Writing Formulas in Excel - 100+ Excel Formulas & Tricks from beginner to advanced

1. Synopsis: Hello and welcome to this course about Excel formulas. For those who do not know me. My name is Rami, and I combine expertise in business strategy and analytics. I hold an MBA from Harvard Business School, as well as years of experience in a top consulting company called McKinsey. And as a vice president in a multi-national bank, leading their analytics and strategy practices throughout my career. I've seen times n times again, people struggling with Excel to complete basic tasks. And you know why? Because Excel is not taught in universities and high school. On top of this, you have two trends in the industry. Number one, companies are more and more relying on data to take decisions which will put more pressure on you. And two, with half-a-million companies in the US alone using Excel as their basis. Excel is and will remain a prominent tool for analysis, despite other tools like Python, because Excel is flexible and easy to use. This is why I decided to create this course for all levels from beginner to advanced Excel users, you will be able to benefit from it. This course contains 100 plus formulas with a mix of theory and real-life examples. Unlike other courses, the goal for you is not to memorize formulas, but to understand how it works. So when you see a new formula, you can dissect it and then use it correctly for your business analysis. We will start with the basics with formula syntax, common errors, and formula auditing tools. We will also look at if statements, statistical function, lookups, date, and text functions. Also, I will show you how to use formulas with conditional formatting. And finally, for more advanced users, we will look at dynamic array formulas and how to take advantage of the new revolutionized calculation engine. So it's time to work smarter, not harder. 2. S1 L1: Housekeeping & Expectations (material in Project section AllToDo, AllCompleted): Welcome to this Excel course about formulas. My objective for you is that no matter your initial level, even if you are a complete beginner, by the end of this course, you can take any formula, dissected, understand it, use it correctly, and even build complicated formulas if needs be. Also, I would like you to be able to build interactive dynamic dashboards to visualize your results. In this intro, I just wanted to set a few expectations, talk about housekeeping items, and show you the course curriculum quickly. Let's start. First of all, all the demos that you're going to see here will be for Windows PC. If you have a Mac, you might struggle to follow in some of the lessons. Now also I provided the mac shortcuts. Sometimes the things in Mac might not work the same as SPC. Also, depending on your Excel version, the layout might be slightly different. But don't worry, you will be able to find most of the options. Now, obviously, some of the formulas might come with newer versions of Excel. If you don't have them, it's okay. You can just follow here. If you want. You can just upgrade your Excel version number two. Although there are more than 500 formulas in Excel, we will only focus on the top hundred plus formulas because those are the ones that are the most used. E.g. I. Don't want to spend the time teaching you how to use the cosine formula, because very few of you will be able to use it. What I want to teach you is how to understand formula without memorizing them. If you see a new formula, you'll be able to see how it works. And remember practice makes perfect. So always try to replicate the same exercises I'm doing until you get it right. Number three, we're going to base this course on real-life examples. So unlike other courses, I don't want to show you a formula to tell you this is how it works and that's it. I want to show you how to use the formula in the business context. Number four, if you are in trouble, there is something you are stuck on. We are here to help you. So there is the Q&A part in this course, you can ask your question and we will do our best to answer it. Finally, if you can read this course whenever you are ready, because my goal of creating this course is to disseminate the information I acquired over the years. So you can use it. And obviously, if you rate it and you leave some comments, it will help me improve this course. Now let's go briefly to the course outline. So before I go into this, I just want to tell you that the material is available for download. You will find it either in this section. All you will find the material for each section at the beginning of the respective section, and you will see three files for every section. 15 will be underscore to do, which is the file before I started doing the exercises. The second file will be underscore completed, which is after doing the exercises. And you'll have the PowerPoint slides. So let's deep dive into the content of this course quickly. We'll start with the intro, which is where we are right now. The only thing I want to tell you is that you will see a video which will explain to you how to navigate the course. So if you are an advanced user, you will be able to select the lessons that are more adapted to you. If you are a beginner, I advise you to go step-by-step so you can build your knowledge. Then we will go to Formulas one-on-one. Those are the basics to be able to use formulas, to understand the syntax of formulas and so on. If you add an advanced user, you might skip most of the lessons here. If you are a beginner, this is very crucial because it will improve your productivity in the long run. Part three is about if statements and logical operators. We will see how to use them, how to combine them like nested F and so on. But four is about statistical functions. So you will see things like percentile, rank, et cetera. And some of the most use formulas, like some if S average if x, count F and so on. Part five is one of the toughest. It's about lookups. So obviously you will have VLookup, HLookup, index and match and so on. But you'll also see advanced concepts like offset and choose. But six is about texts. So all the formulas related to text, part seven, date and time. You will see all the formulas related to date and time and some pro tricks like e.g. how to define your own weekends in some formulas. Then you will see formatting, which is one of my favorite parts. You will see how to apply formulas in formatting. Now just formatting cells normally in Excel. That will be very useful when you are doing some fun and cool visual dashboards. And finally, you will have dynamic array formulas. Excel has revolutionized its calculation engine. And you will have new formulas that will help you simplify your day to day work. I hope you are excited to start this course. I'll see you in the next lesson. 3. S1 L2: Star Concept: So how many times have you taken a course online? And three 4 min into a lesson, you'll find out that you already know the concept. So since this course is for all Excel users, I have defined the star or the asterix concepts. In front of every lesson, you will see in parenthesis the number of stars. One star means that it's more for beginners. Five-stars means that it's more for advanced users. Obviously, my definition of Excel level might be different than yours, but at least it's a starting point. So if you are intermediate or advanced, you can pick and choose your lessons. If you are a beginner, I advise you to go through adolescence one-by-one. 4. S2 L1: Intro (material in Project section AllToDo, AllCompleted): Welcome to the formulas one-on-one part of this course. So I hope that you are excited to start your learning journey. This section is mostly geared towards beginners. But if you add an advanced user, there are some tips and tricks that you can benefit from. So look for the lessons with 34.5 asterix. Now, in this part of the course, we're going to learn the basics about formula. And this is very important because once you know this, you'll be able to learn formulas way faster and it will improve your productivity. So we will start with the syntax of a formula. So what are the elements of a formula so you can recognize them fast. Then we will look at cell referencing. So how to use the dollar sign? So when you drag a formula, you don't have any problem. But three is about errors. So the common types of errors and how to fix them. But four is about calculation or the, this is important to understand what gets calculated first, especially if you have a big formula and you want to troubleshoot it. Number five is to identify sets containing formulas. If you get the workbook from a colleague, you'll be able to spot those formulas fast and understand them. Then we will look at shortcuts. Obviously this will be huge for productivity. Number seven will be basic formulas. So sum, average, count F and so on. And we will also look at percentages, so you can apply those formulas directly at work the next day. Number eight is data validation. So here you want to create drop-down menus and you want to put restrictions on sets so you can get correct inputs from the users. And finally, we will learn how to transpose data, because a lot of time you get data that is not in a good shape. And you'll want to turn it in a tabular format so you can do your analysis. So I hope that you are excited to start. Let's go. 5. S2 L2: Formula Syntax (**): It is very important as a beginner to be able to understand the structure of formulas. Because this way, if you see a new formula, you'll be able to dissect it and understand it easily. Now when I think about formulas, I think about cooking. How so? Let's look at an example together. So here I have a sum, a formula. We don't care what some f does. We're going to see throughout this course, what I care about is the structure. So first of all, we start with the function name. And this function name could be in capital letter or small letter. It is not case-sensitive, doesn't matter. Your function name is actually your recipe, e.g. it could be penny Arab IATA. Now not one thing. If you are doing mass using arithmetics, you might not need a function name, e.g. if you're doing one plus 21 times two, and so on. Now a recipe needs ingredients. If you can see in blue, those are the required ingredients, are required parameter. You have to specify them. Otherwise the formula will not work. And some formulas, they do not need any ingredients. So you just open parenthesis, close parenthesis, and you are done. E.g. you have the null function and the today function. Again, we're going to see them in this course. In orange, you have optional ingredients are optional parameters. You can see them. They are between those rectangular brackets. And if you need them, you specify them. If you don't need them, you omit them. It could be e.g. like pepper. You don't need pepper, you don't put pepper. Then you need to note a few things. The first one is that the formula will always start with an equal sign and the parameters will be between parenthesis. Then if you see here, the parameters are separated by commas, but that depends on your region. In some region, it will be so many columns. Check what you have. And if it doesn't work the way I have it in this course, just check the semi-colons and you will see if it works. Now there are more than 500 formulas in Excel. In this course, we're going to focus on hundred plus formulas because we want to be practical and efficient. We want to focus on something that you're going to use on a day-to-day basis. So let's go to Excel and check out how they work in practice. In this Excel sheet, you can see I have some employee data and I want to get the year of birth first from the date of birth. So how to do this? The first methodology is to go under Formulas. And then you can check out the most common formulas. Here. Here is under data and time. So I can search for something that has here. Here you go. When you hover the mouse on it, you can see the definition of this formula. So now that I have the formula or the recipe, I can click on it. And Excel will automatically show me what ingredients are required. What I could do is just select the date of birth. You can see 1980s three. Otherwise what I could do is click on this arrow, select the date of birth, then click back and you get the same result. Now notice that you have a few things here. Here it tells you what serial number is. Here it tells you the definition of the function or the recipe. And if you want more help, you can click here. It will take you to the Internet and you can see more details about this function. Let's go back to Excel. Here we go, press. Okay, and here you get the date of birth. Now another way to do this is just to click on this fx in the formula bar. And here you can search for what you're looking for. So e.g. if I type here and I click, I can see the year function here. Again, you have the help on the function. You have the definition. If I click, Okay, I will get the ingredients. Same thing. This is the second date of birth, 1975. You press okay, you get the result. The only drawback about this technique is that if I try it again, I click here, I put births here. Instead of here. I do go, I don't find anything. And this is the limitation of the system. It's not that intelligent, but at least it can guide you if you put a keyword. Now a third way to do this, and this is what I'm going to do throughout this course, is just to type the formula in the cell. So equal year, open parenthesis. Go select your date of birth, close parenthesis. You get it. Then finally, what you could do is go to the Formula bar and type here and select your date of birth, close parenthesis. And you'll get it also. Now, obviously I'm not going to write the formula for every cell. What I could do is drag my current formula. So I can go here. I can click on this corner. You can see that now the mouse is across. You just drag down and you get all the results. And notice how you have B5 now it's B6, B7, etcetera. So Excel is intelligent to understand. I want the year of every cell in the data of birth. Now, in one of the lessons in this course, we're going to learn how to do the referencing correctly. So don't worry about this right now. The other way to drag this formula, let me just remove the data is just go on this corner, double-click and it will drag the formula down. Now the next one I want to do is the area code. Here. Before using a formula, I want to show you a trick because you shouldn't always try to do the most difficult thing. Sometimes they are simple solution that will save your time. So here the area code is 057. If I type 057, it's not good because I'm going to lose the zero in front of the five-seven. What I could do is put an apostrophe and put 057. And then if I start typing the second one was the apostrophe, Excel automatically recognizes the pattern and tells me, do you want to do the same for all of them? If I wanted, I just press Enter and it's done. So now let me show you how to do this with a formula, because this course is about formulas at the end of the day. So I can use a formula called left. Again, we will see it in this course. You can see here, the cool thing about formulas in Excel is that this is the recipe. Once you type it and you open parenthesis, you will get the ingredients. So here I have texts and number of characters. If I write it in the formula bar equal left open parenthesis, this will appear here. So I need my texts. This is my text comma number of characters here. This is an optional argument, but I need three characters. So I'm gonna put three close parenthesis, press Enter, you'll get it. You just drag and get the rest. And finally, I want to show you that sometimes to get an ingredients, you might need a recipe, e.g. if you're cooking pin Arab IATA, you might go by the pasta from the supermarket so it's done, or you might buy other ingredients and make your own pasta. So let's try it here where I'm going to extract the username from the e-mail. So if I use my left formula again, left text here I have eight characters for additional fee and I close parenthesis. I get adenopathy, that's great. But if I double-click, I have a problem. Why? Because every person has a different number of characters in their name. So for this, what I can do is change this ingredient with another recipe called Search. So here if you do search, we want to find the add sign in double quotation. Don't worry about the details about the formula and how I'm doing it. It's okay. We're going to learn step-by-step each formula and how to use it. But I just wanted to show you how you can have a formula within a formula within text is here. And the start number, I don't need it. So let's close parenthesis, press Enter. Here you get an at sign. So what I want to do is do a minus one here in the number of character. So this, all this is number of character. It's my recipe. You double-click and you get the result. So this is what we're going to see throughout this course. 6. S2 L3 Referencing other workbooks / worksheets (*): So far when we wrote formulas, we only reference cells that are in the same sheet. But what if I want to reference sets that are in another worksheet or even another workbook altogether. So this is what we're gonna do right now in this lesson. We have here a list of employee names, the bonuses. And what I want to do is calculate the bonus in US dollars. Obviously, what is missing is the salary. The salaries are in 2.11 to 2.15. So here you see the employee names and the salaries. And it is important to note that the names are in the same order as you have them in the other sheet. If they were not, it would be a problem when you drag the formula. And we're going to see in part five, e.g. when we use lookup formulas, how to deal with these problems. So now let's go back to our sheet and let's try something. If I do equals and I select this cell, obviously I get the name of the person. Now if you click on it and you press F2, you can see that you get the same name. Now, if I do something else, if I add a sheet here and I put five in A1. Now let's go here and reference this five. Press Enter. And here you get the five. That's great. Let's go here. Press F2. You can see that you get the sheet name followed by an exclamation mark and then the cell reference. Now, if I press Enter and go back here, double-click to change the sheet name and do a, B, C, D, E, F. Press Enter, you go back. Let's go back to the formula. You can see that now the name has automatically changed. And I can see two apostrophes. One apostrophe before a, B, C, and one apostrophe after the f, y. It is because I have now a space in the name of the sheet. So any special character like this, it will put apostrophes before and after. But the good news is that you don't have to worry about any of this because Excel takes care of it all. Now let's do our exercise. So I can delete those two and go to the first one to equal. Now I can select these five per cent by clicking on the mouse. Or I can use the keyboard arrows. I'm going to use the keyboard this time. Left arrow, I select this one times. Let's go to this Excel sheet. Select the first salary, press Enter, and here you get your answer. So let's double-click or you can just drag it like this. Same result, you will get all the bonuses. And notice how here I have B2 and J2. If I go down, I have b3 and J3, and so on. Excel recognizes the pattern we're going to see in another lesson, how to fix this to make it work all the time. Now, let's try an example where we have the data in another Excel workbook. So I can go here, right-click, move or copy, new book, create a copy. So if I press Okay, now I have a new Excel workbook. You can see book one and you can see the name of the sheet. Let's save this one. Save as I can select e.g. empty, I can call it test. And now I have my test workbook. So let's go back to the other one. Go here and try the formula equal five per cent times. Let's go here. This is our test workbook. Select the salary, press Enter, and if I go back to the formula, Let's press F2. You can see you get first the name of the workbook, then the name of the sheet, and then you get the cell reference. So this is how it works. Now, let me show you something. Now. If I double-click to drag, I have different numbers here. Why? If you see here we have J2, J2, J2, and so on. Instead of getting J3 for this one, J4 for this one, J5 and so on. Why? It is because you have those dollar signs here. And when you reference and other workbook, this is how it comes first. So we're going to remove them for now. And as I said, they will be a lesson on cell referencing. So now we double-click and we get the same answers. So now everything is flexible. If I put ten per cent, these changes, if I go here, change the salary to hundreds, go back. You can see that it will change. This one doesn't change because it refers to another workbook. So I have to go to the other workbook here and change it e.g. to 1,000. I go back and I get the results. 7. S2 L4 Order of Preference in Calculations (**): As you get more advanced in Excel, us are dealing with more complicated formulas. And you will need to understand the order of preference in calculations to be able to troubleshoot your formula. So let me ask you a question. Among this. What is number one in order of preference in calculations? I'll give you a couple of seconds to think about it. When it is the parenthesis and the reference operators. So e.g. five plus two times 45 plus two equals seven times 428. Similarly, you have a sum formula, B2 to be four comma C2 to C5. So first you some B2, B3, and B4, then you sum C2 to C5 and sum everything together. What is number two? It is the negative side, minus four times two. First the minus four, you multiply times two minus eight. Number three, the percentage, 10% times 51st, you do the 10%. So 0.1 times 58 is five. What is number four? It is the exponential. So three to the power two times two, that's three times three, that's nine times 218. Number five, multiplication and divisions. So five times two plus one. You do five times two is ten plus 111. Number six, addition, subtraction. So five plus two minus 15 plus two is seven, minus one is six. And here I have to tell you something if you have signs from equal power. So e.g. this five plus two minus one start from left to right. So you do five plus 27, and then you subtract the one. And finally, we have the comparison. So one plus one equal one plus two. The result is false. First to do one plus one, because addition is more important than comparison. So that's 21 plus two, that's three to equal three false. So I prepared a few examples for you in Excel. Here you have a lot of examples. I want you to take some time, pause this video, and try to get the answer for each one of them. Notice something. When we say some C3, C4, it's cell C3 and C4. So I'll give you a couple of seconds. Pause it. Here we go. Those are the answers. So I'm gonna go through them slowly. You can find the answer in the same workbook underscore completed, or you can look at them here. What I want to mention is something important here. If I do force plus true, what do you think would be the answer? Let me press Enter. You'll get one. Why? Because in Excel, force is equal to zero and true is equal to one. And that would be a very important concept in some of the formulas, like some products. Where are we going to use it to filter data and then do some multiplications and so on. So here using the same concept, falls plus one is equal to zero plus one equal one. False times one is zero because zero times one is zero. Plus one is one plus one equal to and through times one is one times one equal one. Final thing I want to show you. Here, you have a number behind it, you have a formula. Instead of copying the formula control C escape coming here, putting an apostrophe and then control V. What you can do is use a formula called Formula text. You can see it here. It only has one parameter which is reference, which is the third. In this case, press Enter. You'll get the formula directly. And sometimes you want to copy paste formulas to check them out. So you can use this formula. It can come in handy. 8. S2 L5 Cell referencing (**): Let's talk about the dollar sign in Excel. And before you get excited and you start thinking about money and finance, it's an Excel course. So the dollar sign means something else. Let me explain to you the situation. Let's assume that here you have three numbers and you want to sum them. I can just do sum. And then close parenthesis, press Enter, I get six. That's fine. If I want to sum the second row, again, I can do some and then select the numbers, press Enter. The problem is, if I have hundred draws like this, I cannot write each time the formula. I need to take this formula, drag it like this. And Excel needs to understand that. Now I want to sum those three numbers. And this is why the concept of cell referencing is very important in Excel. So here we're going to look at relative referencing, absolute referencing and mixed referencing. So let's start with the easy one, which is relative referencing. Here. If I do equal my first number, that's A1, that's fine. Now what if I drag the formula to the right? What do you think will happen while you get 2.3? Because I move one column to the right, Excel will move the formula one column to the right. So you can see here I have B1 and here C1. The same thing will happen if I move rows. So here e.g. I. Had a one, it becomes A2. Because I moved one row down. Here, it will become a three because I moved two rows down. Now let's do the exact opposite, absolute referencing. So I'm gonna do the same thing, equal A1 with one difference. I will come to this formula and I will select A1. Press F4 one time. If you can see you get $1 sign in front of, $1 sign in front of y. So now if I drag to the right, what do you think will happen? We get the same number. Why? Because there is $1 sign in front of column a. It means I don't want to change the column. No matter what I do. Here when I move column a stays the same. Let's just drag down now. The same thing will happen because I have $1 sign in front of one. I'm telling Excel, if I move the formula, I copy it. I don't want to change the row. Now let's do something in the middle. Here, equal A1. Press Enter. What I'm gonna do, come to A1 and press F4 two times. So as you can see, if you continue pressing F4, you gotta get to A1. So here I want $1.01. Now press enter. What will happen if I go to the right? Do you think it will change? Well, yes. Why? Because there is no dollar sign in front of column a. Which means that if I move a column to the right, the formula will move with me. So this is why you get B1 and C1. Now let's try to drag down what happens. You get the same numbers because there is $1 sign in front of one, you move down. It will not move down. Here. A1 stays A1. Here, V1 will stay B1, and C1 will stay C1. Let's do the other way. Equal A1, press F4 one time, two times, three times. So now the dollar sign is in front of a I drag to the right, I get still one because I don't want to change column a. But if I drag down, it will change because I'm allowing Excel to change the row. So now let's go to an example. If you see here, I have the prices of three houses, hundred thousand dollars each. But the growth rate is different. And my assignment is to calculate the price of the house, of each house every year for five years. So when you have a table like this, it is better to have a formula you can drag because in one go, you can make all the calculations. Now, if you see in year one, I have a house for 100,003 per cent growth rate. It means is gonna be 103,000. So let's write the formula. Don't worry too much about the formula because later on in this section, we're going to understand percentages and growth rates, et cetera. So for now, the formula is equal to my house price times one plus the growth rate. If you see it will be 100,000 times 1.0, 303,000. The only thing I want to add is to the power, the number of years. So here I have 103,000. Now, if I drag the formula this way, you can see that something is wrong. I'm getting a huge number here, an error, et cetera. Why? Let's go to this one. Click on it. And that's a cool feature of Excel because you can see each cell that you have selected in a color that's easy to be able to troubleshoot the formula. And you can see that my price boat has shifted, my growth rate has shifted, and so on. So I need to fix them. So to fix them, Let's go back here. Let's use F4. So we click on B3, do F4, and here C3, F4. And then what about d1? Well, I want it to move if I move to the right, because here I have two years, three years and so on. So let's keep it like this. Press Enter, drag it, you get the right results. Now what if I drag down to the second house? You can see I'm getting a value error. Why? If you go to the formula, you can see that this one has shifted down. So that's not good for me. I need to fix it. So we go up again. What I want is to move columns, but not rows. So here I can add $1 sign in front of one, or just keep pressing F4 until you get this combination. Press and drag it. Now like this, It's the same, like this. I'm getting values. But there is a problem because here it's five per cent growth and not three per cent. So I should have gotten hundred and 5,000. So now, if I click here on the formula and check, you can see that those two cells did not go down with me because I have $1 sign in front of the row three. So let's press Escape. Go here, remove the dollar sign in front of row three here also, press Enter. And now, if I drag the formula down, you can see that I'm getting the right results. So this is why cell referencing is very important. To be able to write the formula one time and drag it. 9. S2 L6 Hack - How to Copy Formulas and reference original range (*****): It's time to teach you a trick in copying formulas without having any problem. So now the situation is the following. I have some data here, and I have some formulas here. And I want to copy those formulas down while still referencing the same range. Now some of you might think about using the dollar sign, but it's not going to work because you need to just drag the formula to the right and to the bottom. Now, if I try to copy paste the formula normally here, you get a division error because if you click, you can see that now we are referencing other sets. So let me press Enter and delete this, and let's get to know those formulas. So here if I click, I have b3 minus D3 over D3. So it's actually over stretch targets. Press Enter. Let's see this one. This is for year two. Again, actual versus stretch targets. What does it mean? It means that I can drag the formula. So if I drag it like this and down, I'm getting the right results. The problem comes if I try to derive the formula like this, you can see that the number changed. Why? Because now we have actual versus base. Now if we go to year two, also we have actual versus base. So here also I can drag it and no problem. Now, if you think about this strategy about copying this formula, control C escape. I come here, I do Control V, and then Enter. That's cool. And you can drag it. But if you didn't know what's happening here, what could happen to you is this and you have wrong results. So what is the best way to copy paste your formulas? Let me show you. First of all, we select our formulas and we do Control H or Control H is for replacing. What I want to replace is this equal sign with my initials. So you can use your initiatives, you can use other things. It's fine. Your name, as long as it's not something that Excel will recognize. I'm just going to use a dual replace all, press Okay and Close. And you can see I have my initials before the formula. Now let's copy paste the formulas. Put them here. And now let's select all the columns. Control H, and let's do the reverse. So RA and you do equal, replace all, press OK, close. You can see that your formulas or copy pasted exactly as they should be. And this is the trick that you can use in situations like this to avoid any surprise. Whereas the formula has changed and you didn't know. 10. S2 L7 Common error types (**): Even if you are advanced in Excel, you will face enters. There is no way around it. The good news though is that in this lesson, I'm going to show you the most common types of errors and how to deal with them. And the way we're going to do it is first start with the arrows so you can visualize them. And then we will recap everything at the end. The first error that you see here is the hash error. What does it mean? Basically, if I click on this cell, you can see that there is a number. But the problem is that the cell is too small for the number. So this is why you see it with hashes. The solution is simple. Either double-click here so you see all the numbers, or you can manually adjust it so you don't get this error anymore. The second one is d value error. So if you see here I have a value error. Let's check out the formula. What's happening is that we are subtracting NA, which is a text from a number. Here, Excel doesn't know what to do. So it gives you an error. To fix it. You can just come here, put any number, and it will work. The third one is the spilled error. This one you will only see in newer versions of Excel. Why? Because if you see here, I have a formula. Formula is sought all these employees. So sorting will return a list of employees sorted. And you can see here this blue rectangle. This is where the results will be. Unfortunately, I have a cell here blocking the way. Here. There should be a value from this formula, and this cell is not letting it happen. An Excel cannot override the content of this set. This is why you get the spelling error. If you move this like this, the error will be gone. And that also could happen when you have more cells. The fourth one is a name error. So basically here I have a formula called substract E4, E5. Unfortunately, in Excel, you don't have a subtract formula. What can you do? Just do this minus this, and it will work. The second way this can happen is if you have a match formula, don't worry too much about match. Basically what I'm doing is looking for difference which is here within those cells and returning the position of difference. The problem though, is that difference should be in double quotation because it's a text. And then without double quotation, it was taking it as a variable. So this is why you had a problem. Here. Error is fixed. No more issue. Number five. Here you have some data. If I delete this column, let's do like this. Right-click. Delete Shifts Cells left. You can see that you have an error because this formula was referencing the cells that got deleted. Now Excel doesn't know what to do. So the way to fix it is just to refer to something else. Or let's do escape. If we do control that and bring back this column Number 6/0 error, this is a simple one because basically if you divide a number by zero like here, you will get an error. If you do it by a blank cell. Again an error. And also if you do it by false because we saw in a previous lesson that false is equal to zero. If we do this, we get a divided by zero. The last one is an N A error. And you will face this one mostly in lookups. So let me explain to you quickly what happens. Here. We have a VLookup. If I click on it, we are looking for three now in this red rectangle. So in this dataset, Trina is here. And we want to return the salary of three now, which is the second column here. So threonine is there and we are getting the salary. No problem. But what if I'm looking for Johnstone's? And Johnstone's is not in this dataset. So I'm getting an N A error to fix it. Either add Johnson to your dataset. You can use a formula called f error. So if error, open parenthesis, the first argument is a value. So this is the value, It's my lookup value, comma. If it's not an error, it will return whatever you have here. In this case it's a VLookup. If it's an error, let's return at texts e.g. not found in double quotation, close parenthesis, press Enter. You can see the error is gone. So let's go and recap the types of errors that we have seen. The first error we saw was the hash error because there was a number in the cell and the cell width was too small. So in this case, just increase the weights and you're done. The second one is a value error. This was the one where we were trying to subtract a from a number. And this doesn't work. What you need to do is check each argument to see if it's the right value so that it will work. Number three, the square error, which is for dynamic array formulas, which happens in Excel 2021 and Office 365. So here you have no space to spill the result of a formula. So in this case, just clear the space where you have this blue rectangle and it will work and ensure that you don't have any more sense. Number for the name error. Easily you have the name of the formula wrong, or you have an argument in the formula that doesn't work. So check their names. Sometimes you will forget to type one letter and check each argument and then you can fix it. Number five, the ref error, which is one you had a formula referencing is said, and you delete the whole set, then it doesn't know what to do. So in this case, just use Control Z to undo your action or just fix the formula number 6/0. As its name suggests. You just make sure that you don't divide any number by zero and you're done. And the last one, which is the hash and a one you don't find the lookup data in your lookup array. You just add it or use an IF error formula and you can fix it. 11. S2 L8 Formula Auditing Part 1 (***): So far, I told you about the common types of errors that you might face in Excel, but I did not give you the tools to diagnose and fix them. This is as if you have a Dr. who knows about the diseases, but you cannot run test to identify them and cure them. So this is why this lesson and the next one would be very important. If you look under formulas, you will see that you have a formula auditing tab, which has interesting options and features. In this lesson, we're going to look at a few. The first one is Trace Precedents. Basically you will select a cell and you will be able to see all the cells that are influencing the value of your cell. What you will see arrows going from those sense to your cell. The second one is Trace Dependence. And here it's going to be the opposite. You will select the center. And from this, you will have arrows going to other cells where the value of those other cells will depend on the selected cell. And finally, we will look at show formulas. This one will show you all the formulas that are in your Excel sheet. If you get the Excel sheet from a colleague, e.g. you'll be able to quickly identify where they are formulas and what's happening in your Excel sheet. So let's go and let me show you this in practice. Here we have a Lamborghini example. I chose this example because I liked the car and I want to make Excel a little bit less dry. So what we're gonna do first is try to identify which cells have formulas. For this, we go under formulas, Show Formulas. And you can see that the Lamborghini got distorted. But don't worry, don't fix the format. You will see why in a bit. If I go to the right, I can see all my formulas in texts. You can see some here, here, here, and here. So that's great. If a colleague gives us this Excel sheet, at least now we can know what are the calculated values. Now if I click on Show Formulas back, you can see that everything is fine. The Lamborghini is fine, the format adjusted automatically. Now, another way to find the formula is to do control Z. With control G, You can click on special formulas, dressed, Okay? And now the formulas are highlighted in gray. So that's another way to see them. You can also go here e.g. and color them in gray. And you can see those are my formulas. Let's do Control Z. And now let's try formulas and Trace Precedents. I'm going to select the payment required and click on Trace Precedents. And you can see the arrows. There are three sets that are influencing the value of this cell. If I click here, I can see those three sets. Now, let's press Escape and let's remove arrows. To remove those arrows, we click here, it's fine. Let's try now. Trace Dependence. If I click here, I get an error. Why? Because there is no sun, which value is influenced by the value of the cell. So don't worry about this error. It can happen. It's not a problem. Now, let's click on loan amount and do trace dependent. You can see that this influences the loan. If I go and click on Trace Dependence, again, you can see that long influences monthly expenses. And this is a cool feature of Excel because a lot of times you will have complicated models. One set with influence and other, and then the other will influence and other. Here you can trace the whole path and troubleshoot errors. So let's remove the arrows. And now we're going to try a small exercise. What I'm going to change something here. And we're going to try to troubleshoot the error. Here. As you can see, I have problems in my model. In order to troubleshoot this, we just select one of the sensors value error. And we can do Trace Precedents. And here you can see I have three cells influencing the value of the cell. The first one is this to $50,000. Now here, it looks fine to me. I can even rewrite it to check. There is no problem because I still get the value error. The four per cent also seems fine to me. So that's okay. Now let's go to the 30 per cent. And here if you notice, instead of a 30, I have three and the letter 0. So that's where I have a problem. So if I replace this always a zero, and that couldn't happen in real life because somebody might type something wrong. Press Enter, then your model is fine. We can remove arrows. This is how you can use those tools to troubleshoot your model. 12. S2 L9 Evaluate Formula & Error Checking (*): So far, we looked at a few options. In the Formula Auditing toolbar. We looked at Trace Precedence, Trace Dependence, and Show Formulas. And also we learn how to remove the arrows by using the Remove arrow function. Now we have two options left. The first one is error checking and the second one is evaluate formula. Now, Evaluate Formula is one of my favorites because it will show you how the formula is getting calculated step-by-step. Wherever there is a problem, you will be able to spot it. The second one, which is error checking, it will give you access to all the other options. On top of that, you'll be able to go to the internet and get more information about the error. So let's go to Excel and let's check them out. We are back to our Lamborghini example. And here you can see we have interest rate at eight per cent. So assume that somebody comes and doesn't know how the model works and the person doesn't know the interest rate. So the person can put an, a, press Enter and you'll get a value error. So before we troubleshoot this and evaluate the formula, do error checking. I just want to show you another shortcut. If you come here to our first value error and do Control square brackets, you can see the cells that are influencing the value of this error. So instead of doing Trace Precedents, you can use the shortcut. The other way around is that if you have this four per cent, you do Control square brackets. You can see that four per cent influences loan amount. If you press on it again, you can see that it influences the loan. And then another time you get to the monthly expenses. So now enough about shortcuts. Let's try to evaluate the formula. Here. Let's go to the loan amount due evaluate formula. And if I put it here, you can see that the first formula that will be evaluated is G8, which is the interest rate. So if I do evaluate, I get an a divided by 12. You see it's underlined. We click on evaluate, we get a value error. Now if I click on evaluate, I can evaluate the whole thing step-by-step. Until I get the value error, I can restart and do it again. There is no problem. And so on. If you want to check it again. Now let's close this. And now that we know what is the error, obviously we can fix it. But before that, let's do error checking. So if I click here first, I can trace the error. So you can see that those three cells are influencing the value of the loan. Let's remove the arrows. And then if I do error checking, I have a few options. The first one is help on this arrow. If I click on it, it will go to the internet. It will show me a page where I can check details about this error. So you can check it. Try to find solutions. Let's go back. And what we can do is resume. Then if we do show calculation steps, this is Evaluate Formula, same thing. Let's close it. You can choose to ignore this error or you can edit it in the formula bar here. If you click on this, you can look at next and previous. And you have options. And here you have some options about error checking rules. I honestly never change this, but I just wanted to show it to you. Now let's close this. And obviously to fix it, you just put eight per cent and everything goes back to normal. 13. S2 L10 Go to Special Feature (*****): One useful feature that you have in Excel and that a lot of pros do not know about is the goal special feature. Now, I alluded to this in a previous lesson, but I wanted to dedicate a couple of minutes on this feature to show you when it could be useful for you. So here I have my Lamborghini example again. And what I can do is Control G. And I can do special and check out what I want to select. I can select the formulas, e.g. as we saw before, and those are my formulas. If I go back to it and I go to special, I can select my constants and press. Okay, so those are all my constants. Now, as a pro tip, whenever you are building a model, it is good practice to highlight the inputs that the user has to enter in a different color. So it's easy for the user to enter them and to see the result of the model. You see here, we have selected everything. We don't want this. So we can try again Control G special constant. And here we remove the texts, the texts I don't want Let's press Okay. Now you have the numbers, but I also don't want to change this. So what I could do is select those. Control G, do the same thing. Do constants, remove the texts, press. Okay? And now we can just go color this e.g. in gray. And now the user inputs are very clear. So whenever they change one of the inputs, they can see the impact on the payment required and the MSA expenses. 14. S2 L11 Useful Shortcuts (**): If you really want to make progress in productivity in Excel, I really advise you to learn the shortcuts. Now obviously, excel has a lot of shortcuts. But over the next few lessons, I'm going to teach you the most relevant ones. And at the end, even if it's not your birthday as a gift, I'm gonna give you a PDF that comes from excel jet. You'll be able to download it and you'll see a lot more shortcuts. You'll see them for non Mac, for Mac computers. So in those lessons, I'm going to show you the non Mac version. But if you have a Mac, you can follow by looking at this PDF. Now one recommendation I have, if you are learning Excel, I advise you to learn it on a non Mac computer because this is what is used in most companies. So let's start. If I'm going too fast, please feel free to pause the video and practice those shortcuts. First of all, I'm going to teach you something very basic, which is how to do copy paste. What we do here is we go to cell A2, we do Control C, Control Copy. And then we go to A3. We do control V This time. And then you can paste your data. You can also select multiple cells and do Control V. And you paste the data in multiple cells. Now to undo my action, I can do Control Z. I did it one time, so I did Undo for this. If I want to also remove what I've done here, I do it another time, and then we are back to normal. If I want to redo my step, I can do Control Y and then it will redo the step. Next. We're gonna do something more interesting. If I want to select my whole data, I can do Control a, and then it will select my whole data. But here you have to be careful on something. So I go back here and what I'm gonna do is add a row. So I'm going to do right-click Insert. And then if I put my cursor anywhere in the dataset on the top, I can do Control a, you can see it will only select this. Why? Because for Excel, this is my dataset, so it will not see the rest. So be careful when you do control a. Now we're going to do Control Z to remove this row. The next thing we gotta do is navigation. To navigate, I'm gonna do Control, press the right arrow. I go to the maximum right and then control bottom arrow. I go to the maximum down, Control Left Arrow maximum left, then control up arrow maximum up. Here also be careful. Here you don't have any data and you go to A1, you do control down, it will stop at eight. So be careful when you are navigating or selecting your data. Because those are common problems, you might go down. I think that you are at the end of your data, but in fact, you are not to continue selecting. You just do Control arrow down and then you are at the bottom. You can just keep on pressing it. Same for right, left, or up. Now let's do Control Z again, and let's move to selecting data. So to select data, I go to A1, e.g. I can go anywhere obviously. And then I will do now control shifts instead of control and then use the arrows. So Control Shift arrow to the right, I select the data, arrow down, I select the data down, and you can do it anywhere. So e.g. if I go here, I can do Control Shift arrow up and select the data from this cell to the first blank or to the top of the Excel sheet. Next, we're going to save the worksheet. To save the worksheet is Control S like control safe. So that's easy. If I want to toggle between the first cell where I have data and the last cell what I have data, I can do Control Home. I go to A1 in this case, and control, and I go to the bottom right corner of my data. But for control, and again, I will show you something so you're aware of it. So let's go here. Let's do Control arrow up. We go to a one. Let's write something here. Then let's go with control arrow to A1 and do Control Enter. As you can see, I got 2.312. Why? Because this is the bottom of my data. But because I have something in a, It's going to this cell. Now, even if I delete this number and I go back there and then I press Control and it will still go to this cell. In order to fix this problem, you just need to close your workbook and open it again. Because this is going into memory and this temporary memory has to be cleared for Excel to give you the right results. Now let's do something else. Let's create a new workbook. I will do Control N for new. Now I have a new workbook. And if I want to toggle between my workbooks, I can do Control tab. So then I go back to my original workbook. If I want to go back to the other one, another time Control Tab, and so on. For those who are a bit lost or bit stressed about this lesson, just pause the video practice. And I promised there are only a few left for those who want to toggle between sheets. What you could do is controlled page down. You can see I'm moving here to the right. And then control page up. You can move to the left. So this is how it works. Let's go back here and let's do a couple more. If I want to select a column, I can do control space. If I want to select a row, I can do Shift Space. And to add a row or a column, you can do Control Shift Plus I added, I can add as many as I want. If I want to remove something, I can just do Control minus. And it's going to remove. Now with Control minus, if you do it on a cell, Excel doesn't know whether you want to shift cells this way. You want to shift a row or something else. So you can select from this menu, e.g. shifts left. And you can see that all my cells have shifted to the left. Let's do Control Z. And let's move to the next lesson, which is about shortcuts related to formulas. 15. S2 L12 Formula Shortcuts (*): For those of you who are still overwhelmed by the previous lesson, I have some good news and some bad news. The bad news is that we're going to look at more shortcuts. Those ones are related to formulas. But the good news is that we only have four of them and it's way simpler. So the first one is a f1. When you press F1, it's like to access the Help menu. Here. I can get e.g. formulas and functions, and I can e.g. select, use Excel as your calculator. I can see some details and I can even see some videos on how to do certain things. The other way I can use a font, e.g. if I select this column and I went and I did data text to columns, I don t know what texts to column is. I do F1. It will open a webpage where I can see more details about this. So if I select e.g. this one, again, I have videos and explanations. Let me close this. And let's do cancer because we don't need to do Text to Columns right now. We need to move to the second one. So here I have a formula. You can see it in the formula bar. If I want to go inside the formula, obviously I can go and click on the formula bar, but the other way is to press F2. So now you can see the formula here. You can use the arrow keys on your keyboard to navigate the formula. Now let's press Enter and let's go to the next one. There is no F3, there is a four. So four F4. Again, we go to the formula. If we click on a J2, if I press F4, you can see that I can start getting dollar signs in front of AGN. And then if I do it multiple times, I get multiple combinations. If you don't know what dollar signs are, you can refer to one of my lessons in the same sections. It is very important. It is for cell referencing. So let's press Enter and let me show you the other use of F4. I nearly never use it like this, but you need to know this one. I think it's cool. If here I come and I color this in yellow, I can come here and press F4. It will redo the same action I've done. If I do it like this with multiple cells. Again, a four day become in yellow. So let's do escape, escape, escape. And let's look at the last one, which is F9. So F9 to first use of it is to recalculate what you have in your Excel sheets. So in order to see this, I'm just going to put a formula called now, we're going to study it later on in the course. Basically it shows you the current date and time. I'm just going to change the format. So I click here under home, you have number. We can go to custom. Here. I'm going to do column S, S 4 s. You can see I'm adding the seconds. If I do F9 repeatedly, you can see that the seconds are updating. So it's three, calculating everything. If you go to Formulas, you have Calculation Options. Now it's automatic. If you have manual on, then you need to press F9 to recalculate the sheet. But the most important use of F9, which is what we're gonna do a lot in this course, is to calculate what we have in a formula. So e.g. here I have a formula. I have a J2 bigger than three. I want to see the results. I can do F9. You can see that I get false because obviously one is not bigger than three. I can even select a bigger piece of the formula and do F9 and I get the result. Now, don't press Enter. Otherwise your formula is gone. Press Escape always when you do this. Now I showed you a quick and easy example. But once you have a very complicated formula, this F9 can come in very handy. 