Acquire the English language - Complete course to help you acquire English like a BOSS!

1. Introduction-About this course and what you will learn( Let's do this!): The beautiful thing about linear languages, you get the experience that culture, I'll just social groups, language you're trying to learn, you're trying to acquire. Think about it. Language and culture are completely intertwined. Really, really intertwine yet a specific language usually points out to specific group of people that's for sure that when you eat a rack with another language, it means that you are also interacting with the culture and the speak that language. You can not completely comprehend one's culture without diving, accessing It's language on swimmingly. English language is the most popular language in the world with poeple 1.3 billion speakers worldwide. Wow, that's a number and I bet you are. You want to be part of that number. You see for a lot of people, acquiring English language is a pain or at least has been a pain in the neck. I could also say pin and asked what? I'm sorry. It's alright. It's part of the language is part of the lesson, is part of the course. This is why it's gonna be interested in. So by taking this class, I am going to miss the part across for you. We are going to look at it when and how native speakers use and ignore grammar rules. You can sometimes get away with breaking rules. No one's gonna hold you responsible for that. Also, I'm going to give you a real-life examples instead of the typical cliche textbook examples. Examples here. Where did you come up sentences, simple sentences, and they're not even applicable in real-world. But in this course, you're gonna get examples that are not typical. They are unorthodox and they also gonna help you to understand each grandma rule in this class. You are definitely going to love them. I promise you, this example is there gonna be really challenging, but it will help you improve better. In addition to dad, you are going to learn some advanced ways to spice up your speaking Polish, what you already know or what you have and also practiced without even having a partner. Yeah, I know that sounds weird here. It sounds impossible, but guess what? It is possible. And I'm gonna show you how part about this class, about this course as a tailored assignment that follows each lesson. This assignments are going to challenge what you already know, what you're going to learn in this course, who you better be ready. Let me whet your appetite a little bit. You often hear that stative verbs, like the word love cannot be used in continuous board. You cannot have them in Jeran. But the truth is, they can. Thus such expression like the famous McDonald's slogan, I am loving, it is grammatically correct. How about this one? Contractions and reduce pronounciation. For example, I am going to call them tomorrow becomes a column tomorrow. Who is this course for it? If you're in-between intermediate to proficiency level. Welcome aboard. If you look at the substance of spice up your English language, do you want to speak better and understand better? Welcome aboard. He'd been needed to communicate more effectively. And you want to understand which watching what you're welcome aboard at the end of this course, you will gonna be more knowledgeable and win the game enough confidence to start using English effortlessly and anywhere. Oh, by the way, Michael and I really cannot. I mean, I'm super excited and I cannot wait for you to start this course. 2. Overview/Thank you: Hey, congrats on making one of the best, the best decisions of your life. You are one step, one time to step away from finally making a dream of acquiring the English language. Come true against what I'm super-duper, like, really excited for you. Now before you actually dive into the course. Just a quick reminder that down, like any other course, yeah, any other study program wherever it is, it is very important to supplement with practice, without practices just going to be completely useless. Now, the length of the videos of the lessons in this course might seem intimidating at first. So a 25-minute In five minutes afforded medicine times. Don't let us carrier. As I've said before it, this course is packed with a lot of information. Information that you cannot squeeze into beta five-minute video. You don't have to watch the whole video like, let's say the 40 minutes or 30 minutes lesson at a stretch, you can break it down into, let's say beta of ten minutes. You can watch our say, firsthand minutes. Try to grasp what you, our listener, what you watched, and then you continue. That actually is going to help you with better in this course. In addition to this, every week, I am going to be adding a new lesson till the course. So you see it's a lifetime benefit for you. Yeah, it is a complete left-hand benefit. I hope you find the lessons very formative. Whatever questions you have, feel free to leave them in the comments section of the lessons. And don't forget to take the test at the practice exercises that follow each lesson, they are going to help you as well as the long run. That is a practical part and talking about yeah, like I said earlier, I'm super-duper excited for you. So I'll waste out because stylists, I hope to find a really informative. 3. Lesson1(Present simple and Present continuous: Welcome to the first lesson in this course. In this first couple of lessons, we're going to brush up on the English tenses. We're not gonna do this. The traditional school way rather will take more comparative approach. What I mean by that is we're going to look at the tenses in pairs. For instance, we're going to take the present simple and the present continuous and learn them together, or the present perfect and the past simple and also look at them together. This is going to help you to understand how to combine your ideas and how to communicate your ideas to your listener. Now before we go in depth into what we have in this lesson, I just want to say something briefly about fluency. What I'm about to tell me now, what am I share with you is something you can incorporate in any form of language. You are learning them. The thing is, a lot of people have this misconception about what fluency in the language is. This misconception, this wrong information is that for you to be fluent in language, you have to know grammar perfectly. You have to be a guru in grammar. No doubt, it's good to know grammar, no problem. But I know folks, I know people who are very, very good in grammar, but are not fluent in the language in English, for example. Now, being fluid basically means that you are very good. Are you good at making effortless, effortless speech on Heston speech? Now, knowing grammar is not enough to make effortless speech. It is very important to incorporate it with something else. Now what I'm trying to say is that although this course has been designed to help you Claire, the barrier you have in English when we learned English, it is the very important that you incorporate consistent practice. It is very important to you is vital that you add the system practice. Notice I said consistent if you don't do that and of course included this one is basically useless. For that being said, let's quickly dive into what we have for today's lesson. Let's look at today's topic here. Today we're gonna talk about, we're going to brush up on the present simple and the present continuous. I believe that some of you, if not all of you, have two basic idea. Basic idea of what the present simple and the present continuous ears. But to brush up our knowledge on that, but let's just go through the basic definitions of these two tenses. We are gonna start to present simple. Present simple the first and Atlas. The most general reasons why we use the present simple is to describe routines, habits and to describe states. The describe routines habit and to describe state. Secondly, we also use it to describe things that are generally true or just affect things that are generally true, or to describe effect. Now to make this clearer, Let's go through some very good examples quickly. The first example we have here to describe my routine is Rebecca goes to a dentist through eyes or three times a year? Rebecca goes to a dentist for us or three times a year, we can fill the routine there with the word three times the expression three times or the word thrice. We talked about frequency. Now three times thrice. The same thing. We just have one word to describe. Three times. You might be familiar. You probably are familiar with the word once for one term, twice for two terms. And we have thrives for three times and it basically stops there. We don't have anything for 45 or six thrives. Rather useful, very useful. A good way to spice up your language actually, that describes a routine. Second example we have here to describe habit goes like this. The Akin has traveled to their country house every weekend. The Akin travel to the country house every weekend. Now this is a kind of habit they have. They mean the Atkins, the expression here, the acorns. You might be wondering, what does that mean? Well, this is one of the rules we have for definite article. When we combine the definite article with the pluralized form of a family name, Serling. Also possible. We are referring, this expression refers to the family as a whole. Instead of listing out each member of the family, you can just use the definite article, the pluralize the family name or surname, and you have the family as a whole. You might be familiar with the popular cartoon, the synapsis, refer to the Simpson's family. My name is Michael Michael Atkins. If you want to refer to my whole family at why I use it here, the acres, The Simpsons, the jumps, the Smiths, and so on and so forth. You can have that just refers to the whole family. We're going to talk about that later in this course. Very interesting topic. So stay tuned. Now the third example we have here to describe a state goes like this. Data plot longer knows this clinic inside-out. Dr. plot longer knows this clinic inside out. So this sentence here describes. A state. Now one thing is we can easily tell that this is talking about a state because we have state verb there. No. We have a state verb there. I know for those of you who might have forgotten or who just don't remember, state verb or stative verb. You can also call them that. This is a verb that express some state rather than an action. They describe states rather than actions. So we have stative verbs, we have action verbs. Now, we're going to discuss this later on in this course. That is also another interesting topic to expect. Now the last example we have for the present symbolism, the Earth revolves around the sun. There is a known fact that at least if science is not lying to us, we know that there is a Sun and the Earth goes around it. Now, let us quickly go or let's quickly look at the present continuous to. One of the reasons one of the functions of the present continuous is that term. We use it to describe things that are happening. Now at this precise moment. At this precise moment, notice I used the word or the keywords, so to speak, precise moment, which means right now, if you're one of the people, was they had issues with remembering how to use tenses correctly. It's probably because you failed to understand the emphasis. Expenses place. Yeah, it is very important to understand the emphasis and it tends places. Once you begin to understand that it becomes easy to use a test correctly without hesitation. Now the key word here is precise moment, and that means right now. Please pay attention and don't forget, you're going to understand why later on in the explanation of this tense, that is the present continuous things that happened in now at this precise moment, precise moment being the keyword and the keyword there also means, right now, let's look at some few examples right away to better understand the function of the present continuous. The first sentence we have there as you are watching and listening to me now. Right now, you're watching and listening to me right now. That is happening at this precise moment. I believe you're seeing this obviously means you're watching and listening to me. Second example. Second example. This is true for the moment that is, the world is dealing with the pandemic. The world is dealing with a pandemic, that is the COVID-19 pandemic and the world is delivered with it right now. This is true for precise moment. And the last example here is that doctors are working tirelessly on the vaccine against the virus. Yeah, doctors are working tirelessly. Other vaccine against the virus that is also happening at this precise moment. Now, another use of the present continuous or another definition repressor continuous so to speak, is we use it to talk about or to describe temporary situation happening around now, but not this precise moment happening around now, but not this precise moment. So please pay attention to the two key expressions they're around now. Precise moment. This definition here is for temporary situations around now, but not precise moments. So some people don't really know or they just don't understand the difference between both of them. This lack of understanding of the differences is what causes a little confusion when it comes to usage for some people. Now, let us consider some examples and the difference should become apparent after that. Again, don't forget it. It's very important to keep the keywords and the emphasis each tens places. Now the first example we have for this definition is catchy, is watching a TV show about doctors in Africa. Catia is watching a TV show about doctors in Africa. The thing is, it does not necessarily mean that she's watching this or show right now at this precise moment. It just refers to this moment in her life. Very good example again, it could be, I am watching a Netflix series about entrepreneurs now. But that is not at this precise moment. At this precise moment I am recording this wonderful course. I'm talking to the camera. Precise moment. I'm sitting here talking to the camera, recording this wonderful course, but situation or event happening around now. And my life is, I am watching TV series about entrepreneurs on Netflix. The field of difference, pretty easy, isn't it? Another example is the volume is searching for a wife. Now. The volume is searching for a wife. Now, this does not necessarily mean as davon is sitting at this precise moment checking that eBay or Amazon or as you have in Russia, let's say a veto, something searching for a wife now basically means that in this moment in his life, he's looking for a woman who is searching for a wife. Not this precise moment, but happening around. Now. Pretty easy as well. These are the basic definitions of the present simple and the present continuous tense. The next part of this lesson, we are going to dive deeper to see how these rules can be modified and how they can be bent. And that will also get to see how they're produced different meanings when he used or when modified, so to speak. So yeah, it takes some time before you jump into the next lesson to practice what we've just brushed the phone. Yeah, It's very important because the knowledge you acquire from one lesson, there's going to be transferred to the other or to another year. And it's going to make the learning process smooth and very easy. I hope this followed this lesson has been really informative and I hope you've enjoyed it. I'll see you in the next part. 4. Lesson1 part2(Present simple and Present continuous: Welcome to the second model, this lesson. I hope you're enjoying this so far. So this time around we're going to look at the present simple and the present continuous in depth. So we're going to take a more in-depth explanation of these two tenses. The format of this explanation, the explanation is going to be slightly different than that of the first. This time around we are going to section the explanation based on the function of the tenses. We're following explanation based on how each tenth functions. Let's begin with it. That is using the present simple to describe state and look at some advanced modification that happens when we talk about states using the present simple. If you remember, I believe you do the present simple describe states. And when we do that, we use stative verbs or stative verbs, so to speak. Now, when you study English from say, a beginner to somewhere around in a minute level. You have most books and sometimes most cases even teachers say, or they tell you, uh, teach you, that you cannot use stative verbs in continuous form, basically in a layman's language, they tried to say that you cannot use tape, It's day verbs with the ING ending and it's incorrect. But if it is, it is possible actually, you can do that. You can use state versus in continuous form. You can add the ING, that is the general ended to state verbs. Now, some state verbs can be used like that, but not all of them. They can be used in the present continuous tense to emphasize that the situation is temporary, period of time around the president. To emphasize that the situation is temporary only for a period of time around the present. Doubt may sound complex, but actually it is not. Let us take one of the most common stative verbs, love, that is one of the most common stative verbs we have, and that is love. And let's see how the many changes. But when it is used in the present simple and the present continuous. So here we have two sentences, two beautiful sentences. The first sentence goes like this. Simone comes around pretty often. My apparent and I love her company. Cmo comes around pretty off from my parenting I love accompany here. Obviously, love is working, has a state verb describing the state. The second sentence, Simone is with us at the moment. My parents and I are loving parent company. Simone is with us at the moment, apparent and I love him. Her company. Here we have love in a continuous form. You see that? Now, the second sentence, which I've just read can also be written as mode is with us at the moment, my parents and I enjoyed her company. Now basically, what that means is that when we transform this specific verb now, love into a continuous form, it does not retain the same meaning as love, but it becomes more in joining. Similar and I, smoke comes around pretty often. My peritonitis or lobbying is equivalent to my parents and I are enjoying her company. So this is what happens with most stapler that take a continuous form, they transform into other words. They stay, they take the function of other words. Let's consider another example with the state verb half. Let's stay verb have. The first sentence we have is we have two businesses in America. We have two businesses in America. Here. The state verb have is describing the state possession, what we have. And the same state verb in another sentence in a general formula, continued form sounds or goes like this. We are having dinner at a restaurant right now. We're having dinner at a restaurant right now. Here we have the word have in a continuous form, which is equivalent to eating. So we were having dinner is equivalent to, we are eating dinner. Doesn't make sense. A pretty easy, isn't. It shows that stative verbs can be used in a continuous form. The other thing is that they change, the words become different and they take different definitions. So having here becomes eating and having a bath. Yeah, Not example of using this table of half in a continuous form. One more example where we have is a Smirnoff is having a conversation with his ex-wife. Smirnov is having a conversation with his ex-wife here, having automatically becomes token two is x, y. Let's look at some more examples. This around with a word. See, you see how interesting this can be a year. And most of the times books don't teach you this. Most of the terms teachers or let me, traditional teachers explained to you that this is wrong. But in the real-world, this is how this words are used. So some more examples of the state verb see. Now as a stative verb, the word to see means to see what your eyes vision, or it could also mean to understand something you have in a conversation with the person to show you understand because oh, yeah, I see. I see. I see. It basically means I understand. He has a state verb. Like oh, I see what you mean. I see what you mean. I understand what you mean that is when you have see working as a state verb, I went to see it works as an action verb. Describe dynamics. It could mean to meet a person or have a relationship with somebody, made a person that is specifically or have a relationship with a person. Let's look at some very good examples here. I've been seeing my girlfriend for three years. I have been seen my girlfriend for three years. Now, this does not describe vision here like you've been looking at. You go for, for three years. It automatically means you've been dating, you've been in a relationship in a simple language or we've been dating for three years old, we'll be seeing each other for three years. So a person can ask you How am I going to be the senior girlfriend? He said I've been seeing my girlfriend for three years. So it means we've been dated for three years. And that example is, I'm seeing Robert tomorrow. Now this is to describe, to meet Robert, meeting Robert tomorrow or IMC and Robert tomorrow. The key message here is this, when you have state verbs used to describe it using a continuous form, the meaning of that word changes. It does not retain its original definition. So again, C, to describe state is for vision or to describe understanding. But for action that is reported, describe dynamic. It could mean to meet a person or to have a relationship with somebody. We have so many of these words and you just have to learn them. The more you listen, the more you read, the more you talk to people, the more, you know. Now let's consider how native speakers make use of this rows. We're going to create some scenarios and we're going to add some very interesting characters to make this even much more interesting. And some really helpful vocabulary. On the screen now is a table. It takes some time to look at the table, pay attention to the way they are used in the context that we, in this scenario we're going to create right now, we have verbs and nouns. This is the scenario. This is more like a clinical scenario. So when the hospital, and let's see how this rule is applied with this rule is applied in real world. So the first scenario we have is between two people, Mr. am, is to be we can call them as the am. Mr. B. And Mr. a. Goes, I heard your reductive now. I heard you are reductant. And Mr. B. Goes, Oh, yeah, that's true. I have a degree in medicine now and it's a challenging profession, but I love it. But I love it. I love here working as a state verb and I have a degree here, also have organizes tapers, It's pretty easy describing State Mr. be continues. Unlike my previous job, now, I prescribe drugs and exhibit Patient lot of patient. Unlike my previous job, now I prescribe drugs and examine patients. And Mr. be replies and turn. I see. I see. Well, good luck with your new profession. By the way, boys to men have just released a new album. I think you should listen to it. I think you should check it out. That way. If you don't know who Boys to Men, he is or are, it's a musical group. And I think if you check it out and really they sing very good R&B. Well, let's go through another scenario. This is also going to be between two people, a patient and a doctor. The patient goes, Good afternoon, doctor. And the doctor replies afternoon. Give me a second. I am arranging an appointment with my dentist. Give me a second. I'm writing an appointment with my dentist. The patient goes Sure. And later on the doctor replies, How may I help you? And the patient goes, I catch a cold every summer and our family doctor, it administers antibiotics, but I think it's not effective or whatever somewhere in our family doctor and medicines administers antibiotics, but I think it's not effective. And the doctor replies, antibiotics for a code. And he say's who does that? Who does that cell. It takes some time to go through this scenario one more time and then try to pick out and tried to understand how the present simple and the present continuous are used in this scenarios. Now, once you've done that, try to create your own scenarios between Oda Legos, say, and try to create a dialogue and try to grade conversation for us dot between 23 people. The more the better, just to see how much you understand. This is a very good way to practice tenses, Min any grammar rule. Actually, it's much better than just filling out gaps in the grammar books, exercise books or whatnot. Yeah. So basically that is that for this lesson, I hope this one has been really, really informative. I look forward to seeing you in the next lesson. 5. English Contraction for Learners of English Language: In everyday conversation, languages, usually they go through simplifications and the proclivity for words to run together. Now, this process is really shows itself as combination and contractions of words. Making a phrase such as, would you like to put a piece of cheese? And that sounds more like, Don't you want to put a piece of cheese and dare say that again, please. Again. All right. Don't you want to put a piece of cheese and debt? Could you say that again for you? It don't. You want to put a piece of cheese in there? And Hawaii are looking at me like I've made it up. It's just a weird languages there. I'm trying to explain to the folks listening to me right now that if they have to either want understand native speakers, they just have to pay attention to this contraction. So you are looking at me like I made it up. Anyway, this propensity is usually a major frustration for English language learners as many of these words, for example, main half to one or gutter should have good. Oh shoot, I could've would've not listed and dictionaries and informal writing. Many of you almost never find them there actually, but they are nonetheless essential for native comprehension. In addition, dialect pronounciation, not to mention vocabulary, The magnify this problem a whole lot like significantly to eliminate this frustration and to make the learning process in this course conflict. I have decided to walk you through this contractions in formal expression from the most common to the most complex. What if I have to carry some of them are shoulders. We're going to hold you by hand. I will do that. Just to make the learning process conflict and fun. If you're ready, if you really read it, you're determined to go through it as bad. Grab yourself some farmer for freshmen. And let's dive right in. All right, Then let's get right into business. Yeah, let's dive right in. Now. I am going to start with a very easy ones, the very basic ones, I'm pretty sure a lot of you are familiar with this one is yeah. We'll often again, in this lesson, I am going to be using a lot of contraction. So while explaining the contraction, so you guys, I am gonna be using the contraction, sustained contraction. So just pay close attention to how we speak. And now you realize that even in the contractions and explaining and make a lot of contractions per cell. The first couple of ones we're going to look at here are gonna, wanna, gotta hafta going to want to go to happen. That's good. That's, that's actually a good one for epsilon. Gonna wanna, gotta have after. The first one they're gonna is just a short form or contracted form of to be going into it's a contract, a form of to be going to the next one. We just want to 21 to do something. And that gotta IS got to, for example, do something and half to as basic basically have to have to have to end in reality when you, for example, in written form, in following rate of form, you can use this but an informal setting and the farmer conversation. Please do not use that. You don't want people to assume you're from the ghetto. If you're a business person, a wants to send a formal letters, is going really, really, really puts you in that position. Sometimes, maybe not. Probably the diversity you're right. And latitude is some kind of a follow-up person to energies. You know, they kind of like it. Before we dive into some interesting examples, I just want to point out that instead of dedicated in that video, a specific video to a single contractions or informal expression. I am going to combine them. Maybe you already know why. Yeah, I'm going to combine them in a conversation or dialogue. This is one of the most effective, one of the most effective way to learn them in the context. Not just look at the definitions or the contracted form and the full form of this contractions. Now, just dive into some examples already. Alright, let's look at some examples now for gonna wanna get to half to the first example we have there is a symbol and Pfizer going to get married next week. Symbol Pfizer are going to get married next week. Of course, if you're gonna say it isn't a formal way, the full sentence, meaning formal sentence, it's gonna be simpler and Pfizer are going to get married next week. Sometimes, which is one thing is to sound so smoothly, you don't have time to make long sentences. Just simplifies. I can again married next week. Simplifies. Ok. And again married next week. Alright. Next example. We want to be free from our oppressors. We want to be free from our oppressors yet all we want to be free from our oppressors. Now, for those of you who don't know who or what the word oppressor mean. This is someone who treats people bad or unfair, cruel and at the same time, prevent them from having them. We can prevent them from having enough freedom and opportunities. Yeah, preventive them having freedoms and opportunities. Now the next example, number three, it goes like this. Your, we got to go is getting really dark outside. We got to go manage to get a really dark outside. Or you can say, excuse me, we have to go. It is getting dark outside. You are not always in a formal setting or in a formal situation. Sometimes we just want to let things flow freely. You already got to go or your we have to go. You already got to go. It's getting dark outside. We have to go. We gotta go. Good. One more example. Hey, listen, we have to see a doctor right away. We have to see a doctor right away. We have to see a doctor right away or we have to see a doctor right away. If you want articulate every word. But again, that's not always the case. Naturally. You just want to let things flow. Hey, listen. We have to see a doctor right away. Have to see a doctor right away. The word or the expression there right away means immediately. Immediately we have to start right away. We have to start immediately. So right away means immediately. Now a side note just so you know, because some of you I believe that would have to get to most of you have questions in your mind right now. So I've got to do something. The expression, the expression got to do something, is traditionally considered incorrect, like it's not correct or it's just informal. It's a shortened form of half got to do something. I've got to do something which pretty much means the same as have to do something. It's pretty much seminars have to do something. So depending on what you're saying, kind of environment, formal or informal, you choose what suits you best or what is more comfortable for you. But the thing again is that you just try to be consistent. If you're in a formal setting, you can stick to something formal. If an informal settings, you can use informal or even formal, it also depends on how we followed a certain situation. It's your choice, but most important that you know how to use them correctly. Now let's combine this into dialogue. Yeah, This is where it becomes more interesting. Let's make this more fun. I'm going to add some expressions. Promise you I'm gonna make this more with EDM Sue. I'm going to add some expressions and idioms to expand your knowledge. That's all I'm all about. That's what we're all about here in this course to expand our knowledge and to sound more native. Now the expressions we're going to add, the expressions we're going to add here are four of them and they are idioms. Now this expressions can be used or they're mostly used in the business environment. But again, it can be used outside that. But yeah, it's good to be versatile. Now the first one we have that is to make a killing, the medium to make a killer. If you're wondering what this is, it doesn't mean literally killing a person. It means to make a lot of money. Lot of Benjamin's, lot of abandons. Here's talking. A lot of Benjamin's here means a lot of dollars here. A lot of Benjamin's, It's megawatt of killing means to make a lot of money. The next one we have is a big win. A big win. A big one usually means that a huge success or a successful product. A huge success or a successful product. The third one is to get something off the ground. To get something off the ground now, yeah, this could literally means and pick something off the ground to get something off the ground. But here, as an idiom, it means to get started on something. And that is usually when you're talking about a project, if you had to get out of itself and something you had just waiting for a long time, like, you know what, you're going to get out of time. I got started on my project man. That's a good way. That's not a form of contraction. To get something of the grandmaster get started on something and often, or usually a project. And the last one is to give some of the green light. To give some to give someone. This will reminds me of a popular song by John Legend. Yellow heard it before. Yeah, check it out. Yeah, This one. Yeah. Yeah. So to give some of that green light means to give a person permission to move forward with a project or with something. To give person permission to move forward in a project or with something. Now this is also easy to remember it if you think of the traffic light, you have the red, yellow, or green. Green means what? Go to give permission here, to give the green light here means that to give permission to someone to go ahead with something. Pretty easy as an interesting. All right, now let's look at the data that combines all these things we've talked about here. Let's look at the complete dish. We've looked at the ingredient now let's put the whole thing together and the pot, boil them together Friday and things like that and see how or what we can make out of it. Now this conversation is between Sam and Maria. Let's see how it goes. Sam starts the conversation like this, check this out. Maria, bitcoin has gained some strength overnight and I'm going to make a killing if I were a bit more before seven. I am gonna make a killing. If I wait a bit more before seven, or I'm gonna make a big Kim. And if I went a bit more of a for seven, that's where the speed. Now one thing with the contractions and informal languages, once you get. To see how, once you know how the sound and you see how they're written, it becomes easy for you to understand without even getting every word that comes out of their sentence here. But again, for those of you who don't know what that means, you are taught in school. I am going to and when such expression, the shortened to Gunnar, you have no idea what a person is saying. So this is an importance of learning informal expressions. So I'm gonna make a killing. It would've been more before selling. And Maria replies, I really want to see how much it will, or how much it's gonna, or how much it's gonna cost in two days. Now if you look at this sentence here for the second part, I use it will. It's gonna, there's a last one there, which I didn't talk about in the explanation of the contractions we have it's gone. Now this is a shortened form again of gunner. It's gonna, it's gonna cost. It's gonna, it's gonna cost. It also depends on who's saying it. Continuous. You have to teach me how to treat cryptocurrency. You have to teach me how to trade cryptocurrency. You have to you have to you have to teach me how to trade cryptocurrency. I'm really curious to learn. I am really curious to learn. And Sam replies, You gotta be kidding me. You gotta be kidding me. You have to be kidding me. You're got to be kidding me. But again, naturally you'd hear, you gotta be kidding. You gotta you gotta be kidding me, Maria, I offered to teach you six months ago, but you didn't give me the green light. I offered to teach you six month ago. You did not get it. You didn't give me the green light now you didn't give me the green light means you didn't give me the permission to remember, to give someone a grid-like manner, give a person permission to do something. You didn't give me the green light means that you didn't give me the permission to teach his six months ago. Maria says, I know, I'm sorry. I didn't think one could make a big win for me with that. I didn't think I didn't I did not think that one could make a big wind from it, then a big wind. What does that mean? Successful yet to make a huge success. So I didn't think that one can make it huge success or I didn't think that one can make a big wind from it. Then now I know better. Now I know better. Sound goes. I had to say, I can't teach you now. Maria, I cannot teach you now. I have some serious project. I got to get off the ground. I have some surahs projects. I got to get off the ground. I gotta, I gotta, I gotta get off the ground. So this is why we're here. We're combining the contraction got to width and get something off the ground. So I have some project, I have to start. I have some project I have to start. So again, I have some serious project. I got to get off the ground soon. You are going to have to wait a little bit. You're going to have to wear a little bit more. Now here again, it's kind of subtle with a little, I said a little bit. The T is silent. Now we're gonna talk about that a little bit more in this course about the T-H sound when it is soft and when it becomes an, it sounds more like a D or when you have something we can call it flat t. Yeah, I'm going to explain that to you later on in this course. Now, for some people, they want to sound like that when they say things like better or like I said a little or a little bit later. Some people want to have that. They want to learn how to save the T like that too. I'm going to teach that later on in this course yourself. Yeah, That is basically that for this part. Now, it's just a matter of time. Everything comes with practice. You should focus more on the gradual and daily progress later progress. Don't rush it. Let it come in, gradually. Let it come in, graduate and try to take in so many things at one time. For example, this one we've talked about now what I suggest you do is you can go through some videos and just try to identify some of those contractions. I will leave some of them in the course and the Min, some links in the course and just listen for practice purposes. You also, you should try to articulate them. Try to make sentences of your own and articulated and not just read it to yourself in your mind, you have to say that with your mouth. That is going to make it easier for you to at least to use it correctly to sound more natural and to understand the two. Let's move to the next one on this was all going to be more of expressions. Yeah. They're gonna be more of expression. Excuse me. Talking about them as words and talking about them as well as it just, just use this this part, I'm gonna be given out this. And I just messed that up now at re, organize it all down yet. Talking about them as words, talking about this expressions or contracted and former expressions as worse, it's kinda useless. I'm going to give the formulas to this. I'm gonna get formulas first for those of you who like to get technical, this is gonna be useful for you and also those scars when those of you who are teachers and you want to use this as a material for your students. This is gonna be like amazing. Now, the first one we have here is on goals like there's a structure, the formula goes like this. You have a subject plus. To be going to do something, I'd do something here, it's basically just a verb. You can add that last part. The last part, subject has to be going into plus do something that is a general formula. Now the contraction we have on this formula is ama, do something, do something, and don't worry, I'm gonna give you example sentences so you understand what that means. I know it's like some jagged is already at something like that. But now it is not. It is a natural way of communicating. Now let's look at some examples. The assumption is basically just, I am going to do something. There are times we hear people say, Oh, I am going to call you or call you. Look, I will call you later, man. Yeah, I'm gonna call you later. I am going to call you later or have a correlator see him and I'm correlated yet we're from a coal and McCoy later. You see I'm a, instead of I am going to now. Another example is called the DA's office. Yeah, I'm, I call the DA's office horror. My favorite is I'm a whoop your ***. Work your ***. Yeah. I think it was Chris Tucker who use this expression. And I really loved the way he used it in rush hour for the mistake. And let's just check. I don't know if you guys have seen that rush hour exactly this scenario to spot check it out. Yes. What should I me, me, me and I'm you know, I'm sick of playing games. Yeah. One more. One more. This one this one is a mother just trying to score in the girl or her child, check it out to the only thing you want to do all day. We have AMA do something. Ama called the DA's office. Other whoop your ***, you can use that. And without a problem, not with your boss or not with you can usually tell your boss if you went to. That is we need to decide. Now another one under the same formula is I am gonna do something, yeah, I'm gonna do something. I'm going to do something the same thing, the same is the same as I'mma do something. And here we have again, I'm gonna call it a day as office or I'm going to work your ***. He talked to me like that again, bomb, whoop your ***. Or I'm gonna walk, you're as good. The last one. For some of you, this might blow your mind a whole lot. For some of you, you're probably familiar with this last one is I'm going to do something. Yeah, I'm gonna do something or I'm going to call the DA's office or I'm gonna whip your S. You see, it's like with every example there is a contracted for from gunna. We got to gun like GO ALL IN. So I'm gonna call DA's office or I'm going to call the DA's office and go whoop your ***. There are even scenarios are cases where you don't hear the gun and it's more like I'm a whoop your ***. I'm hope you're asked that this is more like a sound and not able to work anymore. So I'm gonna whoop your ***. I'm a whoop your ***. I'm going to up your *** or I'm a whoop your ***, I'm on whoop your ***. You see that? I hope most if you're gonna listen to this part please. I really hope you're using the headphone or ERPs at least, yeah, you don't want to play this part in public. Too many AWS word. That is that about as formula. I'm gonna, I'ma, I'm gone or you just have the sound. So you see it is, again, it is one thing to learn grammar, to learn English, it's cool. And it's another thing to understand the natural way of speaking. All right, now this is where the subject I, Let's look at the other part of me. First, second, third person, singular and plural. We have he is or she is gonna, yeah, is gonna, she's gonna, oh, she's gone on. He's gonna do something. We are gonna do something where they go and do something also exists. So it could be the first person, second person, third person, singular, plural. Now the next one we have, I hope that is really clear. I hope that is easy. Now the next one we have is your mother, your boy. That's an interesting one too. I really cannot remember which sounds exactly. I love songs actor, but it's a particular one where I think it was J Lo I ensure mom or something like that. Yeah. Some of you know, what I'm talking about is basically M not is not are not have-nots or has not. An example of such experience using such in the sentence, I am hungry. Now again, notice that their time when the seed, the t at the end is completely silent. So I ain't hungry, is kind of rare, but is more or less of I am hungry. I am hungry or she isn't coming. I call it a couple of times, but she said she didn't come in. She said she is not coming. I am not hungry. I'm hungry. One more in the same category that is ancient. Enter. Now, enter it just basically, are you not? Are you not? I feel like some of your progress Sit down now watching me and feel like this guy really teach in English. Like is this, can this be English? Well, if you're still surprised, I'm very sorry to Boston bubble. Yes, it is. This is what you call English language. Asia is more or less a Ru, knocked. Now let us look at an example of that in chicken for the Burton party. Oh, man. I told you yesterday about a broader party entry comfortable AND party. Are you not coming for the birthday party or n chaconne for the birthday party. That is what you call contraction. Is what you call? Yes, sir. That is what you call the contraction. My expression. That is what I'm talking about. I got to give yourself something to drink. So yeah. And she comforted Brenda party. Are you not coming for the birthday party? Now? As usual, as a tradition has a ritual. We have to combine this in the guitar, in the dialogue, or at least a conversation. To make it even more interesting, this time around, I have decided to add some phrasal verbs, some Fraser first one of them, this is another dreaded topic in English language. A lot of cool like shoot. I cannot wrap my head around phrasal verbs. I don't understand how to use. I understand what domain? Well, the thing is that there are thousands, thousand, thousands of Fraser firs in all. You can only grasp and by practice, thousands of them in ethane is at one phrase of work can have several meanings, so it's a gradual process. Don't try to eat everything in one town. The phrase or verse we're gonna look at in this movie, we're going to combine with this informal expressions and contractions we just talked about are as follows. We have build up their Fraser for us without basically build up, share up, live in up, put up, speak up, hurry up, ring up and save Up. Save up. So the corresponding definitions are men. I've added a corresponding definition so you can see them on the screen now. Now the thing is that in this conversation and this dialogue, this phrase verbs are going to have specific definitions, but later on if you look it up, align on the dictionary, they can have multiple definitions. So sometimes freedom, Most times actually phrasal verbs have different definitions. It all depends on the context in which you're using them. In this company, in this dialogue, in this conversation, it'd be easy to understand them. They will correspond to the definition that I have added today here. Now as you see, as you see here on the screen here. So this conversation is between a leader and Shantel, is between a leash. And tell us. We are going to combine the phrase phrasal verbs now and then they informal expressions and the contractions we've talked about. Now later starts a conversation like this. Hey, Shantel was Gone Girl. Until what's going growing Shinto goals or she replies, Nothing much just trying to cheer myself up after last week situation. Nothing much. Just trying to cheer myself up after last week's situation. So we have Trina that is trying to actually, I didn't add Shrina and the contraction, but Trina here basically means trying to yeah, just trying to check myself up. I am just trying to cheer myself up. So trying to cheer myself up after last week situation. And aliyah goals again. Oh, I know how hard it must be for you now. And you're going to try to confront the officer was involved. Going to try to confront the officer who was involved. Here we have N shared our unit and we have Gunnar go into trying to confront try try to entry are going to try to confront the officer who was involved. So anterior gonna try to encode front the officer who's involved. Here. We have. Enter again. Are you not gonna go into contractions back-to-back? When this is set of speed, sometimes it becomes almost impossible to understand, especially when you're watching your favorite movies or TV shows and things like that, you know, you have a lot of these contractions and the like. All my goodness, I have been studying English for forever and I still cannot watch a simple TV show and grasp at least 50 to 60% of what it is saying. You've got to show your teacher. I'm just joking. Yeah, let's forget about I never said that. It shouldn't tell continuous now, I'm going to just report him to the sheriff directly. I ain't got time for any shenanigans. Yeah. Ama just report him to the sheriff directly. So I am going to just report him. I'm adjusts. I am going to just report him to the sheriff directly. So AMA just report him to the sheriff directly IN got town for any shenanigans. So I don't have time for any shenanigans. I don't have towns with TAM for any shenanigans. A layer goes again, well, you gotta hurry up with that girl. You can actually ring the sheriff are directly also, don't forget his God hearing problems, so make sure you speak up when you're talking to him. Yeah. Well, you gotta hurry up. You gotta hurry up. Hurry up here. We have got to, you have to your gut to hurry up with that girl. You can actually ring the sheriff of directly ring up, ring someone up, just like it definitely would have to ring up there. So here you actually ring the sheriff up correctly. Also, don't forget his gut hearing problems. So make sure you speak up when talking to him. Speak up. Speak up. Talk louder. Just like a definition. Yeah. Pretty easy, isn't it? Good. And Shantel goals, tanks a bunch girlfriend. Thanks a bunch girlfriend. And the allele it goes again. Don't let this negative emotions build up. Don't let this negative emotions build up. It can lead to you doing dumb ****. That's true. You keep in negative things for too long. You end up doing dump stuff. Assumption. Let's go to the new cafe downtown. That should line up a little. Let's go to the cafe downtown that should live in you up a little. Shouldn't tell girls. I sure. Just let me put my stuff up in the closet and I'll be a widget. Just idx here means, all right, That's another contraction and then put in the list, but you see in the core and of course I'm conversation in the course of the examples. Some of these contractions even just disappear. They want to be part of the explanation. They need some recognition as well, I guess. So. I is just alright. Sure. Just let me put that is let me let me here means let me just let me put my stuff up in the closet. And Albia, which it I will be with you. Now let's imagine say it isn't a following week. All right. Sure. Just let me put my stuff up in the closet and I will be with you. The bat sounds good. Let me it's okay. But again, not many people, just not many people want to sound so clean out sounds so formal. It's better if you just let them just just just flop this letter flow. Let it flow. Okay. I'm sir, We would share with you. Aliyah ends the conversation by saying I now the wedding MRI, waiting MRI. Now here again, It's okay. I've talked about that already. Overweight in MRI. Notice how the sound of my amine, once the words run together, my ride, my bike ride or ARB awaiting him arrived. Mariah. Mariah, say it's the mind now becomes more like a ma, because it just made those squares just run together. My writing here, by the way, it ride means in my car. It's a slang or informal word for car. So other weighting in more right? Yeah. I think basic basically that's done for this part. Like I said, I am going to divide them in two different parts here in different lessons. Now the thinnest, just like every other lessons in this course. Sit down, take a town, right, some examples of your own. Write some sentences. Create a dialogue. Composition, uses phrasal verbs and the idioms that we've talked about here. And then the contractions. Write something down. Really dial to a friend's yourself. It's really going to help you out. Now take a towel mole. So what some videos or whatever video or your TV show and move it wherever you watch. Just try to pay attention to how to make use of this contraction, this informal expressions in these idioms. If they exist there many items of course, then you realize that wait time, it becomes way easier. Way, way easier than you can imagine. So it has accounts with constant practice. You cannot substitute that with anything. Constant practice. Once you practice with this, it becomes a lot more easier. So I hope this follow this lesson has been really informative. Yeah. So in subsequent lessons we are going to be talking about more of this contraction system, formal expressions, Idioms, and then with that phrasal verbs. Yeah, basically that's it. Actually, I need to eat something super duper hungry. Yeah, I hope this lesson has been really informative. See you in the next one. Yeah, that's it. See you in the next lesson. 