but it is not necessary if you don't want to or you can't right now, whatever you all you have to do is go ahead and click the X button there. And you'll see in your downloads, yeah, you'll now have a zip file that quick. All you have to do now is go ahead and open that up and unzip that. And you'll have the executable in there for you. If for some reason this open up on a different platform, e.g. I'm on Windows here, but if it opened up on Mac or something instead, then should be able to go ahead and just change that repository for yourself or should automatically detect you there. Yeah, there it goes. There on the Epic Game Store now, as well. As you see there, it says the digital servers do not include C-sharp support. So yeah, the only way we're gonna get this C-sharp spores by coming directly here to the website. Make sense. And as I was saying earlier, is if some reason came up with a different platform, here's all your platforms down here. So because St. macOS, and now we can have the Mac version if for some reason you're on a Mac and it came up with windows, That's all you have to do. Just scroll down a bit and select platform. I see you guys in the next one where we'll get you set up with an IDE and I'll show you the one I'm gonna be using through this course and why I would recommend using an external one. 3. External IDE: Support and I'll show you why at the end of this video. Now in here, I'm going to go ahead and I'll be using Visual Studio. If you just go ahead and Google that, it should be on the first result here from Microsoft. Just scroll down, you can go ahead and just download Visual Studio. Now you're using the free version, You're going to be using Community here. You can get that for Windows or Mac. If you're on Linux, you're going to have to get visual studio code. Now, once the download, you can go ahead and run the installer. Now, I have already installed this in the. If I go ahead and read my installer, I'm going to get a page like this. I'm just going to go ahead and modify on one of these. What you're going to want to do when you install it is make sure that you have the C sharp sections here selected. Just to make sure that we have everything, we don't run into any potential issues. You do not need the option here. Just make sure that you have the desktop development and you can get the universal Windows Platform development if you would like. I have both selected just to, again, help prevent any issues I'm occurring. Just make sure I grab everything that's sharp there. We're not going to need the multiplatform PI development because our UI and everything will be built inside of gotto. Once you have that, you can go ahead and just hit Net. Take the individual components, everything should already be selected for you. You hit next. Again, we'll go into the language packs. I use English primarily on this computer. I'm only going to install English. But if you want to install multiple languages, feel free to then of select the location on your drives and hit the install button that you have here. Just wait for it to do its thing. Once that is all set up, we can go ahead and we're going to jump into the engine. Now, quick, if I open this up, let me capture this real quick. For creating your project here. We're just going to go ahead new project. And you're not able to see the screen at the moment. But the other thing that's up on here, create new project. It's just asking for the name of the project and a file location. I'm going to name it Course, just for the purpose of this. And hit the Create Bolder button. The Renderer shouldn't make any difference. You'll have three options. I'm just going to have Forward plus selected here, just because that's the default, should not matter when we go throughout this course. And I'll just hit Create Edit. This way I can just go ahead and show you real quick. Go ahead and make sure this is selected. Now, with it open, as I was saying earlier, you can use the built in script editor here. When it comes to doing our C sharp. However, it's not the best support on the built in one. If you try to use or search for help, look at the documentation, you're not going to get any of that help here. Which unfortunately what we're going to do is we're going to head on up to our editor. Not the project editor though. We want to go to Editor Settings. If we go ahead and just search in here, external, we go ahead and look down here. We've got text editor and we have external here. You can go ahead and turn that on and select a path directly to your executable. However, we are using the Sharp version. So we do have a model section here we want the editor section that's inside of there. We have external editor, it's set to one awesome neteditor. Go down to that section and you see you'll have a drive down here of a couple of the supportive ones such as visual studio and visual studio code. We have Jet Brains Rider, which is another popular one. And mono develop, which I have not used personally. But if you're using visual studio, just as I go ahead and select that. And then when you open up your code, it should automatically launch that program. And the benefits we're going to have in there are going to be things such as auto completion and almost like a built in documentation in a sense. Now this is just a simple project here. Don't worry too much about the code. I just wanted to show you that we come down, we get to a point code. We can come in right. And you can see we can get this auto complete going on things that we're not going to have in inside of the built in editor. If you do go with the built in editor, be aware you're not going to have any of that access there. That's why I would highly recommend you to use an external one here. You can at least get some of this auto complete that we're looking at. That way you can help along the way. That way if you don't necessarily remember the name of something, you can figure it out, look through, get an idea, and maybe it'll jog your memory that way. You're not just hitting, blindly copying something without necessarily understanding what's going on. But I just wanted to make sure you guys notice that and can see why I'm recommending you to use an external one. All right? This one's already rambling on a little longer than necessary, but I just want to make that clear. Whichever IDE you want to use, if you want to use one, is up to you. For this course, I'll be using visual studio. The benefits that you have in there are things like the auto complete compared to the built in script editor that comes with the engine. With this, you can actually plug ins to help help make your work flow a little easier and customize your development environment to suit you better. Personalize it a little more for yourself. All right, I'll see you guys in the next one and we'll get into some code. Start getting in with the basics. 4. Printing To Console: Hi, So starting with our project here, if you haven't created one, then when you wash the execute all for the first time, go ahead and hit New Project. Go ahead and give it a name. And you'll be greeted with this scene here. And to get where we are right now, all you have to do is just click on the user interface button here with the green circle on the left hand side. And that'll get you to the same situation, same scene that sit around here and go ahead and hit control S, or you can go to scene and Save Scene As that way we're already set up to go. Now to run your scene in, simply come up and hit the play button in the top right here. And if you do that, you'll have to select a main scene. You can select the current. And when you're running a project, you can always select this later inside of your project settings. Personally, I select my main scene later and usually just hit Run currency in here. At the top. F6. Whichever one you use there will be completely up to you. But that's when I nine times out of ten, I'm gonna be clicking on. So let's get started on our first script here. Hey, we're gonna take a look at learning how to print things out to our console. And we will technically have our first program written in code. It'll be simple and only printing out to the console. But it will be a program that you've coded. So I'm just going to click on my control that we created back on the left-hand side. And you can either right-click and go to attach script. Or once you've clicked on it, you can just hit this little script button here with the green plus to attach the script. And you'll be presented with this menu here. Make sure you have C-sharp selected as your language. It's going to inherit from a control because that's the type. That is. Make sure we have template checked with no default. From the path. You can come in here and you can rename this to whatever you would like. Minds can be read as colon slash slash and I'm just going to name it, print dot CS. Cs just means that it is a C-sharp script. And I'll hit Create. Now we've created this and if you're using an external IDE like suggested, that we can get the benefits of things like autocomplete. Then your ID should open up with your script. If you chose to use the internal one without auto-complete and any other benefits, then it should open up here in the script tab. So if you're using an external IDE like we went over and installed in the previous, previous video. This what we should be looking at now. Of course, if you're using the internal ones, we're looking at same thing just within your own editor. So for this video, we're not going to need this process function. So we can cover that in the future as to what that is. And here is the piece that we have. This using stuff at the top. Don't really need to worry about it. We're going to have system and Gato by default at the top of every script. And that's basically just telling our code what we can really use or what you have access to. E.g. there are some features that you may want to use that may be locked behind. If you have used other languages in the past, something like maybe C plus plus. These are like namespaces. Some kind of think of it as basically all this means is that we have access to other functions and things that we are normally able to use. E.g. if I type bio in here, you'll see that we have one here. Sorry, it's not popping up. I'll be sure to include an image here. If we type file, we will see that over on the right-hand side. We can see it says System dot io. And if we were not using system, we would not have access to that. Alright. So hopefully that clears up some of that confusion, but we do not need to worry about using god or using system that'll be up at the top. Have all of our scripts we want to focus on, is this ready block, or rather this underscore ready block. Now, in C-Sharp, every block of code is inside a pair of curly braces. And what we have highlighted here are the curly braces associated to this ready block. And inside of this ready block, anything between these curly braces is going to execute as soon as our program launches. So what we're gonna do in order to print out to our console. Would be JD dot capital P. Already up print. And this takes in horror as followed up with two parentheses with an argument. In this case, the default that gets put in there as the word this. And it ends with a curly, sorry, not a curly brace, semicolon. Now and C-sharp, every line of code is going to end with a semicolon. If you're coming from GD script, you don't need semi-colons, but you could use them if you wanted to. Now, if we're going to print this, print something out to our screen, we're going to do, we're going to delete the word this. We're going to have a pair of boats, quotation marks. And we're going to type something in there such as Hello World. Now have capital G, capital D, dot capital P, RIN, open parenthesis, double-quotes. Hello world. Another double quote. Close our parentheses, and we end our line with a semicolon. Now if you're using Visual Studio like I am here, you see yellow on the side. And that's this indicates that we have unsaved changes when we hit Control S and save. That's just going to turn green and show us that our changes have been saved. We go now back in the Godot Engine. If we go ahead and run it, this is going to wait a moment and our project is going to build. And don't worry about that error that I have that just because I've had scripts in here that I've deleted and looking for object you're seeing, you'll get a window here with a gray block. Don't worry about it. That's fine. Because we're not rendering anything out to our screen right now. But if we look down inside of our output console, down here at the bottom, we can see Hello World printed out just like we want it. Now in the Godot Engine, we actually have different ways that we can print e.g. if we put a comma there in-between if our two arguments here and we tried to print them out, we're going to print them and we have two arguments like this, different items we want to print out. When we just use print, it's gonna be smashed together as if it was one word with no spaces in between. Now if we wanted to print out multiple things like this and we wanted to have a space between each item. All we do is we add a capital S at the end of print. So we have print with a capital P and a capital S. And that S means we're going to put a space in-between each item. If we do print with two T's, but we haven't capital P and a capital T at the end. Then that capital T means that we're going to put a tab in-between each item. So depending on what you're going for, would depend on what kind of print you want to use and how you want to visually structure that. One that admittedly, I don't use all too often, but can be useful in certain situations. Is print, capital E, RR. This means print error. As we're gonna save that and run that. You'll see something very different here. It's going to come up with red text and it's going to have those red dots beside it. Now way it's something that's really eye-catching that you can easily see and not mistake for one of your other prints. If you're doing a fair amount of printing to your console. Alright, so those are the different ways that we can print out to our console. And congratulations, you have made your first little program. It's simple and basic, but you have written code and you are executing it. You've made your program. And the next one would take, start taking a look at variables. And then we'll jump into doing some math. 5. Variables: Let's talk about variables. A variable is something that can be utilized as a designated identifier to preserve a specific piece of information, such as the previous Hello World that we output in the last video. So to incorporate this, a new line would be added before our ready block. So let's go ahead and add a new script. I'm going to call my variables. Here we are again, we won't need this block, its process block it off. And anywhere above the ready block. But before still has to be within this pair of curly braces here. What I'm gonna do is anything inside of a pair of quote is called a string in programming. So I'm just going to type out the word string with a capital S. And for my variable I want it to be called hello. Now, you could write it down lowercase just like this, that's perfectly fine. However, in C-Sharp, typically, the first character, it's going to be a capital. And to set that equal to a piece of data like our helloworld would just say equals. And then we put in our quotes and typing hello world. Have you tried to compile this and run this, you're going to come into an error. And the reason for that, if you remember what I said last time, in C-Sharp, every line must end with a semicolon. So we have to make sure to include that at the end. Now if we were to come into our ready block and we were to print this out. Instead of typing in Hello World, we can just type in our variable's name, right? Because remember this is storing that piece of information. So we're going to use this identifier. Like this. We're just going to print out hello, save that. And if we were to run that, we should get the same result as we got in the last video down inside of our output where we just see the word HelloWorld get printed out. Now, what's a benefit to this is this value can actually be modified while the program is running. So you can imagine this as, as an example, if we're playing the game and the amount of damage you do to an enemy might change based off of the enemies armor, the weapon you're using, your character stats, and so on. And because of that, that damaged number is going to constantly fluctuate. Then you may have Crick's to take into consideration and maybe where the enemy was hit. So we've got all these different different variations to take into consideration that can alter an effect, what that damage a variable would be. And that's just going to go into doing a bunch of different math and calculations. But we don't wanna do that. We don't want to touch math right now, but we can still change the value of our identifier inside of our code here. We can go ahead and make a change. So after we print that out, we can go ahead and we can say hello equals. And we could type something else in there. So we can say, see, shirt is awesome. Remember to end this with a semicolon. And if we go ahead and print this out again, We'll see you have HelloWorld first because that's what it was initially assigned to. And then we change the value of it to C sharp is Austin. And then when we print again, you should get C-sharp is awesome and not helloworld. They'll go ahead and save that. Go ahead and run it. You take a look inside of our output. If we go, we can see we've got both values depending on where you're printing, whether it's before or after our value change. Now, when it comes to naming your variables, there are a few rules that you should keep in mind. Now a variables can be named any, or you can name them using any combination of letters, numbers, and underscores. Our, However, they must not contain spaces and their names shouldn't start with a number either. You see if we come up here and we type in one hello, we're instantly going to get that error at the top. You guys were having we've got an issue here, so we're going to run into an error so you cannot start your variable with a number. Now to avoid any errors, it's also important, important to avoid using any keywords or any of these function names that we may run into throughout the course that are already present within GD script. Now you might think, well, well, TD script, but we're learning C-sharp here. Why do we have to know about things that are already named within GD script? Well, the reason for that is because some of those same values are going to carry over here to C-sharp. So e.g. looks like there. If I come in here and I use the word name, this is technically fine. However, I'm going to run into a bit of an issue. And the issue here is, you can't see the pop-up here, but I just have my mouse hovering over it. And it is telling me why I have this little green outline under the word name. And as it says here, variables, dot name, hides inherited member, no doubt mean, use the new keyword if hiding was unintended. So we would have to put in all this extra work just to use another use something that already has a name that exist for us. So instead of putting in that extra work bore, no no real reason. I would say. And to avoid confusion, I would say it's just better to learn what they are and avoid them. So if you get a little green squiggly, at least inside of Visual Studio here. That's gonna be y because that already exist. Alright, now for clarity, my variable names should be concise and accurately reflect the data they contain. So for examples and saying, which is coming here, we could say name underscore length. They'll typically again at the end and the L would be capitalised and C-sharp. And you typically wouldn't use a underscore at all. But there's nothing preventing you from doing it. But this would be a much better variable name to tell you what, exactly what it is. Rather than having something say, length of my name. Right? They're both the same thing, but one of them is a lot more concise and they're getting the same information across. Some things to keep in mind. Now, when it comes to variables and potential errors, if I were to use a lowercase h down here, we're going to run into an issue. Is if I save that and maybe don't see it, you ignore it, whatever, and you try to run a pilot program. We're going to run into a failed build. And this is what you're going to see. You're going to see the name hello with an underscore age does not exist. In the end. We can't really see the rest of it. And the does not exist in the current context. And we didn't see right here in the path exactly where it is ten, our variable, C-sharp script, line ten at character 12. Now we can then go back into that and we can take a look at it, see what the issue is and the issue is because it's a lowercase h. So if you have two words, maybe once in capitals and once in lowercase, once uppercase ones, lowercase. They're not gonna be equal to the same thing when it comes to code. If you're going to have capitalize as your variable name, you need to make sure you capitalize it wherever you use it, wherever you're going to call it. This is a fairly common issue that I've seen quite a few times when it comes to new developers is just for getting small things like that. They just oversee. And what we just saw there in the Godot Engine is where our errors will appear. So if you ever building your program trying to run a scene and the build fails, those are the errors that you're going to see. And as you saw, it told us script the error was in what line it was on, what character the issue was at. And then it told us the issue which was hello with a lowercase h does not exist. It's something that we don't have access to. Something made up. So we just saw our first ever and how to kind of take a look at it to find out where the issue actually is. Alright, so that's gonna do it for this one. And we'll go now. We're going to continue with some variables go and bleeding into the next video. 6. Variables Practice: For the Skillshare exercise here, I want you to take a moment to remove, of course, the old script off of the control there and create a new script for the first practice exercise. What I want you to do is I want you to print things out to the screen and then alter the contents of that variable and output the new value. 7. Strings: Now we can use strings and variables like we saw with HelloWorld. But what we can also do is we can use this to interject them into some of our senses. And as string str, things that we can call on them. Now, we mentioned that the end of last video things like uppercase, lowercase, capitalizing our variable names. But we could do things like that to the actual text itself have manipulated. So I'm gonna go ahead and create a new variable that is a string. When I call it my name and set it equal to my name. But all lowercases, and of course, ended with a semicolon. Now if I come in here, I could print it out. And it would be just as you would expect, save that, run it. Project builds take second and we can see it down there. The name printed out perfectly fine. And we've done this multiple times now at this point, however, this is a string because it is inside a pair of the quotation marks. So that means we can call things on it. So after we put in my name, we can do a period. And if you are using something like Visual Studio would have the autocomplete. You'll notice all of these pop up here. And the ones that we can look for in this case is we can look at happened allies. Now, we're getting a little green squiggly here. And that's just because we need to end this with a pair of parentheses. In this case. Now, if we were to save this and run it, Pharmacy, Kevin weren't able to see that. But we have my name here. If we just do the dot capitalize. You see there? And then There's the green squiggly line I mentioned there. Will each do an open and close parentheses at the end to call that method on our string. And if we were to run that, you'll see in the output that our name gets capitalize, which means the first character of each of those words. First character of our first and last, are both going to get started with a capital letter. That's not the only way that we can manipulate this. Manipulate our string here. We can also call methods such as two upper and then I will again have end with a pair of parenthesis. And we can do the same thing. I'm just going to copy, paste that down the line. And we could do to lower. If we run that. You can see where any at both these printout one's going to be in all uppercase and what's gonna be in all lowercase. So we can manipulate a string in multiple different ways here. There are plenty more things that we can call on a string. Some of those things we'll get to later. Others you'll find out through either reading documentation or just experimenting and taking a look at some of the things in that drop-down. If you have that autocomplete feature. But to use a variable inside of our string, we go ahead and write out our screen here. Say hello, friend is, we can't just type out our variable name because it will be taken literal, like you see here. Instead, if we want to use a variable inside of our string, what we have to do is go to the beginning. Just before our quotation marks, put $1 sign. And then we want to use our variable. Actually surround our variable name with a pair of curly braces. And you'll see it'll turn white in this case. And that means we're going to plug our variable in to that place. If we were to run that. Now, now see the name get plugged into that string, and we'll see that sentence fully written out. Now in this case, since it is a name, you're probably going to want to use something like capitalize on it. And you just do that inside of, right inside of our curly braces. And so if you want to call anything you do what's inside of that. So just like you can see that if you were to actually run this, now, we're gonna get that same result just with the personal last name, started with a capital letter. That's not the only thing that we can do with strings here. We can actually manipulate them further by using things like tabbing out spaces, right? Who wanted to, we could actually do a forward slash or backslash. I always get the two confused. And a t, like you see here, I believe it's backslash x. We're going from the bottom or from the bottom-up or leaning back, right. Hopefully I got that right. And if we go ahead and print that out, you'll see down in the output, we got this. We got a much bigger space here compared to the other location. Now what else we can do is we can actually break this down onto a new line as well. So instead of t, If we use an n, right, the backslash n, save that and give that a run. And we just wait for this to you. There we go. And now whatever was printed next was broken down onto the next line. So we do have a few different manipulations like that with our slash and slash t. Really break that up. And that'll, that'll wrap up our little strings and introduced or introduction to our first variable type here. Next, we're going to jump into taking a look at some numbers and doing some mathematics. 