16. S2 L13 Menu Shortcuts (***): These are the last set of shortcuts, I promise. What I want to show you is how to access the menu that you have on top. So for this, you press Alt and you can see the letters on top. So F is four phi H for home and for insert, and so on. Now e.g. if I press H on the keyboard, I get another set of letters. And I can go into more details and select something that I need. Now, obviously, we're not gonna go into every combination because there are so many. But what I want to show you is three shortcuts that will be very useful for you. So let's press Escape to times to go back. And the first one is how to insert a filter. So first of all, you can either select one of your title columns or select the row. And you do a and D, and you get the filter. So if I click here, I can filter my data. Now to remove it, I have to do the same thing, a and D, and the filter is calm. The second thing I want to show you is how to copy paste the formula. So here I have a formula, as you can see in the formula bar. If I do Control C and I come here and do Control V, I have a couple of problems. The first one is that the reference has changed. And the second one is that I cannot use the value like this. So what I could do to copy paste the formula is Control C. Then I can go anywhere, even on top of the same formula. And dou E, S, and V. You can see that I have the value selected in my pay special menu because the V is underlined. So when I pressed on it, it selects to devalue. Let's press Okay. And the formula is gone. The last one I want to show you is Evaluate Formula. This one is Alt V. And you get the Evaluate Formula. So you can start evaluating your formula. So that's it for shortcuts. In the next lesson, you will get a PDF where you can see so many shortcuts. And you will also see the Mac version. Because whatever I shown is for PC. 18. S2 L15 Increase the size of the Text in the Formula Bar (*****): I am not sure if you can relate to this situation. But this happened to me so many times in my corporate life. So I go to a meeting and somebody is presenting something in Excel, and then they start changing formulas. But I'm sitting at the back of the room and I cannot see anything because the formula bar is too small. So this is what I'm going to teach you right now. So if you see here, I have in this cell a formula in the formula bar. The problem is that it's hard to read, especially if you are standing far from the screen. So if you go and you try to change the font e.g. to 20, the problem is that it only changes here, but not in the formula bar. So let me put this back. What do you do then? You go to Phi, more options. I don't know if you see the options in the same place as I have it. But depending on your Excel version, you can find it. Let's do options. If you see here you have font size. I'm going to put it to 20. Okay? You'll get an alert. Press. Okay. Now you have to restart Excel to get the new font. So I'm gonna do this right now and come back. There you go. I am back. You can see that the font size of the formula bar has increased dramatically, while my font here remains the same. So now you can go to your meeting. You can talk about your formulas and fix them. But don't forget once you finish the meeting to put back the font to 11 or what it was. Because if you open any other exam, it will be with this font for the formula bar. 19. S2 L16 Basic Excel Formulas you need to know (*): So far, we only looked at some of the fundamentals to improve your productivity in Excel, but we did not deep dive into formulas. So some of you might be frustrated by this because you want more action. But trust me, trust the process. You will be able in the long run to be more efficient in Excel. You won't have to memorize formulas. You will be able to understand them and use them correctly. Now, in order to remedy the situation, what I want to do here is show you some of the most juice formulas in Excel. You can take them and use them in office tomorrow. So let's start. First of all, we're going to look at some mathematical operations quickly. You have seen some of them. I'm just going to recap it. For addition, you just do equal, select your first number plus your second number. If you don't like one of them, you can just click on the edge and then you drag and you can select another one. Now, I'll press Enter. You'll get the answer or substract. There is no subtract formula in Excel. What we do is we select the first number minus the second number. And of course, if I want to add another number, I can just do gloves and select it. Then you have divide by four divide. We take the first number, divided by the second number. Press Enter, you'll get your answer. And then multiply. I select my first number times my second number. Now, if I want to use parenthesis e.g. and I can do like this. Let's say plus one close parenthesis and you get your result. Now let's move to more interesting formulas. First one is the sun. If I want to sum all those salaries, if I do equal, first salary loss, second salary plus third salary and so on. This is very tedious. Obviously I won't do this. But what I'm going to do equals sum, open parenthesis. You select your range, close parenthesis, press Enter, and you get the sum. Now another way to put some in Excel, I'm just going to delete this. You go to Home and then you click here, you have the most common formulas. So here is some. You just click on it and you get to some, you can see that except selects the data for you, which is great. If the range is wrong, you can just come here on this edge. You can see how the cursor is changing. Just keep it clicked. And then you just move up and you can select other sets. You can also move to the right, to the left, whatever. And if you want, you can just come here and change the range in the formula bar. So let's put C, e.g. and here you can see by click that we selected this range. If we press enter, we get the same result. Let's remove it also. And let's go to Formulas. And under formulas you have autosome, same principle. We click on the sum, we press enter, we get the result. Now, this AutoSum can work also the other way. If I have here one and I go AutoSum and I click on some, it will take e2 and F2 for me, I can press Enter and I get the result. There is also a shortcut for some. For this shortcut, Let's remove this. We will do Alt and equal, and you get the same thing. Now, enough of some, let's go to average or average. I'm just going to go to AutoSum select average. And here it took the wrong Grange. I can come to this other edge. I will do this. Press Enter, and we are done. The other thing that I want to show you with average is assumed that your data is here. And here. It's not in the same place. If you go here you can see that I have this helper. I have averaged number one, number two, etc. If I press comma here I have number two. So I can select another range of numbers. I can also select one number, doesn't matter. I can do like this. Comma another number, comma another number, or just select them like this. If you have a non-continuous range, you can do this. It works for all the formulas. Next one is count numbers. And I want to count those numbers equal count, open parenthesis. We select our numbers, close parenthesis, press Enter. Here I have six. If I delete this, I have five. We will do Control Z. Now, let's apply the same to the employee names. You think it's going to work. We can try equal cow, open parenthesis. We select this and then we close parenthesis, press Enter. Here we get zero. Why did we get zero? It is because count counts only numbers. To count numbers and text, you have a formula called count. So I go here, I add an a, press Enter and you get six. Now, if I change this to a number, you still get six. If I have a blank, you get five. Now let's do Control Z two times to get by a name. And let's continue. You have two formulas that I like, minimum and maximum. I don't have to explain them to you. I'll domain and I select my data to get the minimum salary. It is 50,825, which is this one. And for max, open parenthesis, select the salaries and I get the maximum salary, which is 104 K. The last one I want to show you a discount if because a lot of times you will need to count things and you want to exclude you have some condition were to do this. We're gonna do equal count. If you can see here that I have a definition of the formula, this will be very useful for all formulas, especially if you don't know exactly what it does. Open parenthesis. You can see here we have a range and a criteria. This is my range comma four criteria. Let's say I want to do bigger than 100,000. So I have to put it in double quotation, bigger than hundred thousand. And then we close the double quotation, close parenthesis, press Enter. You'll get one. Because there is only one salary above 100 K. If I want 60 K, I can just come and change it here and I get for salaries. Now the other way to write this is the following. You can take this out. And then after this you have an ad and you write 60 K. Whereas enter same result. Another way to do this is to take the 60 K and then refer to this cell and put the 60 K here. That also works. Now, the last way to do this, and this also applies for all formulas. So this is an important concept that you are seeing. I can remove all this. Keep the cell reference, press Enter, I get zero now, because when you don't put a sign, it means that you have equals 60 K. This is what Excel takes as a default. But to make it bigger than 60 K, I can put the bigger sign here in the cell and you get your four back. 20. S2 L17 Calculate Percentages correctly (***): In the business world, no matter where you work, whether it is in finance, HR, or sales, you will have to deal with percentages. And a lot of times in order to calculate your percentages for your reports or for your PowerPoint slides and presentations. You will use Excel. I want to dedicate this lesson to show you the most common types of situations where you gotta deal with percentages, how to compute them correctly. So the first one is actual versus budget, or whenever you're comparing number a versus number b. So here the formula is equal to actual minus budget. All of this is over budget. Now, if we try to simplify this equation, we can have actual divided by budget minus budget divided by budget. Budget divided by budget is equal to one. Then you have actually over-budget minus one. So let's go to Excel and let's try a practical example using this metric. So here in this example, you have actual numbers, budgeted numbers, or some business divisions. And what we want to do is calculate the actual versus budget. But let's do it here. Equal actual divided by budget minus one. And then we press Enter. Here you have 50% less than budget. Double-click and you get all the numbers. The next one is percentage change. You have a number, you want to increase it or decrease it by a percentage. With the metric is equal to the number plus the percentage times the number. Now this percentage could be negative or positive, doesn't matter. Same concept. What you can do is factor this number. When you use factor, you will have number times one plus percentage. All this will be in parentheses. Let's try it out in our exact, given the same numbers, I want to take the actual and increase them or decrease them by this percentage that you can see here. No problem. We're gonna do the number times one plus and the percentage here it's 7%. For the first one, we close the parenthesis, press Enter, and we double-click. And if you noticed here, when I have a decreased by 4%, the number is 8,113. You go to 7,788. It works. And if you remember, in one of the lessons, we looked at house prices and how they increase over time. And we use a formula that is similar to this one. The last one is the most complicated. It is about giga is basically equal to the average growth rate. If I read the definition, compound annual growth rate is a business and investing specific term or the geometric progression ratio that provides a constant rate of return over the time period. It sounds very complicated. If you try to understand this definition, you got to have a headache. So in simple terms, as I said, it is to try to calculate the average growth rate that you have over a time period, including the compounded interests. I'm going to show you an example to understand this. And this can apply to anything. It could be some sales numbers, financials, budgets, etc, anything. So here we take an investment case. We have hundred dollars in 2020, we invest them. At the end of the year. We get $110 or ten per cent return. Temple, second year, we take those hundred $10 that we got. We invest them at ten per cent, we get $121. Now we got ten per cent the first year, and then we got ten per cent the second year. What does it mean? My keyguard is ten per cent. Now notice how I reached under 2,120, and this is what I meant by compounded interests, which is interest on interest. So here I got $10 on the first year as in return. And I got interests of $1 on this ten dogs right? Now, if we look at it simplistically and you say I had $100, I got 121 at the end of two years, I got $21 over 100, which means 10.5 per cent. This is too simplistic and this is not the right way in the real world to calculate the growth rate of your business. Now, I'm gonna go to some mathematical formulas. I know some of you will not like it. But if you follow it step-by-step, you're going to see that it's very easy. In this case. I got 121 by investing hundreds at one plus k times one plus giga, because I got that per cent. Who times right for two years. Now, if we simplify this one plus K, We can do it to the power of two. And then we have the same formula. I want to do is take the hundred to the other side. So one plus K goes to the power two is equal one-twenty 1/100. Then I need to get rid of d to the power to the one plus k is equal to 12100 to the power half, because in the other side it was to the power of two. You move it, it becomes the power half. And then I can get rid of the one. That means that I'll have one-twenty 1/100 to the power half and then minus one. If I look at the formula now of Kaguya, it will be the end amount over the starting amount. All this to the power one divided by number of years. Here I have only two years. This is why I had half and then minus one. Let's go to Excel and let's practice. So here I have a case where I started at hundred 50 terms of sales and I ended up at 178 after five years. So my keyguard, if I use my equation, is equal to, let's open parenthesis 178/150, close parenthesis. I'm using here parenthesis, or the order of preference in calculations. But we do to dope our open parentheses. One divided by the number of years, close parenthesis, then minus one. So here I get 3.48 per cent. How to make sure that this is correct? Well, we can do the opposite. Equal 150 times one plus 3.48, close parenthesis to the power five years. And then we press Enter, you get your 178. Now, I just want to show you one thing about percentage just before we finish this lesson. Now, 30 per cent could be written 0.3, or you can just type 30 per cent. But that works. You can see here, if I go to Home, this automatically becomes a percentage. If you have the 0.3, you click here, you get 30%. But if you type 30, here, you go. And you press on the percentage sign, you will get 3,000. But this will not work. You'll have to type 30 again. When you look at percentages, it is better to just format the cell or just write 30% from the beginning. 21. S2 L18 Circular Reference (*): Circular reference, or what I call the chicken or egg problem. This will happen mostly when you have complicated formulas or Excel models. And usually what you will see when you open your Excel sheet is an error message like this one, which says there are one or more circular references where a formula refers to its own cell, either directly or indirectly. This might cause them to calculate incorrectly. Try removing or changing this references or moving the formulas two different sets. To understand what this means. Let's look at an example. Here. I have three sets, A1, A2, and A3. A1 is equal to one, no problem there. A2 is equal to A1 plus A3, which means that its value depends on A1 and A3. Now, a three is equal to A2, which means that its value depends on the value of A2. Now the problem is the following. A2, its value, it depends on A1 and a 3.3 depends on A2. Now, it's like a chicken or egg problem. And extend doesn't know what to do. So it will give you a circular reference. So let's go to Excel, check this out and fix it. If you see here in the Excel sheet, we have two arrows. One is pointing to this cell, the other one is pointing to this cell, which means I have a circular reference. Now, assume that you are here and you don't know if you have a circular reference or not. What you can do is go to Formulas, then you have error checking under the formula, auditing. And if you remember this one, when we click on it, we have circular references. We can see them here. If we click, we can go directly to the circular reference. Now, if you see this one, if I click on it, we have equal V2 times one plus before, which is the interest rate. I will press Escape, go to this one. This one depends on the value of V3 and V2. So now we have the same problem. This one depends on this one, and this one depends on this one. So what I can do is just put eight per cent here as an interest rate, and then the arrows are gone. I don't have any model circular reference. And if I click here, you can see that circular references is grayed out, which means that those circular references are gone. 22. S2 L19 Data Validation Basics (*): The quality of the data that you collect will be crucial for your analysis in Excel or even your model. And a lot of times you want to avoid this problem of garbage in, garbage out, which means that you have bad data inputs and unreliable model results. So in order to do this, you might want to restrict what the user can input or even give him or her options as a drop-down menu to select from. All this is called Data Validation. So there are different types of data validation. Number one is number. It could be a whole number versus a decimal number. Number two is restricting the value that you can input. The value can be smaller than, bigger than equal, etc. Number three is providing a drop-down menu. List of items. Number four is restricting the date and time would be between some numbers bigger or equal. Center, then you have text lands. This is useful in cases like e.g. a. Phone number. You want to make sure that you have the right number of digits. And then you have custom where you can do something custom, e.g. put a formula. Now, if you're an advanced user in drop-down menus, you want more examples and information. You can check out my channel on YouTube, Excel wizard in minutes. It will have a playlist where you're going to learn how to do dependent drop-down menus. Which means drop-down menus that will have options based on what the user selects in the first drop-down menu. If you want to learn more about the exam, no matter what your level is, you can also check my channel. The last thing I want to show you is that or data validation. You can put message, input message. And you can also define an error message in case the user makes an error to understand what is the error and what is required from the user. So now let's go to Excel and practice. We are back to the Lamborghini example, which is my favorite. Here. If you see, I have lands in years, so I have five years. But what if I put 100 here? Nothing happens, the data updates, and that's it. But usually this is unrealistic and this is defined by the policies of a bank. If I want to restrict what the user can put here, I can use data validation. But what I'm gonna do is type 5.15 here. And I want to make it as a drop-down menu. Well, I can go to Data. Under data, you have this data validation. I can click on it. And then you select list. Either here, you can type the numbers five, comma, then comma 15, so separated by commas. But that's not a recommended approach because they are hard-coded. What I recommend you to do is click here and select them from an Excel sheet or type of formula. So here we are. Okay, we press, Okay, we come here, we have 510.15, which is great. Now, if I change 15 to 20 and you go back to the drop-down menu, it is automatically updated. The other thing I want to tell you is that this is a protein. Don't write your values here because somebody can come and delete that. It's not best-practice. What you could do is two things. The one that I prefer is to type the values in another Excel sheet that will have the values for your drop-down menus. Or what you could do is just press Control. Arrow to the right. You go at the end of the sheet and then you can do 51015, and then you come back. You can refer them by updating your data validation. Let's click, let's do Control arrow to the right. Select those three values, and then we press Okay. And the same thing will be there. Well now if I delete those, there is no problem. Now let's look at this. 30%. 30% is the down payment percentage. I don't want the user to come and put -50 per cent, e.g. again, doesn't make sense. To restrict this, what I could do is use data validation. Same thing, we click here. But this time we're going to do estimate. And we have between what we want, let's say 10% and 50 per cent. Not right then per cent, right? 0.1 and here 0.5. Press Okay. Then if the user types something wrong, e.g. 166 per cent, you will get or she will get an error message. Now how to customize this? Let's put cancer. Let's go back and let's go first to input message. So that's e.g. input. We can say data validation, whatever you want to help the user. For error. We can have error here as the title, and here we can say value between 10% and 50 per cent. And we press, Okay. You can see that whenever I select this cell, I get this. Well, if I go out and disappear, now I go here. I put something wrong, 78%, and I get the message that I've put. Let's put 30 per cent and try it. You don't get an error message. Now let's do something more complicated. And let's try to have a formula in the data validation. So we're going to use any formula. Don't worry too much about the formula because we're going to see it in the next section. But it's just to illustrate the concept. So here I'm going to put 15.10. Now, assume that we want this tenure number of years or two doors, and we want this tenure for for dogs. So here I'm just going to type two doors and I'm gonna go here and do a data validation. Well, we get this. Let's go to settings and change this. And let's do equal IF formula, again, don't worry about the formula. There's just select the right cell. So we go here. The cell is the door is equal to two comma. Then we want to try this data. If the first one is that if it's equal to two, the second one, if it's not equal to two, Let's select this. And then we say, okay, now we have two doors. What do you have? 1510. And if you have four doors now, what would you have? 510.20. 23. S2 L20 Unstack your data with this trick (*****): Even if you wait for Christmas and as Santa Claus for some nice and clean data, it's not going to happen. A lot of times when you download data from a system, it's going to come in a very messy way and you have to fix it before you start your analysis. Now, in this course, you will have a lot of formulas to do this. But what I want to show you in the next three lessons is how to have the data in the right cells. So in this lesson, we're going to look at data on stacking. And in the other two, we're going to look at transposing your data. Here. This is the situation. I have a division sales in year one, says In year to another division, sales in year one, sales in year two, and so on. What I want to do is have them in a tabular format. What I'm going to have the division, the sales in year one and the sales in year two. The problem is, if you want to start copy pasting one after the other, it's going to be a nightmare. So you have to do it in a smart and quick way. Now there are many solutions out there on the Internet to do this. But what I want to show you is the solution that I think is the fastest, the laziest, and the most efficient. So I don't want to go into Power Query and this kind of things that you're going to find in the internet, even some Add-ins you have. Here. It is simple. What I'm gonna do is come here and do equal the first division. Press Enter. Now, if you drag this formula like this, it's not going to work. Because here we have A2, it will become B2, and then it will become C2. So what I'm gonna do is just get those two numbers with my equals sign and press Enter. Again. If I drag this down, it's not going to work because the formula will go down and the data is not in this way. So for Excel to understand my pattern, I'm just going to do also the second division. So equal. Here we do another equal and then Alaska equal. Now that I have this, the trick is very simple. I'm going to replace the equals sign with my initiatives. You can do your initials, you can do a word as long as Excel doesn't recognize it as a formula later on, or it creates some problems. So let's do Control H. And what we're gonna do is here equal. And I'm going to put RA replace or we did six replacement. Great. Now we can drag this down. You can see now what is happening. Here. I have eight after my initials, which is Foods A9, a ten. Then here you have a 11, which is my division beverage and so on. So it seems that XN is recognizing the pattern with Flash Fill. Now let's do the opposite. Control. H, my initials with an equal sign. Replace all. Press OK, close. And you get everything in the right place. As you can see, if I come and add a division, I put here one and here too. You can see it comes automatically because of my formulas. Now what I want to teach you is how to remove those zeros. We can use custom formatting for this. Custom formatting is not part of this course, but I just want to go through it very quickly here. If you don't understand it, It's okay. You can just come and delete the zeros like this. Now let's do Control Z, and let's select this. What we're gonna do is click here. So I go to Number and then I can select custom formatting. And the way it works to explain it to you. We will have four parameters separated by a semicolon. The first one is the format for positive numbers. The second one is the format for negative numbers. The third one is the format for zeros. And then the fourth one is the format for text. So what I'm gonna do for positive numbers, I'm going to select this one, then semicolon. Then I'm going to select this one, Control C, Control V for negative numbers. Because they are negative. I'm going to put a negative sign here. Then semicolon. What I'm gonna do is stop here. I'm not going to do a format for zeros. And the last one, I'm not going to consider, press Enter. And as you can see, the zeros have disappeared. Now e.g. if I add another one here, a, b, c, 1.2, you can see that they will come if there is nothing. You don't see anything. What I've done basically, you can see the formula is still there. I have hidden the zeros with a blank. And that's why I use costume formatting. 24. S2 L21 Transpose to Horizontal (****): So here is the situation. I have here a bunch of projects, their costs. And what I want to do is move the data from this way to this way. Now, I'm gonna show you a few methodologies to do this. The first one is the following. It doesn't involve any formula. You just select the data. You do control C for copy. You can go here and you do Alt E, S. And then here if you see in this menu, you have transpose. The E is underline. So if you press on the E, it will select Transpose. Press Okay, you get the projects this way. Great. The only problem is that if you can change this to project 11, you don't have it updated because it's not affordable. Let's do Control Z. Now, if you have Excel Office 365 or Excel 2021, you are lucky because you can use a formula called transpose. So in this case, what I can do is transpose open parenthesis. It has only one parameter, which is the array. You just select the whole data, close parenthesis, press Enter, and you'll get your projects like this. If I change, my project is going to change here. Now, if you have older versions of Excel, you can do something. It's not ideal, but let me show it to you. So what you do is that you select the space where your data will come. So you have to know how many sales to select, otherwise, it won't work. Then here in the first cell, which is in this case the seven I can do, equals transpose, open parenthesis, select the same thing. So, so far, same thing. The only difference is that I selected the cells where the results will come. And now, instead of pressing Enter, I'm gonna do Control Shift Enter, and I get them. If you see the formula, you will get some curly brackets before and after the formula. Now there is a lesson in this course about Control Shift Enter. So you'll learn more about this. Now what you need to know is, again, I changed the project. It updates here. Let's do Control Z. Now, if you have older versions of Excel, instead of going into this Control Shift, Enter business. I have another solution for you. So here I'm gonna do equal project. Here, equal cost, and then equal the first project and its cost. Now that I have this, I'm going to select them and I'm going to replace the equal with my initials. So Control H. Here you go. You put equal, you replace it with your initials. It could be a word, anything. Replace. All we say, okay, close. Now that we have it, we just drag it like this. And as you can see, here, we have A3, which is project to a four, which is project three, and so on. And here you have B2, B3, B4. So those are the costs. So now what to do? Control H again, let's do the opposite. So here, equal. So my initials, we replace them with equal. Replace all. Press OK, close and you get everything transposed. If you change this to a one, you get a change automatically. So those are a few methodologies to be able to transpose your data. 25. S2 L22 Transpose to Vertical (*****): In a previous lesson, we learned how to transpose data from tabular format to this way. Now, to do this, we use a trick with initiatives where we replace the equal with my initials, drag it down, and then do the opposite. Here, I want to see if I have the data in this way. Can I transpose it in a tabular format using the same trick? And if not, what can I do? So let's start basically here we will have the employee the employee ID. And what we did there is equal to first employee, equal the second employee. And here we took the first IG and here the second id. Then we just selected them, Control H. With it equal, they replace it with my initials. Replace All. And then we do close. Then we can drag it down and see what happens. The problem is, I still get B1, B1, B1, C1, and C2, C2, B2, C2. So it doesn't work. So what to do in this case? Let me show you. First of all, what we'll do is delete this. Let's go to File more options. So find the options in your Excel version. And then you have formulas. Under formula you have R1, C1, reference style. So let's select this one and press Okay. Now if you notice there is a big change in Excel. I have instead of a bc12 3456. And here also I have 123456. So now if I want to refer to this employee, I can do equal are for Row. This employee is in which row? Row one, row one, then C for column which column? Column two. This was B before. Now it's column two. You can see it's selected. Press Enter. Let's get the second employee. Now, it's which row, row one and then which column? Column three. So press Enter. Let's get the IDs. Did is our row two for this one column to press Enter, and this one is row two. And then column three. Press Enter, you'll get them. Let's use our trig Control H. We replace the equal sign with my initials and embrace all. Press Okay, press Close. And now let's just drag this and we can do the opposite. If you see here e.g. you are getting R1, C4, which is row one, the fourth one, which is this one, then C5, C6, etc. It's working. And here it's R2, C4, C5, C6. It looks like it's working. Control H, Let's do, let's do equal. Replace all. Press OK, close. And as you can see, we have transpose our data. Now that we have done this, let's go back more options and go to Formula and remove this. Press. Okay, we are good. 26. S3 L1 Intro (material in Project section AllToDo, AllCompleted): Welcome to the if statements and logical operators part of this course. In this section, we will learn how to test logical conditions and look at formulas that are related to this topic. We will start with the famous IF statement. Understand the structure. And then once we know how it works, we will look at nested IF, which is one f within another. If number three will be the logical operators such as AND OR and NOT formulas. Number four will be about a newer formula in Excel, which is if, as we will learn the difference between f and f es, when it is better to use EFS. Number five will be dealing with errors. So formulas such as if error or if plus is error, will be very happy. Then we will look at a statement. So it's blank, is text, is all this evil and et cetera. And some of those formulas might not make sense to you at the beginning. But I will show you practical examples on how to use them efficiently in a real-life situation. And finally, we will learn how to use if with a partial match and not an exact match. Last thing I need from you is a bit of help and I promise that's the last time I asked about it. If you haven't traded this course, please do so because this will help me disseminate the information. And obviously if the rating is good and you like this course, that would make me even happier. So I hope that you are ready for this section. Let's go. 27. S3 L2 If Statement (*): If statement is one of the most juice formulas in Excel, let's deep dive into it. If I look at the syntax of this formula, we have three parameters. One is mandatory and two are optional. The mandatory one is logical test. Basically, logical test is any condition that will be tested and we return true or false. It could be something as simple as B2 equal five, or a more complicated formula, or a set of formulas, then if the value if true, we can return something. So that's the second parameter. We could e.g. write something in the formula like pass in double quotation, or refer to a cell like B6. All right, Another formula. And based on the result of this formula, you get your answer. Value if false is exactly the same thing, the only difference is that it is for the false case and those two parameters are optional. So e.g. if I don't write value, if false, I will get false in the cell if the test condition returns false. So let's go to Excel and let's try this if statement. So here we are in our Excel sheet, 0.02 to 3.06. You can download it at the beginning of this section. And if you see we have some exam results or some students. And what I want to do is to write a simple if statement on the masquerade. I want to check if the mass grade is above 70, then it's a pass. Otherwise, it's a fail. So let's write it together. Equal IF open parentheses. I select the mask Great. Bigger than, let's type 70 comma. In double quotation, we do pass those double quotation and close parenthesis. If you see, I'm just going to click back on the formula. You have value if true and value if false, or value if false. I'm not gonna write anything just to show you. I press Enter. I go here on the edge of the cell, double-click and I can just drag the formula down. If you see, I did not use F4 to put $1 sign in front of this F or F five, et cetera, because I am dragging the formula down. And wherever I have a false case, because I did not specify anything, I am getting false. Now, let's just add to this one the failed case, 0 comma paid in double quotation than another double quotation. Press Enter. Let's drag it. Double-click. And now you see I have failed. Instead of pass. The other thing I want to do, instead of this 70, I want to refer to a cell. I'm just going to select the 70. Click on this, and now I need a four because I want to drag the formula down and I want to keep the same 70 or all the cells or press Enter, come here, double-click. And then you can see if I'm just going down that the i2 stays the same. The f is changing and I'm getting my results. So now let's go one step further. So instead of this path, I want to have pass here in i1. I'm just going to type pass here. You can see you don't need double quotation when you are typing the value in a cell. And here, instead of this bus, I can just refer to a cell F4. Press Enter, double-click, and it's the same result. Now, I can have anything in this cell, it will come here. So if I press F5, you can see that I get five for the task cases. Now, let's do, again more difficult. Instead of this, let's use an average. So now I want to check the average of those three grades. No problem. We go here, we write average. And then we select those three grades and close parenthesis. And as you can see, I can have a formula within a formula as one of the parameters. I can make it as complex as I want. Here. I press Enter. If I double-click, you will see that some of the results would change. E.g. this student, she got 69 in mass, so she was a fade. But once you get the average, it becomes a pass. And if I want to check the butter, this is because now I have a lot of parenthesis here. I want to check where they start and end. I can just click in the formula bar, use the arrow keys. And as you can see, whenever I'm using the arrow keys, it is highlighting the start parenthesis and add parenthesis. Let me do it again here you can see those red parenthesis. They are getting highlighted. The last thing I want to show you is Evaluate Formula. This is what we have learned before. Here we have Formulas, Evaluate Formula, and you can check your formula. The average of those three grades is 74.6. If you click, it's better than 70, then it's true. And here it will return, pass. 28. S3 L3 Nested IF Statement (**): After understanding the if statement, it is time for something more complex. So here we're going to look at nested if statement. And to understand this, we're going to look at an analogy. I don't know if you know those Russian dolls, Matryoshka. But basically you have a big door, you open it, there will be a smaller doll, you open it, there'll be a smaller doll and so on. This is the same with nested if statement. You will have an if within an F wasn't enough. So the definition is nested IF means you can have another if statement as a value for a parameter. So if we look at the structure of the IF function, you can see that it has value, if true, value if false. Now what I could do, instead of returning past like we did in the previous lesson. For value if true, I can put another if statement. And if the first one is true, it will execute this if statement. Now within the second if statement, e.g. for value if false, I can put another if statement, and so on. So this is how it works. Let's go to Excel and try it out. If you remember the simple. If we looked at the grades, the mass great. If it was above 70, it was passed. Otherwise Fe, here what I want to do is above or equal to 90, it's a top students. 70-90. This is a pass, and below 70, it's a fail. So let's try the formula together. Equal IF open parenthesis here, this is the mask rate bigger or equal. I select the 90. Let's press F4 to drag it. Come. Now, value if true, I want top student. So let me write top students in double quotation comma value if false, this is where you can nest. Another if, because now I have two more conditions. I'm gonna do open parenthesis. My logical test is the mass grades bigger or equal than 70 comma. If the value is true, what would happen? I want to put a pass. Otherwise I want a fake. So let's do double quotation, close parenthesis. I need another parenthesis because the last parenthesis is always in black. Press Enter and you get pass, double-click, you get here a cop student, because the person got 92. Now you will ask me, I didn't put 70-90. How does Excel know that? Well, if you think about it, the first condition is equal or above 90, right? So if it's true, you get off student. If not, it means automatically the value is less than 90, so I don't need to specify it in the second F because this will get executed if this value is below 90. So here I only specify bigger or equal than 70. Now let's try it out with formulas. Evaluate formulas. Let's move this here and let's check it out. So we have F for evaluate which is 81, bigger than 98 is not. So that's false. So automatically this f will get executed. Evaluate 81, bigger than 70. Yes, that's true. You get pass. And since the first one is false, this one will return path. And this is how you get pass. 29. S3 L4 And / Or Conditions (***): In order to understand the value of and and or mixed with an if statement, we need to look at the scenario. So here e.g. I want to have if the mass grade is bigger or equal than 70, I want to have a pass. Or if the reading grade is bigger or equal to 70, I want to pass. If you want to write this with a nested if statement, you will have something like this. If mass bigger or equal than 70, then it's a pass. If not, you will have another if statement. If reading bigger or equal than 70, it's a pass. Otherwise it's a fail. So the problem is, if I add two or three more conditions like this, then you will have a gigantic formula that even Einstein cannot understand. So the way we can write it with AND or, OR is the following. If open parentheses, our condition will be a node. So you have to put the end or at the beginning and you'll get used to it at the beginning. It's a bit weird, but that's how it is. You will have mass bigger or equal than 70 comma reading bigger or equal than 70 comma writing bigger or equal than 70. You close the parenthesis, then you have paths and otherwise fail. So that's much easier to read and understand and your formula is much more compact. So let's go to Excel and let's try it out. We are back to our Excel sheet about grades. And the first thing I want to do is try and add condition. What I want all three grades to be above or equal than 70 for a pass. Otherwise, if one of them is less, It's a fade. So let's write it together. Equal IF open parentheses. As I told you in the PowerPoint, you put the end first, open parenthesis. You start with the mask, Great. Bigger or equal than 70. Let's use F4 comma. The reading grade, bigger or equal than 70. Let's use F4 comma. The writing grades bigger or equal than 70, you use F4, close parenthesis. This is our logical test, comma value. If true, then we write pass in double quotation comma value if false, then we write fail in double quotation, close parenthesis, press Enter. Now I can just double-click to drag the formula. And if you see those two students have all grades above 70. So this is why it's a pass. And if you look e.g. this student got one grade below 70 and it's a failure. Now, let's do the same, but with an order condition here. Equal if open parenthesis or open parenthesis masquerade bigger or equal than 74, comma. Reading grade, bigger or equal than 70. F4 comma writing grade bigger or equal than 74, close parenthesis. That's my logical test. Gamma. It's a bass comma value. If false, it's a fail. All in double quotation, close parenthesis, press Enter. You double-click and you get the results. So e.g. this student got one grade above 70. This is why it's a pass. If you have all three grades below 70, you will get a fade. So this is how to use and then, or with if conditions. 30. S3 L05 Not <> with IF (*): So far, we looked at the ad and, or formulas combined with an if statement. And now it's time to look at the negation, which is represented by the formula or the different than sign. For the different than sign. If you see the title of this lesson, you have to use the smaller than sign combined with a bigger than sine. So now, why use negation? You use negation in scenarios where you want to test a condition and this condition is different than a value. So e.g. if I take a practical example, if you remember from our Excel sheet with great, we had ethnicity as one of the columns. What I want to do here is ethnicity different than group C, then it's a test group. Otherwise, it is a control group with the negation sign. It is very easy. You can see it here. It is ethnicity different than group C. However, it is much less intuitive with the not formula. So here you will have to have not open parenthesis. Ethnicity equals group C because not an equal is not equal. So this is how you have to deal with this scenario. Now let's go to Excel and let's practice in our Excel sheets. I want now to do column m and n. So I'm just going to hide those so you can see better. And we're going to start by different than because this is the one I use the most frequently. I rarely use this one because as I said for me, it's not that intuitive. So what I want to do here is the same thing we have seen in the PowerPoint. If the ethnicity is different than group C, I want, that's the group. Otherwise control group. So let's go here and do equal if ethnicity different than. And then we can select Group C, use F4 because we're going to drag the formula comma, then I want my value if true. So I'm just going to put the group. Then double quotation comma, again between double quotation, we have the other one which is the value if false, which is Control Group, close parenthesis. It is as easy as this. Press Enter. And then you just drag the formula like this. And you can see wherever I have Group C, it is control group. Let's do the same with the North formula. So I'll go here, go to the Formula bar equal. If here I have to start with not. I have my logical test, which is ethnicity. Don't forget, it's not different than, it is equal to group C than F4. We close this one. Comma value if true is test the group comma value if false is controlled group all in double quotation. And then you close parenthesis, press Enter. You double-click. Let's make it bigger. You should get the same results. 31. S3 L6 IFS statement & Emojis trick (***): If you have Excel 2019 and above, you are lucky because you can use Dave as formula. So in this lesson, I'm going to show you the difference between f and if S. And also I will show you what it is better to use dave S formula. In addition, I have a bonus tip for you. I will show you how to add emojis to your report in a very easy way. So let's start. If I have a formula with multiple conditions, I would have something like this. If x less than hundred comma, if x less than 90 comma, if x less than 80, and so on. So you can see the number of parenthesis and the risk for error. If you use the if S formula, the same formula will become way easier to read. You will have if x less than a t value, if true, x less than 90 value if true, and so on. So let's look at the syntax of first of all, you will have logical test one, which is a condition that returns true or false. B2 equal five. Now it could be a formula that returns true or false. Doesn't matter. Now, if it's true, you will get value if true one. And this value could be our reference. It could be directed written in this formula, or it could be another formula. Now, if it's false, you have logical test2, then value if true, and so on. Notice that there is no value if false. And now we're gonna go to Excel. I will show you how to deal with value if false. We are back to the same extent. However, the only difference is that I have hidden the columns in the middle so we can see better. And here, I'm just gonna do a simple scenario so you can understand the power of S if you had more conditions. So what I will do is look at the mask rate. If it's above 78, surpass. If it's below 60, it's a fail. And in-between, it's a second chance. So if I want to write this with the traditional IF statement, we're going to try it together. Equal IF open parentheses. Logical test is mass bigger than 70 comma value. If true, I will put pass comma, then value if false. Here we have another if an asteroid f, if the mask rate is below 60 comma value, if true, it is failed. Comma. Second chance, close parenthesis, and press Enter. So now that's a simple case. You can see we have a nested IF, imagine that I had three or four more conditions, what would have happened? Let's write it now with the if S formula. So I will delete this. I will do equal if S open parenthesis, my first logical test is the same. I'll have my mass great. I will do bigger than my 70 comma value. If true, it's past karma. Logical test to do mass grade smaller than 60 comma value. If true, it's a fail. Then I will just close parenthesis here. We have to do more, but I just want to show you a few things. Now before I drag it down. I just want to fix it because I want to drag it to the right also and down. So we look at F4, the mask rates. Basically I can change roles but not columns. So this is $1 sign here and here. For O2, which is the 70, it's the opposite. I can change columns, but now through. So we'll do this. And for the 68 is the same, we will do this. If you're not familiar with what I'm doing, you can go back to one of my lessons on cell referencing and you will be able to understand it better. Now, let's press Enter and double-click. You can see that all the cases 60-70 will have an a. Now we're going to add the third condition. But first, I'm going to do it inefficient. And then I'm going to show you the efficient way, the best practice. So if you see here above 70, pass below 60. So then 60-70, It will be a second chance. So how to do this? You have two conditions. We put an end and we put the mass great. We will say bigger or equal than 60 comma. The masquerade. Smaller or equal than 70. Close parenthesis, comma, we put second chance. And then double quotation. I need to put the dollar signs. I'm gonna do the same. These are my dollar signs. Press Enter. We double-click. This is second chance now. Great. But this is inefficient. Why? Because if you see here this is above 70. If it's a fail, it's going to move to the second one and then the third one. So if it's not above 70, why would I put a condition here saying below 70? Because it's anyways below 70. What I could do to make it more efficient is put only one condition. So let's remove the ends. And let's remove this condition and keep one of them. I put above 60, that's fine. Press Enter, double-click, you get the same result. It is an easier to read formula, but it is still not efficient. I'm going to fix it. And explain to you how. Here we're gonna put through. Instead, press Enter, double-click. Same result. Even easier to read. So what I've done here, I have f for bigger than 70. If it's false, it means it's less than 70. I have F for less than 60. If it's false, then it means that by default FOR is 60-70. So instead of putting a condition, I directly put a true. So that will take care of all my other cases and I will get second chance. And this is best practice. So you don't get an error with NFS formula. All the other cases, put a true at the end and put a default answer, e.g. an a or something like this. So you always get the result from this formula. And this is how it's working for me. If I try it, let's go e.g. to 69 and let's do evaluate formula. I'm just going to move it like this. You can see I have F7, which is 69 bigger than 70, false. If it's false, it moves to the second 169, smaller than 60 fourths. When the two are false, it will go to the third one. The third one is true. You will get a second chance. Let's close this. And now let me teach you the pro trick for emojis. So we can drag the formula like this. Double-click and go here. Instead of this pass fail. And second chance, we will do this and we'll do windows dot on your keyboard. You have some emojis. If you click on this one, you get even more. I'm going to select this one, the Smiley face. You can see that it comes here. Don't forget the double quotations. Let's do the same here. Windows dot, we select this one, and let's do it a third time. Windows dot. We select this one. Click here, press enter, double-click. You get your emojis. So once you have your emojis, you can color them. You can use conditional formatting, whatever you want, but it will give a bit of flavor to your report. This is one way to get emojis. It is a quick one. There are other ways we're going to see in the course to get more icons, to color your report. 32. S3 L7 IFerror (**): A good way to deal with errors coming from formulas in Excel is to use the IF error formula. So basically, the syntax of this formula is the following. You will have IF error, then the first parameter is value. Basically it is the function or the value that you want to test to see if there is an error. If the answer is not an error, then the formula we return this value or the result of your function. If not, then it will display the second parameter, which is value IF error. Value IF error could be directly written in the formula, it could be the contents of a cell, or it could be another formula. So let's go to Excel and fix a few errors. Here. If you see I have a formula. It's a simple formula. If the mass grade is above 70, it's a pass. Otherwise it's a fe. And I drive my formula down, but I got some problems. Why? Because the data quality I have is not good. So in this case, since my formula is okay, I can use IF error to deal with such scenario. Here, what I'm gonna do, I'm gonna put IF error, an open parenthesis. One good practice is to write your formula and then you can wrap it with IF error. If you see that you have problems. So value IF error, Let's put not found e.g. in double quotation, close parenthesis, press Enter, double-click. And now you see we got rid of the errors. Now instead of not found, I could have done anything. I could have put e.g. five times two or even another function. So here e.g. you get ten because there is an error. So this is how to use IF error in Excel. 