6. Lesson2 part1( Advanced and practical examples): Welcome to lesson two. Well, I'm so excited about this one I'm throwing the ball, listen to, because I'm about to teach you another fascinating way to use the present simple and the present continuous. I can guarantee you are absolutely going to love this one here. But I'm gonna start differently. Yeah, I'm not gonna start with the exponent grammar rules. I'm gonna start with a short story and limits your short story. This short stories about Smith. Smith is a janitor. Smith is a janitor, a 25-year over janitor. Now, for some of you who don't know, janitor, the person who claims and maintains buildings the cleanest maintain BE units like in hospitals, officers, residential accommodations and things like dead simple language. You call them cleaners, vehicle cleaners, but they have a professional name. They're called generative. Smith is a 25-year old janitor. He works for a big company. Works with a big firm. One beautiful Tuesday morning. He takes a break after one hour of cleaning. He's exhausted. Yeah. He goes to the window and sees it, sees a ravishing young lady. It's rubbish in a beautiful young lady. Now he smiles. Yeah. Immediately, he runs down the stairs, walks up to her. He's not awareness glasses as he normally does. He looks at her smallest again and he kisses her on the leap. How romantic this lady, she smiles back and she says, You are amazingly brave and you are amazingly brush interest is there, isn't it? Yeah, it's not the real story. I just made that up myself. Now, notice how I use the present simple and the present continuous to tell this story. Yeah, all the verbs use the present, simple, present continuous, even though it's a story. This is another common use of a present simple and the present continuous. And we, informally, we use them to tell stories and jokes. If you're familiar with some standard comedians, you've probably heard them use this tenses in such manner. This is mainly to create the impression. This is used mainly to create an impression that the events are happening right now at the moment, speaking. Now it's a very useful way to hold your listener's attention. If you're a person who likes to tell stories and jokes, you want to create the impression. You wanted to see the story as though it is happening at the time of speaking. Now, making use of such tenses, make use of distances in this manner, helps to create debt that atmospheric like things are happening to them. Now, this of course explains walk immediate. Use it a lot. Let's quickly go over that example now this example is going to be a very short video. Very short videos. Pay attention to how this tenses are used. In this short video. Let's check it out. I was keynote speaking for a corporation and some really kind of strange happening here. So normally under type person, I like to be on stage alone, owning any help anybody. So the CEO, this large company introduces me and he has the microphone. And normally we have two different mix and he leaves and then I'm there. That's the plan. Do stays there. I'm standing right next to him, wouldn't know Mike. Then he looks at the audience and I'm standing there and he says, notice how he uses this tenses in his narrative. Not only do we use them in jokes and stories, we can also make use of them. And narratives, very, very useful expressions. You can practice this. It's a very good thing to practice this by creating your own scenario. Write them down, rip them to someone or something, you know, you can read into your dog or cat. Let me read it yourself to look at yourself in the mirror. That's a good way to practice two, and for the 21st century, I would just recommend you. She had them on your social media page, instagram, Facebook, Twitter, or whatnot. It's a very good practice by the way. 11, I do this for all my students tested and proven. And most say that the result of phenomenon. Anyway, let's look at one more advanced example of how to use the present simple tense. And advanced, we will help the user presents impetus. Be attention. Now there are some phrases, some phrases in English in which we can use the present simple tense. And this phrases include some expressions like I hear, I gather. They say, it says here, or someone tells me. I hear. I gather. They say it says here or someone tells me. That's just some of them to mention, but a few. We use this phrases to tell a person some news that we've seen or that we were told, or some news that we've read somewhere. Interesting, isn't it? Well, let's go over some beautiful examples for better comprehension to better understand what app just said. Now, you realize it's very easy, and you also realize that you've heard people use this a lot on television, radio, or even speaking to a person. And you never just paid attention to while he's making use of the present simple in such manner. After these examples, I'm pretty sure you're going to be confident enough to start using them yourself. So the first example we have is this. My daughter tells me you are responsible man. How true is that? My daughter tells me you're responsible man. How true is that? I'll also explain later on after these examples how the sentences can be used in the past simple form as well. But let's just look at how the sound and the present simple. The second sentence is John is having a surgery right now. I gather you are antenna hooks. John is having a surgery right now and I gather you are on the hooks to be antenna hooks actually mean to be, to be anxious or nervous. The third example is this one sounds pretty funny. Actually. Ivanka is crime in the toilet. Ivanka is credited toilet. I hear a boyfriend dumped her for Michelle. How sad event occurs, crime in the toilet. I hear her boyfriend doubt her for Michelle, how sad. The last example. I am reading your medical report now and it says here that your condition is not severe at all. It says here that your condition is not severe at all or let's see here at all. Just examples can also be used in the past simple form, and it does not change the meaning at all. The mean remains the same. It doesn't change it in any way. So for example, the sentence, the first sentence that we had. We can also say it in the past simple form and it will sound like this. My daughter told me you are as possible then. How true is that? So my daughter told me You're responsible man. My daughter tells me responsible, less responsible men, sorry, is basically the same thing. The mean and doesn't all it is not altered in any way. Ivanka is quietly toilet. I heard a boyfriend dumped her from Michelle or I hear a boyfriend Delta for Michelle. Now the reason like I said earlier, while we use this is because we want to express, tell somebody something we've seen, heard, or read. Also been told, basically. Don't forget that emphasis. The lessons is of course also can be used in the past and perform. And like I said, median doesn't change. I am reading a medical report and it said here that your condition is not severe at all. Past simple and the present simple form this expressions. The expressions, they are fixed. They sound the same but they retained the same meeting without any difference. You see how cool this can be when you learned it as it's cool or you take a regular course, irregular teach it. They just give you the simple definition. Now you see how interested they are when using the more advanced way. You realize that sounded like a native speaker is not as difficult as some people make it look. As I mentioned earlier, the meanings are the same. They don't change. Is always of course, a good way to have more than one way to say It's something you know, the more options you have, the better if a doesn't work. V should work at least year. So plant a, plant D. So just to wrap up this part of this lesson, I recommend you grab a pen. As usual, book of paper or something ends that practice. And with this fresh information, now, you should not write sentences. Now, what you should be doing now is writing, composition. It combined as knowledge you acquired from the first lesson, the two-part in this lesson and your radical position or a short story yet now, make use of this rules and the new words that you've discussed and stat writes in your composition, like I've said, The, whatever chance we have to tell a story or a joke to a person or to write to a person. Put this rules and so practice, this is the best way to remember this course and of course without practice is useless. So put that into practice and start writing something. Write something posted in public, put it in public, tell someone yeah, You see how easy it becomes. Well, that's it for this lesson. I hope this has been really informative, but again, before you move to the next lesson, make sure you digest the information required from this lesson. See you the next one. 7. Lesson3 part1(Past simple and Present perfect): Welcome to lesson three. We are going to talk about a past simple and the president, perfect. This is going to be related for us in this living really cool. Unlike the present simple and the present continuous, the combination of the past simple and the present perfect seems a little bit confusing. Sometimes even not a little bit, it seems confusing to a lot of people. Even advanced uses of English language, I've come across operating median and advanced uses, advanced learners, let us say, who find it difficult to understand how to combine, how to use the past simple and the present perfect correctly. But don't worry, this lesson we are or that is going to be simplified and made me basically made it easy. Actually, what I'm gonna do is I'm going to put two sentences write on the screen. And I'm going to let you take some time to figure about which of the sentence is correct and which is not. The two sentences go like this. The first one is, I saw Kevin yesterday. I saw Kevin yesterday. And the second sentence, as I have said Kevin yesterday, first sentence, I saw Cameron yesterday. Second sentence, have cilia Kevin yesterday. So what do you think which is correct in which it's not? Well, if your answer is one correct and two incorrect, then you are right. If otherwise, then basically it means the opposite. It meets the road. Let's look at another pair of examples before we go into the definitions in details to more combinations. The first sentence is called Kevin. This morning. We call Kevin this morning. And the second sentence with called Kevin this morning. We have cold Kevin this morning. So what do you think? Which is correct and which is not? In this demo around both sentences are correct. But the second sentence, correctness, depends on the context in which it is used. Now, the main difference between the past simple and the present perfect is N specific time in specific terms. So if the specific town we're talking about does not last up until the present time. So that is, it stays in the past. It doesn't connect to represent. Obviously an automatically will make use of the past simple. What I'm trying to say is that we use the past simple. They don't want to talk about finished action at a specific time in the past, easy, but specific time last up until the present. Mostly we make use of the present perfect sentence. That is a key difference. You have to think of it this way. Both of them can be used with specific tone, but this specific time for the past does not last up to the present. It stays in the past, finish actually in the past. If the specific time last up until the present, you basically use the present perfect. Mostly use the present perfect for the past simple. It is mostly characterized by expressions such as five minutes ago, two days ago. For example, in 2019, in 2010, in 2012 or 2013, That is a year before the President year. Or you can use it, for example, in December 2019, in December 2019, or say in October 2020. That is also a month in a year before the present time. Pretty easy, isn't it? Well, if you're still confused, let us go over some more simple examples. The first example we have here is two weeks ago, I bought some antidepressant alone. I bought some antidepressant online. The specific time of the past years, what, two weeks ago. Obviously we are talking about the past. Another example is Trump whisked fallacy to Germany for surgery into 102010 or 2010. Trump with touchy to Germany for surgery in 2010 or in 2010. The specific time in the past year again is what? 20101 more example. Did you see dimmer in January? Did you see edema in January? Now is in January is a past time already. Generally is a past time already. Pretty easy. When we describe again what would discover finish action in the past with reference to the specific term in the past. We mostly, we basically, we always use a past simple. That is your body, use it. Now, it will be wrong. It will be really wrong to use the listed example in the present perfect tense with the specific time in the past. That is the most common mistake that mostly English letters make. Make use of present perfect with a specific time in the past as ED. Two weeks ago, I have bought some antidepressant online. Two weeks ago I have bought some antidepressant online that is incorrect because we have a specific time in the past. And then you combine it with present perfect sentence. That doesn't happen at all. Don't do that. Another example, which is wrong is that Trump has whisked voucher to Germany for surgery in 2010. Trump has whiskers algae to Germany for surgery in 2010 or 2010. That is also incorrect because we have a specific time in the past 2010 and we have to use the past simple, not a present perfect sentence. Now these two sentences can be correct, would be correct if we remove the specific time in the past such sentence as a habit, some antidepressant online. I have bottom antidepressant online? That is correct. Without a specific term in the past or Trump has wisdom voucher to Germany for surgery. Also, correct. Without the specific term. Pretty easy, isn't it? Now, let's analyze the first example from the second pair of sentences we had in the beginning of this lesson, a week called cabinet this morning. This is part where you had to choose which is correct and which is not. We called Kevin this morning. In looking at this, you may begin to wonder why the time expression this morning is correct for a specific time in the past. You're thinking this morning, specific time in the past, it should be now. Well, the thinnest if the statement is made in the evening, in the afternoon, evening or night, obviously, morning is passed already. So as the acid now as this time of recording this video, it's about 08:00 PM. Obviously AT AN is a past already. But if we think of the time expression this morning, determined speaker this morning as a term period which includes the present damage. It's not over, then we use the present. Perfect. If we think of the time expression this morning at a time that includes the present, we obviously, we mostly use the present perfect sentence, the justi confused. Let's look at some sentence here, some sentences. The second sentence that is with called Kevin this morning is a good example of a present perfect, when we think of this morning as a time expression that includes the present, we've called Charon this morning. M is the morning. Instead, the process is still in progress. It is not over yet. Let's look at another pair of examples to compare and to understand better. We didn't see the accountant this morning. We didn't see the accountant this morning. What does that mean? More than this over and I didn't see the accountant. I'm using the past simple sentence here and that automatically means, okay, it's afternoon even though nightmare or even another day, morning is over and I didn't see the accountant. Pretty easy. The same sentence between the present perfect tense would sound like this. We haven't seen the accountant. Let's morning. We haven't seen the accountant this morning. What does that mean? It is steel morning and we may still see the accountant. It is still morning and I may or we may still see the accountants. Now, what about in the question forum? Yeah, well, let's go over some examples as well to see how it works in a question form. The first sentence we have is DG provide the patient with aspirin this morning. Digit provide the patient with aspirin this morning, you might begin to notice contraction in my sentences. I could say, Did you or did you. Later on in this course, I will explain how to understand contractions, especially English or American contractions, and how to use them naturally in your speech. But as I speak as I talk, try to follow along. Did you provide a patient who had asked for him this morning Morning News over probably making the sentence in the afternoon, evening, or night. The same sentence written in present perfect tense would sound like this. Have you provided the patient with aspirin this morning? Have you provided a patient with aspirin this morning? What does that mean? It is still morning. I want to know if you have done something this morning. It's not over yet. That's why I'm using the president perfect tense. Now, the more instances with the present perfect tense, just something to make you understand it better. Let's see how easy it can be to use them and not make mistakes. My parents having visited me this year, my parents haven't visited me this year. This is 2020. We have about few more days before 2021. And I'm trying to say, okay, the years or over yet and is still going on. And my parents are yet to see me and my parents are yet to visit me. They might still come. It's possible, but the key thing is that the year is not over. That's why I'm using the present perfect sentence. In the past simple sentence. It would be My parents didn't visit me last year. For example. It will not be this year anymore because these years in progress, I will have to use something that is passed. My parent didn't visit me last year or by apparent is invisibly in November this year because it's past the time I'm making this video. It is December already. Another example is, have we received any payment this month? Have you received any payment this month? The month is not over yet. If I wanted to refer to a month at his past, I will use a passive sentence and say it. We receive any payment last month. Did we receive any payment last month? Do not say have you received any payment last month? That is gonna be incorrect to say because you have last month, past, have present, perfect, they do not match, they don't combine. That is the mistake. You should not make. One more time. How will receive the payment this month? This month is still ongoing, isn't over yet. If it's a previous month, you obviously basically just use the past simple sentence, passed impotence. It will receive any payment last month. Pretty easy. With this medical examples. I do hope that this aspect is much clearer, really, really quick. Claire, Of course at again, practice is key. In the next part of this lesson, we're going to look at more functions of this tenses. And also as Joe, consider some advanced ways to use the present perfect. But before you jump into the next lesson, I recommend as usually it takes some time to digest and soak in this information. Yet, don't rush it. Take your time. Write compositions, then put up conversations. Actually the best thing to do is take the present simple tense and the present continuous things. We've talked about, the advanced ways in which they're used, combined with this new information, with the present perfect and create a narrative, a composition, or a scenarios, but not just play the sentences. Make sure your examples are connected right, collected examples. One of the best thing to do in this case is think of some things you did in the past minute for this partner. Think of some things you didn't pass, something you have or you haven't done. And just write connected narrative. I hope this part of this lesson has been railroaded formative. See you in the next part. 8. Lesson3 part2(Past simple and Present perfect): Welcome to the second part of this lesson. I hope you've taken time to digest and soaking the information from the first spark. Remember I said that it was very important to understand the previous lesson before you move to the next. This time around, we're gonna look at some more functions at the present perfect and the past simple. We're gonna consider some good functions of this two tensors. We're gonna start in the area for repetition, repeated action. How to use the past simple, and the present perfect for repeated action. You see, this is an area a lot of people find kinda difficult. This to kind of find it difficult to use them correctly, to use the past simple, and the present perfect, the area of repetition, but actually it is easy. Now, let us look at how this two tensors function in this area where we want to describe a number of times and actually was repeated in the past or it has been repeated. We can use both the past simple and the present. Perfect. Again, the question is, how do you understand when to use what? Well, to better understand the difference between both of them. Let's look at the table on the screen. Now. This table here has been divided into two columns. And the first part we have to pass symbol, and the second column has a present perfect. This is in the area of repetition here. How to use the past simple, and the present perfect for repeated action also have added quick definition for these two tensors in the area of repetition. Now, for the past simple, Let's start with a past simple, the first column, as I've said earlier, we use it for repeated action in the past with some time expression. These are the, these are the same time expression we've talked about in the previous lesson. That is a five-years ago, one year ago in 2010. It has to be at past tone. And that for the present perfect, we use it for repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now, the same function for the present perfect. We talked about that in the first lesson. Now, let's look at some quick examples to better understand this two definitions here. And then the difference would be very clear and you realize that it's as easy as ABC. Yeah, the first example we have that goes like this. Jonathan apologize to his girlfriend five times last week. Jonathan apologize to his girlfriend five times last week. Jonathan did something really bad and he had to apologize. So it is clear that we have five times one, which is the repetition. Yeah, they're repeated trials. How many times it did it specific time in the past last week. Pretty easy. He apologized five times last week. Obviously this is the past simple. Now, fully present. Perfect. This is gonna sound like this. Jonathan is apologize to his girlfriend five times this week. Don't forget weekend. Not use specific term in the past for the present. Perfect, that is gonna be absolutely wrong. So we have to use something, we have to use a time expression that connects the past and the present. That is why we have here this week. You can have these year, this month, this week, and today, for instance, here, it just shows that the time is still ongoing and it has not ended yet. Again, Jonathan is apologize to his girlfriend five times this week. Pretty easy. One more example. This is gonna be a question form and we should look at this in different areas. It's going to be easier to understand like that. The next example goes like this. How many times did my Expo yesterday? This is for the past, simple, repeated. How many times did my x call yesterday? X here refers to either ex-boyfriend or ex girlfriend. We just use the short word x and it's pretty much understandable. How many times did Mike x yesterday? Pretty clear. Passive. Yesterday, specific tone. Isn't it? Good? Now in the present perfect sentence, it's going to sound more like this. How many times has my x cold? Not yesterday, but this time around we have to use a time expression that connects the past and the present. And some of them that we can use our morning, for example, this afternoon, this evening, this night, this week. This MOS or this year, it shows it that time is unspecified, is not ended yet, it's ongoing. It's setup in the past and it connects the present, present perfect sentence. Put it easy. Warmer town. How many times has my x cold? This week? The week is still ongoing. How many times as my x cold these years, let's assume again, you want to talk with, you want to use the past simple. In this case, there has to be a specific time in the past. How many times did my x coal last year, last week, last month, and so on and so forth. It's as easy as it can get. You see that. One more example. One last one. He didn't take the medicine twice last month. He didn't take the medicine twice last month. How many times? Two terms that is repeated action. When? Last month? Last month, specific time in the past. What does that sentence past simple sentence. Pretty easy. Now in the present perfect sentence, that will be he hasn't taken the medicine twice. Yes. You guessed right? This morning, this afternoon, this evening. This night. This week or this year? Yeah. Unspecified time that connects the past with the president witness. That is why we have a present perfect sentence. So that is as easy as it can get. The more you practice with this, the easier it becomes. For example, I haven't eaten junk foods. This mode, for example, I haven't eaten junk food this month. This month is December. It is not ended yet. That's why I'm using a present perfect sentence. But I ate junk food five times last month. I ate junk food five times last month. How many times? Five times when? Last month? The last month. Specific time in the past. Pretty easy. Alright, Now, it's better understand it is very good to combine them in one sentence. Yeah, it's very good to combine any one sentence. And a good combination of both in the context IS goes like this. Keisha has very poor that teach. Keisha has very poor dentition than teaching. He is talking about the arrangement of teeth in the mouth. You're familiar with the word dentist. Dentition is how the TIF is a range in the mouth. So Keisha has very poor dentition. Last year alone, she visited institutes Ten times. Last year, specific time. In the past, she visited the dentist ten times. Repetition. How many taps? Ten times last year. But this year, which is still ongoing. She's visited the dentist only twice. She has visited the dentist only twice. What does that mean this year is still ongoing. She's done a two times. There's a possibility that you might say do it before the end of the year. That's why we're using present perfect sentence. Wow, that is very cool, isn't it? Ten times last year? That must be very bad. This year she's gonna let twice. It shows that a lot of improvement has happened. Another example that combines both of them as this this middle aged lady had a severe heart attack three months ago, which lasted ten minutes. This middle aged lady had a severe heart attack three months ago, which lasted ten minutes. This has reoccurred several times even after treatment. This has occurred several times even after treatment. So the thing is that you just have to start practicing with this. Combine them, look at them individually so you can make sentences with the past symbol for repeated action due to it present perfect for repeated action. But that is not enough to better understand. And to use it more naturally, we have to try to combine them in the context. This is going to help you to really understand how to use it fluently and not had issues when you haven't conversation. Now, let's look at another very good function of the present perfect, least amount of present perfect, the past simple actually it doesn't have that many functions is pretty much straightforward. But at present, perfect. You have more than one functions. And that is why some people find it difficult to understand and use it correctly. They get stuck with just one function and the thing that's it, but that's not the reality. So this function we're going to look at is how to use it a present perfect for experience. How to use the present perfect to talk about experience. And we wanted to ask or talk about experience, we mostly use the present perfect. We mostly use the present perfect. Now, keep in mind that when we do so, when that is a specific time, again, it's not important. That is what sends the president perfect. That's the big difference between the present perfect and the past simple, when is not important. So let's look at some very good examples. You realize after these examples that this is something you know, you probably didn't pay attention to it, although they've appear attention to. But there are things, you know, the first example we have is f sin that movie before. I have seen that movie before they suck in the body or spirit experienced. Before is a word you can add is just extra where you can just absent that movie or F's in that movie before. One more example. Have you had any surgery before? Have you had at a surgery before? Also about experience. If you've had the experience of having a surgery, this is what the question is all about. Now, one more example. I haven't been to a psychologist's before. I haven't been to a psychologist before or It never sin as psychologists before it my entire life. I've never seen a psychologist before. My entire life. All about experience. I have worked excuse me, I have worked with the Google before or I upheld rifles before talking about the experience I have yet, I have traveled to China before. I have been to London before. I have never gone snowboarding before. I had a snowboard it twice in my life or I have never been to a psychologists in my entire life. It never had the experience of sin or going to a psychologist before. Now, the thing is, when we answer this question, when we ask the questions made with present perfect the volume experience. Now you're going to see how the passive but comes in again. We asked who answer questions about experience made with the present perfect? We usually combine the past simple, and the present perfect in the answer. If a person asks you a question about experience, this is very useful for those of you who are, let's say, I wanted to go for job interviews or for those of you who are who work in HR, who are interviewers, you interview people. This is a very good area too. To pay attention to. Where we want to answer questions made with present perfect about experience. We usually combine the past simple and the present perfect. Let's imagine, let's just imagine the scenario now between an HR that is in an office and an intern in HR. And an intern, and just look at a quick dialogues where the HR goes. This is a question to the in turn. Have you ever worked for a big firm? Have you ever worked for a big firm and intern answers? Yes, I have. Yes, I have. In the full answer. The full answer would be yes. I have worked for the firm before. You usually don't have to use a freelancer. It's understandable. Have you worked with the d from before? Yes, I have suffered or to give more information. He goes, I worked as a programmer for Google in 1990 million. I worked for I worked as a programmer. I worked as a programmer for Google in 19 that anon, It was a wonderful experience. It was a wonderful experience. Now you see how the present perfect and the past simple is combined in the end. The question was with the present perfect, but it ends up combines the present perfect and the past simple. The perfect talks about the experience. And the past gives details about when they experience happened. It gives these is about when they experience happens. So yes, I have, yes, I have the experience that is the present perfect. It talks about the experience and to give details of when they experience happened, he uses the past symbol as in, I worked as a programmer for Google in 1999. So there's a specific time in the past 1999. The past sentence I worked. The verb is in the past form and it makes a lot of sense. So one more time. Have you ever worked for a big firm? That is a question to present perfect sentence and the answer, Yes, I have, I have focused on the experience and to give details about the experience, the past simple, I worked as a programmer for Google in 19, that denying it was a wonderful experience. You see, really easy, isn't it? Now that we've talked about the main definitions of the past simple and the present perfect. Let's quickly go over some advanced ways in which the present perfect and the past simple can be used. This is gonna be really interesting. And this is something you're going to find very, very useful. It's a good way to kind of spice up your speaking experience. So this can take your English level from here to somewhere around here. Let's go. Now that we've talked about the main definitions of the past simple and the present perfect. Let's now go over some more awesome advanced ways in which both of them can be used. Now, although I said Advanced, it doesn't mean that it is complex. Not at all. Advanced doesn't mean that it's complex. Now the first one we're going to look at is how to use the present perfect and the past simply in sentences with time clause. Sentences with time clause. Now, a time clause basically it's just to let them, I mean, part of a sentence or clause with words I started with where it's like calm when, after, once and sometime expressions, we talked about that later on, this part of the lesson. Now, the first one, we're gonna look at that as the first word that starts at time clause is since, the word since. So when we use sentences with time clause, for example, time clause started with since. We mostly use it past simple in this time clause. And the present perfect. In the main clause. So what that means is that there are two parts of that sentence. The first part is a time clause started with, which since we're talking about saints here. And the second part, the main clause. So the first part, that is a time clause, started with since has to be it past simple sentence. The main clause should be a present perfect sentence. Like I said, this is not difficult. It may sound difficult, but let's go over some examples. Let's look at some, some very good examples to better understand how this rule, how this functions. Now the first sentence we have goes like this, listen attentively. Since lenders started working in this restaurant. Since Lynda stat at work in this restaurant, a lot has changed. Since Lynda started working in his restaurant. A lot has changed. Now, notice the first part of the sentence. There is a time clause. And like I said, it's a clause started with the word since, and that's what we're looking at now. And also you notice that the tens, that is a past simple tense since they started, since lender started. Now the main clause, but get the second part of the sentence is present perfect sentence. A lot has changed, a lot has changed. Let's look at another example to better understand this rule. Since I met you, My life has become better. Since I met you, My life has become better. Again, the first spot there is a time clause and it started with the word since. And this tends, is it past, simple, intense since I met you? And the second part of the sentence is a present perfect sentence. My life has changed. Pretty easy. Just like one plus one is two, I guess so. Now one more example in a question for better understand how this works. The sentence goes like this. Have you had any problems with have you had any problems since you've bought your house? Have you had in the problem since you bought your house? Again, this is a little bit of flipped because we have the time clause at the end and the main clause at the beginning. But the ideas did the same thing. Have you had any problems? That is the main clause and we have a present perfect sentence here. Now, the time clause has a past simple tense. Since you've bought your house. Since you've bought your house, I could say this. The order in which we listed the first two sentences. It could be since you bought your house, have you had any problems? Since you bought your house? Have you had any problems? The same thing. I'm just flipping the two clauses here. So the first part and put it into the end, and the second part at the beginning. It doesn't make any difference. The idea is still the same thing. So like I said, a time clause here refers to a specific time in the past. The time clause refers to a specific term in the Paso since Lynda started working here. If we're to fix a time, there could be. I mean, there's definitely a time Linda move to that restaurant. So let's say you go to the restaurants in 2018. Yeah. He said I've mentioned in 2018. We can just say since Linda said I work in here that is submitted 2018, things have changed. A lot has changed since I met you. Let's assume you meet a person ten years ago. My life has become better if we were to add At time expression there. For example, since I met you five years ago, It's gonna be clearly, of course, since I met you five years ago, my life has changed. That is really clear. Yeah. So this is something you definitely want to have in your arsenal of information that comes in pretty handy. It is something you realize that people use very often. People use it very often. The common mistakes that people make with this rule is that they use the present perfect tense in the first part with a time clause, and that is not correct, that is wrong. You shouldn't say since I have met you, my life has changed. Since I had met you, my life has changed. That is incorrect to say or since Lynda has started working here, things have become better at is also incorrect to say. Now, the last function we are going to consider in this lesson is also characterized by some type of class. Sometime clause, for example, started or introduced by words. Words like when, after, once, and sometime expressions like the moment, the minute. The second very often combined the past simple and the present perfect. The very often combined the past simple and the present perfect, but it's a slight difference. Now, the past simple with this time clause, the past simple refers to the past and conflicted event. It refers to the past, like it should and the conflict event in the past. But the present perfect here refers to the future. The present perfect here refers to the future. One thing with this rule is that given that there are some native speakers will bake mistakes witness really, and they make, they just don't, don't use it correctly. It is forgivable. Yeah. You can ignore it, but it's good to know. Now. I notice it's kind of weird. Yeah, wow. Okay. Let me present perfect for the future. How does that work? As usual, let's go over some very good examples and you will see how easy it is, how easy it can be. Now the first example we're going to look at is this. After Jake left Moscow. After Jake left Moscow, he had a very long holiday. He had a very long holiday. And that is pretty straightforward. Left Moscow. He had long holiday. Leave, Moscow. Get the long holiday yet so one after another. That is, In this sentence actually can also be written in the past perfect sentence, past perfect tense, but we're going to talk about that later on in future lessons. Now, the same sentence in the present perfect tense would sound or would mean something different. For example, after Jake is left Moscow, it will have a long holiday. After Jake has left Moscow, he'll have a long holiday now, after j has left Moscow refers to the future, not the past. It refers to the future and you have a long other day. Obviously, we're talking about the future UNM, this commonly is written in such manner. After Jake leaves Moscow who have a long validate, this is irregular. This is a common way in which this sentence is written. Boy is sad and that is pretty straightforward. For, you know, you can have more than one ways to say something. So let's go over that one more time. After Jake has left Moscow. This is not a pass this into future who have a long holiday. I hope you feel the difference between this sentence and the first sentence we looked at, we looked at, which was in the past simple tense that is apt to Jake left Moscow. So after Jake left Moscow and it's in the past. After Jake has left Moscow, This is the future. Pretty easy. Now, one more example. One more example. The moment he received the result, he was full of joy. The moment he received the result, he was full of joy. Again, the moment he received a result, past simple, pretty easy. He was full of jobs. Now with the present perfect sentence, it's gonna refer to the future. The moment he has received the result here, the moment has received a result. He will be full of joy. Now the second part can be, it doesn't have to do with wheel. We can also include the modal verb there, but the most important thing is that it does not refer to the past. It has to always talk a future. For example, I could change the sentence and include something else in the second part. That is, the moment he has received a result, he is going to be full of joy. He must be full of joy. He would be full of joy. He can be full of joy. He may or might be full of joy. And he can, he could be full of joy, and so on and so forth. The options can be many, but the most important thing is that it refers or it has to refer. It has to be used with the purpose of talking about the future. Now, in a simple form, of course, it's going to sound more like this. The moment he receives the result will be full of joy. The moment he received the result, he will be full of joy. Now, as I mentioned before, it's always great to have more than one ways to express yourself. The more information you will have, the more information you acquire, the easier it is to express yourself. So before we end this lesson, I am going to leave you with something that combines everything you've learned in the first part and the second part of this lesson, as usual, you have to practice with it. At this stage of this course, you are not supposed to write and just sentences anymore. If you could write it, connect to stories and narratives, combine everything and see how they work together. You can try individually and then look at them collectively. So I hope that this lesson, this part of this course, has been really informative. Don't forget to practice. See you in the next one. 9. Lesson4 part1(Past simple and Past continuous: This is probably going to be one of the easiest lessons in this course. So grab yourself something to eat and to drink. And let's jump right in. Welcome to lesson four. If you've come this far, then you're doing pretty well. So far we've talked about the present simple, the present continuous, the past simple, and the present perfect. We've also looked at some interests in practical ways to apply or to make use of this tenses. Now, we're going to talk about another beautiful combination and then a beautiful combo that is the past continuous and the past simple. Are you excited? Well, I am excited. Now I'm gonna stop this way. We're just going to jump right in and I wasted an attempt. There are two main combinations. What we talked about this two tendencies, that is a past simple and the past continuous. The two main combinations are number one, past continuous plus the past symbol. The second is past continuous plus past continuous. What I'm trying to say is that in one sentence, there are two parts. The first part could either be a past continuous or a past simple, and the second part could be a past continuous plus a pass continuous. So these are the two main combinations. It is very, very important that you have this in mind. The idea of this makes it very easy to understand and to use them correctly. Now, before I explain how to use, I wanted to tell you a short story, something similar but shorter than the last video we looked at in the beginning of this course. Now, the story goes like this. I was in a convenience store around my neighborhood last night to get them to get some milk. I was in a convenience store around my neighborhood last night to get some milk. Now, when I was reading the description, the milk bottle, I took the milk bottle from the shelf and when it was written, that description on the mute bottle and man notch me and asked for help with his cart. And then notch me and he asked for help with his current while I was helping him with his cart, he was chatting to a girl and the Instagram. I was helping him with his cart. He was chatted to or go on Instagram. He imagined that. Again, that is not a true story. I just made it up. But pay attention to how I use the tenses. A very short narrative. Yeah, how I use it tenses in this very short narrative. Now, when we use the first combination, that is the past continuous plus the past simple, as in when it was written a description of the milk bottle and men nudge me and asked for help with his current. We are emphasizing that an action occurred in the middle of another action that was still in process. National occurred in the middle of another action that was still in process. Was reading emphasises that the actual was in progress and nourished and asked for help emphasizes completion. Easy peasy, lemon squeezy, isn't it? Well, that's a short express, that's a short expression. In formal short expression we use to show us say something's very easy. Now, as for the second combination that is past continuous plus another past continuous sentence, we use it when we want to talk about or to describe two actions that were happening simultaneously. Amines that were happening at the same time in the past as in while I was helping him with his cart. He was chatting to grow on Instagram. So both actions, what happened at the San Antonio? I was trying to help him with his cart. At the same time, he was chatting to a girl on Instagram. Pretty easy, isn't it? Let's go over some more examples to see how easy it is. Now the first example we have to further illustrate how the past continuous in the past simple work is Dr. Smith was kissing his patient when I opened the door, Dr. Smith was kissing his patient when I opened the door, when I open the door. So what does that mean? He wasn't the process of casing. And then I opened the door. One action in the middle of another. That is the first combination we have, past continuous plus past simple. One more example. The janitors were clean in the ward while the inspector was interrogated the victims. The janitors work cleaning the ward while the inspector was interrogating the victims. Again, remember what the word genitive means is that people who clean beauties houses, offices, we call them cleaners, symptom. So janitors were cleaning. At the same time. A police inspector was interrogate and that is asking the victims questions, actions happening at the same time, simultaneous action. That is the second combination. One more example. When she called all the senior stamps, what happened immediately? When she called the senior staff, we're having a meeting. What does that mean? Meeting was in progress and then a call came in. Meeting was in progress and in the mid middle of that meeting or cole came in. Pretty easy. Now, this can also be used in questions forms as well. Yeah, let us look at some instances where we use the past continuous in the past simple in question for the first example we have goes like this. What was the security doing when you brought the Booze? What was the security doing when you brought the booze? Again? What was in progress when something happened? Now a good answer, of course, this could be the security was slipping when I brought the alcohol, for example, the security was sleeping or the security? We're sleeping when I brought the alcohol, that could be a typical answer to such question. One more example. Why were the shareholders argued when the CEO was delivered his presentation? Why were the shareholders arguing? When the CEO was delivering his presentation? What does that mean? The shareholders were arguing at the same time, the CEO was delivering the presentation, action at the same talent. Pretty easy. If you see how easy these things can be used, have to pay more attention to the emphasis they place. Now, the key thing to keep in mind is that there's got to be two apart when we talk about the past continuous. That's why we have these two main combination. Now, apart from these examples, there are other advanced ways. We can use the past continuous and the past simple tense. Advanced, but useful than forget, Advanced does not mean complex. It does not make complex. So one of them is that certain verbs in English. It wanted to talk about some things we intended to do. Some intentions of plants we had in the past and we didn't do them. Yeah, within a company's plans, we also use the past continuous. This is with certain verbs, not all verbs, yeah, and this is a very useful and formal way of speaking. This rule here is a very useful and former world speaking, some of the verbs in this categories are like versus like, mean, considered, think about, and hope to. This and some of the most commonly used verbs when making this constructions. Now, to better understand that, let's go over some examples that, that clearly explains this rule. You're definitely going to like them or you'd liked the way to sound. So let's take the first word mean. Yeah, the first word mean. A good example sounds like this. Oh, I was meeting to go to my neurologists for my routine check yesterday, but my car broke down. I was meaning to go to my neurologist yesterday for my routine check, but my car broke down. So I was meeting to go in the layman's language, in the simple language, it's gonna be I had a plan to go to my urologist yesterday. I was meeting to go to my neurologist and I had it planned to go to my urologist are the same thing. They are synonymous sentences. I was meaning to go and I had a plan to go, or I planned to go to my knowledge is our descend thing. Another example where the word considered, what we would consider. We were considering moving to Dubai, but unfortunately, our plan flopped. We will plan into we will consider moving to Dubai, but unfortunately, our plans flopped. Now to flop for something to flop or a plan to flop means to fail. When something flops, it means it fails there you plan to start a business, but your plan flopped means that your plans fail. So we were considering moving to Dubai, basically means that we had a plan to move to Dubai. We planned to move to Dubai. I could also say we were meaning to move to the by. That is also possible. One more example, I was thinking about quitting business school, but my parents encouraged me to press on. I was thinking about quitting business school, but my parents encouraged me to press. Also means I had a plan to quit business school, but my parents encouraged me, like go on, press on here. To press on actually means to continue to do something, especially in a determined way, that music push, you push and push a person and you continue to do it with much determination. One more example, one more example. And I promise as it, somatic man was hoping to start an NGO to campaign for people who have asthma, but his application was turned down. The asthmatic man was hoping to start an NGO to campaign for people with asthma, but his application was turned down. What does that mean? He was hoping to start, means he had a plan to start, but the plan did not pan out. Now to turn down an application means to refuse or to reject an application or to turn someone down also could mean to reject or refuse someone. Now, this words used in the past continuous form. Use emphasize plants that you had in the past and you did not do the plans we had in the past and you did not do, instead of using our header plans to do this, I plan to do that. And I couldn't do it is a simple way to save, not bad and absolutely acceptable. You can substitute the word plan to do something with this new words in a past continuous sentence. I was meaning to call you. I was thinking about, I was hoping to are very good ways to talk about plants we had in the past and you did not do them. Before we end this lesson, I would recommend you take a moment or you can just pause this video. Think about planets you had in the past and they didn't pan out. A plan to pan out means it proves successful. It was successful, but if it doesn't pan out, it means it wasn't successful. So it makes sentences. Now you can first make sentences just to get a feel of how this rule works. And later on a force connected narrative, It's always a good idea to practice actually would relevant, not just make up something, but think of real plants you had and did not work out and then write something with it with this new word, this new rule, that is the past continuous sentence of the past continuous tense. In part two, we're going to look at how to combine these rules with some useful expressions and idioms in the business world, you're definitely going to love this one. Let's hop into part two. 10. Lesson4 part2(Useful Idioms For businessUsed with the Past continuous and past simple): Welcome to the second part of this lesson. I hope you have to see Paul to chew on and most importantly, something to ride on. A variable by CVE on and chew on at least something to drink and to eat. In this part of the lesson, we're gonna talk about some very useful, some relevant idioms and expressions that can help you in and