8. Strings Practice: Alright, are you scared, Skillshare people out there? We're gonna go ahead and you can go ahead and make a new script. And this will be your next practice exercise here. What I want you to do is I want you to design your own little program here and employ multiple variables to serve as substitutions for placeholders into your strings. And as a bonus, try to use some modifiers like to upper to lower capitalize. And maybe you'll find an interesting one that we haven't covered yet. 9. Mathematical Operations: Alright, so I've gone ahead, I've got my new script. I've called this one math, seeing as that is what we're gonna be getting into for the topic of today's or rather this video. And again, we're just going to need the ready block here. We're not going to eat that process blocks. Even go ahead and get rid of it. As programmers. Number serve a multitude of purposes, from keeping track of scores and game mechanics to data visualization and information storage for applications, numbers will either be represented as an integer or a float. Let's first take a look at integers. Now, integers are whole numbers similar to those utilized in elementary education and offer for the same basic mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division here in C-Sharp. So these numbers are gonna be whole numbers like 12345 and so on, as well as their negative counterparts. So negative one, negative two, negative three, and so on. So if we go ahead, we can actually perform some of this, some of these mathematical expressions, these operations. And we can actually do this inside of our print, so we can just see our basalts printed out. So if we go ahead and print, we could print out five and that would work out tan and so on. What we're gonna do is we can print out five plus ten. Go through all of our mathematical operations here. Oh, here's That's not grab all of that. We can do five plus ten. Now you don't have to have this spacing in-between. This is purely for readability. You see we use the asterix or multiplication and we use the forward slash for division. And it's as simple as that. We literally just five plus 105 minus 105 times 10, 5/10. And who are to save that and give that a run? We'll see down in the output, down there at the bottom. Soon as our program is done building, we see 15 because five plus ten is 55 minus ten gives us negative 55 times ten gives us 55/10 is zero. Now, zero because ten cannot go into five any amount of time. So this would give us a, a fraction of a number, right? Don't go in less than one times. So because of this, since we're working purely with integers, we're just going to get a zero because we have to have whole numbers, right? But what if we need to do a little more advanced mathematics here? What if we want to start using things like exponents, right? We want to have, go ahead and have never, what if we wanted to do something like exponents? I wanted to have like five to the power of ten, which would be five times five times, five times five times 510 times. Alright? Because we're going to need that at some point when you start doing some more advanced calculations. Or if you're gonna do something with data manipulation, maybe you need to figure out some of these things or game mechanics. Like if you wanna do something like a swinging from Spiderman, you're going to have to start getting into, gonna have to bring into knowledge of trigonometry to start figuring out some of that stuff. Swinging arm extend the momentum and everything. But for now, we're just going into the exponent is also known when they say is e.g. check five to the power of ten, right? So to get to the power of something, we have to access the math class here. So we have to type out math and capital M. And then we can do dot and P 0 W. That'll give us our maximum power. Open and close parentheses. And that will take two arguments. A5, ten. My mistake. There's a math F at the end there, dot POW ness capital P, capital M. And we just pass in two arguments. The first one is our regular number, and the second argument, it would be our exponent. So here we got five to the power of ten. Then if we wanted to do the opposite, something like that. First, let's go ahead and run that. You can see that printed out down there at the bottom. And that gives us a total of 99,765,625. As a result. That's quite a large number. But if we want to square root something, so we take something like eight squared, which would be eight to the power of two. We take that there. So we do eight to the power of two and we run that we know we're gonna get 64. If you remember your multiplication tables, that'll be eight times eight. So what if we wanted to do the opposite? We want to get square root of it. Well, we can go ahead and get back up again. And we can get the SQRT capital S, and that'll give us square root, open and close parentheses. And this takes one argument. And that is the number. That's what I get square root of. In this case, we're going to use 64. Again, remember all of your lines must end with that semicolon. And now if we get the square root of 64, we should get eight. For the second item printed out. Alright, there we go. There you go. We've seen us. Do you know what integers are? And you know how to perform these basic mathematical operations. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponents, and square roots. And then of course, you can combine all of this together into one long equation. E.g. we can do five. We can do five plus, let's say eight to the power of 2/3 that in there. And then subtract nine at the end. And of course we're going to work in the order of the order of operations, whether you know that as bad, miss BOD, miss headedness. I think there's a couple of other ones out there as well then I've heard of, but they stopped coming to me at the moment. So we look at it. We're going to work with parentheses first. So we're gonna do what's inside here. So I'm going to do 810 power of two, which is 64. Then we're gonna divide that by three. Which will give us, that would give us what? To give us 20. If I'm doing this right and I 20, maybe 21. I could be wrong on that. And then of course we're gonna go left to right. So we have as addition and subtraction with cabinet the same time. So start with five and subtract or five plus 21 that they subtract nine. So if my math is correct right now off the top of my head here, I'm just going to give us what, 26 and then minus nine. So 17. Hopefully I'm not too wrong on there. Find out. Go ahead and run this and it gets printed out. Okay, we got 17.333 of course, because it doesn't go into 64 evenly here. But there you go. We've got ahead and moved into that. And now this is the perfect time to move in because you see we have this decimal number here. So now we have rhabdo numbers. These are called bloats. These are numbers that are not whole. Alright? So we can take a look at like 5.5, 0.01 of them is an integer and the other one is a float. Now, depending on your language you're using, sometimes these can be seen as equal and the same number. And in other language that may be seen as completely different numbers. So it's important to know ahead of time which is which and the language that you are currently working in. Now, what if we wanted to convert, say, our five, right, or integer? What if we wanted to convert that into a flux for our operations because we have to pass in a float for what we're doing. Well, all we have to do in C-Sharp, as we put it in a pair of parentheses before the five. And we go ahead and we type in float. And this is going to convert R5 into a float for us. Now, if we go and save that and where to print it out. And take a look. When you see down there still just looks like five to us. It's not make a whole lot of a difference here. However, if we now take that five and we were to divide it by ten, like we did earlier, where we got an answer of zero. You see that now we're getting an answer of 0.5 because now we have a float that is involved. And we can do this in the other direction as well. So we can have a number like 5.7% to convert that to an int. Same thing. We do a pair of parenthesis at the beginning and type in INT, then put it into an integer. Now if we go to French that by 0.7 after it's been converted to an integer, proceed, we get printed out just fine. Because that 0.7 gets left off because we only have decimal points inside of a float. Now, we don't have to necessarily point this part out, but we can convert strings. So if a user were to type in 5.7 e.g. just because you needed the user to supply that number for whatever reason you can actually do or say decimal point afterwards. And we can actually call to bloat open and close parentheses at the end, you convert it to a float. And likewise, as you would expect, we can go to and to convert it into an inch into an integer. And you perform all the same mathematical operations in the same way with floats as you can with integers. Now, something I want to mention here is when we are working with variables, you may need to assign one of your variables to a number, such as an integer, right? So say num equals ended with a semicolon. And now you know, you can come in here who can print out num. And this is going to give us 50. We know that and it's an integer because we told it to be. So now we can perform anything that an integer can do. Now here's the thing. What if we get confused in our code? And at some point we tried to assign num 24747, e.g. we say we're going to be allowed to do that. And we're not gonna have any issues with that. And you can see that for go ahead and run this. We're going to have a successful build. Everything's going to run. No problem. Prints out 50 because we changed the number after what's printed. However, what if we want to make it constant? We don't want that number has changed at any point in our code. E.g. this could be something like gravity, something that's always the same. What we can use this keyword here at the beginning, CONST, CONST before declaring and creating our variable. And that means this variable is going to be a constant. Which simply means that this variable can never be changed. Once we declared it there at the top is 50, it can never be changed. Num as you see down there, it has a little red squiggly underneath of it. And if we were to try to make a build with this, we're going to run into an error. And that error tells us then our math script, line 113. Left-hand side of the assignment must be a variable property or indexer. And such a yelling at us because we're trying to change the property of num, which is a constant and we're not allowed to do that. And this applies as well to floats. So instead of int, we just type float if you want to create a float. And at the end if you want, we can go out with the df, e.g. that's common in c-sharp is wall. And the last thing I want to mention here is comment. A comment is not read by the engine when it is compiled. So anything that's commented out, we'll do absolutely nothing. And all you have to do is just put in these two front slashes. And then you can type whatever you want. And nothing is gonna be, it's gonna be as if that comment line was never there. All right, It makes no difference at one perfect code. You can write a line of code, such as our French here and there, but if commented out, so we'll never be able to do that. Now, as a beginner, you can certainly comment your code to help you understand what's going on or why you did something that way he did. But in general, personally, I don't like comments myself, simply because comments well, for one, you're functioning that should discourage should be named well enough that it tells you exactly what it does. If it tells you what it does, you shouldn't eat a comment to tell you what it does. And not just that comments, they'll lie to you. Right? As time goes on, new people come in and work with your code. And maybe someone who works with their code. And the code will be updated, will get updated in a production environment. But the comment, and then the comment becomes a lie. Then you think the code is doing one thing, what it's actually doing something else because he'd write a comment that is out-of-date. But like I said, when you're just learning, comments are perfectly fine. That might help you get your thoughts together, organize things logically in a way to help you walk through things step-by-step. Alright, so that'll do it for our Math section here. We know integers, we know floats, we know how to perform mathematical operations. We know how to convert our strings into numbers that we can use, and we know how to create a constant in case we ever need to keep a number or a variable that holds the number the same row. 10. Mathematical Practice: Alright, for your Skillshare practice. In this section, I want you to go ahead and of course create a new script. And what I want you to do. So go ahead and crank this up you a little program that uses both floats and integers and facilitates a conversion between the two. Floats to the integers and integers floats. And ensure to incorporate some comments just to make sure that you understand what they are and how they work that describe the purpose of your code and help explain its functionality for your own future reference in case you have to come back to this for whatever reason in the future. 11. Creating Arrays: All right, In today's video, we're going to go over lists. And if we want to be a little more specific, we're going to go over arrays within goto. Now I say within God, oh gosh, technically C-sharp does have its own version of arrays and it has lists as a separate item type or an item object. And sometimes depending on what you wanna do, you kinda have to flip flop between the two of them because they each have their own complete set of things to do to them are called on them. So instead of learning both of these two things together, we're gonna do is we're just going to learn the Godot arrays, the array class from the Godel here. Since that's what we're coding in. And not only that, the kind of also eliminates the need of that whole swapping between lists and arrays in standard C sharp here. So it's kinda like a merged version of both those together, if that makes sense. Now, we can't just come in to our editor here. Now. You see, I do have a new script here, of course, and I've got mine named arrays or write.csv. Now, you might think based off of before where we had string integers, floats that we can come in here and we'll say array. And we can create a new outbreaks or say hi lists. And we can go like this. But we can't do this because this actually creates the array for the one that's built into C Sharp, and that's not the version that we want to use. The monarchy is the one that we want to use. We actually have to come up to the top and we have to bring in a new namespace. And we have to say using goto dot elections. And of course end that with a semicolon at the end. And to correct this variable that we have created, instead of array, we would then do elections dot array. And when you do that, same thing, here, the answer we say new. God, oh, collections dot array with our open close parentheses and a semicolon on the end. And of course, it is a new object that we're creating here. So this is how you would write this. Now, this does get a little long. How would it comes to writing all of this out? Especially in some lines where As you see, this takes up a substantial amount of space. Writing out goto dot collections, dot re. And we'll have to this later for another class as well. So what we can do is we can actually say in R using statement at the top and say using, well you say gc as two capitals as, and then having got Ow.ly. My mistake there, as I've realized that real quick, C-sharp is not S, as we'll say, using GC equals goto dot collections and end that with a semicolon. Mostly they're on a slight syntax there. So instead of doing gao dot collections dot array, we can now just do GC dot array. So we can really short and all of that down. Now of course you don't have to do that. But we do have the benefit of taking up much less space, saving some of our room here. Alright, so if we go ahead and we could save that, and it's perfect. Now, we have our open and close parentheses here at the end. So we have new GC, dark gray open close parentheses, and a semicolon going to create a new array object. But what if we want to have this already have items in it by default? Well, instead of the parenthesis here, we're going to have a pair of curly braces. And we can stick our items inside. So what I'm going to use for this is I'm going to use some grocery items, right? So this can be like a grocery list. So we'll have tomato ketchup. And let's go with funds. Now, if you're a list does start getting really long. Remember, anything inside of the curly braces is considered part of this. Lock, the new array so we could drop down to a new line. So it's hitting the Enter key. And this will still be valid. So if you want to make it a little more concise, a little more compact, you can do that as well. Now, what is it we are gonna do with this list? Well, first thing we're gonna do is we're going to print it out. So it can be JD dot print. And we're going to go ahead and print out our list, my list. And of course, semicolon. Save it and run it. We'll see down at the bottom and our input, our lists, getting them clearly written out. Perfect. So we can print out these lists. It doesn't have to just be an integer or a float or scrape course. Now, just being able to print it out isn't going to necessarily any good. Because we're going to need to be able to access certain elements within that list. So to access an element, an element in that list, right? So we have my list when referring to get, all we're gonna do is we're going to put a pair of square brackets beside our list. And inside of that, we're going to type in a number, and that number is called an index. Now, this is where the computer and a human will think differently here. So if we take a look at our list here, the items in it will say tomato was one equals to catch up three bonds, four. But that's not how a computer, I will interpret that. As humans. We start off with one as the first item, whereas computer is going to start with is zero. So Peter's going to say tomato is zero, pickles one heads-up to bunch delete. If we come in and we type in two for the index. And go ahead and give that a save and let it run. And we should see get printed out. Index two is catch-up. Do the computer, whereas us that would be like item. So if it helps, you can kinda just think of, you can kinda count out your eye, your items and then minus one to get the index. If that helps you. Myself. I've been doing this long enough that I just started thinking things starting at zero nowadays. But that's how we can access their specific items in our list. So if we said one, tomato, make some money initially expect we're going to get the pickles bills and we see it down there in the bottom on our output. And this is kind of how an index position will work. And we could work this in with our strings, right? I'm going to work this answer. We can say this in. We say member to pick some. And we can have, alright. Now remember, we're going to use a variable in a string. We have to have $8 sign, start or quotations. And inside the screen we have a pair of curly braces. Inside of there is where we have our variable. So in this case, I list square brackets and we'll say, let's go with three. High, messing that up. There we go. We go my list and index three. So now I should say remember to pick up some bones. Go ahead and so down here in pencil. And then we go, remember to pick up some bugs. In that case, it doesn't make sense from quantity, capital. So if you wanted to come in, remember this is the string item. Hey, it's in quotes here. So we can come in and be then do Asheville to lower. But technically, this isn't seen as a string, even though we would interpret it that way after what we've learned so far. So if you actually want to use string, man's on it, on this specific item, we would have to say toString. Then we can call things like to upper to lower to make it more grammatically correct. For now. That's how, that's how we create a ray from the god oh, collection. As well as access different elements or items inside of that array using what we call an index. In the next video, we'll go ahead and continue on learning more things that we can do to an array and how we can start manipulating it. 12. Creating Array Practice: Alright, so you're on Skillshare. We're gonna go ahead and take a moment here and have our little practice exercise with using erase here. What I want you to do is I want you to go ahead and Crick self and lifts. That comprises of they can comprise of things like names, greetings, vehicles, or whatever other items that come to mind you want to use. And I want you to use this list to hone in on your skills on being able to access specific elements that you are looking for. So if you want in our grocery capital here, if you want ketchup, practice being able to get ketchup right way without maybe having to spend 5 min just what that indexes and maybe guessing at it. Why are you using that? What I want you to do in order to use that, I want you to take the item that you access from your list, and I want you to use that within some sentences, right? It's obscuring, shall we print out to our pumps? 13. Modifying Arrays: Hey, I'm gonna go ahead and I'm just going to use the same script that we had before. So I've got using GC equals God, oh, collections here at the top. And I've already got my grocery list. I created here called my list. And what we're going to take a look at now is we're going to take a look at how we can add new items into our list. Now of course, you're going to want to do this because route, whether you're looking at data or maybe specific elements or items related to games, such as maybe adding numbers to a player's hand. If it's a card game, or maybe, maybe it's an inventory that you have to add two items into. And there are a variety of different situations there. You're going to need to learn how to add items into your gut to erase. And to do that, this is actually gonna be pretty easy. I'm just gonna go ahead and print this out. So ged dot print my list, of course, and all your lines with a semicolon. And I'm going to print that out twice. And in-between, I'm going to add a new item. So we can see this. The way that we add a new item to our list of groceries here. Got them. Oh, great. I'm just going to type in the name. So my list. And we do dot and we call add on this pair of open and close parentheses and ended with a semicolon. And what you have inside of those parentheses is the item that's going to be added. So in our case, I'm just going to use air quotes and type in the word taco. I'm going to add taco onto our grocery list. And if we go ahead and print that, we should see the old version without taco and the new version with Taco down here in Ireland. And there we go. You can see our new edition gets added onto the end of our list. As you would expect if you're going to add something onto maybe a list that you've written down on a piece of paper. You're probably going to add it at the bottom. Adding onto the end of your list. Makes sense. Now, what about situations where you may want to insert items not at the end, but maybe in the middle of our list. Now, this is possible and it is depending on what you're doing, this may be situational. What we're gonna do instead of adding taco to the end, what we do is we call something called Insert. And of course we have our open and close parentheses. And this takes two arguments that we have to put in, right? So we've got type in two things. One is gonna be the position we want to add it to. The second one is gonna be the item. So remember, last time when we're talking about items inside of our list, we're talking about index. And that's what we need to add in here. So if we say it's zero, then our items is going to be added to the beginning of our list here. If we say one, It's going to be added between tomato and pickles. And I think that's where I want to go ahead and put my taco. I'm going to insert it at one. And we go ahead and run that. Second. A builder. You see there we go. Taco is now index, are inserted as index one into our list. And now he's pickles has moved up and it's no longer one pickles now represented by index to catch up green bonds. So not only can we just add items into our list, we can also insert it into a specific Part of our list. If there is any reason to act, you may need to do that. Now, what good is adding items and inserting new items? If we have no way to actually remove items. Because we may want to keep a track or keep track of a list of items that may be a user asked to collect. And we want to, maybe we want to remove the items out of that list, ask the player who likes them. But what we do is we actually call a, we call remove. And of course our open and close parentheses and end it with a semicolon and remove. In this case. We take a look. This is going to take a very item. And we're going to put in, this is where we can type in something that we want to put it in there, e.g. we can say patch up, right? So we say remove ketchup, my list dot remove, and we put it in catch up. Now remember this is going to be case sensitive, the situation, so we can go ahead and save that. And if we print that out now, we should now see our second printout have the same list but without ketchup it. So we can remove specific items out of our list if we wanted to, if we know the exact item that we want to take out. Now, alternatively, another one that we can use called removed at and of course open, close parentheses and the semicolon. And instead of taking an item like we did before with ketchup, this actually takes a index position. So if we want ketchup, we're going to have to go ahead and put in index to pass in index two when we call remove that. Now if we run that now we should get the exact same result here. And then we go, Let me see. Ketchup has been removed out of our list. So that's how we can add items to our list, remove them, and in a sense, kind of erase them out of, out of our lists when we no longer need them. All right, so now you know how we can manipulate lists to add new things, to remove things from it in different ways. And in the next one we'll go ahead and cover the last section that I want to go over here. But it's got two arrays. And that's going to have to do with things like length and organization. And we'll get into all of that next time. 14. Modifying Practice: So for our practice exercise, this time, I want you to go ahead and using your own list of items. Again, this could be cars, food, objects, whatever it is you want to use. And I want you to practice adding and removing items from your list using both index positions as well as items, the actual item. Go ahead and practice until you get comfortable with how to use it and you feel ready to move on to the next section. 