33. S3 L8 Isxxx statements + Row coloring trick (***): I hope that you are ready for this lesson because I'm going to come at you with a lot of formulas. And some of them you think that they are useless. But wait until we go to Excel. And I show you real examples. Now, all these formulas we'll start with is test for a condition and return true or false. And most of the time you will use those formulas in combination with other formulas, such as if the first one is, is blank. Basically, it will test if the value that you give it is blank. The second one is number. As its name suggests. It will check if the value is numerical, then you have a stacks which is the opposite. It will check if the value is text and not one thing, if you have texts and numbers for Excel, it's counted as text, then you have error. It will check if whatever you are feeding it is an error or not. Now note that this is very similar to if error. If you do, if is error, the only difference between this one and if error is that if it's not an error, you can define whatever you want to return with the other one, the error. If it's not an error, it will just return the value that you fed it. So this one becomes a bit more flexible. Then we have is even and m is odd. Basically is to check if the number is even or odd. And those two might seem to you as if they are not very useful, but you'll see what we're gonna do with those two. Let's go to Excel and let me show you. Here we go. We have the same masquerades with a few modifications. What we're going to try to do first is check for blacks. You can see here some of them are blank. Whenever it's blank, I want the average of the other two grades. So here I can do. If it's blank, open parenthesis, I select my reading, great. Close parenthesis comma. If it's a blank, I want the average of the mask rate comma, the writing, great. And then close parenthesis comma. If it's not blank, then I just want the grades close parenthesis. Press Enter, and then double-click. You can see that here e.g. I. Fixed the problem of having missing data with the best I can. This is one use of is blank. Then you have is a number. So I want to check if my writing grade is a number. So here I'm going to do equal is number, open parenthesis, select by writing great. Close parenthesis, press enter. We get through for the first one because it's a number. Double-click, you can see that we get a couple of fours. We're going to come to this in a second. Let's do the opposite. Which is text equal is text open parenthesis. And let's select the same close parenthesis. You can see that you get the opposite. Now, I can use this to fix my data. Here. If I select my false, because the grades have to be numbers, I can see that I have two of them. Here. It looks like I have 30, but it's three. And the letter 0. So I can come and fix my data. You can see it becomes a true. And this is a way to check my data with this formula. Then you have is error. So let's look at this arrow here. We're going to do equal. If is error, open parenthesis. We select the mask rate, close parenthesis, comma, it becomes a normal IF statement, value if true. If it's an error, Let's put not found. Let's do comma. And then if it's not an error, I just want the mass great. Let's close parenthesis. Press Enter and double-click. Now, if you see the difference between this formula and this type of formula, you can see that here we have IF error and we have an if statement here. So what happens is that if the if statement is not an error, you will get the value from this formula. Otherwise, you get the not found. Here. In this case, you can return whatever you want if it's not an error. So that's where the flexibility comes in. The other one, you are saving maybe a formula sometimes. Here you have one more formula. Because you have, if you have the arrow, press Enter, then we have is even and n is odd. The practical example I want to show you is that imagine you want to color every two rows in gray. So obviously you don't want to do this and then go and color it. Then you go here and you go and color it and so on. It will take ages. What I can do, let's do Control Z. Control Z is used, is even or odd. So equal is even. Open parenthesis. Here I need a number. For the number, I'm going to use another formula called row. We're going to see this formula in details later on in the course. But what it will do when I write it like this, without any parameter in-between, it will return the row of the cell. In this case, this is row two, then 34.5. So let's close parenthesis here. We have is even of rho. Rho is to, obviously two is even. If I do like this, three here is not even, and so on. So let's double-click and let's do is out. It's the same concept. So we do row, open, close parenthesis, close parenthesis, press Enter, and then you double-click, you get the exact opposite. So now what I can do is filter by true and go Control Shift arrow, right arrow down. Let's color them. We go back up and we un-filter. And as you can see, I have colored every two roles in gray. 34. S3 L9 IF with partial match - Pro trick (*****): I'm going to teach you a trick that a lot of advanced user of Excel do not know. So here's the situation. You come in the morning to the office and your boss has thousands of ancient ideas. And what he wants you to do is flagged the ones that contain th, and he will give you the whole day for this. So if you use the normal if statement, if we try it here, equal, if the agent ID is equal to T H comma, then flag. Otherwise comma, double quotation, double quotation, close parenthesis. It doesn't work. Because so far in this course, we looked at cases where we are looking at a value that is equal to another value, smaller or bigger. So what to do? And you want to do a partial match. Let me show you how to solve this. First of all, you can use a formula called Search. So this formula, if you open parenthesis, it says Fine text. So let's put a four for the text because we're going to drag it comma within text here. And then you have comma start number. It means from which character do you want to start? If you don't put anything, it will start from the beginning of the texts. If not, you can specify e.g. 456. It will start looking from the fourths, fifths, or six character. Now here I don't want anything. So I'm just going to close parenthesis. Press Enter. And here you get five. Let's double-click and see what is happening. So five means that G, H starts at the fifth character in this text. So 1234. And that's the fifth character. Here. You have it at the six character, and so on. Now here I don't have th, what is happening. I'm getting a value error. Now note that this search is not case sensitive. So if I put the H in small letters, it will also work. If you want it to be case sensitive. You can use a function called find. You can see this. It doesn't work. Now if I put th in capital letters, it will work. But now let's go back to search, and let's use this search. Now. This is the information. If I find th, I'm gonna get the number. If I don't find th, I'm gonna get an error. So what can I do here? I can use an error formula. So if I do is error, open parenthesis, close parenthesis here. If I double-click, you get all force except one true. Now, let's combine this with an if statement. I'm just going to take this one, control C Escape, go here, paste it here. I'm gonna go for an if statement. So if is error the search, so if it's an error, it means I did not find anything. So comma, double quotation or double quotation comma if it's not an error. So we're getting a number. We can put flag, close parenthesis and press Enter. So now let's double-click. You can see that all of them are flagged except this one, which is great. Now let's do more complicated. I want a B or T H, which means that this one also needs to be flagged. What to do in this case? Well, I can use an n statement. So here what I have, if I just copy this formula and just fix this one, press Enter. I have one is error. If it's an error, it means I have nothing. Otherwise flag. What I could do is try to is arrows. So here I put an ad. If I come here, you can see if I use the arrows on the keyboard. I can see here where this is error starts and stops. So let's put a comma and close parenthesis. You can see that it is with the n statement here. Now what I need to do is put another is error. So let's copy this. Put it here, and let's move first TH2, this th, the second th to AB, press Enter, double-click and you get all of them flagged. So what happened here? Let's look at this one with formula, evaluate formula, and understand the situation. So first of all, we're looking for C3, right? So evaluate that CH in this text. Evaluate, it's not there. I get an error. So here I get true because its error is true. Now the second one, I'm searching for AB, within this text. It's there. I get the number one because it starts at the first character. Is it an error? No. So now we have true and false. What does it mean? I need to have two trues to get through. But if there is one false, then this will give me false. When it's false, it will flag it, which means that I find it. So here you can see that in my end condition, if any of them gives me false, which means it's not an arrow, which means I found it. It will flag the record. And this is how you can do this. Now, the most important thing is that don't tell your boss and take the day off. 35. S4 L1 Intro (material in Project section AllToDo, AllCompleted): Welcome to part four of this course, all about stats. We have a lot to cover here. And we're going to start with basic statistical functions. So beyond sum and count, we will look at things like median mode, how to deal with percent versus percentile and ratios in Excel. Then we will move to ranking. In ranking, we will look at the formulas that are used for ranking. And we will go to an advanced concept where we will rank numbers based on formulas that you don't even know that can be used for ranking, then you have random numbers. So if you want to test your model or mask your data, what are the different ways to generate random numbers? Number four is some product. One of the most important formulas in Excel. Very few people know the potential of this formula. We will look at how to use it in different ways. Then we will have some fs count IFS average, if they have a counterpart without the S, we will look how to use them to sum, count and average based on some conditions. And even with partial matches. Number six will be Control Shift Enter, which is one of the most important concepts in Excel. If you don't have newer versions of Excel, which means that you don't have dynamic array formulas. So we will look at how to use this shortcut. After that, we will have dashboard examples. So based on your knowledge, how to build quick, interactive and dynamic dashboards to relate your results visually. Because this will make you look much better in front of management. And finally, we will look at max if S, Min, if as an aggregate, which will be used to do max and Min based on some criterias. So are you ready for this section? Let's go. 36. S4 L2 Round (Normal, Up or Down) (*): Let's attack this section with rounding up and rounding down numbers. And if you see here, I have a bunch of numbers. That format is gender. If I try to decrease the number of decimal points here, by clicking on this, you can see that I get to three. But have I really rounded down the number or up? Well, if you do here, equal three times three, you should get nine, right? Press Enter. You'll get 7.71. Why? Because if you go back to the number and look at the formula bar, you can see that it's still 2.57, which is a problem, right? So now let's just get back the numbers to where they were by using general removing this. And let's try to use formulas to round numbers. Here I'm going to use a formula called round open parenthesis. You have two parameters. The first one is the number. So that's easy. That's my number. Comma, the number of digits. Now to round to integer, the number of digits is zero. You put zero, close parenthesis, press Enter, you'll get three. Let's double-click. You get your numbers, and let's verify that it's really three. So here what I can do is control C. I will come here. E is V, will paste the number as values. Press. Okay. And now you can see in the formula bar that it's really a three. So let's delete this one and let's understand how the rounding works. Basically, everything five and above will get rounded up. Below five. It gets rounded down. So 57.50 get rounded to three. And fours is three, gets rounded to two. Let's try now to round to one decimal place. Equal round. Open parenthesis. My number is the same number of digits. I want one decimal place means one. So let's close the parenthesis. Press Enter. You'll get 2.6. Let's drag it down. Then you get your numbers. Again. If we look at it now, to 0.50, 77 is above or equal to five. So it gets rounded up. This one, there is a zero after it, so it's 2.53 is less than five. It gets rounded down, and so on. So if you need two decimal places, you will put to three decimal places, three, and so on. Now, what if I want to round to the multiple of ten? So that's a bit more complicated. Let's do equal round open parenthesis. Select our number comma. Now what do you think I should put for number of dishes? Well, if you think about it, one decimal places, 12 decimal places is too. If I'm going reverse, I should go for minus two, the multiple of ten, it is minus one. Let's close parenthesis plus Enter, and you get zero. Let's double-click and you get your numbers. Why did we get zero? Because 2.57 is less than five. So it rounds down the same for those two. Here we have a big number. We have 53 point something. Three is less than five, so it rounds down. And same thing here. Let's do to the multiple of hundred. So here, equal round, you're used to it now, let's get the number comma, what should be the number of digits? Well, the trick is always to count the number of zeros. So we have two zeros. So minus two. Let's close parenthesis, double-click and you get your numbers. Here, 5,900, something becomes 6,000. It rounds up to 23 because 23 is less than 50, it rounds down. Now we have left rounding up or down to Excel based on the number. What if I only want to round up no matter what? So you might guess it, the formula is equal, round up. Same thing here you have the number, the number of digits. Here it's integer. So comma zero for integer, for number of digits. We press enter, we double-click get the numbers. If you notice this one, when we rounded to integer, it went down to two because it's 2.423. Here it goes up to three. Now let's do the same to one decimal place. So Equal round up, open parenthesis. The number is here. One decimal means one. Let's close parenthesis, press and double-click. You can see that 2.423 also got round to 2.5 versus 2.4. Here. We have done round up. So now we need to round down. So what is the formula? As simple as this? It's round down. So Equal round. Now, be careful there is to this open parenthesis. The number is there. Comma, number of digits is zero because we want to round down to integer, close parenthesis, press Enter, double-click. You can see that this number was rounded up to three. Now it goes down to two. And last one we're going to do for fun. We will round to one decimal place. I want to round down, round down open parenthesis. This is the number comma one. Decimal means one. Let's close the parenthesis. We get 2.5, and let's drag it down. 37. S4 L3 Popular Stat functions (*): Let's look at the most common statistical functions out there. So I hope that you like the NBA because I selected a database of NBA players and their salaries. And we want to derive some statistical numbers. We won't do everything here. We will keep some of what you'll see for the next lesson. But the first thing I want to do is calculate the number of players. To do this, I can use my count function, open parenthesis. And then I can select column C for the salaries. And I can close parentheses. I get 496 players. Now, obviously, instead of selecting the whole column, you can come here, select the first one and do Control, Shift arrow down, and then you press Enter. So that's the same thing. As long as you don't have more data below this table. Because when you select column C, If you have more data below this table, it might count more and give you a wrong answer. The other way to do it, let's assume that I click here and I move my data to this column. If I press Enter, I get zero. Why? It is because count only count numbers. You want to count numbers or text. You need to use count a. If I just remove this and I select the whole column, and I put a here, so count a column a, I get 497. But hang on. In the other one we got for 96. Why? It is because name is a text. If I select the whole column, count, a will count it. Whereas here count will not come salary because it's not a number. So what you could do to fix this is to either minus one here. So you get the number or just delete this, remove this column, select the Data, Control Shift arrow down and press Enter. The problem with this approach is that if I go down and add somebody, so triple X e.g. I. Still get 496 because I'm only referring to this range. How can I do to fix this problem? Well, you can use an Excel table. We're going to see this concept later on in more details. But basically you just click inside your data, insert table. And here it will select your data. So if it's correct, it's fine. My table has headers. Okay. Here you have table for, I can call it e.g. NBA players. Press Enter, and now you have a table. So if I come here, I delete this, and now I go to Steph Curry, Control Shift arrow down. You can see that now you have the table name and then the name of the column. If I press Enter for 96, same thing. Now the difference is I add a player, player one. If I go up automatically, I have 497, because the table, we'll take this player within its range. So now let's undo what we did. I do Control Z, remove this player to remove the table. You can just click inside the table design Convert to Range. You will say, okay, then the table is gone. If you go up, you're going to see that we get now arrange. You can just remove it. Then click on Stefan Curry Control Shift arrow down to get back what we had. Now let's get the average salary equals average. Open parenthesis, select column C. Don't worry about the salary because the salary is just a text so it won't get taken into the formula. Close parenthesis, press Enter. The average salary is $8 million, nearly nine. This is crazy. Now the median salary, what does it mean? Well, let's assume I have three numbers. 14.5. If you want to take the average, one plus four plus five equals 10/3, it's 3.33. But the median is actually the middle number. So here I have three numbers. The second one is the middle number. It is four, so the median will be four. So what is my median salary? Equal median, open parenthesis. Select your salaries. Close parenthesis. Press Enter. The median salary is actually $4 million. What about the mode? The mode is the value that you have the most repeated in your dataset. So here I can do mod open parenthesis, select my column, close parenthesis, press enter. 1.8 million is the one that is the most repeated. Then you have max-min. That's easy. The max you can see it actually it's 48 million, but I'm just going to select it close parenthesis. This is your max value. Your main value is at the bottom because I sorted them. You can just select it close parenthesis. And then you get 5,000 in my database. Then we're gonna do two more, standard deviation and variance. Basically standard deviation and variance, the measure of the dispersion around the mean. Mean means average. Standard deviation is the square root of variance. So that's simple. Now, what is this variance? This variance when you calculate it, basically, you get the average. You look at every observation and you subtract the average from it. Then this difference, you square it. Then you will just solve this square and average it out. I'm not gonna go too much into statistics. If you are not using this formula, that's fine. If you are into statistics, I'm just going to show you how to use it in Excel. So you have equals STDEV. If you notice there are three of them, stdev, STDEV P, and STDEV S. Now, STDEV, if you see it is available for older versions of Excel. So if you have an old version of Excel, you will have this one. Then you have some new ones. Stdev P, which is based on the entire population, and S is for sample. I'm going to use the P version. Select my salaries, then close parenthesis. You can see that the standard deviation, so the dispersion is $10 million. Let's do the variance now. Equal Var, not variance. You have three of them. Var, var p and var. Var again, is for older versions of Excel. P is for population, S is for sample. So let's use P here. Select our data, close parenthesis, and you get a crazy number that doesn't make sense. But it's okay. It's actually the square of this number. If you see, it is really long. So that's your variance. 38. S4 L4 Ranking Basics (**): This is the second part of our lessons on the most common statistical formulas. And we want to look at four of them, which are rank, percentage, rank large, and small. Let's start with small. Basically small, we return the k smallest value within a dataset. So array is actually your dataset and k is your k smallest value, large is exactly the same thing, but it will do the opposite. So you have a dataset and you want the case largest value, then you have rank. There are some newer formulas in Excel about rank. We will see them once we go to the Zen. But this one will work because it's therefore compatibility purpose. What it will do, it will return the rank of a number within a dataset. So is it the highest value, the second highest value, the third highest value, and so on. And you can do it the reverse order. Is it the top smallest value, the second smallest value, and so on. Here. You will have the number that you want to rag, then the href, it's your dataset. And older, it could be ascending or descending, depending on what you want. It's an optional parameter. You also have percentage rank. So percentage rank works like rank. The only difference is that it will give you this in percentage. So here you have your array, which is the href in the rank formula. You're going to see that x and Ray are reversed compared to the rank formula. X is your number and significance is the number of digits you want. So do you want 75.3 or do you want 75.75? Let's go to Excel and practice. We are back to our Excel on salaries of NBA players. And here what I want to do is get the tense, highest salary. No problem. I have my new large formula, equal large, open parenthesis. Your array is your dataset. So here I can select this control shift arrow down comma. And then if I go up, I want the tenth highest salary. So I'm just going to take ten for my second parameter, press Enter. It's 40,600,000, which is here. It is Klay Thompson. He's the tents on the list. Let's do the same for the hundreds, lowest salary. So from the bottom to up, what I'm gonna do is go here, Control C, escape. Here, we're going to paste it Control V. Press Enter. And let's make some changes. So instead of large, now I want small because I want the hundreds lower salary. And here instead of ten, I want 100. So now you get $1,836,000. Now let's go to rank. So I want to rank those values. Obviously they are in order, so that will be easier for you to see. But if I do equal rank, you can see that I have three formulas. Rank, which is therefore compatibility purpose, and it will work ranking Q and drank average. How does it work? Let's assume that you have two people with the same value. Let's say there are number 11.12, but they have the same value. So rank average will give you 11.5. Rank. Aq will give you both people at 11, and the next one will be 13. So now I'm just going to use rank to show you. And then we can check the rest. Here is drag or double-click. The number. Is this one, comma, the reference is this whole range. So I'm just going to click on the first one. Control Shift arrow down. I'm going to use F4 to fix my reference because I want to derive the formula down. Cava, this is the order descending is by default. Otherwise, you put one for ascending. I'm just going to keep it so I don't want anything. Let's press Enter. This is the first one. Let's double-click. You can see that those people have the same salary. So they are number six. And then you have ten for the next one. If you use now instead of this one dot, you use the average one. And then you press Enter, you double-click. You can see that now you get the average for those people. So instead of six, you get 7.5 because there are four people on rank six, so there's 678.9. The average of those numbers is 7.5. And if you use rank EQ, you're gonna get all of them at six. Now let's do percentage, right? So equal percentage rank. You can see that here I have several of them. You have percentage rank, EXE, percentage rank, ink, and percentage rack. I'm going to use this one. In the next lesson. We're going to see a little bit more about those two. Now this one is fine. And then what we're gonna do is first the array. So here you start with the salaries Control Shift arrow down. You will do F4 comma, the number is this one. And then significance, I'm not going to touch it. I'm just going to close parenthesis and then double-click. You can see 100% 99.7. And it goes down as the rank is increasing here. 39. S4 L5 Percentile (***): What is the difference between percentile and percent? If you had a math exam and you got 60 per cent, is it good or is it bad? What about if you are in the 60th percentile? What do you think? Well, let's understand the difference together. I'm going to start with percent. Percent is a mathematical value out of hundred. If I take the same example and you've got 60% on your math exam. It means that you got six out of ten questions, right? And per cent is measured with the percent sign. Now percentile is a different ball game. It is you're ranking versus others. So if you are in the 60th percentile, it means that 60 per cent of the people who got less than you, and 40% of the people got more than you. And it is measured in th, so 60 years, 50 years, et cetera. So it is possible to get 35 per cent on your math exam, be in the 60 years percentile. Let's go to Excel and less practice those concepts. Here you have a list of people with names and their scores. And if you notice, I've ranked them from the smallest to the biggest. But you don't have to do this. It is just to verify our results. It will be easier. What I want to do is calculate the 25th percentile, 50th percentile, 75th percentile. And to make it easy, I just wrote the numbers here. So we're gonna go here and do equal percentile. And as you can see, there are three formulas for percentile. The first one, There's an old formula that is in older versions of Excel. It is still ear for compatibility purposes. Then you have the ink version, which means inclusive, and the x version, which means exclusive. The one that people use the most, is the inked version. So I'm going to start with this one and then we're going to see the difference between ink and x. We double-click, we need our array. Let's select the numbers. Do F4, because we're going to drag the formula comma. We need k, which is the percentile. We select 025, closed parenthesis, press Enter. Now you can double-click and you'll get there results. Let's check them out. 343 is Sergio is great. So you can see that there are three people, or 25% of the people that got less than him. And nine people, or 75 per cent of the people that got more than him. Let's check the second 1503 is Latisha is great. You can see that half of the people got less than her and have got more. And finally, 748 is, Beatrice is great. Three people or 25 per cent of the people got more, and nine people, or 75% of the people got less. Now, let's try the opposite. I have 600. I want to know my percentile. So we're going to use a formula that we used in the previous lesson, which is percent rank. And as you can see, there are three of them. In the previous lesson, we use this one, which is the old one from Excel. And you have the inked version and the x version. Because I use the inversion here, I'm going to use the ink there. Let's double-click. We need an array. These are my numbers. Come on. The X is the number significance. I don't want to touch. So I close parenthesis, press Enter and you get 62.7 per cent. If you see here, I wrote a formula to make it nicer to display. So you have a text function and an end. We're going to see this in more details in the text section of the course. But just to tell you, basically these texts function takes a value which is 62.7 and assign the format. The format is a percentage without any decimal. This is why you have zero per cent in double quotation. So now we press enter and you get this display. Let's try our numbers. So three for three, press Enter. You'll get 25th percentile, 503, 50 years percentile, and 748, 75th percentile. Let's go back to the 600s and let's try now the exclusive function, equal percentile x. Then let's do the array, which is this one, F4 comma. You need the 25th percentile, close parenthesis. Press Enter, double-click and you get the numbers. You can notice that you get the same here. Here a little bit less and hear a little bit more. Why? It is because the exclusive version takes out the lowest value and the highest value. Here, BBA score is out and Laura score is out. And if you see, if I put zero here, here I get 170, which is VBA score. Here I get an error because this value is gone. Here. If I put 1400 per cent, I get another error, and here I get narrow score. This is just to show you how this formula works. Let's do control Z or two times. Let's try this one. If I do equal percent rank x, I select my array comma, then I select my 600 and I don't want the significance. Press Enter, you will get 61%. So there is a slight difference for the same reason. Now, if I put those numbers, so 317, you get 25th percentile, 503, 50 years, and 757, you get 75th percentile. If I put those numbers, you're gonna get something as three for three, e.g. you get 29th percentile using this methodology. Which one is better? It depends on your situation, your requirements. I usually use the ink version for my analysis. 40. S4 L6 Dealing with Randomness (***): Usually you will need to produce random numbers in Excel in two cases. First one is when you have a model and you want to test your model with random data. And second one, when you want to share a file with somebody and you want to mask the numbers. In this lesson, I'm going to teach you how to generate random numbers using different formulas. From formulas that will work for all versions of Excel to Office 365 formulas. And as a bonus, I'm gonna show you how to generate unique random numbers. So let's start. The first formula I have is a formula that will work for all versions of Excel. It is called Brand equals rand, open parenthesis, close parenthesis. As simple as this, press Enter, you'll get a number. Let's just drag it to see more of them. And if you see all the numbers are between 0% and 100 per cent, which means 0-1. Here you see them in percentage, because I have percentage as a format. Now, if I want to have integers or bigger numbers, I can use RANDBETWEEN equal rand between open parenthesis. You just need to specify a bottom number, which is the minimum I want, e.g. one comma, and the top number which is the maximum e.g. 100. Close parenthesis. Press Enter. Now if you double-click, you get your numbers. What if you want to generate a number? But with decimals, what you could do is use the rand function in combination with randbetween. So e.g. I. Could do plus rand, open parenthesis, close parenthesis, press Enter. You double-click, you get your numbers. Now, if you notice, every time I do something in Excel, the numbers are changing. So e.g. if I type six here, the number changed. I can also do F9, which recalculates Excel formulas and exchanging also, if you don't want them to change, what you could do is just select them, do Control C, and then Alt E as V4 values. And you press Okay. Now the formulas are paste it as values. You can see here, there is no more formula. It won't change. If I type five, the formulas will stay the same. So let's remove this and move two formulas that office 365. Now we're going to see those in more details later on in this course. But I want to give you a flavor, a preview, since we are talking about random numbers. So there you can check everything you can do for random numbers. There is a formula called rand array. Let's try it out. Equal rand array. If you don't see it, it means your version of Excel is older than Office 365. But it's okay. You can understand what's happening and you can decide later on if you want to get Office 365. So the first thing you need to do is get the number of rows. I need ten numbers here. So ten rows comma, how many columns? I only need one column of data. Column C, one comma. What is my minimum number? One comma, my maximum, let's say 100 comma. Here you decide whether you want a decimal or an integer. I'm going to select integer for now. So true, close parenthesis, press Enter. As you can see, you get all your numbers at once. You don't need to derive the formula, you don't need nothing. Now, how to generate random numbers that are unique? Let me introduce the function that is called sequence. Again, Office 365 function. So how does this work? Sequence? If you see I'm typing it, it has the number of rows. I want to select ten rows, same as before. How many columns? One. Then the start number is one. And then I want step, which is by how much do I want to increment each number? I will put two. Here. I'm generating a sequence of numbers. If you press Enter, you get 1357. As you can see, it starts with one, increased by two for every number. Now, if I go back to my random array, I put 1-100. But if I do 1-20, press Enter. You can see that it's hard to get unique numbers. You have e.g. two-sevenths here. What can I do? I can combine the concept of random array and sequence. In my sequence, if you see my numbers are unique, and I can use this random array to randomly sort these numbers. So then there will be random, right? Because they are not. In order to do this, we can use a function that is called sorbet. It's an Office 365 function. So equals sort by open parenthesis. What is my array? My array now is my sequence array, right? Because we are sorting my sequence numbers randomly, so it becomes a random array of numbers. Let's type sequence, open parenthesis, then rows, one, column, comma, the start is one, the step is two. Same as the sequence we have in column D comma by array. I want to sort it by a random array. So random array, we need ten rows. So same number of rows I have in my sequence. Same number of columns, one column, minimum, one, maximum. Let's do 100, doesn't matter. And then let's put e.g. decimal this time. You can do integer Same, close parenthesis. Now the next one is sorted order. So I can do descending or ascending, but it doesn't matter. I just need a random array of numbers. And then I can sort by this random array. So let's close this parenthesis, press Enter, and you can see that the numbers are unique. This is this array basically that is sorted randomly. Now we're going to see those formulas in more details and understand their syntax. But if you need it for random numbers, this is the way. Now you will tell me what if I don't have Office 365 there? I'm going to show you a different methodology. Here. You can generate your numbers. Whether you type them, whether you use rand, rand between whatever, doesn't matter. I'm just going to type some random numbers. Those are unique numbers. What I'm gonna do is solve them by random numbers. So to do this, we can just use the rand function and just drag it down. And now I select my two columns. I go to data sort. What I want to do, let me just move this here so you can see solved this by e.g. smallest to largest. If I solve this, automatically, these numbers will be sorted based on this, and it will be random. So here we have our columns sorting cell values. Largest to smallest or smallest to largest, doesn't matter. You can select whatever you want. Press Okay. You can see that now your numbers are sorted. So this is another way. If you don't have Office 3652 randomly sort your generated numbers and you make sure that they are unique. 41. S4 L7 Ratios in Excel (***): Let's deal with ratios in Excel. So here I have two managers and 17 members. So I can come and write two to seven. And this is my ratio. Another way to do this is to write two columns seven. Now, if you do this and you don't put an apostrophe, I'll press Enter to show you. If we go back to the formula. It is 02:07 A.M. Excel thinks that it's a time. Now what I have to do is apostrophe to column and then seven. And that's great. If we want to convert this to a formula, we can do equal. This is my two and double quotation column. Double quotation and my seven. Press Enter. You'll get two to seven. But what if I have two to eight? Now I get two to eight, which is correct. But normally you should get one to four. So how to fix that? This is where I want to introduce the formula called GCD, greatest common denominator. So here we're going to try to find the number by which I can divide those two numbers to get my final ratio. So I can do equal GCD, open parenthesis. You have number one and number two. I can just select them like this. Same close parenthesis. Press Enter and you get to. So now I can divide two-by-two and eight by two. So I go here divided by my GCD and here divided by my GCD. Press Enter. You get one to four. This is amazing. What if I want to get now the managers from here and the team members from here, what can I do? I can use a count, a formula equals count IF open parentheses. What is my range? My range is this one comma, what is my criteria? Let's put it in double quotation. Manager, close parenthesis, press Enter. Here I get two. Let's copy paste this formula. Unless change manager and put team member the same way it's written. Press Enter, you'll get 7227. Now, what if you want to have everything in one formula that will become more difficult and challenging, let me show you how to do it here. What do you have? You have E1 and E2. So let's replace E1 and E2 by their formulas. E1 is the count of managers. So I can just copy this Control C escape. Then I'll go here. I will do Control V. That's 1, s one. The team member Control C, escape, come here. Instead of E2. We do Control V, and we get it. Now the problem comes from this GCD, because e4 is the GCD of those two numbers. So what can I do? Let's fix one of them. Here. We're going to do GCD, open parenthesis. Let's put one here, close parenthesis and press Enter. Now, what I need to do is replace this one that you can see here by those two numbers. First number is the count of manager. So let's copy this one and paste it here. Comma, I need the count of team members. I'm just gonna do the same control C, and then I'll paste it here. Now the formula is getting bigger. But if you see this is the GCD of my first count, F, which is the count of managers. My second count, IF, which is the count of team members. And what I can do is control C. Here I have another E4, which is my GCD. You can see it here. Paste it. The formula is even bigger. But now you're not depending on any of the other cells. You can see it's doing all the count. Ifs. Press Enter, you have two to seven. Let's add a team member here. Triple X, you get two to eight, so 124. So this is how you can deal with ratios in Excel by using this GCD formula. 42. S4 L8 Sumproduct - Basic Use (**): Some product is one of the most powerful, but under use formulas in Excel. If we look at what it does, basically it has two users. The first one, which is what we're going to focus on in this lesson, which is two multiply several values in Excel and then sum the results. The second one, which is something that very few people use, is to filter data and perform calculation. So yes, the sum product formula. To filter data. Let's understand the first use and see how it works. So first of all, I have the syntax, which is some product. Then I have an array of numbers. I have a second array, a third one, et cetera. And obviously the first one you have to put it after that, it depends on the number of arrays that you have. If we have 123 as one set of numbers, and then we have 233 as another set of numbers. If we are using some product, the first one is array one. The second set is array to what it will do is at every row, it will multiply the numbers. So one times two equal to two times three equals 6.3 times three equals nine. Then it will sound the results. So it will do two plus six plus nine equals 17. Let's go to Excel and let's understand how it works and how it's going to save you a lot of calculation steps that you don't need to have in your Excel sheet. You can directly go and get your results. So here in 4.084, 0.09, we have a lot of things. We're only going to focus on this table. And what I have is some items, brands, quantity, price. I want to get the total revenue. So if I didn't have some product, I will do the following. Equal quantity times price for every item. And then I just have to drag it. So I'm going to get it at every row. And then I have to sum these to get the total revenue. You get three for one. With some product. You can avoid all this calculation steps. You just do equals sum product. Then you have a ray one quantity, comma array two, price, close parenthesis, and then press Enter, and you'll get the same result in only one calculation step. 43. S4 L9 Master Sumproduct (*****): If you want to master the sum product formula than this lesson is for you. If you remember the previous lesson, we looked at the basic use of some product where we had two arrays. And then we multiply the numbers row by row, and then we sum the results. In this lesson, I'm going to show you how you will be able to use some product to filter data and perform calculations. Here, as an example, we have a type which is chicken or meat, and we have quantities. And what I want to do is calculate the quantity of chicken. So here I have 23.3. I don't want the three in the middle because it's meat. So I want two plus three equals five. How to do this? If you remember the basic formula of some products, you had some products. Array one comma array two, comma array three, and so on. What you have to do first is forget about the comma. You have to use the multiplication sign. Second of all, for array one, what you could do is a condition between parenthesis, e.g. A1 to A3 is equal to chicken, as you can see here. Then you do times and you multiply by the quantity array. What will happen in this case? Basically, for every type, you will have a true or false. Chicken is true, meat is false. Chicken is true. And if you remember one of our previous lessons about true and false in Excel, true equal one, false equals zero. So you'll have 101 times 233. Then you have one times two equal to zero times three equals 01 times three equals three. And then you're just going to sum them and you get five. Now, we use the multiplication sign. Whenever we have an end condition, if you have an oral condition, you will use a plus sign. Now you'll tell me what does mathematical science have to do with conditions. I'm going to show you how it works in detail in the Excel sheet. We are back to my Excel sheet that I call the chicken or meat exam. And what I want to do calculate the quantity of chicken. So here you have the items, the brands, quantity, price, and taught. To do this, we're going to start by just counting the number of records that have chicken. So e.g. you have one here. That's the second one. And that's the third one. Let's use our new formula, sum product equals sum product. You have array 12.3. Forget about this. Let's learn our new strategy, which is, I select my data equal chicken. Chicken is H1, so I can just select one close parenthesis. Do you think it's going to work? Let's try it together. We get zero. Why? It is because you have to multiply this by something. So what I could do is this and do times one. Once I do times one, it would work and you get three records. Now that we have the three records, we can just get the quantities which is one here, one here, and two here. So four. So we can replace this one by the quantity. So we multiply by the quantity, press Enter, and you'll get four. So what happened here? Basically, I just select this piece and I press F9, I get a bunch of true and false. What does it mean? Basically, whenever I have chicken, e.g. the first one is chicken, true? The second one is soup. It's volts. The third one is chicken. So it's true. And so on. And in Excel, if you remember, true equal one, false equal zero. So now I'm multiplying a bunch of ones and zeros times the quantity. And then I'm summing it up. So I'm getting my four. Let's press Escape. Don't press Enter, press Escape. And you get back your formula. Now that I want the total, it is very easy. I can just take this formula, control C Escape, go here, paste it here, and then I already have the items. The quantity. I can just multiply by the price array. Now, the same thing will happen wherever I have chicken. It's true, so it's a one times the quantity times the price. And then we sum them up. So press enter, you get 11, which is 18. And two, now, if I go down just to check what is happening, whatever I have chicken. So I'm just going to put a yes. You can see that the numbers will appear. So my quantity is four and my total is 11. Now let's go back and let's do something more complicated. I want chicken or Pepsi, and they have to be brand a. We have orange. And together, how to do this? First, we're going to start with count. For count. What we're gonna do is equal sum product. We have our array 123 that we're going to ignore. We're going to start by the easy piece, brand a. So let's open parenthesis, close parenthesis. Inside. I'm going to select the brands equal brand a. Since I might have to drag this formula, Let's use a for this time. So we keep the brand a, and let's do times one, close parenthesis. So now you have the number of records that have brand a, which is 123. After that, we need to get chicken or Pepsi. So to do this, if you remember what I told you in the PowerPoint, you have to do a plus sign here. Instead of this one. Let's open and close parenthesis. And within this, Let's start with our first condition, which is item equals chicken. So another open parenthesis, close parenthesis. In the middle. I'm going to select all the items and I'm going to do equal. This is my chicken. Let's use F4 for chicken. And let's press Enter. So now I have all the brand a chicken. So if I look at this, this is brand B. So this is out. I have those two, right? Two records, 1.2. Next, we need to do the OR condition, which means it has to be either chicken or Pepsi. So here I'm going to do a plus, open parenthesis, close parenthesis. I will go here. I will select my items equal. And then I'm going to select Pepsi and do F4. Press enter, you get three. Why? Because you have Pepsi brand a here. So if I do a yes, you can see that now we have three records. How does it work? Let's look at it step-by-step. This step, you know, it if I do F9, whatever I have brands a, it's true. If I don't have brand a is false. So e.g. here you have true for the first one, false for the second one through four, the third one. Let's press Escape. So this is one part of the formula. Then you have this part of the formula, which is chicken. So let's do F9. Same thing will happen. True for chicken, false for soup, true for chicken, etc. Let's press Escape. Next you have the Pepsi. Same thing will happen. We do F9, some false and true. You can see that you have some truth here where you have Pepsi. Now, if we think about it, brand a will be ones and zeros. Chicken will give me ones and zeros. And then Pepsi will give me ones and zeros. Now what I'm doing first is doing chicken or Pepsi. So I'm doing a plus here. So e.g. the first one is chicken, right? So this formula, what will it give? It will give me one here and zero for Pepsi. So that's the one. Is it brand a? It's a one. So one times one plus zero is equal to one. This is one record. Let's look at the second 1 s one is not brand a nut chicken, not Pepsi. So it will be zero times zero plus zero. This is zero. Let's go to Pepsi, e.g. and brand a. Brand a is correct. So that's the one. And then you will have chicken incorrect. That's zero plus Pepsi, correct. That's the one. You're gonna get one times zero plus one. This is another record and this is how it's going to work. Now, if I want to do to quantity, it is simple. Just add a 4-year to fix my ranges. Now, drag the formula. You have still three as count. You want the quantity. So you can multiply all this by the quantity array. This is my quantity array. I did it at the beginning to make it easier for you. And let's just do F4 here and press Enter. So now you get 12. If you check it, this is 12. So what we have done in the second case is keep the same logic here, but just multiply it by quantity. Now let's do the total. We can just drag this. What do you need? You need the price, right? So let's take the price. Let's do F4 and then multiply the price by the quantity by our filtering criteria. Press Enter, you'll get 99. Those are your 99. So this is how you can use some product to filter items and do some calculations. 44. S4 L10 Countifs, Sumifs, Averageifs (***): After the crazy sum product formula, it is time to relax. We're going to look at count if some if as an average if S. So what do they do? Basically, they will allow you to count sum and average based on some filtering criteria. And they have a counterpart, which is count if some, if an average, if all of them without S. Now what's the difference between the two? Basically, the ones without as can only take one filtering criteria and the ones that have as they can take multiple filtering criteria. If you have one criteria, you can use both versions. If you have more than one, you have to use the S version. And the S version is that since Excel 2007. So now I'm just going to show you the syntax of the S version. But we're going to go to Excel and practice both. So as you can see, if I start with count, if as first you will have criteria range one. Criteria one. Basically you will select a range of cells. Where are you going to test your criteria? And then based on this criteria, it's kinda count or not. And you can have multiple of these combinations. You can have criteria range two, and criteria to criteria range three. Criteria three, and so on. If all criteria are fulfilled, then it will count the record. If we look at some, if it's exactly the same concept, the only difference is that you have one more parameter called sum range, which is the range you are going to sum if those criteria are fulfilled. Average, if S is the same, instead of some range, you will have average range. So let's go to Excel and let's practice on those formulas. Here I have a column for agent's country quantity and says, and what I want to start with is the sum f and some if as formulas, I want to calculate the sum of sales based on some filtering conditions. So the first one is Agent one. I only want agent one. So I'm just gonna go here and do equal sum f. Now we can use some if S, but I just want to show you the sum a formula. It has a range. The range is the agent column comma. D criteria is ancient one comma. And then you have the sum range. This is an optional parameter. Now, if your sum range is different than your criteria range, you can fill it, which is the case. Now, we're going to select the Sales, close parenthesis. Press Enter. You'll get 2082, which is the sum of the sales of this agent. Now, let's try to do something more complicated. We add usa. Once you have more than one criteria, you have to use some fs equals sum, fs, open parenthesis. Your sum range. If you noticed here in this formula, it is the opposite of the sum. If it will start with some range there, the sum range is the last criteria. Why? It is? Because here in this formula, Excel doesn't know how many criteria is you're going to put. So they start with some range. In the other one. It was designed like this. And if they change it, they are going to have problems with compatibility. So now the sum range is this one. Criteria range one is my agent, karma, agent Warren. Come on. Criteria range to the country. Then USA, close parenthesis, press enter one-sixth to two. So this is this one, this one, this next. We want to add a third parameter bigger than three for quantity. So what I'm gonna do is just copy this formula. Here you can see I have the same things. What I want to do is add a criteria. Here, comma, criteria range tree is my quantity. Comma bigger than three. Press Enter 966, which is this one. And this one. Now what if I don't have the bigger sign in the cell? What can I do? Well, let's just drag this. If you see here, we get 626, which is this record. Because the quantity is equal to three. If you don't put the bigger side, it will assume it as three. So what you could do is come here and do double quotation, bigger, double quotation, and press Enter. Same thing. Or you get rid of this altogether. And you do bigger than three. And then you do double quotation, press Enter. So now we know about some EFS. Let's do the same for average. If, if you go here, you will do equal average. If, again we can use average if S here, but I want to show you average open parenthesis. You start with your criteria range. So it's my agent comma criteria. It is Agent two comma average range. You know, the average range is different than the criteria range. So we select it close parenthesis, press Enter for 41, which is the agent to you have it from here to here, and you have this record. Then we're going to add France. That's easy. Equal, average if S this time because two parameters, again, they are reverse. So we're going to put the average range, which is this one, comma. Then the criteria range one, we select age of two. Criteria range two, comma, we select friends, close parenthesis, you get 379. And then here I have something more challenging. I have sales. I want to average all the sales above 400. So let's just copy paste this one, drag it here. Comma criteria range three is actually column D. So as you can see in this formula, column D is my average range and it's a criteria range at the same time. So that can happen. Comma bigger than 405 29. Why is it 529? Because if we look, this is one record that is above 400 agent to France. And this is the second one. So the average is 529. Now, let's do count. If this is easy. Now you're going to get used to it. So equals count IF open parenthesis, again, we can use the S version here. What is my range? My range is this one comma, my criteria is aged two, as simple as this close parenthesis. Now we want to do with France. So let's use count if S equal count if S open parenthesis. First criteria range, then the criteria comma, second criteria range. Then the criteria close parenthesis, press Enter. Last one. We're just going to drag this and add one more parameter, which is the quantity Gamma. More than three. Press enter and you get three. 