actually outside the business world. After we've talked about this expressions and idioms, we're then going to combine them with the past continuous in the past impotence we've recently just learned in the previous lesson. We're also going to look at some, I mean, two more practical examples to help you fully understand how to use the past simple and the past continuous. So if you're ready, let's get down to business. On the screen now is a table. Now this table here shows the relevant eaters and expressions. And that's a bad at comprehending minutes. I have it added their corresponding definitions. They're going to quickly go through how they're pronounced and look at the short definitions. Afterwards, if you feel the need to, you can pause the video to go over these definitions again to better understand them. The table has been divided into three columns. They expressions, demand and end. Some example sentences. We're going to combine them in one full meaningful narrative to see how they work. But now, let's start with the first word, the first expression we have on the table there. The first one we have here is a pat on the back. Pat on the back. In full. It it has to keep someone pat on the back. What does that mean? It means to praise the person all to give credit to a person when they do or when they've done something good, something great, something amazing. You give them a pat on the back that just shows that you appreciate them, you praise them, you'd give them credit for that. A good example, as the boss gave her a pat on the back for closing the deal. The boss gave her a pat on the back for closing the deal and was a boss praised her and give a credit for closing the deal. That's a good example and it's a very useful expression. You want to keep that in your list of vocabulary. The next thing we have there is guerrilla marketing. The marketing for those of you who are into the business rule, I'm pretty sure you're familiar with this expression. Basically what that means is grid market is basically an innovative method to sell goods and services on traditional methods to sell goods and services. Or you can even say, I'm in non traditional methods to advertise products. And usually it yields very, very good result. And the key thing there is that you don't require, or it doesn't require lots of events implement minimal spending is required when you do guerrilla marketing. A good example of guerrilla marketing at the three pictures you see on the screen right now. This method is used by big brands, McDonald's being one of them. The third one we have is record breaking. Record breaking. Now when we say something rather breaking, it means it is better than ever before. It is better than evidence for it exceeds all the previous results you had before. So if you solve, if you're a seller and before you sold, let's say, 10 thousand products. But let's say now you Excel or you sold 20 or 30 or save a 100 thousand products. There's a big difference. So you can use this to show that something was or is better than ever before. A good example is the following sentence. The promotion attracted erected breaking 10 million buyers. The promotion attracted a record breaking 10 million buyers. So you can imagine if you run a promotion for a product and the promotion in return brings you 10 million buyers compared to what you've had before. That is a record breaking sale. That is a record breaking cell you have there. That is what it means when we say something, is record breaking. The next one, then the fourth expression is through the roof. Through the roof will say it as to go through the roof. When something goes or went or has gone through the roof, it means it's very high, higher than expected, very high or higher than expected. A good example to better understand that expression is sales of their recent product had gone through the roof. Sales of their recent product I've done through the roof, it has gone very high, higher than they expected. That is a good example. Now, the next one we have, let's quickly look at the next one. Kudos do just the word kudos. Now this is similar to the first one we talked about. That is to give a pat on the back. But to give someone that pat on the back, could also someone means that you're given credit to a person. You acknowledging the person for doing something good, something great, or something nice they had done. A good example to data is kudos to the HR department for their phenomenon efforts this year. Kudos to the HR department for the phenomenon effort this year. So you're appraising them, you're acknowledging their efforts. The next one, think outside the box. To think outside the box. This basically means to think creatively, to think differently. Something new, something different from what people do or what people have done or what everybody does. So to think outside of the box means to think creatively. The next we're gonna look at now is a pan out. I remember we use this expression once or twice in the previous lessons. To pan out basically means to succeed. To succeed or to bring desired result. Succeed or to bring desires result. Good example to understand that, that expression is our attempt to start a new business didn't pan out. Our attempt to start a new business didn't pan out. What does that mean? Our attempt to start a new business wasn't successful. It wasn't successful. That is one pan out names. The next one we have here is dreamer and what does it mean to dream with me? And so think of something creative or unusual. To think of something creative or unusual or to just invent something, something that regional, something that is not copied, something that is not, something that has not been done before. So something creative or something original, a good example. Too bad as I always dream of schemes to expand my business. I always dream up schemes to expand my business. So that is the last expression we have here. Now again, you can pause the video if you need to do better, understand it, you can go over this expression is again, you can read the example sentences that follow each expression. But don't worry, we are going to have a cohesive narrative that combines everything that is going to make you understand this expression better. So if you need to pause the video, take a town, pause it and go through them again. Well, if you've done that, let's start constructing meaningful narratives using this words and the group of past tenses we've learned. Actually, we're just going to go through, we're gonna start with a dialogue, and this dialogue is gonna be between two people. Now, pay attention to how this new words are used and then the words in the business world. And how combining with the group of past tenses that we've talked about, this dialogue is between Diana knew all these are the two main characters here. And the only character is actually not the only characters to do two main characters and all the characters students. Now the conversation styles with the piano. And she says this, hi Noel, I haven't seen weed him this morning. I haven't seen him this morning and no answers. Oh, I've just seen him in dance room. Dad was praising him for his role in the record breaking IT company made last week. That was praising him for his role in the record breaking sales the company made last week. The Diana replies, I am equally impressed with him. He really deserves a pat on the back. He did a fantastic job. Kudos to him, kudos to everyone. Again, he really deserves a pat on the back. Kudos to him. Kudos to everyone. Now, no. I couldn't agree more. He was so determined to make everything pan out. I couldn't agree more. He was so determined to make everything fan-out. And Diana, a week before he closed the deal, I saw him with warrants on Fifth Avenue. When I approached them, they were driven up some sophisticated plan on how to achieve their go. I saw them. I saw him with Warren on Fifth Avenue. When I approached them. They were dreaming up some sophisticated plan on how to achieve their goal. All says, well, I guess it runs in the family. Then we always love to think outside the box. We always love to think outside the box pretty easy, isn't it? Yeah, Now, don't forget, you can also use this outside the business world. We'll talk about that later on in this course. Now let's look at the next example we have. Now the second example we have is gonna be a narrative. Now this narrative is gonna be about character. And he says beautifying Mrs. Beauty Pie had or has health issues. So this narrative is gonna be about Mrs. beautifies health problem. And this narrative goes like this. Please pay attention to how the past simple and the past continuous is using his narrative and follow along. Now let's start right away. Mrs. Beauty Pie was our neighbor. This is beautifying, whereas a neighbor, she moved to a different neighborhood four years ago. She moved to a different neighborhood four years ago. After she left, our neighborhood, would never saw her again. Yesterday, my wife and I were shopping when suddenly a woman fainted. Welcome night with shopping, and suddenly a woman fainted. To our greatest surprise. It was Mrs. beautiful. Immediately Milwaukee and I tried to get her upright and she started twitching violently. My wife and I tried to get her upright and she started twitching violently. Truth be told, it was terrifying. She recovered very rapidly though, but we call it and I11 and they arrive in the blink of an eye. When the paramedics were check-in appalls, she was beautiful. She was bleeding profusely from the back of her head. First call was raptured, partially erupted from the full when she fainted while the paramedics were trying to cover the wound behind the head. She was complaining she couldn't see nor hear clearly. The senior paramedics asked her to gradually sit upright when she sat up right the blade and stopped partially. After 15 minutes of applying pressure to the wound, the bleeding stopped completely, and she was taken to nearest hospital. As I mentioned earlier, it was a terrifying situation. But we're happy. Nothing worse happened. We're happy. Nothing worse happened. Again, that must have gone pretty fast for some of you, where you can pause the video and read this narrative out to yourself and look at the highlighted past simple and past continuous, and you realize how easy it is. And you also see how this can make your narrative sounds so interesting, it holds your listener's attention when you begin to use this tenses correctly in your sentences. Like I've always been saved from the beginning of the course. This tile of practice is more effective than just writing sentences. I cannot stress that enough. It is very effective than writing just mere sentences. Well, let us consider another narrative. We're going to add some new vocabularies to this narrative as well. Now this new words, verbs, they are also in the medical line and the adverts used to talk about causes of injuries of woods. Yet cause of injury. So an injury is a wound and that could be a cut or bruise, burn, or trauma to the body internally or externally. So I'm gonna use I'm not going to use all this vocabulary, all the words. I'm going to use some of them and allow you to be creative. With the rest. You see, I am giving you space for creativity. Here. Here's the table. We have a temple on the screen now, and this is divided, this is going to divide it into two columns. We have the verbs talk about injuries and the definitions, the meanings. The first word we have that is to dislocate. To dislocate. That is to dislocate a joint. Basically, it is how it is used and this basically means to disturb the normal position of a joint or a bone, the normal position of something. An example of a joint is your wrist. Here. This is called a hinge joint. If it leaves its position, that is gonna be a dislocation is from the word located in this location. This location is when the normal position of a joint or bone is disturbed. The next one we have that as two slip slip. This is usually when you lose your footing and slide. This happens on the very slippery floor. The first floor. That is an example. All it's slippery ground. That is an example of what, that is the definition of what to sleep means. Now the next thing we have is to trip, to treat. Now to treat basically means that took catch your foot, your foot or two away, someone catches his or her food on something and they stumble or they fall. So let's assume you're walking on the road and then you catch your foot and something. And you just stumbled over four. That's what it means to trip. The next one we have there is to twist two twists, usually to twist the body part, to twist the body parts. So this is usually where something turns in the opposite direction. When something turns in the opposite direction from the usual, That is what it means to twist, to smash, to smash. And usually the full expression is to smash your body or body parts against something hard or against the surface. What that basically means is to throw or crash against something very hard, vigorously, the very heart of vigorously and to fall. I think that is pretty self-explanatory with whom they much exclamation on that. So if you're ready, if you've understood this, express, this works to talk about causes of injury. We can go ahead with the dialogue that follows and that combines the past simple and the past continuous. Now in this dialogue is gonna be or is in the hospital and is between a doctor and nurse. Now, let's go ahead and see what the dialogue is all about. This is about hospital report. Hospital report. And the doctor starts to Dallas, that was the conversation by saying, why are there so many teenage patients today? Why are there so many teenage patients today? And the nurse replies, there was an illegal dancing competition this morning downtown. There was an illegal dancing competition this morning downtown. During the competition, the police showed up while the participants were trying to escape. A lot of them sustained minor injuries. A lot of them sustained minor injuries. Only one person sustained major injuries. Now, minor injury means a small injury, not so serious, and major injury means a serious injury or series wound. Now, the doctor then asks, Can you read the report for the one who sustained major injuries and then thus replied Yes, Dr. Sure. I can. She goes ahead to read the report. His name is Neptune. According to him, he was standing on the stage when the police arrived. He was standing on the stage when the police arrived, did you notice the past continuous in the passive were there? I hope you do. When he saw them, he immediately jumped down the state and twisted ankle. When he saw the police, he jumped down to stage and he twisted his ankle as it was running to warn his friends. He slipped on the wet ground, fail and smash his head against a light pole. Ouch. He's slipped on the wetter ground, fell and smashed his head against a light pole that must have been very painful. As a result as a result of this dislocate. It is elbow joint and sustained a deep cut to his triceps and chests. Is sustained a deep cut to his triceps and chest. Now the doctor, wow, that's pretty serious. And the nurse replies Indeed, when the ambulance brought him to a hospital, he was bleeding profusely from the triceps and the doctor. How did you take here of the profuse bleeding? The nurse, we applied eyes covered in a sterilized fabric and the bleeding sees abruptly. We applied eyes in a sterilizer and we apply IT IS covered in a sterilized fabric and the bleed and sees abruptly and the doctor applying well-done. I will see him after I attend to others. I was seeing him after I attend to all the salt. Basically that's it for this lesson. Past simple and past continuous, made easy. And as usual, practice, yeah, write something down. Radix connected narrative. Dialogue is create something original. Don't just write sentences. So I hope this one has been really formative. See you in the next lesson. 11. Lesson5(past perfect and the past perfect continuous): Welcome to lesson five. We are sitting how to talk about the past. In this lesson, we're going to focus on them sequencing events or actions. As usual, we're gonna look at some practical ways to make use of this rules. That is, rules we're gonna talk about in this lesson. To make this conflict, we are going to add the tour minute past tenses and the family of the past tense and they are the past perfect and the past perfect continuous. Now think of it this way. If the past tense as a whole where a cake, the past perfect and the past perfect continuous would be the I sin the cake without waste in town, without further ado. Let us jump into what we have for today's lesson. I'm going to start a lesson like this yet, imagine if I asked you about what your activities were, let's say yesterday or just about a past activity. You will probably gonna list out this activities in one of the two main ways that exist. It could be chronological or in a disordered manner. Yeah. It could be chronological or this order. Now, in most cases that is, I say nine out of ten cases, most people, including native speakers, answer or at least status activities in chronological order. That is, the order in which the events happened. And when we do that, what we use is just past simple tense. Past tense. For example, let's go again, like answering the question. Say simple question as, what did you do yesterday or what did you do two days ago? So it typical answer would be, I woke up in the morning. I brushed my teeth, I had a bath, I had breakfast. I went to work. After work, I called up a couple of friends and we went to the pub or bar. After the bar, we went to see a game and basketball game or a football. Soccer. After that, I took a cab or a taxi home. I got back home. I cooked dinner, had a bath, watch a couple of shows, and then I went to bed or as a slang, I brushed, I crashed everything listed out in the order in which they happen. And the past simple tense is what we use now. But if we choose to list things or to refer to things out of order, that is, we don't want to list them out in the order and we happen, but the opposite out of order. Then we used in the past perfect tense, we use a past perfect tense. Now this may sound a little bit complex, or maybe the explanation sounds complex, but it's not as complex as it sounds. Now to better understand this, let's look at the following example. It's just a combination of sentences and see how the past perfect is used. And the sentence goes like this. I texted my wife to tell her about the fruits I had bought earlier on Monday. But as I hit the send button, yeah. As I hit or press the send button, I looked into my bag and realize I had lost my wallet. I looked into my bag and realize I had lost my wallet. Now, this example shows how the past perfect is used. If we were to use the past simple tense, we are just going to list things out in the order in which they happened, as shown in the following table. Now, the following table has two rows. The first row there, listening to activities out in the order. Where did it happen? That is chronological order. So it will be I bought some fruit. I text him a wife. I lost my wallet and then I realize I lost my wallet, which is pretty obvious, like I said, is the most common way. But out of order, this is a minute in a more detailed way. It would be I texted my wife, but that is not the first thing that happened. Before that. Before I text him a wife, I had bought some fruits. Yes. So I text him a wife. Second event had bought some fruit. So this is already out of order. Third, realize I lost my wallet, but before I realize it, I had already lost my wallet, so forth had lost my wallet. So that is also already out of order. Now the basic definition for a past perfect tense is just describing action or events that happened before another. You want to talk about one action that happened before another in the past, or actions that happen before another action or actions in the past. This is where we use the past perfect tense. Pretty easy. Easy, peasy, lemon, squeezy. Now let's look at another sentence now this time around with a timeline explanation. I hope that this will make it even easier to understand. Now the sentence this example goes like this. When Biden arrived. Trump had already eaten all the meat. Biden arrived. Trump had already eaten all the meat. Now, you might be thinking that the first action there is a Biden arrive first. You might be thinking that Biden arriving first was the first action. That is, that is not so in the past perfect sentence, there are two apart of the sentence. There are two parts. The main event that the main part of the sentence is usually denoted by a past simple and the perfect part of the sentence, regardless of which part of it is in the sentence is always the first action. I'm gonna say that one more time. The perfect part of the sentence is always the first action. Regardless of where or which part of the sentence it is placed. So it could be on the first part or the second part. It doesn't matter if the injury remember is it is the first part of the action. There's a first action that was performed here, although we have the first part of the sentence as a past simple tense, that is, when Biden arrived, that is not the first action. The first action is Trump first ate the meat. After that, Biden arrived. Trump aid the mid first and after that Biden arrived. So as you see here on the timeline explanation, we have the first part as Trump eight other meat and the second part, Biden horizon, that is a very important things to remember. Now, one more thing again to keep in mind is this is a little bit of a spoiler. This can make you a little bit lazy if you don't like the past perfect sentence. If the order of the event is clear from the context. If the order of event is clear from the context, for example, for instance, some time expression make the order obvious, then we can just use the past simple tense and forget about the past perfect. That's a way out, isn't it? The most popular, one of the most popular time expressions, in this case is the word after you might have heard me use it several times in someone by example. Examples we've looked at the most popular time expression that you should make the order of event clear or obvious is the word actin. Let's go over some examples to better understand this explanation. Now, the first example we have that goes like this. After she bought some meat, she called her mother. After she bought some MIT. She called her mother. Now, the time expression here after makes the order clear. So we can just use the past simple. It is clear that okay, after something happened, another thing happened. The world, the time expression there makes it obvious. But if you feel the need or if you're tired of using the past simple every time, feel free to use the past perfect as well, even with the time expression after the man and his steel are gonna be the same as in the following sentence. After she had bought some meat, she called her mother. The same sentence. But this time around in the past perfect form, even with the time expression after the minute is the same thing. Grammatically, it is correct. It's just different way of saying it. Yeah. It's always good to have more than one way to express yourself. After she bought some meat, she called her mother. After makes it obvious we use a past simple or we can do it again with the past perfect sentence, even with the time expression after as m, after she had bought some meat, she called her mother. Absolutely acceptable. No problem. I feel the need to add a few more instances, few more examples before we jump to the past perfect, continuous. And as usual, let's look at a dal and December around I just sentences the best ways and one of the best ways to learn and to understand something is to fill it and look at an inner context. Now this conversation of this dialogue between two people, driver and his boss. Now the driver starts that conversation and it goes like this. Hi, Ms. Davos, how was your interview? Hi. How was your interview? Mr. Walsh replies, it was terrible, absolutely. Terrible. Driver asked, Oh, mine, what happened? Mexico as replies. The man who conducted the interview had drunk three bottles of Hannah said before the interview. The man who conducted the interview had drunk three bottles of beer, three bottles of Hennessey. Before the interview, the room was filled with a terrible stench. The room was filled with a terrible stench. The drivers says, Oh, I am so sorry about that. And miss the covariate replies. Oh, that's okay. After the interview, I went to a good restaurant to drink some henna C2. I went to a good restaurants to drink some Hennessy two. Before that. That is before that time I wanted a restaurant. I hadn't drunk alcohol for six years. I haven't drunk alcohol for six years. So notice how musical virus use the past perfect. And Dallin man who conducted the interview, had drawn three bottles of Hennessey before the interview. What happened first? Before he came for the interview, he had drunk three bodies, Adenosine, one ashen before, another. Even though we use a time expression that makes the order of event obvious, that is the time expression before we still use the past perfect sentence or the past perfect tense, it just makes it a little bit more formal. In the last part of the conversation that is also a miss class. He says before that time, that is before he went to the restaurant. He hadn't drunk alcohol for six years. Also, the past perfect tense, pretty easy, isn't it? So another good example we can think of, we can look at is when my brother a call me. I had already gone to the shop. One of my brother called me. I had already gone to the shop. Also another example of the past perfect sentence or the past perfect tense. Rather, it is not a complex thing z tends to use. You just have to understand or think of the order of events you want to talk about. N using the past perfect tense becomes very easy. Easy as ABC. Now that we've discussed are dissected even the past perfect and digested it. Let's quickly slide. Let's jump into the past perfect continuous. Unlike the past perfect. The past perfect continuous focuses mainly on duration. Mainly ON duration. How long an activity wasn't progress before the main event? How long an activity wasn't progress before the main event. Now, I know upset this earlier, but I just want to remind you like the past continuous and the past perfect. The main event is usually denoted or explained by a past simple tense. There are two parts in the past perfect sentence, in the past continuous sentence, and also in the past perfect continuous tense. The main part of the main event is denoted by a past simple tense. Let us go over some example. The past perfect continuous to better understand it. I had been singing for two hours when my father showed up. I had been singing for two hours before or when my father showed up. My father showed up as a main event here. Now, what this means is that the time between when I started when my father came in is two hours determined started and the time my father showed up. Two hours. That is basically what the past perfect continuous does. That is the emphasis. This is why we use it nothing more than that. Now, to better understand this, here's a timeline, again, explanation to make it easier for you to grasp. So you see the blue part there emphasizes the duration, which is what we need. This is why we use a past, perfect continuous. The first part that had been singing and the other part my father showed up. Did I stop saying it? I continued to sing in. When exactly did I start? It's not really important. The key thing that it focuses the duration between those two actions in the past. Easy, isn't it? Well, let's go over some more examples this time around, we're going to create a dialogue to enjoy the use of the past perfect, continuous. This dialogue is gonna be between cage and Matthew. Case does that conversation. And she goes, Hey, Matthew, How did your visit to the psychologists go? How did you visit to the psychologist go? And Matthew replies, Hey, it wasn't all fun. I was weak and couldn't concentrate. I was weak and I couldn't concentrate. And KDC replies Really what you're nervous because it was a first aphasic. Were you nervous because it was a first visit? And Matthew answers, Not at all or not at all. I had a flu before I went to the psychologist. I hadn't been I had been feeling weak for two days. Before I went to the psychologists. I had been feeling weak for two days. If we draw a timeline explanation for this, it's going to be similar or it's gonna be the same film with the one we've just seen. The time instead of feeling weak. And the time he went to the psychologists. The period the duration between that is two days or two days. Yeah. Kate asks, had you taken and the medicine or did you take any medicine which is more common? Before going there? Now, I added two ways to ask this question. Because you could use a past perfect to answer the question, or a past simple to ask a question. Now the most common one there will be the past simple. So did you take any medicine before going there or had you taken any medicine before going there and mature applies? Sure. I had or I did depending on what tense you use it as a question. I had taken or I took some vitamins, say before I went there, I had taken or I took some vitamins C Before I went there. Now I feel much better. Little bit more emphasis on why the question can go in two forms. It could be either past perfect or past simple. We have a time expression there that shows amazed the order of events. Clear. That is the time expression before. But again, you can use a past perfect or a past simple. Now, one more very important thing to remember, as we don't use continuous tenses to describe States. We don't use continuous senses to describe state. We talked about that, we've talked about that earlier on in this course. Now, even if we have a state verb, we want to emphasize duration. The past perfect continuous. Again, the past perfect continuous is used to emphasize duration. Whether a case is where we want to emphasize the ration and the verbal want to use is a stative verb. We have to use a past perfect tense. In this case, we have to use the past perfect tense. Now, a good example would be with the state verb to own, to own something that is about possession, to own something. A good sentence with that verb is, we add own our house for 25 years before the government decided to take it. We had owned our house for 25 years before the government decided to take it. The emphasis here is on the duration, the temperature between when they had the house and when the government has had to take it 25 years. Even though we're emphasizing duration. Here, we cannot use a past perfect continuous tense because the verb own is a stative verb. That is why we're using a past perfect tense, but emphasis is still on duration. So it would be wrong to say, we had been owning that house for 25 years. That is going to be incorrect to say. So please don't make that mistake. Let's look at an example in this line. This is gonna be a short conversation between a Julia and other character. This is a rather sad that conversation actually. So the wound we prepared, the conversation starts with Julian and she goes, I am so sorry about what Alex did to use Twitter. I am so sorry about what Alex did to you. Split the replies. It's unbearable. I still cannot believe it. Now, Julia, How long have you guys been married before he ran away with Nadia? How long had you guys been married before he randomly, it would nag you. It'll be wrong to say, how long had you guys been marrying? That is going to be incorrect to say. We don't say that. Sweater replies, we had been married for six years when he ran away with Nadia. We had been married for six years when he ran away with Nadia. Typical situation that it's going to be incorrect to say we had been married for six years. Although we're talking about duration here, we don't use the word marry in such way. We don't use it to emphasize the ration. So the correct sentence again, we had been married for six years, not we had been married for six years. And she continues. Before he eloped with her, he had told me several times she was just his assistant. Before he eloped with her. He told me several times she was just is assistant. Past perfect sentence here to action before another. Now you see how this whole thing is combined in a context in the sentence, in the dialogue and the conversation. That is how this day's work, this how the senses work in reality. There you have it. This is mainly how and why we use the past perfect and the past perfect continuous. Now, you may not use this as often as the present perfect, for example, or the present perfect continuous. But it is still worth knowing is very important. It's very good to have this. And in your memory. Now, I'm gonna close this lesson with some questions. And you can use the knowledge you've just acquired to answer this questions. Yeah, they're gonna be in the past perfect and past perfect continuous form. And this is going to help you when you start practicing. You start creating your own practice. Any questions? Go like this? How long have you been started in English before you started this course? How long had you been studied in English before you started this course? Duration? The next question. Had you ever had any lessons with a native speaker prior to this course? Had you had an lessons with a native speaker prior to this course? Action before another past, perfect. How many times have you traveled abroad before you began this course? How many times have you traveled abroad before you began this course? Again, action before another past perfect sense. Now that you are well equipped with the knowledge needed to answer this questions, I will leave you what I get out. I recommend that you practice well before you jump into the next lesson. I hope this one has been really informative. See you in the next lesson. 12. Lesson6 part1(Futre forms basics): Welcome to lesson six. Now, in this lesson we're going to be looking at how to talk about in future. Yeah, how to refer to the future. Not just how to refer to the future, but the men are ways we have to refer to the future. And the English have to set it to kick-start this lesson with a couple of sentences. Now listen to this. I leave at 530. I will leave at 530. I am going to leave or I am going to leave at 530. I am leaving at 530. I add to leave at 530. Steal about the future. I am about to leave my work. I am on the edge, on the point on the brink or on the verge of living my work. Now, just imagine this manner, ways we have to refer to the future in English. This lesson is going to be a bit extensive, pretty much extensive, but that does not mean that it's going to be difficult. When would tell welcome to lesson six. In this part of the lesson, we're gonna be looking at the future forms in many ways we have to refer to the future. First of all, we're going to cover the simple forms of the future. This is something most of you are familiar with, but just to quickly brush up on that because knowledge of the future form will help you when we start talking about the advanced ways to refer to the future. Now, this lesson about the future, especially the advanced part, is gonna make your English experience if less so it's going to take it from here to somewhere around here. Before we go any further, I will list those sentences again, the ones I've just read our list them out again, read them out again, but this time around width, a bit more description. This is to prepare your mind for what is the Km. In this lesson, I'm going to start with the first one. I leave at 530. Now this is when we use the present simple for the future. The second sentence we have is I will leave at 530 using wheel. What are the most common ways to refer to the future? I believe most of false, if not every one of us know that. I am gonna leave at 530. That is what we use to beat going for the future. To be going for the future. I M leaving at 530, present continuous for the future. I am to leave at 530. Now this is where we get to the advanced form. I am to leave at five period, that is issues B2 plus an infinitive form of a verb, a bare infinitive form of a verb. I will also explain what that is in this lesson. I am about to leave my work be about two plus an infinitive form of a verb. And lastly, I am on the edge, on the point, on the brink or on the verge of leaving mod work. That's not advanced way to talk about the future. Let's begin with a simple forms. But the simple form of something I believe most of us are familiar with. If you're not, then this is going to be something new. If you are, this is going to be like a brush up. And they are wheel and B going to, when we use wheel and we go into to refer or to talk about the future. Now, again, these are the two most common forms and they are very easy to grasp the way they use nothing really complex. So we're gonna start with, we'll usually use wheel where we want to talk about ONE plant, decision or decision made at the moment of speaking, home plan decision or decision-maker at the moment of speaking also for something you will not sure about implant decision here I'm talking about spontaneity, spontaneous decision. Not planned, no thought about before the moment of speaking. Not planned, not thought about before the moment of speaking. To better grasp this explanation, Let's go over some very good examples, some sentences to see how it is used. The first sentence we have there, as I'll call the doctor at 1130. I will call the doctor at 1130. Just a quick note that you also have to pay attention to a contraction. I can say I will call or alcohol. It's very important that you've practiced contraction to. So again, I'll call the doctor at 1130 or 1130. This is making an arrangement at the moment of speaking. Yeah. I didn't think about it nor did I planted before that moment. That is an example of when we use wheel, it's a very easy one actually. It's something, it's one of the first forms you learn when you learn to use a future form in English. Anyway, one more example. This is gonna be a simple dialogue, as usual. This is between a receptionist and Michael and let's look at how they make use of the future form. We'll the reception of stars that conversation. Do you have any appointment for today? Do you have any appointments for today? And Michael answer's no, I don't know. I don't. Then the reception goes in that case, I will sign you up for a four PM today. In that case, I'll sign you up for four PM today. Spontaneous decision at the moment of speaking, not planned nor thought about before speaking before that moment. Michael answers. Thanks, That's wonderful. I'll call 30 minute before I arrived to double-check the doctor's availability. Alcohol 30 minutes before I arrived to double-check the inductance availability, spontaneous decisions made at the moment of speaking. Michael did not think about it, nor did he planet before that moment. Easy peasy, lemon squeezy on attempt. Now, if we choose, if we want to talk about plan decisions or decisions about the future that have been made. What I'm talking about here is a youth thought about it before the moment of speaking and come to a conclusion. Then we use to be going to, this is opposite of the reason why we use we'll we'll unplanned decisions or decisions made at the moment of speaking, be going to plan decision, thought about before the moment of speaking. Pretty easy. Let's go over some example on how to use to be going into. Good example would be, let's say a person asking you about your plans for the weekend, the question could we say, what plans do you have for the weekend? What plans do you have for the weekend? So if you've made a decision for the weekend that you've been asked about, you can answer saying, I am going to play soccer, for example, I'm gonna play soccer with my cause and I am going to play soccer with my cousins. And I'm also going to take my car for services. I'm gonna play soccer with my cousins and I'm also going to take my car for services. So automatically, this means that you've made or you've decided this before the person asked you this question, you've made that decision way before this question was asked or before you would ask this question. Easy, isn't it? Let's go for whom? An example. The example goes like this. When I finished college, I am going to start a trade or business. When I finished college or when I finished University, I am going to start all I am going to start a traded business automatically. That means that you've thought about it before making the statement. This has been thought about this has been decided before the statement was made. Easier, isn't it? Now, in reality, yeah. In the real world, things are not always contains. Neither. They always plant. It's usually a combination of both spontaneity and then plan. Therefore, let us look at some examples where both rules are combined. So how you can combine will and to be going to, in a context. Let's take the same question to answer plant and spontaneous decisions. So the question I'm talking about here is about your weekend. The question again is, what plans do you have for the weekend? What plans do you have for the weekend? The answer could be, well, I'm going to visit my grandparents. I am going to visit my grandparents, am going to visit my grandparents emphasizes that you've thought about it, you've planted, you've made a decision. And I'm going to eat out with my siblings. I am going to eat out with my siblings. Also plan because I'm using I am going to your thought about it and you've made a decision. Furthermore, I think I'll go to the office for some hours to finish some work. I think I'll go to the office for some hours to finish some work spontaneous on plant. I think I will. I'll also call my dentist's to know when my next appointment is due. I think I'll also call my dentist to know when my next appointment is due. I think I'll call spontaneous decision home plank. Do you see the combination? Pretty interesting. Isn't it? Going to spend some time at the pub watching soccer? I'm going to spend some time at the pub watching soccer. Also planned because I'm using IM, go into combination of wheel and go into your own contexts it wants to, in this scenario, this is how this is used in reality. In addition to this rule, we also use wheel when we make future predictions. Based on our opinion or personal experience. This is an additional routes will. This is not a rule that is mostly that is understood by many. But we will make future predictions based on our opinion or how a field, or just our experience, we use wheel, the thinnest when you make a prediction that has to be some evidence. It has to be some evidence. But when the evidence is based on your own personal opinion, the way you feel are your experience. You have to use a we use, we'll go over an example, some example sentences to better understand that rule. The first sentence we have this, this, should we invite John for the party? Should we invite John for the party? The answer, No, don't. He will be bored. He'll be bored. He will be bored, or q be bored. Now, we're using wheel here, not because we see obvious evidence or there John told us. So this is basically based on your personal experience. Maybe someone told you or you feel like general the board. That is why you all, a person might want to use wheel in such answer, you'll be bored. This is just because you feel so, or it's just your own opinion basically. That is, how will this use for future prediction based on your opinion experienced on how you feel? One more example to better understand, please visit us more often or please come over more often. I think my parents would like to see you. I think my parents would like to see you. I think my parents would like to see you is just because I feel so or just based on my personal opinion, my parents did not verbally tell me that they would like to see you. I just feel so this prediction is based on me. No other external factors influence this decision. Is it just based on how I feel? Pretty easy? I hope it is. Now. If the future prediction we make happen to be based on some visible or obvious evidence as opposed to wheel. Then we have to use to be going into. So basically what that means is that we can use, we'll n to be going through for future predictions. You have to understand that the difference are other difference is that when we use wheel for future prediction, basically it is based on our own opinion, own experience, or just on how a field where we use to be going into for future prediction. There is an obvious or visible evidence. There is an obvious or visible evidence. Now let's go over some examples and see how to be going into is useful future prediction based on some visible evidence. The first example, the first sentence we have goes like this. Sandra looks pale. Sandra looks pale. X0, y0 is going to be sick, or she's gonna be sick. She's gonna be sick, or she is going to be sick. Now, this is a prediction based on some visible evidence. What does the evidence she is spill. We can see it. It is it is visible. It is obvious to the naked eyes that is the visible evidence. Therefore, we use to be going to, she is going to be sick. Another example, the sky has gone completely dark. There's going to be a store. Sky has gone completely dark. Gonna be a storm. Why do we predict that there's gonna be a storm? There is a visible evidence. This guy has gone dark. This is not based on how you feel all your experience. It is just because you see something that shows that that proves that there is going to be as tonal. What does that evidence? Dark Sky example. The patient has a swollen appendix. That patient has a swollen appendix. She's going to have an operation to have it removed. She's going to have an operation to have it removed. Prediction based on what? An evidence what is the evidence in the sentence? She has a swollen appendix. That is why you predicted is going to be an operation or surgery? Surgery is going to happen based on some visible evidence. What does the evidence? Swollen appendix. Pretty easy. Good. Now, let's look at how we use the present simple and the present continuous to talk about the future. If you're ready. Here we go. Now. We use the present simple for future, where we want to talk about events that are certain in the future because they are characterized by some fixed timetable or scheduled. They're characterized by some fixed timetable or scheduled. This are usually unchangeable. It typical example of such would be transport system. A transport system. They airport train station or bus station. Airport train station or a bus station. Let's look at some instances. Some example sentences to better understand how and why did present simple is used for the future. The first thing we have goes like this. The plane takes off at 730 tomorrow. The plane takes off at 730 tomorrow. This is more likely than the plane will take off at 730 tomorrow. It's a fixed timetable. It is a fixed schedule. Every airport, every plane has a time at which the leaf everyday for example. That is why we use the present simple for the future. Here's one more example or another example rather would meet at five AM on Friday for the weekly meeting. We meet on Friday at five AM for the weekly meeting. What does that mean? Every Friday would meet at five AM. This coming Friday, we are also going to meet at five AM. It is emitting that it starts to rise by a fixed timetable every Friday at five AM. That is what we're using the future say every day or every Friday would meet at 05:00 AM. This coming Friday, we meet at five AM as well. So you see, if you understand the concept of present simple, you will understand why it works for the future as well. For example, in this line, rehearsal finishes at 08:00 PM tomorrow. Rehearsal finishes at 08:00 PM tomorrow. It means that every time or every week we have rehearsal. It finishes at 08:00 PM. So tomorrow, it finishes at the same time. No changes. Fixed turntable characterized by a fixed schedule. Pretty easy, isn't it? Let's go further. Apart from this, there is another way we use the present simple for the future. This is a very important one that some learners of English language somehow used incorrectly, is either they don't know or they just don't understand how it should be used correctly. And this has to do with some time clause. It has to do some time clusters. So whenever we refer to the future time clause with some conjunctions as after, as soon as, when, before, and then a conjunction as untill. We use the present simple when we do that. When ever we refer where we want to refer to the future. In time clauses. With this conjunctions that I have just mentioned, we use the present simple for this purpose. This is actually very easy, but it's also very easy to make mistakes. In this line. You'll see how this is very easy with the following example. The first example we have after he finishes the procedure tomorrow, tell him to desist from smoking. After he finishes the procedure tomorrow. Tell him to desist from smoking. Now after he finishes, the most commonly, the common mistakes that people tend to make is they add will. In the first part where we have the conjunction after, they tend to say after he will finish, after he will finish, and that is incorrect. The correct thing to say is after he finishes with the procedure or after he finishes the procedure and not after he will finish the procedure. So deceased or don't use after plus wheel for the future, it is incorrect. Another example, As soon as he returns from work, make sure he washes his hands properly. As soon as he returns from work, makes sure that he washes his hands properly. Not as soon has E will he will return. Don't say it. As soon as he will return. It should be as soon as he returns. One more example. When your injury is dry, start a new life abroad. When your injury is dry. Started a new live abroad. And not when your injury will dry. Not when your injury will dry. The same thing goes for the other conjunctions before and until. So pay attention to that. Of course, practice makes perfect. The more you practice with it, the more you listen and try to use it, the easier it becomes to remember and you tend or you realize you make less mistakes with this or in this area. Now, let's now hop into the present continuous for the future. The present continuous for the future. So we looked at will and to be going to, now let's talk about the present continuous for the future. Now, when we want to talk about future arrangement, future arrangement. Some plans that have been organized with someone else. Future retirement plans have been organized with someone else. We usually are mostly use the present continuous future arrangement here means that at time, date, given the place it had been agreed upon by the participant or the parties in this arrangement. You've agreed upon a date, time to meet, and where to meet. Those people are the people involved in the arrangement have agreed upon this factor. So this time, the place and the date. So let us look at one very good example. The first example to better explain or understand how the present continuous is used for the future. And the sentence goes like this. I am eating out with my wife tomorrow. I am eaten out with my wife tomorrow. What does this mean? My wife is aware and we both have agreed. I have also even booked a place of made reservation at the restaurant, eating out with my wife tomorrow. My wife knows about it. I am aware I'm the one who made the plan and then the arrangement. The restaurant where it was supposed to eat out. We've made a reservation there for a certain time. This is why I'm using president continuous for arraignment. Lender example. She's having a blood transfusion on Wednesday. She's having a blood transfusion on Wednesday. What does this mean? This isn't a hospital. The doctors and the medical steps of practitioners involved in this process are ready. The grid upon a time, the materials of the US, the place, and etc. Pretty easy, isn't it? The thing to remember there is that when you've agreed upon a place and a date and time, we use the present. Continuous is as easy as that. Now you might be thinking, how does the President continuous compare to be going into. A lot of people find this confusing. Sometimes it is true that the present continuous for the future and to be going to fold the future may sound or may seem similar in users, but there is a difference. And the difference is this. When we use the present continuous for the future, our intention is firmer and more definite. Intentions are firmer, or more definitely, more definite, definite. Now, let us look at the same sentence about my wife and I go now to the restaurant to eat out and try to look at an inner present continuous form n to be going to, that will make the difference clear. Now, when we used to be going to as n, I am going to eat out with my wife. This is just my intention. Although I have thought about it. Yeah. I personally have thought about it. My wife is on the way and we haven't made a reservation or we haven't booked a date and time for this event. It is just my intention. She