15. Organizing Arrays: Alright, so I have my list here and again I have my God, oh, collection namespace we used at the top. I have my nucleus that is being created. And I haven't pre-loaded with some shopping ingredients. And today we're gonna talk about how to organize our list. Now, this doesn't have to be items specifically. Course, this could be numbers. Alright, so say my numlist space that out a little there. So we'll say, let's put some numbers in here. For our last number, Let's go. So our numbers are slightly out of order. You don't send me 60 to really shake things up. So now we have two lists here. One was our strings, string look, and one with all numbers here. Now, how can we organize these? Because these are gonna be added into specific. I just added in, usually at the end. And if you're gonna go in alphabetical order, e.g. having to constantly know where to insert is going to be really, really annoying when it comes down to it. So how can we actually sort this? Well, we can go ahead and we can print this out so we can see the before and after. Print out my list. And again, I'm gonna do that twice. And in-between is where we're going to organize things. So in order to organize this, lucky for us, we can actually call something called sort. So we've got my list, dot, sort, open and close parentheses and our line semicolon. And we'll see when we print this out, just down here inside of our output council. When we call sort on it, we see everything gets sorted into alphabetical order. Which maybe what you're looking for. Again, this is going to be dependent on your situation in which you want to use. And likewise, we can do this with my numlist as well. And this will sort our numbers into being in the correct order. Okay? So we can see at the top, it's all in the same order that we wrote it in. And then at the bottom, it's all going in a proper numerical order. Smaller to larger. I do want to just go ahead and note in here that you can reverse the list. We can call something called reverse. So instead of sorting can come in here and we could reverse it and it'll be in the same order course as we put it there. But if you wanted, you can go ahead and you could sort it first, right? To say sort, open, close parentheses. We can sort it. And then we can go ahead. Hi, list. And remember this is two lines. We have to have a semicolon for each line. And if we were to do this and print it out, we're going to see that our list of numbers, it's gonna be completely sorted out. And then we're going to reverse it. So now we're looking at not only do the organized it and now we're showing it in Largest to Smallest Now sit a small solar. And of course, if we did this with our regular list, with our shopping ingredients, this is going to go from a to Z, or you can say, we're gonna go from Z to a. There are other things that we could need and what's a very, very useful is being able to know how long the list is. Now when it comes to gaming, you probably going to use this for some to loop through everything, maybe a set number of times. But you may not necessarily know how many times that number is going to be. Or maybe you want to do something when someone's list becomes a set size are going to get so big. And maybe you have a maximum inventory capacity that you want to work with. Either way, we're gonna do is we're going to go ahead and print out our list here just like we did normally, only to get the size of it. We're going to call something called count. Open and close our parentheses or sorry, mistake now, no parentheses on this one. It's just helped with a capital C. If we were to print this out, we would see which one are you using what using my numlist. We're going to see four as a result printed out. That's because we have four items. So this is more similar to how we count the syllables. It was a 12 or. So. We have four items. Remember, our index would only go 0-3. All right, so that's how we go ahead and get the length of the list, as well as organize it both going forward as well as going backwards. Alright, that'll wrap up our section here on when it comes to creating these lists. And how we can manipulate and sort them out into ways that we need them to be. Next, we're actually going to start using them to go through everything. All right. Well, I'll see you in the next one. 16. Organizing Practice: Alright, so for our practice exercise in this section, what I want you to do is I want you to go ahead and create your own little program here that glucose is going to add items to your list. And if you want, you can remove items out of it. So we want to completely generate a brand new list. And we also want this list to be sorted alphabetical, both going forwards and back. When you feel comfortable with being able to organize your created lists. Then come back and we can move on to the next section. 17. Foreach Loops: Alright, so to get us started here, we're going to go ahead and start taking a look at for loops today and how we can actually use them with the list that we learned last time. So I've gone ahead and I've created myself a new script. And I call it just calling it for loops. And now to create ourselves FOR loop, of course we're in, need something to loop through. So what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna go ahead and grab my list from the arrays section last time. And I'm just gonna go ahead and type that in there. And of course we need to be using at the top. So we need to using GC equals, you know, collections and semicolon. We go, we're not going to need this process section that just like we've been doing. And I'll hit Control S to save. Okay, Now a for-loop. What is it? Why do we use it? Well, a for-loop will allow us to perform a set of actions. Every entry, item, every object that is within our list. So in our case, our grocery item. So every item that's in here, whatever we put in side of this for loop, we're going to do it to tomatoes, we're gonna do to pickles, we're going to do to catch up, and we're gonna do it two bonds. Now, this will obviously say times if there may be some situation, maybe there's four or five lines that you want to run on each item. And you just take up those four or five lines instead of taking up like 20 lines of code. So this way we get to not only write a lot less, but we get to fall with kinda DRY principle, which stands for don't repeat yourself. So this x is specifically, I'm going to be looking at a for each loop because we want to loop through each item. Alright, so to do this, we've got ourselves, our grocery list ear. And to loop through and go through each item. All we do is we type for each as one word here, open parenthesis. And she would create a AVR, right? And create ourselves or a variable, we're going to call it item. This item is going to represent tomato, and then it's going to represent pickles. Then it's going to represent catch up. And then it's going to represent bonds. It's going to go through each item in side of our list here. Okay? And remember to close parentheses at the end there. And of course, curly braces open and close. We need a pair of them. Whatever we put on the inside in-between these pair of curly braces is what we're going to run on every item. So if we go ahead and we can just print out each item and save that and go ahead and run that for us. One moment here. Because we're not going to need that. Go ahead and run this even a moment to build. We go, we can see we've went through each item in our list down there, the output, and we printed out each item as we got it. So what we can do now is we can now do something to it, right? And for this we could do that, make sure that we have it as a string. And then maybe we do a 22 upper. Let's go with that. Will make everything uppercase and save it and rerun that. And now we're going to print out everything, all in uppercases, each item. Now if you want to do something outside of that for loop, of course all we have to do is go outside of these, this pair of curly braces here. Of course we have to stay inside of the other ones that are a part of are ready block. So if we go after the last close to go after the closing brace of our foreach loop, but before the closing brace of our ready pair. So we can now come in here and do a print. And we can say done looping. And that with our semicolon of course. And now you see, well run through all of these items. Then we have are done looping at the endpoints with exited out of that pore loop. Now, something that I'll mention real quick is you can exit a loop early. And we'll get into this more when we get into while loops later, which is a whole, another way of looping through or not so much looping through an object but making sure something continues to happen. Whereas here we're just going through as long as there are still items in our list. So we'll get to that later, but I just wanted to show it to you. There are ways that we can break out of loops early, but we'll just get into that later. Now, it is important to pay attention to help avoid errors by paying attention to the spelling of that to type in there. And for the curly braces, as I've been mentioning, make sure that the code you want to run inside the curly braces related to your foreach loop. Now having incorrect curly braces in some search witness, some situations can go ahead and lead you to errors. So it is important that you double-check before you run your code, because your code may still execute. It just may not execute the way that you want it to. And this can be especially important when it comes to longer pieces of code. You may have multiple levels of you may go with these indentations. I'm SEC, as we run in curly braces, the tags just kinda indented in. The indentation doesn't really matter, but it does help visually organize things for you. Alright, I think that'll do it for this section on going over a for each loop. And in the next video we'll go ahead and we'll take a look at the other kind of for-loops. 18. Foreach Loops Practice: Alright, so four-year video practice here. What I want you to do is I want you to go ahead and create your own list. Doesn't matter what it is or what items are within your list. But I want you to go ahead and take that and use the for each loop and run a block of code on your items. In some way. Maybe you want to remove item So we print them in uppercase, lowercase capitalize them maybe or maybe you want to take them and print them out with into sentences out to the console. And maybe want to add it in. Added on into what's being printed out. Whatever it is you wanna do. I just want you to go ahead practice with those four each loops and a list of your own. And go ahead and get yourself comfortable with using them and how to write them out. 19. For Loops: Let's go ahead and we can take a look using the other for-loops here. And I'm just using the same script here. If you wanted, you can comment Delta E for each section if you'd like. Let's go ahead and jump into the other four loops. And if you've used GD script, you're going to be a little more familiar with. Right now for this, we're gonna go ahead and we're kinda working with numerical data here. So what we're gonna do, the first show you how this works. We're gonna go ahead and write for space. They will have our open and close pair of parentheses here. And inside of there is gonna be our little conditions. So what that is, is that's gonna be a variable. Call it a value. You can name it whatever you want. And we're going to set that equal to one. By default. We're going to put a semicolon. And then we're going to say, have our condition of value less than six. Put a semicolon in there, and then we'll say value plus, plus. Plus, plus just means increased by one. So if you realize here, it's going to go ahead and add my pair of curly braces to get rid of that error. As you realized, this is similar. If you've done GD script, you'll see some similarities here. They just all kinda bunched up into the top section here. Normally you would look for value less than six and you would move on. And this value plus, plus you'd have like at the end of your loop, e.g. and C-sharp would just kinda all condensing it all at the top. Saying, Here's what we want to use, the value that we want to use. Here's the condition that we want to do this for. And then when it's done, we're going to add one to it. So we're just kinda condensing it all at the top. So if we go ahead and print this, Let's see, there we go and run that. And you'll see if we print this, as long as the value is less than six and it's going to start at one. We're going to print out 12345. And we're not gonna go any higher. Because at that point, once it rolls over to being 66 cannot be less than six. Alright? So we can't run through that loop anymore. We're done. Now, this can be helpful for if you want to run through a set of range. E.g. we can come in here to my list and get the count of it. Right? Now we could print out my list, use the square brackets here and just pass in a value. And in this case, let's start value at zero. So now it's starting at zero. And we're gonna go as far as our, as long as it's smaller than the total number of items. So if we were to print this out now, and we'll go ahead and take a look. You see we're going to print out all the items. Now, you saw students with the for each loop. And that would be a better situation because we're printing out each item for what it is. In this situation, we're using the value as to act as an index, in this case, to access elements within that list. So that's another way that you could kinda access this. I'll go through this. But it's not the only thing we could do. We could, of course come up crop and we could create a whole new list. Let's go ahead and create a new array. We'll call it a numlist. I will set that equal to a new array brush here. I'll go ahead and change this back down to six. And instead what we're gonna do is we're gonna take our numlist. We're going to add not just value. We're gonna go ahead and throw some math and then we're going to say math f dot tau. And then we'll pass in value comma two. So now every item, we're going to square it. So we're going to start with 00 squared is still zero, so zero will be our first item. Then we'll have, there'll be one. So we'll have one squared, two squared, three squared, four squared, five squared, I'll get added. And once we're done with this, just like our foreach loop, we can go outside our curly braces for the, for block. And we'll go ahead and print out our new novelists that we have I created. So we'll go ahead and run this, excuse me a moment to build. And we can see there's our list is 014,916.25. And just like that, we've used a for loop to completely generate a brand new list for us that we could use. Now, this situation might be a little specific in terms of its use case. But just kinda keep in mind, you can use for each. If we go into items. You can use for regular for loops when we're dealing with something like numbers. So that covers of both kinds of for-loops. Here in the C-sharp language. 20. For Loops Practice: Alright, so for your practice video here, what I want you to do is I want you to go ahead and create some kind of code here that will end the end, produce a numerical list of some kind. You can do this through generation, generating a list, or maybe you cannot find some creative ways to go about it. But what I want you to do is to create, at the end of it, I create a list or other construct a list using a for-loop and some kind of a range. Alright, go ahead and do that and help get yourself comfortable with using the for-loops. 21. if Statements: Alright, so we're gonna go ahead and jump in. I have my new script already set up, created and attach. This is going to be for our equality checks and loss. We'll take a look at are now inequality checks as well. Alright, so let's go ahead and take a look. These are gonna be called conditional tests. And what these are is we're basically going to be checking if two things are the same or if they're not. That's how we're going to start things out. Now if we were to go ahead and create ourselves a list here, I'm just gonna go ahead and bring this inside gc as goto dot collections and the semicolon. And I'm gonna go ahead and just create a new PC array here. I'll call it groceries again. Here. We'll set that to a new array only. We're going to need some values. I'm going to go ahead and set up a default here. I'm going to call it tomato with a capital T. And that's going to be important here. Alright? So when we're doing inequality check inside of this red block here, what we're gonna do is we can actually print out inequality check. And what we're going to get is whether or not that statement comes back as being true or if it comes back as being false. Now, in order for us to do that, all we have to do is of course, ged dot, right? Well the capital P, open and close parentheses and a semicolon. And in-between these parentheses, what we're gonna do is we're going to access the first element inside of our groceries here, which is going to be groceries, pair of square brackets. Inside of there. We're going to put zero, get that first item, which is gonna be our tomato with a capital T. And what we can do is we can go ahead and use two equal signs. And what that means is two equal signs is a comparison or as one equal sign, like we did up here when we credit our groceries, will assign a value to least two sides here. And what we're gonna do is we're going to use create a string here and just write tomato, it all lowercase. Now, we'll see in this case, we have, we need to actually call dot two string on our element inside of our list here so we can get a proper comparison. If we were to go ahead and run that yet. Let's go ahead and we'll do the same thing right after that, only with a capital T. Save that. And if we were to go ahead and run that now, we'll see down in our output, it seems our practice builds here. We're going to see that we're going to get false as a result as well as true after that. And the reason we're getting false and then true is because you gotta keep in mind, we haven't uppercase inside of our list and a lowercase down in our comparison. So as far as code is considered, these are two different values. This can become an issue. And why can it become an issue? Well, what if you need a user to type in something and it comes back? This might be maybe the user is typing in an answer and you're creating a quiz game, e.g. the user types it in and you have to compare to see if this is the answer we're not. But if the capitalisation doesn't match, like we're seeing here, it's going to come back as being wrong, even if the answer is right. Well, how can we solve that? Well, in this first, our first print statement here, what we can do is we can ignore the case equality. We can see that we're comparing this with lowercase version. So what we can do is we can call it to lower on it. Or alternatively, another part here in-between. So alternatively, we can go to the one that we're comparing it to. And we can, in this case, we just want the first letter to the capital, so we can call capitalize on it. Now if we were to run this, all three of these statements should come back true. Because we have our third option here, which is printed out exactly as it is in our list. That's a perfect match. On our printed in the middle, we're running capitalize, which is only going to change the first character to an uppercase, which again matches exactly what we have in our list. And in the first print here, we're converting what we have in our list to be all lowercase. And we're comparing it to something that's all lowercase. Now of course you can also, if you felt like it, call to lower or two upper on both, the item in our list as well as the one that we're comparing to. Just to be as or just to confirm as much as he can if you really wanted to. But I see you don't really need to. Any of these solutions will work perfectly fine and you can see down in output, all three of our results come back as true. That's how we can ignore casing. When it comes to this. Of course, you can do this with numbers as well. And numbers is interesting because where we can get into some, another comparison or a combination of comparisons. But before we jump into that, let's take a look at the inequality. Now. What is an inequality operator? While the inequality is when you're not checking for something to be true. Like we are here. We're actually checking to see if something is not true. So we want to get that ball state. So as the stance, this is going to come back false. But if we're just checking this directly and then performing a block of code based on this check. Well, that's going to come back false and that block of code is not going to run. So if we want it to be false, to trigger our block of code, that would be, that will come with it. We actually do exclamation point equals. Remember, the top two here came back as false initially. Now if we go ahead and go with this or see now that first one actually comes back as being true. Because now we're checking if they are not equal. So if they're not equal, which in this case they're not. It comes back as true. Just like our equality and where you might want to use to upper, to lower or capitalize to make sure everything's same. You're going to have situations where you're going to check where things are not equal instead of equal. All right? Hopefully that wasn't too confusing there. But now that we have our equality, there are two equals and our inequality using exclamation point equal. We can take a look at numbers, right? Numerical. So let's go ahead and jump in. Now, let's say we can do r equals again if we wanted to, we could say six. If we were to compare. Just like way back in math class, right? We can check if six is equal to six. Obviously, if we run this, this is going to come back as true. And if we were to run something else like five is equal to six, obviously that's going to come back as false and we can take a quick look at that as the project builds here. So we can see six is indeed 6.5 is not make sense. But when we're dealing with numbers here, typically we want to check if a user or something is equal to or if it's greater than or less than or equal to. Now, something like this, as an example, could be if you were creating an application for maybe something that automatically checked id for drinking or for a movie ticket or something, right? So if we go ahead and whoops, my type that right? So if we pretend we haven't asked to work with here, up here in our variables. And if I were to set that to, let's say 18, we have what is generally considered a legal adult in the majority of places around the world. And we came in and we checked age, right? So if we wanted to maybe get into they wanted to get to a club. And inside of this club, they had to be one-to-one or older. Then what we're gonna do is we're going to check if age is greater than or equal to. So I'm just going to combine these two signs together, just like we did with our inequality. Now, if you don't know what the greater than, less than symbol is this the one that looks like this little pointed arrow that points left or right? As you can see here. I suggest as spam it out there, but that is your greater than and less than quality. And we combine that with the equals. Because if we don't, then if the rule to get into this building is that you'd have to be 21. And we don't have the equals in there. Then if the user's age was 21, that we'll still come back false, right? Because 21, it can't be greater than 21. It's equal to it. So that's why we would do a majority of cases is greater than or equal to or less than or equal to. And in some situations you're going to put that less than or equal to, greater than and equal to. Instead of just greater or lesser. Just too, catch any potential issues that may occur. E.g. for player looses the life, you don't want to check. If