45. S4 L11 Sumifs with Dates + EOMonth formula (***): Let's apply our knowledge of some dates and let's learn a formula on the way. So here I have some dates, agents and sales. And I want to calculate the sum of sales between 14th of Jan and 19th of June. But before I deep dive into this, I just want to show you something about dates. I know we're going to have a section dedicated to date, but let me show you that. If you click on this, you're going to see that dates are actually numbers in Excel. So here I get 404575. Why am I getting this? It is because dates starts from one January 19 hundred in Excel. One Jan 1,900. If you go here, you click, you can see it's one. Now, every day is equal to one. And this is how we can count dates. So now using this knowledge, let's try to do all these exercises. I'll do control Z a few times just to get back what I had here, we're going to try to write the formula. So let's do equals sum, open parenthesis. My sum range is this one. Now you're used to it. Criteria range one is my dates comma criteria one. Now, if I click on 14th of Jan, Do you think it's going to work? Well, no. Because it will think that it is equal to 14 of John. But for me I want bigger or equal. So if I do this, again, do you think it's going to work? Press Enter, you'll get problems because you have to put this into double quotation. Here. If you don't put the end, you're gonna get the same error. So don't forget to add the and sign. And then we can close parenthesis to see what happens. You can see you get a big number. Why? Because we only specified bigger than this state, we have to do smaller than this date. So let's continue and select the criteria range two, which is the same date column comma. And here we're just gonna do it directly. We're gonna do smaller or equal than 19 South Jen, Let's close parenthesis to 33. Sounds reasonable. Let's filter it to check. Here we open January. We have $0.14, 17 of Jan. And if you sum this, you're gonna get 233. Now let me go back. Now that we have the formula. Since we have selected columns and we don't have data below this table, we are safe. We can just drag it. You can see that everything is automatically coming correctly. Now let's go harder. Here I have a date. Whatever data I put I wanted to say is between the first of the month and the end of the month. So how can I extract this from here? Well, there is a formula that we can see in more details later on, which is called end of months. Let me teach you this formula. It will be key for dates. If we do equal E or months, open parenthesis, you have two parameters. You have start, date. So that's easy. We can select this comma number of monsters. Now, if I put zero and close parenthesis, press Enter. You'll get the last day of the month for the selected date. That's cool. If I put one, what happens? Then you get the last day of the month for the next month to get the last day of the month for two months ahead. Now, if I try to do minus one now the opposite, you can see that I go one month back and get the last day of the month. So knowing this and knowing that dates are numbers and one equal one day, what I could do is add a plus one after the formula and then you get the 1st of January. So now knowing this, I can write a formula similar to this using my end of months formula. So here I'm going to do equal sum, open parenthesis. This is my sum range comma criteria one is this date. Then I need the criteria. So here we want bigger than or equal to the beginning of the month. So let's put an end. We can use our end of months formula. This is my start date. Number of months is minus one. Close parenthesis, we add one to it to get the first day of the month. Then comma criteria range two is this column again, gamma than, smaller than or equal to the enzyme. And then we're going to use again the same formula, the same start date. But here I'm going to put zero for number of monsters. Close parenthesis, one time, two times. Press enter. Now you get H 15549536. Let's select January and check it out. This is the months of January. You can sum the Saves and you get 815. Now let's go back. And let's go to our next example, which is the same thing. But I want to add a person. So I want all the sales of malaria in January. What to do? Well first let's copy this huge formula so we don't have to write it again. Control C escape. I go here, Formula Bar, Control V. Press Enter. Now I have the sales of January. If I want to have Maria, why some F can accommodate more criteria, right? So let's go here. Comma criteria range three is my agent, karma. Let's select Maria, close parenthesis, press Enter. You'll get zero. We're going to check it out. Here. You have some sales for Sergio. If I go to January, you're going to see that I don't have Maria in the list of names. This is why you get zero. But you can see here that we get a number for Sergio. So this is how you can use some F with dates. 46. S4 L12 Build a Dynamic Mini Dashboard with Sumifs, Countifs, AverageIf (***): It is time to have some fun. What we want to do here is to use our knowledge about some AF count and average if and obviously the S version of this formulas. And build some interactive dashboard link to an Excel chart. Here, if you see, I want the user to select the teams. Then based on this, I want to pull the total salary, number of players and average salary. And to do this, we need the data. If you remember, the data is here in 4.034, 0.04. And what I want to do is just move this tab here. It's easier for us to select it. So just click on it, keep it pressed. And then you can move, you can see with the mouse, and you can move it here, e.g. once you are there, just released the mouse and you get your tab next to your 4.12. We go back to 4.12. The first step is to get a drop-down list for those four cells where the user can select the team. Now, if you remember, what I need is data validation, I select my four cells data that I can click on Data Validation and select my data. Now how do I get the NBA teams? While what I can do is just go here, select the first team, do Control, Shift, arrow down, Control C. Then let's go back here. We're just going to click on A1, Control arrow to the right. We go at the end of the Excel sheet. Let's just go here. Control V, we paste the data. The problem is, this is a list that has duplicates. So to remove the duplicates, we can just use this option which is remove duplicates. Click on it. I'd say, okay, and now we have 30 unique values. Let's go back there. Control arrow to the left. And then here I can select my sales, go to data validation list. Then we click on this arrow. We do same thing. Control arrow to the right. Let's do Control Shift arrow down to select the teams. Then we can say, okay, and then use your arrows on your keyboard. Any arrow will do your back. And you can see that now I can select my Teams. So I'm going to select the Lakers, anything, Portland, e.g. Milwaukee, and LA Clippers. Now let's go and write formulas to pull. First the salaries. The salaries are here. I can do equals sum, open parenthesis. I need my sum range. Let's go here. My sum range is my salary column. So this is my column comma, my criteria range one is my team column. So that's this column. I can select it comma. Then I need my criteria one, we go back here, select the Los Angeles Lakers. Then we close parenthesis, press Enter, and here you get the salary. Notice that Excel automatically referenced and other sheet. So that's the sheet name. And then the column for this one, the 4.12, it has referenced it. But since I'm in 4.12, I can just remove this and keep C3. Press Enter, and you'll get the salaries. Now since I selected columns, and I don't have anything below it, I am fine. I can just drag the formula down and get the salaries. Here. The salaries are coming in my graph and the names of the teams. Now, let's count the number of players. So what we could do is use account F. So now equal count if I prefer always the S version because it's more flexible. So I use it. Then I need my criteria range one. So we go back here. We're going to select the column which has the team names. And then comma, I want my criteria one. Let's go back here. Select the Lakers. We can remove this, we don't need this piece. And then here, close parenthesis, press Enter 17 players. Double-click, you get the players for all the teams. We have the average salary left. Same methodology equal average if S, open parenthesis. We go here. We want the salaries. So this is my average range comma. We want the team to filter. So that's my team comma, we need criteria one, Let's go back, select the Lakers and then remove this thing. You can keep it if you want, doesn't matter. Close parenthesis, press Enter, and then you double-click, you get the average salary. And this is reflected by this line. Now, I have a chart here that I have formatted to get this. Obviously here in this course, the scope is not charts. I'm going to have a course on charts that you can look at in the future. And you can always refer to my YouTube channel. But if you see, if you double-click on the chart, you will get this format. And then you can select what you want to format and look at the different options if you want to change something. This is how we can have an interactive dashboard. You'll see how easy it is and the power of Excel in this kind of situations. We can transform some boring data into something that people can see visually. And I can change e.g. isolate the Detroit Pistons. You can see they come here. Everything updates. I want e.g. the Golden State Warriors. They will come here and everything will auto adjust. 47. S4 L13 Identify and Count Duplicates in 1 step + Range Name (***): Another real-life example. So here I have two lists of ideas and I want to know the duplicates between them. Now, obviously you can compare list one to list two or less due to list1 doesn't matter. In this lesson, I'm going to do both. Also. I'm going to show you something more advanced. How to combine this formula with the SUMPRODUCT formula to get the count of duplicates. Now let's start. And what we want to do is compare the first list versus the second list. So we can use a count IF formula, open parenthesis to select my range. It's in list two. So we click here, Control Shift arrow down, we select the whole list. Let's use F4 comma. And then what we want is this 26, so we select it close parenthesis, press enter. Now you get 11 means that when T6 exist in this list. So if I go here and I do Control F, you have 26, Find Next, you can see that 26 is here. So that's good. Now let's improve on this. If you see here I selected this range. I want to give it a name. So to give it a name, let's go select this range, do Control Shift arrow down. We go here, we call it list two, and we can do the same for this one. Control Shift, arrow down, list, one, press Enter. And now instead of this, I can just type list. And you can see my two lists here. So this is list two, so I can select it. Or what I can do is select my data. And whenever I select it, it will type list two for me. So I can press Enter, I can double-click. I can see my duplicates, e.g. you are 56, 18, those are duplicates. Now let's do the opposite. So equal count. If list one, gamma, we select this one, close parenthesis. Double-click, we get them. That's great. Now, I want to combine this formula with the SUMPRODUCT to directly count the duplicates. First, I'm going to show you something. So let's assume that I take this formula. I just drag it here. And instead of C2, I just select B2. I will get the same result right? Now what I could do is change this to list two. When I do this, if you have a new version of Excel with dynamic array formulas, you can get the result in one go. Otherwise, you might just drag the formula down and you will get it. So instead of selecting every cell that we have here, I just have list1, list2, and directly I have my results. So now I want to combine this with the sum product formula. So we're going to do equals sum product. Then we're gonna write count. If open parentheses, list one or list two, you can do both. It doesn't matter. As long as you have it like this. Then you close parenthesis, close parenthesis, press Enter, and you'll get six. So directly, instead of having all these steps, I can count the number of duplicates in both lists by using only a combination of formulas, sum, product and count IF and some named ranges. And this is how you can do it. 48. S4 L14 Sumif with Partial Match (****): So far we looked at average if as count if S and some fs with exact matches. But you'll tell me what if I want a partial match. So e.g. here I have th, I want to see all the agent ideas that have DH and then sum the sales. In the old world, what you would do is you'll come here equal sum fs, open parenthesis. My sum range is this comma. My criteria range is this comma. And then I have the agent ID, which is th close parenthesis and press Enter. Problem, you get zero because Excel is looking for an agent ID that is exactly th. So what do you do in this case? When the solution is simple? You have to use the star sign. What does it mean? The star means any number of characters. So let's go back to our example. Here. The first two are okay. We need to fix our criteria. One, if I want to have th, anywhere, I can do double quotations, star, double quotation. And this means any number of characters before THE. Then F3 is th. And I want to do the same afterwards. And double quotation star, double quotation. Any number of characters after th, press Enter, you'll get 455. Let's check it out. If I just filter, you can just sum this. You get for 55. Now Let's un-filter this. Press Okay, and we can just drag the formula. It will work also for numbers. Now let's do a bit more complicated. What if I want to have the first two characters sth? So let's copy-paste the formula here, and let's think what we can do. So first two characters, th means I start with th, this I don't need. So I have my F7, which is th. And then I want any number of characters. So I have my star in double quotations. Press Enter. As simple as that, you get your results. Last two characters th, this is exactly the opposite. I'm copy-pasting the formula. And I want any number of characters th, and then nothing else afterwards. So let me remove this star, press Enter. You'll get your results. Now let's do more complex. What about the third and the fourth character th? So here I cannot use the star because the study is any number of characters. So first, let's copy paste this formula. And what we need to use is the question mark. Question mark means one character, any random character but one character. The difference between question mark and star, star could be many characters. Question mark is one character. So here I want to random characters. So question mark, question mark, two random characters, th for the force and third character, and then any number of characters afterwards. So we can keep the star. Press Enter. You'll get 69. Now, let's assume that you have th 66. You want the first two characters th, the last two characters 66. So here we're going to use a couple of formulas that we're going to see in more details. In the text section. You have the left formula. If you open parenthesis, you have a text. So that's my text. Comma number of characters. It is how many characters do I want to take from this text starting from the left? So if I want to e.g. close parenthesis, you get DH. If I want to get the last two, it is right. Open parenthesis, my text, I want two characters, close parenthesis, you get 66. So now let's use this and try to get our numbers. We copy-paste the formula again. Here. What we want is first tool is th. So let's remove all this. Let's start with the left formula. This is my th 66 comma two. So this means I took th than any number of characters in the middle. Double quotation, star, double quotation. And I want my 66. So right. We select the text comma two, close parenthesis. Press Enter, you'll get one A25. Now we can just drag this and it will do the same for m n-th. What if I want now to have the same? But I want only the best to do this. We're just going to copy this formula, put it here, and adjusted because the columns have moved. So we'll just move those columns like this. And here we want the agent ID. So we just move it like this. What should we do now? Well, if you remember, some fs can take more criteria. So comma, we're going to select column B, Gamma West. This is the one. Press enter. Now you get 55 out of one A25. We can just drag the formula, do the same for the second one. Using star and question mark is the way to use those formulas with partial matches. 49. S4 L15 L15 Control Shift Enter (*****): Control Shift, Enter. It is one of the concepts that I hate the most in Excel. But if you want to be in advanced Excel user and you don't have dynamic array formulas, you need to learn it. What do I mean by dynamic array formulas? It is the change in the calculation engine of XN. And it's available in Excel 2021, office 365, Excel for web. And it's also available for phones, I think. Now what does Control Shift Enter do? Basically it converts data into an array format consisting of multiple data values in Excel. Sounds complicated. I will explain to you this with examples. But for now, what you need to know is that when you do Control Shift Enter, you will have curly brackets. One curly bracket before the formula, and one after the formula. So let's look at an example. Here I have three sets, A1, A2, and A3. The values are 123. And I want to multiply by b1, b2, b3, where the values are 233. Before dynamic arrays, you will do a formula A1 times V1. You'll get to drag the formula down and then you'll get your results. Now what if I write a formula like A1 to A3 times V1 to V3, basically this is where you're going to use Control Shift. Enter. What you will have to do is select the cells where you have the results. Here. You need to know that there are three cells. And then you will do Control Shift Enter. Excel will do the math automatically. So it will do one times two equal to two times three equals 6.3 times three equals nine. If you have dynamic arrays, you just write the formula, press Enter, and it works. So you can try it in your Excel and check out the results, and then you can see whether you have dynamic arrays or not. Another example is using a formula like launch. It could be a formula like some average etcetera, where the same concepts will apply. You want to filter your data and do some mass. So here I have one in my last formula, which means I want the highest number. And what I want to do is look at A1, A2, A3 filter, the ones that are equal to read multiplied by b1, b2, b3, and get the largest value. So how does it work? Basically, read is true, so it's one, blue is false, it's a zero, and red is a true, It's one. Then you multiply your ones by the other array of numbers. So we'll get one times two equal to zero times three equals 0.1 times three equals three. And obviously the largest number is three. In order to execute this formula before dynamic arrays, you need Control Shift Enter. Now you can draw a parallel with some products. If you remember, we did something like this in some products, but some product is one of the few formulas that do not need Control Shift, Enter. It will process this automatically. So you can just write the same formula in some product and press Enter even if you have older versions of Excel. So now let's go to Excel and practice. Here you go. If you see in for 15, I have some numbers and I want to do the same thing I showed you in PowerPoint. So if you have older versions of Excel, what you will do is first you select the cells where you think the result will come. Then you go and you do open parenthesis. Let's select A2 A4 times open parenthesis, B2 to before. You can do without the parenthesis, it's okay also, but I prefer it because it's cleaner. And here you do Control Shift. Enter. As you can see, I get curly brackets in France and after the formula. And here I get the results. Now, if you have dynamic array, it is very simple. I can just do this times this, press Enter automatically. Excel will understand that this is a dynamic array calculation. It will give me the same results. And it will also highlight this in blue, which means that this formula is taking those cells. Now there is a section on dynamic array in this course. We're going to see it in details. Let's go to some with conditions. So here I have red, green, and red. I only want to sum the numbers that are next to read. So in the previous version of Excel, I will do equals sum open parenthesis. I will open another parenthesis here you need it. I will just select this equal. Let's do red. So we just type right in double quotation, close parenthesis times. Here, we can select this and then we close parenthesis. Now you need Control Shift Enter, and you get six, which is two plus four. How does it work? Read is a true, green is a false, a true. And then true is equal to one. So one times two is 20 for false times three is 01 times four is four to plus four equals six. In dynamic arrays, it is automatic. So some, we open parenthesis. We do this is equal to red. We do double quotation, close parenthesis times. Let's open another parenthesis. It doesn't hurt. Then we close it, close parenthesis, press Enter automatically you get six. Now what about some products? You remember I told you that some product doesn't require Control Shift Enter. So let's try the same formula with some product equals sum product, open parenthesis, another parenthesis. This is equal to red. And then you do double quotation, close parenthesis times. Let's select this close parenthesis. You press enter, you don't need Control Shift Enter. It is automatic. And other formula that doesn't require Control Shift Enter is aggregate. You see I'm typing it here. We're going to use it in the next lesson. So stay tuned and you will see the power of this function. 50. S4 L16 MinIFs, MaxIfs & Aggregate - How to get min/max with conditions (*****): Let's look at a way to be able to get the maximum and minimum of the dataset based on some filtering conditions. So, so far what we have done is equal max, open parenthesis, select my Sales, close parenthesis, press Enter, and you get the maximum of sales. But what if I tell you that the country has to be Japan and then the agent has to be Asian three. So that means that the maximum is 28 and the minimum is 13. How to do this? I'm going to show you a concept for Office 365. So dynamic array formulas and for older versions of Excel. Now the spoiler alert is that it is much more complicated for older versions of Excel. But once you understand the concept, you will see it is not that complicated. You will be able to use it in other situations also. So let's start. We're going to start with the max for Office 365. So dynamic array formulas. And here, the same way we had some fs average if as Countif as we have max if S. So let me go here and do equal max if S, it is the same concept. You have your max range. So that's my range Control Shift arrow now, comma criteria range one is the country Control Shift arrow down gamma. What is my criteria? Japan, come on. My second range is the agent range, Control Shift arrow down comma. Then it's Asian three. And then you just close parenthesis, press Enter. The magic happens, you get your answer. If I want to get the minimum, what I'm gonna do is just fixed some references with F4 so I can drag it down. So let's do this quickly. Then we can copy the formula, paste it here. And the only thing we need to change is to go from max to min. Mean if S press Enter, you'll get 13, which is the minimum for Japan. Agent three. Now how to do it with older versions of Excel, we need to use the functions that we have seen in this section, which are large and small. And if you remember, if I do equal large open parenthesis, I need an array. And then I need my k. K is one in this case, because I want the largest. However, if you use large, it can work. But you have to use Control Shift Enter. And if you remember from the previous lesson, I don't like this Control Shift Enter business because somebody might come he or she doesn't know about it, and then it becomes a mess. I want a formula that doesn't need Control Shift Enter. And for this, we're going to use the aggregate formula. So let's remove all this. And instead, we're gonna do aggregate. Aggregate is like some product. It doesn't need Control Shift Enter. So let's double-click here. Aggregate allows you to select a function as a first argument. I went down and here you have large number 14. Let's double-click. We get number 14 comma. Then one advantage of aggregates is that it allows you to ignore things. So now I'm going to use number four and ignore nothing. But we're going to revisit this and you're going to see. So let's double-click. We select four comma. Now we have an array. What is our array? It is where we're going to put our conditions. It is the same concept as some product. So first of all, Japan. So open parenthesis, select Japan, Control Shift arrow down, and then do equal, go up. We select Japan, close parentheses times open parenthesis. Second one is the agent three. So we select our agents. Control Shift, arrow down equal. Let's go up, select agents three, close parenthesis times. And then we select Sales, Control Shift arrow down. We are done with our array. Comma k is our largest value. So we put one and then we close parenthesis. Press Enter. You'll get 28. Very good. Let's understand how this works. So I'm just going to copy this and put it here. I'm going to change the color and remove this item because we don't need it. And if I look at the formula, we have kind of three blocks. This is one block. This is the second block, and this is the sort of block, right? So for the first block, it's a condition. I'm going to put one in front of every country that is Japan. So here is one. I can just drag it. Here. I have sorted the data to make it easier for you. So we can see that here we have Japan and the rest is not Japan. So let's just put zeros and drag it down to the bottom. We are good. Now let's do the agent. So here we have agent 1.2. So what we're gonna do is put zeros until here. And then we have Agent 33 times. And since I sorted the data, I can just copy this and paste it down. And then we have the sales. So Control Shift arrow down, Control C, Control V, paste the six. Now what is happening? Basically, I am multiplying those three numbers right? Here. We put the result and we do equal this times, this times this double-click. You can see I get zeros everywhere except for those three. What I get 1,528.13 and the highest is 28. This is why we get 28. Now let's try to copy, paste the formula and get the minimum. Here. I'm just going to do F4 again. And let's copy the formula, paste it here. And here. If you see, I need to change my function. So I have large 14, small 15, double-click and you get zero. Why? It is? Because if you look at what's happening here, the same calculation. The only problem is that now this is the result and the smaller value in all, this is zero. It is not 13. So how can I fix this? To make it work? I'm going to show you the trick. So what I'm gonna do is add a column here. And what we're gonna do in this formula is, instead of having this part times this part, I'm going to open a parenthesis, do one divided by open parenthesis. And then we're going to close parenthesis two times and press Enter. You'll get divided by zero, but don't worry about it. So now what I've done here is that instead of having the multiplication, I have one divided by the multiplication. So let's see what it means. Here. I will have one divided by open parentheses, three times agent. Let's close parenthesis and double-click. And you'll see I get divided by zero error everywhere except when the two conditions are met. And if you look at the formula, we are multiplying this times the series. So let's do it again. This times the sales. Then we double-click and we get errors except for those three. Now how can I fix this formula to ignore those errors and only look at those three? Well, if you remember, instead of this four, we have other options. E.g. you have option three, ignored hidden rows, add-on values, nested subtotal and aggregate functions. You have an error values. So I can select option three here. Press Enter. You'll get the results because what happened is that I ignored all the errors. I'm left with this. My minimum now is 13. So now to be consistent, I want to fix this formula the same way I have this one. So I can copy this one, paste it here, and here. Instead of this 15, I can select my launch. The rest is the same. Press enter and you get 28. So just to recap, what we do, we do one divided by the multiplication of my conditions. So if one condition is not correct, I'm gonna get 1/0. I'm gonna get an error. Only if there is no error, I'm gonna get a one. Then we multiply this by the sales, and then we get this result. If we use aggregate and ignore errors, then we can get the smallest or the largest value for the mean and max to the power of this concept is that you can use it for many situations when you want to sum, when you want to average, and so on. You can see the formulas here. If I just remove this, you can see all these formulas where you can use this concept. 51. S4 L17 Advanced Ranking - No skip (*****): Sometimes the easy rank formula that we have in Excel will not serve our purpose in real life. And let me show you why. Here you have a competition and you have 15 teams. And we want to rank them equal. Rank. If you see we have three rank formulas. If you remember from our previous lessons, rank is for compatibility purpose. And then you have two new ones, rank average and rank EQ. I'm going to use an Anki queue. And then I need my number, which is my points. Come on. My reference is this F4 to fix it, comma, then you have ascending or descending. If you put zero, it is descending. Also it is the default value. I won't put anything. I'll just let it do descending on its own. And then I double-click and I get the results. If you see there is one team that is first, then two teams that are seconds. And I don't have a number three. The next one is four. But in this example, I want to award winners. I have a podium. I want to put somebody on the third step of the podium. So what to do here? Well, let's look at something much more advanced. You are ready for it. Take your note pads and follow me here. The formula surprisingly has nothing to do with rank. I'm gonna write the formula. Then I'm going to explain it to you. So equal sum product, yes, it is some product, our eternal friends. And here I'm going to put a formula. First of all, a condition which is this hundred, smaller or equal to. Let's select this. Press F4, close parenthesis divided by count. If then I'm going to select this range, four. Here, four criteria, you're gonna get surprised. I'm going to select the range again. If you remember this count, if we have seen it where we have ranges in another lesson. Now let's close parenthesis. Close parenthesis again, and then press Enter. If you see here, I have one for this one, I double-click to two. But now this one is third. I achieved my purpose. So now you're going to think that I'm crazy or something because the formula looks ridiculous. But wait, we can go step-by-step in this formula and understand it. First of all, let's understand the formula from the point of view of Tm1. So here, if I take this condition first, Control C Escape, Let's go here. I'm gonna select this range of cells, paste the formula, put an equal here, and then I'm gonna do Control Shift Enter. If you have Excel with dynamic arrays. So newer versions of Excel, you can just copy-paste the formula and it will give you the same results. Now, if you look at this formula, it is B2, which is this one, versus this whole range. Now, B2 versus hundreds. Is it smaller or equal? Yes, because it's equal. This is why you get the true Hundreds. Is it smaller or equal than 90 to know? And then if you go down, you're going to see that 100 because it's the highest value. First one is true. All of them are false. Now let's get the second part of the formula. So you can copy, paste the formulas. So Control C, escape. Same thing. You come here. You select the area, then you go here, paste it, put equal, and then Control Shift, Enter, and you'll get some numbers. So now let's look at those numbers. Basically, I am counting how many times I have hundreds in this. For the second one, I'm counting how many times I have 92 in this and you have two times 92. This is why you get two. Then 3061 time, 9062 times, and so on. Now, if you look at this formula, We have a division, right? So let's do through divided by one is equal to one, force is equal to zero. So if I double-click, you can see that everything is zero except the first one is one. This is why you get your one ranking. Let's try it from the point of view of the second t. In this case, this formula doesn't change, but this formula will change. So let's go get it. Here. You have B30 divided by all this. So Control C Escape. Let's go here. Let's just paste it. Control Shift Enter. And now you can see that the first one is true because 92 is less than 100. So that's fine. Second one now becomes true because 92 is less or equal than 92. And here also same thing. All the other ones are false because the condition is not fulfilled. Now, if you see. The 1/1, It's one here because I have two of them. It will be true divided by two, which is half and half. If you sum them by some products, you will get two. Same thing will happen for team for. Now, let's go to Teams 13. So as we said, this part is the same. We're going to copy this part Control-C Escape. Let's go here, select our area, based it, and let's do Control Shift, Enter. Now, let's look at what happened. You know the drill. Now we are comparing 89, which is this one. First versus 100. It will be true versus 92 through versus 92 true. The only difference is that now 89 is smaller or equal than 89. So I have another through here. Now, this piece, you know it. Now you have an additional one here. If you submit, you get three. And this is how you get 123, et cetera. Now, if you don't have dynamic arrays, it is okay. You can just take the winners and copy paste them. But if you have, I'm gonna show you a cool function where we can just get the winners. So this function is called texts that joint. Here. We're just going to go up and put equal texts, the joint open parenthesis, you have a delimiter. So here you want to join texts and then you want to separate this text. So double quotation. Then you do semi-colon, double quotation. We want to separate them by a semi-colon comma, ignore and T cells. Let's put through comma. Then we have our texts. To get our texts, we're going to use a formula. So if open parentheses, this one is equal to here. Wherever I have a one, this is my condition, Gamma value. If true, I cannot return only one record. I need to select the whole array of teams. Now what it will do, it will check every number wherever there is a one. It will give me the team. And if it's false, I want some blanks. So close parenthesis, close parenthesis. Press enter. Now you get T1. Let's just fix some of this formula. So here we need a four. Here we need a four. But H9, we want it flexible. So double-click now and you get T1, T2, and T4, and Tim 13. Let's check it out. If I just select this formula and do F9, you can see that wherever I have one, I'm getting the team and the rest is blank. And we're joining all this ignoring the blanks. So it's Tm1. Press Escape here. Let's check the second one. Same thing. We check it, F9. You can see that wherever I have to, I'm gonna get the team names and then I ignore the blanks and I joined them. Let's press escape with a semicolon. This is how you can be creative with your formulas to be able to solve real-life challenge. 52. S5 L1 Intro (material in Project section AllToDo, AllCompleted): Welcome to section five of this course that is about lookups. This is one of the toughest sections. But once you master it, you'll be able to improve your analysis capabilities and produce dashboards and charts that are dynamic and amaze your management. We're going to start with named ranges and Excel tables. This will improve the readability of your formulas and deal with the problem of growing data in your table. After that, you have the basics of HLookup and VLookup. And what are the pitfalls? Rows and column formulas will be useful once you combine them with lookup formulas. It will improve the efficiency of your formulas. After that, we're going to see approximate match. This is always a headache. How to get approximate match using your lookup formulas. Then you will see index and match. Those are very powerful when combined. And they will replace VLookup and HLookup in some situations. So we're going to see an example of that. Then we will see x lookup formula, which is a new formula in Excel that comes with newer versions of Excel and dynamic array formulas. So we want to know what is the difference between X lookup and the other lookups. And y x lookup is better. Throughout this section, you will see examples of dashboards and charts and how to make them dynamic. Before concluding this section, you will have the choose formula, which is a cool formula that people don't use that much. But you will see the power of this formula. Then you have the offset formula. This formula will allow you to create dynamic ranges that you can use in other formulas. To be able to do things like calculating year-to-date numbers and rolling averages. So I hope you are ready for this section. Let's go. 53. S5 L2 Named Ranges & Excel Tables (**): Before we deep dive into lookups, I want to show you two concepts that will be useful for lookup formulas. The first one is named range, and the second one is Excel table. Let's start with named range. Basically what it is is that you select some cells. It could be one, it could be multiple, and you give them a name. Once you do this, you will be able to use this name in your formulas. When you are writing your formula. Instead of having a range, it becomes a name. It's easier to write and read later on when you want to see what you did. Now, if you go to a place called Name Manager, you can see this new name that you have created. You can edit it. I'm going to show you all this in Excel. One of the biggest drawback that you have with named range is that if you add data at the bottom, it will not expand. So that means that your formula will not automatically adjust. So either you fix your formula or you go to the Name Manager and you change the range corresponding to this name. The second concept is Excel table. Here, you can transform range of cells into a table. Or if you want a database. This way, whenever you are writing a formula and you are referring to the column which has this dataset. You will have the name of the table and then the name of the column instead of just arrange. So that also will make your formulas easier to write and read. And the additional advantage is that if you add data at the bottom, it will be automatically taken by your formula. So let's go to XN and practice here. If you see I have a table. The first thing I want to do is to write a formula. Where are we going to sum the revenues equals sum open parenthesis. If I select my data, you can see that here I get e to 216. So now what I could do is come here, select E2 to 16 and call it. Press Enter. Now you have a named range. So if I go here and either I write graph, you can see it here. You can double-click and have it. Or what you could do folio formula is select your data. As soon as you select the whole data, it will be converted to rref. So now if I press Enter, I get the same number. Now let's go to Name Manager. So Formulas, Name Manager. You can see here, if I click and edit, I can e.g. change it. I can also delete it. I can say, okay, create a new one, call it Rev, and then give it a description. And here if you see those are the sense that I can refer to and press Okay, Close. And this is what we get. Now, if I add data at the bottom, so 1,000, you can see that nothing happens to my formula because my ref is only from here to here. What I have to do is go to the Name Manager, double-click. And then I have to change it to this in order to have my formula updates. Now let's delete this and let's go here and create an Excel table. So I can go to Insert and then I have table. Or you can use Control T. You can see it here. This is the shortcut. If I click Excel will try to guess what is the range of cells that I want. So here it has guessed correctly. My table has headers. Yes, I press Okay. And here I have the name of the table. Let's call it F table. Press enter. Now you have a table. Let's write the formula. So e.g. sum of quantity. If you see, whenever I select the whole quantity, you get ref table and the name of the column which is quantity. So it becomes like a database. Let's close parenthesis. And here, if I add 1,000, you can see that the formula automatically updated. The table automatically expanded. And this is a great advantage of tables. Now, if you want to get rid of this table, what you can do is click inside it table design Korver to range. And then you say Yes. And now the table is gone. If you go here, you can see that now it has been converted to a normal range. So now what I can do is just select this and press enter. So the concept of table will be very important for look-ups. Because sometimes you want to look up data and then your database expands. You want it to expand automatically so you can do the lookup and it works all the time. We're going to see this in this section. 54. S5 L3 Vlookup / Hlookup (*): If you ask people about XN, a lot of them will tell you it's about VLookup. It's time to learn this formula and learn the HLookup formula also. What is VLookup? Basically, VLookup or vertical lookup, allows you to look for a data point and return the corresponding data points on the right side. What does it mean? Let's take an example. I have a table with country agent, price, quantity, and revenues. What I want to do is look for a country, e.g. country, to return the corresponding quantity associated with country to which is 31. In this case, I can use a v lookup. Now you have to be careful about a few things for VLookup. The first one is that you can only look from left to right. So if I get the revenues and I want to get the corresponding country, I cannot do this. Also. Always my most left column that I select should have the lookup value, which is the country in this case. Finally, you need to select the whole range if you want to get your results. So e.g. here I want quantity from country. So I have to select agent and price with it. Otherwise, I won't get my results even if I don't need those columns. So now let's look at the syntax. We have four parameters. Three are mandatory, one is optional. The first one is the lookup value. So what am I looking for? The second one is the table array, which is where is my dataset? In this case, if I'm looking for quantity from country, I need to select country Asian price and quantity. Then you have the column index, the column index, the column number where my answer is. So in this case, countries one agent to price three and quantity will be four. So I have to specify four. And finally, this is the optional parameter, the range lookup. So false means that you want an exact match. And 99% of the cases people want an exact match. However, if you don't specify this argument, you will get through by default and that could cause you problems. So just be careful on this point. Now let's go to HLookup. H lookup is exactly the same as VLookup, but it is horizontal instead of vertical. It can look from top to bottom, from up to down. It cannot look from down to up. And again, you have to select the whole range. So if I take this example, you can see that the data is now inverted. What I will do is look to the right for my country and then return the corresponding e.g. here revenue by going down. And if you look at the syntax, the syntax is extremely similar to the other one. The only difference is that it has row index instead of column index. So in this case, my row index for revenue will be five because it is the fifth row that I want to return. Now let's go to Excel and check this out. In this Excel sheet, you can see that we have the same data I showed you in PowerPoint. And what we want to do first is create a drop-down for countries. And based on this, I want to get the price and quantity. So let's do it. I select my country sand. Then I go under data, data validation. Here I need the list and then the source. I just select my country's press on the arrow press. Okay? And now we can select the country. Let's select count 32, and let's get the price. I will do equal VLookup open parenthesis. My lookup value is this comma. Then you need your table array. So here I want price. So e.g. the minimum I have to select is from country to price. Even if I don't need agent, I have to select it. So we select our data comma, the column index. So country is column one, column two, column three. So that's three comma. And then I want an exact match. So it's a false close parenthesis. Press Enter, you'll get 92. It is correct. Now let's do the quantity equal VLookup, open parenthesis. My lookup value is contrary to. Now my table. I have to go up to quantity minimum. I can also take revenues. Nothing happens. It's fine. But quantity is the minimum. If you notice, I always start with country. So e.g. if you do this, I'm just going to show you it's not going to work. Let's put anything and false, you'll get an error. So you have to put first column as country. You cannot put another column before it. Here we have our right column. And then let's just do the column index. In this case it is four. And then I will do false. Close parenthesis, press Enter. You'll get 31. Great. Now we can just change it because it's dynamic. And you get 91.100 for H and five. Now, you don't have to use VLookup on its own. So e.g. let's assume that you don't have the price here. And price is equal to revenue divided by quantity. So let's do it. Let's remove this and do equal. First is revenue. So V lookup, open parenthesis, column 35. My table array is now my whole table because I want the revenues. The column index revenue is the fifth column comma false. And then divided by another V lookup. So you can see how you can use it. The lookup value is country five, table array. In this case, I'm going to select the whole table, it's fine. And then I need my column, which is quantity, so it's column four, comma false. Then press Enter and you see you get the same results. Let's go to Formulas, Evaluate formulas, and try to see what's happening. Here. If I start evaluating, I get country five. I need to get the full revenues. So this is 9,100. You can see it here. And then I'll do evaluate for country five. I need to get my quantity. You can see it here, hundreds. So my other VLookup gets it. And then if you divide this by this, you will get 91. Now let's go and do the same thing for HLookup. You can see that the data is now inverted. First of all, I'm just going to copy this and put it here for data validation, so that's easy for us. And then I'm going to use an HLookup to get the price here equal h lookup. Open parenthesis minus Ka value is this. Now my table array. I will select the whole thing for this. So here I will do Control Shift arrow to the right, arrow down comma. Then my row index is what country is one. Agent is to price is three. So three, Gamma, false, close parenthesis. Press Enter. That's your 91, which is here. And then we can do the same thing for quantity. So the same rules apply. You have to start with your first row, which is country. And you have to include all the columns until the quantity e.g. here. Here I'm going to do equal h lookup, open parenthesis. My lookup value is my country comma. Then I want my table array. Let's select it. We can select it all if we want to. And then quantity is row number four. And then false. Press Enter, you'll get your hundred. And this is how you will use HLookup and VLookup. 55. S5 L4 Row, Rows, Column, Columns practical application (****): For formulas that we're going to see now are rarely used on their own. But if you combine them with other formulas such as VLookup, they can be very powerful. So in this lesson, I'm first going to start by the theory. I know it's a bit boring, but you need to know the theory and then I'll show you how to use those formulas in practice. So the first formula that we're going to see is rho. The definition is very simple. It returns the row corresponding to the input, as simple as that. However, there are many ways to write this formula. You can do rho A1. It will give you one because it's the role of cell A1. Then you can do row two. It will give you two, which is the second row. If you don't put any parameter, it will give you the row of the current cell what you have written the formula. So if you wrote the formula in S3, it will give you a three. And then you can select multiple rows. So rho A1 to A3, if you don't have dynamic arrays. So you have an older version of Excel. You need to select three cells and then write the formula, do Control Shift, Enter. And you'll get one in the first cell, two in the second set, and three in the third session. If you have Excel 2021, office 365. So you have dynamic arrays. If you just tried to formula press Enter, you'll get 12.3. Now, another way to write the formula is row 123. Like you can see on the screen. Again, you'll get the same result. Now, let's go to rows. Rows with S returns the count of rows corresponding to the input. So the first one, it gives you the row, this one gives you the count of rows. So e.g. rose, A1 gives you one because there is only one row in what you have selected. Rows, B12, B5 will give you five, because they are five rows. Then row three is three, gives you one row. Rows, 125 gives you five rows. Now let's go to columns and column. We're going to start with column. It is the same concept as rho. Basically it will return the column number corresponding to the input you give it. So column A1 is one because column a is the first column. Column B, B is two, B is the second column. If you don't specify a parameter, it will give you the column of the current set. So if you have C2, it will be three because C is the third column. And the same way we have seen with rho. If you select multiple columns, column A12, C3. If you don't have dynamic arrays, you will select three says. And then you'll do Control Shift Enter to get 123. If you have dynamic arrays, you will get 123 just by putting the formula and pressing Enter. And you can omit the row. So you can do column a to C, and then you will get 123 columns, will return the count of columns corresponding to the input. So columns A1 is one because that's one column. Columns B12, C5 is to columns, and columns a to C is three columns. Now let's go to Excel. Here in Excel, you can see that I have some prices for some items. And I'm going to start using my formulas to be able to get the top three prices. So we're going to see different methodologies. The first methodology is by using rho A1. So first of all, before I do that, let me show you the traditional way of getting this, the top three numbers. If you remember, we can use our large formula. So large has an array. So I can select e.g. this, and then comma, I need my top number, so I'm going to put one than what I have to do is copy-paste the formula. Here I have to put two, press Enter, and here I have to put three and press Enter. This is very cumbersome. So here I can use my ROE formula to get my results. So I'm going to delete this, go here. And I'm going to put rho A1 in parenthesis and press Enter. Now rho A1 is one, so it will give me one here. And then the largest value is 99. Now if I drag it down, you can see that I get the result because this will become A2, which means to the second-largest And here the third largest. So that's one way to automate your formula so you don't have to come and change it manually. Let's do it with a different way. Now. I'm gonna do large open parenthesis, select my price. And this time I'm going to use roles with S. Here. I'm going to do dollar sign one, then column, and one, close parenthesis, close parenthesis, press Enter. Let's drag it and explain it to you. So here you have one with $1 sign and then one, it will return one, it's one row. If you go down, the one stays the same because I have $1 sign before it. The other one goes to two because I drag it by one. So that's two rows now. So large D, D2 is the second largest. Here it's 13, so it's the third largest. Now, let's select many roles at once using Control Shift Enter. So what I'm gonna do is select my three sets. And here I'm going to write equal large open parenthesis. Here we need d. So that's my D comma. And then I need to write row one, column three. So three rows I'm taking here close parenthesis, Control Shift, Enter, and you get your results. Notice here I have the curly brackets. Then the first row will be one. So you have the largest. Here, you will get two, and here you get three. If you have Office 365 like me, you can just type the formula very easy. Large, select column D comma, and then you do row 123. So three rows, close parenthesis, press Enter. You can get the same results. You can see that is this blue box around it. Because I have a formula that is spilling dynamic array formula. Now let's go to columns and let's try to do VLookups to get item A1. I want the quantity, the discount, and the price. First methodology, we're going to use column AB. So here I'm going to write equals VLookup, open parenthesis. My lookup value is this one. I'm just going to put $1 sign here because we're going to derive the formula later on. Comma, my lookup table or my table array is all this. Let's use a four and then come up here. I'm going to use columns a to B. So columns with $1 sign a than B. Then you close the parenthesis, and then you have comma and false. Press enter 760, which is this one. If we drag it here, you will get the discount and the price. This one is in percentage, but I'm not going to change the format right now. Let's just look what happened. Here. I have a to b. So that means two columns because I'm counting the number of columns. So quantity is in column number two, right? Because this is 123.4, for the discount is fixed, it doesn't move, but I moved to the right, so B becomes C. So now that's three columns. So it gives me three here. And then discount is column three. Price same thing, it becomes a to D. Now let's just drag this formula like this and change this to BB. So now we remove the S From column and we do BB without any dollar sign. Press Enter, you'll get your result. Let's drag it. You get the right results. Why? Because B becomes C. And now the column of C is the third column in Excel. So that's a three here, that's a four. Now let's use Control Shift Enter with column B to D. So I'm selecting several columns with my column formula. Here. I just select the data and I do VLookup open parenthesis. My lookup value is this one. I'm just going to put $1 sign here. Comma, my table is this comma. We're gonna do column B to D, close parenthesis comma false, and then Control Shift Enter. You'll get the right results Also because here it to column B for the first one, column C for the second one, and column D for the third one. Now, if I just write the formula again, we look up and then I select my lookup value. I can do dollar sign here. This is my table array comma. My column index will be column B to D, close parenthesis, and then false. Press Enter. You'll get the numbers correctly. And here we can just change the format, and that's it. So this is the power of those four formulas to automate dragging your formulas. 