Wine for All - Taught by a Certified WSET Level III & Spanish Wine Scholar - Start Learning NOW!

1. Getting Started: Welcome to this course. I am so glad that you decided to learn more about one, and I promise you will not regret it. Before we get started, I want to share with you to resources that will help you out a lot throughout this course. The first one is a wine lingo sheet. I want you to feel comfortable with all the words that are commonly used in the world of wine. So I created this sheet for you. You just have to print it out. Haben with you and look at it every time you feel a little bit lost with one of the terms, I promise you, it will come in very, very handy. It's available for you to download in the resources section. So please make sure you have that ready. Okay. The second resource, a list of recommended wine bottles. I want you to make the most out of this course. I wanted to be a learning experience for you, but of course, I also want it to be a fun and relaxing experience. So I encourage you to have a glass of your favorite wine while going through the different chapters. So if you don't have a favorite wine or don't feel comfortable yet selecting a line. Please look at the recommended widens and feel free to check one out. 2. Introduction: What is ln? The answer might surprise you. Wind is simply this fermented grape juice. But it's so much more. For centuries, wine has inspired poets, musicians, painters, architects, and it continues to do so. When you say col trolled transferring so many countries, it's shaped history and this provided financial means for people around the world. Wine is present during birthdays, graduations, engagements, weddings, lines celebrates life. So learning about wine is not just learning about fermented grape juice. It's learning history, geography, geology, and so much more in this course is the voyage into the fascinating world of wine. Let's get started. 3. Definition Of Wine, Styles and History: Let's start off with the main question. What is wine and what are the components of wine? Whiteness, an alcoholic beverage that is made with fermented grapes. If it has no alcohol, it is not wine. The main components of wind or water, alcohol, and glycerol. Now let's talk about the styles of wine. There are many ways of classifying the styles of wine, but most wines will fall under one of these categories. Sparkling, white, red, Rosie, dessert wine, and fortified wine. Now let's briefly talk about life history, fascinating. We don't know who drank the first-line. There's archaeological evidence showing us its trajectory over the years. So let's go back in time. 8 thousand years before Christ, the Egyptians started making a drink from red grapes, similar to when this drink was used mainly for ceremonies. Now, Egyptians were also, of course, in touch with the Phoenicians and deduce. So they might have introduced him to this beverage. 6 thousand years before Christ. This is the earliest evidence of wine in the country of Georgia, 5 thousand years before Christ. This is the earliest evidence of wine in Persia, which is modern day Iran, 4100 years before Christ. This is the date of the oldest winery known in the world. And it is in the country of Armenian. 4 thousand years before Christ is the earliest evidence of blinding in Sicily. Now, let's talk about the Phoenicians because they played an important role in shaping the history of Wayne. Phoenicia, which was centered in what is now Lebanon, developed a strong trade culture and their influence expanded from the Levant to North Africa, Greece, Sicily, and the entire Iberia Peninsula. What are they bringing with them? Great Finance. And this was between 1200 years before Christ and 539 years before Christ. Now, 800 years before Christ. The Greeks were exposed to the Phoenicians and they perfected the Wang beverage. They even named a god after the wine. Dionysus, a 146 years before Christ. That is when the Roman Empire takes place. And it makes wine, it's own. It also created a thought after it. The name of that block is Baptists, their own wind god. The Empire expanded and grapevines were planted across all of Martin V. Europe. Now, let's fast forward a little bit. 380. This is now after Christ, the Roman empire adopted Christianity and wine became a central part of religious sacraments. As the Catholic faith and religion expanded so that the production and consumption of wayne, OK. Now it's 1492. In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in America. So line travels to the New World and it's spread across the entire continent. And while the rest is history. As part of this chapter, I want to share with you some fun facts about when some of these fats will surprise you and I'm sure you'll be sharing them with your friends. Okay, so here we go. There are many species of grapevines. However, the only when used for wine meeting is called Vitis vinifera. Champagne bottles containing more pressure than the tire of a car. Women are more likely to feel the effects of wine because they have a lower amount of enzymes needed to break down and clear the alcohol from the body. The world's oldest bottle of wine dates back to 325 AD. And it is found in the country of Germany. During the early Roman times. If a husband found his wife drinking wine, he could kill her. It was absolutely forbidden for women to drink wine. Of course, that was other than for religious sacraments. Speaking ever lead to sacraments. Vatican City, during film, most wine per capita at 74 liters, a blind per person. That's a lot of wine. It takes between four hundred and forty and six hundred and sixty grapes to meet a standard size bottle of wine. As lining Aegis, that