the, if the health of the player is zero, you're going to check if it's less than or equal to zero just in case something happens and maybe the health bugs out and end up with negative health. Because if that were to happen, then obviously that zero is never hit. The game over is never triggered. And now you have this infinite health kind of bugs situation. So we're going to be, that's why we are typically going to use a greater than or equal to or less than and equal to. If I go ahead and run this, save that and run it. So we'll see if age is greater than or equal to 21. It's false. Okay, so in this case, we are print something out. With this being true. By saying something such as, too young, you cannot enter this building. What if we were to say go to 21 and run this? You see, now it comes back true because we're fulfilling that equals portion of our condition. Now, obviously, you would want to have a block of code that follows this condition. You don't want to just print out, you want your block of code to work. So how do we do this? Well, this is where the if statement is going to come into play. So we just write f and we have a pair of parentheses. Inside of these parentheses is where we have our comparison. So here's where we can say age greater than or equal to 21. I then outside of our parentheses, we have a pair of curly braces. And if I just hit Enter, it'll line everything up. Nice and neat. Bright blue. And this is where we can enter our block of code that we want to happen. If we do TD dot. Now notice there is no semicolon on this if statement, either at the top or at the end of our curly braces. Just like our for-loop that we went over. It says if pair of parentheses with the condition and then a pair of curly braces. Right? So we were to print out, we can say, welcome to the books, to the establishment. Save that and we run it. So as long as we meet the qualifications of being 21 or older, we get this message printed out. Welcome to the sound. Now, if we were older than this, of course 45, and keep that another run. And obviously that's going to be true again because now we're fulfilling the greater than portion of that and we can see it printed out here and I'll put again, however, if our age was under, again, we'll go with 18 this and do a rebuild of our project. And we'll see nothing gets printed out because this statement is no longer true. So that's the gist of how these if statements work. And again, you could do this with checking items from your list like we did. We are printing out the tomato comparison. And this will work for, again, if you want to check equals or inequality less than, greater than, less than equals. Greater than equals. Alright, so that'll do it for this section here. I'm gonna go ahead and break this if statements down further in the next video. But for now, that'll do it for this. That was a lot of information you learned about the different inequalities and how to use them, as well as how to write out and if statements to execute a block of code, if the condition is met. 22. Multiple Conditions: Alright, we're gonna go ahead and continue with our if statements, but we're going to get a little more advanced. We're going to take a look at multiple conditions. Now. Why would we need multiple conditions here? Well, maybe we're creating some kind of self-serve machine for maybe a cinema, theater place where you can go and watch movies. But maybe you scan your ID. It takes in the age. And then based off of that, it, our machine knows what to charge the user for their ticket. Now, in that situation, you would have typically three Basic or three base conditions, right? Yeah. The age is less than a certain number. We have a child's ticket. If it's above, we have an adult ticket. But also if it has to be below a certain number, because once we reach a certain age and higher, typically 65, we then have senior prices that go on. So something like that with a look like I don't know what the standard number is, half for child tickets. I'm gonna be honest there. But we'll say 15. Right? And you can go ahead and we can use this if statement two more times. I'll say if it's greater than or equal to 65. And I'll just go ahead and change these print statements. And let's say here's here is a senior ticket. And likewise, here, here's your child ticket, or change our statement to be less than or equal to 15. Situation. Now, here in the middle, we need to have this adult. Alright? So in this situation, we need our age. We need two conditions here. We got to see if they're older than 15, but less than 65. So how would we do this? Well, we would use what is called the and operator. Now to do this, what we would do is we have if age and we would say righter than 15. Right? Because it doesn't matter if the R5 that's going to still constitute for their child ticket, we're doing less than or equal to. So if the age is greater than 15. And for the and operator, we just use two ampersands here. And on a QWERTY keyboard with the Standard North American layout, that is just gonna be shift and the number seven up top. If I can't find it there it is. And if you're using a European layout, My apologies, I don't know where that is. It might be the same button. It might not, but you can see it on the screen. Or you might just know what an ampersand is. There's just two of those to grain and we'll go ahead and say age less than 65. So we don't want to say less than or equal to because once they hit 65 or whatever the senior team. So now if they're 15, render this one will be true. There's 65 or older. This one will be true if they're older than 15 and less than 65. This one will be true. So since we are using this and operator, we need both of these statements to be true, both older than 15 and younger than 65. Both of these needs to be true in order for the entire condition to be met. At the moment, our ages 18. And if we go ahead and run that, we'll see that is older than 15.16 and we can see printed out, we have an adult ticket. And we can of course check this. If we go down to 15 and rebuild and run this, we should get a child's ticket. There we go. Here's your child ticket. And remember, we're getting that because we said less than or equal to. And likewise, if we say 65 or older. So let's go with 75, save that, run it through another bill. And we'll see that we hit our senior team. Now this isn't the only kind of operator that we may be looking for. We might be looking for the opposite. We might be saying, oh, if this or this is true, then we can allow them to enter. So in this case, we can have our statement here. But instead of doing an end with our two ampersands, say if the age is older than 15, we can say, or by using the pipes here. And again that is just holding Shift and. The button above my Enter key or above the return key. On a North American layout, European layout, I think that's in a different position. It's been awhile since I've seen that keyboard. You want the pikes. So that's just the two vertical lines, and that stands for war. Now we can say something like age equals two, e.g. and then maybe if the age is to maybe they just get in. Right. He's just get in with that adult taken or something. I don't know. It's a little strange with this setup when we're looking at movie ticket prices for this situation. That allows either of these two become true. This case, if we were to change our situation here to be two. Now, in this particular case, we're going to get two things here. Come back as true. Both our first condition and our second condition. And the reason for that is simply because they're running IF checks here, but that's fine. We'll look into a solution for that. I gear in the coming videos. So if we were to run that, you'll see, you see you that happened down here and the output where both of these conditions are true and have we got to pay for a child and an adult ticket in this case? Remember, our age is currently two. So that means our first condition if being 15 and under, but it meets our one of our conditions in our second argument, which is aij is equal to two. So in this statement where we're checking or only one of these conditions have to be true to enter our block of code here. Now, we can do this with checking for items inside of a list as well when it comes to our if statements. So we can go ahead and do something with that. We would say if the condition we would pass in would be getting our in this case, say our groceries. And you might use this for something like maybe band users. If this is something that has maybe a database that have been banned for cheating in your game, e.g. but looking at grocery with you histories. So if groceries and we're going to use contains and contains, it's going to require an open, close parentheses here. And inside of these parentheses or contains, we're going to pass in whatever it is we're looking for. In this case, we'll say tomato with a capital T, which we know it is in here. And we'll say Meno was found. If we run that, that contains keyword that we're calling, it's going to search, this case our entire list to see if what we're looking for is any of those items inside of it. Now remember, this is gonna be case-sensitive still. So you have to keep that in mind of it being an exact match for that to come back. So as you see with a lowercase d, that comes back as false. So we never get our print statement being sent out to our console. Now, what if we want to do the opposite? We want to see if our list does not contain this tomato. Well, we can put our exclamation point right at the beginning. So now we're doing exclamation point. Groceries. Dot contains tomato with our lowercase t. And if we were to run that, we're going to get our print statement here. This is our tomato was found, which it wasn't in this case. But you can see, you can check if something is inside of the list or if it's not inside of list, that's how you would check list as well as the use the inequality operator to see if something is not inside of your list. Now ultimately, what we're getting as a result here is a true false. I like we saw in the last video when we were printing out these conditions. And that's true. False is just called a Boolean expression. That's where an expression, like we see here just comes back as either true or false. All right, that'll do it for this section. And then next, in the next section here we're going to take a look at expanding on our if statements with some solutions to the issues that we were looking at previously, where we had those multiple f checks being triggered. 23. if statement Practice: Alright, so for this section, for our practice video, what I want you to do is I want you to go ahead and start with a new script. And I want you to go ahead and practice using all these different conditionals that we went over. We went over quite a lot of them shaking list, checking if things are not enlist equal to, less than, equal to, greater than or equal to horses normal greater than, less than. And seeing if text now just straight up equal to. So we had a lot of conditions there. I want you to go ahead and practice using those. And if you want a stick them in your f blocks with your block of code, like we still see on the screen here from the last video. To make sure that everything is running as expected. And when you feel comfortable with using those. We can move on to the next section. 24. if else if else: Alright, so here we're going to take a look at if else statements. Now we saw what happens when we check if something is true. But what if we also want something to happen if that same thing is false or if anything, that isn't true to that condition. What did we do? What we're going to go ahead and use the else keyword here is I'm just gonna go ahead and Hey Stan, block of code that I've already got here. And we're checking if Jack is equal to Jill. We're just going to print out this is true. Now obviously we know Jack and Jill are not the same. They're not going to come out as being equal. Not only do there. Well, their name says, plays simple, do not match. So what does it do? Well, since our if statement does not match, we are going to fall back to this Else keyword. Well that's gonna do is that's going to catch everything else. So if the above statements, in this case our if statement is not true, we result or resort to our else block. And where we're going to run this state. Here, we're printing out this statement is false. And if we were to go ahead and run that, obviously that's going to come true, right? So Alice does not have a true or false response to it. It just catches the end result no matter what it is. Now of course, if this was matching and it was Jack and Jack, and obviously this will come back as true. And we would come back into Or statement here. This being true, which means our else is never going to actually run. If we rebuild that, we'll see that down in our console down here. We're printing out. This is true. Now, if if your monitor allows you to, you might have noticed that the color of my string actually tweaked a bit there. So if we're looking down here, we can see this is back, this whole line here is darker. And inside of our if statement, it's actually brighter. So if you're able to see that slight difference on your monitor, we can see that tweaks itself. And it kinda shows us what our code is going to take this specific stamps, right? It darkens here showing us that this is false and else is bright and lit up, showing us that that's the block that's going to run out of our conditions that we have set up here. So that's something that's a little neat and as far as I know, that's not built in, so that's just another benefit. Or running this external IDE in this case. It's not really make it or break it, but I don't know. It might help you when trying to debug something. At some point. Now, this isn't all that we have. We also have something in-between. So if this first statement is false, we automatically fall back to the else statement to catch whatever it is. But what if we want something in-between, right? What if we wanted to check another condition? Not necessarily jump to the else block? Well for that we would use what's called an else if we just print that out as two separate words, they're just like so. And just like our if statement, we have our pair of parentheses with a condition inside of it, as well as a pair of curly braces. Now, this will come in handy if we were to go back and take a look at that H system that you hadn't place. Alright, so if we were to go back and take a look at this age issue that we had. If we remember here we had an or statement and we said if age is older than 15, or if age is equal to two. This is when we're going to print this statement here. In this case we're saying this is special. And before that we have a regular f statement that's saying if it's less than or equal to 15, we print out This is true. Now, which do you think is going to print out here? Which of these statements? Let's go ahead and find out. Now this came out as this is true. So our first condition here, the if statement block is what was printed. Why didn't our else block here get printed because h is equal to two. So they shouldn't came back as true, right? Well, else if when we're using else and else if here, only one, only one of these conditions can be true. We're actually going to go down in order. So if this is true, then we're going to execute this block and then stop. We're not going to bother to check rest of our options down here. We're going to say, okay, that was true. Do this code, and let's move on. Let's skip the rest, just keep going. Whereas if we had the two if statements like we had previously where we saw our issue, this comes back with both of them being printed out. And the reason for that is because they're both if statements. So if they're using multiple F's like this, then both of these statements can be true. If you're using the else-if with an if statement here, only one of them can be true. And that's gonna be in the order of top to bottom. So the order that you write that in or that you order your comparisons in, depending on what you're doing could be very important. So in this case, could actually take this and where to move this up top here. I've pulled this back here. But now if we were to do this the other way around, and this is an else-if we cannot start with an else-if our first condition must be an F, then our second one here we can turn into an else-if. Right. Now if we were to run this, we're going to get just our first statement there of this, especially, Yes, Remember we hit our first condition that is true, which is our h equals to situation. And we never hit this section here. If we were to change this and make our comparison of aids equal to three. We see that we're going to skip over that first condition because it's not older than 15 and the age is not equal to three. So this is not true. So we move on to our next option here, the else-if, see what are other conditions are and see if bills, any of those are true. In this case it is. We hit our ages less than or equal to 15, which to certainly is. And we stopped. So we never reached this else block because we already have a true statement for us. So what we can do with our if, else, if and else chain, and you can come in here and you're going to write as many else ifs as you want here, you can come in. We have all these different options inside of our code. And this is all perfectly fine. Now in this case they're all the same condition, so it doesn't really make sense. Go and then have as many different branching options like this as you want and there's nothing wrong with that. We also saw the comparison of if we use two or more IF statements instead of using or versus using an else-if statement. And we went over that your first condition must be in if it cannot be an else-if. The else keyword here is gonna be a catch-all in case everything else, all our other conditions don't come back as being true. And if we wanted, we could use these altogether for you could use this altogether for putting things together. And remember, we can use this with lists as well. So maybe you want to check if this item is in our list. We do this. This item, isn't it? We do this, this item is in it, we do this. Otherwise. Let's execute this block of code. So we could have something like that going on in here. Now if you want to feel really confident and really start pulling everything together here, you could go ahead and make yourself a list if you would like. And then maybe you can run a foreach loop for every item inside of that list. And we can compare that with a second list that is out-of-stock. And we could check if our out-of-stock list contains the current item inside of our groceries, e.g. if so, then we can print out this item is out-of-stock. And you can always, I don't remember, go back and use the curly braces and dollar sign to input that item right into our list. Alright, so I've gone ahead and I wrote out this oxygen here. And we can see what I just went over is now written out here. So we have two lists. We have groceries and Alyssa thing items that are not in stock. And we're going to run through a for each loop, check each item inside of our groceries. So we're going to check the grocery list of things that we want to get. And for each of those items, we're going to check if that item is contained inside our no stock. If it is, then that item must be out of stock. So we're just going to print out whatever that item is and say is out-of-stock. Now if we want to go the extra second year, but this if statement, we can go ahead and add in an else block with it. And we can just go ahead and say, shouldn't get that right? Should we end with our semi-colons? Instead, we can go ahead and do a print here if the item is in stock. So if we go ahead and run this now, before me rebuild and take a look down at our output console here and match it with everything I would come up. We're checking the first item in our list, which is tomato, is, if tomato is inside of our no stock, which it is, it's right there. So printing out tomato is out-of-stock. Next up, we have pickles. Pickles contain inside of our no item or no stock list? No, it is not. So that falls down to our else block versus pickles is in stock. In this case, it should be pickles are in stock, but whatever, that's fine. We then move on to ketchup. Ketchup contained in sidebar. No stock list? Yes, it is. It's right here. So that's true. So we print out catch up is out-of-stock. And then we'll move on to our final item, bonds is bonds in our list of items that are out-of-stock, know. So we print out bonds. Again, six C-H bonds are in stock in this case. Well, there you go. There's an idea of how we can use everything that we've learned so far. Together. We're looking at using lists, in this case, with for loops, if else blocks and a conditional, seeing if something is inside of a list. As well as using variables inside of our strings to get more informational things printed out to our comps for us. We'll just put a lot of things together to make this one simple little program that just checks. If f were basically if we're able to pick up the items on our grocery list or not from the store. Alright, that'll cover the last things that we did here for if else-if else and all of our conditionals. Hopefully that makes sense for you. Of course, if you need to feel free to rewind the video, go back, watch it again to help you get a little more familiar and with everything. But of course, the best way to get familiar is to practice and write the code. 25. if else if else practice: Alright, so for our video practice on this section here, and all this information that we've gone over since last practice. What I want you to do is I want you to go ahead and construct yourself a little program, much like we did here in this situation. I want you to go ahead and practice using multiple conditions inside of your if statements, as well as using your if, else-if and else change. How you want to go about this is completely up to you. You could use something like this where we're going with a for loop. Then inside of that loop we're making our conditional checks here. Two different branches that we could go based on. The results are what section is true, false, or in this case, our catch-all. Feel free to get creative and practice these in whatever ways you feel comfortable. The important thing is here is that you get yourself comfortable with using if, else, if Alice and all of the conditionals that we've gone over. At this point. Best way to get yourself familiar with, with these basic or rather core coding concepts I should say, is to actually write them and make sure that you fully understand them. Before we move on to the next section. 