56. S5 L5 Joining Data with Vlookup (***): Since you are getting more familiar with HLookup and VLookup formulas. I want to work on a real-life example with you. And I want to discover the data and do the analysis together. So here we have an order database. If we go to the end, I want to add the city, the state, the postal code for every client. So now here I have a customer ID, and on the right, I have a database which has the customer ID, the city, state, and postal code. So here I can use my VLookup formula. So let's go back. Let's start with the city equals V lookup, open parenthesis. My lookup value is my customer ID comma. Let's go here. We have to start our table array with the customer ID, because my lookup value should always be in the most left column as we have learned than we do. Control Shift arrow to the right, arrow down to select the data. Let's do afford to fix it. Next, we need our column index number. Let's go here and count 12345. So CT is number five. So I'm going to put five km, a false close parenthesis. We press enter, we get Henderson. Now, let's go and check our result. It's always a good practice to check. So Control C, Let's go to our database, and let's go here. Control F. Then we based our customer ID. Fine. Next, we have one in Henderson, That's good. The first one, Find Next. And here you get a surprise. Another customer, same id, living somewhere else. So what happened here? Basically, if you didn't know VLookup will only return the first match it finds, and it will start from the top to the bottom. If you have a second one like here, you won't get it. And it's the same for HLookup, but from the left to the right. So the first match from the left to the right. So you need to know your business before you apply formulas and you trust the results of formulas blindly. In this case, to fix the problem. We have also the name of the customer. So we're going to create a key equal customer ID and the name. And here we can also have the key, so equal customer ID and the name. Here we're just going to double-click. So it goes down. And let's do the same here. So now we can fix our formula. If we click first thing I want to do, the lookup value is not the customer ID anymore. It is the key. Then you have your table array. I'm going to delete it. Let's go here. We have to start from the key this time, because this is where I have my lookup value. So Control Shift arrow to the right, arrow down. Let's press F4. We're good with this one. Next we have our column index, which is this five. Now, if we count it is 12,345.6. The problem though is that once I'm going to drag the formula to the right to get the state and the postal code. I will have to replace the six by seven and then eight. And that's not very practical. So how can I automate my formula? Well, if you remember the previous lesson, we had a formula called columns. If you open parenthesis, this formula will count the number of columns you will give. So if I do two a, e for this one and close parenthesis, I'm going to put $1 sign in front of it. I'm gonna get my six columns here. Whenever I'm going to move to the right, I'm gonna get z because it has $1 sign, it's fixed. And instead of a, it will become a f. Then the number of columns will increase by one for the state and by two for the postal code. So I'm going to get the right answer. Now that I have fixed my formula, Let's press Enter. And here we get Henderson again. The only thing I need to fix the drag it to the right is this P2. So here the key, I don't want it to move to the right once I move to the right. So I'm just going to put $1 sign in front. You can use F for several times and you'll get this. Press Enter. Now you can drag it like this. It will give you a Kentuckian, the postal code. You can see here it's AF AG, so the number of columns countered will increase by 1.2 here. Then we select all double-click and we get all our information. Now, in another lesson, I'm going to teach you how to improve this and change this table array. But for now what I want to do is teach you how to check whether a customer exists in my database. So what we're gonna do is two methodologies. The first one is with IF error. So if error, open parenthesis, I have value and value IF error, my value will be a VLookup. I'm going to search for Dave Brooks comma, where here in the customer name. So I'm gonna put one for the index and false to get an exact match. Now we close parenthesis comma value if error we can type not found close parenthesis. Here we get David Brooks because it exists. And the second one without S doesn't exist. The other way to do this is to come here and do IF open parenthesis is error, open parenthesis. So the other one was if adder. This is if there is error for value, we will put the same VLookup. We have this one comma, we want it in this than one and false. And then you just drop it in is error. So another parenthesis, comma value if true, if it's an error, it's not, they're not found. And then if there is no error, we can put foward, close parenthesis, press Enter. And now, if I just drag this down, you can see that the second one is not found. 57. S5 L6 Improve your Vlookup with an Excel Table (*): I want to build up on the previous real-life example that we had, where we had to do the analysis together. And if you look at the VLookup formula that we got, it has this table array, which is that two to h4927. Now the problem with this is that if you add data at the bottom, your formula might not work correctly. And this is actually what will happen in real life. You will have an expanding customer database. What to do in this case? Basically one solution would be just to select the columns, like I'm doing right now. And then if you add something, it's gonna be okay. But the problem with that is that if there is something below your table, it might consider it and give you wrong results. So what is another way to fix this permanently? Well, if you remember one of the lessons in this section, we looked at Excel tables and this is what we're gonna do right now. Let me press Escape. Let's go here, and let's do Control G. You could also go to Insert here and select Table. It's the same. Now, Excel will try to guess where are my values? Here they are, correct. My table has headers. Yes. Let's press Okay. And now you have an Excel table. The first thing we gotta do is change the format. So I'm just going to do like to remove the format and I can give it a name, e.g. cost taper. So customer table, press Enter, and now you have a table. What to do in the formula? Let's go back here and let's replace this with cost. You can see it cost table. Double-click. You have it. Now you can just drag your formula like this. Double-click. You get the same results. But the difference is that one. It is more readable. If you add data at the bottom, the table will automatically expand and you don't have to fix your formula. 58. S5 L7 Troubleshoot your Vlookup (**): Whenever you write V lookups, you might get errors and then scratch your head for some time to find out what is the cause of the error. So what I want to show you is the most common errors you're going to face and how to fix them. So let's start the first one. If you write the formula wrong. So here, e.g. you need a PPI to do VLookup. The second one, if you see it, I'm looking for a 35 and a certified is here. But I don't have an answer why? It is because if you go here, you have a space after a 35. Here, you have a space before a 35. So obviously, if you fix it like this, it's gonna work. But I advise you to fix your data so you don't have spaces. The second one is the same. You have a 35 without space. And this one has a space. Next, if you see I'm looking for 100. In this, there is no answer why? It is because 100 is formatted as text. So here you can just convert it to number and you get your result. Or let's do Control Z. What you could do is just select this column and then you do data. Then you will do Text to Columns. And here you do next. Next, you'd convert it to gender. So that's the important one. Finish. And then it becomes a number. Let's do Control Z again, and let's continue. The next one is 46.1 and it's here. But I'm not getting Ben why? It is because it is an approximate match. So if you don't put false for the last parameter, it will look for approximate match, and sometimes it doesn't work. So if I do false, I will get my results. Then we look at the next 18123. It is here, but no results. Why? It is because you forgot the double quotations. Here. It is looking at cell B13 and not at number 8123. So let's put it in double quotation. Press Enter. You'll get your answer. The last one, if you look at it, I'm trying to do a lookup from right to left. Obviously doesn't work. So we need to do one. If you press Enter Stan, not fixed. Y 201 is here. Well, if you look here, it's actually 200.94. So you need to do 200.94 to get the results. And this is how formatting trick to you. So these are the common problems that you face with VLookup. Now, let me show you another trick. The later two dates. So those numbers, they look like dates, right? 010120220201, 2022, etc. However, if you just select them and you go to change the format, you select short dates. It doesn't work. Why? Because they are not dates actually. Let's do Control Z. And instead of manually trying to fix it, Let's just select this and go to data, text to columns delimited. Here you don't care The same. Here is where you have to do a change. So you select date and then you have to see how the data is here. So I have here month and day. So that's year, month and day. Let's press Finish. Now there are dates you can see if I select e.g. long dates, double-click. You can see my dates. 59. S5 L8 Approximate Match for Vlookup for lookup within boundaries (****): In 99% of the cases, when you use a v lookup, you want an exact match. So you're going to do false for the last argument. But there are some rare situations like this one. Where do you need an approximate match? So let's look at this case and solve it together. Here I have some exam results and I want to convert them to create from a to E based on this table. So e.g. zero to 60 is integrate. Now, if I use a normal VLookup equals VLookup, open parenthesis. My lookup value is 82 comma my table array. Let's select this and let's do F4 to fix it. Comma, my column index is two. And then I do false. Close parenthesis. I double-click. I get an a. Why did I get an a? Because a T2 is not present here. If it's not present, it can find anything. I get an error. Now, what to do in this case? First of all, the technique is you have to sort your data from the smallest to the biggest. So this is what I've done here. Otherwise it's not going to work. And you always select the smaller of your range. Here's zero to 60, 61 to 70, 61, and so on. Then you can change this false to either true or just remove it altogether because the default value is true. Press Enter, and the magic happens. Let's double-click. We get older grades. We can verify 63 is a D. It works. How does it work? Basically the approximate match. We look at the highest value in your table that is below or equal to your lookup value, e.g. 63. What is the highest value here? That is smaller or equal to 63? It is 61. And in this case, it will give you a D. Let's look at this 182. The highest value in this table that is smaller or equal to AD2 is 81. So it gives you a b. And this is how you can use approximate match in those kind of situations to get your results. Another situation that is very common for approximate match is one you want to get discounts. E.g. the more I buy, the higher my discount. You can use a similar approach. 60. S5 L9 Index Match Basics (***): In some cases, your VLookup formula will not work, especially when you want to look at data that is on the left of the column that has your lookup value. So what do you do in this case? When you can use the index and match formulas? So let me explain to you how those two formulas work. First, we're going to start with the match formula. Basically, it will return the position of a value in a list of values. So e.g. if you look at the syntax, you have match lookup value, which is what you are looking for. Then you have your lookup array, which is where you're looking for this value and match type. It's an optional parameter. It could be exact match, greater than or smaller than. So as you can see, I have three names. Let's say they are in cell A1, A2, and A3. And if I write much, Caroline, A123 comma 00 means exact match. You can see that Caroline is the second name in the list. So I'm going to get a two. So that's the match formula. Now the index formula. It will return the value given a position in a list of values. Here we have our array, which is our list of values. Then you have the row number you want, and then you have the column number that you want. And this is an optional argument. If I write equal index A123, 2.1 means I have those three names. I want the second row and the first column. And in this case it is Caroline. Now the value of those two formulas is when you combine them together. So suppose that now we have a DB and TMC. So from V1 to V3, and they are next to John Carter line. And mark, if you right, index A1 to A3, match Jim b0, b1, b2, b3, zero. And then one, you will get Caroline. Why? Because if we look at our match formula to be exact match in B1, B2, B3 is the second team that we have that we'll return to. And then you have in John, cannula and Mark, you have the second row because the match formula return to the first column, which is John Carolan and Mark. And this is why you're going to get the second name. Now let's go to Excel and try to use those two formulas together. Here if you can see I have a dataset With country price, quantity, revenues and agent. And what I want is to get the country, which is this one, corresponding to the Asians that you select and the revenues. They are both on the left side. This is why a VLookup will not work. Now I already did the drop-down with the agents. We can select e.g. Agent two. Now, before I write the formula, Let's start with the match formula and see how it works. So here I want to do equal match, open parenthesis. My lookup value is Agent two comma. Then my lookup array is my array of agents. So I can just select it like this and then comma match type zero for exact match. So now if I press Enter, I get two. Why? Because my agent to, is that the second position of this array of agents right? Now, if I want to do index equals, index, open parenthesis, your array, it is where I want to find my answer. So think about index, like Google Maps. You need to load your map first where you wanna go. And then you will tell Google Maps where you want to go, right? Where do I want to go? I want to go into countries so I can select my country's comma. Then, what role do I need? I need the second country because we are at agent to, right? I'm going to type this manually comma. And then I want the first column because I only have one column. So I can do this close parenthesis and get country to. Now note one thing. You can either omit the column, it will take column one, so you get the right result. You can also do zero for column. It will work. One, we saw it, it will work. But if you put two, you get an error. Why? Because it is telling Excel to go to the second column. And here in my map I only loaded one column. So it gives an error because I went outside mind-map. Now to fix it, you can just add the b here. So now you have two columns. Press Enter. You'll get 92, which is the record that you have in front of country two. Second row for Excel because we started from country one. So that's how it looks at. It. Now let's combine both of them together to get the country. So here, if I go equal index, open parenthesis, as we said, the array is where I have my answer. My answer is here. I just selected gamma, the row number. Now, we're going to embed the match formula in it. So much open parenthesis. Agent, who is my lookup value comma, where I am trying to find agent to in this array of data, comma, match type, exact match, close parenthesis. Here I have one column. So I'm not going to put the column, that's fine. And then we close parenthesis, press Enter. You have contrary to if I change it to agent three, you'll get country three. Now let's try to do the same for revenues. So here we can write the formula directly. Equal index, open parenthesis. What is my answer? My revenues, they are here, right? So we just select them. Comma, my row number. I need the match formula, open parenthesis. What is my lookup value? It's here. Comma, my lookup array is here. And then match type, I want exact match. So zero, close parenthesis, comma here. I'm going to put one for column. And then we're just going to close parenthesis and you get the 4,712, which is correct. Now I want to make it more complicated. Here. I also put the drop-down, quantity and revenues. I want to toggle between them. So how can I get the quantity e.g. automatically here? Well, let's just look at it first and fix the formula manually, and then we'll do something else. So here I have revenues, right? But quantity is not there. And we learned that for index, like a map, you need to load everything where I can find my answer. So now I made it two columns. So my answer is either here or here now, right? Then you have a match. Next, if you look at quantity, my column is one, in this one. So if I press Enter, it is 76. If I want my revenues, my economists to right? So how can I make this flexible to get 1.2 based on quantity? Well, I can embed another match formula. Let's do equal match here. Open parenthesis, lookup value now is quantity versus revenue. Comma lookup array is those two headers. So now it's either the first one or the second one, comma. And then we have zero for exact match, close parenthesis. And now you have the second mesh that will give you one to this one will give you the row. So press enter 76. You change to revenue. You'll get your revenue. 61. S5 L10 Index Match Advanced (*****): Since you are more familiar with the index and match formulas, I want to do something more advanced now. And here I have country agent, then actual revenue, actual profit, budgeted revenue, and budgeted profit. And what I want to do, select actual versus budget. This, then revenue versus profit, which is this one, and then the agent, and get the corresponding value. Now, the challenge is actual and revenue are each one in a different cell. So how to fix this? Let's find the solution together. I'm going to show you four ways to do it. Let's start with the first one. But before that, I want to try to write the formula with index and match equal index, open parenthesis. My array is my map. It is where I have all my potential answers. So this is my map. Comma row number depends on the agent. And we learned in the previous lesson that we can use the match formula. So here I have my lookup value, which is my agent. This is my lookup array. And then the match type is exact match, close parenthesis, comma. Now here is where it becomes more difficult because I need to know which column to take the data from. So I can try to write another match formula, open parenthesis. My lookup value here is a problem because I have two. So I can try to do this one and this one comma Here. My lookup array is also a problem because I have now two rows. So logically I could try to take the two rows comma and then put zero for exact match. Close parenthesis, press Enter. Here, you get an error. Why? Because if you see here, you do F9, it doesn't work. You have actual budget, revenue, profit. It's not working well. Let's press Escape. And the match formula cannot do something like this. It needs only one row or one column to try to give you the index. So now one way we can solve this, just come here and do this one with an enzyme and this one. And then here we can just drag it. And instead of these two rows, I can just select this. Press Enter. You'll get 15. Actual revenue agent three, that's your 15. But this is not a very nice solution aesthetically, you are having more cells, more data for nothing. So let's try another way with Control Shift Enter. So here what I'm gonna do is copy-paste the formula control C Escape, go here, then up, we can just paste it with Control V. And here what we can do is the following. Instead of this, we can select this one and select this one. Now, if you remember, we have done this in some occasions, e.g. with large in this course. And what we have done because the match formula cannot take a race. We have done Control Shift Enter. You'll get your results 15. So now you have the curly brackets. And if I take this and this one, F9, you can see that I get actual revenue, actual profit, and so on. Let's press Escape. Now, if you have dynamic arrays, so you have the newer versions of Excel, e.g. Office 365. What you can do is just take this formula, Control C. Go here. You paste it. You don't need Control Shift, Enter, just press Enter. You'll get the result. So that's easy. Now, if you have an old version of Excel without dynamic arrays and you don't want to enter in this Control Shift, Enter business. There is a way you can write the formula without it. So let me show you how to do it. We take back this formula. Control C will go here. We paste it, press Enter, and now we're going to fix it. So here, as I told you, the match formula doesn't like arrays. But what formula can take a raise the index formula. So the index formula behaves like to some products, like the aggregate formulas and they can handle arrays. So now, since this is the case, let's try to convert this using index. So index, open parenthesis. Here I have an array. My array. I can just do this one. And this one match doesn't take it index, takes it comma. Here I have a problem. Row number. I actually want to take everything. And this is a parameter that you have to put. What do you do in this case? Let me tell you the trick. You just put zero close parenthesis. We don't want to touch the column. And now if you press Enter, you get your results. So what I have done, instead of putting this like this on its own, I have wrapped them in index. An index can take it. So if you take this index formula, you do F9. You can see that now you get the right data points. And then when you have a match, you're looking for actual revenue. You can tell which number it is. And that will feed into the bigger index formula and you'll get your results. So let's press Escape. And I'll let you think about it a little bit. 62. S5 L11 Lookup in different sheets with Indirect (*****): In this lesson, I want to teach you how to write a lookup formula that takes data from different sheets without having to rewrite the formula every time. So for this, I have to introduce you to a new friends, which is called indirect. So first let's understand what indirect does. And then we can go to our exercise. So here if I go and I write indirect open parenthesis, I have two arguments. Let's focus on the RF texts because this is the mandatory argument. Let's do in double quotation, C2. Then double quotation here, close parenthesis, press Enter, and you get subscribed. Now you're going to tell me why do I have to write this formula? I can just do equals s2 and I get my subscribe. But wait, let me show you the example down and then you'll understand why. Now let's do Control Z. And let's try the formula here. Equal in direct open parenthesis. This time instead of writing in double quotation, I'm going to select the cell. Let's close parenthesis and see what happens. You get to the channel. Now why? It is Because indirect is taking the content of this cell, which is D3, and then D3 is another cell. So it gives me to the channel. If I have C3 in double quotation, I just get D3, which is the content of C3. Now final one, if I do indirect open parenthesis and select this one, close parenthesis, I get high there. Why? Because this is great. Well, if you go to Formulas, Name Manager, you can see that I have grid here. And if you see grid refers to the same. So the same thing is happening like what we saw in desert line. Now, let's do cancer. And let me tell you what I want to do. What I want to do here is that I have a drop-down menu. Using data validation. I have the names of sheets. So the sheets, if you see are here. And I want to select one of the sheets, select an agent here again, data validation, write a lookup and get the sales of the agent from the right Excel sheet. So from this one, from this one or from this one, each sheet has the agents, but different days. So now let's go back. And if I try a normal VLookup equals VLookup, open parenthesis. My lookup value is Agent two comma. If I want to select e.g. this table array comma two because this is the second column. And then we do false. We close parenthesis. We get 33, which is this one. Great. But what about this 152? So now I cannot change this dynamically. How to do this? Well, first thing we're gonna do is fill this table. Here. I have 0511. I want to come here and pick it up from here. Then escape. We go here, we paste it. Now, if you paste it and press Enter, notice how my apostrophe is gone. So in order to get back my apostrophe, I have to put it again. So I have two apostrophes. Press Enter, and now I can just drag it. And here I want b, and here I want see. What I've done is for every sheet, I have defined this range. You see the range that we have here for my table array, every sheet. Now, if I tried to look up the sheet name here and get the range, Let's see what happens. I'm just gonna do a VLookup here. Inside the VLookup. Select this comma, then select this, and then comma. We want the second column and then an exact match, so false. And then I press Enter, I get a value. Why? It is because Excel gets this value here, but doesn't know what to do with it. So I get an error. How to fix it. We can use our indirect friends. Now by using the indirect formula, my VLookup will tell me what sheet, what range to take the table from. And then indirect. We'll just tell Excel that actually this is not a value. This is arranged, this is a table. So take it, press Enter, you'll get 52, less change sheet 33. And here you get 63, which is H12. And obviously if I change the agent, I'll get the right result. So this is how you can use indirect to be able to specify a range, to look up the value. 63. S5 L12 Reverse Lookup problem (*****): Usually when we deal with index and match formulas, we get a matrix like this one. We select our source light source tool. We select our ingredients like ingredient two, and we get a. However, what if I have the reverse problem? So I know my ingredient, which is ingredient three, and I know the value which is B. So I need to get my first sauce. And you can see that B is here, B is here, and B is here. So it makes it a bit more complicated. Let's solve this together. I'm gonna tell you It's like a positive. If you look at it piece by piece, you're going to understand it. If you want to try to do everything together, it's gonna be very hard for you. So let's start. First thing we're gonna do is equal index. As we learned, we need an array. What is my answer? My answer is one of the sources. So I select my six sources. What is my row number? There is only one row, so that's the one comma. Now I need my column. In this case, it is the first column. So let's put one close parenthesis. Press enter. We get our source. But this is not dynamic. So what can I do? I can replace this column one with the match formula. So much. Lookup value is b comma. Where do I want to find b? Here, here, or here? That's the problem in this case because it's ingredient three, I'm just going to hard code this one. So it's here. And then cover my match type is exact match, so zero, close parenthesis, press enter, I still get so S1. We made the formula a bit more complicated. Now my issue is that I want to try to select this one, not have it hard-coded. What to do? Well, if you think about it, we can use another index formula. So here we put index, open parenthesis. What is my answer now? It could be the first row, the second row, or the third row in this case. So we select the whole thing here. Karma. What is the row number here in this case, because it is ingredient three, I'm going to hard code three. And then I'm going to put a comma, close parentheses. Why am I doing this? It means that I want to take all the columns. So whenever I take the third row, it means I will take the third row and all the columns corresponding to it. So now press Enter. Again, you get source one. But now this one is hard-coded. How to fix it? Think about it in a positive way. I can put another match formula. I know it gets complicated because you have index inside it, match, inside it, index and inside the match. So here, my lookup value is my ingredients comma. Within my three ingredients, comma match type is zero. Close parenthesis, press Enter. So now you get the answer that so S1, if I change my ingredient to ingredient to, it becomes so six. If I change it to a, e.g. it becomes so stew. So now it's working. Let's try to understand it from the point of view of ingredients and a, this one. So if I go to the formula, the first thing that will get evaluated is this much, right? So we are trying to find the ingredient within this array of three ingredients. Let's press F9. What you get, you get to, because my ingredient two is the second line in my array. Now what are we doing? We are using index to try to find which line do I want in this array. So here you have this line, this line, and this line. And here we specify two. So I'm taking all the columns and this row two. If we try it out, we'll do F9. You can see e, a, f, d, CB, which is this one. Now that we have this, what are we doing? We have a match formula that is looking for a within this. And a is the second position. So if we just select this and do F9, it is in the second position. And now you have a simple index formula with row one, column two. What does it mean? It means, so Stu, this is how you are getting the puzzle assembled one-by-one to be able to solve this business problem. So let's press Escape and please try this formula and see how it works for you. 64. S5 L13 Complex Lookup with Index & Sumproduct (*****): This is another complicated lookup problem. And what I want to show you is that you don't have always to use match with the index formula. So here's the situation. I have some clients here, that's how the data is. They come from different countries and this is the date I sign them. Now what I want to do is select a client like this and get the corresponding country. So how to do this? One? Let's solve this together. Let's see the formula. If we try with an index formula equals index, open parenthesis, what is my array? Is it this well-known? Because as we learned, the answer has to be in the array. So the answer is either Japan, France, or Columbia. That's my IJ. Now comma, what is my row number? There is only one row, so that's one comma column number. Here is where it becomes difficult. So either I have column 12 or three. In this case, it is three. Now, if I try and match formula, my lookup value is my client's comma. If I do this, I have a problem because match needs either one column or one row. And here I have multiple columns and multiple rows. So if I do comma, exact match, close parenthesis and close parenthesis, I will get an error. It doesn't work. What is the solution? When we can use our old friend? Some product? Yes, some product with index. Because some product can calculate. And at the end, for the index, I need 12 or three. Let's write the formula together. Equals sum product. I will select my clients, equal client three, close parenthesis. Now, if you press Enter, you'll get zero. Why? We saw in another lesson that you need to multiply this condition by one. So that's e.g. like this times one. Or what you could do is put two minuses in front. So minus, minus means minus one times minus one times this. Minus one times minus one is one. So it's the same as if I multiplied by one. So let's press enter. We get the one here. We don't care about it. What we care about is what's happening behind this. So if I select my condition and press F9, you'll get a bunch of false. And here you have one true, which is where my client is, client three. Because here for every data point that you have, every cent, we are checking is the cell equal to clients three? If yes, then it's true. If no, then it's a false. So let's press Escape. And if I multiply this by one, so F9, you'll get a bunch of zeros and ones. Why? Because false is a zero multiplied by one. It's zero through is the one multiplied by one is one, right? So press Escape. And let's try to understand what's happening here. When every place I don't have client tree, it's a zero. So 000. And here you have 00. This is client three, so it's the one and the rest are all zeros. So I'm just gonna do like this. So you can see it. Now, this is great. What do I need to do? I need to convert this to a three. How to do this? If you remember, we have our column formula here. If I do column and I open parenthesis, select those three close parenthesis. You get 234. This is if you have Excel with dynamic array formulas. If you have older versions of Excel, we have seen that this is an array. So what do we have to do is select the three sets, do Control Shift Enter. You'll get the same result, but with the curly brackets here. And if you see this, I have 234. What I want for Columbia is a three. If it's France, I want to to Japan, I want to one. So what I can do, I can just add minus one, as simple as this Control Shift. If you have an old version of Excel, otherwise just enter, you get 123. And now let's multiply this array of numbers with 123. So this one times my one. Let's fix the row because we want to drag the formula. So we put the dollar sign here. Let's just drag it like this. And then like this. And you can see that I have a three here. Now some product will sum everything, all zeros and three. What's the answer? It is three. So let's try to combine all these together. What I need is to take this control C escape, go here. Instead of this one. Let's open parenthesis, paste this and close parenthesis. So be careful the minus one is inside. Because of the order of preference in calculation, I want to do minus one to the column and then multiply. So that's exactly what we can see here. Press enter because some product doesn't need Control Shift Enter, you'll get three. Now what if I have e.g. client to which is here, you get two. Great. And let's try client one. You get one. So that's amazing. Now we have this sum product formula. Let's copy it. Control C escape. We can go here and remove this match formula and paste it. This will give me the column I have to take. Press Enter, and you'll get Japan for client one. Client who is friends, etc. 65. S5 L14 Xlookup (***): Let's say goodbye to the VLookup, index and match and all the hassle that we have seen in the previous lessons. Because now we have the x lookup formula. To get the x local formula, you need to have Excel 2021 and later, e.g. Office 365. It is also available for web and for mobile. Now, what I want to do here is show you the benefits of the x lookup and how it works. And then we can recap everything with the theoretical part at the end. So here if you see I have a simple table. I have agent to add. I want to get the sales. So I'm going to do next lookup, open parenthesis. The lookup value is the same, it's Asia two. Now here is where you have a difference. Now you have a lookup array before you had the table array, before you have done like this. Now no. Now I just need where I have my agent comma, then the return array. The return array is exactly the column where you want to get the answer. So you don't have to select the whole range with some columns in-between that you don't need. And what also you don't have to do is specify exact match. Because by default now it is an exact match. They have fixed it from the previous version where the default was in the VLookup, if you remember, it was approximate match. So let's close parenthesis. Press Enter. You'll get 28, which is here. Now, if I select agent 11, which doesn't exist here, you get an error before you would have to write if error to fix it and so on. Now, if you put a comma, you have a parameter called if not found. And if you put e.g. here, N a in double quotation, press Enter, you get an a. And here, if I go select an agent, I can get the sales of the agent. Now we go for left-click up. So before a VLookup would not do a lookup to the left, only to the right. You have to use index and match. Let's try it with x lookup, open parenthesis. This is my lookup value. What is my lookup array? It's here. Cover my return array now is on the left. No problem. Close parenthesis, press Enter. You'll get 89. Number three. X lookup also replaces the HLookup. So here I have agent one. I want to get the seas. No problem. Equal x lookup. My lookup value is ancient one. My lookup array is this comma, my return arrays, this one, close parenthesis, press Enter. You get 89 number for two-way lookups. So before, if you want to do two-way lookups, you had to use index and match. Now we can use x lookup. So first we have the agent, let's get the sales, and then we will fix it to be able to get bonus of sales based on your selection. So let's do equal x lockup, open parenthesis minus Ka value is Agent one. You know the drill. This is the lookup array. Then the return array for now it's saved. So I'm just going to do like this close parenthesis. This is my 89. Now, if I want to fix it to get sales or bonus, what I could do is the following. This array, I'm going to replace with another x lookup. So x look up, open parenthesis. My lookup value is this comma, what is my lookup array? It is here, says or bonus. Remember index match, how we used to look at it. This is the same thing. Then comma my return arrays this. So now if I close parenthesis, it will work. But just to explain to you what will happen here in this x lookup. If it says, then it will return the full column under sales. Otherwise, if it's bonus, it will return this column. This is the same concept as much. You press enter, now you have 89. Let's put the bonus. You get 63. Now let's go down and let's do last two first. So we saw in one lesson that VLookup returns the first instance that matches. What if I want the latest e.g. here I have saved from 2020, 2022. I want the latest for agent one. So here you have 89, but the latest is actually 27. So let's try to get 27 equal x lookup, open parenthesis. This is my lookup value. The array is this one. Control Shift arrow down, comma, return array is the sales Control Shift arrow down comma. If not found, I don't want it match mode. Here you have exact match and things like this. I don't want it comma, then you have search mode. You have search last two first. So you can select it, you get minus one here. Let's close parenthesis. Press Enter. You'll get 27. Then we have approximate match. So here I have my agents, my sales. And based on the sales, I want to give a bonus. So zero to 19 is zero per cent bonus. 20 to 49, it's ten per cent, etc. So now what I'm gonna do first is to get the same equal x lookup, open parenthesis, lookup, value, lookup, array, return array. We know the drill now, close parenthesis, press Enter. Here you get 28. Just the format is wrong, which is fine. What you can do is now add another x lookup at the beginning open parenthesis. My lookup value is all this. So here it's my 28 comma lookup array is now this one. Comma return arrays, this one. Then if not found, I don't care much mode. Here, you have exact match or next smaller item. I can choose this one. And then I close parenthesis, press Enter. And here, 28 is ten per cent because it's 20-50. If I select e.g. agent one, you get 30% because 89 is 70-90. So 30 per cent. So here what happens? Let's take a T9. What we are telling the extra cup to do is to look for HG19, or the highest value that is smaller than 89. In this case it is 70. 70 gives you 30%, and so on. Let's go to wildcards. Now I have code, so Stefan Curry and I want to get his safe. Let's write an x lookup, open parenthesis. My lookup value is comma. This is my lookup array. Comma, my return array. Then comma, if not found, we're not going to use it. Then match mode. You have wildcard character match. That's too close parenthesis. Now, if you press Enter, you get an error. Why? Because you did not specify the aesthetics or the multiplication sign before and after the word. If you remember one of the lessons where we did this, you have to put this asterix in double quotation. And after it, you can do and double quotation, asterix, double quotation, press Enter, you get 94. This is a wildcard match. So now let's go and recap everything. So x lookup has multiple parameters. Number one is the lookup value. What am I looking for? Lookup array and return array is where to look for the data and what to return. Then if you don't find the value, you can specify what to return. Then you have a match mode. So either an exact match by default or exact match, or next smaller, slash larger, or wildcard, which we have seen in the examples. Then you have the source mode. You can do first to last, last to first, unsorted. Now, if we look at the advantages of x locale, it will return a value if not found. You don't have to put the formula automatically, it gets the exact match. So you don't have to specify this. You can get approximate matches and specify larger or smaller. You can put wildcards easily. You can search in different orders. You can search to the left and the right. It will replace h lookup. And it also can replace index and match by doing a two-way lookup. 66. S5 L15 Cool HR Dashboard with XLOOKUP (***): Let's have a bit of fun and build an employee scorecard in a few minutes using our knowledge of X lookup. Now, obviously you need an Excel version that supports X lookup with dynamic arrays that starts from Excel 2021. Now, if you see this dashboard or scorecard, if you change the employee, everything will update automatically. And here you have the employee and the people with salaries slightly above this person and slightly below this person. So now what I'm gonna do is wipe out everything. And we're going to build this from scratch. So here we go. This is the scorecard. The first thing that we need to do is get a drop-down menu to select the employee name. To do this, we have to go to the employees in our database. But notice something. If I go here and do Control arrow to the left, this database is sorted by employee name and not salary. And if you remember in the other scorecards that was failed, we need to have the people that have salad is a little bit above and a little bit below. So I need to solve this database first by salary. So let's select column B. I still want the index to stay. So then we do Control Shift arrow to the right. Under Data you have salt, and then you select salary. You do Largest to Smallest. Now you can see the salaries are from the highest to the lowest. Next, let's just go back control arrow to the right and do the drop-down menu. Here we will do list. Then select the list. We click here, Control arrow to the left, select the firstName, Control Shift arrow down, and then you just press Okay, we go back with the arrow. Now we have our employee list. Let's select somebody random, e.g. this person. The next thing we want to do is to get the date of births. So let's write the next lookup. I'm gonna write it here, equals x lookup, open parenthesis. My lookup value is the employee name, comma, the lookup array. Let's go C, Control arrow to the left. It is column B where you have the names comma, and then you have the date of birth column q2, close parenthesis. Press Enter. There you go. You have it. Now notice something here. I want sex and marriage, your description. And I don't want to write two more X lookups. So let's go back here. Control arrow to the left. You can see that date of birth, sex, and marital status are next to each other, column Q, R, and S. So what I could do instead of writing another x Luca, I could come to this one and then change this to S. So you remember when we did Control Shift Enter in some lessons where we had arrays. Here is the same concept. But because you have dynamic arrays and this, we're going to see it more in the section that is about dynamic arrays. But basically if I press Enter and I have Excel with x lookup, I can directly get everything. I don't need to write other formulas. And you can see that you have a rectangular, rounded that is blue. This is what the formula is spilling the rest of the data. Let's do the same for engagement survey, employee satisfaction, and special project count. Here equal x lookup. Then my value is this, my lookup array, if you remember, the names are in column B. So B, column B comma. What is my result? My result, if you see it is in column F, a, g, and h. So same concept. Instead of selecting one, I select three, close parenthesis, press Enter. The results will come in three sets. Next one is the salary. So that's a normal X lookup equal x lookup, open parenthesis lookup value is this. Now we gotta do BB Because that's the column. What do we have the employee names and then comma, we need the salary. Let's go get it. Control arrow to the left. The salary is column here, k, I guess. Yes, column K, close parenthesis. That's it. No need for exact match. As you know, x lookup takes exact match as a default. So now we've got the salary. Performance is the same. Now, if you don't know what is the performance, you can just do like this. Control F, we have here performance. Let's find it. It's column. If you see it, performance score. So we're going to use column a. Here we go. Same thing equals x lookup. You select your name comma BB. You can see it in the formula bar. And then my result here is column E. So it's this one. Close parenthesis, press Enter, you'll get your result. Now, salary band is a bit of a problem because I have a column with salary band, but it's not filled. And if you see I have a table 0-68, slow, 6,200 medium, and hundreds and more high. I need to fix this. It's approximate match. We can use x lookup again. Equal x lockup, open parenthesis. My lookup value is not the name this time. It is the salary. The salary was in column K. I remember. Instead of making you dizzy, I'm just going to type it K2. And then the lookup array is done. This is the one we do afford because we're going to drag the formula comma the return arrays here. Let's use a four. If you remember from a previous lesson, we always take the smallest numbers, not this one. Comma, if not found, I don't want to use it. Karma match mode. I'm going to use exact match or next smaller item. This is why I am choosing this one. So let's double-click. I get minus one. Close the parenthesis, press Enter. You'll get high. Double-click, you get everything you need here. Now we can use an x lookup, equal x lookup. My lookup value is this. My lookup array is actually B. So the names comma, and then the return array is this one, the one I just failed. Close parenthesis. This one is on medium salary bands. Next, we need to get this table. To get this table, I want to get the index of this employee. So here I'm going to do an X lookup. This is my lookup value. My lookup array is again B. Now I need the index, so the index is actually column a. So let's just select column a, close parenthesis, press Enter. So this one is hundred eight on the list in terms of cellular. Based on this, what I can try to do is do equal this minus one. So we can just do this and copy paste the formula, or you can just drag it like this. And that's fine. But the problem is, what if I select it, e.g. this one, you get minus one, minus two, minus three, and that doesn't work. So we need to fix this formula. So what I could do is if open parentheses, this equation is less than one comma. I want the space. Otherwise, I want the equation. So now let's try this one and see what happens. You can see that this works. But if I drag it back, it doesn't work. Why? Because here we are now referring to this set. Blank minus one does not work in Excel. So what we could do is add an if error here. So if it's an error, value IF error, we're going to put a blank close parenthesis. Let's drag it back. And it works. So now I can do the same going up one because I might go to a number that I don't want. But how can I know what is the maximum number of employees? Well, let's try it out. Let's do equal this plus one. So that's the basic one that you have. No problem. However, if I want to make it better, Let's do if API 16 plus one is bigger than the max of my column a. So here I'm going to get the max index. So if it's bigger than this max index, I want to blank. Otherwise, I want this formula to come. So we put it here. We can drag it. The problem will come. If I select the last one, e.g. you're going to see a value problem. Again, same problem. Here. You have a blank plus one. So what we do IF error, open parenthesis, that's my value. If it's an error, I want the black close parenthesis. Then we drag it and we get everything correct. Now let's get the names of the employees. So here, no problem. I can use an x lookup equal x lookup, open parenthesis. My lookup value now is my index comma. Lookup array is my index column, which is column a comma. Then return array is the name and we know the name is in column B. Now close parenthesis. That's very good. If I drag it like this, I get a problem. So control Z. The other thing I want to show you is that instead of selecting one name, what I could do because we have dynamic arrays, I can just select the whole thing, press Enter. You can see that now I get errors here and everything gets filled in one go. Same concept. We are taking an array of numbers and doing the calculation. Now, what do I do when I have this error? Basically, I can use the if not found. So comma, you can see I have if not found here, double quotation, double quotation, press enter. They are gone. That's great for me. We can do the same for salaries. So what we could do is just copy this Control C escape. We paste it here. It's taking the right thing. The only difference is that it should return the salary. So it's column K. That's column k. You can see the salaries. Let's select somebody in the middle to check. You can see that everything comes correctly. So this is how you can build the scorecard in very few minutes that can show your results in a very appealing way to management. 