doesn't know about it. I haven't been reservation at a restaurant now that I've set a date or a term for that is just my plant. But when we use a present continuous for that, I am eating out with my wife. My wife is aware. We both have agreed. We've already made reservation at the restaurant where we are eaten pretty easy, isn't it? Yeah. Present continuous for the future. It means that our plans or intentions firmer and more definite to be going to for the future is the opposite. It's just smile intention, easy peasy, lemon squeezy. You haven't. Future forms made very easy. In the next photo does lesson because I decided to divide it into two parts just to make sure that you don't find it too overwhelming. It might be slightly over one, but not too overwhelming. In the next fall, we're gonna look at the three advanced ways we have to talk about the future. Now, like I said, I've said earlier, this is going to take your English experience or your future from experience from here to somewhere around here. Also, I suggest you take attempt to practice what you've learned in this part. Do some practice and practice with it. Write your own compositions, create scenarios where you mix everything that we've talked about here. And while you're doing that, get yourselves a forum for freshmen. So I hope this lesson has been very informative. See you in the next part. 13. Lesson6 part2(Advanced Ways To Talk About The Future): Welcome to the second part of this lesson. I really hope you enjoyed this lesson about the future. Now that we're familiar and I've brushed up on how to use a basic forms are the basic huge forms. Let's now dive into some advanced ways we use to refer to the future. Now, we're going to look at three of them. This three we're going to look at, we've talked about it in the first lesson, but we did not go in depth with the explanation. But in this lesson we're going to look at them in details. The three, we're going to look at our B2 plus infinitive. B2 plus an infinitive form for verb, as in IM to leave at 530. The second one is be about two plus an infinitive form of a verb, as in, I am about to leave my work. And the last one, the most interests naturally is I am on the edge, on the points on the verge or on the brink of living my work. Let's kick start with the first one we have here without wasting time, let's just go right into the first one, and that is B2 plus an infinitive form of a verb. B2 plus an infinitive form of a verb. I also remember that the first product is less than I promised to explain what an infinitive form of a verb is not difficult, some very easy. The infrared or form is basically the base form of the verb. Without to. The base form of a verb. To verb has bare infinitive and to infinity. The two infinitive is just where you have the variable, the word to. And very infinitive or the infinitive form, is where you take the two out. So for example, you have to eat, to sleep, to dance, that is to infinitive. Sleep dance that is just infinitive or the infinitive. So we're dealing with just the infinitive form here or the infinitive. Now, B2 plus infinitive can be used for a couple of things. We're gonna look at three of the most common and useful ways or reasons why we use v2 plus infinity. The first one is we use it for official arrangement. We use B2 plus an infinitive form for official arrangement. This is similar to when we use the present continuous for future arrangement, but this is official arrangement in the future. Now, let us look at some examples to better understand how to use B2 plus infinitive for official future relevant. The first example we have is the President is visit the victims early tomorrow morning. The President is to visit the victims early tomorrow morning. We have is to visit that is the B2 plus infinitive. We had to conjugate that. We always have to conjugate b2 according to the subject or the noun that precedes it. So here we have the President. It makes sense that we change B2 two 0s, and we have a visited as a bad infinity. Then one more term. The President is the visited victims or early tomorrow morning. That's the first example we have. The second example, The government is to introduce a new vaccines, come back COVID-19. The president is introduce a new vaccine to combat COVID-19. So they'll government is to introduce a facial arrangement. The government is to introduce a new vaccine to come back to COVID 191 more example, were to receive a salary in two weeks. We are to receive our salary in two weeks. Now you notice we have a plural subject here. We have the conjugate to be according to that. So here we have our that is, we are to receive a salary in two weeks. Pretty easy as it sounds very cool once is that incorporates, instead of making use of this structure, your sentence or your conversation is going to take your speaking or conversation level, conversation to a whole different level. Now, the second reason or the second function of B12 plus infinitive is official orders. Where we make official orders, will give official orders. We make use of B2 plus the infinitive. Let's look at some examples as well. The first example we have there is a, you are to remain in this building until you are discharged. You are to remain in this building until you are discharged. So this is similar to when we use modal verb must. You must remain in this building until you're discharged or you are to remain as building until you are discharged. So that is official order and we use B2 plus infinitive example. You are not to eat anything acidic for the next two month. You are not to eat anything acidic for the next two mV. Imagine this is your doctor. Talking to you at the hospital. Maybe you went for a checkup or you had a similar problem and then he wants to give you orders on what to do and not to do after your treatment. So this is a place that these are places where you mostly here such expression. You're not to take this, you're not in this unit to go here. It not to go there. So you are not the eat and the thin acidic for the next two month official order B2 plus an infinitive form of a verb. Let us look at another example. At the end of this course. She has to write a test to check her level. At the end of this course, she is to write a test. To check her level. She is to write. She has to write. I must write a test to check the level. This is an official order discover coming from, let's say, the head of an institution. It could be a university, it could be a school, it could be it could be anything. It could be anywhere. So an official order come FOMO ahead to students or to a teacher. Now the last example we have goes like this. Jail is not married anyone outside the African American community or Jane is to marry anyone outside the Jewish, Russian, Indian in Arab community, it means that she cannot, you must not marry anyone outside the African community. Now the third reason, or the third function of B2 plus an infinitive verb is n news report. In news reports to talk about events that are likely to occur in the near future. Now this is not a very common one, is not used very often only by newscasters or in the news, but it's still a good thing to know that when you hear them, you understand what exactly what you're talking about. Let's look at two quick examples on how to use this in a news report for events that are likely to happen in the near future. The first example we have is the health minister is to commission the new clinic in summer. They help minister is the commission the new clinic in summer. The same thing. Same structure. Nothing has changed. N The last one, volunteers all to visit every home on Fifth Avenue. Volunteers out to visit every home on Fifth Avenue. Pretty easy. Isn't it? Sounds cool as well. Like I said, this is gonna take your English speaking to a whole new level. Now, let's jump to the next structure that is, be about two plus an infinitive form of a verb. Or this can also be B plus just plus about two plus an infinitive form of a verb. Proof Sounds like a whole mathematics formula, but it's not difficult. The structure looks intimidating, but it is very easy to understand and to use. Let's go over why we use this structure for the future. Now, this one is very easy when I must say, and we use this as say, something will or won't happen in the very near future. We use this as say, something will or won't happen in the very near future. Basically, how soon something will or will not happen in the near future. So this is mainly used in conversation, but again, you can make use of it in your writing. It is not a crime, it is acceptable. Let's go over some simple examples. Yes, some simple but useful examples to make this clear. The first example we have is gonna be a short conversation dialogue between two people, Michael and Julia. Pay attention to how the structure is used in this conversation. Now Microsoft's a composition like this. Hey Julia, we are meeting at 06:00 PM and it's already 54 to five. But you are not here. Where are you? We are meeting at 06:00 PM and it's already 05:45 PM. Where are you? And Julia replies, hey, Mike, I am about to leave my office. I am about to leave my office. I'll be there on time, don't worry. Now, I am about to leave my office. This is similar to I am going to leave my office very soon. Practically the same thing. I am going to leave my office very soon. So you can use either of these two sentences are these two structures? But as I've always been saying from the beginning of the course, it is a good way. It is always good to have more than one way to express itself. They have more than one options. So I am about to leave my office and I am going to leave my office very soon, are basically the same thing talking about how soon something will or will not happen in the future. And not example also a short conversation between Michael and Kate and it goes like this, this diagram and KD styles, the conversation starts like this. Hey Michael, do you want to come for a walk? Do you want to come out for a walk and micro applies. I'm sorry, I can't Kate, I am just about to eat dinner. I am just about to eat dinner maybe later. And Kate Oh, okay. Let me know what you free. Again. I am just about it did it this time around, we added just about two. It means I am under point I'm going to eat Dina's sued. I am going to eat dinner soon. Also a very simple structure. One more example, also a conversation. This is between a father and a doctor, a father of a woman or girl and inductor. And the father starts a conversation like this. Doctor, whereas my daughter where is my daughter and the doctor of flies? She's about to have a C-section. She is about to have a sixth section and the father asked why. The doctor replies. She's about to give birth, but she's experiencing some complications. She is about to give birth, but she's experiencing some complication about to do something. It means she's gonna give birth very soon. She is going to give birth VeriSign, which is experiencing some complications. You can actually stop or pause this video here and try some new some sentences for yourself. Before we go further. Anyway, we can use this expression in the past to, this expression can be used in the past too. Although this part of this lesson isn't about the past, but I think it's important to look at how this sounds or how this is used in the past. Now the idea is the same. The only change here is a transformation of the verb, be. Let's look at a few examples of how this is used in the past. Now, the first example we have is she was about to leave a room when the gas tank exploded. She was about to leave a room when the gas tank exploded. One more. We were about to start the party when the cops showed up. We were about to start a party when the cops showed up. So it's pretty easy. You just have to change the verb. There is two words or word and everything stays the same. This is for the past. I hope you really enjoy this part of this lesson. Now we're going to talk about the last expression that is the most interesting part, the most interesting one actually mapping and that is B on the edge beyond the point B on the brain or on the verge of doing something, or on the verge of something. Now this structure may look intimidating, like really, really intimidated. But the mean it to the one we've just talked about that is to be about two plus an infinitive form, a basically the same thing, nothing different. Of course the structure is different, but the idea in the meeting they send is the same. It just like we're about to, like I've said, we use this expression to say something will happen in the very near future. Something will happen the very near future. So you could just use either of the two, be about to do something or be on the point, on the brink, on the edge, or on the verge of doing something. Isn't a cool, cool it is. Now, let us look at some examples here. Let's look at some fascinating examples to better understand how this structure is used. The first example goes like this. America's economy is under point of collapsing. The American economy is on the points of collapsing. Now the next example goes like this. University professors are on the verge of starting a strike as the government has refused to increase the monthly salary. That is terrible. The term university professors are on the verge of starting a strike as the government has refused increase their monthly salary. So they about to start a strike. That means they're good to start a strike very soon. Three different ways you say that. How cool is that? Now, one more example. She is on the brink of depression. She is on the brink of depression. She needs help. Here you notice, I did not combine this with a verb, but instead, now it is also possible to use this structure with the, now say it could be on the edge, on the brain, on the points or on the verge of something. That is why we have, she is under point or on the brink of depression. She needs help. One more example to wrap this lesson up is gonna be a short conversation, conversation between two characters. This is going to be between J and the michele. Now pay attention to how they make use of this structure is very short one and simple. And the conversation starts with Jane and she goes, Michelle. Michelle answer is no, I'm not. My husband and I are on the point or on the edge of losing our house. We haven't paid our bills for six months. My husband and I are the point on the verge bore on the brink of losing our house because we haven't paid our bills for six month. Pretty easy, isn't it? Now, that's it for this lesson. Now you're ready to start using these expressions in your conversation and when you speak, make sure you practice with it and also endeavor to make use of it whenever you get the chance to. Once again, I hope this lesson has been really, really informative. Thanks for watching and see you in the next part. Cheers. 14. Lesson7 part1(Passives): If you see having issues understanding how to use the passive voice in English, it's either you don't understand the functions, the structures, or you probably still have issues with tenses. Now, I believe the issue that test is I've been sorted out. That leaves us with the function and the structure of the passive voice. Welcome to lesson seven. In this lesson, we're going to be looking at the passive voice. Now we are going to briefly cover the functions and the structures. But our focus, we will be always gonna be how to use the passive voice in an advanced, in more advanced ways, and also how to understand them when they are used in this manner. So fasten your seat belt and let's jump right in. Now, we're first going to talk about the basic functions of the passive voice. That is, why do we use the passive voice? But before we go for answer that question, I want us to lead me to quickly go through and look at the structure of an active sentence and active voice here. That is, what is an active voice look like? What does an active sentence look like? To better understand this, let's look at the two sentences we have on the screen now. And the first sentence rates may repay the technician. Mary paint the technician. And the second sentence, Mary are sorry, the second sentence, Kate attended to the customer. Kate attended to the customer. These two sentences are active sentences are sentences in an active voice. Now there is a table and add a further breaks the sentences down into the elements that make the sentences. And this is gonna give us a clear picture of water and active sentence structure of what an active sentence is. Now the table will have three columns. The first part is for the subject, the second, the verb, and the third the object. And as you can see, the subject here for the first sentence is married, the verb is paid, and the object is the technician. Pretty easy As and then yet very easier breakdown there. And of course for the second sentence, the subject Kate, the verb, you get stripe attended, the object. If it gets the customer, then you will absolutely right as well. Now, basically that means that to make an active sentence, all you have to combine is a subject plus a verb plus an object. Pretty easy, isn't it? Now the knowledge of this structure is going to help us out. So understand what the passive voice looks like. Now, in a sense, it's like that in an active sentence, there is something you should remember as well. There is a receiver and there is a performer of an action. Actually I should say that the other way round, there is a performer and there is a receiver of an action. There is a forward and a receivable connection in these two sentences. For the first one, obviously, the performer that is a person who does the action here is married and the receiver, the technician. So Larry is the one who performs the action. What action paid? And the receiver of this action is the technician. The same thing goes for the second sentence. Kate, the performer, the customer, the receiver, the verb attended. Pretty easy, isn't it? Now, the object that is a technician and the customer or the receiver of the action. Let's put that in mind. Now. Let's now move into what the passive voice should look like. When we formulate the passive voice, we will make the formulation of the passive voice. We reorder the position of the subject and the object. We reorder the position of the subject and the object. Before we go further, I also have to add that this sentences, these two sentences are in the past simple form. There are passive sentences. Now what we formulate the passive voice, again, we reorder the position of the subject and the object, as in the technician was paid by Mary or the customer was attended to by Kate. I know you might be thinking that we skipped a couple of things, no structure, but don't worry, just follow along and you will understand this much better. So this is the passive force or the active sentences we just looked at. Now, you notice that a reorder it or the reordering we talked about the structure that we moved, the position of the subject and the object. To better understand this, there is a table now just like data with D for the active voice. There is a table that furthest shows or the further divides the sentence into the elements and how the structure looks. Now if we look at the table, we have the subject, the verb, instead of the object. Now we have the agent that is not really important. That is all for academic purposes. In this table we have the subject now bend, the technician. In the active sentence, the subject was Kate, but this around the subject is the technician. The verb now has been transformed as well, slightly transform here we have was paid and the agent, not the objects, the agent is married. This might be going too fast and feel like a lot of things have been skipped it, but don't worry, this is just to prepare your mind for the bigger part yet. So we're not going to go over each tenths because this is what the past symbol, we're not gonna go over eight-tenths and the passive form. Instead, what we're gonna do is we're just going to look at a table that refreshes what the structure for each tenth is. The table, this table on the screen now summarizes the formulation for all the tendencies that has all the tenses in the past form. And it also shows how ridiculously, ridiculously easy. The structures of the passive voice can be. Also one thing you need to remember is that not all tensors can be used at the passive four. So that makes your life a lot easier and less load to carry. Now, the basic structure of passive voice is a subject plus B plus the main verb, but the main verb and the past participle, full NET is a third form of the verb. So we have subject, the verb to be auxiliary verb and the main verb in the third form. Now, the table we have here has three main columns. The last color, which is for the passive voice, is also further divided into several columns. We'll look at that in a bit. The first column here is for the tensors, that is the tenses that can be used in the passive voice. Remember I said not all tensors can be used in the passive voice. The second column is the sentence we are going to use as reference an example. What I've done to make this a lot easier. I mean, now pretty much is the grasp is that the census remains the same but in different tenses. So in the active voice, we have already novel for the president, for the past. I read a novel for the future. I will written over novel, sorry, future were to be going to, I am going to written novel down to where we have modal verb. I can read a novel so we will later convert this. It still be very easy to understand how a deque Leslie. Easy the structure for the passive voice can be. Now the third column, that is where we have the passive voice. This is further divided into different columns. Now this column is divide the sentence into different elements that make up the sentence. Let us start with the present simple. Present simple. We have I read a novel that is an x voice for the sentence here, I read a novel in the passive voice we have a novel is read by me. A novel is read by me. Now, notice this follows the structure we've just talked about. We have a subject and level, the verb, the auxiliary verb to be conjugated because of the subject, that is. And we have the main verb and a third form, that is the past participle form. Read. A novel is read by me. Before I go further, I have also color-coded the sentences of these columns. It easy for you to understand what we're gonna talk about. We have the red part. That is where we have the verb to be. Basically what that means is that in the passive voice, regardless of what tense you have, the main change happens with the auxiliary verb, that is the verb to be. The main chain happens with the auxiliary verb. Now let's go to the next sentence and you better understand what I'm talking about. For the past symbol we have, I read, I read a novel. I read a novel in the passive voice. We have a novel was read by me. So what does that mean? The subject stays consistent, the main verb and the past participle form stays consistent. The only change again is in the auxiliary verb to be. And because we have the past, that's all we had was, let's take our future form. I will read the novel. I will read another, or I'll read the novel in the neck, in the passive voice we have a novel will be read by me. Again, the subject stays two systems. The past participle form of the verb, that is, the third form stays consistent. The change again habits with the auxiliary verb. The next one, future form with to be going to, I am going to read a novel or am going to read a novel. The passive four, we have a novel is going to be red by me. Again, subjects, this consistent. Third form of verb stays consistent. The agent that is by me, also stays consistent or whatever their age and is stays consistent. The only change happens with the auxiliary verb, be. And if we read through, you realize that the same thing goes for every other tests that we have. The Past Continuous was greater than a novel. A novel was being read by me. Present, perfect. I have read a novel. Novel has been read by me. What I'm saying in essence is that when you study and we're trying to study the structure for the passive voice. Instead of trying to remember for every tenth, you can have a table like this and you'll just have to pay attention or you just have to focus on the fact that they only change happens with the verb to be, every other thing stays consistent. Even down to the modal verb, I can read a novel. Novel can be read by me. Pretty easy. It's pretty, pretty easy. Now, let's talk about why we use the passive voice here. Let's talk about why we use the passive voice, or what are the reasons we use the passive voice? This is gonna happen also. We are going to look at this with some supporting examples. So the first reason, The first reason is. We use the passive voice when the subject is unknown, unimportant or if we just want to hide the subject, unknown unimportant, or which is willingly want to hide the subject. This is one of the reasons why we use the passive voice. Now this is pretty common with news, or you listen to the news, BBC, CNN, Fox News, Aj's era. I mean, whatever news platform you use, it's very common. It's very common that they use the passive voice for this purpose. Let us look at some examples to support this definition on say, this function. Now the first example we have is Bank of America was robbed last night. Bank of America was robbed less night, or Bank of America has been rubbed in the active formula and existences, it will be someone robbed or someone has robbed Bank of America. If we don't know, there is no point saying someone is better as it is. Use the passive voice says the person, the subject, or the before where the action is either no are all important or we just choose the hybrid. So why put that at the first part of the senses, it makes sense to just eliminated. That is why we use the passive voice. So once again, Bank of America was robbed, or Bank of America it has been rob is an example of how we use the passive voice when we want to hide the subject or the subject's and known, or we just don't think it's important. Easy. Alright, let's move forward. Now. This rule is also applicable when the subject is obvious. This firstly, we just talked about is also applicable when the subject is obvious. For instance, the following example will make it instead a better job. And his mother are being treated in hospital. John and his mother are being treated in hospitals. The agent obviously is the medical staff and the hospital. It is clear we're not okay if they're in hospital and they're being treated, Obviously doctors or medical stamps are treated them. We don't start thinking like maybe plumbers or engineers or drivers or cab drivers and what not all the treating them, it is obviously a deer in the hospital. The medical steps are treated them so the subject is obvious, we can just use the passive voice saying some people are treated John and his mom in the hospital, it's not the best option to go. It's not the best way to go, so to speak says, but let's just use the passive voice since the subject is obvious. That's a bonus one. You don't get that everywhere. Now, the second reason why we use the passive voice is where we want to focus their attention on the person or thin, affected by the action. Basically the short form for this definition is shifting focus. We want to focus on the person or would have focused attention on the person or thin, affected by the action. That is, we want to shift the focus on the subject to the object. A good example, Let's look at some examples. The hospital will call you tomorrow for the bank. Let's say the bank will call you tomorrow. The bank will call you tomorrow again. The subject, the bank, you, the object that we want to shift focus to the objects you, we would say you'll be called by the bank tomorrow. You will be called by the bank tomorrow. Pretty easy. Pretty, pretty easy when you play with focus. This is one of the reasons why we use the passive voice. And an example, Sarah will buy me some sweet. Sarah will buy me some sweet. The passive form, I will be bought some sweets by Sarah. I will be bought some sweets by serum. Again, shifting focus. All right, one more reason. One more reason why we use the passive voice is to be kind or polite. This is not really a rule, is just it makes pointing out mistakes of other people less direct, strict NDA. It makes it less bosses, so to speak, even though the sound too bossy, it on a seven, too strict or too direct when pointing out people's mistakes, you want to use the passive voice. Now this is a very, very good for those who are head of an organization and institution. Or if you are above seven people in the organization. So let's go over some examples and we'll look at it in both active and passive to understand the differences when used in such manner. Now the first example we have is you didn't examine the patient's properly. You didn't examine the patient properly. This is an active voice. In the passive voice, it sounds like the patient wasn't properly examined. The patient wasn't properly examined down here. This in the passive voice is sentence is not pointing to anybody directly, is just only pointing out that mistake. So when you say you didn't examine the patient properly, you will directly to someone that is direct, that could be a bit offensive, that could be a bit too harsh. But when you use the passive voice. It's less harsh and less direct and less strict. So the patient wasn't properly examine. That is basically more general and nobody is being spoken to directly. Another example, you don't clean the building. Well. You don't clean the building. Well, that is an active sentence in the past form we have the building. Is it well claimed? The beauty isn't well cleaned in an app in the passive form, less strict, less direct, and less bossy. Now, using the passive voice, in this case here somehow again, it just stops as the blow. But one thing is the International you use, it's also very important. You could use the passive voice with a very hard intonation and it doesn't change anything. This structure combined or this rule basically combined with soft International, is a perfect, perfect combination for when you want to point out mistakes and you don't want to sound too bossy or you don't want to sound too strict. That is another bonus. You don't get that everywhere as well. Now that we've looked at the basics of the passive voice, we are going to talk about how to report what people say, think, or believe uses the passive voice. This is a very, very interesting one and very important as well. This is going to be really useful and it's kind of advanced at the same time. So we're gonna start this way above reporting. When we use the passive voice in reported, we always include a reporting verb. We use the passive voice and reporting what people say, think of the leaf. We always use a reporting verb. If you don't know, if you don't remember what our reporting verbs or whatever forever is. A reporting verb is basically a verb we use to communicate with someone said or someone's intention at one time in particular, don't be intimidated. It sounds like a complex definition, but two good examples to come on. Examples of reporting verbs are the words, say n, Tail, say until we use this. These are the two common reporting words we have. So he said or he told me basically reported what someone has or had said to you at a particular point in time. Now to make this more comprehensible, let us look at some common structures that is reported structures we have and you'll get to see how important and how useful they are when communicating with people. The first thing we're gonna look at is it plus the passive verb plus a vet Claus. Passive verb plus that, plus. This structure basically is used to report what is said, what is believed or what is thought by unspecified group of people. What is said, what is believed or what is thought by an unspecified group of people. So basically you don't know the people who think so, Who said so or who believes so. This is why we use a structure. In some cases, this can save you from troppo too. And I'll explain that in a bit. Let's go over some examples with this structure to better understand how it is used and how to apply it in your compensation in your day-to-day life. Now the first example we have is it is said that people who are left-handed and more creative, it is said that people who are left-handed, a more creative, I am right-handed, but there are people who are left-handed and scientifically statistic and I don't know exactly, it is believed or it is said actually that people who are left-handed are more creative. I don't know how true that is. I have already tested myself. So here you see we have the expression eat eSet. Who said so we don't know, we are short, we don't really care. Is this some people say so. In a typical sentence to be, some people say that left-handed people are more creative, but okay. Some people say, Who are these people? Again, you see, it's like you're shifting focus on the people who said so, but we don't want to put the focus on that and it's not really important who said so in that case, we just use this structure. It is said that people who are left-handed are more creative. You see how it is that I can be and how useful that can also be. Another example, it was believed that drinking lemon juice helps you to burn fat. It was believed that drinking lemon juice helps to burn fat. It was believed. Who believe so? Some people did. We don't know exactly. I will specify a group of people. Some people believe that drink lemon juice helps to burn fat. We don't really care about the people who thought so. We don't really know the people who thought so. So that's why we use this structure. So again, this is used to report what is said believe, authored by add-on specified group of people. For example. It is known that keep it a healthy diet promotes good health. It is known. Now also notice that some of the verbs, reporting verbs I've used here say, believe. Now we have no, It is said, it is believed. It is known. That keeping a healthy diet promotes good health. If you also look at the structure which we talked about, mitigate structure for this, it matches it. Plus the passive verb that is known, was known or was believed is set. And that clause that keeping a healthy diet dad drinking lemon juice, or that people who are left-handed. So the structure really matrix. It is known that keeping a healthy diets promotes good. F is another good example. Now the last example is structured. It was estimated that five milligrams of Diazepam should relieve her of anxiety? It was so here we have it. Plus was estimated that five milligrams of Diazepam should relieve her of anxiety. Also follows the structure. Pretty easy, pretty, pretty easy. Now, some other verbs that can be used with this structures are understand. Mentioned, consider, discover, suggests, suppose, claim, recommend, and so on and so forth, etc. You don't need to know everything. It's not very important. Now, one more thing to keep in mind is to always use the verb and the past participle for that is the third form of the verb, the second form. But the third form, that is very, very important. Now before I jump into the next one, that is the next structure we have. Remember I said that this structure that is eat a passive verb plus a deck class can help you out. A vacant help you escape or problem. Who are? Let's look at how that can help you for real. This structure often is often used for rumors and gases, for all the rumors and the gossip bloggers. So if you want to talk about a rumor, gossip, it is mostly advisable to go with something that distances you from the rumor and doesn't connect you to that room more or Gosset in any way. In airway. You don't want to get in trouble and you wouldn't do that. Mostly this structure is what you should use or this is most, this is the most common structure that is used. Now, when this structure is used, it's mostly combined with the reporting verb, say. The word, say. For example, it is said that he has another woman apart from his wife. It is said that he has another woman apart from his wife. Now, save, somebody said or some people say, or I heard, means that, you know, the person that people spread in the ruler, somehow connected to this rubric or disgusted that you don't want to do that. You don't want to be connected. Medicaids that camp which in trouble, so save yourself some trouble and had used this structure when dealing with rumors and Gosset. Now let's look at another structure. This is an alternative to the wolf just talked about. Now in this pattern, we start with the subject of the reported clause was told to stop delivering product class. Now, I'm not gonna go through a long definition. Let me just shorten the whole thing. I just go straight towards it is structured. What we have is the subject plus a passive verb plus a to infinitive. Subject plus a passive verb plus a to infinitive. Now, we use this structure where we want the subject to be the focus of the sentence. We use a structure where we want to put the subject as a focus of the sentence. So this is also focus shifted. Now basically, all we're doing here is we're shifting the focus to the subject. As always, let's go over some examples and see how easy this can be. How? Just go through some examples. Now the first example we have here is the lawyers were told to resume duty in April. The lawyers were told to resume duty in April. Now, to break this down into the structure we just talked about, we have the subject here, the lawyers, the passive verb word told n to infinity there is to resume duty. Just to resume without a duty. Yeah. So the focus here mainly is on the lawyer as you see, not really what they are told or who told them. The focus is on the lawyer. The lawyer were told to assume duty in ERPO, breaking it down, it is obviously the focus is on the lawyer, not what they were told and not who told them. Again, the structure is the subject, a passive verb plus a to infinity. Let us look at an example, M, the few workers are known to like their job. M2 few workers are known to like their job. Again, to break this down, the subject is, what if you set m the fewer workers? You're correct. The subject hears him, they feel work is, the passive verb are known. And the two infinitive to like, two likes. That is really, really easy to remember as well. But say in some people know that m the fumes work as like the job is also possible. That is the active form. But we've already taken the focus from the end with fewer workers to the people who say so. Again, focus is been shifted. This is basically what this structure. It's now some of the verbs mentioned in the first structure can be used with this one too, in addition to the ones we've previously listed here, awesome more useful verbs that can be used with this structure. That is, we have the subject, the passive verb n to infinity. So some of the verbs that can be used also include assume, believe, claim, consider, declare, intent, five, feel, expect our Discover, know, observe, presume, prove, report. Our revealed. We also have understand, think, suppose, show C and also save some more examples of the verse you can use with this structure. At the end of this lesson, is where's it going to be good to practice with? One more useful structure that you have to know a little bit, we ignore it, but we'll talk about this structure is using the passive form, width. Get the word get. How to use the passive form with the word get. And the structure is just get plus the past participle form of the verb. Get plus the past participle form of a verb noun in a formula which we're using structure to refer to an action that happened by accident or out of the blue. And actually that happened by accident or out of the blue. Now this one is pretty, pretty interesting and it's very easy. Homophily is that it is vastly used. It is used a lot. Tell us go over some examples sentences to see how ridiculously easy this can be. The first example we have there is Dr. James got fired for weekend at his boss's wife. Dr. James got fired for weekend, add his boss's wife. So here we see this structure. Get this around when we were using the gut and the past participle form of the word fire, fired. So Dr. James got fired for weekend at as boss's wife is a good example. That structure, again, we use it to talk about what? To talk about action that happened by accident or out of the blue. Another example, medical supplies got Cs by the FDA last Sunday. Their medical supplies got Cs by the FDA last Sunday. Now, please keep in mind that get expresses actions and change. Therefore, it is only used with action verbs and not stative verbs. Get expresses, actions and change, so we cannot use it with stative verbs only with action verbs. For instance, this sentence, nothing is understood about how she revive the unconscious girl. Nothing is understood about how she revived the unconscious girl. The verb there is understand. The sentence is correct. It's okay the way it is. We have the main verb there, understand the third form. So nothing is understood. Pretty okay. Now, it'll be incorrect to say nothing gets understand about how she was Bobby unconscious girl because I understand is a stative oasis state verb. We cannot use get with such verb in this search structure. In such sentence it is incorrect. So nothing gets understand is incorrect because the word understand the verbal Stan is a stative verb. When you use this structure, you only use it with action verbs. Now, lastly, we can also add the reflexive pronoun after get. We can matter reflexive, reflexive pronoun after the word gets to emphasize that the receiver, the receiver of the action, is somehow responsible. Some are responsible for, or in some ways involved in what happened somewhere responsible for or involved in what happens. If you don't know, if you don't remember what reflexive pronouns are. They are basically myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves and themselves. These are what we call reflexive pronoun. So we can add This reflexive pronoun after gets to emphasize that the receiver of the action is some are responsible or involved in what happened. I'm sure you're familiar with expressions like she got herself shot or he got himself injured, or they got themselves killed. For example. Here you see that we have the reflexive pronoun directly after the verb gets. This basically is trying to say that, well, the person that is this object somehow is responsible or is involved in what happens. So she got herself shot, could mean or basically means that it was partly her fault. It was partly her fault. Now you might be thinking, without the reflexive pronoun, does it make any difference? So if we just said she'd got shocked and we try to compare that with she got herself shot a day. Is there any difference? Well, let's see how this difference than if we do not add the reflexive pronoun. So the Fourier sentence, we got wrong while watching soccer. We got rub, while what your soccer. This was unexpected for it. Let's say it was it was by accident. We got robbed while what your soccer it just by accident happened. But we got ourselves robbed while watching soccer. So at least means that it was partly our fault. Maybe were a little bit careless or we left the door open, or we just we just didn't pay attention. But this means that it was partly our fault that we got robbed. So just a little recap again. We got rub while watching soccer. This is by accident. It is not our fault. We are not involved in any weight or we got ourselves selves Rob, while watching soccer basically means that yeah, we got robbed, but it was partly our fault that folk could be. We open the door, we went out late, we were somewhat, I've been safe and it could be edited. The key thing there is that it was partly our fault. Pretty easy, isn't it? Now, these structures are going to be tremendously useful. Now, you know that the passive voice is way beyond, way, way beyond the basic forms that you're usually taught in school. So go out there and then practice with this new rules you've learned not just sentences again, have been repeat that every lesson to the end of the last, to the end of this course, not just sentences, connected stories or narratives. So I hope this one has been really, really informative. See you in the next lesson. 15. Lesson7 part2(Expressions to sound polite and professional when giving instructions): If you are a medical practitioner, policy security agent, or in any profession, requires you to give instructions. You'd agree with me that given concise instruction when delivered people is extremely vital. Now, you want to make sure that you are given the right instruction, not only given a rather fraction, but in the right manner, you do not want to come across as rude or impolite. If you run a business that can be very bad for your business, especially beat your businesses reputation. Now, in this lesson is gonna be a very short lesson. We're gonna go over how to give concise instructions with some verbs of motion, some useful expression as well, like I said, to make you sound polite when given this instructions, this is very good for anybody who works in, let's say in a medical setting, financial set and security agent. And the list goes on. It is not only for those people who actually, if, if you have one-on-one billions of people, but you give instructions, this is going to be extremely, extremely useful. Now, we're gonna look at three main expressions to sample light. And they are, I need you to do something. So I need you to do something. We are going to replace the do something with some verbs, most diverse of motion. The next one that is, I would like, or I'll just like you to do something. Just like you to do something. And the third one, the last one is, could you or can you just do something for me? Could you plus do something plus for me, these three expressions are more than enough. There is sufficient for any situation you find yourself when you're given instructions to people. Now, this lesson is not going to stop here. Let us look at some sentences with some verbs of motion that can be combined with this expressions. Now this sentence we're gonna look at, they are not the main sentence, denote the whole ones or they're not the only ones that exist or that can be used at this expressions. But this will make you understand how this three expressions can be combined in your day-to-day life if you find yourself given instructions, of course here. Now the first one we have them is a standard straight without support. That is the first sentence we are going to combine with this expressions is standard strict straight without support or sit without support. This is very common in the clinic. A medical setting in the hospital or clinic, or a doctor wants to give instruction to a patient. You want to make sure you was polite and as concise as possible. If you're not, you lose that connection and you know what that means if you were a doctor or if you're a patient, at least you also understand what that means. Standard strip without support. Sit without support. The next one is put your hands where I can see them. This is very common with police security agents. Put your hands where I can see them. The federal we have there straighten the legs at the knee. Straighten the legs at the mean again is another sentences. You can combine these expressions. I just chose them for the sake of it, a better understanding. This is also common in the hospital. Straighten the legs at the knee. One more or the next one is a step out of the vehicle. It's the part of the vehicle. This is very common with security agents as well as security officials on the road stopped by the police, step out the vehicle is a common expression. You hear. The next one we have is look over each shoulder. Look over each shoulder. This can be anyway, the hospital. It could be why our security agent, depending on what they want to get from you. The next one there is a linear head sideways placing your ear on your shoulder. That's a long one, typical for doctors. Linear heads sideways, Placing your ears, your ear on your shoulder. That is very common with doctors. We have sine here or there, sign here or there. This can be anywhere to what you have when you're dealing with document. Raise your hands above your head. Raise your hands above your head and spread your legs. Spread your legs. These are just a few sentences we're gonna look at. Of course there are many more now, we're not going to end this lesson here. Let's look at how this can be combined. Let's just take a typical scenario for the purpose of illustration. We are, I have chosen a hospital two, abuse as an example. This scenario is going to be a short conversation between a doctor and a patient. And the conversation goes like this. It starts with the patient. The patient starts like this. Good evening, Dr. Haben. Fill in wheat for the past two days. I haven't felt a week for the past two days. And the doctor replies, please have a seat. I need you to raise your left arm above your head. I need you to raise your left arm above your head so you see, I need you to the verb raise your arm above your head, trying to be polite and giving concise instruction. If he just said raise your heads, that is pretty rude. You mean you don't feel comfortable when people at least I don't feel comfortable when people give me instructions in the roadway. Now the patient continues. Sure. Any doctor says thank you. You can put it down. Now. You can put it down now. The doctor goes again. Now, I'd like you to just slowly linear head sideways, placing your ear on your shoulder out like you to just slowly lean your head sideways, placing your ear on your shoulder. Do you feel any pain? The patient goes? Not at all. So I'd like you to just slowly lean out like you to just slowly lay in your heads sideways so you can use this anywhere, are likely to most sideways. I would like you to sit and the list goes on. And the next next doctor says, Good. Can you just stand up straight without support and spread your legs with your arms on your waist? Can you just stand up straight without support and spread your legs with your hands on your waist. So can you just do something that is can you just stand? Can you just stand? The patient goes, yes, doctor and a doctor. Do you feel any pain? No pain, doctor. And the doctor says I see. Please wait for me my office. I will refer you to another doctor for properly examination. For proper examination. Now, you see how easy this can be, just combining it with some verbs of motion. This is something that comes in pretty handy. You also have to agree with me that anyone can give instructions, anybody can give instructions, but not everyone can do that politely. And not everyone can be concise with this combination. We've just looked at that balance to create a friendly atmosphere between you and the people you are dealing with, the matter would set and it is medical, security, financial, and whatnot. Once if once again, I just want to point out that this is useful not only for medical practitioners, security agents or security officials, financial institutions. Educators, tutors can benefit from using these expressions as well. So I hope this has been really, really informative. See you in the next lesson. 