Hi, are you still confused about which programming language to choose for making Android apps and games?

In short, as a pro, it's completely up to you to choose which better suits your needs depending upon your specific requirement of the project. But as a beginner, you can choose Java for obvious reasons.

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Whether for fun or profit, developing Android apps and games can be rewarding, both personally and professionally. You can make your apps for fun, to show off your friends and family or you may be serious about starting your career as a game developer. A game that you build yourself and publish on Play Store can be a great learning experience and can enrich your life either personally or professionally. Either way, you need to have a solid knowledge of app development fundamentals and the skills required to make your Android app or game a reality. But why Android? Because you probably found that Android has a larger amount of users available worldwide. Most smartphones, tablets, phablets, and other devices today use Google Play Store as well as the Amazon Store which is Android based. Exposure is super important for any app to get more downloads by users. Putting it in the Android mainstream market is one way to do that.

But you may be still confused about what programming languages do you need to learn? When it comes to choosing a language, the first and the most preferred option for an Android app is Java, the official language of Android Development and the default language as well. It is the one that most apps on the Google Play Store are built with. Large parts of Android are already written in Java and its APIs are designed to be called primarily from Java. Kotlin is relatively recent and another official language (in addition to C++, primarily used to build APIs or libraries and it's usage is limited in nature) for Android. A lot of games’ engines are made directly with C/C++. To let developers make an optimized part of codes in C/C++, Google offers the Android Native Development Kit or NDK which allows developers to write code in C/C++ that compiles to native code. You can also use Java Native Interface or JNI with NDK. What is JNI? JNI is the Java Native Interface. It defines a way for the bytecode that Android compiles from managed code written in Java or Kotlin to interact with native code written in C/C++. But, it may be cumbersome at times. You can find more information on JNI here and here. The primary difficulty is that JNI is limited on Android and it's relatively slow, and there may be some hard limits imposed at the kernel level. Now, as another alternative, you can also use Flutter - dart language. Flutter is an open-source mobile application development framework created by Google and is used to develop applications for Android and iOS. The companies who are looking for cross-platform solutions can use Flutter. It's also a good thing to know. But, as I said earlier, if you’re new to mobile app development, I’d recommend you to try native app development before jumping onto Flutter because, for a novice, it has a sharper learning curve. In the same way, I recommend making simple games on native android View or SurfaceView class first before jumping into Unity, Unreal, etc. Java has been around longer, so you can find more sample code and tutorials online. And the best thing is Kotlin is similar to Java and sits alongside Java. You can find more on the official site here.

I think language doesn't matter most. The important thing to learn is the development patterns or programming paradigm in a greater sense. Take Object Oriented programming for example. It's really important to understand this because both Java and Kotlin are OOP languages. It's super important that the beginner understands this object oriented programming paradigm first, why we use object-orientation, what is Object, what is a Class, the concept of Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism and many more to be able to write clean code. If you're curious about learning the OOP paradigm i.e the Object Oriented Programming Fundamentals, Android Games Development with android native View or SurfaceView class, SQLite programming in Android, jQuery for web development, or programming in general, you are welcome to check out or subscribe to my YouTube channel here.

This is the same reason I always say, you should learn to make an android game using Android native View or SurfaceView class before you jump into any framework like Unity, Unreal Engine or Buildbox for example. But, I am not against using it.

Now, learning new development patterns in Java can be accomplished much more quickly than learning a new language. Java has been around for so many years, we can find more solutions and tutorials online, for example, on StackOverflow, Quora, and Wikipedia, which we all use every day. Right? The great thing about Kotlin is its similarity in syntax and interoperability with java meaning we can write code in Kotlin within Java code and vice versa. Anyone can find that on the official site.

According to the official site, "Android Studio 3.0 and later supports all Java 7 language features and a subset of Java 8 language features that vary by platform version. Android Studio does not support all Java 8 language features, but more are being added in future releases of the IDE. " More on this link.

Now, if you want to use lambdas, one of the major features of Java 8 in Android, you can use gradle-retrolamba. It's a gradle build dependency that integrates retrolambda, a tool that converts Java 8 bytecode back to Java 6/7. If you set the compiler in Android Studio to compile Java 8 bytecode, thus allowing lambdas, it'll convert it back to Java 6/7 bytecode which then, in turn, gets converted to dalvik bytecode. It's a hack for if you want to try out some JDK 8 features in Android instead of official support. Maybe this StackOverflow link will give more insight into that.

And Java 9, 10, 11, 12 doesn't add any significant value as Java 8 did, one being lambdas, which Android can handle now. Also, note that there are lots of experimentation going on for 11,12 and should not be used.

Kotlin has it all like an amazing set of standard libraries, extension function, supports functional programming all are good. But so has Java. For Java, the compiler is not backward compatible, but the JVM is, as it can run older bytecodes. Both have an amazing set of libraries. According to Wikipedia, not all languages implement extension methods in an equally safe manner. For instance, languages such as C#, Java, and Kotlin don't alter the extended class in any way, doing so may otherwise break class hierarchies and interfere with virtual method dispatching. This is why these languages strictly implement extension methods statically and use static dispatching to invoke them. Eric Lippert, a principal developer on the C# compiler team, says "Extension methods certainly are not object-oriented. According to a Quora post, Java supports "Functional Style Programming" with Lambdas not "Functional Programming". Functional programming is a wholly different paradigm and traditional OOP based programming languages lack functional features in one way or another. Features like these probably don't make it more efficient than the other, though it can improve the productivity of developers during coding and debugging to some extent and both Java and Kotlin support that. In the case of Kotlin, reducing Boilerplate code (or less code) is only good once the programmer understands why he used it in the first place. Java uses that for a reason and there is meaning in it, not just code.

Finally, I can conclude with, as a professional, it's completely up to you to choose which better suits your needs depending upon your specific requirements or features of the app. But as a beginner, I think it's better to use Java for a few more years to come, understand the OOP paradigm deeply while having an eye on Kotlin. Again, I am not against Kotlin, I would love to see Kotlin grow to be able to use it soon.

If you're curious about Android apps and games development, check out or subscribe to my YouTube channel here.

I promise it will be fun and I am personally here to help!

Have a great weekend!

Sandip

Sandip Bhattacharya

Software Development Teacher, Developer

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