67. S5 L16 Choose Formula and its applications (****): The choose function is one of those cool functions if you know how to use it properly. Unfortunately, very few people know how to do it. So what I'm gonna do is explain to you what it does and show you the syntax. And then I prepared for you three examples in Excel to see how to use it in practice. So first we start what is choose. Choose will allow you to select a value or a cell reference, or a function from a list. So as you can see in the syntax, first I have an index number. If I put one, I'm going to select value on that. You can see in blue, if I put two, it will be value2 and so on. Then you have what is called value. Actually it's not a value. It could be a value. And very importantly, it could be a reference to a cell or a cell range, e.g. A1 to A5. Or it could be a function. So let's see this in practice. I'm going to show you how to refer to a function and a cell reference. Here. If you see I have a table with three years of data, sales data, some agents. And what I want to do first, create a data validation quickly. So we just click, we know the drill list. Click here, and select those three years and press, Okay, we're gonna get 2019. And then what I want to do is the following. Based on the year I select, I want to get the average of the numbers. So 2019 is these numbers, 2020s this numbers, and 2021 is this range. So now let's try to write a formula with shoes to be able to achieve this equals average. Open parenthesis. Here is where I'm going to put trues. So open parenthesis again, I have my index number. We are in 2019. It is my first column, so I'm just going to put one now. We're going to fix it later on. Comma value one. As I told you in the PowerPoint, you can refer to cell ranges. So now if I refer to this, this is my value on comma, value two is this range. Value three is this range. Then you close parenthesis and close parenthesis. The second time, you get 51.3, which is the average of those numbers. Now this is not dynamic because I'm choosing always the first one, the first column. How can I change this one? Make it dynamic? Well, if you remember our previous lessons, you can use a match formula. Because match, if I take 2019 comma, I look for it here. So 2019 is column one, so it will give you 12,000.20 is 2.2021 is three comma I want an exact match, close parenthesis. Press Enter. You'll get 51.3. Let's change it. You get another number. Now let's go one step further. I want to change the calculation also based on what I select here. I want average, minimum and maximum. Let's do a drop-down menu, average, mean, max. We click here, we do a list, select our data. Okay? And let's select average for now. What I want to do is modify this formula. So what I can do is put shoes at the beginning comma, open parenthesis. Let's put one for now. Comma. This is my average formula. Great. Copy comma. Let's paste it and let's put minimum instead. Then at the end comma, let's paste it again and put maximum. Then we can just close our parentheses. And if you see, what I've done is I have a formula. Now. I have a comma, the second formula for value two, then a third formula for value three. You can see it here. And here I have my truth. So now I'm choosing the average function, right? So let's press Enter. This is my average. If I want to make this dynamic, what should I do? Well, you have your match formula again. So much open parenthesis. We select average within those three values. So this is one, this is two, this is three. Comma zero, close parenthesis, press Enter. So now if I select the Main, it is three, which is here. The max, it is 90, which is here. And even if I change to 2021, the max is A25. Now one more use case. Here. What I want to do is do an average depending on the value that is here. If it's one, it's 202012. It's the last two years. Three is the last three years. So I'm going to start with one. And what we're gonna do here is write a formula, average open parenthesis. So we start with the cell and then we do column. Instead of this E3. Let's delete it unless you choose. And yes, you can use tools like this also. Now, choose open parenthesis. Let's put this one and F4 comma. Then if it's one, what does it mean? I want E3, E3 comma, if it's two, then I want E3 to D3. And don't worry, even if it's reversed, Excel, understand that it's this three to a three. It's not a problem. Comma. Otherwise, I want from here. Now, I can close my parenthesis, close my parentheses, and press Enter. If you see, because we have one, it is three, so one data points. Let's double-click. You get exactly the same as here. But now if I put two, you can see that I get 28, which is 53 plus 3/2. And if I put three, you can see that I get here the average of three numbers. So e.g. if we do the average of this, this is 99/3, it gives you 33. So this is how you can use choose to make some nice dashboards and calculations. 68. S5 L17 Offset with Rolling average example (****): Offset is a very powerful function in Excel, yet very few people use it. Basically, what it allows you to do is to create a dynamic range that you can use in your formulas. And this is very useful in cases where you want to do e.g. rolling averages. So let's look at the definition and the structure of this formula. The definition is that offset, it can return the value of a cent or a range of cells. And it has five parameters. Three are mandatory. So the first one is the reference, which is the starting cell or range. Then you have rows. Rows is how many rows do you want to move? Up or down? Columns is the number of columns you want to move to the right or to the left. And then you have height and width. If you want to have a bigger array of numbers, you can specify height, which is how many rows you want it to be, and width, which is how many columns you want it to be. Let's go to Excel, because I think this is the best way to understand this formula. Here. It's very simple. I have a few sales numbers. And what I want to achieve is get the average of the last six months. The problem I have is that every month you have a new data point and you don't want to change your formula every time. So obviously I have to use an average formula. But first let's use offset to try to get the data for this average formula. So I'm going to do equal offset, open parenthesis. My reference is my first set cover. Then, as I explained, rows is the number of rows. You want to move down. Now what I want to do is to try to move to the last row we have in the dataset. For this, I can use a count a formula. So count a, open parenthesis. Let's select column B comma, then number of columns I want to move. I don't want because I'm at the right column. So zero. And then heights and weights. We're going to work on them later on. I don't need them for now. Let's just close the parentheses and press Enter. Here you get zero. Why? Because if we check this count a formula, we do F9. You can see that it's giving me nine. So press Escape and count 12,345,678.9. That's correct. But we are starting at cell B11. We are moving nine down. I'm reaching be ten, which is where I have nothing which is zero. So what I could do is add a minus one here and I get seven. So now I started at this said with my offset, I went down to this set. Now, what I want to do is start using height and width. So I need to select the last six months. So height of my array of data should be six right? Now, if you put minus six, it means you want to take six cells up. If you put plus six for height, it's six cells down. Then for weights, if you have a positive number, you're going to go to the right. Negative number, you go to the left. So now I press Enter and I get my last six numbers. As you can see. Now, if you don't see this, it means you have an older version of Excel without dynamic arrays. So what you could do is just select your cells, go to the Formula, do Control Shift, Enter. And now you have the curly brackets and you'll see the numbers. So now that I have the numbers, I can use them in my formula here, equal average. Let's put one inside close parenthesis. Then go here, pick up my formula, control C without the equal. Go here and replace it. For me. I just press Enter. If it doesn't work for you, you just do Control Shift Enter and it's going to work. Now, if I have another data point, September 1 thousand, you can see that now the average is changing automatically. Let's see the numbers that we are picking up. You can see it starts now from 81,000. So the offset formula helped me do the rolling average. So now imagine the possibilities that you have with this offset formula, where you can calculate different things in dashboard based on user selection. 69. S5 L18 YTD Calculations with Offset & Sumproduct (*****): Some of you have to perform year to date calculations at work, especially the ones that are in finance. So let me show you how typically people do it and the professional way to do it. Here. If you see I have quantity and price. I have it for 2020, 2021, and January 2022. So if we start by year-to-date quantity, what people do is the following. First, they can do equal this cell. Then if you drag it, you can see that you have a problem. Because here I need to sum this cell and this cell here, I need to sum those three cells and so on. What people do, they do a sum here. They open parenthesis, and then they have column B2, close parenthesis. And obviously they want the B2B fixed, so they'll put $1 sign here. Great. Let's just drag it a little bit. You can see that the quantity is increasing. This is fine. Now, if we go to January 2021, you have a problem because you want the quantity to start again at 701. What people do? They just come here, change the formula, press and then you drag it again. You come to 2022. Same issue. You go and you change your formula. That's very risky. Because number one, if somebody else takes the sheet, the person might not know what's happening and drag formulas. And you'll have problems. To every January. You spend so much time fixing all your formulas. Let me show you how to do this. The best way. What I will do is just copy this Control C escape. Come here, paste it, and press Enter. And instead of this, I'm just going to use offset. So here is my offset, open parenthesis. My reference is this set for January 2020, comma do I want to move rose up or down? No. Because I'm at 18, I'm happy. So zero. Do I want to move columns right or left? Also know, I'm at 18, I'm happy. Comma, what is my height? So how many rows or how many cells do I want to take? Here? I want to take one, set, the cell with 18. And for the width is the same. I don't want to take any more columns because for January the number is 18. So I just put one close parenthesis, press enter and get 18. Now, if I move like this, here I have c2. And again, I'm not moving cells. So let's go back here. And let's think about it. What if I put zero here? What happens? I get an error. Why do I get an error? Because at least my range should be one cell. So my height has to be one, and my width has to be one at least. But what if I put minus one year? What happens? Well, nothing. I still get my 18 if I drag it. Same thing, no problem. Now, here I want one set, the sum of this set. Here, I want the sum of two sets, three sets. What is the formula that I can use to be able to change this minus one to minus two, to take two cells here, minus three to take three cells, et cetera. And then reset every January when there is a formula called months. So if I change this and I put months of a date, so there is a serial number which is the date. This is January 2020. The month is number one. So it's a one. If we press enter, we get 18. Let's just drag it. You'll see that it starts working. So now if we just go e.g. on this one, we do Formulas, Evaluate Formula. Let's check it out. Here we are in March. So that's the month of March. It gives you three minus three. So when you have minus three, what's happening? You're getting B2 to D2 because here we are at DTU, we are taking a range of three cells going to the left, because minus goes to the left, you evaluate, you get the right sum. Now, if I go to January, I am good because this will become the month of January. So it's number one. And then everything works perfectly. Now I dragged my formula and get my result. Now let's go back. Let's try four year to date price. Now, year-to-date price is a bit more complicated because you need to have the aggregate revenues divided by the year-to-date quantity. The year-to-date quantity is here. That's fine. So now you need the revenues. So here what we could do is equal this times this, that's a revenue. Let's get it for all the cells. Here, if I go back, what people will traditionally do, they will do this divided by this. Again, if I drag like this, there is a problem. So what they started doing is a sum open parenthesis before, column before, and then close parenthesis, put $1 sign here. So now, if I just drag, you can see that the price looks good. But in January, again a problem. So what people will do, they will adjust the formula, press and drag again. Come here, adjust the formula, and that's it. And that's not very good. Now let's copy paste this formula, control C. And here we just come down Control V. I'm just going to move this to this quantity to make it neat. Press enter. Now here I have a helper cell. I don't like it. So what is the formula that will allow me to do, e.g. for the second one, it will do 18 times six plus 446 times nine. And if we go to the third one, it will be for 81 times nine, et cetera. If you think about it, it is some product. So let's change this to some products. And instead of this, I want to do this. B2 times B3 column B3, press Enter. You'll get the right price. Problem is obviously when I drag it, I have an issue. But what you could do now is change this one with offset and change this one with offset. The same way we did it for quantity. Let's do it together. Offset open parenthesis. We are looking at B2, B2 comma rows. I want zero rows, comma column zero, columns, height one. And now the weights is minus months. You open parenthesis, select the date, close parenthesis, close parenthesis. I press enter. I still get six. It's okay. Now let's do P3. So how do we do V3 offset? We start with B3. Come on. Rose is zero, column zero, height one, weights minus months, open parenthesis. Select the date, close parenthesis, close parenthesis. So here, if I just drag it, you can see that I'm getting the same numbers I have here. What I've done basically, let's take an example. Here. We take the third month. We have an offset for this B2. So we can do F9. You can see that I'm getting those three values. Why? Because we have minus three for the month. So we're taking three values back from here to here. And then the same thing happens for this one, F9, we are taking 699. And then some product will take care of multiplying this number times this number plus 446 times nine plus 481 times nine. And these 13 is this easy-peasy. It works less press Escape, drag our formula, and then it will work for every year and every month. This is one use case where you can use offset very effectively to save yourself time and risk of errors. 70. S5 L19 Offset and Charts (****): It is time to use our offset knowledge to create something cool. If you see here, I have a simple chart, month's sales. It's plotted here. And what I want to do is make it dynamic. So when I show it to management, they're going to see this cool effect. And the cool effect will come from a scroll and a zero. What does it mean? Basically scroll, e.g. if we start at January, if scroll increases, it will just start at the different months, e.g. apron. And then zoom is the number of monsters I want to chart. So e.g. if Zoom is four and we start at April and it will show those four records. So now let's go and do it together. First of all, we go to Developer tab. If you don't have it, just go to File, find the options. Then you have Customize Ribbon. You need to take this Developer tab and then it will come automatically. Then I want to do insert. Under foreign control, you have scroll bar. So you have one like this. And then I can just copy it control C, control V, and put it like this. Or I can insert it again. Same thing. Now, let's start changing the properties. So right-click on the first one, format control. And then here you have a minimum value. And the maximum value. The minimum value is correct because if I don't want to change monsters, I want to start at January. So I don't want to move. It's a zero. And the maximum we got to put six. So I can start six months after January. And that's it. Next, we have certain link. So that's my son, Nick. Then press Okay. You are done with the first one. You can see whenever I move, I get here 34, et cetera. So let's go back to zero. Here we have the Zoom right-click Format Control. Now, I want to show minimum one months. So that's one and maximum 12 months. So that's 12. Let's do the send link also. Click press. Okay, Same thing. If you move, this will change. Now what I want to do is go to Name Manager and create two variables. So new, the first one we're going to call it scroll. And we're going to refer to this cell. And the second one, new Zoom. And we're going to refer to this cell. Why am I doing this? It is just easier when I'm going to write my formulas. We have seen this in one of the lessons before. So now I want to write an offset formula using scroll and zoom to be able to pick up the right range of cells. For my chart. Here, I'm gonna do offset, open parenthesis. Let's do the monsters. We can do the same for sales. So monsters, I started January. How many rows do I want to go down? This is where my scroll comes into play. So here I have zero. It means I want to stay at January, but I can go up to six and so on. Now we select the scroll. You can see I click on it. I'll get scroll automatically. How many columns do I want to move? I am a January. I don't want to move columns. So zero comma, what is my height? My height is determined by Zoom. Zoom will tell me how many monsters I want to plot in my graph. So let's start writing Zoom. You can see it here. Double-click. Comma at my width will be one column always. So we put one close parenthesis, press Enter. Here. Zoom is at three, and scroll is at zero. So scroll means I didn't want to move from January. And Zoom will show three months is now let's try scroll. If I move, you can see now I've got FAB, three months is this one. If I change, I get four months. So that's great. Now that I have this, I can do the same for sales. So instead of starting at B3, I can be at C3. What I want to do is create two other variables with this formula. And these variables will be useful for my charts. So first, I'm just going to copy this Control C, Escape. Let's go to Name Manager. And then let's do you. First of all, let's start with the monsters. So X1, be careful how you write it. You will need to write it the same here. And instead of this, we can just paste our formula. We can change our B3 to this just to be safe. So now we have the name of the sheet and B3. Same formula. Press Okay, and now I need for my y values. So y of n here, I'm just going to delete this, base my formula. Now instead of V3, this is for my sales numbers. So I'm going to start here. I select C3, so I get again the sheet name and C3. Press Okay, now we have x value and y value, close parenthesis. Now it's time to use those values, x value and y value in my chart. So we right-click on the chart, select data. Here I have my sales, so edit. The name is okay, the series value. I don't want this. I will click on this one, delete S3. And here I'm going to do y. Be careful how you write it. Now let's press Okay, added this one. Delete, click, select anything here, the months, and then we just remove b3, put x value, so that's my second value. Now, what I've done is I put X value here and y value here. And those are determined by offset formulas that I wrote. So if I press OK, you can see that now the chart is dynamic. Let's try. So here it starts with February. If I go back, this is January. We have four months is plotted. If I move, you start seeing how it's moving. Let's go back. If I click on the Zoom, you start seeing more months as being plotted. If I move like this, then it starts moving. And you can also click on the chart on your own and try to scroll and the zoom and see what data is selected for the chart. This is how you can apply offsets to make dynamic charts. 71. S5 L20 Multiple Matches (*****): What we have seen so far with lookup formulas is that they return only one match. What if I want to return multiple matches? This is what we're going to see now in this lesson. So here I have a list of countries and I have the clients. Whenever I select a country like France, I want the clients that corresponds to France. Same thing for Japan, and so on. Now let me show you Brazil. And if you see what I have here is basically the row where we have the client, so 59, et cetera. And I have the list of clients here using a simple index formula. This is what we're gonna do now. I'm just going to delete everything. And let's start again from scratch. So the first thing I want to do for my index formula is to try to know where I have received here. So let's use the match formula. Equal match, open parenthesis. My lookup value is Brazil. Let's choose a four, because we're going to drag comma. What is my lookup array? It's column a comma. I want an exact match, close parenthesis, press Enter. So that's great. You get the first one which is in row five. And if you drag it down, you will get five everywhere because it is static. So now let's change this column a, so it's not static. So instead of column a, what we could do is use an offset forward, offset, open parenthesis, my references A1. Let's do a four comma number of rows. I want to go down for now because we are at the first one is zero comma number of columns we want to move. I don't want to move columns because I'm in the country column ion fine. So zero comma, what is the height? Here? I'm going to put 1,000 just as a big number to be able to ensure that I cover all my data. We're going to fix this later. Comma. And then the width is one because it's one column. And then we close parenthesis, press Enter. So I still have my five. Double-click. All of them are still five. Here it is still static. Because what is happening is that I am starting at A1 and I'm moving zero rows. What I want ideally is I find my first Brazil at row five, then the second one. Whenever I'm looking for the next Brazil, I start at row six. Look for it, find it here, then start at row ten, find it, then start at row 11 and find it. So to do this, what we could do is use this one, which is the previous value and press Enter. So here, there is nothing, it means it's a zero double-click. You can see that I see a change. Because now if we look at this formula, what we are doing is we start at A1, but we are going down five rows, 1,234.5. We start here now we find Brazil and so on. The only problem though is that the second one is a draw nine and then row ten. So here I have 4.1. Why? Because what is happening is in this, we are starting here and Brazil is the force record starting from this range. And for me, I want it at the ninth record. What I could do is add plus the previous one. Press Enter. And now if we drag, you can see we get 910.11. Why? Because now what we did is here we added five to it. So now the fourth row that we found, that is five or more. And then you get your nine. Now that I have this, I have some errors. So I can do IF error, that's easy. If I have an error, I can just have a blank. Now, double-click. We are good. The only thing I need to change is this 1,000 because it's hard-coded. I don't like it. What you could do is count a and select column a. So now at least what it will do, it will count the number of records you have, and then it will ensure that you're always safe. So press Enter. You can see that now you are always safe. Here you have like ten records. So it will always take ten and go down. Now that I have this, let's use an index formula. D array is the array of clients. So I can select it like this. Come on, the row number is here. Then we close parenthesis. We don't want the column number. Press Enter. You have client three. Double-click, you have problems. So here you can put in a formula. If e.g. this one is different than nothing, you do your index, otherwise, you put a blank. You can also use if it's blank, same thing, close parenthesis, double-click, those are my clients. Let's put Japan. It will work also. So this is how you can return multiple matches. 72. S6 L1 Intro (material in Project section AllToDo, AllCompleted): We are now at the six parts of this course. We're going to learn the essential tools to deal with texts. We start off with Flash Fill, which is not a formula, but it's a feature of Excel that will allow you to do text manipulations. And you're going to see that you don't always need a formula in Excel. The second part is about formulas like proper upper and lower to change the case of a text. Then we're going to look at options to be able to join texts together. The fourth part is about formulas like left, right and mid to be able to extract part of a text. Then we will see two formulas, text and value. They will allow you to convert a number to a text and give it a specific format, and convert a text to a number. The sixth part will be about social and find. And here you will see that if you combine them with other formulas, you'll get fantastic results. After that, you have the substitute function, which will allow you to replace a text within a text. And finally, we will look at a common problem when you download data from systems. And you want to perform some lookup on this data. So are you ready for this section? Let's go. 73. S6 L2 Flash Fill (*): This is a small bonus lesson before we deep dive into texts formulas. So what I want to show you is that you don't have always to write a formula. You can use a ton of things in Excel and save time. So what we're going to see is flush here my first example, I have some full names and I want to separate the firstName and lastName. I can do module and then go back to Mario, double-click, you get Mario everywhere. But if you click here and you do flash fill, the magic happens. Now we can do the same for the last name. So here we write Marino. Then we go back control E. That's the shortcut. You get all the family names. Now notice one thing. This approach is not dynamic. So if something changes here, you have to do the steps again. But if you need to separate the data or do something quick, take this data and use it somewhere else. This is a great use case for Flash Fill. This is better in my point of view, doing texts to column and things like this. So now let's do the email part. So here I'm going to do Module dot Merino at desk.com. This is the format. Now, if I go to the second line and do V, You can see that automatically Excel recognizes this and proposes Flash Fill for me. So if I press Enter, I get all the emails in one go. This is amazing right? Now let's go for proper case. So if you see here, Marino is small letter, the v is small letter. Here. I have a crazy thing here. All our capital. If I want to fix them all, instead of typing them manually, what I could do is type the first one, Mario Merino Excel will understand what I'm doing. And then you can just click on it and then go under Home. You have here flashed fail, you get all of them. That's another way to do Flash Fill. Now here I want to get the initiatives. So m n. Let's write M M, and then let's double-click. And here we can do flash flood. You can see that Excel did not understand. So my N, N was not enough for Excel to know what to do except just sold that I'm taking two times the first initiative. So what we can do is give it a bit of help and do VR here, press enter. In my case, it automatically recognize the pattern. So that's good and change them all. If it doesn't, what you can do is just do this. And then you just select the first to double-click. And then you can do Flash Fill and it will fix them. Now let's go to male and female. So here it's m For made. If I go back and do Control E, Excel did not understand what I want. So again, what I can do is put another M here and it will get fixed. So this is how you can use Flash Fill to do some manipulation with text in a quick and easy way. The only thing I have to warn you about is that you have to do it next year data. So e.g. let's say I want to fix this. If I come and write module here and I go and put control E, you will get an error because Excel doesn't know what you want to do. So make sure you do it next to your data. 74. S6 L3 Changing the Case of Text (**): This is another lesson about capital and small letters. And this time we're going to use formulas. If you see here, I have some data and it's in pretty bad shape. Some letters are capitalized sum naught. And what I want to do is try to clean this mess. So the first thing I want to do is get rid of the extra spaces. You cannot see it here. But if I click on Will Smith, there is an extra space. You can see it in the formula bar. If I look at Angelina Jolie, we have two spaces between Angelina Jolie and that's not good also. You can even have spaces before the first name. So what we're gonna do is use the Trim formula to fix this. So trim, as its name suggests, will cut the extra spaces. So equal trim, open parenthesis. Select Will Smith, close parenthesis, press, Enter, double-click. All the extra spaces are gone. Only one space is left between each word. So now that we have removed the extra spaces, let's convert everything to uppercase. And as you have guessed it, the formula is upper. So equal upper, open parenthesis, select your text, close parenthesis, press Enter, double-click. Everything is in uppercase. For lowercase, it's the same concept. The formula is lower. Let's select the data, close parenthesis, double-click, we are done. The last one I want to show you is proper. This is a formula that very few people know. Basically, if I want to have the first letter of the name and the family name in uppercase. The rest in lowercase. I can use proper, equal proper open parenthesis. Select your text, close parenthesis. Then you double-click. You can see the W and the S are in uppercase. Now, obviously I can combine those formulas. So instead of doing trim and then proper, I can do it in one go. I was just showing you step-by-step how to do it here. So I can do equal proper open parenthesis. Here. I'm gonna do trim, open parenthesis. You select your original texts, close parenthesis, close parenthesis. So first it will trim, then it will do proper. You get the same result as here. Double-click, and there you go. Then I want to show you something that is not related to formulas. You can use font, do uppercase. So here e.g. I. Have a font called copper plate Gothic. This one, whatever you write, it, will come in uppercase anyways. And you don't have to limit yourself to this font. You can go to those websites. And on this website you can find some additional fonts to download. E.g. if I go to the font.com, this is the website. If you do top, you can get some fonts. Be careful. Some are free, some you have to pay. But lemon milk, e.g. is capital letter. B bus newer is also capital letter. So you can get them and use them to get uppercase directly without needing a formula. 75. S6 L4 Concatenate Text (**): Sometimes in Excel, you need to aggregate pieces of texts together. In this lesson, I'm going to show you different methodologies to do it. The first one, if you have an old version of Excel, you can use it. It is D concatenate formula. If you see here it has texts as parameters. But the problem is twofold. Number one, if you have texts in, let's say, A1, A2, and A3 in those three sets, you will need to select each one on its own. That's very cumbersome. The second one, if you have a delimiter between your text, like a space, you will have to specify the space as a parameter. So e.g. you will do cat as a first text. Then the second one will be the space in double quotation. And then the third one would be dog, e.g. the next one we're going to see is the answer. This one, as you can see in this example, you have dog and then you have space in double quotation. Then you have the end and cat. And I use this one when I want to do something quick and fast. The third one is conquered. This is a function that came in Excel 2016. What it does basically, it tries to remediate one of the problems of concatenate. So now if you have data in A1, A2, and A3, you can select the range altogether. There is no problem. The problem that remains though, is that if you have a delimiter between your texts like a space, you will have to put it as a parameter. So it doesn't help too much to be honest. And finally, you have texts the joint, which came in Excel 2019. This one is great because one you can define a delimiter to put between the different pieces of texts you can ignore and T-cells. And then you have your text. You can select multiple cells. That is no problem. Let's see this in the Excel sheet and practice. So here we have two examples. The first one, I want the full name, first name, middle name, and last name. And the second one, I want the full address from address city and country. Here. I want to separate by a comma here via space. So let's start with the concatenate. If I write concatenate, you can see it, it's here. The first problem I have with this formula. I cannot select, dislike this. If I press Enter, I get an error. I have Excel Office 365. This is why it's a spill error. But if you have an older version of Excel, you will get a different error. So what I have to do is select the first one comma, then double quotation space, double quotation comma, the second one, comma double quotation space double quotation comma the third one. You see I cannot select all of them and I have to put the space as a parameter, press Enter. It works. Now, obviously, any formula I can double-click and it will drag down no problem. But here I want to show you the different ways to concatenate text. The second one is the ends. So I select the first one and then the same drill. The only difference is that it's with and you can see how I'm doing it. It's a bit cumbersome, and that's it. The third one is to use the CONCAT formula. Here. If I do concat and open parenthesis, obviously now I can select this together. But the problem is that I have this with the spaces. So now instead of doing this, I would have to do the same as this one, Control C, Control V. And here instead of concatenate, you have com cats. But it's the same drill. Honestly, I don't use conquer too much because it's not very helpful. So you can see you get the result. And lastly, we have texts to join. You open parenthesis. You first put your delimiter. So here, double quotation space, double quotation comma, ignore empty cells here I'm going to put through, I don't care. Then comma, Let's select my text. Close parenthesis, press Enter. It's done. It's quick, it's easy. Now let's do the same with the address. If I start with concatenate first, I select this comma. Now I have to do double quotation. Comma space, double quotation. You see how difficult that becomes with a comma. Comma. Now, you select the second one. Then comma saying, I don't know how many times I'm saying come up with these crazy. Let's close parenthesis, press Enter. You'll get it. Then if you want to do with the end, it's also very cumbersome if you have three of them. So now you do like this and you select the second one another, and then you do the same. I hope I don't make a mistake. And then you have this one, press Enter, you'll get it. As we said with CONCAT, the problem is the same as concatenate. If I select them, I won't have a delimiter. So I will have a problem here and I will have to do it the same as the concatenate formula. And finally, we have my favorite detects join, which is equal to texts, the join, open parenthesis, the delimiter you just put at one time, like this. So comma and space between double quotation, then come a, ignore empty cells. I don't care. I'm gonna put through comma. Let me select my range of cells, close parenthesis, press Enter. You double-click, you get all of them automatically. So based on your Excel version and your needs, you can use one of those formulas. 76. S6 L5 Text Extraction (**): In many cases, you will have to extract something from a text and use it for your analysis. This is why the four formulas that I'm going to show you are really important. And they are the bread and butter of text manipulation and extraction. So the first one, we have seen it in the lesson before briefly. It is the left function. Basically. You give it a text, you give it a number of characters, and it will return the leftmost characters from this text. So e.g. if the number of characters is three, it will give you the first three characters that you have in this text. The second one is right, it's exactly the opposite. It will give you the characters from the end of the text. So if you have three, It is the last three characters that you have in your text. Then you have something in the middle. So the MID formula, it will take a text, you will specify a character to start extracting something from the text. And then you will say how many characters you want to extract. We're going to see this in practice in the Excel sheets. And finally, you have the Len function, which will tell you how many characters you have in your text. And this one combined with other functions will be very powerful. So let's go and try these formulas out here. If you see I have some phone numbers and I want to extract the country code. So it's always three digits. So I can use my left formula equal left open parenthesis. This is my text number of characters is three. Close parenthesis. You have the first three characters, and then you double-click, you get it. Now let's do the number. So the number is the last four characters that we have. Now, we use our right formula here. So write texts, comma four, close parenthesis, press enter 2005, it is correct. Double-click, you get it. Now what if I want to get the numbers in the middle? Now let's see what it starts. Five is 14 is two. The age is assert. The dash counts is the force character. So it starts at a fixed character, right? So let's go here. Equal MID, open parenthesis. This is my text comma. Then it starts at the fifth character. So five comma, number of characters is three. So three characters you have close parenthesis. Press Enter, you'll get 984. Perfect. But now you're telling me what if I don't know how many characters I need to take e.g. here, I want to extract all the numbers after triple a. How to do this? Well, we can combine the length formula with the MIT formula. So let's do it. Equals MID open parenthesis. This is my text comma. The start number is where triple a is three. So my start is at four, always, if you can see it for the number of characters here, I have one, here, two, here, three. So I cannot put it manually. What can I do when I can use Len of this text here? Close parenthesis, and then do minus. Always triple a is three characters. So I can remove three. Then I close parenthesis. What happened here? Basically here I have four characters. I remove three, so I take one. In the second example, I have five characters. I remove three, I take two. Here I have six characters. Remove three, take three. So now we get the six. Double-click. You get all the numbers after AAA. Obviously here triple a is fixed. So if it was also variable, we have to do more manipulation to be able to extract these numbers. But in this case, it works. In other lessons, we're going to see something a bit more complicated. 77. S6 L6 Text & Value (***): Let's look at two useful formulas in Excel. They are actually the exact opposite of each other. So you have value and texts. If we start with text, it will convert a number to text and give it a specific format. Here the first parameter is the value or the number. Then you have the format that you want. Now trying to find the format that you want is not that easy. But I'm going to show you in Excel how to do that. The second one is to convert the text to a number. So you give it a text, it becomes a number. Obviously this text has to be all digits. So let's go to Excel. This is the situation. We have some barcodes and we want to normalize them. What we want to do is have five digits for every bar code. If you don't have a digit, it will be replaced by zero. Now to write our texts formula, we need a format. These are the symbols that are mostly used for formatting. The most important one is the zero. So zero means if you have a digit, the digit will appear. If there is no digit, you will see a zero. And this is exactly what we need in this example. The other ones that are used are the dots to four decimal places. So e.g. if you want to have 3.00, you can use the dot. And then you have the ads, which we're gonna see in a bit, which means just display the text if there is a text and the hash sign. The hash sign means an optional character. So why would we use an optional character? Let me show you if we take this one and then we go to home under this arrow is click number. And then we go to custom formatting. You can see that there are a lot of formats with hashes. Now the general format will appear like this. If you use 10, it means that you need to have at least one digit. Here we have more. This is why it doesn't change. As I showed you the dots, if you put two zeros after, I don't have anything here after the decimal point. So what will happen? I will see zeros. And then you have our famous hash. So our hash, what it does because I want to have a comma here, separator. I want to tell Excel if the number is less than four digits, just showed a number and it's fine. If it's more than I want to put a comma here. So this is how you can define your format. Try to play with it. Now in this exercise, what I will do is equal Text, open parenthesis. This is my value comma. This is the format. Now, I have to do double quotation, five zeros because I want to force zeros if there is no character. So we just do double quotation, close parenthesis, press Enter. And you can see we forced four zeros here. Now if I drag it, you can see that wherever I have characters, they'll appear. Otherwise, it's zero. Now let's use the value formula. Equal value, open parenthesis, this is my text. Then I close parenthesis, press Enter. I get back the values that I have here. Now let me teach you one more trick. Here. Let's do a simple sum. And let's select those numbers. Close parenthesis, press Enter, you'll get 176. Now if your boss wants to put saves in front of it. So what you will do usually is right saves. Then let's do a space, then double quotation and the add sign, press enter, and you get this. The problem with this one is that now it's a text. So if I do e.g. this one times five per cent, I will get a value error and this is not good. So what I could do is the following. Let's remove this. Let's keep it as a sum. And what we will do, we will change the format of the cell. So for this, we will use custom formatting. Now, custom formatting is outside the scope of this course. But let me show you a quick example how it works. So here we click again, we go to number costume, and we will define a format. The custom formatting works in this way. First you have positive number format, then negative number format, then the zero format and text format. All of those are separated by semicolons. So what we will do, we will select a format for positive numbers like this one, e.g. then here before it, let's do double quotation. Says double quotation. Then you have this format. So semicolon. Let's copy this. We will select a format for positive numbers. So Control C, control V. Now we are doing negative numbers. So let's put a minus here in front of it. Then we have the format of zero. So for me it's just a zero, it's fine. And then semicolon, you need to format of the text. For this. I'm going to use this ad that you have seen here. So it's a text placeholder. Let's put the ad, put. Okay, and now what you can see, sales hundred 76. Now, obviously we could fix the format and put a space, doesn't matter. The most important thing that you have to see is that this is a normal sound for Excel. I have written my son with this text and the sun. And as you can see, if I use this cell and multiply, do some operations, it will give me numbers and the value error is gone. 78. S6 L7 Search & Find practical application (**): Search and find our two formulas that will allow you to search for text within a text. Now the way it works is that if the formula finds the texts that you're looking for, you will get the character at which the text starts. If you don't find the text, you will get an error. Now the difference between the two is that search is not case sensitive, but finds is case-sensitive. Other than that, it is the same syntax. So the first parameter is the texts you're looking for. The second one is where to search for this text. And the last one, which is an optional parameter, is at which character should I start looking for this text? So if you don't specify this, it will start from the beginning of your text and search. Now I prepared a cool example. Let's go to excel and try to solve it. So here this is a common situation where you have some e-mails and you want to get the user names. So how many of you have started deleting the ad desk at hotmail, et cetera. It's not a good practice. Let me show you how to do it. So here I'm going to use the search formula. Let's try it out. Equals search, open parenthesis. What should I find? If you noticed all of them have the add sign. I should search for the ad. So here in double quotation, we have the comma where within this text and start number, I'm not going to define it because I want to start from the beginning. So close parenthesis, you get 13. Let's double-click 13, 14, 11, etc. This is the character at which you have the Add. Now given this information, what I could do, Use the left formula to take all those certain characters, e.g. let's try it out. So here, left open parenthesis. My text is actually this one, comma, the number of characters. We can take the result of this search function, which is 13 in this case. So let's close parenthesis here. Press enter, double-click. If you see all of them have the add sign. Why? Because this formula is returning the character at which this add sine starts. So if I want to take everything before the ad, the only thing I have to do is come here, put minus one, so we take one character, Let's double-click and I extract my usernames. 79. S6 L8 Combining Search & Find with other functions for powerful results (***): Building up from the previous lesson, I want to show you the power of search and find when you combine them with other formulas. So the problem statement is, I want to know which user is using Hotmail. Here, what we're gonna do is try a search formula. So let's look for Hotmail in those e-mails. So equal open parenthesis. Find texts in double quotation. Hotmail, come on within text. This is my texts and the start number. I don't want to do anything. So let's close parenthesis. Press Enter. Click. If you noticed, the only place I have hotmail will give me a result. The other ones are errors. What can I do here? Well, I can wrap this in is error. If you remember this formula, I can do is editor, open parenthesis. And then here we close parenthesis, press Enter and double-click. You can see that all of them are true. It's an error minus this one. What can I do now to make it nice aesthetically, I can use an if statement. So here I can put if open parenthesis, this is our test. So if it's an error, it means other user comma. If it's not an error, which means I found something. We can say Hotmail user. And let's put the H and capital double quotation, close parenthesis, press Enter, and then you double-click. You can see that this one is a Hotmail user. So as you can see, this is the power of social find. If combined with other formulas. 80. S6 L9 More Complex example with Search/Find (****): I hope that you like the previous two examples. Because now we're going to do something more complex. But don't worry, if you understand the fundamentals, you will be able to follow very easily. So what I want to do now is get the domain. The domain means I don't want the user's name and I don't want this.com.e.br and so on. So let's start. The basics are to use a search formula. So here equals search, open parenthesis. I'm going to look for my ads because I want to try to cut desk.com, hotmail.com, etc, from this whole thing. So I'm going to do add in double quotation comma within this text start number. I don't want to touch close parenthesis, press Enter and double-click. Here. I'm getting 13, 14, 11, and so on. Now, if I want to get this part, I might use the right formula. So let's do right open parenthesis. Here you need the text, that's my text, comma. This is the number of characters my search, the results of my search. So let's close parenthesis, press Enter, and then double-click. Now here you have a problem. Why? It is because my search going from the left and telling you that at, in this case e.g. is that character 13. But my right is taking 13 characters from the right going backwards, which means that I have a conflict, right? So how to fix this conflict while we could use a lens formula? So then, let's select this one and close parenthesis. Here you have 21. So the search is returning 13. This is a total of 21, which means that I need eight characters and I can get rid of the username. So let's add the lands here before the search. And do Len of this minus the search, you get your desk.com. And let's double-click. Then we are good. So now if I want to get rid of this.com, what do I have to do? I can use a left formula. So let's do left open parenthesis. What is my text? My tax is actually what we have here, which is the result of this crazy formula that you see. So that's fine. We have it comma, how many characters? This is where I can use another search formula. So here, search, open parenthesis, find texts. What do I need to find? If you see I need to find the dot, right? So double quotation dot, double quotation comma within text, what text? The text is. Again, what I have here, which is the result of this crazy formula. So let's copy this formula. Control C, paste it here, and close parentheses. And then we can just close and other parenthesis to make sure everything is correct. Because the last parenthesis has to be black. Press Enter. You double-click. You still have this dot here. So what I need to do is take one character or less. So let's go here. Do minus one. Be careful where you do the minus one. I did it after the search. So it will do the search and subtract one. Let's press Enter and double-click and you'll get your result. So the formula looks crazy. But actually if you assemble it the right way, you can get your results very easily. 81. S6 L10 Substitute (***): So far, in this section, we looked at formulas that can find texts within text and then extract it. But we didn't look at any formula to replace a text within a text. And this is why you have the substitute formula. So if we look at the syntax of this formula, first of all, you have your full text. So this is the whole texts that you have. Then what do you want to replace? So that's the old texts with what do you want to replace it? That's the new text. Then you have an optional parameter, which is instance number. So assume that what you're looking for is available in this text two or three times. Should I replace the first instance, the second instance, the third instance, and so on. Then you can specify this. If you don't specify it, it will replace the first one. Now let's go to Excel with just a quick example to see how it works. Here we go, we are back to our phone number example. What I want to do is here is my extension 2005, etc. And you have a dash next to it. Instead of a dash, I want to replace it with another symbol. And this will make it just a bit easier to read. So let's just do this. And in the next lesson, I'm going to show you how you can use substitute in an example that matters more. So here, what I need to do is equals substitute. Then what is my text? This is my text. Comma. My old texts is the dash. This in double quotation comma my new text, I want to use this symbol. And then we do double quotation comma. Here, I'm going to use the instance number because if you see I have two dashes in every phone number, I want to replace the second one. I'm going to put a two close parenthesis, press Enter, and then you double-click. And here you go. You have fixed your phone numbers. 