16. Lesson8 part1(Reported Spech): Reporting what others say is a key aspect in academic English. In this lesson, we are going to learn everything about recorded speech. If you're ready, grab results, some form of refreshment, and let's dive right in. Welcome to lesson eight. Reporters fit is at focus. In this lesson, we're first going to talk about direct speech, which is the opposite of reported speech. After that, we are going to go over what we're going to look at some changes that occur in reported speech. After we've done that, we are going to go over the world order in reporting questions or reported questions. Towards the end of the lesson, we are going to consider more changes and verbs used in reported speech. This is gonna be easy by the same tone. Fun field is going to be difficult. So it's like combining easy and fun and that's a very good combination. Let us start with the definition. Let us quickly look at direct speech. It is very important that we understand what their speech is before we go into indirect speech. Basically their speeches when we report what others say by repeating the exact word. So someone says something and you report that you record the person verbatim during, repeat the exact words the person said. Now, when this is done in spoken English, you just repeat it worse. Intonation for in the same manner, the person said those words to mimic the person. But when it comes to writing, to show that the direct speech or the shorter speech is direct, we use inverted commas, like in the following example. This is a statement, original statement made by Smith. This sentence goes like this. I'll see the director for a quick chat before I travel. I also the Director for quick chat before I traveled, and that is the original statement. Reporting this will sound like this, Smith said. And then we have inverted commas. I'll see the Director for quick chat before I traveled. Repeating the word verbatim, exact words. Another example, this is a statement made by Sandra. I haven't seen my son this here. I haven't seen my son this year. That is the original statement. When it is reported in the direct speech. It sounds like this. I haven't seen my son this year. Said Sandra. I haven't seen my son. This here says Sandra, like I said again, in spoken English, of course we cannot show the inverted commas. What we do is we use intonation to kind of match what the person said, just to use a kind of intonation, the same intonation. The person used when the sentence or statement was made. Don't also don't forget that when we use this in written English, we put the sentence or the statement in inverted commas, and we separate the report of verb from the main senses using a comma as well as in I haven't seen my son this year. We have a comma said, Sandra, this is for writing. If you're right, if you do a lot of writing and you report in writing in spoken English, you just have to make it a pause to indicate that there is a comma there and that's it. Well, now let's move to reported speech. Unlike direct speech, reported speeches, when we express for someone says without quoting them explicitly, we don't call them explicitly direct speech. We call them explicitly. We repeat the same words. We repeat the words they bade him. But in indirect speech or reported speech, we did not quote the person explicitly. Also, unlike the direct speech, we don't use inverted commas in the indirect speech. And a couple of changes CAN, are, or maybe necessary. When we use reported speech changes occurred. We're gonna look at those changes later on in this lesson. Now let's look at an example of a reported speech to better understand the definition we just talked about. Now the first example we have is a statement made by Dr. Lev and it goes like this. I am completely exhausted today. I am completely exhausted today. And if we are to report that in an indirect speech or reported speech, it's going to sound like this. Doctor lift said he was completely exhausted yesterday or today. Dr. Lev said he was completely exhausted yesterday or today. That is reported speech. Notice how the tens and the adverb of time changed the tens chain because original sentence was I am exhausted. Reported for me it becomes he was exhausted, not the Holy. Is there a tense change? We also have some additional expressions there, that is the pronoun he. We have attendance change, we added a pronoun he, and then we also have the atom of time changed to from today to yesterday. Now in this changes in the additive of time depends on a lot of things. In order to comprehend the changes in reported speech, it is vital and very important to keep in mind that words are said in. Context, words as said in contexts. So oftentimes or sometimes something is sent to someone at a particular time, at a particular place too. So when we report something, changes are made to the original statement or the original sentence if there are changes in the contexts, contexts now I mean the people, the location or the place. It's very important to keep that in mind. That's going to help you on. So we are now going to look at the changes that happen in reported speech because this is where a lot of people have issues. Kind of understand the structure a little bit or more or less. When it comes to understanding the changes, this is where the problem comes. So now we're going to look at the changes that occur in place, in time and in person when we use reported speech. Now, when we report something at the same place, where we report something at the same place, about the same time or even with the same people involved. We don't make any changes in the recorded speech. Basically. No changes are made in the reported speech. For instance, let's look at the following example. This is a statement made by fans. Fancies. The nouns we'll meet you here. The nuns will meet you here in a recorded speech or when we report that, it's going to be fans said the nuns would meet me here. Fan said the nuns would meet me here because this was reported at the same place or we assume that this was reported at the same place. The original statement was made. The algebra of place here remains the same. Let us just assume I am family and I said that statement in this room. And when you report the same sentence, assuming you are still in this room, report in the same sentence, then the algorithm place does not change because you are still at the same place. That is the idea behind that definition. The definition again, will report something in the same place, at the same time, about, about the same time. All with the same people who are involved. We don't make changes to their reported speech. It's as easy as that. Now let us look at another example. This is a statement by Patrick, and Patrick says, my flight is at eight AM tomorrow. My flight is at eight AM tomorrow in a reporter's fish that is going to be patrick says his flight is at eight AM tomorrow. Patrick says is flight is at eight AM tomorrow. Now, this reported on the same day. That's why we don't make any changes. No changes and necessary to the arrow of time tomorrow. And it's still valid. It is still valid. One more example, and this is going to be concerning people, the area of people who looked at town in place now with people, this is a statement sentence made by Sam. Sam goes, I can fix a broken back. Mr. Wong. I can fix your broken back. Mr. Wong reported by Sam to Mr. Wong. It's gonna be I told you I could fix your back. I told you I could fix your back. So this is the same person that is Sam reporting the same thing to Mrs. to Mr. Wong, but of course at a different time, this people on there is no change in the people, still the same people making the same sentence. And we don't need or there is no need to make changes to the people. If Sam was not reported in this semester one more to a third party, then we would have I told Mr. Wong I could fix his broken back. I told Mr. Wong I could fix his broken back. So this is Sam reported this to another person but not miss the warmth, but the characters are still the same thing. Sam and Mr. walk. Pretty easy, isn't it? Well, if we consider this same examples now we're trying to look at how the changes occur to the people placed in term. If we consider the same examples which changes in place in time and the people or the people involved, then we make changes to the world's referring to the place, time, or people. Then changes are made. Let's look at some examples, the same sentence, but with a difference in the time and the place and then the people involved. The first example by Miss bifan, the nouns we'll meet you here. The nuns would miss you hear reported again. Fans said the nuns would meet me in Room C or would meet me there. Fans said the knowns would meet me in Room see million it could be another room or would meet me there. This is because we are reported this somewhere else. And nuts, the same place. The statement was made. That is why we have a change to the algebra of place here to there, or the specific place where it's going to happen. The second example with Sam, I can fix the back, Mr. Wong. I can fix it back, Mr. Wong and reported with some changes. That will be Sam told me he could fix my bank. Sam told me he could fix my bag. Reported by Mr. Wong to someone else. So this is Mr. Wong reporting this as someone else or Sam TO MR. Warm he could fix is back. This is reported by a third party to someone else. One thing to keep in mind though, is that these changes are an automatic, they don't happen automatically. The context in which they are used as what Dr. changes. To better understand that Here's a table for the show, some typical changes of time expressions in reported speech. This is just something to have in your vocabulary bank or your information bank. Here we see two columns here that makes speech or indirect speech. In a direct speech when we have, now, when we use it in the reported speech, it becomes then or at that tongue. For example, I will see you now. And you report that statement. He said he told me he would see me then or he told me he would see me at that specific time in which he made mention of when he made the statement originally, today becomes yesterday that they or the specific day, for example, on Monday, on Tuesday, on Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and so on. Yesterday automatically becomes the day before. I saw John yesterday. If also report that statement. He told me he had seen John a day before. He told me he had seen John day before. Yesterday becomes a day before. Another option that we can have is the previous day or on Tuesday. If you want to make reference to the specific day. I just used on Tuesdays, an example, it could be any day of the week you're going to make reference to tonight becomes last night, that night, or on Sunday night, on Tuesday night, or Wednesday night. 49. Last night becomes the previous night or the night before. The previous line, or the night before, or again, a specific night attaches specific day, Wednesday night, Saturday night, Sunday night or Tuesday night, for example, tomorrow becomes today. Yesterday person told you I will see you tomorrow automatically. Tomorrow is today already. Oh, he told me he would see me today, for example. It made that statement yesterday and yesterday he used tomorrow. Tomorrow is today there. So when you report that statement on the day he is supposed to see you and you say, well, he told me he would see me today, but he made that statement yesterday. That's complex. I hope I didn't confuse you though. Now, this week we have this week is the last week. That week. This way it becomes last week or that width, width next year. This is gonna be this year or the following year, or the year after, or a specific here in 2005 in 201820192020, and so on and so forth. When we talk about time now, for example, 30 minutes ago now I'll be 30 minutes before. Minutes ago, 30 minutes before, two minutes ago, two minutes before. And lastly, in six hours in the report in direct speech becomes six hours later. In two minutes, two minutes later, in five minutes, five minutes later in two seconds, two seconds later. I hope you get the idea. This comes with practice. This is why you have to practice in practice, in practice. Now, this may seem a lot to take in. I do agree with is that if you're thinking like they're like, Oh, it's really overwhelming. I do agree with that. It may seem a lot to take in, but with some practice, you'll get used to it. You're gonna get a hang of it with more practice. Alright? Now we're gonna look at changes in tenses. The changes that occur intensive Tennessee's we've looked at time, we've looked at place, and we've looked at people. Now let us look at Tennessee's. It is the easiest actually. It's even easier than the workplace determined the people. First we're going to look at when tensors don't change. There are intense changes and reporters fish for certain reasons and we're going to look at the important reasons why test is don't change. In reported speech. The first one is this, when the world's reported as steel valid or true at the time of speaking, we don't need to change the tense when the words are still valid or are still true. And Thomas speaking, reporting, we don't need to change the tense. For example, James makes this statement and it goes like this. I am having a surgery tomorrow. I am having a surgery tomorrow. Now if what you report this, imagine that it is the same day. We would say James said that is having a surgery tomorrow. It makes a lot of sense. Today. He said that he's going to have a surgery tomorrow. If someone asked you, let's say five minutes after like Allison james, like yeah. Did he told me he is having a surgery tomorrow. This statement is true at the moment of reporting. At the time of reporting the statement, there is no leaf for tens change. Another reason why we don't change tenses when the world reported refers to a general truth of fact. When the worst reported refers to a general truth effect, we don't need to change the tense. Let's look at another example to better understand that. Sasha and makes a statement. Humans are mammals. Humans are mammals. If what's report that? That will be. Sasha stated that humans are mammals. It's a general truth. There is no need to change the tens here. It remains the same. Lastly, we don't change tenses when the real statement was spoken at the short-term ago and it's still relevant. So the time between when the statement was made and when the statement was reported. If it's short, we don't need to change the tense because it still relevant. This is mostly common when reported limb, fairly recent telephone conversation. A recent telephone composition for instance, let's look at this example. Dr. Elana, on the phone. I'll be late today. I can't find my house keys. Later day. I cannot find my house keys. And the secretary or assistant wants to report that. And it's gonna be Dr. Yolanda says she will be late today. She says she can't find her house keys. She says she cannot find her house keys. No, we are not changing we don't change the tens here because the time between when the statement was made and when it was reported is very short and it's still relevant. It is still relevant. So when reported such recent statement, the reporting verb in this case say is in the present simple. Doctor, you Lenin says Dr. Jelani says not Dr. Orlando said just because We are reported in something that is very recent and it's irrelevant. So it's one of the rules that is attached to this definition, this reason, it is something you hear very often, uh, you really sometimes can understand. Why is it said that way. I learned, I've studied reported speech and every time when they report phase because they are doctors, this person said, that person said, Why is it a presence in the distance? This person says it is because of this definition, the time between reporting and autonomy to when the statement was made. It's short and it's the relevant. Very well. Now let us look at when tenses do really change. We've talked about when tensors don't change, It's now time to look at when tens is changed. So tenses change your reported speech mainly in the for the following situations. Not as many as when don't change when the recorded speech. This is actually the opposite of the first reason for when tens don't change, when the words reported are no longer valid or they're out of date, we basically just have to change the attempts. What I'm saying is that the reference point of what we're speaking and World War reporting is in the past. The reference point of what we're reporting is in the past, we have to change the tense. Let's look at the following example to better understand this reason. This is a statement made by Susan. Now the first part of the settlement statement was made let's take a reference point, say 2010 at a time in the past. And in 2010, see Susan made this statement. I have never seen a lion before. I am planning to go to the Safari. Happen there was an alarm before I'm planning to go to the Safari. This statement was made by Susan in 2010. Now this is 2021 and we want to report what Susan said in 2010 reported speech sound like this. Is going to be set in this way. When I met Susan in 20104 in 2010, she said he had never seen a lion and was planning to go to the safari. She said she'd never seen before and it was planning to go to the Safari. And so this is like 11 years later? Yeah. Yeah, that's about 11 years later. 2010202111 years later, will report in this statement, we have to change the tense. They reported words are out-of-date. Here we have never seen never sin becomes ahead and never sin I am planning to go becomes, I was planning to go to the Safari. Another reason, I hope that is clear. Another reason why we changed tenses is when we want to report objectively. We want to report objectively. We are unsure if the report of words that are true on that. We do not want to assume they are true. So we just want to make some objective reports, want to report things objectively. Let's look at some examples to better understand that it's nice and one not as intimidating as it has a definition sounds. Now this is a statement made by a character Tina. And the sentence goes like this, I can't come for your party. I have a lot of work to do. I cannot come for your party. I have a lot of work to do. Now, this statement reported by someone else goes like this. Tina can't come for your party. Tina can come for your party. She said that she had a lot of work to do. She said that she had a lot of work to do. Here we're changing the 10th just because we want to be objective about what we're recording. I am not sure Tina could be lying or telling the truth at the same time. I don't want to assume that she's telling the truth. I just don't know. You use reported speech or the statement is in a reported speech because of that reason. So Tina can come for your party. She said that she had a lot of work to do is just an objective report of what Tina said just because you are not sure and you do not want to assume that it is true. Now, if you're curious to know, the 10th change that happens in the reported speech is called tenths, backshift, hemispheric, take the tenth one step back. But that is not really important. Unless if you are teachers will or you plan to explain this if someone is for knowledge purpose. Now, to better understand this gears a table simplifies the tenses and how they changed. Here we have two columns. We have the direct speech and we have the reported speech, or the indirect speech with the tenses on both sides and example sentences to show to illustrate how this changes happen. Now the first one we have that is the present simple. And the sentence below is, I am tired in the presence of sense as I am tired, the past simple in a reporter's fish, it would be she said she was tired. She said he was tired. So please again, take into consideration the reasons why the tendons change and why don't we change? This is why I decided to put this for later. Now we know why the change. Why do I don't change the choice is yours. If your definition fits into any of those parts, you use the right option either to change the tense or nut. Here, just for illustration purpose, just to show how the tense changes. We're not considering all those reasons. I am tired, present simple. In the past simple. She said she was tired. Tens bashing president symbol becomes past symbol. Now we have present continuous. When we report a sentence. When we report a present continuous sentence, we change it to pass continuous. It's logical. I am working. She said she was working. The next we have there is the present perfect. And what we use that in the reported speech it becomes past perfect. As in, I have seen that before. I have seen that before in a reporter's fish. It will be She said she has seen it before. She said she had Senate before. The next one is the present perfect continuous. What is that going to be? The I hear you say the past perfect continuous. That's correct. So the present perfect continuous becomes the past perfect continuous. And the following example makes it clear. I've been working all day. Working all day. And the past perfect continuous sentence, she told me she'd been working or she had been working all day. It is very important by the way, that you practice contractions she had to work in or she'd been working all day. The more you use it, the easier it is for you to understand what is being used PESTLE analysis. The next one we have is past simple. The past and book becomes the past perfect. We slept well. We slept well in the past perfect form as the reported speech, she said they had slept well. The next list, past continuous. The past continuous becomes the past perfect continuous. As in I will slip in reported speech. She claimed she had been sleeping. She claimed she had been sleeping. The next one that is the past perfect. And guess what? It does not change. It remains the same. Past perfect and past perfect, present perfect, continuous remains present perfect, a continuous dose to loan change. So as you see, I mean again, this is a very easy way to grasp, to understand these changes. Just looking at them side-by-side. It makes it easier for your brain. So absorbed, assimilated, similar to tenancies, motor gross chain to in reported speech. Yes, they do. They changed for the same reasons that tenses do. The same resistance changes the same reasons modal verbs changed in reported speech. And as usual, I have this beautiful table that makes it very easy to understand these changes. So again, we have two columns, direct speech and reported speech, or otherwise indirect speech. So we're going to look at how the universe changes with some example sentences to better understand it. We're gonna start with Ken. We're going to start with Ken later on, somewhere in this course, we're going to have less than the molar verbs. And it's gonna be very easy when it's going to be interested in. Now we're going to start with can. Can, can be used for different things, but we're gonna look at Ken for ability in the present, can use as for ability in the present. Let's take the extensions, the example sentences. I can fix your husband. I can fix your husbands. So this is a statement made in the direct speech. In a report or speech can become good. And the sentence would be, he claimed or he said, he could fix my husband. He claim or he said he could fix my husband. Now the next one we have is when we use Ken for ability in the future, in the press and the direct speech. It is scanned and reporters fish it becomes, wouldn't be able to. Let's look at it. Very good example. The direct speech we have, I can work late. I can work late. In the reported speech. That would be he said he would be able to work late. He said he wouldn't be able to work late. I hope you enjoyed this so far. I am actually going to have an absolute found right here. Now the next one we have again is Mei. Mei, Mei for possibility. May full possibility. The reported speech it becomes might. Let's consider an example. We may use some herbal medicine. We may use some herbal medicine. In reported speech, it would be, they said that they might use some herbal medicine. They said that they might use a herbal or some herbal medicine. The next May 1 again, but this time round for permission in the present. May for permission in the present so we can use me for possibility and for permission now we consider main for permission in the present and in the reported speech, it becomes could, may becomes cook. That's when we use me for permission in the present, as in the following sentence, you may come in now. You may come in now. And the recorded speech, she said I could come in then or at that time when the statement was made, she said Well, he said I could come in then or at that time the statement was made. Now the next thing we have is must, must for obligations in the present. Obligations in the present and in reported speech, it can still be masked for head to most of the time we'd like to use a head too. Let's look at a beautiful example. I must take care of myself. I must take care of myself. We all must take care of ourselves. In the reporters fish it will be he said he had to take care of himself. He said he had to take care of himself. The next one we have is master again, but for obligations in the future. For obligations in the future, you guys are beginning to have a feel of what the lesson about mode of rows is going to look like. Multiple obligations in the future becomes must inner product space, or it becomes would have to, would have to. Let us consider a very good example. I will study hard for my medical exam, or I will study hard for my business exam, my MBA. I must study hard for my medical exam or for my MBA. The reported speech, it would be she said, Oh, he said or he told me, let's use a different verb now. She told me that he would have to study hard for her medical exam or for her MBA. She told me she would have to study hard for exam or for or MDA. Most becomes would have to for obligations in the future. The last one we're going to consider is whale. Whale. The doctors will run a blood test to understand the problem. The doctors will run a blood test or the standard problem will becomes would in reported speech. The sentence would be the nurse told me the doctors would run a blood test and understand the problem. The nurse told me that inductors with Ron and tests blood tests to understand the problem. Pretty easy, isn't it? Now, if you feel the need to pause this video, if this went too fast, if you feel the need to go back to certain points in this video to fully understand or to grasp the reported speech. Feel free to do so before you go to the next one. To enjoy reporters, which actually I would recommend. I will suggest that you take statement that have been made by people, someone who's something has been set by someone. This could be actually from your favorite movie, a podcast, show, anything, just make sure somebody has been said by someone and you try to report it to someone else, tried to tell someone else this things there or that is d If you don't have a person to tell that to or to say that too. You can just write it down, write the report a form in a paper or something and some of that's right upon. This will really help you to understand how to use, help you to remember and somehow digest the idea of the reported speech. We're gonna stop this part of this lesson here. The next part, we're going to quickly look at questions, reporting questions, the orders, changes that happen, and so on. I hope this photo, this lesson has been really, really informative. See you in the next part. 17. Lesson8 part2 (Reporting Questions): Welcome to part two of this lesson. In the first part, we'll look at the fun aspect of the reported speech. In this second part, we will quickly go in and go through reporting questions. Reporting questions. Now, for this lesson, we're gonna look at reporting WH questions and yes-no questions. This can be a little bit tricky. And that is because the order of sentence is sometimes modify were reported questions. We're gonna look at again, we're going to look at the v-hat questions and yes-no questions. Those of you who forgotten and those who don't know what the questions are. Basically questions that start with the WH words, whereas like what, who, where H2S they are. Why, for instance, instead of her house falls into this category. Now yes-no questions are basically the question is, we start with auxiliary verbs. Do B has the most common yes-no questions we have. So we're gonna start with WH questions. Shall we? Let's begin. So when we report WH questions, we repeat the original question word. That is who, where, what, how, and etc. In the reported clause. With don't use exhilarated verb do if they are, there is any sentence except in negative questions, of course, all in a negative questions. To better understand that there is a structure for it and the structure looks like this. This structure. We have a reporting clause plus a wh clause. Nice mathematics. Reporting clause plus w Haitian class. Let's see how that looks. It sounds complex, it looks intimidating, but let us see how it looks. Let's consider some examples. Better understanding. Now this example is a statement made by Diana and the sentence goes like this. Where is the gardener? Whereas the gardener? And in a report, then we have Diana, That is a personal mission statement or we use the pronoun. She asked me where the Gardner was. She asked me or Diana asked me where the Gardner was. So you see, we have a reporting clause that she asked me, plus a wh clause where they Gardner was. Now take note. When we report questions. The subject comes before the verb. The subject comes before the verb as received an a sentence. Diana or she asked me where the Gardner was. Pretty easy, isn't it? Now let's look at another example. This is a statement made by William and the sentence goes like this. Why are you calling the police? Why are you calling the police? Report a sentence. He was eager or he wanted to know why I was calling the police. He was eager or he wanted to know why I was calling the police. One more thing to take note of is when we're report questions, we don't use question marks, so you take away the question mark there. This is of course for when you write, don't use question marks for reported questions. Another example, this is a statement made by Anna. Anna goes, What do you want? What do you want? Reported speech? We have she asked or an asked me what I wanted. Asked me what I wanted. Notice, as in the definition, we don't use the oxidative are doing this. And so here they are. Cerebral do was removed or is removed. We do not include a server do in reported questions, if there are any, it'll be wrong to say she asked me What do I want? She asked me What do I want to be wrong to say unless if you have a direct speech, if you're reporting a question and there is an observer of do you have to eliminate where you have to move it? That is why she asked me what I wanted is the correct reported form for the question. What do you want? Let us go further. Another example. I just want to give as many examples so that you can get it I told you earlier on it could be tricky, but I wanted to make sure that you understand it to the core. This is a statement made by Sarah. Sarah goes, why don't you call the clinic? Why don't you call the clinic in reported speech? If you wanted to know why I didn't call the clinic. She wanted to know why I didn't call the clinic. This time around. We have the auxiliary verb included, but don't forget that we said that you can have the xlabel be included in negative sentences. Here we left the auxiliary verb just because we have a negative sentence. That is why she wanted to know why I didn't call the clinic is correct because it's a negative sentence. Pretty easy, isn't it? Anyway? Now, basically this is all about WH questions reported that we had questions. Do you see how easy it can be? All you have to remember is the sentence order and everything else. Is gonna be really easy. Okay. Let's now look at yes-no questions that has questions that start with axillary verb. As I said before, yes, no questions. Dog with auxillary verb. And we're gonna be looking at do in half. Typical examples of questions as auxiliary verbs are, are you rich? Do you sing? Hadn't used to the doctor with Abby since the nurse? That when we report yes-no questions, we use if or whether we have to include these two words, if or webinar. Structure. This, yes, no questions were reported goes like this. We have the reporting clause plus IEP or whether class reporting plus, plus an IV or a weather class. Let's look at some very good examples. The first example we have here, his statement made by a coach. And a coach goes, Are you healthy? Are you healthy? Reported speech? It will be the coach asked if I was healthy. They coach asked if I was healthy or whether I was healthy. Not the coach asked, Are you healthy? Not the coach asked in our example, a dentist, you floss, well, do you plus, well, in a reporter's Fidel, be the dentist, the ones that to know whether I've lost. Well, the dentist wanted to know whether I floss. Well, not the dentist wanted to know, do you floss? Well, that is going to be wrong to say. One more example. This is from Secretary. Have you spoken to a specialist? Heavier spoken to a specialist in reported speech? That'll be the secretary enquired whether I had spoken to specialists, whether I had spoken to specialists. We include if or whether. To wrap this lesson up. Here are some more reporting verbs because I included a couple of them in this lesson, but there are many more. And you can have this in your vocabulary bank. It's gonna be really helpful so you don't keep using the same one every time. This grows, haven't provided in principle forms. Please do practice with them. This is specifically done so you can print them out. You didn't have to write them out if you don't want to, you can just print them out and practice with them. I really do love and Russian proverb that says, repetition is the mother of learning. Repetition is the mother of London. Basically, in English is just like saying, practice, make perfect. The more you practice, the better you become. So I hope this lesson has been really informative. I hope the first part and the second part has been really informative. See you in the next lesson. 18. Lesson9 Part1 (Modals and Semi modals): Welcome to Lesson Nine. Welcome to the sweet world of modern verbs. In this lesson, we're gonna be talking about modal verbs and semi modal verbs, the easy way. Rather than looking at similar role of rows and modal verbs as a whole, I am going to divide them into different categories. This way you are bound to eliminate whatever difficulty or problems or issues you might have with modern roads and say modal verbs. And you begin to use them effortlessly. So if you're ready, let's begin. If you're not familiar with what modal verbs are, basically they are verbs we use to express or describe modality. To express or describe modality. Modality, I mean ability, possibility, permission, suggestion, advice, and etc. Now, one of the reasons why many learners of English language find it difficult, or usually it is combat related when using modal verb is because one motor gross can have several different meanings. That's right. One more diverse gonna be used in different ways. And it's going to communicate different messages. It depends on the context though. Better understand what I've just said now let's look at two sentences using the multiple candidates. One of the most common things that easiest modal verb, and we'll see how it works differently. Now, the first sentence we have goes like this. Sandra can't be in Florida. I have just had lunch with her. Sandra cannot be in Florida. I have just had lunch with her here. The modal verb can is used for deduction. Negative form, of course, yeah, it is used for deduction. And the second sentence, if you don't complete your treatment, you cannot leave the hospital. If you don't complete treatment, you can't leave the hospital. Here, the modal verb can is working always use for prohibition. Used for inhibition. You see and you'll feel how and why. A lot of people, some people would say, have issues and difficulties learning or understanding multiverse. But our images lesson is to help you out in this to make you Claire and eliminate whatever issues you might have or you might come across when using a learning modal verbs and semi modal verbs. Here are some other smaller groups we are going to be looking at in this lesson are some of the models we're gonna be talking about in this lesson. And they include Ken, could, may, might, should, must, wood, used to. A2 also can be ****. Had better, have to or have got to be able to and be allowed to. Pretty extensive, isn't it? But like I said, I'm gonna divide them into categories and it's going to make it easier for you to grasp. And also it's gonna make it easy for you to use it effortlessly. Now let's dive right into how to use motor verbs according to the meaning they communicate. So the first thing we're gonna look at is modal verbs to communicate ability, motor versa, communicate ability. In this category, we have Ken could and be able to. Ken could be able to now in the present and the future, we can use Ken and be able to, to express ability. We can use Scanner and being able to express ability in the present and in the future. That is a very easy one to turn this down, let's look at some examples to better understand what I've just said. The first example we have as the student Dr, can inject patients are ready. This student doctor can inject patients already talking about an ability. He or she has. One more example. We can't perform on stage because the room is locked. We cannot perform a state because the room is locked. Another example, I will certainly be able to repair the machine for I and well-trained. I'll certainly be able to repair the machine for I am well trained. One more example. Our experts are not able to handle such casualty at the moment. Our experts are not able to hand us such casualty. At the moment. This one's a pretty exam. It's a pretty easy example is actually when we use candidate be able to for future in the future and the present to talk about ability. But what we want to talk about something happening as we speak, what I'm about to explain to you now. Not usually talked about in books or not many teachers talk about it. When we want to talk about something happening as we speak, we prefer, or it is preferable to use Ken instead of. Be able to, it is preferable to use Ken instead of being able to. Let's look at some examples of better understand what I've just said. Look, I can roll my tongue. That is happening as we speak. Looked at I can roll my tongue. This is more preferable than looked at. I am able to roll my tongue. Pretty easy, isn't it? One more. Hey, check this out. I can inject a patient with my eyes closed. I can inject a patient with my eyes closed. It is happening. Are we assuming it's happening at the moment of speaking? It is preferable to use scan instead of look. I am able to inject a patient with my eyes closed. So just because it's happening at the moment of speaking, we mostly prefer to use Ken incident of be able to, you can add that to your list of new information. Now, before passives. Now we're looking at the area of passive, that is passive force a password sentences before passive voice of the four passives, we avoid using be able to. We usually avoid using be able to. Instead we use, can. We use skin? Let's look at some examples to better understand what I've just said. This is a very easy one, although not very often used, but it is good to know. One example to better understand. What I just said is cancer can now be treated with little effort. Cancer can now be treated with little effort. This is much better and more preferable than saying cancer is now able to be treated. It is much better than saying cancer is now able to be treated sodium passive voices before passive sentences. We're mostly avoid using being able to, and we would prefer to use can instead. Okay, now let's see how they can and be able to are used in the past, how the function in the past. This is a very important one to, to talk about general possibility. We use good and was or were able to they said the past form of Ken and be able to and was or were able to. Let's look at some examples. Simpson could drive when he was just 12 years old. Simpson could drive when he was just 12 years old. Now, when able to Simpson was able to drive when he was just 12 years old. This is about the past now, Simpson was able to drive when he was just 12 years old. But if we want to talk about as single action on one occasion in the past and not general ability in the past. We usually use be able to rather than Could you understand, I'm gonna sit in one more time if we want to talk about one single action on one occasion in the past and nuts, general ability in the past would prefer, or we usually use be able to rather than could. It's not complex. Let's look at some examples to better understand that. The first example we have goes like this. The truck driver drove very fast and was able to reach his destination in no time. The truck driver drove very fast and was able to reach his destination in no time. So this was in the past yesterday. Pretty easy because this is a one action at one occasion in the past that as well we are using was able to, instead of good example, even though the patient was violent, Dr. Smith was able to come hall down. Even though the patient was violent. Dr. Smith was able to calm her down. Also. One action at one occasion in the past, not general ability. That's why we're using was able to, instead of good. Let's look at one more example. The boxes were very heavy, but Sasha was able to carry all of them. The boxes were very heavy, but Sasha was able to carry all of them. Here. We also use be able to I mean, it was able to because it's one action at one occasion in the past and not general ability. I hope this is not going too fast. If it's going too fast, you can tick, can pause the video and to go over it again, just grasp what I have just said. It comes with practice. The more you practice with it, the easier it becomes. Now, however, there are some exceptions to this rule. There are some exceptions to this rule. In negative sentences. When we have negative sentences with verbs of sense like Phil, hear, see, taste, smell. And some verbs of thinking like remember, believe, understand, decide, and etc. It is more natural to use could. Instead of being able to. It is more natural to use could instead of being able to. I'm gonna say that one more time in negative sentences with verbs of sense and some verbs of thinking, it is more natural to use could, instead of behave able to. Now this does not mean that it is wrong to use be able to is just that we're finding more convenient and more comfortable to use could instead. Pretty easy as in it. Let's look at some examples as usual. That is going to make it easier to understand. The first example we have goes like this. We couldn't see anything as there was fog everywhere. We couldn't see anything as there was fog everywhere. Again, verb of sense. Let's go on to example. Even after reading the report, Dr. Dash, it could have figured out how to treat the patient even after reading the report, Dr. Dash, I couldn't figure out how to treat the patient. It like I said again, this is specific for certain verbs, verbs of sense and verbs of thinking in negative sentences, past negative sentences, or prefer to use could. Instead of being able to mind you, it is not wrong if you use to be able to is just more comfortable and more common to use could. Now the second category we are gonna look at is modal verbs to communicate possibility. Motor groups to communicate possibility. I hope you've joined us so far. It's not as difficult as you might think it is. Now under the motor verse for communicating possibility we have may, might, can, end, could, may, might, can and could. Now let us start with the two most common in this category that may and might. And we'll also look at what the differences are. Sometimes people feel like they work the same way without differences, but sometimes they have this slight difference. Now, I am certain that most of you are familiar with this more diverse me and Mike. And like I said, they often have similar meanings when we use them to talk about possibility. Now to express possibility, present, and future possibility using Mahan might, we combine them with the infinitive form of a verb. The infinitive form of a verb, that is May and mites plus infinitive form of a verb. It's a very easy one. You use this very often even without knowing it. So let us look at some examples. For those of you who know it's better just to refresh your mind for those who don't know to give you something new. The first example we have goes like this. We may or we might visit you when we come to Texas. We may or we may visit you when we come to Texas. Not again, this structure may might plus infinitive form of a verb. In the infinitive form of the verb there is visit, visit, visit as a verb there, and the infinitive form is just visit. So we may, we might visit you when we come to Texas. For example. She may or she might not survive in Alaska. She may or might not survive in Alaska. It's very cold there, So she may or she might not survive there. That is a negative form. The rule is to the same thing. Two structures is the same thing. May, might plus an infinitive form of a verb. The last example, please keep your phone close. The inspector may or might call you soon. Please keep your phone close. The inspector may or might call you soon. Again. This is talking about present or future possibility. May a month plus infinitive form of a verb. You can pause this video and write your own examples down or just speak a book and try to figure out or fish out may and might useful possibility. Let's move forward. One thing to keep in mind is that MAY usually expresses a greater degree of certainty. If mites, for example, makes the possibility of 5050 May puts it around 6040. That is a slight different you have there. But again, not many people know this if a native speaker and they can just use them interchangeably, It's not something that is not a critical role. You can break the rule without anybody noticing it. Now, when it comes to questions, Let's look at this. In the era of questions, we don't use ME and Mike to introduce questions at all. I'm gonna say that one more time. We don't use Mahan mind to introduce questions at all. Instead, we have some expressions we use in place of May and minds. Two of the most common expressions we use R be likely to. Is it likely that be likely to, or is it likely that? Let's look at some examples, some beautiful examples to better understand that. The first example we have is, is she likely to recover by Christmas? She likely to recover by Christmas incident. This is better than saying May she recovered by Christmas is not just better. It is wrong to say May she recovered by Christmas? You don't introduce a wheat and introduce questions using may and might. Another example, one more example. Is it likely that you will recover by Christmas? In a layman's language, it's just like saying that is there a possibility that she will recover by Christmas, but it's a long sentence. Instead of that, you can just say, is it likely that you will recover by Christmas or is she likely to recover by Christmas? Avoid using mayor might introduce questions. All right. Now, let's look at Cannes and could've, we've talked about Mayor Mike, let's jump right into Ken and could, let us look at two examples to compare how can and could express possibility in the present and in the future. And the two examples we have go like this. It could be expensive to own an apartment in Moscow. It could be expensive to own an apartment in Moscow. And the second sentence, it can be expensive to own an apartment in Moscow. Now you might be thinking, this sound pretty much the same thing. What's the difference? Well, let's look at that right now. Where we say it could be expensive to own an apartment in Moscow. It means if we had one, just imagination, we just imagined. It could be or may not be expensive. It could all may not be expensive. Now the second sentence, which is more of a real possibility, it can be expensive to own an apartment in Moscow means it is possible and sometimes it really is theoretical or real possibility, theoretical likely to happen, real possibility likely to happen, or it can't happen. That is the difference between these two, of course, now for general and real possibility, we'll talk about general real possibility. The modal verb can is the go-to modal verb. Let's look at some examples, pretty easy examples. The first one we have is winter in Siberia can be really harsh. Winter inside barrier can be really harsh. Another one, this course can be watched multiple times. This course Kimball watched multiple times. These are examples you're familiar with. I believe that some of you make use of this examples daily. One more example almost sentence. The media staff can stay with the president in Sochi. Sochi. The media staff can stay with the president in Sochi. So those are the three examples there to express general or reliability with the monogram. Can. Now let us consider how may, might and could are used in the past. This is a very important one. How are these? May 3 might include of years in the past. Now, we can combine them that is made might and could with a perfect infinitive form to express uncertainty with reference, reference to past action. So we can combine, may, might anchor with a perfect infinitive form of a verb to express uncertainty with reference to a past action. Well, that might seem that probably came out a little bit complex, but as usual isn't as difficult as it sounds. Let's look at some examples and you get to understand what that means. But in a layman's language, this structure is used to make guesses about the past, uncertainty about the past. So when you're guessing about a pass, this is a very good structure to make user. Like I said, let's go over some examples to better understand what I've just explained. This example is just gonna be, it's gonna be a short conversation between two characters, Smith and Juliet. And Smith starts to compensation like this. We haven't seen the president for three months already. We haven't seen the president for three months already. And Judah replies, he might, he may hold, or he could have traveled. He might, he may or he could have traveled. Traveled. Sorry. What does that mean? Perhaps he's traveled but we don't know. Perhaps it's traveled, but we do not know. Just guessing. I'm making the assumption. Maybe yes, maybe no. One more time. He might he may or he could have traveled. So there's a possibility he's traveled, but we don't know. We're just guessing, we're just making assumptions. You see how easily that can be. The definition sounds complex, but the examples make it easy. Let's look at an example. This is gonna be between Michelle and the vladimir. Took two characters again, Michelle and Vladimir and Michelle stats conversation like this. It has been two weeks and I still haven't received my parcel from China. It's been two weeks and I still haven't received my parcel from China. And Vladimir replies, that's unusual. The costumes mind or May, or could have sophisticated it. The customers might, they may, or they could have communicated it. So perhaps it's been communicated or Cs. We don't know. We are just guessing. We are making assumptions. For past uncertainty. Just say for making guesses in the path and assumptions we combine could, may, and might plus a perfect infinitive form of the verb. Now, if you don't really understand what the perfect infinitive form of the verb, there is just half. The third form of a verb. So we have half traveled or half the physical it or have ceased. When we have this combination, it has a perfect infinitive form of a verb. In addition to this, in addition to this rule, when we want to say that something was possible but did not happen in the past. Something was possible but did not happen in the past. We might use a weekend, use might or could plus the perfect infinitive form of a verb. When something was possible in the past, but it did not happen. We use might or could plus the perfect infinitive form of a verb. For this rule, could is more common than might. Let's look at some examples to better understand what I've just said. Why did you inject yourself without a doctor? Why did you inject yourself without a doctor? You might or you could have hurt or killed yourself. You might or you could have killed your self. What does that mean? He did not kill himself. He did not hurt himself, but there was a possibility, too. Was a possibility for him to Q or hurt himself, but he did not do that. Might or could place a perfect infinitive form of a verb. One more example. It was a reckless idea to drive after drinking. She could or she might have crashed the car. She could or she might have crashed the car. Again. She did not crash the car, but there was a possibility to crash the car. Here what we're talking about, something else possible, but the nut happen. This is a very important one to know too. It's something you really want to have in your list of grammar rules I've said. Now, let's move further. Now we're going to look at negative forms. Negative form. In negative form, some modal verbs behave differently. This is where a lot of people have difficulties. One of the reasons why a lot of people have difficulties with motor verbs in different scenarios, in different contexts and different situations that behave differently. And it's like too many things to grasp and too many things to understand. But again, just follow along and you see how easy it can be in the negative form. Some motive ropes behave differently. May, for example, may or might not, plus a perfect infinitive form of a verb is used for uncertainty, but could not. Plus a perfect infinitive form of a verb is used to express deduction. Wow. I'm gonna say that one more time. May or might, plus a perfect fourth. Perfect infinitive form of a verb is used to express uncertainty. Could not is use to express deduction that has could not plus a perfect infinitive form is used to express deduction. Let's look at some examples to better understand that. This is going to be a short conversation, again, download between a patient and a nurse. And the patient starts to composition like this. The doctor hasn't come to my room yet. The niche replies, I have to call him again. He might or may not have seen your report that was sent to his office. He might or may not have seen your report that was sent to is office. So of course, this can be set in a simpler form. He probably hasn't saved your report. That is a lay man in a layman's language. It's gonna be he probably hasn't seen your report. Or if we want to use may and might to refer to express