color changes. Red wines become lighter and peeler, and white lines become darker and deeper. Portugal is the main producer of courts globally. This includes 340 thousand tons of natural wine corks. That's a lot of trees. A 125 milliliters small glass of red wine has around one quarter teaspoon of sugar in it. That's nothing. So we've learned some fun facts about wine. Now, let's check out some of the wind Misconceptions. I'm willing to share with you several statements that are all false about when and we'll dive into them. One, whiteness for Snopes, the more, you know, the amorphous not you become. Many years ago when I was just starting to get into wine, I met a winemaker in Spain that told me something that really, really stayed with me. A winemaker is a farmer. He spends most of his days under the sun, caring for the land and with his hands. A bottle of wine represents the land where it is grown and all the people who worked so hard to produce it. There is nothing snobby about that. Tooth. Good wine is expensive. Yeah. No, good wine does not have to be expensive. And I'm gonna say that one more time. Good wine does not have to be expensive. There are many things and many factors that contribute to the price of a lion. And the actual product is just one of them. You have the cost of the land, which is of course specific to a region. You have labor, production, marketing, packaging, and so on. So don't let the price fully. The older the line, the better. Absolutely not. In fact, most wines are meant to be drunk young, because not all wines age well. It all depends on how they are meat. It's all about when the wind reaches its peak. The peak is this small timeframe when the wine is at its best. Some wines are produced in a way that they need a lot of tiny, even decades to reach this peach. But others, most of them reached their peak within one to three years. So don't let the year of a wine full year either. For red wine is better than white wine. So there is some misconception that red wine is harder to produce and therefore of more value. This is not true. White wines can be just as complex as red wines. The only difference is that white lines, or at least most of them, have no skin contact. Whereas red lines spend some time on their skin, which is by the way, where the color and the tannins come from. And the last misconception, five, screw cap equals low quality wine. Screw cap lines used to be considered low quality wines and some people are still under that impression. However, wines that have screw caps now can actually be much more dependable than corks in preventing oxidation. Course, of course, are still more commonly used when bottling. If this is mainly due to tradition. The beauty of Wayne though, is that innovation and tradition can work hand-in-hand to create some oranges results. So in this chapter, we learned about the components of wine. Brief history of line, fun facts and some wine misconceptions as well. Have a quick question, freedom. What is the species of grapevine used for winemaking? Do you know the answer? Vitis vinifera? I have a very simple activity plan for one of the best parts of tasting a wine is identifying the aromas it has. I know you probably think this is very difficult and only for experts, but that's not at all the case. If you're able to smell, then you're able to identify aromas that are known to you. Let me explain it like this. From the timer born, we started incorporating a bank of aromas, of smells in our memory because as kiss, we usually smell something before we eat it. Have you ever noticed that Pete's always smell food before putting it in their mouth? As we grow older, we stopped smelling. And that makes it harder for us to remember and identify aromas. And of course, it makes it impossible for us to incorporate new ones. So lemon, orange, honey, strawberries and so on. These are all smells that are stored in your memory. All you have to do is refresh it. So I have a fun and very simple activity plan for you. I want you to smell every single thing you eat before you put it in your mouth, identified the aroma, and try to make a mental note about it. So let's say you're having lemon chicken with asparagus and pull the aromas apart and identify the lemon, the asparagus, and the mint. The idea is for you to get in the habit of smiling again and incorporating new smells tier personal bank aroma. 4. Understand How Wine is Made: In this chapter, we are going to learn about the lifecycle of the mind and the winemaking process that allows us to then import ourselves a glass of blame and enjoy it. Let's start off by learning three key facts about the great fine. It is a perennial plant. This means that it grows during the spring and summer. It dies during the fall and the winter, and then it comes back to life again in the spring. Usually, wine is produced from a vine starting the third year. The grapevine can start producing fruit even before the first year. However, that fruit will be too young for it to be used for wine. It's usually not until the third year that the grapes will be ready for wine production. Harvest occurs at a different time depending on the location of the vineyard. As you know, the world is divided into two hemispheres. We have the same seasons but at different times of the year. Therefore, great setup grow in the Northern Hemisphere are in a different part of their cycle than the ones growing in the southern hemisphere. For example, harvest in the northern hemisphere is usually between August and October. Were asked harvest in the southern hemisphere is usually between February and April. Now let's look at the key moments in the annual lifecycle of grapevine. Pruning. If