82. S6 L11 System Data (*****): Let's resolve the problems that you might encounter whenever you apply lookups on system data. So data coming from system. So here I have a bunch of codes and I want to get the corresponding items. Let's try our VLookup here, equals VLookup, open parenthesis. This is my lookup value, comma. This is my table. F4 comma, the column is two, and then we have false close parenthesis. You get an a. Let's double-click. And then you can see that I still have an a. Now, why do I have this NA? It is because you have spaces before and after the code. So if I select this, you can see that this is my space. What to do in this case? Well, you can use our trim formula. So here I'm just going to put them in front of the quote, close parenthesis, press Enter. It works like a charm. Double-click, you get your answer. So now let's just copy paste this here, put it here, and double-click. You can see that it works sometimes, but sometimes it doesn't. And if I just click on the formula, it looks okay to me. No. What is the problem? Well, there is another type of space that trim does not remove and this face might appear when you download data from system. Let me show you the space it is here. So what we're gonna do is to try to understand the difference between those two spaces. So Control C, escape. I'm going to paste this one here. Let's go get the other one. Control C escape. Paste it here. If I press Escape, I wrote here a formula called code. It will tell me what is this character. The one that trim removes is called 32. The one that trim doesn't remove is one-sixth. So here I can do the opposite of code, which is unica, open parenthesis. Select your cell, and then just drag it to the next one. And you can see that I have nothing here, but actually the spaces will appear. What to do now with this 160 when you can use your substitute formula. So let's go here. Inside Premiere, we can use substitutes. The text is the same as the old texts is uni card 160, close parenthesis, comma, double quotation, double quotation. And then the instance number. I don't want anything. So let's close parenthesis, press Enter, and then double-click. You will get your result. That's great. So now we can apply the same numbers. So here I can just come and do equal, trim, open parenthesis, substitute. Let's select our number, gamma unica, 160 for all texts. Comma double quotation, double quotation for new texts. We don't want the instance number, close parenthesis, close parenthesis. And then if you see now it's good. What I can do is transform this to a number so I can use our value formula, close parenthesis. Now it's a number. Double-click. You can do the sum at the bottom. That's great. Now I'm going to teach you how to do all this in one step. First thing we're gonna do is take this formula control C, S, K, go here and paste it. Now, instead of just having the formula for one cell, we can just do like this and select all the cells. Let's press Enter. I get all of them fixed in one go. Now I get this because I have Excel Office 365. So I have dynamic array formulas, which is great. If you don't have them, just select your forces, go to the formula and do Control Shift, Enter, and you will get the same results. Now, I can wrap this formula into a sum. So let's just copy this Escape. Go here, paste it, put some around it. And here I'm going to press Enter. If you have an old version of Excel, just press Control Shift Enter, and the magic happens. So you have it in one step. 83. S7 L1 Intro (material in Project section AllToDo, AllCompleted): We are at Section seven of this course, date and time. Here it is an easy section. However, you will have a lot of formulas to deal with. So first of all, we will start with some basic date and time formulas. So you get acquainted to this concept. Then we will look at Flash Fill and especially how the format of the date works. Once you understand the structure of a date, all the formulas will be easy. After that. Too useful formulas today and now to get the current date and current time, the force part is about extracting information from data. So we will look at formulas like here, months, our minute, et cetera. Then end of months is a very important formula that will allow you to calculate the last day of the month, the first day of the month, and the first day of the year. So we will see how to do that. But six is for those of you who work in project management, project planning, and logistics. So you have to set some deadlines to deliver items. We will learn formulas that will help you do all this. And finally, we will apply our knowledge for more complex scenarios. So I hope you are ready for this section. Let's go. 84. S7 L2 Dates Basics (*): Let's start with basics about dates. And here it is very important to understand this concept because everything that will come later on will be way easier for you. So once upon a time, on one January 19, hundred times started in Excel. What do I mean by this? Basically, this is the first date you will encounter in Excel and everything else will be measured relatively to this date. Excel is very good at recognizing dates. So when you type a date in a cell, it will automatically assign the date format. Now when it doesn't work, you can try using date value and time value as formulas to convert your text to a date. And it is very important to understand what's behind a date in Excel. Basically, behind the date, there is a number. So dates are numbers for Excel. So now if I go and check out one, January 19 hundred, this is one. This is the first day for Excel. And every day that passes, it will be added to it. E.g. to Jan 1,900 is two. Let's do a bit more complex. 23 April 1983, it's 30,429, which means that from one Jan 2019 till this date, 30,429 days past. Now, what about time? Basically if we go now to known, known is half a day, right? So what happens is that you will have the same number, but 0.5. Now what about 06:00 P.M. 06:00 P.M. is three quarter of a day. So the same number, 0.75. Let's go to Excel and try a few dates there. Here I added Sheet1 and let's type one Jan 1,900. As you can see, Excel, we'll change this to a date. You can just go there to check it. And you see in costume d, d, m, M, m and y, y. So let's press Okay. And if I convert this to a number, I click here. You can see the famous number one. Now, if I come here and I do 2304, 1980s three, it will also understand it's a date. This time it shows this format for me. That's great. Cancel. If I click here, I get the number that we saw in the PowerPoint. Now let's type this number for 29.75 and let's see what happens. So if I go and convert it to a date, I can select a date, e.g. let's say this one. Anything will work. You can see that here. I get the 06:00 P.M. that we discussed in the PowerPoints. Last two things I want to try is different dates format. So if I do 230-41-9803 with dashes in between, it recognizes that it's a date. And if I do 23, dash zero for slash 1980s three, again, exert, recognize it as a date. So as you can see, Excel is pretty good at recognizing dates. 85. S7 L3 Flash fill & Format (*): Now that you know the basics of dates, is time to show you a little bit how formatting works with dates. And also how you can use flesh Finn to save time. Because you know me, I like to work smarter, not harder. So here I'm going to type three, April 2008. We selected. We go here, number under Home. Click and you can see that it's a date. Let's go to custom. Remove this. And you can see here the sample, it shows you the format. If I do 1D, you get the three, which is the day in this date. Obviously, if it was 23, you'll get 23. If I do Tuesdays, you have a zero forced in front of every number below ten. So that's why you have 033. This is the day of the week, so that's Thursday. You can see how it writes it. For this. It will write the full Thursday and five d's and onwards. We don't use, Let's try the m1m is four, which is the month. Again, if the month is 101112, it will appear m, m is zero for it will force a zero in front of the month if it's less than ten. Triple M is April 3 letters, four amps, April full, and five. Ems is the letter a. Now let's try the year. One. Y will be 082. Y's is the same. Three, y's is 2,008.4, Y's is the same. So now I can define a format of my own. Dd. Mm YY, and here you go, you have your date. Now, I'm going to drag this down. And you can see that there is one day extra in every row. Why? Because if you click here, I have filled series. If you do copy cells, it will be all the same date. Now you have other options here. You have filled days, which is the same. It will add one field weekdays. If you see here between 11 and 14th of April, the week and this will not appear. Then you have filled months. One month will increase every line, and then you have fill years. One year will increase with every line. So this is how you can use Flash Fill to create dates very fast. 86. S7 L4 Today & Now (*): Let's open our Excel on dates, and let's go to 07.04. And I want to teach you two important functions that you will use when using dates. The first one is to get the current date. So the formula is today. Don't forget to open parenthesis, close parenthesis. You don't need any parameter. Press Enter. You'll get today's date. Now, if you want to add the time to it, the formula is not time. It's now. So now open parenthesis, close parenthesis, press Enter. And you can see that here. I have 07:41 P.M. if you don't see it in yours, you can just go to the format and go to this costume and add here column S, S. Let's press Okay. The only problem with these two formulas is that anything you do in Excel, it will update. So e.g. if I put 78 here, you can see this updated, this one also updated, but we are on the same day. So this is why you don't see a difference. And every time you press F9, it will recalculate. If you don't want it to recalculate, you just select them. Control C, E, S, V. You paste them as values. And now they won't change anymore. 87. S7 L5 Date fields extraction (*): Now that you worked with today and the now formulas, it's time to learn other very easy formulas to extract information from a date. So the first one is to get the year. So equal year. Just select your current date. Close parenthesis, press Enter. You'll get it very easy. The second one is months. So just months. Select this. Enter your done. The day is easy to remember. We select this one, enter the hour, now, it's hour. But if you select this current date, which comes from the today formula, you press Enter, you'll get zero. Why? It is? Because the Today formula assumes you are at midnight. So to fix this, you just go here and just select the null formula, which is what I call current time here. Press Enter. You'll get it for a minute. You have to write minute, not mean. Mean is the minimum. We select the null formula, close parenthesis, press Enter and 4 s, it is. Second, not sac. You can see seq is a mathematical formula. So second, Let's select this one. Press Enter. And now if you press F9, you can see that the seconds are updating automatically. Because my now formula is updating. 88. S7 L6 Get First/Last day of the month and First day of the year (***): What is e or months? Basically, E or months is end of months. So this is a formula that returns the last day of the month based on a date and the number of monsters you require. To understand this better. Let's look at the syntax and the parameters. The first parameter is a start date, which is the date that you specify. And the second one is monsters. So to understand monsters, let's take an example. If we have one April 2020 and the number of monsters is zero, it will give you the last day of April, which is 30th of April 2020. Now, if you specify months as one, it will go for the next month and give you the last day of the next month, which is 31st of May, 2020. Now if you go negative and you do minus one, it's going to go one month backwards and give you the last day of last month and so on. Now, unfortunately, there is no formula like B or months beginning of the month. So we have to be creative to get the beginning of the month. That's enough for explanations. I think we should go to Excel now. Here, I want to do is first get the last day of the month. So that's easy. We just saw it. So E or months, open parenthesis, my start date. I can select any of those to this one. Let's say number of months is zero. Close parenthesis. Press Enter. You'll get 30 November 2022, which is the last day of this month. Now, the first day of the month, we have to be creative, as I said. So what we're gonna do is do the same equal E or months, open parenthesis. This is my start date. Now instead of zero months, Let's do minus one. What will happen? You get the 31st of October, 2022, which is the last day of last month. Now, if you remember what we did in one of the lessons about dates, one day in Excel means plus one. So what I can do is add one to this formula and then I get the 1st of November 2022. Now let's get the first day of the year. So equal and of months. Same formula. My start date is the same. Gamma. If I go back 11 months is because we are in months 11, what will happen? You get the 31st of December of 2021. Let's add plus one. Now. You get the first object. That's great. But I hardcoded 11. And this is not good practice because what if now we are in December? How can I get the first day of the year? So what I could do, I can replace this 11 by months of the date. The mass will give me 11. And then it will do the mass. If we are in December, the mass will become 12. It will go backwards 12 months. Last day of last year. It will add plus one and give me 1 July. 89. S7 L7 YearFrac (**): Year frack is another useful date formula. So what does your fraction do? Basically, it will give you the percentage of a year represented by the number of whole days between two dates. So if we look at the syntax, you have Year frack, start date, which is our first date, and date, which is our last date. And then you have this optional parameter, which is called basis. And here you can choose how to calculate. Now the one that I prefer is option one, which is actual number of days over the actual number of days that you have in a year. You have some others option too. I don't like because it assumes the year is 360 days. Option three also, I don't like because the year is 365 days. But what if the year is 366 days? And then you have option zero? And for both of them will assume that a month has 30 days and the ear has 360 days and perform the calculation. But there is one difference between them. The difference is how they treat the last day of the month. Now, for european, if you start or end on the 31st of the month, it will assume the day searches and do the math for the US. If you start uncertainty first, it assumes that the day searches. But now if you and uncertainty first and your start is less than 30, it will take the first of the next month's. Otherwise, it will assume is the 30th of the month. So these are some technical details. What I advise you to do, one, you want to use this formula and not have problems. Just use option one. It's so easy and it's accurate. So let's go to Excel and try it out. Here we have the percentage of the year. We are on 24th of November. So let's use Year frack, equal Year frack, open parenthesis. Our start date is here. Cover. The end date is here. Cover. Here you choose your famous basis. I'm gonna choose option one, close parenthesis. Press Enter. You'll get 89.6. I think this is how you should use this formula and not worry about the other ways of calculation. 90. S7 L8 Workday & Workday.Intl (***): If you work in project management, project planning, or in logistics, and you need to define deadlines. You are lucky because they are two sets of formulas that will help you. In this lesson, we're going to check the first one. And what I have is some tasks name, I have started date, number of working days, I have a list of holidays, and I want to define the deadline. So let me take this four here, put it in this set, and then let's learn this new formula. It is called Workday. Open parenthesis. You need a start date. This is our start date, number of working days. This is the one. And then you have the holidays. They are optional, but here we have three of them. So we select them and we do a four, close parenthesis. Press Enter. You get tense of John. Let's come together. So the third of John is the start date. It doesn't count in the formula. What counts is the force of j. So that's the number one, then number two. What about 6 June when it shouldn't count because it's a holiday. Sevenths of Jan is day number three. Saturdays, Sunday are off. And then the tense is the fourth state, and that's how you get ten of Jan. Now what I'm gonna do is put an equal sign here, select the deadline, drag this down. And then here I'm just going to copy this Control C Control V, double-click. And then we get our results. Let's take another one to understand it. Then solve Jan, six days. It will give me 18 soft Jan, tens of John is here. It doesn't count. So 11 is the number one. 12th is the number two. 13s is day number 314 says For week and weekend. Number five, and the 18th is the sixth day. But now you will tell me what if my weekend is not Saturday, Sunday when you have a sister formula? Workday International. So this is how you write it. If you go here, you can see that the third parameter is the weekend. So let's put a comma here. We come here, we delete this comma. You can choose your weekend here. So assume my weekend is Monday, Tuesday. I'm going to select option three and then press enter. We can just double-click to get the new dates, but let's investigate this one. So here we have the third of John for four days. Third of jenn doesn't count. Force of Jan now is a weekend because my weekend is Monday, Tuesday doesn't count. The fifths is the number one. The six is a holiday day. Number two, number three, and the ninth is my force day. So this is how it works basically. Now you can use this to set deadlines when you are producing monthly reports, e.g. so assume that I need to produce a report every force working day of the month. So here if you see I have Jan 2022, but the date is one of June 2022. Same for FAB March and April. So I can use my formula, equal work day, open parenthesis. My start date is this one. Comma number of days is four because it's the first working day of the month. Comma, those are my holidays. Let's select them. F4, close parenthesis, enter. So the first one has to be on the seventh of Jan. Then if you drag this 87 March and April, so you don't have to do this manually. You can just use this formula. 91. S7 L9 Networkdays, Networkdays.INTL + Changing holiday list (****): Let's go to the second set of formulas that are important if you're working in project planning or logistics. So here I have the reverse situation. I have my tasks. I have the start date and the deadline, and I have my holidays here, but I don't know how many working days each task takes. So here we're going to use the other formula, equal network days, open parenthesis, UNI, the start date, it's here, comma and date it's here comma. You need your holidays, they are here. Let's do a four close parenthesis. Press Enter, and then you just double-click, you get the results. However, did you notice something? Here? I have three Jan then Jan, five days. If I go back to the previous lesson, the region, then John was the normal working day without the special weekend. And I have for this why? It is because Network Days takes to start date and end date when it's counting, whereas Workday doesn't count the start date. So this is why you are getting one more to fix it. What you can do is add a plus one to the start date, and then you double-click. You can check the sum of this is 39 days. If you go here, the sum of this is 39 days. So now let's go to the international version of this formula. So here I can do the same dot int and then I will have an additional argument, which is the weekend. So here I add a comma, go back, delete this, put the comma, and you have the rest of weekends. In this example, I'm not going to change the weekend. So let's use Saturday and Sunday. We can use one, press Enter, and then you can double-click. You get the same results because by default it is Saturday, Sunday. Now let's do something a bit more fun. I have two countries here. I want to change the holidays based on the selected country. Because if the project is done in one country, it will have different holidays. If it's not in another country, the holidays will change. So I'm just gonna do data validation here quickly. We click here list, and then we select our two countries. And now we have Country 1.2. Let's keep country one. But let's think how can I change my holidays here to make it work? Let's delete this. And the formulas are, if you remember, the lookup section, it is index and match. So here, index, open parenthesis. You need your results, your results are here. So we select those. Let's do a four comma. Now which row? The row, I want all of them, so I will put nothing and put another comma. And you need color. If I want country one, it's called the one. Country two is column two. Which formula should I use? The match formula? So much? This is my lookup value comma, my lookup array is those two countries. Let's do F4. F4 here also. Then let's do comma, exact match, close parenthesis for match, close parenthesis for index. Press enter. Now you double-click. And here, let's see you have 39 working days. If I do contrary to, then you will see you get 38 working days. Why? Because there is one more holiday here, which is 5 June. So you're gonna get a different number in the first one, you can see three versus four. So this is how you can combine formulas in unexpected ways to get very flexible analysis in Excel. 92. S7 L10 Weekday & DateDif (**): Let's look at a couple more formulas related to dates. I know there are a lot of formulas related to dates, but you need to know the fundamentals if you want to do stuff that are a bit more complex, like what we will see in the next couple of lessons. So the first formula is weekday, week day. We return the week day given a data as input. And this is a numerical value. So it has two parameters. The first one is the serial number, which is the date. And then you have return type. If you select zero, Sunday will be a one, Saturday seven. And obviously you have the weekdays in the middle, then you have 11 means Monday is equal to one, Tuesdays two, etc, and Sundays seven. So you choose the one that you prefer. And obviously you can tell me I can use formatting, transform the data into a weekday and I'm done. But it's not always a good practice because sometimes you want to combine this formula with something else. And it's better to use the weekday formula instead of just masking the date with something S. The second one is date dif they they've simply gives you the difference between two dates without excluding anything, holidays, week, and nothing. It has a start date, which is the first date you have. It has an end date, which is the second date you have, and it has a unit. So D is days. But I don't use the D because I can just subtract the end date minus the start date and get the same result. What might be more useful is M or why it will tell you the number of differences between the two dates or the number of years? The other three, I don't use that much, which is e.g. we can ignore years or months when we do the calculation. Now let's go to Excel and try those formulas out. Here. If you see what I've done is I added deliverable due date to our project. And what I want to do is calculate the day still do. So that's very easy. You just do equal the due date minus the current date. Press Enter, you'll get 363. Now how many work they still do. Here? We can just use the network days formula. So equal network days, open parenthesis, my start date, comma, my end date. No holidays. So we can close parenthesis. But now what I like to do is to augment this by one, augment the start date by one y. You can look back at the previous lesson about network, this network days. We'll count the start date as one and the end date as one. And I think that it's not fair to do that. So this is why I'm adding one to have one less working day. So you can check this lesson and you will see why I'm doing this in more details. Press Enter to 59 days. The day of the week we have our new formula week. The serial number is this one, comma return type. You can see there are so many of them. I'm going to use this option to get Monday as one and Sunday as seven. Close parenthesis. You got five. Why? Because the 25th is a Friday. Now let's calculate the number of months has remained. Here. We will use our date dif here in Excel. Something is weird. They differ is actually the only formula I. So if I open parenthesis, it doesn't show me the parameters. Maybe there is a bug. I don t know. So here you have to remember what's inside. This is my start date comma, my end date comma, I want monsters. So that's an m in double quotation, close parenthesis. You get 11 months. Now notice that it will always truncates. So if I just change the format, it's 11 months. But if I put 25th of November 2023, it becomes 12 months. Now let's do Control Z and try the years equal date, diff, open parenthesis, start date comma, the comma y in double quotation, close parenthesis, zero year also, because we don't have a year between the two. But once you put e.g. 25, November of 2023, you get one year. Now if I put 26th November, 2023, nothing will change here. It will just add in the other formulas. This is how you can use those two formulas to get some more information about your project. 93. S7 L11 Count Fridays between 2 days (****): Now that you are familiar with the date formulas, Let's do something a bit more complicated. Here what I want to do is count the number of Fridays between the 6th of January and the 21st of January, end of the day. Here, if you see we have three Fridays. Now there is no formula that will count the number of Fridays for you. Unfortunately, we have to be a bit creative. Now let's start with counting the number of days between those two dates. So what I can do equal this one minus this one. So 15 days, that's fine. Now, think about a formula that you can use that can count days between two dates and remove some days. What do you think it is? It is network days that we saw in this section. So if I use network this normal, it will remove Saturday and Sunday. But what do you have as an alternative to remove other days? You have network days international. So now we're going to write equal network dot international, open parenthesis. My start date is the six comma. My end date is the 25th. That's fine. Weekend now, if you see option one is Saturday and Sunday, but if you scroll down, you have Friday only. So we can select options. 16 can just type it. And then I don't have any holidays. I just close parenthesis and press Enter. So now we counted the number of days between two dates and the number of days between two dates without the Fridays. So should I just subtract them? But if you see here, 15.13 will give me two. But I actually have three of them. How come? Well, let's try a small exercise to understand what's the problem. Instead of this, I'm just gonna do three John. And I'm going to do six. Jen. If you see 3-6 jam, I have no Fridays, right? So there is no reason why this formula will give me three and this formula will give me four, right? Well, let me explain to you. For this formula. Three Jan starts at zero-zero, so midnight and then it will count the third of Jan, the force of John, 5 June til midnight, which is the six. So that's three days. The other one, it counts the start date and end date. This is why you have one extra. Now to fix this, if I want to take the 25th, I can just add plus one here and get four. So now let's go back and put six of Jan, 21 of John. You can see if I do 16 -13, you get your three Fridays. Now I can get the full formula, which is this one, control C escape. I can paste it here. And then we have minus this formula. So Control C escape. I will come here minus this formula. That's your full formula to get the number of Fridays between two dates. Now I've done it for Friday's, but you can do it for Thursday, Wednesday, Tuesday. 94. S7 L12 Define a custom weekend in Networkdays (*****): I'm going to teach you one of my favorite tricks with network days internationally. In this lesson, we're going to learn how to define our own weekend. And to do this, we're going to do it with a very easy example. So you can apply it to whatever you want. Here. I only work Monday, Wednesday, and Thursday. And we're going to take only the force to the 8th of April with two holidays, 7 April and the 14th of April. So first of all, let's use the network days and we have a start date and end date comma. Let's select our holidays and press F4, close parenthesis, press Enter. Great. You get four days. How? Let's count together. The force of April is one day, the fifths is another day. The sixth is a third day. The seventh is a holiday, so I don't count it. And Friday is another day. So that makes it for. Now, let's use the international version so I can add a weekend. So dot international. And here as we saw, if we put a comma, we can get all the options. The problem is my weekend is Tuesday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. But I don't have this option here. So how to do it? Basically, let me teach you the trick. You go here, you do double quotation or double quotation. Inside it. It's very simple. Every day, that is a working day. You will put a zero. Every day, that is a weekend. You will put a one. So Monday I work. Right. So that's a zero. Tuesday, I don't work. That's the one. Wants their work 0 h they I work zero. Friday, Saturday, Sunday. Either work, press Enter. You get two working days. Let's come together. Monday, I work, right? It's one working day. Tuesdays of doesn't count. Wednesday I work. Second working day, Thursday, I work, but it's a holiday, so it doesn't count. And Fridays weekend for me, so doesn't count. So you get two working days at the end. So you can use this trick to define your weekend and make network days international work with any type of weekend. 95. S8 L1 Intro (material in Project section AllToDo, AllCompleted): Formatting section is a small but cool section where you're going to apply your knowledge from this course to give a bit more punch to your reports. So what we're gonna do is first apply formulas in conditional formatting. See how this works. Then we will look at a formula called mode. It looks like a useless formula at first. But you can see the power of it in real life. When I'm talking about mode, I'm not talking about the mode that we saw in the statistical section of this course, which was returning the number that is the most prevalent in my dataset. And finally, we're going to look at the cool example, where you will be able to color the cell in a matrix based on your selection. So are you ready for this section? Let's go. 96. S8 L2 Conditional formatting rules with formula (****): One of the things that people struggled the most ways in Excel is to apply formulas in conditional formatting. So this is what we gotta do right now. I have here a bunch of students, their grades, and I want to color every grade that is above 70. Let's try to do it together. I'm going to select the grades, conditional formatting, new rule. Use a formula to determine which cells to format. We click here, select my first cell bigger than E two. Press enter. Then choose your format. I'm going to choose this blue with some fonts in white. Press, press. Okay, nothing happens. Now, if I change this 17 to 18, suddenly all of them are in blue. Why? Let's understand together. So control Z, what I'm gonna do is go back to Conditional Formatting, Manage Rules. Double-click here. Copy the formula. Press Okay. Press Okay. Go here and paste the formula. Let's press Enter and then double-click and see what happens in the first one. If I click 17 is not bigger than 70, which is why it's false. Now let's go to the second one where I have 79. 79 is bigger than 70. But once we click on the formula, you can see that it's still pointing to 17. Why? It is? Because when you wrote the formula there, when you click on the send, automatically Excel put the dollar signs in front of it. So when you drag it down, it doesn't work. Now, let me teach you a few things about conditional formatting and formulas. First rule, formula that you will write will be for the top left cell in your range. So in this case, this is my range. The top-left cell is this one. If my range was this, my top-left said is John. So you need to keep this in mind. The second thing that you need to know is that once you write the formula for the top-left cell, you need to imagine that you are dragging the formula for the rest of your range. In this case, this was my formula. This is how it's dragging and this is why I'm getting this disaster was all false. Now, let me teach you best practice. I don't go and write the formula in conditional formatting directly. Know what I do is that I write the formula in Excel. I drag it, I see how it works. And then I copy paste the formula there. So in this case, we need to drag it, right? So let's select this and press a for a few times. And here, I don't have dollar signs anymore for before. Press Enter, double-click. You can see that now I have some truths. So the formula works, right? So now what we do, we take the first formula, which is for my top-left cell in my rage. Control C, escape. Let's select my cells. Conditional Formatting, Manage Rules. Double-click. We go here and we paste the formula. So the difference is that I don't have anymore the dollar signs. Press. Okay. Press Okay. Now it's working perfectly. You can see that those two cells are in blue. Let's do a second example. Here. I want to color the student and the grade if they are above 50. So what do I do? Basically, as I told you, this is now my range. I have to write a formula for John. So let's write the formula here. Then we can copy paste it equal. Now, we select the cell bigger than this 50. 50 obviously has to have dollar signs, so F4, we have to fix it. But now what do I do with this B6? Let's press Enter and see what happens. So that's false. That's fine. 17 is less than 50. Now the formula will be dragged automatically to the right. So if I do this, I get a true because this be 16 has moved and I don't want be 16 to move This way to the right. So what I have to do is just fixed my B with $1 sign, keep my 16. And now let's drag it this way. You have a false. Let's drag it down. 79 is bigger than 52 tools. We drag it down one more. It works. Let's just drag it down. You can see that everything is great. So now I can just copy this formula. Control C, Escape, select my whole range, go to conditional formatting. New rule. Use a formula, paste it here. Let's go to format. This time I'm going to use this color. And for fonts, I'm going to use bolt, press. Okay. Press Okay. You can see that those are in bold. That's great for me. Now a third example, I want to compare the sales versus targets. And I want to color the ones that are above target. In any color, we will choose one of them. So here, my range is what? This is my range. I need a formula for this one, equal this bigger than my target. Here. I don't need to do anything because this will move and this will move. Let's double-click. You can see that it's working perfectly. Now we just take the first one, control C escape. We select our sales conditional formatting new rule. Use a formula based on rule format. Fail. This time, I'm going to choose this color and I'm gonna keep everything the same. Press OK, OK. You can see that those are colored in green. Those are the best practices to apply formulas in conditional formatting. 97. S8 L3 Boring Mod used in a Powerful way (*****): In this lesson, I want to teach you how you can take a formula that might look useless and transform it into something more powerful. This function that we're going to focus on is the mode function. It is MOD, and it is different than the mod function we saw in the statistical part. The other one was an ODE. And what it does, it will tell you which number comes the most in your dataset. This one, what it will do, it will check if a number is divisible by another number. If not, how far away is it divisible by this number? So it has two parameters. The number, then the divisor. So let's look at examples to understand it better. We're going to start with to as a number and two as a divisor. Now, two is divisible by two, which is why you get zero. But to understand it, let's think about it as an equation. To equal two times one plus 00 is the result of this formula. Now what about 3.23 is not divisible by two. So three equals two times one plus one. Your result is 14.24 is divisible by 24 is equal to two times two plus zero. Result is 05.25 is equal to times two plus one. Result is one. Now we go a bit more difficult, 1.3. The way to think about it is that you have always to look at the number that is below, whatever you have as number. So in this case, one is equal to three times zero, which is zero plus one. So the remainder is one. This is what you get as a result. Last one, negative numbers -1.3. In this case, you cannot do three times zero minus one. It doesn't work. You have to do three times minus one is minus three, plus two, it is minus one. Now if you look at this formula, you will tell me what can I do with it? This is why we're gonna go to Excel. And I'll show you how you can use it to its potential. I am so excited about this concept that I prepared three examples for you. The first one is about shipping. So here I have some items and I want to see if I ship them in packs of six or four or three. And I want to minimize the remainder, because the remainder I might have to throw. What we will do is use our formula. So equal MOD open parenthesis. This is your number comma, you need your divisor, which is here. So I'm going to use a formula that we saw in the text section, which is right. This is my text, comma one. I take the rightmost character, close parenthesis. Close parenthesis here you get one because 11 times six is 66, the remainder is one. Now, I need to drag the formula this way and this way. So to do that, let's look at this VServer t. Here. I don't want to move columns. I want to move row. So I'm going to put $1 sign here, and here it's the opposite. I can move columns but not rows. Let's put the dollar sign here. Press enter, and then you just drag it. You just drag it down. And you can just do the sum at the bottom, some of this close parenthesis, press Enter, you paste the formula. And as you can see, back of three is my best option. Let's go to example number two. In example number two, I'm doing a report. I have two metrics. The first metric I want to show every month, the second metric I want to show every X number of months. And here you have your parameter. So if I put four, you can see how it is changing. How to do this. Let's do Control Z to go back to three. And let's delete the formula. I'm gonna do like this. Let's think about it. I want it every three months, which is in March, which is in the middle of the year, September, and then December. So if you think about it, it's months 369.12. And all those are divisible by three. The remainder will be zero, so the mode will be zero. Let's write a mod formula equal M or D, open parenthesis. So that's my number one. I can extract the months from this date, right? Months of this date, close parenthesis comma. And then I need my divisor. My divisor is this one. We need a four here because we're going to drag the formula. Then let's close parenthesis. Here we get one. Let's double-click. You can see that we are getting zero every three months. So now I can use any formula if. The mode of all this is equal to zero comma. Then I need to get my value from here. So let's do it. We need an HLookup, H lookup. This is my lookup value, the date comma that they will erase this. Just going to select it. Let's use a phone here. Comma, the row indexes to false for exact match, close parenthesis. Then we do comma value. If false, I don't want to show anything. So double quotation, double quotation, close parenthesis, press Enter. Now we double-click. You can see that the value is coming every three months. The only problem I have is that I want the value to come in January and I don't want to fix only this formula and then somebody drags it and I have a problem. So what I can do is added or condition here and say, these are my mode is zero or my month is one. So here I can do or open parenthesis. Here we put a comma. I can do months of this is equal to one close parenthesis and we press Enter. If we double-click, you can see that everything is the same except the first one, I get my 96. Now let's go to my third example, which is even more fun. It's a chart based on some answers and sales. And what happens in this chart is if I change this frequency, you can see that the labels are coming every four months is now. If I put them e.g. every couple of months, as you can see, more labels. So let's put back three and let's delete all this, which is my data preparation. They will. Let's delete it and let's think about it. Step number one, let's insert a similar chart. So I'm going to select month's sales Control Shift arrow down, insert. We go here and select this chart. Now let's go up and put it on top of the other one. If you see this chart, it has two problems. Number one, I don't have the dates in a nice format. Number two, I don't have the labels for the dates. Let's take care of it by adding this column and this column months. So what I'm gonna do is equal if the months of this date is equal to one. So January, I wanted a year to appear. Comma if not, I want nothing. And you'll see why when we add this to the chart. So here I have the year, double-click, I get it one more time. For the months, it's even easier. Equal I'm just going to select the date, as simple as this and double-click. You can see that I get the months in one letter. How if we go to formatting and custom formatting? If you remember, our date, section one, m is 12, is 013 is Jen for his January and five is the letter J. And this is what I've done. I just did some formatting here. So press Okay. Now that we have fixed this part, it's time to get the values. So what I'm doing here is I have my sales to get the line and then I have value to get the labels. And this is a charting technique. They will be a course on charts. So stay tuned. You'll be able to understand a learned all these techniques and make amazing charts for your reports. Now what I'm gonna do is something similar we have seen above. So I'm going to use in a formula mode of the months of this. So the mass of the date comma, and then this is my frequency, press F4, close parenthesis equals zero comma. Then the value if true, is the Saves comma if not, double quotation, double quotation, close parenthesis. So we press enter, we double-click, and we get our numbers. Now, it's time to add this data to my chart. So right-click here, select data. First thing I want to do is to add a data series. Here. If you see this sales, I want to keep this line and add one for the labels. So add series name is the value. Always give it a name. It's good practice. Series values, trickier, Control, Shift, arrow down, press. Okay. Next we want to add the dates. So here I have year and months Control Shift arrow down. Here. We have replaced it by this 2019 and the letter press. Okay. If I just move the chart a little bit, you can see now that this is the effect that you get. And if I put another time 2019, It is not good. You can see what happens if you have at one time, excel will put it in the middle, and that will look good. So now Control Z to get back, Let's do some formatting. We click here, delete this, click here, delete this. What I need to do is take care of this orange line. You can see that every time I have nothing, it crashes to zero. How to get rid of this problem? Well, what you could do is use another formula that looks useless, but will be very useful here. The formula is N A open parenthesis, close parenthesis. So this one will give you an error. So there is a formula in Excel for errors. Once I do this, you can see that this disappears. Why? Whenever Excel doesn't know four charts what to do. Like here when I have an error, it will not put the data points. So now if I double-click, everything is gone. But actually those values are still there. But you cannot see them because there is no connecting point between them. So what I could do now is double-click here, and then I can play with things. First thing I want to do is select my series value, which is this series from here. And I want to remove the line, go to marker, marker options built in. You can see that now I get the points, which is good. Next thing I want to do, close this, click on this plus and put data labels. And why this works, because I selected the right series. So the labels of the series are coming. Let's click on one of them. Go to home, do B for bold, and now they are in bold. The next thing I want to do is colored this line in a different color. So let's click on it. Double-click here, you can just go and check you have selected. So Series Sales. And then you can go here, change the color of the line, and it will look much nicer. Now if you see, if I go and change this to four, it is working perfectly. So let's go back to three. The other thing I want to do is show the first one. Always. We're going to use a trick with all. But this one is different. Because here I have two times January that are just said, if the mass is January, show me the label here. I cannot do this. So here I can do an or. And my second condition, I'm just going to write it, then explain it. The row formula. If you remember it. Here, we select this n equals Rho. Select this cell, and then just close parenthesis again. Here, I'm going to use F4. So press enter, double-click. You can see that it works. How, if you see here rho a 43 is 43 and draw a 43 is 43. But whenever I go down one, this becomes a 44. So that's 44. And this remains 33, which means that only the first one will be true. And it will appear. This is how you can use seemingly useless formulas to create something really dynamic and powerful. 98. S8 L4 Conditional formatting with logical operators (***): In a previous lesson, we looked at using formulas to do conditional formatting. But the formulas that we used were very basic. We were just comparing a couple of numbers. Here. I want to show you the extent to which you can go with formulas and conditional formatting. We have some data and what is important is the country's, what I want to do is color every country starting with an I in one of the colors that we can choose. The best practice is always try the formula in Excel, then copy paste it in conditional formatting. And the formula, we have to write it for the top left cell in my range. In this case, my range is my countries. So it's from here down. What I have to do, I have to write the formula for China equal. We don't need the NF here because conditional formatting looks at true and false. If it's true, it gets applied. If it's false, it won't get applied. So what is the formula that can check if the first character is and if you remember our texts formulas, it is left. So left. China. Comma one, close parenthesis, equal double quotation. I double quotation. Press Enter. Now we double-click and check the formula. We can see that India is true and Indonesia is true. So it seems that it's working. Let's copy paste it. Control C escape. We will select our range. Here. Be careful you have to select from China and not from country because the formula is for China, the first one. So Control Shift, arrow down, conditional formatting, new rule. Use a formula, paste it. Let's go to Format and select this green. Now let's press Okay. And then you can see that India, Indonesia are in green. You also have Iran. The next thing I want to do is make it a bit more complex. I want also the last letter to be an a. So I want to get rid of Iran and keep India and Indonesia. So let's change the formula. What we can do is add an end condition, so that's a logical operator. So this is my first condition, comma. My second condition is right. We take the text comma one, close parenthesis equal double quotation. A double quotation. Be careful here it's capital, here it's small cap. And then close parenthesis, press Enter, double-click. Let's check Iran. Iran gives me false. Italy also endorse are true. So now let's copy the formula. Control C escape. We go here, Control Shift arrow down, conditional formatting, this time managed rules because we already have a rule. Double-click, you can change the formula, paste it, the Press, Okay, press Okay. And here you can see that only India and Indonesia are in green. So that's how you can apply conditional formatting and formulas and you can make it as complex as you want with an old conditions. The last thing I want to show you is that if you want to remove conditional formatting, you can go to clear rules. And you can clear rules from selected says. So it says that I selected or the entire sheet. 99. S8 L5 Adding icons to your reports (****): So here I have a boarding sales report, and I want to give it a bit more colors using icons. If you meet the sales targets, I want an icon. If you don't meet it, I want another icon. And we're going to see two ways to do it. The first one is with fonts, the second one is with uni car. Let's start with fonts. So here I'm just going to go under Insert symbols, symbols here. And if you go instead of normal text, you select Wingdings. This is a format. You click, you have some symbols. I'm going to select this one, double-click, it's inserted here. Let's press Cancel. You can see it. Press enter. Now, if I go here and I go to Home, you can see that now the format of the cell is Wingdings. And if you go to the formula bar, you can see that it's a C. Why is it a C? Because if you go to any other format, let's say Calibri, you can see it's a C for Wingdings. A c means the thumbs up. That's great. Now what about the sum down? So insert symbols. Let's go here. You can see that if I click on the thumb up, the character code is 67. So now let's go to Wingdings. You can see it here. This arm down is character 68. So now given this knowledge, what I could do is do equal. Don't worry about what is written here. This is where you have to focus car and put 67 close parenthesis. You get the thumbs up. If I do equals 68, you get the d. And if I just copy paste the format, you get the sum down. Now given this knowledge, I can use a formula and get my result. So don't worry about what you have here. Again, it's just a formatting focus on the formula bar. If the sales is bigger or equal to the target comma, We want character 67, comma. Otherwise character 68, close parenthesis, close parenthesis. Press Enter. You'll get the sound down. And in some of them you'll get the sum up. If you don't see this, you see Cs and Ds. You just go to Home. You change the format to Wingdings, and it's done. Now the second way to do this is to use unique characters. Unique characters will appear if you use the formula unit car. So let's go to this website where you can see them. You see there are so many options. I can select any of them, e.g. this one, this is the number. I can go back to my Excel sheet. If I paste it. And I do equal unica, open parenthesis, select the cell, close parenthesis. You can get it here. So now I chose two of them. These are the numbers and we're going to use them without doing any formatting. To get our icons. Here, I'm gonna do open parenthesis, sales bigger or equal than targets, comma. If it's true, we're going to use Unica and select the first one. Close parenthesis comma, if it's false, Unica, or the second one, close parenthesis, close parenthesis. Press Enter. Now let's use F4, F4, and F4. Press Enter again, and we can drag it. You can see here you get the other icon that I chose. And this is how you can add more character to your reports. 100. S8 L6 Matrix Coloring (****): This is another real-life example. What I'm going to teach you a cool trick to impress your boss using the formulas that we have learned in this course. The situation is the following. You have a matrix of sales numbers and you want to select the name amounts and get the corresponding value highlighted in orange. So how to do this? Let's start first with data validation. So here I'm going to create a data validation for name. So I'm gonna do data data validation list and then select my names. Then you say, okay, we select the John. Let's do the same for months. We use list, click, select my monsters, and then I'm okay, let's select Jan. And you can see that this is highlighted in orange. So that's cool. Right? Now let's remove this effect. Let's go to Home. Conditional Formatting, clear rules, clear rules from entire sheet. And this has gone and start from scratch. Now the way I thought about it first is to write an index and match formula. And maybe afterwards I can use it in conditional formatting. So here I'm going to do equal index. And then my array is where I have my answer. So it's one of those numbers, F4 comma, then I want my row. My row is a match formula so much. This is my lookup value for Gamma. This is where I want to look for it at four comma zero for exact match, close parenthesis comma. Then for my column and other match formula, this time with demands match, this is my months for gamma, this is my area. Four, comma zero for exact match, close parenthesis, close parenthesis. Press Enter. Here you get 13. Now what about taking this formula control C escape? I put it here, paste it, and do equal to this number, I get a true right? So that seems that it is nice. It can work if I put it in conditional formatting. What do you think? Well, this is a trick question because it won't work. Why? Let me drag the formula here and double-click. You can see that here I have a true, and here I have a true, which is these two numbers, 13. Now what will happen if you select John and John? It will color this one. And this one, which is not what you want. So the formula is not correct. What can I do in this case? When something way more simpler? Let me delete this formula, equal open parenthesis. And here we're going to do two conditions for the 13. The first one is this F2 equal John comma. The second one, January is equal to the close parenthesis. Now C1 and C2, I need a four because we're going to drag the formula. So that simple. Now what about F2? Well, I can move rows, but not columns. So I have to fix the F. And here it's the opposite. I can move columns, but not rows. So I can fix this one. Press Enter, and let's drag it and see what happens. Double-click. You can see that everything is false except one of them. Now the simple formula should work. Let's copy it, Escape. Select my data range, and go to conditional formatting. New rule. Use formula, paste it here. Format. Let's use the orange press. Okay, press Okay, you get 13 here. Let's select VBA and April, and you get the other 13. That's pretty cool, right? So here you can learn that we always have to work smarter, not harder. So instead of having a crazy formula, I just have this small formula and it works. 101. S9 L1 Intro (material in Project section AllToDo, AllCompleted): Welcome to the section about dynamic array formulas. Before I go to the usual content of this section, I want to tell you two things. Number one, dynamic array formulas will work for the newer versions of Excel, e.g. Office 365 and Excel 2021. If you have an older standalone version of Excel, it will probably not work. To know if you have dynamic array formulas. Just go to Type one of the new formulas, e.g. equal unique A1A2. If it doesn't work, it means that you don't have dynamic array formulas. The second thing I need to tell you is that if you use dynamic array formulas in your Excel, and then you share your workbook with somebody else like a colleague who doesn't have the newest versions of Excel, it will not work. So there is no backward compatibility. Now, let's start with what we have in this section. First of all, I'm going to explain to you the difference between the traditional or the old Excel and this dynamic array formulas, because it's a big revolution in the way Excel works. Second of all, we're going to look at speed range and the hash sign and how to take advantage of those properties served. We're going to look at the new formulas that you have in dynamic arrays, how to use them. Force, we can attest dynamic arrays with drop-downs. Then we're going to see how calculations with change in x with this new engine that you have. Number six, we got to try dynamic array formulas with formatting, then on charts. And finally, I'm gonna give you a couple of pro tricks with the choose formula and the formula. So are you ready for this section? Let's go. 102. S9 L2 The Situation: So here's the situation. I know the picture looks horrible. It looks like a plant that is polluting everything. But you have been hired by Food Inc. in their data analysis team and you need to help them into areas analyzing sales and HR data. Now the head of the department, she's very excited because she got access to the new Excel Office 365. And it has dynamic array formulas. So she has heard a lot about dynamic array formulas. And she wants you to conduct different analysis using the new formulas. And functionality is available. Now, luckily for you, I am here to help you. So let's go do the assignments together. 