uncertainty, we say he might or may not have sin your report I was sent to his office. For example. You might or may not have visited her yesterday, but the fingerprint ID matches yours. You might or may not visited her yesterday. The fingerprint matches yours. It is possible that you did not visit her. You probably did not visit her. That is the simple form or civil way to express it to make that statement pretty easy, isn't it? So there are all the ways in which it can be said is always good to have multiple ways to express yourself. The more you know, the better it is, the easier it is for you to express yourself. Now let's look at some examples with could not plus the perfect infinitive form to express deduction. This is a very interesting one and also very easy. This is also a short conversation showdown between two characters, Sarah Jane and Sarah stats to compensation like this. I heard Cynthia organized a party last night. I heard Cynthia organized a party last night. And gender applies. She couldn't have organized the party. She's not in the country now. She could not have organized a party. She is not in the country now. That is for deduction. She's deducing making deduction. Yeah. Then an example shortcut position again, if it's in two characters, Deanna and William, and the anti-static compensation like this. Michael has just phoned me. Michael has just phoned me. And within replies that cannot be true. That can't be true. He couldn't have phoned you. He doesn't even have a phone. He couldn't have phoned you. He doesn't even have a phone. This is how could a perfect infinitive form is used to express deduction? Pretty easy, isn't it? Now let's look at molar verbs to express or to talk about permission and prohibition. I am so excited about this one. In this category, we have can, could, may, might be allowed to and must not. And there's a long list, but it doesn't mean it's gonna be difficult. Let's now we can and make the president future. We can use Ken and may give permission. We can use Kennan made to give permission in the present and in the future. This is also a very common one. I'm pretty sure that most of you are familiar with this. So let's look at some examples to better understand that auto refresh what we already know. The first example, the first sentence goes like this. You can walk outside as soon as the rain stops. You can walk outside as soon as the rain stops so you're permitted. It's a walk outside as soon as the rain stops. Another example, the kids may eat meat as soon or after the brackets are removed, that is teeth bracket. The kids or the children may eat meat actor, or as soon as the brackets are removed, they're permitted to eat meat when or after the brackets are removed. Pretty easy, isn't it? Now to express prohibition when something is prohibited, that means you're not allowed to do it. You cannot do it. We just add negative or we just use negative form of May and Ken, and we are talking about, we are expressing prohibitions, are ready. What I mean is can becomes candidate may because maintenance and we can also use must not actually to show prohibition. So this is really straightforward, not an extra two debt. Let's look some examples to better understand how this works. The first census we have is you cannot eat bread until we treat your stomach. You can't read until we treat your stomach. So you're prohibited from eating bread until your stomach is treated. I'm just trying to say that different way. So you have many options to their example. Sam must not drink and smoke. Again. Sam must not drink and smoke. Again, he's prohibited from drinking and smoking. Again. The last example, nonmedical staffs may not go into the ICU. Nonmedical status may not go into the ICU. Nonmedical steps cannot go into the ICU. Non-medical staff must let go into the ICU. By the way, for those of you who don't know what an ICU is, it is basically the abbreviation for it. Intensive here unit that has a section in the hospital's intensive care unit. Very well. Now, when we want to ask for permission, we want to ask permission. We can use Ken could end mate. To ask for permission. We can use scanf could make Kansas and most common. The most direct I would say could, on the other hand, has become more formal. Me is the most formal of them all. That is why you really hear it in the follow-up conversations that people use MAY to ask for permission. Let's look at some examples to better understand that. The first example we have goes like this. Nagging Ken, my husband drink wine after work. Again, my husband drink wine acts or work, you'd ask them for permission. Second example, could I a day off? Good, I have a day off in the last example using May, May I come in or may I leave now? When I come in or may I leave now? Like I said, maze more formal. You hear this mostly in the formula environment at workplace or when you're talking to an elderly person, this is when Mae is mostly used. Now still on permission, stealing permission to talk about permission outside the context of asking, because the key thing is that when you talk about permission, you're asking for something, but to talk about permission outside the context of asking, given or refusing. We can use all we mostly use can Kent or be allowed to Ken Kent or be allowed to. And as usual, I guess some very good examples are easy examples to make it as down what I've just said better. The first example we have is this. Politicians can decide to work full-time or part-time. This is outside the Countess of asking or refusing or given permission. Again, politicians can decide to work full-time or part-time. Steal information though, but this is outside the counters of given asking or refusing. Another example, every citizen is allowed to refuse a local vaccines. Every citizen is allowed to refuse a local vaccines. For example, medical staffs can't smoke while working. Medical staffs can't smoke while working. The last example, Our citizens allowed to sue the police for wrong behavior. Citizens allowed to sue the police for rung behavior. So this is basically talking about permission in the general scope, outside the context of asking, given or refusing to talk about general permission in the past. We use good. General permission at past, we use good, but to talk about permission for one particular action in the past, we used was or were allowed to. I'm just going to summarize that general permission in the past. Use could, for permission for one particular action in the past, we use or you can use, was or were able to. Let's look at some examples to better understand that when the government owns the factory, everyone could apply for a job there. When the government owned the factories, everyone could apply for a job there. So this is general permission. General permission. That example, even though the ICU was full, we were allowed to enter when we arrived. Even though the ICU was full, we were allowed to enter when we arrived. Now we're using we're allowed to because this is permission for one particular action in the past. Here we cannot use good instead was allowed or weren't allowed to. Pretty easy, isn't it? All right, in negative sentences, I feel that this is becoming a little bit overwhelming, but please stick with me a little bit more. Now in negative sentences, we can use both Couldn't or wasn't, weren't allowed to to say permission was not given in general or in a particular situation. Since it's in the past, we can use good or wasn't or weren't allowed to to say that permission was given in general or in a particular situation in the past. Let's look at some example sentences to better understand that the new members couldn't, weren't allowed to touch the computers. The new memorise couldn't or weren't allowed to touch the computers. The next sentence, loner couldn't or wasn't allowed to visit a friend for she was too young. Ilona couldn't or wasn't allowed to visit a friend alone for she was too young. So here again, permission was not given in general or in a particular situation. It doesn't really matter. We can use both Couldn't and or wasn't and weren't allowed to. Pretty easy, isn't it? Now, you can pause this video. If you feel this has become too overwhelming. You can pause this video, right themself your own examples, or just go over these examples again and try to formulate your own examples. After you've done that, you can create a short Dallas conversation between different characters just to grasp and to better understand everything we've talked about till this point. Just so you don't find this too overwhelming. I have decided to split this into two parts. So in the next part we are going to continue to look at other categories. So I hope this first part has been really informative. See you in the next part. 19. Lesson9 part2 (Modals and Semi Modals): Welcome to the second part of this lesson. I hope you've taken ten to soak in and digest that information from the first part. Without wasting town, we are going to continue from where we left off. Now we're going to talk about another category that is way easier to grasp, straightforward. Nothing extra. Now this is going to be more diverse to give advice, modal verbs to give advice. And in this category, we have should, ought to and had better to, and had better. This one's like I said, they are really straightforward. If you love giving advice, you'll want to make sure that you master this three properly. Let's go over some examples. There is no need for any extra explanation. Just go over some examples to see how we use them. We'll just see how they are used. The first example we have is, you should eat less junk food. You should eat less junk food. Straightforward sentence, nothing extra to it. The next example, we ought to rest more. We work too much. We ought to rest more. We work too much. The next example with better had better at better see a dentist as my tooth ache is getting worse. Better see a dentist as my tooth ache is getting worse. Now the thing with at better is that when we use it, we have to combine it with a bare infinitive form of a verb. If you don't remember what a benefit at a form of a verb is, is basically verb without to. We have to infinity. That is, verb with to benefit if versus without to, for example, see infinitive. To see to infinitive, we want to use hadn't better, we have to combine with a bare infinitive form of a verb. That is what we have. I had better see a dentist, not I invented to see a dentist and that's gonna be incorrect to say, I better see a dentist as my two is getting worse. That's another way to give advice. And the last example is Jane and Smith had better, great cup if fight too much in public. Jane and Smith had better break up the fight or dichloro too much in public. As I said, pretty easy, nothing complex. Now, in question forums, Let's look at this three modal verbs in question form. In question forms we use or we mostly use, shoot. We don't use O2 and we don't use had better A2 as possible. As just that in a question for me, it has become obsolete and it's too old, is old fashioned. Almost never use, you almost never hear anybody use O2 for questions. It is possible, but I would recommend you don't use it. Stick to shoot. Let's look at some examples to better understand what I've just said. Should I see a dentist for my tooth ache? Should I see a dentist for my tooth ache or should I go to the restaurant to get some food? Should I go with restaurants to get some food? Another example, this is gonna be with the question of what, what, what should we do if we want to improve our spoken English? What should we do if we want to improve our spoken English? Now, just for the sake of curiosity, for those of you who might be curious to know, I'm gonna say the same sentences with the modal verb ought to just so you understand that you hear how it sounds, but I would not recommend you use it. So she'd I see a dentist for my tooth ache with a2, it would be odd to see a dentist for my tooth ache. Sounds so formal. Hard I to see a dentist for my tooth eight or what ought I to do? Or what to do if we want to improve our spoken English. This is somewhere around, I think, 15 14th century English. If you use O2 for questions, for better, there is no way don't use it just to be able to sit beside US shirt. The next category we have on our list as modal verbs to express obligations, motor verse to express obligations. This is also very interesting and very important. In this category we have must have 2.5 G2 must have to have gut tube. Now this modal verbs can be really alike. They can really similar, but there's a slight difference in the way that they are used. There's a slight difference now, well, let's start with mustard. We use must for obligations which come from the speaker and can or maybe directed to the speaker or the listener from the speaker and can or maybe directed to the speaker or the listener. So basically what that means is that from me to meet or from me to someone else at, as a speaker and the listener, from me to me, or from me to someone else. Let's look at some examples. I have gained a lot of weight. I must start eating less junk food. Getting a lot of weight, I will start eaten less junk food. This is from me and directed to me from the speaker, directed tours the speaker. The next example, your blood pressure is high. You must change the way you work. Your blood pressure is high. You must change the way your work from the speaker directed to the listener. That is, when we use the molar group must fall obligations. Now, we can use have to have g2 for external of the Gaussians. Have to and have g2 for external obligations, which comes from outside of the speaker, come from outside of the speaker. So these are usually rules and regulations imposed by authorities. Let's look at some examples of better understand what I've just said. The first example we have goes like this. I have to wear scrubs before I entered the ICU. I have to wear scrubs before I enter the ICU. So this is obligation instead obligation from hospital authority. I have to wear scarves before they enter the ICU scrubs. Basically it's talking about the white robe with the white cloth doctors for medical practitioners, weird in the hospital, in the ICU again, intensive care unit. The next example, you will have to wake up at seven AM every morning. When you start working. You'll have to wake up at seven AM every morning when you start working again, this is coming from an authority to someone else, to you, for example, to me, it's an external obligation. One more example, you have to apply for a visa to travel abroad. You have to apply for a visa to travel abroad. So this is a rule by, for example, government officials, authorities. It is a rule to apply for visa to travel abroad, external obligations again. Lastly, do we have to go to bed at ten PM? Do we have to go to bed at 10:00 PM? So all these examples here referring to X TO obligations, that is where we use have to and have gotten to. Now in negative sentences, it's kind of old-fashioned. Use haven't. Negative sentence, it is old fashioned to us having, it has actually become incorrect to use happens in negative sentences. Incident, we Exploring verb do, or we use the auxiliary verb do with the motor group have. Let's look at some examples. I don't have to wear scrubs before I enter in the ICU. I do not have to wear scrubs before I enter the ICU. It's gonna be incorrect to say I haven't to wear scrubs before I entered the ICU. So the seeds for making such mistake, I haven't have two. Where is it incorrect? I do not have to weird example. You won't have to wake up at seven AM every morning when you start working. And you won't have to wake up at seven AM every morning when you start working. It is going to be incorrect to say you won't have them to wake up. You won't having to wake up is incorrect to say. One more example. You don't have to apply for visa to travel abroad. You do not have to apply for visa to travel abroad. It's gonna be incorrect to say you haven't to apply for visa to travel abroad. The last example here, don't we have to go to bed at 10:00 PM? Don't we have to go to bed attempt PM and nuts. Do we have to go to bed at 10:00 PM? That is actually weird to say. I can't even imagine that given set by anyone. Don't say that very well. Although have to, have GOT two are the same in Minot. They are the same in a minute. We don't and cannot use have GOT two for the future and the past. We don't usually use that for the past in the future. The following sentence are considered incorrect. You will have got to wake up at seven AM every morning. You will have GOT to wake up at seven AM every morning is incorrect. And I had got to treat my nervous system. I had got to treat my nemesis and that is going to be incorrect. The correct sentence in this case would be I had to treat my nervous system that I had got to trick to make this much easier to grasp. That is, when and how this multiverse can be used in the past. I've included table to simplify the present and the past form of this motor groups. Let's quickly have a look at them. So this is a table. Modern grocery explained before the modal verbs to express obligation, we have two columns there. The first column is the present form, and the second column is a past form. Half to the present form would be had to, in the past form. Don't have to become didn't have to. For masks, we have had to for must not we have didn't have to. Pretty easy, isn't it? It's just something you can master in the blink of an eye. Now, one more thing I want you to keep in mind is the difference between must not and don't have to end the absence of obligation. The difference between these two modal verbs, negative forms in the absence of obligation, because I've heard a lot of times that people use them incorrectly. And I've seen people who had issues, we've had issues understanding what difference is in the absence of obligation must not means not allowed, not allowed, and prohibited. Don't have to means that you don't need to do something, but it's fine if you want to do it. You don't need to do something, but it's okay or it's fine if you want to do it. Now, let us look at some examples to better understand these differences. What is difference rather, I don't have to go to the office tomorrow morning. I don't have to go to the office Tomorrow morning. So if I want to go in the morning, that's fine. But if I don't and I go later is absolutely fine. There is not a problem. So there there's no consequences. There is no strict or strong consequences for me doing the opposite. Now, last category we are going to close this lesson with is modal verbs to make suggestions, motor verbs to make suggestions. And in this category, we have could, should, might and shall. Could, should, might and shell. Well, I think we're live in the world where suggestions are everywhere. Like Everybody's trying to make a suggestion. Everything he was trying to make a suggestion. I don't mind suggestions myself as long as they are non-intrusive, I believe suggestions should be mild. So let's look at some examples with this motor gross was suggestions pretty easy, nothing complex, straightforward to. The following examples are gonna be in the form of a dialogue, short conversation that is gonna be very easy for you to grasp. The first conversation starts with John and he is Father. John stars a composition like this. I don't have enough money for mortgage debt. I do not have enough money for mortgage. And if other replies, you could contact your bank for help. You could contact your bank for help. The father's making a suggestion. He suggested this to his son. That is that width. Let us look at how we use mine for suggestions. I'm going to add a little bit more information to that so you can better understand how it works when we use it for suggestions. So when we use might Florida suggestion, We usually, if not always combine, it would sit in words like, 1D, like, and consider. Is it a three most common words we combine with the motor group might, for a suggestion. So Santa's is like, might want, might like to do something or might consider doing something or themes you're gonna hear very often when people make it suggests you. Let's look at some examples to better understand that. Another short conversation, this is gonna be between several people. The first thing we have is between Sarah and Sarah starts like this. I can't find a good tutor in Moscow for my children. I cannot find a good tutor in Moscow for my children. And Sam replies, Really, you might want to search or you might consider searching abroad is making a suggestion. Might combine with the word want. You might want to search, or you might consider search and abroad the options of plenty and ridiculously affordable. In fact, you could start with New York. You could start with New York. Pretty easy. Let's look at another example. This example is going to be how to use shell for suggestion. And this is going to be, this is a conversation between a edema in his brother, pretty short, just to alliance. They brought us out of that conversation like this. I've just bought a house in Sochi. I have just bought a house and search in her brother replies, wow, Congratulations. Shall we organize a house warming party? Shall we organize a house woman party? So shall we organize, is making a suggestion. He's making a suggestion. Very well. Then let's look at an example. This is going to be held to use a shoot for suggestions. This is a conversation for his Sarah Sam again, and the Sarah and Sarah starts to compensation and he starts like this. Please bring me pizza and some french fries. Please bring me pizza and some french fries. And Sam asks a suggested, shouldn't you ask if dense dietitian first? She didn't you ask her dad Titian? First? It's a suggestion using Should. I am going to wrap up this lesson with this last piece of information? And that is we do not use could not in negative suggestions. We do not use could not in negative suggestions. Instead of that we use might not want. Might not want. That is what we use instead of GoodNotes for negative suggestions, let us look at some examples, quick examples. And I must warn you though, this example, it's a crazy one, but you are gonna love it. Now this is a short conversation again, within two people. I love conversation downloads as examples. This is between ogre and the lemon and August stats that conversation like this. Hi Alina. I'm looking at your husband with a woman at Marriott Hotel. I am looking at your husband with a woman at Marriott Hotel and the Yolanda replies, Are you sure it's my husband, Dr. tomorrow or right now to see if myself or I'll drive there right now to see for myself and ogre. Interior replies with a suggestion. You might not want to do that. I think is dangerous. You might not want to do that. I think it is dangerous. She suggested not to come there because it is dangerous. Walmart time, you might not want to do that. I think it's dangerous. That's all for this lesson. Don't forget to put this rules, this information into practice. They are not difficult. Consistent practice will prove to you that they are easy to learn and master. The thinnest. You don't have to have it partner to practice this. It is not very important to have apartments to practice this. You can just pick up a pen and a book and compose a story of a dialogue. Compose a story, narrative, a short story, or better steal a dialogue and you realize how easy are ridiculous, The easy this can be. I hope this lesson has been really informative. Thanks for watching and see you in the next lesson. 20. Lesson10(Relative Clause,relative pronouns): Welcome to lesson ten. We are more way more than halfway through this course. Now you're just scrolling Madison were probably somewhere around 21.121.2 kilometers somewhere either number, I don't know. I'm not a marathon runner. Those who know and those who run probably know what I'm talking about. In this lesson. We are gonna look, we're gonna look at rows of class. We're going to talk about relative clause and we cannot, we cannot talk about relative clause without talking about relative pronoun. They work hand in hand, like brothers and sisters. What are we going to cover in this lesson? Basically, we're going to look at what a relative clauses, the types of relative clauses we have, how to use or when to use commas, comma in relative class. How to use verbs with preposition properly in relative clauses, that is very important by the way, it's going to blow your mind. Fresh information, something called something you can incorporate in your speaking or writing, whatever. Lastly, we can, we are going to look at some advanced forms of relative clauses. This is gonna be a very interesting lesson. Without waste in town, without further ado that has jumped right into this lesson. Let's start with what a relative clause is. The definition of a relative clause is very important. We'll look at that before we jump deeper into what we have for this lesson. So a relative clause, also called an adjective clause. We can add a color relative clause, or adjective clause, is a clause starting with a relative pronoun. Remember I said we cannot talk about relative clause without talking about relative pronouns. Relative clause. Adjective clause is a clause started with a relative pronoun, and it is used to define or modify the noun that precedes it. Relative clause or an adjective clause can be called there too. Is a clause starting with a relative pronoun. Now relative pronouns are words like who, where, when, whose, whom, and etc. And we use the relative clause to define or to modify the noun that precedes it for the noun that follows it. Very easy explanation, isn't it? Now let's look at some examples. Yeah, it's a better understand that definition. The first example we have here goes like this. I need a massage therapists wouldn't know is how to treat severe back pain. I need a massage therapist who knows how to treat severe back pain. Now, the relative clause here is what? Of course, food knows how to treat severe back pain and how they know, because it starts with a relative pronoun sort of relative clause here, who knows how to treat severe back pain Starts with a relative pronoun, and that's how we know it's a relative clause. Now, this relative clause tells us that kind of Maasai therapist that is needed. It gives us it gives us full information on the Canvas site therapist that is needed. Now, it would mean without this relative clause, it will mean just any massage therapist. It's going to be specific. So going back to the definition again, the relative clause, who knows how to treat severe back pain identifies the noun or defines a noun. Massage therapist. Is it clear? Imagine if we don't have the relative clause that again is just gonna be, I need a massage therapist when I've been specific. Just it's gonna be a general statement. Just give him a sock therapists. But who knows how to treat severe back pain has already narrowed down our desired needed massage therapists who knows how to treat severe back pain. That is basically it when it comes to relative pronouns and relative clause. Sorry. Now let's look at another example. Example Goodwin. I want to work in the bank where staffs respect each other. I want to work in a bank where staffs respect each other. Now, again, I want to work in the bank. It could be any bank, but what the relative clause where stashed respect each other. We are talking or we're trying to specify the Canada bank where we want to work. So the relative clause where staff respect each other, defines and modifies the noun, bank, not just any bank, but the bank web. There are steps, respect each other. Pretty easy piece of cake. Alright, let us look at the tables relative to relative clause we have, yeah, yeah, I think I need to drink water. Let's look at a tablet relative clauses we have, there are two types. Basically. We have two types of relative clauses, and they are defining and non-defining relative clause. Defining an undefined relative clause. And the definition mean the difference between them is also the definition of this. Kinds are the types of relative clauses we have. Now let's start with a defining relative clause. What is a defining relative clause? Basically, at the final relative clause, gifts, indispensable information about the noun. It defines or modifies. It gives indispensable. Indispensable here means vital important. We cannot do without it, we cannot take it away. It is essential for the main sentence. So defining relative clause gives indispensable. Information about the noun it defines or modifies. So again, it will leave that out of the sentence. The meaning would be affected greatly. It will be, it will be vague. Vague means unclear. Let us look at some supporting examples. The man who sings at the subway owns a chocolate factory. The man who sings at the subway owns a chocolate factory. Now, if we take out who sings at the subway, dissenters is going to become vague, unclear. It's gonna become vague or unclear. So it's gonna be the man owns the chocolate factory and thinking which man, who exactly what you're talking about. So, but with, define it with a relative clause at a dependent clause there, it gives indispensable information that okay, not just an, a man, but the one who sings at the subway. Pretty easy, isn't it? Now, let us look at a non-defining relative clause, which is the opposite of a defining relative clause, as you might have guessed already. This one, that is the non-defined relative clause, gives dispensable information about the noun. It defines or modifies. It means it will leave the relative clause out of it. That is a non-defining relative clause. The sentence or the mean of the sentence would not be affected greatly, or et al. Pretty easy piece of cake. All right, Let's go now. Let's look at some examples for the non-defining relative clause. And the example we have a better understand. It goes like this. My dad who owns two factories, travels degrees every summer. A dad who owns two factories, travels to Greece every summer. Now here we have an undefined relative clause. Who track? Who owns two factors? Who owns two factors? If we take that out, the sentence is taken to be meaningful. It's gonna be clear. So my dad travels degrees every summer, and that's it. It makes a lot of sense. Print out an undefined relative clause is still makes a lot of sense. You see how easy that can be very well. Apart from his definitions, that are also obvious differences between a defining the non-defining relative clause. There are some other differences we have to address. We have to talk about before we go any further. Now the first one is the use of commas, the punctuation. Yet how to use commas probably properly in defining or an undefined relative clause. In a defined relative clause, we do not use commas et al. In defining relative clause. We're doing a separate domain sentence from the relative clause with commas. But in a non-defining relative clause, we can do so and we do so. If we look back at the previous examples, we can see that this is obvious. So the first example that we have already talked about that as the man who sings at the subway owns a chocolate factory and it's a defining relative clause. Pay attention closely. You realize that there is no commas are no common role in this sentence. It is not separated at the main sentence, and the relative clause is not separated by commas for by a comma. Now to the non-defining, that is, my dad who owns two factories, travels degrees every summer. We see here that the relative clauses are the non-defining relative clause here is enclosed in commerce. It is separated from the main sentence by commas. So who almost factories before? After my dad and before it travels degrees every summer, we have to commerce there. So this is a difference when it comes to the use of commas in relative clauses. Again, in defining relative clauses clause, we don't use commas. In the non-defining relative clause, we use converse. Pretty easy. Now this is not very important actually, if you, unless you're doing it right, or you unless you're writing, if you don't write that much, are you realize that you don't really have to pay attention to it when you speak. You just have to make sure you make a small pause and then it's going to be fine here. You don't have to indicate the comments where you are speaking. Now the next difference we're going to look at has to do with the relative pronoun that, the word that which is also relative pronoun. Now, in a non-defining relative clause, we cannot use the word or the relative pronoun that to introduce an extra information or to introduce extra information about a person. I'm gonna say it one more time. A non-defining relative clause. We can not use the relative pronoun that to introduce extra information about a person. That sounds really complex, let me give you an example to make it easier for you to comprehend. Now the first example we have goes like this. Now this is an incorrect centers. And then we're going to look at the correct sentence. My dentist that owns two clinics, travels degrees every summer. My dennis that owns the clinic travels degrees every seminar because this is a non-defining rods of class. And we're trying to modify, identify the noun dentists. We cannot use a relative pronoun, that it's gonna be increased. It's incorrect to use the word or the relative pronoun that. Now the correct form of the sentence will be my dentist who owns two clinics, travels to Greece every summer. My dentist who owns two clinics, travels degrees every summer. This is the correct way. This is a correct form of the sentence again, because the non-defining relative clause, and we're trying to introduce or define the noun there, we have to use a different relative pronoun and that is who, but not that. Take note. It might be a little bit difficult to absorb one attempt, but with practice, It's gonna come easy. Now let's look at an example in this line here. Russia, which is the biggest country in the world, can be really cold in winter. Here it is more preferable to use a word which instead of that, because it's an undefined relative class, will prefer to use, which instead of that, pretty easy. Let's continue. Now that we have that out of the way that we've looked at differences in the definitions for defining and undefined relative clause. Let's talk more about the relative pronouns a bit to understand how they function. It's very important to look at that. It's not very difficult. This is something I believe most of you know, but it's just necessary to brush up on it so that it's gonna be easier for us to grasp what is to come later. Now the first one we're going to look at is that the word or the relative pronoun that what do we use it for? We use that for people, animals, and things. But we cannot use that for people or to introduce extra information about people in a non-defining relative clause is just what we've just talked about that we use for people, for animals, and for themes. The next one is, which we use this for animals and for thins, for animals, amphitheaters when we have options. Which one do you like? Something like that? That's when we use a word which the next one is who? Obviously we use this to refer to people. We use it to refer to people. My dad who also factories Travis degrees every summer. Now the next one is whom? Whom? Now we also use this for people. Well, you might be thinking, what's the difference between the who and whom? Whom? Sorry, now the difference is that whom is considered a little bit old-fashioned thing is old-fashioned and it's more formal than who. Also who can be used as a subject? It can be a subject, only a subject, but whom can only be an object. Pool can only be a subject, whom can be only an object. Let's look at an example to understand that. The nanny who will look after me knows four languages. The nanny who will look after me knows four languages. Now in the pronoun who here is a subject of the verb, looked after. It is a subject of the verb looked after. Now, the next example with better explains how whom is worse as an object goes like this. Then there's whom we met nose for languages. The nurse whom we met nose for languages. So here the pronoun is an object of the verb met. Whom is the object of the verb met? Here, this is a difference between who and whom went to work as subject and object. Pretty easy, isn't it? Yeah. All right. The next one, Who's we use this for possession. We use this for possession. Now, this does not have to be about a person. I mean, people, not all that people possess something. A thin can also possess something. Object can possess other objects. For example, I want, I wouldn't go to a store whose sellers are irresponsible and unqualified. I will not go to a store whose sellers, I responsible and unqualified wholesalers. Store whose sellers here, not the person who bought the store. So it doesn't have to be a person who possesses something every time. Object can also possess other things. Pretty easy, isn't it? Alright. When obviously for time, we're obviously for place. Now the relative pronoun we choose to use in a relative clause depends on some point. There are certain factors the drive that relative pronoun we use in rise of class. Now the first is the type of clause. The type of class. So is it defining or non-defining? The second is the function of the pronoun and the class. Is it functioning as a subject, an object, or a possessive determiner? Now the third beat his towel of your speech or the style of which are using to communicate. So are you looking to be formal or you're looking to be informal? This whole point is three points will determine the kind of pronouns you use an, a relative clause. To make this easier to grasp. I have simplified this point by putting them in a simple table, very easy table. Let's start with pronouns used in a defining relative clause first. This table that we'll see on the screen now explains how rows of pronouns are used in the final rest of class. As you can see from the table, the columns show the functions of the relative pronoun and rows show whether. The relative pronouns refer to a person or a non-person that is animate or inanimate object. Basically. There's also a no pronoun section. It no pronoun is there. As you can see, now this means that we can all meet the relative pronoun. In some cases, yes, we can sometimes omit the relative pronoun and do it without them. And some of the reasons why or when we can skip or omit the relative pronouns are as follows. The first one, when the relative pronoun is the object of the relative clause. The first reason we can skip or meet the relative pronoun is a pronoun is the object off the relative clause. Wow, that sounds conflict, doesn't it? Actually, it's not. Now let's look at some support an example to better understand that. The first example we have is, I didn't use the bomb or the ointment that or which you're prescribed? I didn't use the bomb for the ointment that or which you prescribe. So here we can skip the vet and the witch because the relative pronoun that and which are the object of the relative clause. So the sentence would sound meaningful, it will be meaningful without them. For example, I didn't use a bomb or ointment you've prescribed? I did not use the bomb or the management you prescribe with and without the relative clauses are ready to pro analysis. Sorry, It makes a lot of sense. Now another reason when we can skip or meet the relative pronoun is when the relative clause contains a president or a past participle. When the relative clause contains a president or a past participle. Now what is the present participle and what is the past participle? Check this out. Let us look at some examples to better understand this point. The first example we have is most of the doctors who were called for the seminar and showed up with the partners. Most of the doctors who were called for the seminar showed up with their partners. Now we can skip who were just say most of the doctors called for the seminar, showed up with their partners. As, for example, pretty easy it past participle. The second example, the woman who is Crimean has been drinking for the past two weeks. The woman who's screaming has been drinking for the past two weeks. We can skip who is and we have the woman screaming has been drinking for the past two weeks. Pretty easy. Present participle. Now let us look at some more examples in order to better understand how this works. Yeah, Just for better comprehension. And to understand how the table that's on the screen now functions how you can apply that. First example we have is the patient who of that opened the door was terribly injured when she came to our clinic. Patient who or that opened the door, was terribly injured when she came to our clinic. Now another example. She is the officer who we met at the accident scene or whom we met at the accident, sin horror, we can also do without a relative pronoun here is just gonna be, She's the officer we met at the accident. See that example. The company whose warehouse was burnt will be reconstructed by the government. Company whose warehouse was burnt. It will be reconstructed by the government. That example. Can you recommend the person or accompany that or which specializes in commodity traded? Can you recommend a person or a company that always specializes in commodity traded? Now the 11 more. What was the first thing that which or without a pronoun you saw when you entered your office, was the first thing that you saw or which you saw when you entered your office. One more, I promise this is the last one. We have fixed the coffee machine whose courts were damaged. We have fixed the coffee machine whose cords were damaged. Pretty easy, isn't it? You just have to go over this one more time before we jump to the next table, which is going to be for the non-defining relative clause. It might have gone very fast, but go over it one more time. If it needs some time to put your own sentence down, ticket town to do so. Now if you've done that, we can continue. If you don't need to, we can also continue. Now, let us look at the same kind of table for the non-defining relative clause, the same kind of table, 40 non-defined rods of class. Obviously, you can tell that this has less information. Looking at the table now compared to the dependent relative clause, you can tell that this one has less information and it makes it easy and it's easier to grasp. Now, unlike the defining relative clause, we can not omit the relative pronoun in a non-defining relative clause. We cannot omit the relative pronoun in a non-defined reserve clause. Also, I hope remember, we can use that to introduce extra information about a person. You see, pretty easy, isn't it? Now, the use of whom also in a non-defining relative clause is optional. You can, and you may not use whom in an undefined relative clause. And what I mean by that is that it is mostly used in, like I said, it is mostly used in formal cases, especially right? And so you can just make use of *** and that will do, it's gonna be more than enough. Let us look at some examples to better understand that. Let's look at some examples right away. Svetlana, who is a world training cardiologists, runs to other businesses in New York. Fed learner who was a World drink cardiologist, runs to businesses in New York, to other businesses in New York. Example, Yana, who, or whom we call YAML Tucker, gave birth to a baby girl last night. Yana, who, or whom we also call Janacek, gave birth to a baby girl last night. All right, let's keep going. And then the example, Maxime, who's PhD research paved way for promising infidelity drug, has just married a second wife. Maxine, who's PhD researched paid wave for promising infidelity drug, has just married a second wife. Example. Mda films, which is the best media company in Russia, works with foreigners as well. The films, which is the best media company in Russia, works with foreigners as well. One more example, the professor displayed my test result to the whole class, which I detested very much. Professor displayed my test result to the whole class, which I detest very much correct that we haven't talked about where and when. Actually adverbs, where and when it actually adverse but can function as relative pronouns as well as self. Let's look at some examples with where and when in both defining, non-defining relative clause. The first example we have is the dan of center where my tube was replaced is located in Moscow. The dentist center where my tool was replace is located in Moscow. Defining relative clause. The example, Rudolf into where I had my teeth cleaned is the best data center in Russia. Route dentist where I had my teeth cleaned is best or what I had where I had my teeth cleaned is the best dental center and Russia. None, defining relative clause. An example. I can recollect a time when health was a priority. I can recollect a time when health was a priority. That is another defined relative clause using when. The last example, the most of present month in Russia are January and February, when it snows heavily and the temperature falls to about minus 25 degrees Celsius. The most depressing month in Russia are January and February, when it snows heavily and the temperature falls to about minus 25 degrees Celsius. Well, it's really, really cold. Yeah. Alright, I'm gonna close this part of this lesson by explaining how to deal with prepositions in relative clauses, a lot of people have issues in this area when they are prepositions in relative clause. I'm sure you're aware that some verbs in English, if not all, need prepositions, they need prepositions. For example, we have words like listen to, come from, work in, applied for Goto and etc. So they have dependent, they work together. So if we have to use this kind of words are just kind of verbs in relative clause. We've put the preposition at the end of the class. We've put the prepositions at the end of the class. Let's quickly look at some support and examples to better understand how this is done. Shall we go? First of all, we're going to look at is applied for it. The word apply with the preposition for. So apply for the position which or that I applied for is taken already. The position which or that I applied for is taken already. So four is at the end of the class, I applied for it. Another one listened to the podcasts which or that we were listening to is about doctors in Africa. Always about engineers in Africa. Please share what entrepreneurs in Africa or in America. It doesn't really matter. The podcasts which or that we were listening to is about doctors, entrepreneurs, or engineers in Africa listening to at the end of the class. Example, travel to the country which, or that our staffs traveled to was cursed. Indiana Jones was kind of fit. The country which or that our staff traveled to was cursed, traveled to at the end of the class. It's pretty easy. You just have to, whenever you have to use verbs with dependent prepositions like this, try and always remember to put the prepositions at the end of the class. That's it. Take tempted practice by writing your own examples, your own sentences, compose something, stories, narratives, stuff from the easy ones and then goes to the complex ones. Don't just what this lessons, as I've said and I've been saying don't just watch this lesson's remember to practice what you've learned. I hope this lesson has been really are incredibly informative. See you in the next part. 21. Lesson10 2(using relative pronouns in explanations): Welcome to the second part of this lesson. This is gonna be really brief, very short. In this part we're going to look at the following words and expressions. Remember at the beginning of this lesson, the first spot I listed the things we're going to look at. And I also mentioned that we're gonna talk about some advanced forms of relative clause in some sense, some rise of pronouns. So this is that part. Now, we're gonna be looking at the following expressions and words, some advanced ways to make use of relative clauses. Now, the first combination on the first one we're gonna look at in this lesson, has prepositions plus the relative pronoun. Which preposition plus the relative pronoun, which in this combination we have in which, at which, on which, and by which these are the common combinations we have when we combine preposition plus, which also we're going to look at whatever, whoever, and which ever after that, we're gonna look at using relative pronoun in explanations. How to use relative pronounced in explanations? Now let us quickly take the first combination that is prepositions plus, which this are sometimes used as alternatives to relative pronouns. Weird, and when we're for place, went for time, or will combine prepositions plus which they are sometimes uses alternatives For weird and when. It is a rather formal structure, very, very formal, but don't be intimidated. It's easier than it seems very easy, not complex at all. Now the other thing that might make it a bit difficult as if you have issues with using or with understanding prepositions in general, for example, prepositions of place, of time, and etc. Now, one of the key reasons I wanted to key, one of the main reasons why we use this structure, that is preposition plus, which is to be more precise with the relative pronoun we use. When we want to be precise with the relative pronoun we use, we use this structure preposition plus which, for example, the pronoun we're becomes in which, on which ads, which, under which, above which, and etc. So this combination automatically or becomes weird. But in this different combinations we're being more specific in which, in something at which, at something, on which on something and so on and so forth. Now with when we want to talk about dates that come on, combinations we have are on which at which in which and by which all of this are still referring to when? That is for date. A lot of information, but it's not difficult. Now let us look at some support and examples to better understand it. Let's go over some very good examples. Not one, not two, just some examples. So I just wanted you guys to really get the idea and how this functions. Now the first example we have is this. Sasha leaves in the city where she works at is when we use weird. I'm going to give these examples using weird and also the equivalent when we have the preposition plus, which the first example again, Sasha lives in the city where she works. If we use a combination, it becomes Sasha lives in the city in which she works. The same thing. The same thing. She lives in the city where she works. She leaves in a city in which she works. Now you're beginning to sound more advanced and more formal when you have this structure. And then an example, the surface where she plays the mask was dirty. The surface where she plays a mask was dirty. Now, an equivalent to that using this combination is the surface on which she plays the mask was dirty, will be more specific now. It was on the surface, not by the surface or next to the surface, but now we know that it was placed on the surface. So the surface which you place the mask was dirty or on which you place the mask was dirty. Interesting, isn't it? Let's look at an example. The all white party, where all world leaders dance with their wives, was organized by Michael. Michael. The all white party, where all world leaders dance with their wives was organized by Michael. The equivalent to that are the same sentence written or said with preposition plus which was sound like this. They all white body at which all the world leaders dance with their wives was organized by Michael. They all white party at which world leaders dance with their wives was organized by Michael. Where our world leaders danced becomes at which all world leaders danced. Pretty easy. Another one, Mr. Michael stable, where $10 thousand was found, had a hidden drawer. Mr. Michael stable, we're $10 thousand was found, had a hidden drawer. The same sentence with this combination would be. Dr. Michael or Musa Michael stable. Now we can use any preposition here. We could use words prepositions like under or above, which using the anodic prepositions just makes us a bit more specific. You're trying to specify, Was it under was it above what was it on? Here? We can have under or above which $10 thousand was found, had a hidden drawer. It could be under, it could be above. So it becomes clearer, it becomes more precise depending on the preposition you combine width, which again, under which $10 thousand was found. We know that it's under the table or above we $10 thousand was found, windows above the table or in which $10 thousand was found and we know it was on the table, had a hidden drawer. You see how that works, you see how easy it is. You see how interesting it is. Let's look at an example. The day when everybody begins to take proper care of your body will be a wonderful day for the world. The day when everybody begins to take proper care of the body will be a wonderful day for the world. The world. Now, when this combination, that is preposition plus which we have the day on which everybody begins to take proper care of the body will be a wonderful day for the world. We have the day when becomes the day on which date. Very, very easy. Then an example, like