26. Dictionaries: Alright, welcome here we're going to talk about and get into dictionaries. Now, what are dictionaries? You may be asking yourself, well, dictionaries are a way that we can store data like arrays. Only dictionaries can store any type of data inside of them, including other dictionaries. This also gives us a way to clearly organize off our information, such as game settings or application settings, or maybe even character and enemy details. So we're stats, right? Dictionaries have the or make use of the curly braces just like the arrays do. And just like the Erase do, we need to bring in the namespace for the god oh, collection. So let's start by heading up top in our script. And we'll bring in the photo collections and have it renamed as GC to make this easier for us. Let's take a look at how we can create ourselves a dictionary. So to create this, we would go with our GC. So on access to data collection dot dictionary. We'll go ahead and give it a name. I'll say my dict or dictionary. What does this equal to a new NTC dictionary? And this is where we can bring in the curly braces and our semicolon. Now, how do we add entries into here? Well, the way this is structured is inside of our semi, sorry, inside of our curly braces, like you see here, which have a, another pair of curly braces. And this is one item. Inside of these spaces, we have a key and then a second argument of a value. So we come in here, we say t1 comma, and we'll just call this value, alright? So value one. Just like that, I need to put a comma. And in my case, I'm doing the next line just to keep things organized. And what K2 and value two like so. And just like that, we can have each entry in the way dictionary works is we get our dictionary. In this case, that's gonna be our, my dict or dictionary. And we go ahead and we can print this out. I'll show you how to do that. Let's go ahead and ged dot print. And when we access this is we go into my deck, great, because you wanted to get your dictionary. And then we put it in a pair of square brackets. And in this case, we are first key because that's what we want to call us. Our key is a string called T1, all lowercase. And if we were to print this out, print out T1 from my dict, we would get value1 print out to us and that's what, that's the key with this. It's always going to give us the value and returns. So if we save that and run it, we'll see down here at the bottom. Once our project builds. There we go. We got a value one get printed out. Now if we change this to access key to save it and rerun it, we're going to get the value associated to K2, which is going to be valued to. So we can now see how we can start gathering this information for enemies or characters, or even again, your game settings. We can come in here and we can say, we can call this display resolution e.g. right. And then we can have our resolution over here, Ashley value. So that's how we can nicely organized everything and why dictionaries can certainly be useful. Now, I did mention earlier that we can have dictionaries inside of dictionaries. Now, at this point, we're going to have a lot of curly braces. So it's gonna be important to really keep these organized. I'm just going to put it in a little extra spacing in there. And here's what we would do at this point. So we have our first, we have one entry in our dictionary at the moment. I'm going to call my dictionary the Beastie airy. And this is going to hold information for my creatures or monsters, enemies of the game. I'm going to call the first key. I'm going to call it work and it's going to hold information for my order. Now the second argument here, we're not going to use a string. We're going to create a new dictionary inside of here. I'll say new GC dot dictionary. And then we have our curly braces with that. And we did not hit our closing one generated. There we go. Inside here now we can have my name. Sorry, I get that snow colon there. And we'll say that name is or of this species. We can do a comma, come down and get our next pairing. And let's see, what are we going to put it in here? We can go with something like our health. Alright. I will say they have a base health of 100. So just make sure that you have enough curly braces in there for each pairing. Now, what's nice with Visual Studio, as you see if you just have one selected, right. It'll highlight the pairing with it. So we can see we have our last one as well. I guess this our last one down here at the bottom. It tells us off our entire dictionary. Our next one is closing off our E-value pairing here. The one before that closes off the new dictionary inside of this value. And then the pairing inside of this new dictionary. So that can be, might be a little confusing to keep track of, but make sure that you have enough curly braces, double-check everything. And if you have an error that might cause or reason for it. But there we go. So now we have an orc entry inside of our beliefs, Jerry. We have its name as well as its health printed out to us here. Or at least will be printed out to us. And again, we can come in here and go down to the next line. And we can always do a, another one, another entry here. And press last one. Let's go with level. I will say its base level is right, and we save that. And we can ask, we can access this again following the same route, right? We've got B's Jerry. And in this case, all we have is 4k because that's the only creature that we have in here. But we're still gonna have to access it with 4k. Now, here's the problem. If we were to print this out here. We can see what we get is we get our dictionary, print it out here. That looks right. It looks how it should be. Now, you might think, okay, now we just added another pair of these square brackets. And it's trying to access health from it. Give it a save. We have this error. Maybe you don't see it. You try printing it out. And we run into an issue or build fails. Can you see the issue here is that it cannot apply the index with curly braces to this variant type. And all that's saying is that this is not the right time, right? Our work here is a quote unquote variant. We need to do is we need to tell the language to treat this as a dictionary. So what we do after we access 4k, because its value is a dictionary, right? What we do is we call doc as Gato dictionary. Open and close our parentheses. But that now is treated as its own new dictionary. And now we can do our square brackets and call health on it. And we print that out, our build is gonna be a success. And we're now going to see 100% down to there we go. And we will do the same thing if we had an array in here as an example. So if we come in here and we have a new item that's closing that section off a comma. There are new item. And inside of here. Let's go ahead and call this groceries or something, right? Just like we had before, comma, and this is where we can create a new GC, the array. And we could do all different things, right? We can add to it, we can look up items in it. But it's a similar aspect here. Instead of orc, who would get r. Groceries. And instead of getting things as a dictionary, would get things as Gato, re, open and close our parentheses. And now we can do whatever it is we want to do with the array, right? Add things to it, removed beings access items or elements inside of it. And that's, that's kinda how dictionaries work. That's how we create them and access elements inside of them, as well as create dictionaries and arrays inside of dictionaries. So we can keep everything beautifully organized this way. Now, you can have, of course, all this other data. So you can see that dictionaries are not limited by what types of data that can have in there. Just in this alone we're seeing inside of this dictionary, we see another dictionary. We say strings, integers, list, or race. You can even use Booleans in there and act true, false if you wanted. Alright, and that's all cool and all. But how do we add items into our dictionary? Alright, well, I'm gonna go ahead and back that out. So we just have our orange here. And I'm just going to come back here and we'll print out the speech. Jerry. Spine will be fine. I'm going to print this out a second time, but in-between of these prints, I'm going to add something into it. So what I'm gonna do is I'm going to get the BCE GRE. And I'm gonna go ahead and use. Now, the easiest way to do this would be almost to access it like an item at my line with a semicolon. So I'll come in here and instead of Oracle have, what do we want to put? Let's add in a goblin. And we can set this equal to something new, right? So we can just come in here. I would call it blue if you wanted to. And now goblin will be equal to. Well likewise, we should be able to come in here and write this as a new dictionary. And we could add in this name, health level and all this information in there as well. Just write this down. Let me just sort this out real quick. See that they're not correct. We have one-to-many in there. Then we go sort that out. Name. We can call it goblin. Health. Make things a little bit different. Let's say they got 50 health and their base level starts at ten. And now we're going to of course printed out afterwards here again. So we can see the difference we have saved. Let's try and build up, make sure we have no errors. There we go. We can see our new entry inside of it. We have the goblin class setup or not class or the goblin entry set inside of here. So that's all we have to do as the simplest form to add into our dictionary is to almost call the key as if it existed. Then set it equal to whatever data type that we want to put it. In. This case, we're doing a new dictionary as its value. Now of course, if we wanted to come in here and we can get the books, What am I oppressing? We can come in here. You get r, square brackets. Goblin. Tell it to treat it as hey, Gato dictionary. Like we did before. We can now access the health and print that out. And we can see the difference here. Of course we're accessing it now. We have no issues because that entry does indeed exist. Alright, I'm gonna go ahead and stop this one here. And in the next video we'll take a look at how we can loop through all of the keys within our dictionaries. 27. Looping DIctionaries: Alright, so let's take a look at our dictionaries here. We have our dictionaries. I'm going to go ahead and move that print and remove that one. And we can continue to just add in our goblin at the beginning. That's fine. Because we want multiple entries in this case, because we need something to be able to loop through. So we have our B-series setup, we have our 4k, and we have our goblin. Now these are our two keys. Remember the dictionaries associated with them are called the values. The value of our key. Now, how can we loop through the dictionary? I've just by going through all of our keys themselves. Well, we're going to use a for each loop here because again, we want to go through each, right, that's the keyword that we want to go through each key in our dictionary. And you can see the autocomplete in there, and that's exactly what we're gonna do. We're gonna get our item, which we can name it whatever you want to represent, each object or each key inside of our Beastie area, which again, it's grabbing there. I'm just going to hit Tab to go through that auto-complete there. It entered a drop that down to a new line. There we go. So we're going for item and b, Sherry and remember, item can be anything you want. You don't want to be. I can BI if you want it to be monster, monster, whatever you want it to be, it does not matter. I'm just going to leave mine as Mohsen now just since I've written that out. Now, whatever we wanna do, monster is represented by that key. So how can we go through, how can we look through this? Well, let's take a look and see what we got when we print this out. So JD dot print and we'll print out monster. Let's just see what we got going on here, right? What are we working with here for the results that we're getting for our loop. Okay, we're getting the actual entries here. We're getting our full entries, right? So how can we work with that? Well, if we want the key of this item and not that entire, the entire thing, we don't want that whole key value pair working on. Well, what we do is we have to get monster. And with Monster we call dot d books. Are there. We call monster dot e. And that's key with a capital K. And if we print that out now, we're just going to have the key of each of those items in our dictionary. Now we have, or can we have goblin? Right? So now we have keys that we can work with. We just call key on our monster and we have it. And as you can expect, if you want, you can come in here and we could call a value with a capital V instead of key. And if we were to print that out, run it, build it. And we'll see down there at the bottom, we're going to get just that. We're gonna get the values of everything. So what if we want to run through all of these and maybe may want to print out all the keys that are associated to each of these values, right? So if we want to print out like name, health level, we want to see all that stuff that we have access to. Or maybe we want to add a new object in to it. Well, what we're doing here is running a for loop, right? So we can get all of our, essentially all of our keys, right? We have our Goblin and as well as the value associated to them in our case, we're just going to need the key. And what we can do is we can then run a, another loop inside of our loop. And we say for item in Monster. Sure. There we go. We're going to use mosque but not there. So for item in and we'll get our Beastie airy square. I am a little too far on that keyboard. Square brackets here. And we can call monster in here, dot key. And make sure that we get this as a Gato dictionary. There we go. Now, let's go ahead and print this out. Let's see what we get now. For item semicolon to end it off, save it, create a new build that she'll get. There we go. Now we're getting the key value pairs here of name is Work Health 106, and then name goblin health 50, level ten. You see now that we're getting everything set up there and slowly but surely loop by loop. We're going through every item inside of our dictionary. Now of course, depending on what it is, I can depend on what it is you're trying to do. In our case. We're getting each individual section here to put something. Whereas if we wanted to just add a new item, we could have just stopped at the first for-loop. Alright, And we kinda just got be scary monster qui, treated as a dictionary and then add a new monster. In F1, I put a bunch of placeholders in e.g. There you go. There's how we can access our are looped through the each item for our monsters in the beach, Jerry. And then we went another level deep and we went inside of each monster and we got all the items inside of there. So the name House level. And again, we'd come in here and treat it as or even just print out the key, or we can just print out the values. Whichever route you wanted to go with that perfectly fine up to you. But the point is, now you know how we can loop through a dictionary at a base level. And if you have something even deeper within there, such as more dictionaries or some arrays, or however you have everything set up, you know how to loop through another level below. And with that you should, between those two, you can loop through as many levels as you need at that point. But alright, narrows how we can. There's the last bit of dictionaries I wanted to cover here. And again, that's just being able to loop through them. All right, next we'll take a look at how we can actually start getting input from the user. And maybe, maybe we'll jump into some, a new type of loop. In the next part. We'll see you in the next section. 28. Input: Alright, in this video, we're actually going to take a look at how we can get input from the user on their keyboard. And we're actually going to create our first graphical interface. The user can interact with, seeing as we cannot actually type in a console or terminal or anything during this engine or while using this engine. So what we're going to need is we're actually need both are ready block and this process block. We're going to use the ready blocked and create our interface. And we're going to use the process block for when we're checking for our users input. Alright, so let's test this out. And the first thing we're gonna do is we're going to check if the user presses the enter key on their keyboard. Now, keep in mind this is different from the Enter on the numpad. These are seen as two different buttons, two different inputs. And if this is pressed, we're just going to print out to the console. Nothing, Nothing too terrible. Just want to get something out there, make sure it's working. So we're going to take f and our practices and our curly braces. Alright, so we're gonna do if input is he pressed open and close parentheses. And inside of here is the Keeney want to put. So that's gonna be p with a capital K. I always do dot. And there's all of our keys that are on a typical keyboard, including the numpad, launch buttons. Everything is there. Now for our case, I'm just going to type in enter a capital E. And if you have the auto-completes or suggestions popping up, you'll see KP Enter. That'll be the Enter key on your keypad. If you have a keypad on your keyboard. I do not. I'm still going to see the options, but I wouldn't be able to use it. Right. So qi dot enter and all we're gonna do, TD dot print. And what we're going to print out, we're just going to say Enter key, pressed. Alright, save that and run that. We see when we hit the Enter key, there it is, it pops up. Now it's popping up more than once. But in our case, that's not that big of a deal. That's just because we're checking when the key is pressed, which means it is held down. It's going to continuously trigger the whole time It's held down. Whoops. Here we can see other options such as our key. We have keys there, but we also have var, mouse buttons, the physical bugs, which are just the physical location on the keyboard. Which helps if you want to support different keyboards from all regions, I guess you could say with different layouts. We have action just pressed and just release. Unfortunately, key does not have this. We can only get the key is pressed. If we could use just press. That would mean this would only target the onetime as soon as it's pressed for the first time and released means it will only trigger when we lift up off of the key and the term in terms. But since we are using a key that we're getting, we have to just kinda deal with it being pressed, right? The only way we could do that is if we want to code in some kind of cool down for ourselves to prevent that from happening. Which wouldn't be too hard. It's just not that big of an issue for us right now. Alright, so we have the Kigali. Now, let's go ahead and create an input field for our user to work with, something that our user can click on, start typing with. Then we can work with that data that's been submitted to us. So inside of our 3D block, we're going to create a new line at it. This may also hear as a text field. So let's go ahead. And I'm going to create a new text field is gonna be on the line edit class. I'm just going to call it TextField. This will be a new line at it. Now this text field, I'm going to go ahead and change its name property. That way when we grab it, grab this node later, and it'll be a lot easier for us to reference. And I'm just going to name this text field. Alright, we're going to adjust the size property of it. Gonna be equal to a new vector, to a vector to just gives us a, an x and y. So it just gives us two numbers. And in the terms of the size here, that's going to show how big it is on our screen. Now, the x is going to handle the horizontal or the width of it. So I'm going to set that to 500. And then the second number will be how tall it is. And I'm just going to set that to ten. Now we're working in 2D, so these should work in pixels. Next we're going to set the position because default of course going to be zero. So it's going to be up in the top left corner. And we don't want that position not as also going to be a new vector two. And I'm going to set mine at 200.300 for my spot on the screen. And now we have to actually add this into our scene so that it can be drawn on the screen for us. So we're just going to type in this, meaning this object that our script is on dot. And we're going to call add child and add our text field here as a child. Alright, so if we go ahead and save that and then run that, you should now see a text input field on your screen that we can click on and interact with. If we hit Enter, we can still see our code is working down. There at the bottom, is key pressed. Now, while this is running, what I want to show you is if we click on the remote tab here, and this only shows up while our program is still running. Who click on that? And we open up our little control here, right? Click the drop down arrow. We can see our text field is right here. So when I say node, these are the pieces that we are referring to. We're referring to all of these little pieces that create what we're looking at on the screen. I'm gonna go ahead and stop running that and bring the code back up again. So now this is running. Gonna go ahead and crop this and are ready right at the end. What does ask a question? Simple question will say, what is your name? Simple question for the user to be prompted with anti villain. I now what are we going to do? Well, we need to, we're going to need to get the information from our user. When the user presses Enter. We can go ahead and get some data. So we're going to create a new variable in the form of a string. We're going to call it my name. And we'll just leave it at that. Yes. Then we can set my name is equal to and now we need to get that TextField that we shown, that I showed you earlier, that node that we created and it's inside the scene. So to get that, we're going to say get node. We have our two carrots are greater than, less than, and we have to tell it what type of node we're looking for. This is a line at it, open and close parentheses with a pair of quotes. And this is gonna be the name of it, which is text field. And want to get the text property. So we say dot txt and end our line with a semicolon. Now this variable of my name now has whatever we typed into our text box. Now I'm going to get our text box. I'm going to start equal to an empty string, so just a pair of quotes. And that's going to clear our textbox out. Alternatively, instead of doing that, we could just do dot clear, like that with no open, close parentheses and the semicolon. And that is also going to clear the textbox out. So either way, however way you want to go about doing that, they'll both accomplish the same thing. And then we're just going to print out the user little statement here. Boom, Let's go and we'll say your name is, and we'll use our variable. We go. If we go ahead and run that now, we can see in the bottom of our screen, what is your name? And we can type in whatever we want. Hit enter, and there it is. Fills in. The first time is fine the other times just because it's triggering multiple times, remember? And those are happening after it's already blank. Now what we could do is we can actually fill all of this in, into an if else statement here, right? Here we say f and we come in here, right? So we'll go ahead and get the, actually, we'll get the set the R, my name variable. At the top. Books. I'll say if my name is equal to after the case of this, let's say two lower too, so we can keep it consistent. This way if the user types in quick. Aside, here, these two types of quick we're just gonna do. We're gonna get tree, open and close parentheses. Got Wait. What's that? What that's gonna do is close our program. So if we were to run that now, we typed in the word quit, our program closes. And our user now has a way to escape after that. From the input that was put in. We could do an else block here. We want to do that. Yes. Let's go with alpha F. And we'll just move the rest of the code that we had up inside. And we'll say else, if my name not equal, an empty space, right? So an empty string. So if we actually have text inside of our box, this is what we're going to do. I'm just going to call capitalize on our variable here. Just so that it looks proper because this is a name after all that we're typing in. Now we can open it, we can run it. And we can come in because say, yes, Joey Styles, we hit Enter and we see that only pops up the onetime, right? So we go ahead and type in their front like Joey Styles hit the Enter key and there we go. Everything types up perfectly fine, no matter if we're typing in all uppercase, lowercase. All going to come back just fine, just as it should. And we notice that only shows up one time because we had that else-if check, if it is not blank, then we're actually going to run the code that we want. And if it is blank, which would fall under the else case. At our situation, we do not have an else block, so we're just not doing anything because none of these statements become true. Of course, we can type in quick, hit Enter. And there we go, our program quits. There we go. We've created a basic user interface for user to interact with. And we work with getting inputs from the user. For this. Now I do want to make one note here. C-sharp is very important in your naming structure. So if you named your name of your script input, like so. Then you're going to run into this issue where this is underlined in red is key press and it's going to error out, have this issue. And that's because it is being confused. It thinks that we're talking about the script that we're currently running and not the one attached to Gato, not the input class and there, so if you did named input, then all you have to do is just do one extra step and that it says goto dot input. Just to clarify in your code that you want the input class and not the script or working on. Just be aware if you do rename your script here, you have to rename it in your renamed the actual script file itself. All right, so that'll do it. Take care, Have a good one. And she got the next one where we'll go over some while loops. 