103. S9 L3 The Buzz about dynamic arrays (*****): So what is this buzz about dynamic array formulas? Let me try to explain to you this in plain English. The biggest change that we have between all the Excel and dynamic array formulas is that before the result of a formula will come in one sense. Now is dynamic arrays. The result can come in multiple cells and it can spill over into adjacent columns or adjacent rows. And this is a huge change in the engine of Excel that unlocks a great power to simplify your analysis. Before, if you wanted to get the results in multiple cells, you would have to select the cells where you have the result. And then you would add to press Control Shift Enter to get it. And that was cumbersome reserve for advanced Excel users. A lot of people don't understand it and so on. Now it's so easy, you just press Enter and that's it. Let me try to explain to you this with an example. So here you have column a and column B. If I do A1 to A3 times v1 to v3, what would be the result? Basically in the old exam, you will just get too, because you'll just get one times two the first row, and that's it. Here you will get 26.12, each one in a different row. Now note a few things about dynamic arrays. First of all, it has potential for multiple results, not just one result. To the result will spill over multiple cells. It could be columns or rows, then the results are dynamic. So if something changes, everything automatically updates. And you will have the formula in one cell, although the results will be in multiple sets. The second most important topic about dynamic array formulas is that you have some new formulas that are very powerful. So you have sort, filter, unique deck, split and sequence. Those are some of the examples of new formulas. We're going to see a lot of them throughout this section. And finally, as I said, given this calculation engine, no more control shift enter business. And you can apply a formula on multiple cells at the same time. So let's go to Excel. Let me show you what I mean by this. Practically here in 9032905, you have some data. We have quantity and price. And what we want to do is calculate total sales. So to calculate total sales, in the old way, you would do quantity times price. And then you'll just double-click and the formula will drag down. You will have a formula in each cell. Now is dynamic arrays. It is way more simpler. So what you can do is you just do Control Shift, arrow down, then you do times. Let's go up. And let's select the price control shift arrow down, press Enter. You can see that directly. You get all the results. So the formula is here, but if you go to the second cell, it is grayed out because the formula is only in the first set, but the results are spilling down till the end. Now the good thing about this is that you can use it on all formulas. So whether it's a sum, it's an if statement, the same concepts will apply. And this is how you can use this powerful calculation engine. 104. S9 L4 Spill Range & # (*****): I have alluded to this in the previous lesson, but this one is focused on speed range and hashtag. So what is spelled range? Basically, it is the range of cells where you're gonna get the result of a formula. And you need to note a few things about spilt range. Number one is that the formula is in the first cell and all the other cells will have the formula grayed out because the formula is not there, but they will show the result. Number two, cell formatting will only apply to the first cell if you want to have it on all the cells, just do it before putting the formula or after. Number three, you will see a blue rectangle around the speed range. You can see it in the big number four. If you add data or remove data, the range will automatically resize, except if you add data at the bottom. And I'm going to show you this in the Zen number five, you can use the hash to reference arrange e.g. here I have a formula in H2. If I want to have the sum of all these numbers in another cell, I can do equals sum, open parenthesis, H2, hash, close parenthesis. And finally, you will get the hashtag spill era. If there is a cell that is merged or data that is blocking the spill range. Or if you have an Excel table, what do I mean by Excel table? Let me show you by going to an Excel sheet. So here you have the same Excel sheet. And if I add the table, what I mean by this is what we have seen in this course. Insert table. And you can just select the cells. Those cells are fine to me, put okay. And here if I do some e.g. I. Select these numbers, Control Shift arrow down, you can see that you get the table name, table three, and then the quantity. And here you can get the sum. However, if you have an Excel table, you can use dynamic array formulas and refer to columns that are within this table. So now let me do control Z to remove this table and go back to where we were. What I want to do is to do the sales of 2020. So here I can go and do some open parenthesis. If you see, I'm going to start selecting the data. Look at the formula bar. Whenever I reached the end of the data, it will be transformed into a hash automatically. So if I do this close parenthesis, you get the series. Now, if I change something here, obviously the number will update automatically. So Control Z. If I delete something, same thing, the number will update Control Z. If I add something, let's put here some numbers. Also, the formula will update. So control Z, we get back where we were. Now, let me do 2021 and I'll show you one more thing. For 2021. I will go down here and do the same. Equal this one Control Shift arrow down times this one Control Shift arrow down, press Enter, you'll get it. The format is in percentage so we can just fix it. And then let's go up equal sum and then go down. Here we select the first cell, put the hash close parenthesis, and you'll get it. The only problem that you will face. And we will see how to fix it in the next lesson, is that if you go at the bottom and you add data, you can see that the formula will not take this in the range and so it will not update. So don't worry, we will learn how to deal with this. 105. S9 L5 Excel Table to automatically calculate formulas for new data (****): We are back to 9.03, 29.05. And if you remember from the previous lesson, here we had the dynamic array formula. And if you go down with control arrow down, you add some data here. It doesn't update automatically what to do in this case, there are several methodologies, but I'm going to teach you the one that I prefer because I think it's more sustainable and easier to implement. So let's delete this, go back up, control arrow up. And the first step you will have to do is remove any filter. So here you have a filter. Do a T, the filter is gone. Second step, you have to move this at the end of the table. Because as you know, Excel tables do not take dynamic array formulas. And to, as a best practice, it's always good to have your data. And then you start your calculation. To do this, I will do Control Shift arrow down. I will do Control X or cut. Then come here, right-click, insert cut cells. And here you have your sales at the end. Next, we're going to add a data table. So click inside. Either you do Control T like this, or you go to Insert table. Now, if you see here, excel has tried to guess what is your data range? And it goes to I. I don't want I, because this should not be in an Excel table. Otherwise you'll get a spelling error. So what I could do is come here, delete and put H, or I use the arrow and select the data. Now my table has headers. Put. Okay, Finally, let's try our concept and see what will happen. So we click here, Control arrow down, put five here, six here. You have a formatting problem. You can just click like this. And you see that automatically the formula is updating. So this is how you can solve the problem of growing data and dynamic arrays. 106. S9 L6 Important new Excel Functions (*****): Before we deep dive into the exercises related to dynamic array functions, I just want to show you the newest functions that you get or the most important ones with the newest version of Excel. So maybe you want to upgrade and take advantage of those functions to make your life easy. If you remember in the statistics part, we saw three formulas when we were generating random numbers. First we wanted to generate random numbers, so we use the random array. And two, we want to, those random numbers to be unique. So we use the sequence of numbers using the sequence function. We sorted it by a random array. So for this we use the sort by function, which can sort an array of data by one or more columns in another array. Now, also, we looked at X lookup and we saw how it is different than the traditional lookup functions such as VLookup, HLookup and index and match. Those are the formulas that we briefly, so we're going to see some of them in this section. For the new ones, you have soared, the difference between sort and sort by source will allow you to sort by one or more columns within the array. Sort by would be in another array. Now you have filter. Filter will allow you to filter your data using some criteria and it's much better than filtering manually, then you have unique to remove duplicates and return distinct records in an array. Texts plate will allow you to split a text using a delimiter. So e.g. if you have spaces between the words, you can easily split your text. And then you have texts before and texts after. Texts before. We'll get the text before or the limiter texts after. We'll get the text after a delimiter. So some of the things that we did in the text section, you won't have to go through all this and put 34 formulas together. You can just get the result in one go. 107. S9 L7 Sort (*****): Let's start with the sort function. And as its name suggests, salt is used to sort an array of data by one or more columns. Now what is the most important here is to understand the syntax. So if I look at the syntax, I have four parameters. One is mandatory, three are optional. The first one is very easy array, which is the data you want to sort. Then you have the sort index. It's the column number you want to sort by. And here the default is column one. Then you have the sort order. Ascending is one, descending is minus one, and ascending is the default. And finally, you have a parameter that I nearly never used, which is by column. Usually your data is by row, so it's a table, as we have seen, e.g. in this section. So automatically the default is by row. You don't need to put it. But if your data is in reverse order, which is rare, you can use by coal, which is option one. Let's take an example. If I have sought a one to d ten and then I have to -1.0. So A12 D ten is the array. Two means I want to sort by Column B because it's the second column that I have in my range. And then minus one means I want to do it descending. And the zero means by row. So my data is in a tabular format. Now what if you want to sort by more than one column? Well, this is what I'm going to show you here. You can see that if I want to sort by more than one column, I will put the columns in curly brackets. So here I want to sort by Column two first, then by column three. And then you have minus one, which means that column two I want to solve descending. And then one for columns three, which means column three, I want to sort ascending. So let's go to Excel and let's look at practical examples. Here, my boss gave me some data about sales. And what I want to do first is to get the product sorted alphabetically. So let's try our formula. Equals open parenthesis. You need your array. So those are my products. Comma. Do I need to put anything as a salt index or older or by coal? No. Because my sort index is any ways one by default. And I only have one column to sort order. I want it ascending, so that's a default. And by column, my table is in a tabular format. So I don't need to do anything. So let's just close parenthesis. Press Enter. It is sorted. As simple as this. Now let's do a bit more complicated. I want to sort the whole array by sales. So let's go here and write equals open parenthesis. This is my array comma. What is my index? It's my total sales. So that's two comma, what is my sort order? I want the top stays at the top. So I'm gonna do this ending and by cold, I don't need to use. So let's close parenthesis, press Enter. And as you can see, you get cut out, which has the most sales. Now let's make it more difficult. Even. I want to sort by margins first and then by sales. So here I'm going to go and do equal open parenthesis. Select my array comma. Now here I have two columns. So I have to do curly brackets. Margin is my third column. So three comma, then sales is my second column. Close curly brackets, comma. I want the sort order. Now if I want to sort them all descending, I can just do minus one close parenthesis and I get it. But if I want to specify different orders, then I'm gonna do curly brackets comma here and put one e.g. for ascending, for column two and column three will be descending because it's minus one. Close curly brackets and press Enter. As you can see, you get the top margins first. And then obviously if there is a time, it will sort by sales. 108. S9 L8 Sortby (*****): After seeing salt, it's time to look at sort by. Now the difference between the two is the following. For salt, you are sorting by a column that is within your data range. But for salt by the array might be outside your data range. So if you see the parameters, first, you have the array, which is the same, the data that you want to sort. And then here's the difference. You have byte array one, which is the first array you want to sort by. Then you have the order ascending one, which is the default descending minus one. And then you will have array 23 and so on. Now let's go to Excel and see the difference. We have the same Excel, 9.079, 0.08. What I'm gonna do for you to see, I'm just going to hide those here. The first exercise we have to do is sort by margins, then sells the same way we did before, but now we're going to use sort by instead of sorts. So let's go here. Equals sort by open parenthesis. My array is this comma. If you remember in the sorted version, we put the columns and then the order. Here we will put the first array, which is the margin. So I'm selecting my margin comma. I want it to be descending. Then comma, my second one is my sales, so I select it. I want to sort order to be ascending. So I'm going to put a one close parenthesis, press Enter, and you'll get the same result. Notice two formulas to do the same thing. Now let's do something more cool. I want to sort my products, but not alphabetically. I want to sort them by sales. And I don't want to show my sales. So here I can use sort by open parenthesis. This is my array comma by what? By sales, which is outside my array. Then comma sort order. I wanted descending close parenthesis. And now you have cut out, which is the one with the top sales, and you don't see the cells next to it. 109. S9 L9 Filter (*****): Filter is one of my favorite functions in Excel, along with x lookup. Usually in Excel, a lot of times you have data. You want to check things in your data to start filtering and unfiltered in manually. And that can be very cumbersome. So what is the syntax of filter? Basically it has three parameters. One is the array, which is the data that you want to filter. Do is include which aren't my filtering conditions. And then you have if AMT, which is an optional parameter, if you don't find any data, what do you want to return to the user? So let's take an example. If I want to do Filter A1 to d ten, which is my dataset, B1 to be ten equal chicken. And then if I don't find anything, I will write nor data. So what will happen in this case? Basically A12 D ten will get filtered for all the rows where the column B has chicken in it. And then I'll get my dataset. What if I want to add more conditions? Here? You have to think about some product. So for an end condition, you can just multiply and put the second condition like you can see here. If it's an OR condition, just replace the times with a plus. That's the trick. Now you'll tell me why do I have multiplication and addition for n then? Or if you have forgotten the sum product, you can check it out. But in this lesson also in the Excel, I'm going to show you. So here we are at 9.99, 0.10. I have my sales data. What I want to do is select category, product and quantity based on category equal box. So let's do it here. Equal filter, open parenthesis. What is my data? My data is here. So we select the three of them, Control Shift, arrow down, comma. Let's go up again. And let's see what is my filtering criteria. I want my category. So let's select the category Control Shift arrow down equal. Let's go up again. Bar comma. If we don't find anything, Let's put no data. And then double quotation, close parenthesis, press Enter. As simple as that. Now, if you see we have all the bars. So first carrot at 33, then you don't get anything. Another cut out at 54. So that's how it works. Now let's do something a bit more complicated. I'm just going to hide those. So right-click Hide, we get this one. Let's hide one more. Here. What I want is another condition. I want bars and quantity has to be above 50. So let's try it out. Equal filter, open parenthesis. My array is the same. We select it, Control Shift, arrow down, comma. Now what is my criteria? First criteria is the same. We need the category equal bars, so open parenthesis, select my category the same way. Control Shift arrow down equal. You have bar, then close parenthesis times because it's an N condition, open parenthesis. We want the quantity. So we select the first one, Control Shift arrow down. We want it bigger than. We go up. Select my 50, close parenthesis, comma if empty, no data, and then double quotation, close parenthesis, press Enter. Here you see we get cut off at 54. So my first carried out at 33 is gone because it doesn't fulfill the criteria. So you get the second one and so on. Now let's understand how this works. I'm just going to go get my first criteria, which is this one, control C escape. I will go here, equal based it, press Enter. So you get a bunch of true and false. We get the second one. Control C Escape, go here, paste it, put equal at the front, equal, and then you get a bunch of true and false. So this means that the category is bars, and this means that the quantity is less than 50. Now, if you remember what Excel does, a true is equal to one, force is equal to zero. So here I have a multiplication. So I'm doing this one times this one. Let's just double-click. And you can see that wherever I have two trues, it's a one times one, and then it's one. So in this case, this is my 54 catalogs. In this case is my 51 carrot. Now, if it was a plus, because if we want to do a normal condition, so one of the two, if you have a plus, let's press Enter. And if you can see, we're getting the bars, carrots 33. Now the bars is okay. The search history is not, but because one of the two conditions is fulfilled, it works. Here. Cracker is not bars, but 87 is above 50, so it's coming and so on. How does it work? Let's just replace the times with a plus and just double-click. And you can see again, through is the one false is zero. So wherever I have one or two, because here you have two trues, it will come in my data. And this is how a filter works. 110. S9 L10 Unique (*****): Let's say goodbye to remove duplicates in Excel. So you remember the old way where you have to select your data, go click on Remove Duplicates, and then you get your value. And this is static. Now we have a formula for this. So we have this unique formula with the following syntax. First of all, you have your array, which is the data that you want to work on. And then you have two optional parameters. Honestly, I nearly never use them. The first one is by cold, which means that if your data is in tabular format, the default is zero. So you don't have to do anything. If it's not, if it's in reverse, then you can use one as a parameter. And the second one is exactly once. If you don't do anything, you'll get all the unique values in your dataset. If you put one, you will get only the values that are appearing one time in your dataset. Now let's go to Excel and let's look at this function. Here we are back to 9.099 point. Then I have hidden the data in between. And what I want to do is get the unique categories. So obviously here we have the whole thing. But what I'm gonna do equal unique open parenthesis, your array. We start here, Control Shift arrow down. And then I'm not going to use by coal. And not exactly once. Let's close parenthesis press Enter. You can see you have four categories. Bars, crackers, cookies, and snacks. Now you can use this formula on more than one column. So here, if I just click and drag this to the product, you can press Enter. And now you get a unique combination of products and category 4 bar. You have bars cutouts. Here you have bars, brand and bars banana. And this is how the unique function works. 111. S9 L11 Filtering non adjacent columns (*****): Since now you are well-versed with some of the formulas related to dynamic arrays. This is a time for a challenge. Your boss gave you this HR data. And what she wants is the names of the employees and their departments where the salary is above hundred $20,000. Now the problem if you see here, the employee name is here and the department is here. And so far in this course, we have not seen what to do when you have non adjacent columns and you are using the filter formula. The other thing I want to tell you is that this is formatted as an Excel table. If you're not sure what this Excel table, you can refer to a less than in the same section. So now let's start. What we're gonna do first is filtered the employees where the salary is above hundred 20. So we will do equal filter, open parenthesis. My array starts from here till the department. Control Shift arrow down comma. Now you have include. Include will be my condition and it's based on salaries, right? So we click here and we do Control Shift arrow down, bigger than you go up, you select 120. Now notice how, because I have an Excel table, you can see the names of the columns up. And now I'm not going to use this node data if you don't find anything that if empty. So let's just close parenthesis and press Enter. So here you get this right. Now how to filter this employees? Well, this is where I'm going to show you a cool trick. On top of this filter formula. What I want to do is add another filter. So now my arrays, all this, this filter data, karma. What do I have to include? This is where we're going to do curly brackets and closed curly brackets. And in the middle, this is the trick. Every column that you want will be a one. Every column that you don't want will be a zero. So one for employee name because I wanted sex, marital description, date of birth. I don't want so that's zero comma zero comma, zero comma. Then I want the department. So that's the one I am done. I don't want to use this FMT. Close parenthesis, press Enter. And now as you can see, you get all the employees and their departments where the salary is above hundred 20. Now let's do something else. I want the unique positions and departments. How to do this? You can see position is here, department is here. So to get this, what we're gonna do first is read the whole thing using the same technique and just keeping position and departments. So let's do it. Let's go there. Equal filter, open parenthesis. Let's go here. We select the position. We do shift arrow to the right till the department Control Shift arrow down. This is my array comma. Let's go up. We will use the same trick, curly bracket, curly brackets. Now here in the middle position I want so that's the one employee is x my little description, date of birth. I don't want so those are four zeros. So we're going to have them. Then comma, I want the department that's a one. If empty, I'm not going to use close parenthesis, press Enter. And if you see here, now you're getting all the positions and departments. Now what to do to get the unique ones? So easy? We have our unique formula. We wrap it in unique. We don't need by color and exactly once close parenthesis, press Enter, you'll get your results. Now, one bonus trick I want to do. I want the same thing as here, but I want to sort them by salary. So how to do this? Let me just do unhide year, so we have a bit of space. And let's start. What I want to do first is to filter my data for salaries above hundred 20. So we go here, equal filter, open parenthesis. My array starts at employee name. We select until salary this time. And then we just do Control Shift arrow down. So be careful the difference between the first one and this one is that I took salary within my array comma include. Here my condition is the same. I want the salary Control Shift arrow down bigger than you just go up. Select your 120. Let's not use if empty, close parenthesis. So here what I'm getting is all the names, the information, and the salaries above hundred 20. Now it's starting to sort them. So we do sort open parenthesis. This is my array comma. My sort index is which column? 123456. So my salary is the sixth column, comma sort order I want descending and by cold, I'm not going to use. So close parenthesis. Press Enter. You have Janet King. She is number one. Now that I have this, let's use our filtering technique to get rid of this column. So here we will do a filter open parenthesis. Now my array is the whole thing. Comma includes. Let's do curly bracket, curly brackets in-between the first column. I want comma, then I don't want those three here. So that's three zeros comma, I want this one, that's a one. And I don't want the salary that's a zero. Let's not use if mg, close parenthesis, press Enter. You can see that Janet is now at the top of the list compared to what we had before. I wanted to show you how you can combine formulas. And I wanted to show you a trick that a lot of pros do not know how to filter this way. 112. S9 L12 Creating a dropdown menu (*****): Your boss is impressed by what you have done so far. And she wants you to create the drop down menu using data validation for category. And obviously she wants you to use the new dynamic array formulas. So now what I want to do is use the unique formula on category. So equal, unique, open parenthesis. Let's select the bars and then control shift down, close parenthesis, press Enter. As you can see, we get bars, crackers, cookies, and snacks. So now let's try to put this in the drop-down menu here, validation list. And then we go here, select those four. That's great. Press, Okay, we get them. No problem. But now, what would happen if e.g. we get a new one? Aaa. You can see it's here. That's great. But if I go here, I have triple a, no snacks. And that's a mistake that a lot of people make in Excel. If we go back to the data validation, you can see that we are selecting only J1 to J4 and now J5. So when this expands, it's not taking into account how to fix this. Very simple. Equal. You select the bar and you put a hashtag. So now that will ensure that it will take the whole species range of this formula. Press Okay. Now you can see you have all of them. Let's add another one. So one, press Enter. You can see that everything is coming in the drop-down automatically. 113. S9 L13 Filtering based on DropDown Menu (*****): Now that you have the drop-down menu, your next task is to get the products corresponding to the value. Select it. Let's do it together. What I'm gonna do is what? Userfilter formula, equal filter, open parenthesis. My array is now my products because this is what I want. Control Shift, arrow down, comma, what do I have to include? What is my condition? My condition is that the category should be equal to the selected category. So let's select bars, Control Shift arrow down, and then you do equal, go up. Here you have bars, so you select bars, FMT. I'm not going to use close parenthesis. Press Enter. And now you see you get a lot of duplicates. So what do we do in this case? We use uniq, unique, open parenthesis, close parenthesis. I don't care about the other arguments as usual. And there you go. Get Out brand banana. Now let's select crackers. You get these cookies, and so on. This is the power of dynamic array formulas. You can see how the data will automatically adjust based on what you select. 114. S9 L14 Improve your calculations with Dynamic Arrays (*****): Now that you've got your products, it is time to do the next step in your report, which is calculating the sum of sales. Now, I'm gonna do this the traditional way. So you can see the shortcomings before we use dynamic array formulas. So what is the formula that you need to use to get the sum of sales? Remember, it was in the statistical part of this course. It is some F and some EFS. Let's use some FS here. Open parenthesis, Your some ranges. This one comma, what is your criteria? It is your product. Let's use F4 on those two. And then we do comma equal to potato chips in this case, close parenthesis, press Enter, you'll get your results. Now I can drag my result here and I get my grandson. That's great. But the problem comes if I go to bars, I don't get the banana. This is one of the shortcomings that you have in the traditional Excel way. You wouldn't have to add formulas. And this is not great. So what to do to transform this into a dynamic array formula? Basically, you have to do one thing. Let's delete this formula. Go here. Next to K7. Let's use the hash sign. Hash will take the whole range, which is great for me. Press Enter, you'll get it. Let's go to crackers. You'll see it automatically updates cookies and snack. And this is the power of dynamic arrays. 115. S9 L15 Formatting with Dynamic Arrays (*****): Now that you have built the drop-down menu for your category, you've got the product based on the drop-down menu and calculate the corresponding sales. It's time to add a bit of punch and coloring to your dashboard. So here what we want to do is add some box. First step in this is get the sales. So here, instead of writing the formula, again, I can just do equal this and put the hash sign. When you put the hash, it will take everything you have in the range, press Enter, you are good. Next, conditional formatting. We go here and we do data bars, more rules. And here I can change the color. Let me use a nicer color. And then we can say, okay, you can see we get the data bar. However, if I go here and select bars, I have a problem, right? Because this one is not coming. So let's try our hash sign with conditional formatting. So here we just click Manage Rules. You can see the rule apply m seven to eight. What if I put M7 hash? Press? Okay? It seems that now it's working. You can see the bar. But now, what if I go to bars, this one and I put another one, triple a? You have the same problem again. This is the limitation of Excel for now, the hashtag will not work with conditional formatting. So what to do in this case? Where you can just go back to the rule, managed rules. And here you can take a buffer. So if you know e.g. that you won't go more than 15. Just put 15 press. Okay. And now it will work. If I try all of them, you see it's automatic, it's good. And if I have more e.g. in bars one, and then I go back to bars, you can see that it will come automatically. So this is what you can do for the time being. 116. S9 L16 Charts with Dynamic Arrays (*****): Your analysis will not get completed unless you add a chart to it. And what I want to do is see how the dynamic array formulas will behave with the chart. So let's try to insert a chart. Here. I'm going to take the only product we have, go try to insert a chart. So this is my chart. Let's make it a bit smaller so we can see instead of whole wheat, It's not nice. Let's do equal and select e.g. Total Sales. Press Enter. You can see you get total sales here. And now let's just move it here and see what happens if I select bars e.g. so here I have three, but I only see one. What can I do in this case? Let's try the hash sign. So right-click Select Data, edit. And let's go here. Put two hash press. Okay? Well, you'll get an error because it doesn't work like this. Now what's the solution? There is one, fortunately, it's not like conditional formatting. What you can do is create name ranges. So let's do one for products and one for sum of safe. So here we just go to Formulas, Name Manager, new, and then we're going to call it product range. Remember the names. Let's click Select the first product and put hash. Press Enter. Here it let me do it. Great. Another one for the sales. So some saves range. Let's select this one. Put the hash, press, Enter, press. Okay. Now let's close this. Go back to the chart. Right-click Select Data. Edit. Here. Let's remove everything after the exclamation mark. This is my sum range. Press Okay, it let me do it. You can see it here. And here. Let's edit, remove here and do product range. Press, Okay, press Okay, you can see your products. Now I can just do a bit of formatting. I'm just clicking on some of the things and pressing Delete. Here, I click at the bottom, go to home. Click on B2, make it bold. I can click on my chart. Click here Data Labels, and next I don't like this color. So just right-click Format Data Series, you go here. Let's change it to this color, e.g. and then we don't want the border. So we can go here and we can see e.g. chart area. You have border for border, no line. Here. We have our chart. Let's put it here. Close this, make it a little bit smaller. And here you go. This is your mini dashboard. 117. S9 L17 Sequence (*****): The sequence formula is a formula that you rarely use on its own. Usually you combine it with other formulas. So in this lesson, I'm just going to show you the syntax. And in the next one, we will go for a practical example. Here, the sequence function basically returns a list of numbers and it has four parameters. One is mandatory, three are optional. The rows is the number of rows you want to have. Then you have columns, which is the number of columns you want to have. The default is one column. The start is the starting number you want to have. The default is one. And then the step by how much you want to increase between each number. So the default is also one. Now, let's go for a practical example. If you have sequence 331.2, it means you will get three rows of data, three columns of data. You're going to start at number one, and you will increment each number by two. And if you notice, the way the increment works, it goes from left to right. So this is why you get 135 and then you go down, you get 7911 and so on. We will go in the next lesson and check this out. 118. S9 L18 Real life Dashboard with Sequence, Filter & Sort (*****): We are back with our Excel sheet containing HR data. And here your boss tasked you with two things. The first one is to get the top three salaries in this database. The second one is to get the top x salaries. Here I have three, but I can change it. And based on this, get all the information related to the employee. So let's start with the first task. If I didn't have dynamic arrays, what can I do? Well, there is a formula that we studied to get the top x numbers. If you remember, it was large. So let's do it. Equal large, open parenthesis, select your salaries, go down. You can see since I have a table, an Excel table, I get the name of the table and the column name comma, I want the largest salary. So that's a one, close parenthesis, press Enter. You'll get the largest one. Now you copy. And then you put two here, and here, three, and you get the top three. This is okay. But this is not very nice. It's manual. So do you remember a formula that could come in handy when we just studied the formula called sequence. If we just put three rows and we don't choose the other arguments, we get 123. So why not use this here? Let's do sequence than three, close parenthesis. You get the spill error. But if I delete those two numbers, now your result is here, which is great. So now let's use the same concept, but with the top accelerates. So I can just copy this Control C Escape, go here and paste it. The only thing I need to change is this three. I need to refer it to this three. Press Enter. Now, if you have five, you get the top five salaries. Now that I have the salaries, let's get the employee information. So the information is here. Let's get it with a filter formula. Equal filter, open parenthesis. My array is everything. Let's select it. Control Shift arrow down. Then you do comma, include what you want to include while you have the salaries. Let's select them with Control Shift arrow down, bigger or equal then what do we want? We want the largest x salary. Here we have five. So it has to be bigger or equal than the fifth salary that you have in this database. So here you can use large open parenthesis. This is my array. Again, Control Shift, arrow down, and then comma. You need your K. Your K is here. Close parenthesis. Then if empty, I'm not going to use, Let's close parenthesis, press Enter. So here if you see you get the same salaries that you have here. The problem is that they are not sorted. So let's sort them out. Sorts open parenthesis, this is my array, comma sort, index is my salary. So the column is 1234567. So that's seven Scholar. And then comma, I want descending, double-click here, close parenthesis, press Enter. So now they are in the same order. The only problem is I have the salary here and here. To get rid of the salary, we can use a trick we saw in another lesson in the same section, which is by filtering out the columns. So here I'm going to do filter open parenthesis. This is my array comma, what to include? You remember, we did curly brackets, curly brackets, and every column we want to include this one. Every column we don't want to include is a zero. So here I want to include the first six and not the seventh. So six ones with commas, those are three, this is six and then you have the zero, then you don't want to do if empty. So close parenthesis, press Enter. The salaries are gone and your analysis is complete. So if I do e.g. then you can see that I get the top ten salaries. 119. S9 L19 Recap of Randarray (***): So this is a recap lesson about random array because we already saw it in the statistical section of this course when we generated random numbers. But basically this function will return a random list of numbers. It has five parameters. All of them are optional. So the first one is rho, which is the number of rows of data you want. The default is one row, so that's the minimum. Then you have columns, which is the number of columns you want. The default is one, so minimum one row, one column, and that's one cell. Then you have Min and max, which is what is your minimum possible number? What is your maximum possible number? The defaults are zero for men and one for max. And then you have integer. So if you want whole numbers, you put one. If you want decimal, it will be zero. And decimals is the default option. So if you don't do anything, you don't put any parameter. You will get one number. That will be decimal 0-1. Now let's look at an example. Rand array, 33100, true, what will happen? You will get three rows, three columns. The minimum number can be one, the maximum can be hundreds. And you'll get whole numbers because you put true. True is equivalent to putting one. 120. S9 L20 Frequency (*****): The frequency function is a very relevant function. If you want to know how many records you have between different ranges of values. So e.g. here I have ten records less than hundred, 54 records, 100-223 records above 200. So this is a very useful function when you want to do this kind of calculation. Now, if you see the syntax of this formula, it has two parameters. One is the data array, which is your dataset, and two is your veins, which are the intervals are showed you above e.g. between hundred to 200, et cetera. Now, you have two things you have to be careful when you use the frequency function. The first one is that you always have to use the upper intervals. So e.g. I. Should not use less than hundred, hundred to 200 and so on. I should use hundred, 200 and so on. And the other thing you need to be careful is that the data would overflow. So e.g. here, this 23 will be above 200, they will come automatically. You don't have to write 201. It is within the formula to understand this. Now let's see how this formula will help us satisfy our demanding boss. Here we have the Excel sheet with the HR data. And your boss wants you to do an analysis where you're going to have the number of people with salaries 0-505200 and so on. And as you can see, I've put the upper ranges to be able to use our frequency formula. So let's use our frequency formula and let's see what we get. Equal frequency, open parenthesis, you need your data array, so I select my salary, but Control Shift arrow down gamma. Next you need your bins. The bins are re, is here. We just select them, close parenthesis, press Enter. And here you get the counts. And as I told you in the PowerPoint, you have two people above 200,000. D formula will always give you this extra number. Now, how can you get those numbers in a different way? Let me show you. You just go to salary Control Shift arrow down and then you do insert, you select the histogram. This is our histogram. You just cut it. So Control x, you go up, you just paste it here. Let's make it a bit smaller to see. And let's go up. Here. You need to change this x axis. So double-click and you have options. We're going to start with overflow bin, which is my maximum. It is 200, 200,000. Then underflow bin, it is my minimum which is 50,000. You can see it here. Let's put 50. Then you have the bandwidths, which is the difference between the lowest point of the bin and the highest point. It is 50,000 everywhere, as you can see. So we do 50,000 and then we click outside. And let's just close this one. Click on the chart plus data labels, and then you get 31, 256,185.2, exactly the same numbers you have here. Now your boss is demanding. What she wants to do is have everything flexible. She wants to have a max step, get all the bands and the number of staff so she can play with it and see what to present to management. So how to do this? Let's think about it. What can give me numbers like this? When you can think about the sequence formula, Let's do equal sequence, open parenthesis, the number of rows. If you see here, I have four rows, we have the same data. So how did I get the four rows? I have 200/50, right? Because that's my maximum divided by my step. So 200/50 comma the columns is easy. It's one. Start, it starts at 50. So we take our step comma. And the step, if you see the difference between each bin, it is 50,000. So it's equal to our step. Also, close parenthesis, press Enter and you get exactly the same result. Now, we just need our frequency formula. So let's copy it, Control-C escape. We go here, we paste it, and we just changed the range. Instead of this. We just select this. You can see it becomes the first cell and the hash sign. So if the range increases or decreases, we don't have a problem. Press Enter and you'll get the same result. Now, I can change this to 30,000, e.g. you can see how the result is changing. I can make it 60. Same thing. You get different numbers and everything automatically adjust. Your boss will be happy. 121. S9 L21 Create a Matrix with Transpose (*****): After so much time spent analyzing the HR data, it's time to go back to the sales data. And what your boss wants is something like this. A table, a matrix which has the category here, and then the cities here, and the sum of sales for every combination. So I'm going to show you how to do this very quickly with dynamic array formulas. So the first thing we need is the categories. My categories are in column D. So what formula can I use to generate the distinct values while you have unique, so equal, unique, open parenthesis, we select the first one, Control Shift, arrow down. We don't need the other parameters. Close parenthesis, press enter. Now you get this. Let's get the cities the same way. Equal unique, open parenthesis. This is my first city. Control Shift, arrow down, close parenthesis, press Enter. Now the cities or in this way, but I want them this way. What to do? If you remember one lesson we did on transposing data. There were several ways. Since we have dynamic arrays, we can use the formula transpose, open parenthesis. It only needs an array. This is my array, close parenthesis, press Enter, done. The next thing to do is calculate the sales based on those two conditions. So what formula can I use? If you think about it, remember the statistical part, some F S. Now, if you don't have dynamic array formulas, you would do it this way. Let's go to the Formula bar equals sum fs, open parenthesis. My sum range is this one, comma criteria range one is my category comma. It should equal bars comma. The second criteria is the city comma equal Boston, close parenthesis, press Enter. You get the result, but you will have to fix things and then drag the formula this way. And this way. You don't need to do that. With dynamic array. We just have to change inside the formula and we'll get the result. So instead of this one, H-H, let's just select the first one. Do Control Shift arrow down, you can see it becomes H2 hash. So that's my speed range, That's one down. Then I need to change my column Z. So what I can do is select the first one, do the same thing. Let's go up. What do we have next canine? So instead of just one, Let's select the whole range. You can see it becomes a canine with a hash. So if this increases, there won't be a problem. Then instead of C, we will do the same thing. Select C2, control shift arrow down. Here. Instead of what we could do is just select the whole range of cities and you get the hash. So again, if it increases, no problem, press enter. All your values are here. You are done. All you need to do is change the format. So select the numbers. Click here. Just make it nicer than you need to change the color here. So let's select a color. Here, we can select another color. Let's select this one than the font is white. The font is white here. I need the grid line, so I just select this and then click put a grid line. Then the last trick I'm going to show you is how to make this, this way which is nicer. So select those, control than select those. You click here, you go to Borders, select white, and then you click Outline and inside you will see nothing here. But the trick is, it makes it like this, which looks much better than having them without those white lines. And you're done. 122. S9 L22 Merging Spilled ranges (*****): I'm going to teach you a trick for pros with dynamic array formulas. And you're gonna really like it because it would be very helpful if you are doing dynamic dashboards. So here I have my sales data and I want to get my list of products. This is easy. You just use unique. You select the first product, Control Shift, arrow down, close parenthesis, press Enter. Now I want to calculate the sales for every product. So here I can use some fs equals sum, open parenthesis. Your sum range is H2. Then Control Shift arrow down. You can see the hash because it's spelled formula comma. What is your criteria range one, it is my product. So let's just do Control Shift, arrow down, comma. What is your criteria? My criteria is this. I'm just going to select the whole range. You're going to get the hash. So if it expands, no problem, close parenthesis, and you'll get the results. Now let's sort this array by sales. So if I do equals salt, open parenthesis, I select my array indexes column to sort order is descending, so minus one, close parenthesis, you get your results. No problem. Everything looks good. The problem will come. If I add the category. Let's add triple a here. You can see that this one expands. This one doesn't expand. So I lost one of my products. Why? Because if you go to the formula here, it only refers to a range. If the range expands, it's not going to work. What to do in this case. Let me show you, Let's do control Z. Then the solution is something you don't think about. We're going to use our old friends choose. So let's delete this and do choose here equals open parenthesis. For index number. We're gonna do something special. We're gonna do curly bracket one, comma two. So now I'm choosing the first value, the second value. And we did something like this when we use filter actual value one. Let's select this. You can see it has the hash comma value two. We select this. It has the hash close parenthesis. Press Enter. Now what happens is that you get one array that includes both columns. So I can just sort it by putting salt in front. And then I can do comma sorts indexes to sort order minus one, close parenthesis, press Enter. And as you can see, now, if I just add one new, both of the ranges will expand because this becomes one array. And this is how you can use this trick for dynamic dashboards. So you don't have surprises. If you get more categories of products. 123. S9 L23 Simplify your formula with Let (*****): Let is not a formula that you will use a lot in Excel. But once you have complicated formulas, it can help you improve the readability. So what does it do? It's like a mini program. It allows you to declare variables, assigned values, and perform calculation. So let's look at the syntax. It has led name one, name value one, and then calculation or name2, named value two and so on. So what is name one? Name one is the name of your first variable, name value, one is what you will assign to your first value. But it could be a number, it could be a text, it could be a range of cells. It could be a calculation of formula. So many options. Once you do this, you have named to a name value to, it's the same, it's another value. But once you are done with those combinations, you have to perform a calculation. So let me show you an example to understand. This is a simple one. So here you have lead, price and five. So your first variable, you will call it price. You will give it a value of five. Then second variable is called quantity. It has a value of two. And finally, you want to perform a calculation which is price times quantity. So price equal five, quantity equal to five times two equals ten. Let's take another example. And now we have price and phi, same thing. Then you have quantity as the second variable. But instead of assigning a value of two, you're assigned two times price, which is a calculation. So it becomes two times five is ten. And finally, once you are done, you have price times quantity, which means five times ten equals 50. So this is important to improve readability. As I said, Let's go use it in Excel on the previous formula that we wrote. If you remember what we have done in the previous lesson, we use choose to combine two arrays of data into one. So then if they expand, I won't have a problem. Now the issue is if you want to do this in one step, so you don't want to depend on those two formulas. It will become very messy. So let's do it together. We're going to replace L6 by this formula. So Control C Escape. Let's go here. Let's replace it. Then. We're going to replace K6 by this formula. So Control-C Escape. Let's go here. This is k six, and here you have another K6. And you can see how the formula is. Now, press Enter. If I delete this, there is no problem anymore. So let's do Control Z. And let's see how that will help us improve the readability of this formula. Let's take this formula, control C escape. And let me paste it here so you can see it and we can start. So the first thing we're gonna do is equally open parenthesis, we need our first variable. The first variable is product. I can call it product comma. I need to assign it the value. The value is this formula. So let me put one and then let's do Alt, Enter to go to the line. Let's go to the line and other time, we need our calculation step. So I'm just going to put one here for calculation and put a comma. So you can see I have product as name1, one, as name-value one. And here is my calculation. Press Enter. We don't care about the result. What I care about is get this unique formula. Control C. We go here and we assign it to product. Next, if we go to the line, what do we have? We have the sales, right? So let's call it sales comma. Now I'm going to assign one as we did for the product. Photo camera. Press Enter. The calculation returns one. Always. No problem. Let's just copy this formula. Escape. We go here, assign it. Now if you see here, I'm using k six, but k six is my product, right? So since I've defined it, we can write product instead. Press Enter. No problem. After doing this, what did I do? I use choose right? This is my truth formula. So I can just go here and do Alt Enter. Let me make this bigger. So you can see here we define shoes. So here I'm going to call it c h comma. The value is a formula, right? So choose open parenthesis. We have curly brackets, one comma, two curly brackets comma. Then what did I choose? I chose the product which I already have, and the sales which I already have. Let's close the choose function. Comma, press Enter. Again, it works. And what was the final step? It was the calculation step where I sorted. So let's delete this one and now do salt open parenthesis. We had to choose array which is called CH. Now gamma, the sort index was the second column, so two comma minus one for descending close parenthesis. Press Enter. You'll get the same result. If I delete this, both of them are there. But now at least if somebody reads it, it's a bit easier to understand versus this version where I have a formula within a formula within a formula. So this is how you can use lead in those situations where you have to share the workbook with somebody or look at it later on. And you want to remember what you have done.