I said, it's gonna be, they're gonna be a lot of examples I just wanted you guys to get it ends in the standard as much as you can. That is the year when malaria killed so many children in Africa. That's the year when malaria killed a lot of children, so many children in Africa. With this combination we have, that is the year in which malaria killed so many children in Africa. That is a year when becomes, that is the year in which the question again, when you want to ask, for example, in what year did malaria kill so many children? Or when did malaria kills so many children? You see how this can be combined even with a question structure, it makes your speaking really, really sound really good and sound advanced. Let's look at another example. I don't know the date when the test was done. I do not know the date when the test was done. In this combination, we have I don't know the date on or by which the test was done. I do not know the dates on or by Whitney test was done. Not a beautiful, beautiful example. Alright, one more example. Do you remember the time when Mrs. blink trigger came for an ultra scan? Do you remember the time when Mrs. blink chicken came for an ultra scan? Now with this combination that is preposition plus which it becomes, do you remember the time at which? Do you remember the time at which? Now, I think the easiest way to understand it again is when you want to ask a question, you ask. At what time? Yeah. At what time did she come for an auto-scaling or when did she come from an ultra scan? If we say when did she come from on an auto scan, would've been general. We're not asking them maybe specifically about the day or the date or the time, that is how it went works. But when we use when we want to be more specific, I'm trying to explain now from my point of view at what time we're not going to be talking about the day or the year, but we want to know the time Exactly. Well, it is assumed that the day and the year or the month is understood here. We just need a time. This is how at Twitch or preposition plus which replaces or isn't a tentative to the relative pronouns when. And we're very, very interesting, I believe is something you all want to have in your arsenal. Something you want to use, you want to use it when you're speaking, when you're writing. It just makes the whole thing more interesting when you're communicated, isn't it? I believe it is. Now. This can be done with auto prepositions to, but not all of them. It can be done with other prepositions, but not all of them. Just to make sure that you understand the prepositions that you're using. And the mean is, it is very important that you understand the preposition is properly. Now, let's look at the maintenance of the words, the next one now, whoever, whatever and whichever that is, the next one that list now and this one is a very easy to, you just have to understand the definitions and everyone within just go smoothly. Now, we use classes beginning with this words to talk about people or things that are unknown or indefinite clauses beginning with this word, we use them to talk about people or things that are unknown or that are in indefinite. For example, let's just look at the meanings in general. When we say whoever we're talking about, any person. In your group, who does or who Dede, who will do something? The person or group who does a who will do something to wherever. When we say Whatever, we mean, anything, or it doesn't matter what anything, or it doesn't matter What does something, for example, Whichever here we're talking about, let's say a one thing or a person once in a one-person from a limited number of things or people, one thing or one person from a limited number of things or people. Now, unless supplement, this is usually the supplement is definitions with some example. That is how we can understand them better. Now the first example we have goes like this. Wherever comes out for us, it's going to be awarded a scholarship to study abroad. Whoever comes out first, it's good to be awarded a scholarship to study abroad. Now, it means it doesn't matter. Any one of them is the tall one or the short one, the white one or the black one, the taller, the Vg one. It doesn't really matter wherever comes out first. We're not being specific now and we've been indefinite. Wherever comes out for us, he's gonna get always gonna be awarded a scholarship to study abroad. Pretty easy. All right, an example. Whoever told you that we don't work well, it must be ill informed. Whoever told you that we don't work well must be alien form. Lemons is not well-informed, so wherever we don't know who it is, but wherever it is, the person doesn't have enough information or not well informed. Pretty easy piece of cake. Another one. My students always welcome whatever I offer. It doesn't matter. It means anything I offer, whatever I L for is always welcomed by my students, or my students always welcome anything I offer. Pretty easy. Alright. Call whichever clinic you'll find first, the man has lost a lot of blood, are ready. Call whichever clinic you'll find first. His lost a lot of blood already. I mean, it doesn't matter. Any one from the list of clinics that exists, just call at least one. It doesn't matter which one. In New York and LA in DC, and we just call it anyone. All right, let's look at the last example. And this is gonna be like a small dialogue between a customer and an a mechanic. The customer goes, When can I come from my regular car services? When can I come from a regular car services and the mechanicals, you can come either Monday or Tuesday, whichever is best for you. You can come either Monday or on Tuesday, whichever is best for you. So anyone out of the two-year from the list of days we have Monday to Friday. We have Monday and Tuesday now, whichever one seems comfortable for you, please choose. Wow, you can see, you just imagine how easy and how interesting this easier. Now I want to start incorporating this and you say Add in this year of speaking in your writing, you also begin to enjoy it even more. It makes the whole thing so interesting. Now let's look at using resin pronouns in an explanation. As you might have noticed from the numerous examples, we've looked at, relative pronouns do a very good, do a good job of explaining or simplifying sentences. Do a very good job of simplifying sentences. So if you're a tutor, for example, or let us say unless narrow that down, if you're a doctor, you will find yourself having to explain or lectures or procedures to your clients or your patients. We all know how important it is to give clear explanations to people regardless of what you're explaining. You could be a doctor and you have to explain procedures. That's very important in the understanding correctly. If you're a lecturer or tutor, you have to give explanations to your students and they have to understand you perfectly. Relative pronouns can help us and do it can help in doing that to simplify the explanation of an offense, especially procedures if you're a doctor. Now, let's look at some examples. Let's look some beautiful examples to better understand that. Now, what we're gonna do in this examples is this. We're gonna have two separate sentences and they will try to stitch them together to simplify them using relative pronoun. The first example we have goes like this. Arthroscopy is a surgical procedure. It is done under local or general anesthetic. Problems in the joint at diagnosed and treated. That is more than one sentence actually, Sarah sentences. Again, arthroscopy is a surgical procedure. It's done on the local or general anesthetic. Problems in a joint are diagnosed and treated. There's a separate sentences. Yeah, this sounds pretty much simplified. It's symbol, just break it down. But you can have, you can simplify it as evermore, using relative pronouns and in simplified version used in order to prune out, we're gonna have arthroscopy is a surgical procedure done under local or general anesthetic. Weird or in which problems in the joints are diagnosed and treated. Fluoroscopy is a surgical procedure done done on the local or general anesthetics where or in which problems in the joint as diagnosed and treated. Now one thing I want you to pay attention to is it we're here is not referring to a place. It is only talking about Min. It's referring to the future. The future. Now, let us look at another example. The patient is connected to a monitoring device. The patient is connected to a monitoring device. Some other tubes are attached. So two separate sentences. Patient connected to a monitoring device. Some other tubes are attached. Now, if we use or using a relative pronoun, it's going to sound like this. The patient is connected to a monitoring device to which some other devices are connected. The patient disconnected to a monitoring device to which some other tubes are connected. You see simplification and it sounds even cleaner. I would say it sounds cleaner that way. Let's look at an example. Crohn's disease is a disease. Pretty simple. Yeah. Part of the digestive tract becomes inflamed. Crohn's disease is a disease. Part of the digestive tract is inflamed or become inflamed. Using relative pronoun, we have Crohn's disease is a disease we're part of the digestive tracts become inflamed. Crohn's disease is a disease we're part of the digestive tract become inflamed. There you have it. Don't be afraid to practice with this. Don't be afraid to use this words and expressions in your speaking or writing. They are useful both formal and informally even when you're making conversation. So when you have an informal conversations, informal conversations when you're writing this, whereas this expression says combinations, the structures of very, very useful. So again, practice, practice, and practice. When you watch, make sure you practice. I hope less than ten has been really informative to you. In the next lesson. 22. Lesson11 part1(Subject Verb Agreement): Subject and verb must agree. If they don't. This is what happens. Scrapped that I'm just joking. Yeah. Welcome to Lesson 11. This lesson we are going to be talking about are we're going to look at the interesting relationship between our subject and verb. Yeah, you know what I'm talking about? I can't have Romeo and Juliet relationship. Okay, I'm just joking again. Now, as this lesson has been designed, is designed for intermediate and above, we're not going to go through the basic of the basic of this topic. I assumed that you understand why the sentence, as I eat meat is correct. And I eats meat is incorrect. Yeah, So basically if a sentence has a singular subject, it is followed by a singular verb. And if it has a plural subject, it is followed by a plural verb. That is the base of the subject and verb agreement. Pretty easy, isn't it? Now however, our focus in this lesson is gonna be on the complex cases. Let's look at two examples to Santa systems set the ball rolling. I'm gonna give you some time to try to figure out which of the verb is correct for each sentence. Yeah. Let's start with the first sentence. The bags belong or belongs to Mrs. Daniels. The bag belongs or belongs to Mrs. Daniel's clock ticking. If he chose belongs. That's correct. Now, the second sentence, the stack of papers for the stack of papers belong or belongs to Mrs. Daniels. The stack of papers belong or belongs to a Mrs. Daniel. Clock ticking again. Here, Okey-dokey. If you chose belongs, then you are correct. If you chose belong, you get reported. A sheriff's office is going to tell you what to do. I'm just joking. Now, the first sentence can be considered straightforward. Tourists object followed by the plural verb. But the second sentence now, it's not that straightforward at first. You know, the thing is, when you look at it carefully, you realize, okay, we have stack and we have papers. Yeah, stack is a noun. Papers also now, but the real subject of the sentence is stack. Stack is there a subject of a sentence? And it's a singular noun. It is a single noun. Off papers is a prepositional phrase, is a prepositional phrase. Now, what is the preposition of phrases? Basically, preposition plus an object, and the preposition is off and the object is papers. And that tells him in basically tells us the kind of staff we have. So prepositional phrase tells us a kind of subject that exists or what the subject is, a kind of subject. It is. So they kind of start out with talking about it tells us a kind of stack we have. Now, let's now look at the most common, countless cases and how to avoid making mistakes with his cases. The first one is this. When the subject of a sentence is complex, the verb that follows must agree with the main noun in the subject. Again, okay? When the subject of a sentence is complex, the verb that follows must agree with the main noun in the subject. So your job is to hunt for the main. Now in the subject. Let's look at some examples here. Before we look at some examples, I know this may sound complex. Now to make it easier, he had to make it easier. I want us to look at this from another perspective. I want to explain through them from another perspective. Now this is going to be through relative clause and prepositional phrases. Relative clause or prepositional phrases. Now let us do that through some very good examples. Are you ready? Let's dive right in. Now the first example we're gonna look at is this manuscript programmers of the new tech company are against the new law. Manuscript programmers, often new tech company are against the new law. Then a sentence. The main thing that frightens me about the law is the gentrification of the rural neighborhoods. The main thing that frightens me about the new law is the gentrification of the rural neighborhoods. Now, in the first sentence, the main noun is programmers, and it is plural. Hence, we have, yeah, we have are. The phrase of the new tech company that follows a now programmers is a prepositional phrase. Remember prepositional phrases, just a preposition plus an object. Here we have off and then we have an object. So it should not be confused for the main now, which is programmers. Of course, without this prepositional phrase is gonna be very easy to avoid any confusion. Yeah, we can easily avoid the confusion, confusion. So while we have without a prepositional phrase is going to be. In SQL, programmers are against the new law. Pretty easy. Straightforward, minuscule programmers are against new law. Straightforward without a prepositional phrase. That is how you have to think for it. Think about it, your hunt for the main noun or the main noun in the subject. Now, in a second sentence, the main noun is thin and it is singular. It is thin and has a singular hands we use is and not r. Now it's a father. Understand that to further understand, is the clause that frightens me about the law follows an hour thin is a relative clause. And I think, I believe I used to remember because we've talked about relative clause in the previous lesson. So if we remove, yeah, if we remove this relative clause, it makes identifying the main noun very, very easy, as in the following example, the main thin as the gentrification of the rural neighborhoods. The main thing is gentrification of the rural neighborhoods. Pretty easy. Pretty easy. Try your best, try as much as possible not to confuse the main noun with the prepositional phrase or relative clause. In this sentence you look for, because relative clause and prepositional phrase just add extra information to the main noun. And people confuse this when they have such complex sentences and they tend to use the wrong verb. Because they say, Okay, this is plural, I use a plural verb, but it's not. You should look for the main now, and it has to agree with the verb. If it doesn't, then you have. Remember what we show her what I showed in the first part of this lesson yet, that is exactly what you can get. And I don't think you want to see that. Yeah, So let us look at some more examples to better understand this. Let's just practice more. Now. The first one that we're going to have is this. Some janitors in our company have medical insurance. Some generators in our company have medical insurance. Janitors have easy-peasy lemon squeezes. Stop that ****, man. I'm gonna say this time around, just let me say please. Thank you. Many young entrepreneurs would pour background pay michael to solve their problems. Many young entrepreneurs with poor background pay michael to solve their problems. Young entrepreneurs, paid, entrepreneurs pay. The lady who cared for my sick friend works on the night shift. The lady who cared for my sick friend works only night shift lady works. Ledi works. It's pretty easy, isn't it? Now, wait some consistency in practice, identifying the main subject in sentences with prepositional phrases and relative clause becomes easier. The more you practice, the easier it becomes. So what am I saying in essence? Practice, practice and practice. All right, let's look at the next point. Now. The next point is basically if the subject of a sentence is a clause, we usually use a singular verb. If the subject of a sentence as a class, we usually use a singular verb. This is pretty easy to grasp. Actually. It's something I'm sure most of you use are unconsciously without even realizing it. Let's look at some examples right away. Smoking five cigarettes is detrimental to the lungs. Smoking five sacred is detrimental to the lungs. Nuts, smoking five cigarettes are because the subject is clause. The subject is a class or smoking five cigarettes. A subject cigarette alone is not a subject here because some people might tend to put, tend to confuse that and think, okay, because I have cigarettes, I should use R. But the thing here is that a subject of the sentence is a clause, smoking five cigarettes. In simple sentences, the subjects is usually a word. Here, the subject is usually a word, therefore, it is very easy to identify it. Understand when to use a singular verb or a plural verb. For example, cigarette is bad for, cigarettes is bad for health. Cigarettes are bad for health. Piece of cake, pretty easy. Singular subject, singular verb. Now, let's go over some more examples of when the subject of a sentence is a class, I feel that we need more examples to soak yourself into it to better understand it. The first example we have goes like this. Being a mother and a doctor is a challenging task. Being a mother and a doctor is a challenging task. What is the subject being a mother and a doctor? That's all we have. A singular verb is we don't use our example. Having multiple degrees doesn't mean you're a genius. Having multiple degrees doesn't mean you are a genius. Having multiple degrees is a subject. That's why we have a singular verb. Doesn't. Simple, isn't it? Wherever stole the money is definitely a work in this factory. Whoever stole the money is definitely a work in this factory. Whoever stole the money, whoever stole the money. That example. As a cardiologist, carrying properly for heart disease patient is a significant part of my job. Caring for heart disease patient is a significant part of my job, not are a significant part of my job. The subject there is carrying properly for heart disease patient. Yeah. I think it is easy. I'm in the wrong again, but it's going to be we tell them you get a hang of it. Now. However, there is a slight exception to this point, to this rule. Slot exception. I know a lot of people hating when you have, when you tell people there is a rule and they use that token, the button an exception. People get furious like can you just leave it with one row and just lived the rule and there should not be exceptions. The exceptions make things complex, but come on, live as live as with rules and exceptions. So there is a slight exception to this point. And the exception is this. If the subject of the sentence is a what class or what class means is this clause tasks with a watt, with a word. What? Yeah, if the subject of the sentence is a world-class, we have to use singular verb if the noun that follows a singular and plural verb, if the noun in the follows is plural, are you out of your mind or you create, whoa, Whoa, take it easy. Come on. Yeah, I understand That. Sounds conflicts. Come on. Just give me some time. I'll break it down. Give me some time and break it down. Yes. So again, the subject of the sentence is a world-class. We use a singular verb if the noun that follows a singular, plural verb, even now that follows is plural. Now, I understand that this came out really complex. Yeah, I agree with you, but but as usual, I have something I have a structure to simplify, to break it down for you. And this is going to make it easy for you to understand USC, UC, just, just, just listen here. So the forest structure now should simplify what I've just said. All we have is this. What class plus a singular verb plus a single. Uh, now, what class plus a plural verb and plural. Now. Wow, I told you, I told you, told yourself to make it even better, to make it easy, easier to understand. Let's go over some beautiful examples. You already. Yeah, Okay, Let's check it out. Yeah. Now the first example we have goes like this. What we prescribe was pentanol. What we prescribe or what we prescribe was pentanol. What we prescribe was pentanol. So the word clauses, what we prescribed, and then submit the verb that follows this was pentanol. What would prescribe were fruit. So here we have a plural. Now, that's what we have. We're in the first sentence, we have pentanol. That is why we have was the next sentence. The next example is, what is required is another car. What is required is another car is here because we have the noun singular. Noun, car is another car. In the last example, what is required are other cars? What is required? Are other cars, cars at all we have are. I understand that this subject is this topic can be a little bit complex. That's why I've decided to break it down into two apart. If you still find it difficult, if you haven't assimilated or grasp everything I've said so far. Go back again, listen to it and look at examples. After you've done that, I'll see you in the next part. 23. Lesson11 Part2(Subject Verb Agreement): Welcome to the second part. I hope you took town where you've been able to digest the information from the first part without wasting town. Let's dive right into the second part. Now, let us look at another point. Let's look at another point. Much easier than the ones we've discussed in the first part of the lesson. Now this is about collective nouns. This part is gonna be about collective nouns. And if you don't know if you've forgotten, or collective nouns, are, they are words that denote a group of people or things. Yeah, we use to denote a group of people for things. And examples of collective nouns that I think most of you are familiar with our family, quire, army band, team, accompany and etc. Yeah, the list can go on and on and on. Now, one thing to remember about collective nouns, that term, because they can be singular or plural depending on the meaning of an individual sentence. I am going to explain this later on. Yeah, I'm going to explain this later on. So let us look at the point. Let me say a rule. The first rule that is connected to this point, Yeah, we use a single collective noun with a singular verb. That's it. It sounds so short. Let me say that one, tau, we use a singular collective nouns with a singular verb. So basically what that means is that all the structure is singular collective now plus singular verb, straightforward, nothing else attached. A good example of that is, our family loves this language center. Family loves his language center. Our family loves his language center. Singular, collective. Now families singular, verb loves pretty easy. Example, there Army attacks innocent people. There Army attacks innocent people. Army singular collective noun with a singular verb. Pretty easy. Now for the plural collective now we have the same thing to row collected now too, I'll say plural, verb. Also straightforward, nothing extra attached. A good example. Families love our dental center. Families love our data center. Families singular, plural, collective. Now, I was going to say that room we split again. Plural collective noun plus a plural verb. Families, love our dental centers. Second example, arm is go through rigorous training. Arm is go through rigorous training. Just say pretty easy, singular collective now plus singular verb, plural collective noun, or a verb, nothing more than that. Now, however, there are some cases where our singular collective now, yeah, whereas singular collective noun expresses a plural idea and needs a plural verb is singular. Collective noun expresses the plural idea. Thus it needs a plural verb. What I'm saying is this, we have a single collective noun plus a plural verb. This is the complete opposite of the first two rules we just talked about now to make this easier to understand. Because while I was preparing this course and this specialists less than I was thinking, how best should this be explained? And I thought about, well, why not use an animation? I think an animation will make the ideas sink and easy to grasp. So to make this easier to grasp, to make it easy to understand, I have prepared an animation and animation to make this very easy. Now if you look at this now there is two circles. One represents an orchestra. I mean they both represent orchestras. So circuit a is an orchestra and circle B, or group B is also another, or is an orchestra to now a circuit a is now construct circle B is also an orchestra. Now notice how the members, because this sticks, they're not stakes but the element there represent members. Notice how the members of the first group of the first orchestra are doing the same thing. They are doing the same thing that is acting as a unit, or they're acting in unison. The members of the second orchestra, that is Orchestra beat or doing the opposite, they are not acting as a unit. There are accidents individual and not in unison. Completely differently, actin differently. Now, when all the members, the rule is this, when all the members of a collective now yeah, just follow along. It's not so difficult when other members of the collective noun are performing an action as a unit. Like orchestra a, we use a singular verb. When they're all doing the same thing, they're acting as a unit, as a using the unison, we use a singular verb, that is, for singular collective noun. For example, let me give you example sentences. The orchestra plays beautifully. The orchestra plays beautiful, or let's say, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra plays beautifully. Recommend you check them out. Very cool. So the Chicago Symphony Orchestra plays beautiful diamonds there. They all act in unison. That's why I'm using a different or a singular verb here. That example, the team is celebrating last night's victory. The team is celebrated in last night's victory. Now, when all the members of the collective noun that performing an action as individuals, just like we see in Orchestra B, or the group BY, let's say, and then add actin as a unit. We use the plural, plural verb. We use a plural verb. For example, the orchestra, a tuning your instrument. The orchestra are tuning their instruments, or every person is tuned in his own individual instrument differently, one cube is sitting, standing lane or whatever line, whatever, you know, they just act in differently individually, not as a unit. That's why we're using a plural verb, not singular verb. Example, the team are running in different directions. The team are running in different directions. Now I know it doesn't really sound natural or you use it like that. So here they are, all run in different directions, actin individually, not as a unit or not a unison. Now sometimes some people find us uncomfortable, even native speakers, I mean, when you use this collective now with a plural verb units not adding a unison, it sounds uncomfortable. That is why to avoid this mistake, we can recast the last two censuses that his orchestras or tuning the team are playing are running in different directions. We can recast this two sentences, adding the word members to make it easy and comfortable to use. This or the sentences were sounds like this. The members of the orchestra tuning the instrument. The members of the orchestra are tuning the instrument so they are not acting in unison. They're acting as individuals to make it easy or to make it easier to comprehend or to use and it'll comfortable to use. We just add the word members, the members m, as each person is tuned in his own instrument, we can say the members of the orchestra all tuned in their instrument. Also, the team members are running in different directions. The team members are running in different directions, not actin in unison. They're acting individually, so we just add the wood members to make it easier. I think it's easier just let's say to make it comfortable, maybe easier to understand too. All depends on how you set that is data about. That is that about, I mean collective nouns and uncollected him in a collective nouns for singular and plural ideas. More common collective. Now that we have in English our company, audience, jury, school, group, and some specific organizations can make collective nouns. For example, the BBC, the United Nations, Microsoft, and etc. They can also be collective nouns to that. Is that about that? Now let's talk about another rule. Let's look at another rule now this is for names and titles. And in the alphabet or letter S, names, Titles and in an alphabet or letter S. And this names and titles can be names of countries, books, movies, main title of books, magazines, newspapers, and et cetera. I mean, there could be anything. Yeah, there could be. It could be names of personal Organizations or name of object, names and titles, and an NS, the alphabet S, and it denotes a single unit. We use a singular verb. When this names and titles and or ends in an S denote a single unit, we use a singular verb. Let's look at some examples so you understand, it's pretty easy. The first example we have is the Maldives. Yeah, the melodies, it ends in the alphabet S, is organizing a free concert for businessmen. The Maldives is organizing a free concert for businessmen. So because it's denoted as a single unit, now, this is an island, so we use a singular verb. Pretty easy. The Lord of the Rings, The Lord of the Rings, shows how magic can be very powerful. Loved that movie. The Lord of the Rings, shows how magic can be very powerful. And now the last one, Brussels, is not going to walk them to immigrant process is not going to welcome the immigrant nuts brothel are not going to welcome the immigrant. Nunez data about that part is pretty easy. Nothing extra today's cell, just you have to understand names, names of books, tiles and magazines, magazines and newspapers. If they denote a single unit, we use what, a singular verb. Pretty easy. This is very important for those who, you might, it might take some time for you to get used to this one. But if you write an exam or you prefer, an exam is something that you have to know, especially if you have to write or in the speaking part, is very important. Now the next point is one that confuses learners of English, learn English language. A lot. Yeah, It confuses learners of English language a lot. And this has to do with numbers or figures. When talking about numbers or figures. Now, I'm talking about here, I'm talking about agreement with measurement, with percentage, with fractions and etc. Yeah, measurements, percentages and fractions is media. They are all numbers and they deal with figures. Now with phrases, when we use phrase is talking about measurement, amount of quantity, we usually use a singular verb. Phrase is talking about measurement, amount, quantity. We use a singular verb. Let's look at some beautiful examples. You're ready. Okey-dokey. Now the first example we have goes like this. Engineering is complex. Just two meters makes a big difference. Just two meters, two meters makes a big difference, not make a big difference. So we have two meters or two meters. Makes a big difference. Example, when I'm doing exercise, when I'm doing exercise, when I'm working out 20 minutes or 25 minutes. 20 minutes feels like very long. 20 minutes feels like very long, not 20 minutes or 25 minutes feel. But we use fields. Example, 50, 50% percent is too much for nurses. We need to reduce it. 50% is too my friend nurses, we'd need to reduce it. So 50% 0s, not our 50% is not r. So in some cases, in some cases, the verb has to agree with the closest, I mean, stilled about numbers now and figures. The verb has to agree with the closest now to it. Then we'll talked about this before in the first part of this lesson, looking for the noun, I'm gonna close this now to itself. In some cases, also figures the verb has to agree with the closest. Now into it, let me explain with some examples. The first example goes like this. 25% of doctors in New York earn less than $20 thousand a year. I don't know if that's really true, but where did I get that figure from? Okay, it doesn't matter. 25% of doctors in New York earn less than $20 thousand a year. So the verb earn agrees with a noun doctors, but not the 25%. It agrees with the noun doctors. Another twenty-five percent, like in previous examples. The next example, 50% of the patients in our Dana Center have dental caries. 50% of the patients in our data center, half dental caries. Ten, sounds like a good life for a rap song. 50% of the patients in our dental center have dental caries, not has because the verb agrees with the noun patients and not 50% is a clear. It's actually a pretty easier if you deal with numbers a lot. And if you mean if you deal with figures a lot, this will come in naturally. If you don't, then it's something that you can practice to get good at so that when you need to use it, you can use it to meet. It comes out naturally and you didn't have to think too much. You don't have to bother yourself, you don't have to worry so much when you use it. So practice will make it easy for you to understand. Now, I know this may seem like a lot of taken out one time, but if you are patient enough to practice me, you're definitely going to understand it. It's just a matter of time. Yeah, Now, let's carry on. Let's look at when conjunctions now we're gonna talk about conjunctions. Yeah, we're going to talk about conjunctions now by conjunction towards, so memoirs he actually, and number one or number two. So we have AND, and OR are the two main conjunctions we're going to talk about here? And Min, they joined worse together, conjunctions join words. And when a subject has two words connected by conjunctions and or, or, there is a way in which we have to use the verb. It is very important. Let's start with end. You're ready. Let's go. When a subject has two or more worse connected by, and we use a plural verb when a subject has two or more, whereas connected by end, we use a plural verb was the best way to understand that. Examples, of course, let's look at some examples. Now the first example we have goes like this. Cancer and HIV are terrible diseases or illnesses. That it's better to use. Illnesses here. Cancer and HIV are terrible illnesses. So we're using our because we have the conjunction connecting two words, Cancer and HIV. Because of the word the connector, the conjunction and example. James and Smith are working on the cure for COVID-19. I don't know what the heck they are, but yeah. I hope to find a cure for Zoom. James and Smith are working on a cure for COVID-19. So James and Smith are connected by n. That's how we have our one more example. Her spine, scapula, and sternum were severely damaged in the accident. Medical terms, spine behind scapula. Here, sternum and chest bone was severely damaged in the accident. So 123, this words are connected by and so we have word that's why we have weren't. So her scapula her spine, scapula, and sternum were damaged, severely damaged in the accident. That is data about the conjunction and the connector. And so when it combines two words together, we use a plural verb. Do you understand? I think you do. All right. Now, when a subject has two words or two level, whereas connected by or, what do you think? Of course we use a singular verb. Singular verb does the opposite for or we connect them, we use when we connect whereas with or we use a singular verb. So let's run through some examples to better understand what I have just said. You're ready. Let's go. The first example we have as I event or Dima knows the best way to treat the patient. I then Dima knows the best way to treat the patient. Or as well we have nose. Then an example, a, B, or C is the correct answer to the question. A, B or C is the correct answer to the question. Here because we're connecting this words with the conjunction, or that's why we use the singular verb, knows and is. Easy, peasy, lemon squeezy. Yeah, now, this is an exception. Now, if the last word or item is plural, when we connect in this words, if the last word or the item last item is plural, we have to use a plural verb. They cannot be rules without exceptions. For every one rule we got to have like two or three exceptions. I'm sorry, the world we live in, you know, again, if the last word of item is plural, we have to use a plural verb. For example, Sasha or his friends are arguing in the senior doctors out with the senior doctors outside because we have his friends, which is the last item. We have to use. What a plural verb. In that example, the teachers or the students were singing when you called me. The teacher is older students were singing when you called me, were singing. Why do we have we're there because we have the last item that has the students in plural form. That's why we use a plural verb. Cool, isn't it? That is data about that. Yeah, again, it might have gone very fast. You just need to repeat it one more time and then write down an example sentence of your own and you realize they are not difficult. Alright? Another, what I call it later exceptions. The last word or item is singular and the previous is plural. So this is the opposite. We can either use a singular verb or plural verb. For example, let's check this out. The girls plural, or the boy is going to be scanned first. The first one, that the first item is girls plural, and the last one, boy is singular. We could, we could just use, it's more comfortable in this case, they actually use them. Easy. It's easier and it says just sounds more comfortable. So the girls or the boy is going to be scanned first? Yeah. The boy, the girls or the boy is gonna be scanned for us. Or we could also say the girls or the boy all going to be scanned first. Instead of a's, we can also use R and it's just, it's acceptable. Nothing wrong with that. Yet another example, another example, the drivers or the postmen is responsible for the death of Mr. PVA. The drivers or the postman is responsible for the death of Mr. pivot. The first item that drivers plural, and the last item, postmen is singular. We could just say is responsible or are responsible for the death of Mr. pivot. We can use them without in later. No difference actually almost no difference in it's acceptable. Yeah. All right. All right. Around again, some of you might need time to process this information. I know. I know. I know. I know. It's absolutely okay. Don't don't be too hard on yourself if you don't if you don't get it the first time it takes down, you need time to process information. This part of the image grandma is pretty wide, but it's very important to know. So if you don't get it again, if you don't get it the first time, just go back again and watch the video and just again, try to put out examples of your own. Rome was not built in a day. It is a part of the same. Rome wasn't built in a day. So you eventually understand. So to wrap this lesson up, yet to wrap this lesson up, Let's look at some more useful cases of verb and subject agreement. Yeah, this was a pretty straightforward, I promise you, nothing extra to it. And let's dive right into it. Now we're going to look at how the following words, yeah, an expression should agree. Some very simple daily words and expression. How did she agree with verbs? This like I said, their daily and the very common. Yeah. Positive to some of you know, this. Yeah. I think some of you know, but again, for the sake of dose, wouldn't know those who forgotten or widows were confused. Let's look at them, okay. Yeah. So the first one we're going to start with are the first ones we're gonna start with our every and each every niche. Now what would combine every and each width or an, a single amount? We use a singular verb because I promised straightforward. So every or each with a singular verb with a single amount, we use a singular verb. Let's look at some examples to better understand that. Please ensure every patient gets a dose of the new medication. Please ensure that every patient gets a dose of the new medication. Every patient gets, every patient gets the example. Every room in our Buton is well ventilated. Every room in our building as well ventilated. Every room is every room is another one. Average doctor and nurse takes good care of the clinical or the clinic equipment. Every doctor and nurse takes good care of the clinic equipment. Every doctor and nurse, every doctor and nurse and nurse takes singular verb. And the net example. Each worker knows how to perform a CPR. Each worker knows how to perform a CPR. Now, some other words that follow this rule are everybody, everyone, everything. And similar words beginning with some Annie and know, for example, someone something, anyone, anything and nothing. Yeah, someone something, anyone, anything and nothing. Let's look at some examples with this one. Almost everyone believes that life is unfair. Almost everyone beliefs, everyone beliefs, not everyone belief. That example, Everything's gonna be fine after you've completed your studies. Yet everything's gonna be fine after you've completed your studies. So everything is everything. Our example. Everyone knows that the Moscow Metro is one of the best in the world yet. So everyone knows, everyone knows that the Moscow Metro is one of the best in the world. That example, someone who was screaming while I was feeding my daughter. Someone was screaming while I was feeding my daughter. Someone was someone were the last one. Something is wrong with the humidifier. Something is wrong with the humidifier. There you have it. Before you go into the next lesson, I strongly suggest that you do some serious practice with this rules. Like I say, it's always important to supplement this with practice. Again, not just sentences and I just sent this is both tried to write. I connect a story. Yeah, it doesn't have to belong to something short, but whatever I wouldn't matter how short it is. Try to incorporate what we've just talked about, what you've learned in this lesson. I hope this one has been amazingly informative. See you in the next lesson. 24. Lesson12(Articles Simple and advanced Knowledge): Welcome to Lesson 12. Pleasant 12 is gonna be, it's gonna be plenty. Now, we are going to be looking at the English articles, one of the most dreaded topics and grandma aspect in English. Now it a challenging part, but it's also a crucial part of English language is something you have to know. And you have to know well, because using the wrong article can be consent the wrong message, and sometimes make a sentence sounds strange or even empty. Now, make articles to make this very easy to grasp, to make it easy to understand. I am going to start with the very basic fence. So we're going to go from scratch from 0. After that, we are going to look at some principles that will help you to use articles correctly, and also how to help you to avoid mistakes that learners of English language make when they are learning articles, when they use articles, without wasting time. Let's jump right into this. Now we are going to set the ball rolling with the kind of articles we have. In English, there are two main kinds of articles. We have two kinds of articles. There are three actually. The third one is considered a 0 article. It has when we don't use articles at all. But now we're going to look at the two main articles we have. And they are the definite article and the indefinite article. Definite article that is the and indefinite article that is a OR, and n is odd. The two main kind of articles we have to make this even easier to understand. We are going to look at the definitions of this two words that is definite and indefinite. What does definite mean? And what does indefinite mean? Basically, when we say something is definite, it means that it is clear. It is known, or it is certain. Clear, known, certain. These are the words that describe the word that explained the word definite. And obviously, as you might've guessed, indefinite is the opposite. So when you say something that's indefinitely, it means it is unknown. It is unclear, or it's uncertain. So these are the words that define the word indefinite. A good knowledge. A good knowledge of this two words will help you to understand how articles function in English. That's why I said we are going to start from the very basic things. Now. We are going to start with the indefinite article. We're going to go right away with the indefinite articles a or N, A and noaa or N. And I'm going to explain the first rule. The first rule to remember when using the indefinite article is we use a before nouns that begin with consonant sounds. We use a with nouns that begin with consonant sounds, and n with nouns to begin with vowel sounds. Counts before. Now it's the beginning with consonant sounds and comes before nouns that begin with bowel sounds. Pretty easy, isn't it? Now, again, it is also very important to mention that we use the indefinite article a or an width singular countable nouns. So whatever noun that goes after AON has to be singular, and it has to be countable. That is also very important. So you see we've taken this step by step, step-by-step via without rushing this, it is very important to go in this manner and in this, at this space. Now, I am going to digress a bit, just a bit to briefly talk about vowel and consonant. I'm just going to digress a little bit to talk about vowels and consonants and to continue further. There are basically the, basically they are five vowels in English, five-hour letters and they are a, E, I, O, and U. And the rest, I'll consider it as consonants, not completely, but they are considered as consonant. Vowel and consonant represent unique speech sound in English. What I just said now, they are just the alphabet, but they also represent the unique speech sound in English. So for the AEIOU, we have or for the consonants we have books, for example, to the curb and the rest, like that. Pretty easy, isn't it? Now, like I said, we're just going to go through the basics. Some of you already know this as absolutely. It's okay. We're just brushing up on the thing, you know. We're just brushing up on the face. You know, again, we use a before nouns that begin with consonant sounds and, and before nouns that begin with a vowel sounds. I believe looking at some examples, we'll make this better to grasp. So let's go over some examples now. Some good, very short quick examples. The first one we have here is a restaurant. A restaurant. So we have a, because the word restaurants starts with a consonant sound and then the alphabet gives a consonant sound, that is the Earth sound. A system and a thermometer. Thermometer. Now for n, we have an American vowel sound and envelope vowel sound and an oxygen mask. And oxygen mask also vowel sounds. Now this examples of simple, they're pretty simple examples, but there are times when vowel letters take consonant sound, and consonant letters take bowel sounds. Vowel letters take consonant sounds, consonant letters take vowel Sabbath. In such case, nothing changes will still have to stick to the correct. We still have to stick to stick to the rule where we use the right article for the right sound. So for consonant sound and for vowel sound regardless of what the letter is. Let's look at some examples. The first example we have is a urologist. Urologists. So here we have a vowel alphabet, a vowel letter, but it has a consonant sound. Uniform also via letter, but it has a consonant sound. We have another one, a unicorn, union, all this, all this to also have vowel letters, but the sounds are consonants. Now for constant letter would vowel sounds we have and our, that is a huge letter, but it has a consonant sound here. And we have an honor. It's an honor to meet you. Meet you, for example. He is an honor to meet you. For example, here we have h constant letter, but it has a vowel sound. Now this is like an elementary stuff with to begin here could get like I said, 0. Brush up. It is very important. You have to, you have to just pay attention to the sound that the letters take when they start. And now that is very important. Now the next rule is concerning abbreviations. The next row is considered an abbreviations. If you don't know for those of you who are forgotten. And the abbreviation is just a shortened form of a word or phrase. When you showed a word, shorten the word or a phrase, we call that an abbreviation. For example, we have a CIA, we have the ICU, we have nato, we have IRA, and then we have, for example, say FDA, etc. The list goes on and on and on. There's so many abbreviations in the world. So we, how do we use articles with abbreviations? When articles are added to abbreviations, we still have to keep the vowel or a consonant sound rule in mind. Still stay the same. This rule is still has to be kept in mind. Nothing changes. For example, we have a CEO. Ceo, by the way, this word is said individual and not together, so it's not CEO. Ceo. So the sound that the alphabet gives is a consonant sound. I was almost going to save our sample. The sound there is a consonant sound and is also constantly letter. So we have a CEO, we have an MPI. And MPI here it's a consonant letter, but it has evolved sounds. So MP stands for member of parliament. Member of parliament. Here we have a vowel sound with a consonant letter. Another one, an FBI. And FB IF is a consonant letter, but it has a vowel sound. Also said individuals by the width, not Vt but MBI, I think it's a very known abbreviation. We have an NRA and RAA stands for National Rifle Association. Also here we have a vowel sound, but of course in that letter, another one, uh, FIFA official. Of FIFA official. We have an NGO, we have a nato General. And the last one there is an MP3 player. Mp3 player M here is a constant letter, but it carries a vowel sound. That's why we use n. Easy, isn't it? Let's continue. Let's go. Alright. Now let's get down to the nitty-gritty of this article stem. Is it detailed information? And it's not dive or dig deeper into these articles. We're gonna start with something different. We're going to start with something different. Now, when we mentioned this rule, here is what confuses a lot of people. Most, it is the most part where most of you will have the biggest problem. I always recommend that you take some time to just listen carefully. After that, you try to practice what this rule explains. And it goes like this. When we introduce a win-win mentioned a countable noun for the first time we introduced or mentioned in Canada. Now for the first time, we use the indefinite article a or m, depending on what sounds the alphabet this test, and now it gives a or N. After we've introduced the noun, we can then use the definite article and subsequent sentences. We can then use the definite article, the subsequent sentences. I'm just gonna break that down one more time. When we introduce a noun, or we'll introduce a person or something for the first time. The first time we have to use, especially if it's accountable. Now we use definite article a or N. We used indefinite article a or. And now the choice of the indefinite article use here depends on what sound comes or what sounds that alphabet, as does the noun gifts. After we've done that, we can then use the subsequent sentences. If it sounds complex, I'm going to give you a beautiful example to make it easy. Now, this example is going to be a short story. Instead of just a sentence, it's gonna be a short story to make it easier for you to grasp. That is one thing about articles. You have to look at it in context to understand it properly. Now, the short story goes like this. About two weeks ago, I met a woman on my way to see my mother. About two weeks ago, a metal woman on my way to see my mother. I was on a bus. So here you see we have I met a woman. Why do we have a woman here? It's accountable now. Here we introduce in this now for the first time, and here we have one that is a consonant sound. Easy, isn't it? Let's continue. The woman was carrying a baby in one hand and holding an apple in the other hand. The woman was carrying a baby in one hand, and Holden and Apple and the other hand. Here. Now we have the woman. We are using a definite article. Why? Because with introduced this now before the first thing I will mention that we used up in indefinite article, but in subsequent sentence. Now that we know the woman we're