29. While Loops: Alright, let's take a look at while loops. Now, a while loop is different than a for-loop. And the way that it continues to, sorry, it continues to execute a block of code. As long as the condition remains true, it's just going to keep looping through that over and over and over again. It doesn't have a limit. Like a for-loop. For each loop would have where after it runs out of items in a list, it's done. While loop will continue to keep going until you tell it to stop, until the condition it has is no longer true. Now, let's take a look at how we would write a while loop. Well, as you might assume to start off, we say while with our parentheses open and close and our curly braces. Now it's just saying while true is the most basic form that we can have in there. However, true is always going to be true. So that might cause an infinite. I've run it infinite block for you. Well, we could go in and we can print it out. Alright, ged dot print. And we could just say hello. If we were to try and run this. Well, we can see it's just gonna get stuck on the screen. It's not going to actually load because it's, It's basically crashing instantly as soon as we tried to run it. The reason for that now is because we don't have an exit. There's no way for this to exit at any way, at any point. Now, we can come in and use this keyword called break. And if we try to run that, it's actually going to run. It's gonna say hello onetime and it's going to end. Now the reason why it ended and did not completely did not continue looping through is because we have this break keyword, which it's like an emergency exit out of your wild loop. And you don't have to use this inside of a while loop. We can use this inside of other situations as well. N, one that we're going to use here is none of these situations actually because we're going to create a new variable. It's gonna be an int, just going to call it my num and set it equal to one. To get started. From my true condition here, I'm gonna say my num less than five. Now, again, if we try and run this, we're going to hit an infinite loop again. And the reason for this one will always be less than five. That's just a matter of fact, it's just the way it is. One will always be smaller than five. So this is, though it's written different, is the exact same situation as if we just say while true. So what we would need to do is we would need to cause a way for this to break itself l, which again, we could use that break keyword, but then we won't be looping at all. So what we could do is we can have this num plus, plus my num plus plus, which simply just adds one to it. Which at this point it is now similar to a for-loop. And the way it's going to keep looping through until our variable here, my num reaches five. Because five is not smaller than five, it is equal to five. So what that is going to print out a multiple times here. And we can take a look and you can see that there we go, this all four of our happening down there. Now there's obviously going to be a lot more complicated situation where you would want a while loop. And that's just one of the things you're asking. I have to ask yourself if you want to have a while loop or if you want to use a for-loop. Not depending on the situation, one is going to be easier to processor, might be easier for you to write out for your own personal situation and the other. And that's fine. Now what we can do is we can also run, there's another keyword called continue. If we wanted, we can come in here. And when you say f, If my num was equal to two, then all we're gonna do is we can come in here and use this keyword called continue. And let's take a look at what's going to happen before we have hello written out of four times. So we can see down there, Let's make a new build and see what happens now. I guess it helps if I actually saved my code first. Let's run that again. You see we're not running into any issues. Well, what I'm running into anything being printed, but we're running into an issue. And that issue being we have a complete lockup. Now again, why is this? Now? Why is this? Have you guys figured it out? We're running into here and we're hitting our mind, I'm here, right? It's going to eventually up to two. It's going to meet this requirement here of our f check. And then we run it to continue. We hit this continue keyword, which it's going to move on with our loop. But whenever actually getting our new num passed in, we're not getting this plus at all. It's all right. Okay, so what if we go ahead and we add that and then we continue? And then of course, you wouldn't have to keep that afterwards. But the times when it's not equal to, then what happens? We're getting all four of our hellos being printed out there. So what kind of because we're also printing hello forum, you think? Move it after. We see Hello only gets printed out with the three times now. Because if it's, remember, if it's too, we're not printing anything, we're just going to hit continue and move on to the next loop in our chain. Now, you could use these in and while loops for things such as if we have a list of items, then you could run a loop of wire. This list has more than or while this list has any items in it. If it has more than zero, then we're going to keep doing something. So you could have a situation like that. Which again, that's simple. We just come in and change our condition here. At all we would do is we'd get a list and get the count of it. That way we can get the amount of items that are inside of it. Now where something like this could come in handy for a while loop and not necessarily a for-loop. For an example, is if we just come up here and I'm just going to bring in our God oh, collections again. Just give me one moment here to bring that in. Gato collections. And then let's say we have, I guess we can know where GC dot array, we'll call it, say animals equals new one, a new array. And the items in here we're going to pass in when Jake, lizard, capitals, alligator, a legit again. Dog. Yeah. You know, you can just keep going with all these different things. So one way that we could use a while loop that wouldn't use a for-loop war. As we come in here and we say while animals dot contains, we can pass in Blizzard. Now remember we are dealing with uppercase and lowercase here. So you got to make sure we get that correct. And we can just call remove your type in lizard. So what this is going to do is this is going to run that simple code to remove the lizard item. What it's gonna do it continuously, it's going to do over and over and over. So if we do, we print this out. Here we go. Make sure that's saved. And we printed out before we remove it every time. We can see we have lizard in there twice and then we have it in there once. And then we don't print it anymore because it's not in there anymore. So this is no longer a true statement. That's one situation where you may run into where you want a while loop versus a for loop. So it is going to come down to being a situational decision for you as a developer. But those a while loop and another loop that you now have in your possession. 30. Functions: All right, Today we're going to talk about functions. And specifically, you'll be learning to create your own functions for your code. Now, what are functions? Well, we've already been using them and I may have caught him that previously. But these blocks here that we had with the process and the ready block, these are the ready function and the process function. Now, everything from the word public to the final curly brace. One function. Now there are different kinds of situations here where e.g. with the two items here in the middle. This the first one here override, may or may not be there depending on the function and the avoid here, bay or may not be void or it may be something completely different. But those are things that we need to pay attention to, need to know beforehand. Now this isn't anything difficult for you to keep track of. So what we're gonna do is we're gonna go ahead and create ourselves a function that allows us to just print out a statement greeting the user to our program. So to create a brand new function, we're going to put in public. And we put in the word public here because we want to be able to call it possibly from outside the script. Now, there can be situations where you may want to use keyword private instead. But for the most part, you can probably get away with public just fine. Next up is override, and in our case, we're not going to need it. But in instances where you do need override is going to be situations where if I hit underscore here, hopefully you'll see a bunch of pop-ups on your end or some autocomplete. We have things like draw, enter tree, exit tree, input, notifications, process, ready, and so on. These are default built-in functions. And whenever you use one of those, you will need to use this override keyword here when declare your function. But since we're creating a brand new one, we're not going to need that. Now, we can go ahead and type in a void. And we can use this keyword because this signifies what type we use, the return keyword width. And since we're not going to use return with anything, we can use void, which means expect nothing to be returned. So we'll go ahead and create our function called greetings, open and close parentheses, and our pair of curly braces. If we were to come in here and saying, use return. Where Hurley I currently the semicolon in there, returning, but we're not returning anything. So this is perfectly fine with that being void. However, if we had, say, turn the number two, now we have an issue here. And this could be a little misleading because we have a red squiggly line under the word return. Well, the issue here is because we are returning A2, which is an integer. And because we tend to avoid up here and our function when creating it, it's, it's expecting nothing to be returned. So if we need to return that to for whatever reason, it's an avoid, we're just type int. And now our issue is fine. Now it's expecting an integer to be returned back to us at some point. Likewise, if I remove that too and would sit like this, you can see the red line appears again because now we're not returning anything. We're expecting nothing here. So I'm gonna go ahead and change it back to void because we're not going to need anything. Like I said, all we're gonna do is we're going to print out for a counselor. And this is something we've done many times before. We're going to print out. Welcome to my awesome program. Like so. And just like that, we've created our very own function. Let's see, basic function and all it does is print out for us, but we have created a function for ourselves. Now in order to use this function, we have to call it. Now what that means is we have to use this right here, the name of our function with open, close parentheses. And in our case, you can call it inside of our function. Because remember when the ready function triggers, that's when the game or application is first opening up the scene. So all we do here is type in the name, Greetings, open and close parentheses, and the semicolon. And save our project. Now if we go ahead and run this, notice down in the output. Here we go. There is the print statement coming from our brand new function we created. Alright, now these functions can have arguments also known as parameters get passed in. And in our case, instead of saying Welcome to my program, rock them to my awesome program. Let's welcome the user to our special program. So for here, we're going to have a user as an argument here. Now, the problem here, we have our wavy underline here because it doesn't know what user is. So we have to tell it user is gonna be a string that we have to pass in. And we want to welcome the user. We want to use this inside of our print so we can put our dollar sign at the beginning. And we'll say welcome. Use it. So now we can try and run this, but we're going to run into an issue. And that error is actually going to be our right under light up here. And asked because we have nothing passed in to our greeting function here when we're calling it, we need and require a string of some sort to be passed in. So we can come in here and we can say Jimmy. Alright, let's pass Jimmy in, save it, and run our program. And now we'll see in the output, welcome Jimmy to my awesome program. Same thing if we change this to Johnny and save that, run it. When I see now we can get a new name, put it in there. Right now, familiar with this concept. So this is perfectly fine for us. Shouldn't be anything too new. The actual creation of the function itself here. Now, what if we wanted to have multiple arguments in here? Well, what we'll do is we just put a comma space and we put it in the next one, the next argument that we want. So welcome to my awesome program. Let's see. Let's use a descriptor. So it's gonna be a string. We'll call it the scripter. And it's an awesome. We're going to use whatever we pass in, whatever word as our descriptor. And now of course we have our error at the top end comma. And we want a second string here, because that's what we set for the second argument here. And our greetings function. And we say, Amazing. Now keep in mind, you can still use title case to upper, to lower. What have you need specifically for that word in that sentence just to make sure it makes sense and the way it's printed out. But there you go. We can see, welcome Johnny to my amazing program. I see now we're starting to get to some of these situations. We can really start customizing our function to take these other parameters passed in to make it a little more. How can we say customizable, reusable, and different ways without having to write specific functions or writing the same print statement, e.g. in our case, over and over with different different things passed in. So you do have to keep in mind these positions do matters so we don't want to write amazing first. And then Johnny similar would say, welcome, amazing to my Johnny program. And that wouldn't really make too much sense. Now, what do we want to set a default value to our items here? Well, a default value is something that can be basically set as the default. So if you don't pass an argument in that position, then it will fall back and use the default, whatever it is. So I'm going to say the default here. So after descriptive, when I say equals a string and I'll say, awesome, just like we had. Begin with. And now you see I can come in here and I can remove the second argument when we call our function. And we're not going to have any errors. So because I did not pass a second argument to their descriptor is going to automatically be filled in with it's default parameter that we added. There's default value of awesome. And again, we could do this with the user as well. So go ahead and put on Don veto. And if we keep the Johnny in there as our argument, you can see we're printing out, welcome Johnny. Still. Which is great because now we have that option. Or if we delete Johnny and don't pass in any arguments. And we print this out. We see welcomed on veto to my awesome program. So with these. Default values put in there. We have these optional parameters that we don't have to fill in. But if we want to change them, we certainly can. So there we have it. We've created a function. We have taken multiple different arguments. We have some default value set. And we don't need to add anything in there, but if we wanted to, we certainly can. So let's go ahead and put everything together from last chapter or last video, I suppose we could say add this one, Let's put it all together. So let's create a, a visual for us to be able to type in our text field. And when we process our text with the Enter key, what we're gonna do, we're gonna check, I'm going to say if the user has typed in queue or if they've typed in quit, then we'll close out the program. Otherwise, you can get the text and we can pass that in to our function of printing. We can print it out to our screen or use it inside of our statements here. So let's go ahead and what I'm gonna do with that, I'm going to keep greeting here, but I'm not going to call it, sign up ready at all. We're not going to need to anymore. And I'm going to create a function called public void. I'm going to call this great UI. And this is where I'm gonna get that same information that we did last time. So I'm just going to copy and paste it in, save some time where I'm creating a line at it. I'm naming it TextField, placing it on the screen and giving it a size, and then adding it to our screen that way you can be rendered out. So if we were to run this now, at the current situation, we're going to see anything. We're just going to have this gray box till now. The reason for this is we haven't called it. So inside of our ready function, call our Create UI that we created. And if we run it now, you see that block of code runs. And we now have our line type inside of. Fantastic. Now we can do is our process function, again that we had in here. Previously. We are public. And remember, this is a built-in function, so we have to use override then void because we're not expecting anything to be returned. Underscore process C, the default if you get built in there. And what we're gonna do in here, we're going to check if our input, alright. Say if input is t and the key we're going to check for. Of course, there's going to be our energy qi dot enter inside of our if check will check if text equals I'm just going to use q. Wrap it around there. And now we don't know what text is. You haven't set that. So let's go ahead and do that. I'm going to set our variable context. I set it equal to no wine edit. That's what we created. I lived it. Text field. And we're gonna get the text property of it. Alright, So if that text is called, is just q. Will go ahead and get the tree of our program. And just call quit. Else. Go ahead and dive in. And you can go ahead and call our print statement here if we wanted. What I'm gonna do Is everything that we have here and stick it inside of a nother function. Or I do that. I'm going to grab my print statements, remarked reading. And I just cut it out with Control X, paste it into my else block. We don't need the script at all. And for the user, remember this is now text. Be created there. And I'm just going to take that whole f-block and take it out and just stick it inside of my greetings function. Actually keep the variable outside of that. We only need one argument here. And I think I'll just keep user asks what I'm asking there. All right, so now what do we do? We're going to take our text property that's going to equal whatever has been typed into our line at it. And I'm going to pass that in as the argument or my readings function. And then my greetings function is going to take that first argument that we passed in can be represented by the name user. And if user is equal to Q, we're going to quit. Otherwise, we'll go ahead and print it out. Now, what I should do is I should do user.name to lower, just to be safe in this case. Alright, so let's go ahead and check everything that we've gotten done here. Let's go over it. All we have are ready function that'll be called when our program lobes, we immediately call our Create UI function that we created. And all that's doing is creating that line, Edit Text, Edit line that we have on the screen. Now we're going to type it in, setting the name, position and size, adding it to our screen to be rendered. We then use the built-in process function, which is going to run every frame to check what we're doing. And if we press the Enter key on our keyboard, we're going to get the text out of there that is inside of our line at it. And we're going to pass that text into our greetings function. And then our greetings function takes that text represented by the word user, checks if it's q. And if so we quit. Otherwise, we print out our statement, welcoming the user to our program. So if we go ahead and run this, should now see all that work. We go, we have our box here to type in. And we go in with, let's call sunny. Enter. There we go, being printed out to our console. Right now if you wanted, we can come in here and you could set the tax, you can empty it out like we did last time as well. But there you go. We've put our lessons from the last video and this video together into one. And now we're really getting something together that's starting to visually within our code look like in application program that we can run. 31. Classes: Alright, in this video, we're gonna go ahead and look at creating our very own class. That we can do is to keep things organized within our projects. And what we're gonna do for this is we're going to create our own pet class that can hold information such as the pet's name, the pet's age, maybe the pet type and know whether it's a dog, cat, fish, et cetera. And we can add some functions in there, such as being able to rename our pet. If we wanted. Maybe you want to add some commands to it. That printout to the screen saying a pet name is sits down beside you. Maybe if you call the sick man. Now, whatever you want to put in there. I'm going to show you how we can create our very own class as well as using that. You've had an introduction to this already when we were creating our functions here. And when we're creating our UI in general, the line at it, e.g. we see we do blind at it. We declare what class this text field is, and then create a new object of that class. And we've been doing that earlier with arrays dictionaries, where we create a new array and a new dictionary. And when we add in our own class, it's going to follow that same pattern. So what we're gonna do is we're actually going to come on down into our file system, just right-click anywhere, go down to the new option and select script. And we should now see the following screen. And what we're gonna do language C-sharp. Yep. Because you can only use a C-Sharp class inside of a C-sharp scripts. It's going to inherit from, we can leave it a note if you wanted to. Um, depending on what your class is, you might want to base this off of a specific node type. But for now we can just leave it as node. That's fine. For the template. We can do an empty one or you can do a note default. It's not going to matter too much. So I'm just going to go ahead with the empty objects just so we can get a good look. And for the name, I'm just going to call this pet class and hit Create. Now it's not going to open automatically for us. So we're actually gonna have to go into our file system here and double-click on it. And now we can go ahead and take a look and see it here. And when should we have a completely empty thing here? You don't have already we don't have processed, we don't have any combat. It's completely empty and that's fine. This is what we need to start off with creating our class. Now, if you use the default template, you can easily just delete those things. The process function, ready function and the comics. It's no big deal. Alright, so let's go ahead and add in a string for our pet name, which will be linked by default. Let's add an integer or the age, which would be zero by default. Let's go ahead and add in a shrink or the pet right? Now if you want to add other data in there, you can certainly go ahead and do that. And just for our example here, I'm gonna go ahead and create a function. There'll be a public function, public void. I'll call it rename our open and close parentheses and our curly braces. And this rename function will take in a, an argument of a string called new name. And what we're gonna do inside of this function is we're gonna say pet names. So you can just type in name equals new name like that. Or if you want to get a little more specific, you can say this dot pet name. Either way. They'll have the same result. It's completely up to you if you want to include this at the beginning. But just by doing that, we now have a class. We have some variables, some properties of our class, as well as a function that we just call it. Let's go ahead and take a look at that. I'm just going to go inside of our function script that I was using last time. And now if we go ahead and we can create a brand new class, just make sure that you've saved your script. Otherwise this will pop up. So it's like Pet class, and we can call this, let's say Bill. There'll be equal to a new pet class. Alright. Now Bill, we can come in here and we can call our function Rename on it. And we could pass in a string of some type. We'll call it bill as well. And we were to go in and run this. We'll see we're not gonna have any errors. Everything runs through perfectly fine. If you wanted to. Make sure this is working, you can go ahead and print out the pet name whenever we renamed the pet. So you should see this now inside of our output console is Bill. So we know it's going through and it's running just fine. Now, what if I called this a private function? And we try to run this. Now. You can see we've run into an error here. And that error is because the rename function is inaccessible due to its protection level. And that's what I was talking about before. And we see renamed now has this red underline for it. This is the difference between private and public. So I can call it in here. If I wanted to write. I can call rename just fine inside of the script. But because it's private, I cannot call it from outside of the script. So this is something that you need to keep in mind what I was mentioning last time, that there may be things that you want to keep private and keep internal to your class. But for the most part, you'll probably get away with just leaving everything as public if you wanted to do with being public. Of course, now we have access to it again and we can create a new build and have no errors. So one thing I wanted to address here as well is if you wanted to initialize your script as an example. Since we can't call a ready function. But you might want to set some default parameters for your class. Here's what we can do. You create a public void. And let's call it initializer. And our curly braces. And we'll take in some part here. Alright, so say new name. Haven't paid for new age. And then one more string for new, tight. And then we can easily just come in here and set our property. So pet name equals new name, pet age equals new age, and pet type equals new type. Just like that. Now we can come in here and we say Bill dot, initialize, our initializer, rather open and close parentheses and our semicolon. Now we have to pass these in an order. Bill. I will say three. And the tight it's gonna be a dog. And then we go. Now we can pass in some arguments. If you want to have some way to initialize our class with some default arguments or default settings that we want to be able to have control of outside of the class to make it a little more modular on creation, myth. That's how we go ahead and create a class or something. And remember, a class is a nice way to keep things organized. And altogether for everything that is maybe related to one specific thing. Such as we'll say a coffee machine, right? Coffee machine S keep track of its ingredients, the amount that it has. Each coffee machine has to keep its stock. S keep track of its own prices for everything. And all these things are gonna be part of the machine itself. Whereas you pressing a button wouldn't be part of the machine. Hopefully that makes sense. But that's how we create a brand new class. And that's how we can use that class inside of our code. 32. Regular Expressions: All right, Today we're going to take a look at something called regular expressions. And regular expressions allows you to take a special pattern that represents a specific pattern of texts and allows you to search through a large block for something very specific. Now you've probably run into this if you've done any shopping online, where maybe you put in a credit card number and you see automatically identify your card, has a Visa card, or maybe a MasterCard or American Express. Behind the scenes, that's regular expression. Identifying your car, what your card is based on a set pattern. Then that pattern is compared to you have typed in that box. First, take a look at this variable here. We're just going to call it add. And I've broken it down into multiple lines. Just so we can see it all. And let's say somewhere in here is the price. And we wanted that price. This could be maybe on a website if you want to do a way price tracker. Or in this case, maybe just going through a specific set of checks and you're looking for this. Well, we could do this without regular expressions. Like you see here. We have a fancy an array of strings. And we're splitting this text by this dollar sign here. So everything after it, right here, what I've highlighted would be index1 and everything before it would be index zero. And of course, we don't know what this is looking like in any of that. So to get that, we then have to print it out to our console. Figure out what it looks like, what each of our items look like, okay? Decided we want element one. Find out where we want to split it. Which in this case is gonna be this comment here. And we do a split again on that specific item within that list. Send it back to the text again, printed out what should be the first item should be our price. We do it anyway just to make sure and double-check. Okay, It is, create a variable comp price. Set our text to be a string, and then we can convert it into a float in order to use it as our price. Now that's a lot to go through. And this factor may change. We don't know. Maybe there isn't $1 sign. Maybe there is maybe there's no comma after that price. And again, maybe there is, we don't know. The point is this is not good enough to look for something specific. This is done manually. And if you have something that's not going to change, you can get away with things like this. And and a lot of cases you can get away with not knowing or using a regular expression ever. But there may be a situation where regular expression would save you some code or maybe just faster to write. Now, what I've shown you here, then we've gone over here, is pretty much a best-case scenario. And I've got, I could show you some examples. E.g. if we go just come down here for a moment, just paste this in. You see all this text here. Now, obviously I'm going to have all these errors here. But all this text here is taking a webpage that gets, that comes back for making a price tracker. And this specific website. To have one or two results. We can have this situation here where we have to go through all of these splits. And then we run a for-loop in order to quickly get our price. Or we may even get back a different page template that they use. And you gotta go through this set of splits that to get the price. So this is going to be a little more of a real-world situation a little bit. This case for high price tracker on one specific website. So I'm just going to delete all that. And with a regular expression, we can write this three lines and have the price no matter what website It's on. In that situation, regardless of which template gets loaded up on that page. And it'll work is that our block of text here? And it should work anywhere to get that first-price. Alright, so at this point, you should hopefully get an idea of why we would use a regular expression. Now, how do we use them and how do we write them? Well, I'll tell you right now that patterns on a regular expression, admittedly, kinda look like you took a keyboard and smacked it up someone's head. And somehow it just works like magic. And you'll see what I mean here in just a moment. So let's go ahead and create ourselves a new regular expression objects. So rejects, I'm going to call mine RE. That'd be equal to h new rejects item. Now to use this, all we have to do is call compile on our rejects item. And all we have to do is pass in a pattern. Now, what you're seeing there on screen, what that auto-fill, I'll just hit tab to fill it in for me. This is a basic pattern that allows you to search for a price. Now, in other languages, you may only need to have one of these backslashes. But in when using Ghetto Gatto, We need to use two of them. And Alice has meaning to us, is that we're taking this literal, so these two back slashes. And then the dollar signs means we're looking for a literal dollar sign here. Alright. So we're looking for and then we have our two backslashes again again, depending on your language again to me on the new one, but in our case would be two. And looking for d plus. So we're looking for one or more digits. Which makes sense because even if something is $0.99, we still have that zero that gets written out. So bulletin for at least one number there. And that'll work if it's a zero for some under $1 or it'll work if it's maybe like $12 million. It doesn't matter how many numbers are there as long as we have at least one. We're then going to look for a period after that. So, so far we looked for $1, sign at least one number, and then a period. And then after that, we're looking for another digit. But specifically we're looking for to did. So now what we specified is dollar sign number at least one period followed by two more numbers. This is the pattern we're looking for. And if we look, that's going to match our price that's up there. We have $1.05. We have at least one number there. We have three of them in our example there, 199, we have a period. And then two more numbers after that, which is the $0.99. And this is a simple pattern. I'll show you some more complex ones. Some more complex examples here in a moment. But to continue with this, we're looking for and we can call this just a string. If we wanted for the price again, we can call it a float and convert it into a float, a fluid like. But we can just set this equal to our rejects item that you want to perform a search using our, using our pattern here. So we're going to search what? We're going to search this ad that we have at the top. And we're going to get string. Just like that. We have our price. It's just three lines creating our object. Tell it what pattern to use and perform a search. And now we have the price regardless. I keep wanting to use the word modular, but it's not really modular. It just works with so many different situations and pieces of texts that we don't have to get specific. Like we didn't have to do with the top example. I'm just gonna go ahead and write this out here. And simply price with the capital P. In this case. Sure. I use the right one. I don't want to use the top one there. And you'll see the difference here because we are splitting it. But this dashed line, save your code, run it. We see there's our top piece with the rest of that text. And then we split it by that common. So we'd have to watch that dollar 99, sorry, that 19999. And we haven't, There we go. That's fixed. Strangely with yelling at the top piece for making our float from whatever reason, even though it was just working at, we were seeing all this but that's fine. But then you see at the bottom we see we have the price. It's perfectly written out. We don't need to add $1 sign on there and we're able to just search our piece of texts no matter what. And to show you that this works on all pieces of texts. Alright? So I have another long piece of text here. We don't know what the price is. It's somewhere in here. Let's go ahead and add the semicolon at the end. And all we're gonna do is we're going to run our search on add to. And we'll see the price, no doubt, come up somewhere right here, right here. Go ahead and run that. They see with tweaking nothing to our code. We now have the new price already working right there. As expected. Sorry I said it just works with all code because we're looking for a specific pattern characters. Alright, so that'll do it for this. That's regular expressions, how we can use them, and an example of why they would be useful for these situations. Now, I told you, I was going to show you a little more complicated examples of some of these patterns. So if I were to, here, we've got a pattern like the following. Like this. If you use, well, we have another one they're doing in line with that. We see this top one here. This is used to check if you haven't input and email into the field block. This next one here would be making a comparison to see if it is a MasterCard type of card. All these companies that they follow certain patterns. So if you wanted to make identifications again, this is how a website would identify your card is being a Mastercard because it would follow this specific pattern. And you can see that, like I said before, these do start getting a little complicated looking. And even this is still a, I would say, fairly basic, but can certainly be intimidating to look at as a new person. Especially this first one here for emails. Again, kind of just looks like you hit someone with a keyboard and somehow it just works. Alright, so that's it for regular expressions. And next, next thing we're going to tackle, I think we're going to take a look at how to save and load different file types. 33. Saving and Loading Text: All right, Today we're going to take a look at how we can save and load text files in case there's some piece of data that we want to store in that form. So for this, I've got a save and a load function that I've created here. My text. I'm going to go ahead and inside of my ready, I'm just going to go ahead and create a text that I want to store. And I'm going to just call this text. And let's see. This is my cool example. Two same ending with a semicolon. Right? Now we haven't thing we want to save. How do we actually save text? Well, in order to save text, we need to open that file up. Have the right the right permissions for that file in order to write it to our computer, save it. Then we have to store our data inside of it. Now, in this, personally for 0.0, here, we do not need to close any files or anything. And we can actually perform this in just two lines. Save our texts, will just create a new var f. You can name this whatever you want. I'm just using f. Yes, that's what I'm used to for a representation of a file. And I'm going to set this equal to file, File Access class. And we're going to call the open function. That takes two arguments. One is gonna be the location of our file. And in this case, I'm just gonna put it inside of our project here. I'm gonna use colon slash slash. So I can just stick it inside of my projects folder itself. And we can name this my Bio dot TXT. We have a comma and the second argument, which is just gonna be vile, access, dot, mode, flags, dot, and then in all caps, right? I'm sorry, it's not an all caps, not nasty sharp. It's all caps in TD script, but we want to do that and we can set the flag to have our right permissions. And we have the location of where we want to save our text file. And you're a little confused. Rest is just this default folder here that over things for approximately stored in. Right? So if we now go ahead and need to actually store our string now, so we'll say F because we want to access that file. We just opened a store string. And that takes an argument inside a pair of parentheses, and that argument is what we want to store. My case, it's gonna be the variable called I catched. And it does not exist inside of this, which means I can either create an argument here inside of my file, inside of my function here, or I can just move my variable above my ready. Either solution will work here. I'm just going to move mine out off the ready since I don't need to make my Save File Export. All right, so inside the ready now we're just going to go ahead and call our textFile function. We save and run it. A second to build. And we should now find our text file. Right here inside of our File System. If you double-click it. Here, we see, here's our text file. Now, we had nothing that was saved inside of the interesting enough. At least nothing. See, here we go. I just rerun the program for a second time. Now that the file actually exists. And there we go. We have our text file saved in here. So let's go ahead and alter this. So we have something different for when we load it, we can make sure that it is loading. Instead of saying, this is my cool example texts and say if we're going to say This, text is now loading from a file, say Control S. To save that. Now we can focus on how we load a text file. I'm going to go like that. I don't know. We don't need that weird having a file save. Now, when loading a text file, something you can do is check if a file exists. Though it is not necessary for you to do that. I'm going to show you how to do that. We'll say if file access, that file exists, and that takes an argument. And that argument is just gonna be the same path that we used when we see a string of Rey's colon slash, slash I text file dot TXT. Then our open, close parentheses inside of or to create our block for our if statement. So if this file exists, what we're gonna do is we're going to do something very similar to what we did in our Save. I'm going to use f as my file representation. And instead of using the right permissions, I'm going to use read. And we're going to open up the file from the same path. Of course, this time we're reading instead of getting and we're just going to set my text. Now. I'm going to change the variable and set it equal to f dot yet as text. So we can go ahead and load our file, load file. And just to see the difference, I'm going to go ahead and write my text before we load. And after we load. Alright, save it and run it. We'll take a look down here at our output sheet. This is my cool jumbled text. And this text is now loading from a file. So you see the original text as well as the texts that we loaded it. Alright, so that's how you go about saving and loading using a text file with C-Sharp. 34. Saving and Loading Json: Alright, so today we're going to go over how we can save and load a JSON file. And for my example here you see I'm using a dictionary here, and it is formatted with two keys. And both of their values are another dictionary, which consists of stats based on the weapon type. Alright. I then have my empty save and load functions here. Instead of TXT. Jason. Alright. Alright, so how do we save adjacent file? Well, to do this, we're going to start out, I'm very much the same as we did before. Our f equals file access dot open. Our file path passed in. And we're just going to use rise again, of course. And then our right missions. And much like our text, we only need one more line here to actually perform the Save. And here that route just going to use f dot store string. Only. We're not just going to pass in our items. My dictionary up there. We could, it's not going to look great. It's all going to be one long line. And quite frankly is going to be ugly to look at. Hard to edit if you want to edit the file at all. So what we're gonna do is we're actually going to store a string. We're going to use store wine. And what we're going to pass in is going to be a JSON dot stringify. And we're going to pass in named Mark dictionary, which is items. And I'm going to pass in a second argument, which is just gonna be this a string of backslash t, which is just going to tap in our new lines to make it very nice to actually look at. So let's go ahead and call our save JSON file. Let's go ahead and run this. Nothing printed out, but we share file down in our file system and we open it up high. This, we see, there we go. We can see it nice and neat and ordered. All nicely tabbed in. Just looks beautiful. Now, this is something that we can obviously edit. We can look at it visually, see what goes where, what's part of what. But if we did not e.g. use our stringify to organize things, then everything would be on one line, like you see here. Which as you would imagine, if you wanted to edit this outside, it would be extremely annoying the longer and bigger that your file gut. And you can see we just have two items each with two stats each. And this is already starting to become a pain for doing that. So I'm just going to go ahead and close that without setting discard. And unfortunate. It kept that structure. All right. Let's rerun this again just so I can get that proper sitting there. Here we go. I just had a little issue. Gotta was confused on which Phi, which load between the local disk and what was actually here and here. Just a little confusion that this is the mat. Just reloading the project should fix that if nothing else. Well, there we go. Now, how can we actually load this? Well, to make sure we're load this properly. Also have a typo in here. I said I track instead of attack. So let's start by fixing that. And then let's go ahead and make the bot attack. Let's make it 60 crazy that we can obviously pointed out. Alright, so when it comes to loading our file, again, I'm going to start out, but yeah, check if does this file exist. And if so, then we're going to load it. And loading it is going to take. Quite a few more steps in comparison to the Save, whereas the Save was very close to what we do with text files. So when it comes to loading, we're going to start out the same. I'll just copy that line down. And instead of right, of course we're going to read instead. Next, we need to create ourselves a JSON object and then just call mine j is going to be a new Jason. Next we need to parse this out to get the result. So we're gonna say var result equals j dot. And what we're going to pass in here is gonna be F. Alright, our file yet as text. And then two, we're going to pass in, true just to keep the text. And now we can go ahead and parse this out. So let's say we don't ruin anything that already exists. We're going to create a new dictionary where it has a temporary piece of data. Welcome to data. That's gonna be equal to. We're going to set this to open close parentheses. And the reason why we're doing this is because we're going to convert our parsed section here as a Gato dictionary, so to say Td, tc dictionary. Then outside of these parentheses, you just use the Jason class to parse string. And we're going to pass in an argument for that being j for the object that we used earlier with our result. If we add no issues there, then what we're doing is we're gonna do j dot yet as text. So not good affections. I wanna get parsed text. This point. Then the last thing we do is we can set our items, which is the dictionary. Then we want to load our data into our actual dictionary, right? So we'll say items equals or temporary data here. That this point, after going through the previous two lines, we shouldn't have any issues with parsing it out. So now if we go ahead and call our node patient file. And if we remember, if we go ahead and print this out, we're going to see our bot attack is six and the default, and I believe we changed it to 60. And our edited text. Go ahead and print that out before and after we load, save and let's run it. And we take a look down in the output. We can see bow, the attract, because we had a typo that we had to fix it set to six. And if we look at the one after me loaded, we can see the typo has been fixed and the bot attack is now set to 16th set of six. Now, the order that the skin doesn't really matter, the fact that it changes around to be alphabetical. Simply because when we're accessing a dictionary, remember we're putting in the valley, so we're gonna be getting the bow if we want the Bose stats. Remember, we're not looking for like index one, index two, we're actually typing in a string that matches that key. Alright, so there we go. There's a weekend load and save JSON files. So now you can take this and keep your game data nice and organized. 35. Blackjack UI: Alright, so we're gonna go ahead and we're going to create a project with a visual graphical interface, a simple one, but we'll have one. And then if you would like to advance further than that, you can go ahead and add more features, add more at a better interface, revise it, whatever it is you want to do. Perfectly fine. What we're doing today is we're going to create the game blackjack. Now you may know this game also by the name of 21. So the dealer can sell a car to the player and to themselves. To each. The player can see their cards. Then you can choose whether or not they want to get another card or if they want to stand and keep what they have. Now the goal of this is to get as close to 21 as you can without going over. And the dealer. The rule for the dealer is they have to keep drawing until they have at least a certain number. This number is typically 16, at least 16 or 17. Before they have to, before they stopped drawing. If you go over 21, you automatically lose. This is called a bust. Let's go ahead and I just have a new scene here. And by that, again, I'll click the plus button up here and I hit user interface. And I just renamed my control to be called blackjack, and I saved it. All right, now for our interface, what we're going to work with here, I'm gonna go ahead and use a texture, right? And with that, and just click that plus up here at the top. And that is just the child. Or again, you can right-click on that control and you haven't add tone button there. And I'll go ahead and open this up. And I'll just correct, capture this real quick. And inside of here has basically every node type that we can work with it here. You see the white ones are typically things like windows that you're able to use and work with here. I blew. All of these blue items are used for creating 2D things to the particles, navigations, sprite. So if you're working with, if you want to make a 2D game, that's typically what's going to work with there on the blue area, the red area, the red items here are all of your 3D items. A lot of them are the same as 2D. All of the green items, which is what we'll be working with today, are all of the user interface items here. These are things that you would use to create the UI of your game, or in this case, our entire application. And then you have some additional few options down here. You see that don't really belong to any specific section. So I went ahead and just selected a texture wreck. So I just came up to the cochlear duct in texture and we have a texture right here. You can go ahead and hit the Create button with that located right down at the bottom. I'm going to go ahead and close that now. With this texture. I'm just gonna go ahead and rename this as background. And I just went on to Google and just search for blackjack table. And I found this image. I'm just going to drag into the texture section here in the inspector. There it is. Now, I can hold Shift and grab one of these orange handles and just enlarge it. So fills up this blue box. So this blue outline here that you see is what we will see inside of our window. I'm just going to make sure that covers the whole thing and that should be good to be saved. I'm just going to quickly run the scene here and take a look. Check I'm not missing anything. Alright, now, that looks good to me. I'll take advantage of that right now to actually capture that. Alright, one moment, there we go. And I can see every time I go ahead and open that up, what do we see? We have a nice table here. Again, I just grabbed this off of Google, just go into the image search. And we can see in this case, the dealer must draw it to 16 and stand on all 17. So as we see in this case, the dealer has to go to at least 16 before they stopped drawing. Alright? So what are we going to need for this? Well, at a bare minimum, we're going to need two buttons. So we're going to need our player to be able to choose whether they want a hit or stand, right? They want to take another card or keep what they have. So we need two buttons. I'm just going to click on my default control here that I named Blackjack. I'm going to hit the Add button and just go ahead and six for button. And I'll name this one the button. And Indian spectrum on the right. I'll add the word hit. Then I'll add another button into the scene. And this will be my standard button and set the texts in the inspector to say Stan. Right? Now we can grab these buttons and just move them where we need them. We go. And we can zoom in and we could easily take a look at them. I'm going to expand them to be about the same size. And quick note when you're doing UI like this. If you look up at the top of the editor here, we have these magnets. One of these will activate a grid for you to look at and the other one will enable snapping. So we can go like this and we can get and get ourselves an idea of how big they are. Make sure everything is lined up where they need to be. Make sure everything is the right size. My case, they are indeed both the correct size. And I'm just going to go ahead and put hit on one side. Stand on the other. There we go. Now let's see. Where would our middle point B. With a. We call this line or middle, and hit has come in one more block. All right? And I'm just going to turn off my grid now. Perfect. So if our hidden sandbox now a user has an option. But if we're not adding cards to this visually, because that's something that she can easily add in yourself to advance the visuals of it. We're going to work with a few labels, one to show our players total and one to show our dealers total. So I'm gonna go ahead and add in two labels. This the dealer label. And we'll fill this in with some text here. We're saying dealer total that over and down a bit. And we'll do the same thing for the player. This one now, what she says to say, player cuddled. And this will be the player label. Alright, so if we go ahead and run that now we can go ahead and have a nice little look with ECR dealer total up there at the top layer, down here at the bottom, right next door, I hit and stand buttons. So we have a good idea. What we want to put here. Alright, our UI is looking great for everything that we need at a bare minimum to be able to play our game. And this point, we can Let's see, do we need anything else? No, that's all we're going to need so we can go ahead and start moving into the code for this project. 