talking about, that is why we use the definite article, the noun, this noun is definite, she is, it is no more indefinite. Remember the definition of indefinite and definite. Definite known clear, indefinite, unknown, unclear, but now in the noun is clear, and now it is known. We know the women were talking about, that is why we have the woman was carrying. But after that now we have a baby. She was carrying a baby and New. Now, New, now this is new. That is why we use an indefinite article. Because it's the first time we are mentioned in it. Again, we use herb because it starts with a consonant sound. Baby. First I will mentioned in it, it is indefinite. That's why we use also we have an apple. It is a first-out, we'll mention in it, that's what we use in an apple. An apple. And because we have a vowel sound, I'm trying to break this down as possible as I can't just make a sink just to make you understand it as much as he can. So let's continue. When the baby's saw me, he grabbed the apple and give it to a man standing next to me. When the baby saw me, he grabbed the apple and give it to a man standing next to me. Now, here we have when the baby now in the baby's definite, that's what we use in the weed baby. I were talking about it, what we've mentioned earlier. We just mentioned now we have the Apple, why? We know the app we're talking about now it is definite. But now again, we have a man. This is the first time were mentioned in this man. That's why we have men. Also we use an IRB because it has a consonant sound. Let's continue. The man was surprised, which meant the one we had mentioned before. The men was surprised, not use definite. We know the man we're talking about. Pretty easy, isn't it? I'm just trying to break it down again to make it easy for you. As soon as he gave, as soon as he was given the Apple, he tossed it to a homeless man sitting outside. As soon as it was given the apple. The apple, which Apple? The one he was given by the baby. The Apple he was given by the baby. So it's not a vague apple is not an apple to know about. We know which Apple we're talking about. That's why we have the Apple. He tossed it to a homeless man. A homeless man, and New, now a new subject introduced as well. We use it homeless. That's what we use in the indefinite article. The homeless man who was very happy as he hadn't eaten or he had been hungry for several hours. The homeless man was very happy as he had been very hungry for some powers before that time. Again, here we have the homeless men. Which one? The one who was given the Apple they want with the Apple was tasked to the one that Apple was tossed. Two. You see, this is how, this is the best way to understand articles, to look at it in a context. Again, when we mentioned or introduce a countable. Now for the first time, we use the indefinite article a or N. After we've done that, we can they use the definite article, the subsequent sentence, or subsequent sentences when the noun is definite. I hope this is very clear. The next row we're gonna look at is when we want to talk about a particular but unspecified thin or event. I want to talk about particular or unspecified person, thin or event. We use the indefinite article a or N. We use the indefinite article a or N. I'm going to explain this with a dialogue. It's going to be easier to understand this with a dialogue. I just feel like for articles it is better to use the ALEKS rather than just simple random sentences. Now the data's dialogue is between two people, Dima and Sam. Dima and Sam and edema starts the conversation or the download like this. Hi Sam. You look slip the product. You look sleep deprived. Now when you're sleep deprived, it means you're separate, suffering from lack of sleep. Suffering from lack of sleep. Some answers. I am not sleep deprived. I am just exhausted. I think I need a cup of coffee. I think I made a cup of coffee. Dima replies, I don't think that's going to help you for long. You need a carrying partner to help you with organizing your life. A care partner? Sound replies, Yeah, you're right. I think a good vacation is going to help me too. I think a good vacation is gonna help me to. Now, let's analyze this dialogue. Let's analyze this conversation without the article air, the indefinite article air. The sentence was sounds strange and kind of empty. It sounds trend you empty. If I use the definite article, for example, as an, I need the cup of coffee. If I did not use indefinitely, but use a definite I need the cup of coffee. It will mean that one is talking about a specific cup of coffee. That might be, was either, as I mentioned before, or unique cup of coffee that maybe everybody drinks. Maybe, I mean, if there is a specific cup of coffee and the confident that everybody drinks, that's gross, actually, that is what this is going to mean. That is why we can use the end this scenario. Again, this is what we wanted to talk about. Particular but unspecified thin person or event. That is why we use, or that is where we can also use the indefinite article a or N. Pretty easy, isn't it? Okey-dokey. Now in this one, this same thing applies to the rest of the sentence and dialogue. Where we have a good vacation, a carrying partner. We mean, if we said that you need the Kourion partner, it was assumed that there is one unique carrying partner somewhere then everybody goes to or you need a good vacation. Like there is a specific vacation called the good vacation. But when they're being specific here we're talking about unspecified event, thing or person that as well we use in the indefinite article n, for example. All right, the next rule, the next rule, this is about unique. Nows. This rule is about unique. Now this one was actually an easy one, is something you're probably familiar with. Now we say a verb or so are we saying noun is unique when there is only one of them or one set of them. One of them or at least one set of them. For example, we have sun, sky, we have world, president, king, queen, and etc. The list goes on and on and on. So when a noun is your NIC, we use the definite article that we mostly, if not always used the definite article. That is why we say the sun, the sky, the world, the precedent, the king, the queen, the Internet, and etc. There's just one of it, or there's just one set of it. This one is something you just have to, you have to commit to memory. Something you have to know it comes naturally. Well, if you read, if you listen, if your watch a lot in English, that's why you need exposure. You need to expose yourself to a lot of English content. Now, although this nouns are unique, that is now we're going to look at exceptions. This is why multiple, unlike this grammar rule, because with every one rule comes above five or six exceptions. But okay, I guess, like I said, I'm going to break it down as easy as I can to make your graph every data fit. Although this nouns are unique, we can still use an indefinite article a or N with them. And is it possible to use an indefinite article a or N with them? And I'll tell you why. We can use an indefinite article width this unique nouns when we want to talk about a particular instance of this unique naps, want to make mentioning, want to specify a particular instance of this unique nouns. In this case, we can use an indefinite article or n. Let's look at some support and examples and you realize it's a very easy. In the first example we have, I'm going to just give you the two sentences with the definite article and with the indefinite article. So you feel the difference. If first example we have goes like this. The world has gone bananas or the world has gone nuts. Now, for something to go, bananas are the gonads means that the world has gone crazy. That is the meaning. The world has gone crazy. Here we have the world, yeah, as a unique now. But we can also have an indefinite article with this unique now. And the sentence goes like this. I want to create a world in which my children can use a talent without being scared. I want to create a world. I want to create a world in which my children can use your talent without being scared. So again, here we're talking about a particular instance of this unique. Now. In our example, the president of America is stressed. Now. The president of America is stressed. Now, an example with an indefinite article will be the people need a president who cares about them. The people need a president who cares about densely, particularly instance of this unique. Now. That is very easy. I'm sure you've heard there's a lot of times some of you may learn does naturally. You just took it in without ever thinking of the grammar rule behind it. And that is good. This is the rule behind it. Now you know, and it's going to be easy for some of you who to know to use it correctly without guessing. Still on uniqueness, stealing uniqueness. The unique nouns listed recently, the unique nouns were listed are pretty obvious, once, pretty obvious in the sense that they are fixed. We know them. These are the rules of follow this unique nouns. But there are times when the uniqueness of a noun is, or doesn't have to be obvious, is that obviously it doesn't have to be obvious. The context in which the noun is used can make it unique. Context in which it is used can make it unique. Now let's look at the following example to better understand what I've just talked about. The first example we have goes like this. We saved a child in our office last week. We save the child in our office last week. The father was very happy. The father was very happy. Now, in the sentence, it is clear by association that we are referring to the boy's father. The father was happy. It is clear that we'll refer to the boy's father, not the office oldest father or someone else's father, just by association. Okay. If we say the child in our office last week, the father was very happy. Whose father, obviously, the boy's father, who we saved. The boy's father. The boy is Father who we saved. Pretty easy. So by association, it is clear. The noun here is unique. It is not, doesn't have to be as obvious as the previous ones we have mentioned. Let's look at an example. There was a plane crash this morning. The pilots survive but sustained serious injuries. There was a plane crash this morning. The pilot survived. Both sustained serious injuries also by association. After we've introduced the airplane, we know that it could only be one pilot that we are talking about. We know that we'll all be one pilot. We're talking about if I use a pilot, as in pilate survived but sustain serious injuries. It would mean that there were two or more pilots. And but one out of two or more sustained injuries. Minute there were more than one. And now one out of them sustained injuries. And it will also mean that I mean, there were two or more pilot and the plane when it crashed with all the one survived. Pretty easy, isn't it? So again, there was a plane crash this morning. The pilot survived, but sustained might serious injuries. The pilot survived but sustain serious injuries? Again, it's all about contexts. The rule exists. You just have to understand when you use it in a context. Very well. Let's look at another common, yet simple rule. Gets a common one. But simple. This is about a person's profession or job. Yeah, when we talk or when we want to talk about what a presence, profession or job is was, or it will be at his future. We use the indefinite article or n. Depending on the sound is a vowel or coastal and sound, you see how intertwine, how connected everything is. Jump profession, what the job is, what it was or what it will be. We use indefinite article a or, and let's look at some examples. Michael a hint isn't English tutor or as an English teacher. Michael AKS is an English teacher or an English students. And English at the sound, vowel sound. That's why I'm using N here. Michael aliens is an entrepreneur. Michael Aiken is an entrepreneur talking about job or profession now, Michael Atkins is a Film Director. Mike glycans as a film director. In other one, Diana was a journalist. The Yana was a journalist. In that example, William will become an engineer. We then will become an engineer. The last one, Noel will be in musician and a dancer. Noel will be a musician and a dancer. This is how we use the definite article for a person's job or profession. However, we can also use the definite article in sentences. So we can use a definite article again with this jobs or profession. Look at the following examples. Michael is ahead of the company or a Michael is a CEO of MD films. Michael is the head of the company or Michael is a CEO of MD films. Let's look at another example. Jane is a senior analyst at Citibank. Jane is a senior analyst at Citibank. Here we can also use indefinite article. That is, if there are more than one senior analyst in the company or the bank, we can use. B. Jane is a Senior Analyst. M is one out of the menisci senior analysts in the company. If she's often one. Jane is a senior analyst at Citi Bank. One more example. Aisha is the head Dr. Ed loved clinic. Aisha is the head doctor at love clinic. Again, although the rules exist, everything is Alibaba contexts. So now in the first lesson, that was a sentence in which I use while the definite article, the width of pluralize or the plural form of name, I'm talking about a family name, last name, or a certain name. I mentioned that we use the definite article with pluralized surname or family name to refer to a whole family. That is in the first lesson, the pluralized form of a surname, combine it with the definite article is used to talk about the whole family. For example, if your family name or last name is brown, add an a definite article and the prologue and pro lies in the family name as n. The Browns will mean the whole Brown family. The whole Brown family. Let's look at some examples. Let me expand this more so you can understand what I'm talking about. Although I gave a brief explanation in the first lesson, we're talking about a present simple. I think it's still necessary to go over it for better comprehension. Now, the first sentence we have is this. I'm going to give this example in full and then use the definite article would approved last fall of the family name or last name or the surname for you to understand it better. The first one goes like this. Mesa. Jimmy Brown and his family are here. The Jimmy Brown and his family are here. It is log. We could shorten the sentence and it will be the browns are here. The browns are he and him is the whole Brown's family. Example. Michael aqueous and his family are sporty. Michael Atkins and his family are spotty. We can say that alkynes are spawning sport t. The akin to our sporting. It means that the whole five of the memory hole member of the family or the Atkins family are supported people. Instead of saying Michael acres and his family can just hit the anions are supporting. One more example. The Simpsons, The Simpsons are energetic. The Simpsons are energetic. This is why you have favorite shows like the Kardashians or again, the Simpsons, you Pro allows a family name is certainly more the lastName. And before that you add the definite article and that is referred to the whole family. Pretty easy. Now you see the articles can be used in different aspects. Again, practice and exposure will make it easy for you to grasp and to use naturally. Now, particles can be really, really interested and they can be really fun. While we're still on there. How to use articles with names. Let's look at some more rules. Some more rules, not difficult. Just to make your life easy. You can speak more naturally and effortlessly. So I am certain that, you know, some of you know, that we usually don't use articles before names of particular person or place. We don't use articles before names of particular persons are placed. However, there are cases when we use either the definite or indefinite article before names of individual persons, before names of individual persons. Now the first reason why we do that is when there is more than one person bear in the same name, we want to specify which one would mean. We use the definite article. The usually we don't use articles, definite, Indefinite with names of a particular people. But there are cases when we do so on the first one is when there is more than one person burying the same name, that name. And we want to specify which one would mean we use the definite article, the let us look at some support and examples to better understand it. The first example we have is this. The Julia who saved my daughter, is destitute Julian who saved my daughter. So this can mean that there is more than one Julia. But we want to know if this the exact one. Save my daughter or to save your daughter manager. This Is this the one who saved my daughter? That's why we have this. Is this Julia? Pretty easy, isn't it happened? That is very easy to grasp. Or one more example. This is the Michael who was awarded scholarships last year. This is the Michael who was awarded scholarships last year. Again, there are several microbes. For example, here, if someone to microbes and this university, but this is the exact one. This is the exact Michael was awarded a scholarship last year. That's how we have. This is the microbe specific Michael who was awarded a scholarship plus here. So this is an example of when we use a definite article with map's, we can use the indefinite article as well with names. We do this when the person is unknown to us. When a person is known to us, we can use indefinite article. For example. Good morning, Mr. pole. There is a Michael acres downstairs waiting to see you. There is a Michael Atkins downstairs waiting to see you. So if you knew who he was, if you know who he is, you will just say Michael Atkins is downstairs to see you, but because we don't know we don't know where exactly is. He's given us a name. His name. We just tell the person. Okay. There is a person downstairs or there is a Michael downstairs, there is a John downstairs waiting to see you. When the person is unknown to us, we use the indefinite article width, the name of the person. Most commonly people don't use this indefinite article with name. They just say there is a person downstairs to see you. When the more formal case, in the more formal scenario, you can say, you might just want to say there is a, with a name, for example, there is a miracle. There was a John, or there is a Sarah downstairs to see you. Pretty, pretty easy. Now that explains why you've probably heard, I mean, you've heard this in probably different places, movies, shows, or whatnot, and you wonder why is it definitely indefinite article uses the name. Well now you know. Let's look at another example. This example is going to be between a doctor and his secretary. And the doctor stars a composition like this. Hi Maria. Did anyone or has anyone come to see me today? Did anyone or has anyone come to see me today? And Maria, the secretary, replies with an inductor. Yes, sir. There was a Samantha Lewis here today. She claims she's your wife. She claims she is your fourth wife. And the doctor goes, Oh, I see. Thank you. Samantha Lewis. Samantha Louis. So this person is unknown to the secretary. That's why she uses the word or the definite article with a name of the Lewis. Pretty easy. Alright? Another simple rule is when we use superlative form of adjectives, like the best, the greatest, the most intelligent, the most preferable, and etc. We use the definite article width, superlatives, form of adjectives. Let's look at some more examples. My room is the cosy is place after a hard working day. And that's true. My room is a cozy place after a hard working day. So because we have a superlative form here, that is Cassius, we always use the definite article. The, my room is the costliest. Some of the most beautiful women are from Russia. Some of the most beautiful women are from Russia. So the most, the last one, Africa, has the richest continent in the world. Africa is the richest continent in the world. So the richest superlative form of the adjective rich. That's why we use the definite article. The. Before I end this part of this lesson, I want to hear when we've mentioned about using the definite article for syphilis, this is going to blow your mind a little bit oy whole lot depending on where you're coming from and dependent on knowledge you have about superlative, definite article with superlative. Although I've said before, although we use the definite article, which superlative, we can often omit or not use the definite article, especially in informal English, when there is no noun or no defining phrase after the superlative adjective. When there is no noun or defining phrase after the superlative adjective. Now that sounds like some, Like, like magical expression I guess. But I'm going to make it, I'm going to simplify that for you with some examples. So again, when there is no noun or define a phrase after a superlative adjective, we can meet and we can skip the definite article, The, Let's look at the following examples. Kate, Chris, why did you choose my sister over me? This is a dialogue between Kate, increase and Kd as Chris. Why did he choose my sister over me? Increase replies. I chose her because she was most beautiful Last night. I chose her because she was the most or Most Beautiful last night. Now, if you look at the sentence after the adjective to support before the adjective, we don't have a noun or a defining phrase. So she was most beautiful after the word beautiful, there is no nail and after that, this is why we can omit the definite article. This is not very common. It's not very commonly used, but it exists and you might hear once in a while. Now let us look at the most common way in which this is set. In a more common in a more simple form. This would be, I chose her because she was the most beautiful girl that night. She was the most beautiful girl. We have girl now, which is a noun that comes after it. It comes after the adjective, beautiful. In the first part, in the first sentence we have, She was most beautiful last night. There is no now and after the word beautiful. And in the second sentence we have a word, girl, apt, beautiful. That is a noun in which the beautiful modifiers. So in this case we use the most beautiful girl, the first one because there is no now or I define a phrase, we can skip the definite article. That is why I chose her because she was most beautiful last night is possible, but in formal, more commonly, you would have I chose her because she was the most beautiful girl that night. This information is a million dollar one, but I gave it out for cheap. Joke itself. You don't have to use it is something that you just happen to have any memory somewhere you're passive memory. Whenever you hear a person using in such manner, you understand why the person is using all use it in such manner. Sometimes you don't have to use. It's just good to know. No, knowledge gain is never wasted. It's going to be useful one town or another. As this topic is pretty extensive. I have broken this lesson into two part about articles. We are going to part here for now. It'll continue to journey in the next part that is part two. I hope you've gained a lot from this first part. I hope to see you in the next part. 25. Lesson12 part2(Articles Simple and advanced Knowledge): Yeah, I hope this is recording. I hope I'm in focus if I'm not. And you guys will just have to watch this lesson went out. Sima face properly. So welcome to the second power. Welcome to the second part of this lesson on the articles. We are going to continue from where we left off. We're going to kick off with some instances of when we don't use articles at all in English. Yeah. I think a lot of you wish eliminate articles completely because of the complexity it brings you because of how complex it is. But, you know, articles can be complex at the beginning. But once you get a hang of fit, then you realize how interested in days and how it feels a language without it in English language is just gonna be empty. So we're going to kick off with some instances of when we don't use articles at all. And the first one we're gonna look at is with plural and uncountable nouns. Plural and uncountable nouns. We're not going to waste time. We've talked about it and we've talked a lot about this. The first spot, adolescence. So we're just going to dive right in. We don't use articles with plural and uncountable nouns when we speak generally without a specific thin or people or person in mind. Did you get that? So we don't use any article. Yeah, 0 article with plural and uncountable. Now, when we speak generally without a specific fin or people in mind. So we've just been general. Just being general, not specific at all. Yeah. Now it's a better understand this. Let's look at some examples. This is gonna make it easier to grasp its usual. Let's look at some very good examples to back that up. Now the first example we have goes like this. America is looking to ban TV shows. America is looking to ban TV shows. So here we're not referring to as specific TV show. We're talking about TV shows in general. And that means plural. Yeah, TV shows. So we're talking about TV shows in general, not a specific one. That is why we're using 0 article mean. We don't have any article here. Pretty easy, isn't it? We can actually end this lesson here. We're not. Let's look at some more examples. And that example is this. Water is the most important soft science and Earth. Water is the most important saucers. An asset I correctly, Let's try it again, please. Let me say one more time. Yeah, water is most important substance on Earth. Water is uncountable. That as well we're using a 0 or 0 article here. We don't use any article at all. So when we're example, no, yeah, no, B2 more necessarily an example. Jesse adores girls a lot. Jesse adores girls a lot. Here we're not talking about a specific girls were talking about girls in general. Why? It's brutalized. We can count girls. Yeah, 1234561020 girls. That's all pluralize them here and we're talking about girls in general and Jesse adores girls a lot. Alright, one last example, and I promised the last one. For this definition, money, it brings a lot of satisfaction and tons of problems. That's true. Yeah. Do you agree with that? Well, I think it does. Yeah. Monday brings a lot of satisfaction and tons of problems. One is uncountable. We're talking about. I mean, that's why we use it. That's why we don't add any article here. It has just general not specific at all. Pretty easy, isn't it? I'm pretty sure you've heard this in a couple of times. Maybe your favorite TV show with you first want to use it before. You might have questioned why the sentence is used. We are article, well, there you have it. That's basically I'm in the examples to backup this definition. Now, if we add a definite article, the nouns, it's assumed that the listener, the person you're talking to, your reader, understands what or who you're referring to. Talking about. The definite article makes the noun indefinitely. That's what it means, doesn't it? Yeah. So when we add it, if we add it to this, it's assumed that the listener or reader or the person you're talking to knows, understand what or who you're referring, are talking about. Are we referring to or talking about? Again? Again as usual, let's look at some examples to back that up. The same example as the same sets of examples. We looked at it without the article. We are going to look at them now with the definite article and that you feel the difference. The first one again, America is look into ban the TV shows. America is looking to bend the TV shows. Now, this assumes that we're talking about some TV shows that it is known to the listener. Yeah, it is known to the listener or that will head mentioned before. Problem, we've mentioned them before. And it's assumed that the listener knows that TV shows you're talking about. If you come to a person than just, you know, just Make a sentence, Americans look into band the TV shows. He has a first statement you make to a person and you make it, you made it personal. You say America is looking to ban the TV shows. You might confuse the person because he or she might start thinking, what TV shows are you talking about with nav and talked to me and I hadn't we hadn't talked about this before. You didn't mention this to member for so what are you talking about? That can be really confusing. This is the problem would use an auditor is incorrectly. Now, for you to use the definite article, you must have told the person that now before you must, you must have mentioned that now to the person before, before using that now with a definite article. That is why he Americans looking at the band that TV shows. If you tell this to a person, it's assumed that the person knows that TV show you're talking about. I hope that is clear. Now let's look at an example. Yeah, The same The same first set of examples. Jesse adores the girls. Jesse adores the girls. Now here we have the girls. What does that mean? We're looking at some girls known to the listener, the person you're talking to or that had been mentioned earlier to the listener? Yeah. Jesse adores their girls, means that the person knows the girls you're talking about. The person knows the girls were talking about the last let the money that brings a lot of satisfaction and tons of problems. The money brings a lot of satisfaction in terms of problem. The money, some specific money that you've mentioned before, some main and something you've said that you've told this person something about his money you're talking about now, it is clear to the listener, It's not some asterisk awesome General money. Yeah. It makes a lot of sense. I hope it does. Yeah, I hope it does. Now. To make this even easier to grasp. Yeah. To make it easier to grasp. I have made this I've put this in the table side-by-side for better comparison, the soundscape was easier to understand this when they put it in a table and then they can look at them side-by-side. If you look at the table now, there's, we have two columns. One is 40 article and the other is for the definite article. The same set of sentences just for you to look at himself as size or for comparison purpose. And to better see the difference planning, I guess it just works well for some people and I decided to put it there. But if you understand and you can just keep passed. So if you look at the table, we have America is looking to Ben TV shows, general 0 article. America is looking to bandana TV shows with a definite article, specific TV shows, Jesse adores girls a lot. Girls in general, or Jesse at the adores the girls. Some specific girls we've mentioned before are known to the listener. Money it brings a lot of satisfaction in terms of problems, generally money and general. Yeah. And by the way, that's true. If you disagree with me, Put your reasons in the coming session, I want to know why the money brings a lot of satisfactions and tons of problems. Some specific money yeah. Or money we're expecting that we've talked about before. Now with this table, I think you can confidently say that you understand this part of articles. Yeah, I hope so. Now, let's move further. Yell us look less. Let's go on another reason. Yeah. Now let's look at another reason. We don't, and you actually should not use our articles in English. Another reason you should not use articles in English, and this is where we want to talk about some towns of the day and night. Yeah. I want to talk about that sometimes with the day and night now, BY times of the day and night, I mean midnight, midday, noon, dawn, dusk. Sunrise. A sunset mean to mention about a few, a thin, That's basically all about it. It doesn't matter. But this set of four sets of times with the days and night. This one, she's sick naturally because it's very often, it's used very often. Now, the best way to understand is look at some examples, and I have some examples of back that up here. Now the first example we have is Jason. Usually it turns to a wolf at midnight. Jason usually turns to a wolf at midnight, not at a midnight or at the midnight, but at midnight. Claire, isn't it? Yeah. Number two, midday is the best time for me to study as I am from Mars. Logically, the sentence doesn't make sense. And then maybe it does if you're a full Mars, but I don't think there are humans on earth who are from Mars here. So just for example, purpose, midday is a bedtime best time for me to study. As I am from Mars. Meet they meet they or admit date. Not at midday or the midday. Number three. Number three, we waited for Dance. Know how Samson makes his money. We waited for dance and know-how Simpson makes his money. Now, don't not the dome or a done but done. 0 article, get. Okay. Now, the last one, why did you break up with him at noon? Why did you break up with him at noon? What the heck is going on? Yeah. No. This is just for comprehension purpose. Yeah. It doesn't make sense. By the way, I think yeah. He should have at least waited till midnight before breaking up with him. Who breaks up with a person at noon? You need to shut up. Yeah. Okay. I'm sorry. I'm going to give some more logical sentences later. I think it's understandable anyway, so why did you break up with him at noon? Not unknown or the noon, but at noon, the specific no article added at all 0 article. Pretty easy, isn't it? Now, the next one now may disappoint you, but another one still under this day and night. Another rule on this is that we can use the definite article. We can use the definite article, the width, morning, afternoon, and evening for a day, which is known clear, already specified to whoever we are talking to. Most probably disappointed that like, you know what, screw articles, I am done with it. I'm just gonna speak without articles. Don't do that. You could get arrested. Just joking, no one's going to arrest you. So we can use the definite article with morning, afternoon, and evening for a day, which is known clear, already specified to whoever we are talking to. Let's look at some examples. Let's look at some beautiful examples to better understand that. I said that so fast, that was way too fast. I'm gonna say it again. Let us look at some beautiful examples to better understand that. You happy. Yes. Okay. The first example we have is the evening will be fabulous. If the morning is warm and dry. The evening will be fabulous if the morning is warm and dry. Now, the best way to think about it as if we add specific thin at, attach something to this evening. Let's say that the England of the wedding, the evening of the wedding will be fabulous if the morning is warm and dry now we know what kind of evening we're talking about the evening of the wet and not any kind of evening, but a specific evening. This is what I meant that we can use the with this times of the day for a day, which is Claire known already specified to wherever we're talking. Evening off the wedding. Not just an evening will be fabulous if the morning, morning, the morning of the wedding is warm and dry. So of course, we could add this extra minute of the wedding of the wet into every part of this, every part of this. But then it's not necessary because the person that you're talking to knows about it mean for you to use as a person you're talking to has to know about it or it has to be clear to this person. So the even though the wedding will be warm or Wilbur fabulous. Sorry, If the morning of the wedding is in dry since the person we're talking to, let me we assume the person we're talking to knows about this mid nose event attach at this time of the day, we could just skip it and just say the evening will be fabless. If the morning is warm and dry. Easy peasy, lemon squeezy. Yeah, we can go now. We all can go home. I think that got it. No, we're not going in a way. Now we got three more examples. Let's look at some more examples. Seem book was punched by his wife on the morning of July fourth, 2012. Symbol was pumped by his wife on the morning of July fourth, 2012. Now, not just any morning actually that it was actually what happened was it was a very I think that there was a very strained day. Yeah, it was a very strained day. I don't know. I really don't know what happened. Yeah. We were in our own apartment and it was about I think was about eight o'clock for a 30 in the morning. We heard loud sound when we came into their own apartment. As soon as department will realize that he had been points already, we could've really figured out what happened. We tried to ask similar but he had a swollen mouth and couldn't talk and he had lost about, I think four teeth from the mistaken because he's wherever they pointed him so hard. We still it's been a how many years now we're still trying to figure out what happened. Yeah, Let's do trying to figure out what happens. So Sima was poisoned by his wife on the morning of July fourth, 2012. So the morning of July 122012, not just anyone, but the morning of a specific day and year. Specific day and year. That is pretty close. Okay. Another example. The afternoon was filled with fun, but in the evening, Damian was already wasted. The afternoon was filled with fun. But in the evening, Damian was already wasted and that something Damian. If you don't know, sounds like it was for Damien and that song was released for Damian? Yes. So here, the afternoon of a specific event? Yeah. Maybe it was a burden to even the afternoon of his birthday, the afternoon of his, of his Jubilee for the afternoon off some certain event that is clear to the listener. The afternoon was filled with fun, but in the evening, Damon was already wasted. Now the way we're detected, wasted, Yeah, Thank you. Someone who is wasted does very drunk or has taken a lot of drugs. Great. Yeah. Thank you very much. Now, in the next example is the morning went well because Mrs. blue pens wasn't good mood. The morning went well because Mrs. blueprint was in good mood. Here we're talking about a specific morning that is known to the listener. What did the person you're talking to? The morning I came to your house went well because Mrs. blue pens was in a good mood. The morning I bought my car was was went well. He had the moon. I bought my car went well because Mrs. Lu parents wasn't good mood. The morning the President announced that he was stepping down, went well because Mrs. blueprint was in good moods so we can attach different events. So this morning just to make it specific, to make it precise, to make it concrete. Not just an abstract morning but as specific morning. Now, we can also use indefinite article, but the sense will be different. We can also use indefinite article, but the sense with a different, the message will be different. Now let's look at some examples. We had a fabulous afternoon at your grandpa's place. We had a fabulous, fabulous afternoon at your grandmother's place. Now, compare, this assumes that, you know, there are so many afternoons and I'm singling out one afternoon out of so many afternoons. And which one is it? This afternoon was fabulous. I've had a crazy afternoon before. I've had a weird afternoon. I've had a stressful afternoon before. I've had superb yeah, amazing afternoon before, but I had a fabulous afternoon at your grandpa split. So one afternoons when afternoon out of many afternoons I've experienced in my life. That is why I'm using an indefinite article here. One out of many, one out of many. That example. This is going to be a dialogue between the micro and Jessica. And microsoft's that conversation like this. Hey Jessica, you look like you've seen all you look like you've just seen a ghost. You look like you've just seen a ghost. What's going up? Jessica replies, I've just had a rough morning. My husband and I had to fight over food and now he wants to divorce. Seriously. Who gave me his examples? Is it bad? Yeah, the sound that sound weird. I mean, who divorce as someone who owes someone over food, come on. Jolly doesn't share. Anyway. So I'm just gonna read that one more time. I have just had a very rough morning. My husband and I had a fight over food and now he wants a divorce. That's Jessica. It a rough morning. A very rough morning. Jessica has had or she had several mornings in a live different kind of mornings. Good one, peaceful, one stressful, one attire for men, terrorism one. You think about it? I'm sure probably that's assumed Jessica is 36 years old. And it means that she's seeing how many mourners in her life. But she is talking about this specific one morning out of the minimum and she's had in her life and it's a rough morning, a rough morning. Now the general explanation for this as one out of many, Think about it this way. I went to a restaurant downtown New York. I went to a restaurant downtown New York. Now at restaurant, there's so many restaurants downtown New York where I went to one out of many of them. So the rule here is one out of many. Well, if this is going too fast as usual, please take a term, Rwanda it. Listen to it again. This will let us start sink. And then when you continue with whatever I would say practice you use I'm talking about listening or watching practice. Nana, You know the information that I've heard this. Once you begin, once you start watching, you continue to watch and whatever you watch or listen to, and you start listening, you start hearing how to use it, it begins to sink in better. This is why I recommend you supplement this with some Farmer for listening and watching. It's very, very important. You cannot do without that yet. Now, let's continue. There is an aspect of using articles that I've noticed confuses learners of English language whole lot. Yeah, It confuses them in lenses a lot. And this is still an when we refer to days of the week, months, specific times of the year, and names of holidays. Yeah. It's still on the same topic. Ideally as I've mentioned before. We mostly use no articles. Yeah. What days of the week, months, and specific times of the year. And also means of holidays? Yeah. Again, we've seen that some exceptions. I also want, I just want to help you understand this better. I mean, this rule I'm going to talk about now because there is no specific definition for it. I just feel like it is best understood with some examples. With some examples. Now, let's look at some beautiful examples to better understand what I'm trying to explain to you guys here. I'm going to read out a sentence and then I'll give the explanation to what? To the kind of the rule that surrounds it out. Say, yeah, let's look at the Franklin first example. Yana has an appointment with her gynecologist on Thursday. Yana has an appointment with organic colleges. It's day. Now. The day here Thursday assumes, no, not just assumes it means the next Thursday. Piano has an appointment with going to college and Thursday he had the Thursday we're talking about as the next immediate Thursday that is to come. Now, let's imagine we're making a sentence on the Monday. Yeah, I'm just gonna use a calendar notes explained this. You can grasp it better. Let's assume that we're making a sentence in the Monday. She has an appointment with a gynecology and Thursday is talking about this immediate thirsty the next one. Not this one, not this one and not what we're talking about, the immediate one here. Is it clear? We don't have of course, we can not mean you can. She has an appointment with organic college and Thursday which is the 21st of whatever whatever whatever that is possible. But just mentioned in the day of the week, that is Occam, it means immediate one, nuts, and the next two Thursdays and next three Thursdays, if you wanted to talk about three Thursdays from that day, let me from the next one, the immediate one that you specify that but just saying that she has an appointment with her gynecologist and Thursday means the immediate one that is to come. The one here, not this one here. Pretty easy, isn't it? I've heard a lot of people get confused when it is used in such manner. Now, another example. Another example is Alex was here on Tuesday. Alex was here on Tuesday. Now also, what talking about this Tuesday? Previous one. Not to choose this before or three twos is before, but the previous Tuesday that passed a minute, there's an iPad the Tuesday that past this one. Not this one, not this one. This one. This Tuesday. The same thing can be applied to days among months of the year. Sam passed away in March. So imagine you're making the sentences September. They were talking about this march here In the same year. By the way, I think that's easy to understand. We're talking about March of the same year. But again, if you want to specify another year, for example, not the March of that same year that you specify with a different year. For example, Sam passed away in March 2015, for example? Yeah, 2015, but without a specific year to it. It means the previous March March of the same year. I know that's a lot of information to take in, but you should be happy that you know now, now you can, I think now you feel like an ego or you can fly. The knowledge of articles makes you fly. Just like Red Bull. The cases went we use when we can use articles, especially with days of the week, will produce a different minute. Yeah, it's gonna produce a different method. Let's look at some examples to better understand what I'm trying to talk about. Now. The same set of examples of just looked at, I'm gonna do that again. I'm gonna read them out again with definite articles. Now, you feel the different minutes to produce. The first one, Yana has an appointment with her gynecologist on the Saturday. Yana has an appointment with her gynecologist on a Saturday. Now, here, we're not talking about the next Saturday. We're talking about a day of the week just referring to a day of the week. Not specific. Saturday, but just a day of the week. Now here we can be talking about any Saturday here we just talked about once had a bay out of the many Saturdays that exist in the week in the year and the month. So Yana has an appointment with her gynecologist on a Saturday, not a Tuesday or Wednesday, but a Saturday. So every time you think about it, say Oh, Tiana is none the office. Oh, Today's Saturday probably she is at her gynecologist face because I was told that she has an appointment with OCI has appointment she has an appointment with her gynecologist on the Saturday. Here we are only referring to or we're only interested in the day of the week, not a specific Saturday and not the next saturday. Boom, Easy peasy, lemon squeezy. All right, In an example, Alex was here on the Tuesday and his sister got married. Alex was here on the Tuesday of his sister got married. So here we're using the definite article though, width the day of the week, Tuesday. Now this makes his specific not any audit Tuesday, but the specific Tuesday his sister got married. Yeah. Specific the specific Tuesday his sister got married. That is what we're talking about here. Not the next one, but the specific specific to this. That is the day that Tuesday, his system. Got married. Boom, again. He's a peasy lemon squeezy. The last one. This one is pretty interesting. I'll tell you what. Gene died on a Friday, but I spoke to him on the Wednesday. He defeated his opponent. Jim died on a Friday, but I spoke to him the Wednesday he'd defeated his opponent. Now we have two days of the week here. We have Friday and Wednesday. And I, what I did here, what I'm trying to do here is to combine the definite and indefinite articles so you feel the difference. And if we look at the first spot, Jim died on a Friday. Again, we're interested in on the day of the week. We don't know which Friday exactly, but we know that the day of the week he passed away was a Friday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Saturday butter Friday. And the next one or two sentence, I spoke to him the Wednesday, he defeated his opponent. Now here, nut and Wednesday, but the one in which he defeated the opponent, his opponent. So two days of the week that Friday and Wednesday, one specific one is not specific. It's just worn out of the many Fridays that exist in a year. And it's just the day of the week that we interested in the Wednesday, there is a specific one, the one in which he defeated his opponent. You guys happy. I hope you are now not the West for the town. Let's carry on. Yeah, I hope this plot is very easy. I hope you've been able to digest and to grasp the information about days of the week and the articles 0, definite, Indefinite. Now, there's an aspect I forgot to mention in the first part of the lesson would articles, yeah. And it is considering using articles with names. Remember we talked about poor lies in the certain name using a definite article and element of family, the whole family, the family as a whole, but as an aspect of forgot to mention consent of using the articles with name. And this is very useful by the way, I feel that I feel you should know it if you've taken this course is something that you should, you should know. So again, this one, the easiest way to explain it is to just look at some examples right away. And from there you get the feeling. I'll give you two examples right away and explain why it is the way it is. I'm just going to explain why it is the way it is. Yeah. The first example we have is this. Malik sings very well Malik's CIGS variable, but he is far from being the Michael Jackson. He's sings very well, but he is far from being Michael Jackson. That is indefinite article with the name or specific someone's name. Before we looked at using indefinite article with names. Now this is indefinite article with name. And that example before I explain that example, Although Pfizer dances like a star, I doubt you will ever be Shakira. Yeah. Although Pfizer dances like a star, I doubt you'll ever be Shakira here. Shakira, then you're thinking like Michael, come on. Now we use indefinite articles with names. Yes, we can. And the rule here is that we can use indefinite article AON with names when we're talking about the particular excellent quality of the person, we're referring to. The particular excellent quality of the person we're referring to. Here. We know men market Jackson was a very good dancer. He was a very good dancer. Now you're thinking, Okay, they could be multiple micro Jackson's, but not in person, but multiple good dancers. That's why we have the indefinite article here. So you're a good dancer, he's a good dancer if a dance as well as macro jackson, We are taken that quality and just referring to that particular quality of that person. That is why we have my legs sings very well, but he's far from being up. Michael Jackson. Yeah. Fisa dances like a star, but we doubt or I doubt you will ever be as good as Dao Shu ever be Shakira. I doubt you ever be a Shakira. We can also say, for example, all he plays ball very well, but I doubt who ever be LeBron or he would ever be a shackled Neil. He cannot be as good as they are or he can not have that excellent quality like they have. We're referring to the quality, but not the person specifically. Mean you have you can only be, each person can be unique. We have one Michael, we have one you watching this course now, they cannot be multiple users. Maybe in the future, you can start cloning pupil. That is something that is a far-fetched idea, but it's not impossible. But, but when we use the indefinite article with names, I mean, of people, we are referring to the particular excellent quality of that person. That is basically what it means. So one, Let's look at an example. Let's say John, john is, John has a good swimmer, but he is far from being in Michael Phelps. He's very far from being in Microsoft's. It's just like saying he's very far from being as good as Microsoft's. He is so far from being off from having the same quality as Michael Phelps has. That is The if I paraphrase that AT is what it means, it is what it means. So we can use the indefinite article with names. It means that we're friends with particular excellent quality of that person. Pretty easy, isn't it? Yeah, I know it itself. I can bet I can bet to some of you have heard this before. He never really understood why but then now, but now, you know, now you know, like I said, the knowledge of knowledge of articles can give you wings. I feel like I feel like a lot of people have this song playing in your mind. This yeah, you believe he can fly, you believe you can touch the sky through it, become good at using the articles. You will have to pay attention to how native speakers use them. Yeah, very important. At the onset, at the beginning, it might be very difficult, even very frustrating to understand, to grasp. But with some very good persistence. Persistence if you're consistent and you really put in that effort, you're definitely going to get a hang of it. It's not impossible to learn. It just requires consistency. And patients and aldose recommend that you set them in his lesson with some listening and some Washington is very important and written. Any course without practice is useless. This course is just to guide you through to give it a necessary information to make the learning process easy. Let's say 90% easy. That is what this course is going to do here. And the remaining 10% depends on you. So practice, practice, and practice. I hope this part of this lesson has been very informative. See you in the next lesson.