36. Blackjack Dealing Cards: Alright, let's go ahead and set up the code for this. So what I'm gonna do is I'm going to select our main blackjack note here and add a new script to it. And you've seen this before. I'm just going to go ahead and do a C-sharp no default and hit Create. And it's opened up. We go, go ahead and save those files there. Alright. Now we have exactly what we're used to at this point. We haven't ready function, we have the process function and nothing else really going on for us here. Well, what we're going to need is we're going to need, let's set up our variables first. And for this, we're going to need to use a Goto array. So let's go ahead and bring in the photo collections to using GC equals 0 dot collections. So some space here. We can say books that did not autocomplete will create an array. This will be the cards that were able to draw from. And out of these, the simple numbers who have is 1, 234-567-8910. And now when we have a deck of cards, we also have a king, queen, jack, and in blackjack, these also count as tens. So to increase or to simulate the odds of drawing those, we're just going to go ahead and add in a couple of more tens, so on for the king, queen jack. And if you wanted to, you can go ahead and add in a, another one in there. And even an 11 if you wanted to simulate drawing an ace. Well, I'm just going to work with the one through ten and the additional tense when the king, queen jack. Well, what else are we going to need? We're going to need a, another ray here. Because we need to keep track of our dealer hand and our players hand. So let's go ahead and dealer hand. And that's going to equal to a new array here. So likewise, we need one for the player. Player hand equals a new array. Last, but certainly not least, we're going to need hour. We're going to need to keep track of the total that our player and dealer currently have. So these are obviously going to be an integer because we can't get any half numbers or anything, no partial numbers or floats or dealer total. This would be a zero by default and same thing with our player. And to make things a little easier for ourselves, we're gonna go ahead and we're gonna get our hidden stand button just to make things easier so we don't have to type out that long string of code every single time. So for that we're just going to declare a business, a button. And it's variable is going to be called the hip button, and that's it. And we'll do the same thing with the standard button. And let's go ahead and jump in. Well, what do we need to do? Well, we can set our bars here, are hitting stand button or set. So for that, I'll create a new function. I do not believe we're going to need our process function at all here. So I'm going to create a new one. Public. We don't need anything sent backwards. So void, set vars. And we're going to set our hip button. That'll be equal to node. And you should be getting a button back. And the pathing to this is just directly or head button. You don't have to go any deeper than that. So hit button. And we'll do the same thing with the standard button node that'll be gotten. And again, we don't have to go any deeper than the default of just our standard button and the semicolon. And we can call set bars inside of our ready right at the top. There we go. We should now just be able to call Hit button and stand button whenever we need to access those buttons there. Now, we want our buttons to be able to do something. Or do we want a deal our cards out first? Let's see. Let's deal our cards out. Alright, so to keep things nice and clean, whenever we want to add anything to our hand, we're going to create a function here called public void it. And again, it just means to take another card. So we'll take hit and we'll have an argument passed in. That argument has to be a god or array. And we're going to assign hand to that name at all we're gonna do is we're going to take the hand. So whatever we pass in there and we're going to add and not the hip button. Not quite right, auto complete. But we're gonna get our cards and call pick random. And it ends with an open close parentheses. And with that, that's going to give us a random card added into our hand. And that'll make it a little cleaner for our deal cards method. Alright, now, above or below doesn't matter. We can go ahead and create our function for dealing out the cards at the beginning of our game. If you wanted, you could just go into the ready function n, type out our hit four different times here. But what I'm gonna do is we're going to call create a function for deal cards. And this is the beginning of the game. So what we're gonna do is we're going to hit. And what we're going to hit is the player hand. We're going to do that twice. Yeah. But in-between we rotate, right? But I keep thinks it bears will go for the player and then the dealer, dealer hand. And then we do our player again. And then we don't know what the dealer has for their second card because their second card should be face down. So it would be a mystery to us. So what we're gonna do is we're going to add this by, and let's say dealer hand dot add. And what we're adding in there is just a question mark. That way we don't know what it is. And if you want to display cards in your version, you can go ahead and just display this question mark. Alright, so we don't have our totals or anything, but we can go ahead and call heel cards. And if we would like, you can print these out. Ged dot print. And we can print out the fire hand. And we'll print out the dealer hand. Right? Now when we go ahead and run this, we won't see anything happen visually because everything's still on the backend. We're not displaying any totals. What if we take a look down inside of our output? We can see the player got 10.10. So we're sitting at a beautiful 20 right now. It's almost impossible for us to lose. And the dealer is sitting on a ten and a missionary number. Now, that mystery number we know in our deck that at most NSA ten. So worst-case. We're going to tie with our dealer. Worst-case, we're going to tie with our tie with our dealer. Best-case, we went in. So right now we're in a pretty good stance right now. What's wrong, those two tens. And if we go ahead and rerun this, we got two tests again. They got eight and a mystery. And we've got two times again. So we see this is happening pretty consistent. There we go. We've got a seven out of ten, so we got really lucky on those first two draws. 1.9. Three and the 108.1, 5.6. So you get the idea. Alright. So we're gonna need to know what these, what the total for these currents are. So let's go ahead and create a function to get the total or the total number, right? See what we got from the dealer's hand and the players. And let's create a public horse function here. Now, we're not going to use void. We're actually going to because we want to return the total. So this is going to be an int. So we're going to return a number. We'll say total cards. And it's going to take in Gato array. And again, we're just going to call it. And inside this function. Alright? And you might see this red squiggle underneath our total cards here. Don't worry about that. It's just because we haven't returned an integer yet. We will. We're going to go ahead and we're going to create a new variable of an int, call it total, set it to zero by default. And now what we're gonna do is we're going to check for each card in the hand that we're given. We're going to increase the total. So say for each int c in, and c is going to represent the card or the number that is in the current hand that we passed into it. And what we're gonna do is we're just going to say total plus equals c. Now this is C-sharp, so we should technically be using a capital C here just for the C-sharp come practices here. But when we're done with our foreach loop, we're just going to call return total. So now whenever we call this dysfunction passenger hand, this is gonna give us back the total. So what we can do, what we can do now inside of our deal cards is, before we add this question mark to the dealer, we can go ahead and get the total for it. Let's say dealer total equals. And we'll just call that new function that we have total cards. And of course that's going to need a hand. So that's gonna be the dealer hand. Alright, so now we have a dealer total that'll be added up for us. While we're there, we could go ahead and set our label that we're showing on screen. So you know, I go up to my variables at the top here again. And I think I'll create another one for the dealer. Label. Dealer label equals yet known. And dealer label them, pretty sure is what I named it. I'm just going to look inside a good old real quick. Yes. Dealer label. Capital D, capital L. Yes. Alright. And I'm going to create a, another one for the player label, label, label and player. There we go. So once we get the total here, we'll go ahead and pass in. Or we're going to get our dealer label. Want to get the text property of it and set it to a string. We want to pass in a variable to it. So we start off with our dollar sign and we'll say dealer portal. Put a colon and pass in our dealer total variable. Here we go. So now if we go ahead and run this, we'll see we had our cards at the bottom six and a mystery, and we see our dealers total right up at the top. Right at the top here is six. And if we go ahead and keep running that we're going to see that's going to keep adding up and give us a beautiful total right there at the top. And this is working great. So we have the dealers total. We have no idea what our player total ways. It's right now, we don't know, but we drew because we don't have any graphics showing our cards. So it would be nice if the player knew how much they add. Well, we can, of course, go ahead and run this as well. And we can run this inside of a do we want to run it that way? No. Okay, So inside of our TO cards, after we do that, we can go ahead and we'll do the same thing for our player. Let's say player total equals total cards for the player hand. And then we'll get the player label the text property and set it just like we did with our dealer. Passing the correct values here. All right, I now when we go ahead and run this reaction, we got 12. Dealer currently has seven. Again, dealer has ten, we have nine. Run it again. We have three. That is a very unlucky, an unfortunate dealer has ten, so that's looking bad. Rush. And one more time dealer has six, we have 12. So you can see, you get the idea. We have our random cards and we're seeing exactly how much our total is on the screen at the moment. Alright, so next time we'll go ahead and jump into, or rather we'll set up our buttons to get them working. So we actually call hit and we can call it stand for ending the game and seeing who wins, who loses. 37. Blackjack Functional Buttons: Alright, so let's connect our buttons. Because at the moment, if we run this and we click on our buttons, they're not gonna do anything whatsoever. Visually. They're going to blink and show us that they're being clicked. But reality, they don't really do anything. So what can we do about this? Well, we can connect this, our buttons through something called a signal. And we can actually do this through code or using the interface here. And I'm going to show you both of those. Alright, so if we wanted to do it with the interface, we select our button or hit or stand doesn't matter. Here. We go to the right and Poseidon spectrum, we have a tab called node. Click on that. And then we see all of our signals that a button can emit. What we will be looking for is pressed. And you would just double-click on that and you would get a pop up. That looks like this. Should we see we got the rest signal. It's coming for I hit button because it's blue. We're going to connect it to blackjack because that's what has the script. And keep in mind this right here is this method, also known as this function, is what we're going to need to create inside of our script. So if you're using that, keep that in mind. The Advanced tab isn't going to do a whole lot here to Scott to passage it in there. If you want to fill out the extra argument calls, it doesn't really matter for us here in C-Sharp, but right now, but there you go. That's how you would do that. You would just hit the connect button and then you have to go in and create the function associated with it. Alright? And for us that want to connect it through, again to keep everything nice and clean, I'm gonna go ahead and create a new function here. This is going to be a void. I could create this as private because nobody ever needs to see this except for our code. But that's fine. And I'm just going to call it connects signals. And anytime I connect a single eye, just going to pass them all into here. And then I call my function up here inside of my reading. That way I keep everything clean. All right, so let's connect our function. Well, if you want to do it through code, what we're gonna do is we're gonna get our hip button. And we can call the connect function on it. Open and close parentheses and it with a semicolon. Now connect here it takes a few arguments. The first one is going to be the signal that we want to put in. And that's gonna be rushed like we saw. And the second one is gonna be the function. So for this we go New, colorable. And that has an open and close parentheses here of its own. And we're gonna do this because we want to connect it to this object that has the script on it. So this is the first object, but as a first argument and the second one is gonna be a string again, and this is the name of the function. So I'm going to call it hit breast. Now I can go ahead and come in and go public. Void. Hit press. Make sure you spell it correctly just as you typed it above. And I'm just going to print for this. And I'm going to say, let's go. Once a sprint the player total. Now remember if you use the UI to connect your signal, you're going to have to make sure that you have a function with that exact name, with all underscores and anything else, if that's what you used. And I don't gotta we can go ahead and run this. And I connected my hit. And anytime I press it, looks like we have an error here. Let's see. Oh, that is understandable. I called Connect signal before we set the variables. So doesn't know what our hip button is. So we call it set virus. And then the next signal. There we go. That'll fix that error. There we go. Yeah, whenever I hit the hip button, you should see the player total being printed out to us. Here we go. Every time we press it. Alright, so we know our hip button is working just as we need it to. So we can go ahead and do the same thing for our standard button. Going to be our standard button Dock connect. We're going to connect the price signal again. I'm just going to hit this stand breast and make things easier or a little quicker. I'm just going to copy that function and rename it than breast. And if you want, you can go ahead and run the code or run the program, hit the button, test it, make sure it's printing out. That way. You know what's connected properly. Again, if you want to use the interface, just use that note tab on the right next to the inspector. And connected up. Remember the method name or the function name, and create that function in your code. Okay, so now we have our buttons hooked up and ready to go. And whenever we do, whenever we're are hit as crushed. What do you want to do? We want to call our hip function, which has hit. And it's only the player can hit this. So we're passing the players and we run this again. And we hit, hit. And it doesn't look like anything is happening. But if we were to print out the players and this would update. So we can go ahead and we could just copy those lines there for the player total and player text. And call those right after we use it. And let's run this now and we should see our number now updating. There we go. We're at nine to 152-02-5305. So when you see this is running, every time we hit the hit, we add to our player. Obviously this is way too high for any game of Blackjack. We're going to have to acknowledge that portion, but that'll come when we look at the when enlarge portion of this. And our standard button for the moment won't do anything because for that we have to be able to declare a winner. And we would have a dealer draw function. We can at least do the dealer draw and have them draw to a certain number is. But let's go ahead and do that. So I said I was going to call this dealer Draw. Realloc, expel it one of these times. I'll create my function for function public, void, dealer, draw. So the first thing we need to do is we need to remove that question mark out of that hand. Alright, so let's go ahead and get the dealer's hand and call, remove. And take that question mark away. Not rubbing the player hand. Get that out of there. We're just going to remove that question mark. And then we need to immediately hit or dealer. So we can replace that question mark for us. And then we can get our dealers total dealer puddle. Now, not exactly. We'll set our dealer total equal to total cards and pass in the dealer hand. Alright, so now we can check, alright, because now we know exactly what the dealer has and we could check or rather run ourselves into a nice little loop for us. So we'll say while the dealer has less than 17, or again, remembering some games, the role might be 16 for the dealers minimum. Based off of the table that we have here. Dealer must draw to 16. So we're going to use 16 as the SD number that we're going to work with here. Alright, so right here, dealer must Rhonda 16 and stand on all 17. Right? So we can go into a wild loop. So we'll say while dealer total less than 16. If you want to go a little more advanced, who say while the dealer is total is less than 16.17 because according to that table, if the dealer has 17 who must stand but dealer, as long as the total is less than 16, you draw. So that should be perfectly fine for us. So while the dealer has less than 164 total, we're going to continuously hit on the dealer's hand and then get a new portal. Dealer. Total equals our total cards and pass in the dealer hand. There we go. Once all of that is completely done, we'll just set our texts for the dealer label again. We do that already. Right there. I'll just grab that and paste it in there. Alright. So though we do not have a win or loss, we should be able to hit stand. And our dealer is going to keep drawing until he reaches a number over 16. This is interesting. Back then it keeps going. 24, 26. So why does it keep going? Let's take a look. Okay. That's fine because we're gonna go into a ah, declare winter after that. So the fact that that doesn't stop or fact that we can't or doesn't stop when we hit it. Fine. It's just a little interesting. That doesn't seem to stop. With this. I'll write because we're hitting an extra one anyway. Okay, Yeah, that makes sense. Remember where I calling you hit here at the beginning. So we're always adding at least one card. That's fine. The box wherever we won't be able to use Spam, stand and wait. Stan wants to dealer draws and then we'll be able to declare a winner. Um, so let's see what do we need to do? We need to declare a winner. We know whether the user wins or loses. And we need to be able to check the player. The CFA, go over 21 with a drawing or not. And I think that's all we have left. So let's go ahead and implement our wind conditions are winning game over next. 38. Blackjack Declaring Winner: Alright, so let's go ahead and get our win loss conditions. What in here? So what we're gonna do first is we can create our Check layer function. And what this is gonna do is it's going to take a look at our total. And we're gonna say, if the player is over 21, then that's what we would call our, our declare, our winter. I jumped straight into that section and we could disable our buttons. Would like this. There's no reason to be able to press them anymore. I'll see where I want to put this. I'll just add it down here to the bottom, right. So say public void set, where we already have our player totals here. So we'll say if our portal is greater than 21, then what we're gonna do is we're gonna take our hip button and call disabled. And not false. We're going to set it to true. And we're going to do the same thing with our standard button. Now, where do we need to call this check player function? Well, we need to check this right at the top inside of our ready. So after we've dealt to our cards, we can go ahead and check layer. And the reason why we're doing it there is because once we deal our cars, we have our portal for the player, right? So if we come down and take a look, we've already got our total at this point and our cards have been dealt out. So we can check the player initially right at the beginning. Maybe they got lucky. And maybe they didn't. Yeah, Who knows? If you have aces in your game, you know, maybe they drew two 11s and now you have to make special conditions or you just go to a straight GameOver. All depends on how you want your game to work there, but we're going to call that rent at the beginning there. And where else are we going to call that? Where we're going to call it whenever we use hit the hit and use our hip button. We can call check player because we have a brand new total. So we need to update and take a look and step. The only place we need to check our player? I believe so, yes. So if we go ahead and run our game, Go ahead. We see we got 15. And if we do hit are probably going to go over and our buttons should disabled so we can no longer press them. And we go solver at 23. And for some reason I can still hit our buttons. Alright, why is this? Alright, maybe the game just didn't. I didn't hit save on my script. Maybe how that's possible. But you see now we go ahead and hit it. 16, hit again. We're over 21 and the buttons are disabled. I can no longer press anything. No matter how much I try, I just get the box highlighted. Alright. So we know that is working for our Check layer. Now the only thing we would do after that is called Arctic clear winner. But we can't because well, we don't have that ability yet. We have to create that function. So Let's go ahead and declare our winner, public void, clear winner. And with this we're going to jump into. So we're going to start by disabling both of our bonds because once we stand, that's it. The games coming to an end one way or another. So we get the dealer not doing that in there because we've already done that wrong to check. If the player total is greater than the dealer total, then the player would win, right? Well, we have to make sure that the dealer total is also not over 21. Otherwise, we have all the dealers are the players at 24, which technically gone over GameOver. But the dealers at 16, the player wins, but we don't want that. We want the player to lose. It will say if player is greater than the dealer tonal or dealer portal. Greater than 21. This where I'm just gonna go ahead and write. And I'm just going to print out, you lose here. I'm sorry, I got this mixed up. If you win on the first one. All right. So if the dealer is over 21, or the player is greater than the dealer, the dealer bus or the player is. Then we're going to take away. And next we're going to run to another F here. And the one we're going to run here is if our player modal is less than the dealer portal, or right, we're using those pipes. Or player total is over 21. And we can print out there. This is our you lose situation, right? Because the player has gone over 21, they've busted. Or the dealer is just higher than them. And our last condition then we can put in here is simply checking if we have a tie. Say else-if, or we could just do an if in here as well. We don't wanna do that one equals. We'll just go ahead and print out Ra. Alright, so where do we need to call declare winter? Well, let's see. Do we need to do it when the dealer draws? No, we need to do it when we hit. Know that we need to do it when we check the player. Yes, if the player has gotten over 21 and we go straight into a clear winner. Adding up our total cards? No. When we deal cards, no. However, when we sit, stand after our dealer has drawn, then we can call the clear winner. And then we're checking player when we hit. And I think that's I think that's everything for us. Now if we go ahead and run this now. So you've got 13, dealer has two. I'm gonna go ahead and hit because the dealer has to get to at least 16. I've got 19, I'm going to stand. Dealer hit 22 players at 19 and we're told that we win and we lose. Well, that's not very reassuring. So we should fix that. Let's see what happened here. Well, our dealer is over 21. Okay? So we should win, but then we also got Player total is less than the dealer coal. So we got both of our if statements to come true. What we should do is have an else if here. And let's try running our game again. Go ahead and save that. And we'll try playing this again. We're at nine. It's run work. Well, and again, 14, we're 18, we're going to stand divorce at 20, we lost. Alright, Those are the roles that makes sense. And you can run this again. We're sitting on for 14, 16. We're taking a gamble here at 16 because the dealer has to get 16 or higher. So does a small change, we will tie. So I'm just going to hit any way. We hit 26 and it says we win. Well, we need to fix that. All right, so I'm gonna show you how to use multiple conditions. I want to say, if we want to say e.g. if this and this is true or this produced the result, right? So what we do is we wrap our first condition and a pair of parenthesis. And then we can go ahead and put our multi statement details. So we say add player total is less than or equal to 21. Software player has more than the dealer and it's 21 or lower. Or if the dealer goes over 21, then we win. Else, if we say if the player is less than the dealer or the player has gone over 21, then we lose. And if they're the same, to draw, we can also, if we wanted to, we can come in here and add a second condition by wrapping these, wrap up this section with a pair of parentheses. And we could do the same thing as saying n, the dealer total is less than or equal to 21. Let's go ahead and do that. This little extra dealer total is less than or equal to 21. We save that. And now if we run it, or games should be working perfectly fine. Now, 17 stand, we both got 17. We see printed out at the bottom. We have a raw, beautiful it's exactly what we would expect. Let's hit, I hit 30, I went over, I automatically lose there. And if we run this again, 15, gotta go again, 16, that's risky. We hit again, 19 will stand. Dealer hit 16 and they stop because that's the minimum, 19 higher than 16, and we win. Alright, so if you wanted, you could go ahead and use another label. If you wanted to add some texts, show on-screen whether or not the user won or lost. Stand there at 20, they got 18, I went. You can do more graphically if you would like. Advanced this project into really being your own. At the moment, we have the bare minimum here to work. We have the ability for the player to hit and stand. We have the photos being displayed on the screen. And we have a way to determine whether our player wins or loses in this game with our dealer automatically drying to the minimum required for this game. Alright? And just like that, we've completed a project in C-Sharp.