you're into bargaining. Well, you know that pruning is very important for fruit trees and plants is the same for the vine. During the winter, the vine is pruned and it's when the wine grower determines how the vinyl girl that here, bud break in the springtime, April, May in the northern hemisphere, and September, October in the Southern Hemisphere, we see the first signs of life. The small leads start coming out, and that is called BadBreak. Flowering. In the springtime, the vine also starts producing beautiful flowers. These flowers self pollinate. They actually don't need the help of 0s. Fruit set. This happens in late spring time. The grapes begin to form as clusters of berries. They are growing and ripening. Canopy management. This is in the summer and canopy management is basically taking care of the vitamins. You need to arrange them, make sure they stay, how the position them properly, remove some leaves and so on. Very often, this happens in the summer. And this is the beautiful stage in which the grapes begin to change their color and right than harvest. Oh, group, this is the best time of the year and a reason of celebration in so many countries. If you've never participated in a grape harvest and you happen to live close to a vineyard. I highly recommend you volunteer. It's fun. And yeah, it's a lot of work, but it helps you also realize all that goes into making a bottle of wine. And then you have dormancy. And this comes with winter. During the winter, the foliage dice off, Bruner's trimmed the vines and the cycle begins again. Now that we understand the lifecycle of a grapevine, let's look at how those grapes actually become white. We are going to look at the process for red wine, white wine, and Rosie. They are very similar with just some minor differences. Red wine. First, the grapes are harvested. Do you remember when the grapes are harvested? So let's not forget it. In the Northern Hemisphere, harvest is usually between August and October. And in the southern hemisphere, it's usually between February and April. Harvest can be by hand or with the machine. The benefits of harvesting with a machine is that it's faster. The benefits of harvesting manually is that the grapes are selected individually. The second step is pressing or crushing. This separates the liquid from the solid. Once this is done, the juice and the skins are placed together in a fermentation vessel. Rest, ferment with their skin. That is how they get their color and tannins. Both of these properties are in the skins. That is why you can make white wine out of red grapes, but you can't make red wine out of white grapes. That color is in the sky. Most whites skip this process, so the skin is removed and white wines ferment without the skin. And this does not apply to all light winds. Some white wines actually do have skin contact, and this will produce wines with more structure and even an orange tone. The third step and probably most important one is fermentation. Fermentation is the process of the yeast converting sugar into alcohol. Let's first make sure you know what he's, our yeasts are microorganism, fungus that a living plant leaves, flower, fruits, soil, and so on. So fermentation happens when these tiny microorganisms the sugar and convert it to alcohol. I like to explain it like this. They yeast EPA sugar and put alcohol and then they die. Yeasts are everywhere. So the winemaker needs to decide what type of 0s will be used in fermentation. It can be the native yeast, which is the one that the grape has naturally, or a specific piece that they purchase. Fermentation takes about two to three weeks. Pump over or punched down. This is an ongoing process while fermentation is taking place. In this process, you basically make fifth skin with the juice so that it all benefits from being in contact with the skin. Remember, this skin will give the juice, the color, and the tannins. The following is, press. Once the line has fermented, it's time to remove the skin. This is called pressing the one. Then we have aging. This process is also optional. If the winemaker decides to age the wine, then an ageing vessel needs to be selected. It can be made out of stainless steel concrete, OK, or amphora. The following step is filtering or finding the line. Now. Regardless of whether the wine has been aging for two weeks to years or more, it's time to filter the when. This means getting rid of all the sediments, particles and lease the lease are the dead. He's there are many ways of filtering the ln. One is by passing it through a material that contains a series of very small holes or pores, similar to coffee filter. Another way is filtering by using an egg whites. Now, not all wines goal through this process, some winemakers preferred to leave their wines unfiltered. You'll actually read this in some labels where it says unfiltered or unconfined bottling. This is the last step. And here a decision needs to be made while on the type of bottle that will be used. And also the label. And of course, cork or screw cap. White line is made in very similar ways. Readline. We learned in the previous chapter that the color and red wines comes from the skin. Therefore, red wines are fermented with their skin is white, lines are not. So the process is very, very similar. You just have to skip lens that. Rosie who doesn't love a glass of Rosanna hot summer days, one of the best things to happen. So let's learn how Rosie is actually made. There are three major ways of producing Rosie, maceration, son Yang and the lending. Now, it's very important we remember where the color of the wine comes from, comes from the skin of the grape. So rosy wines are made with red grapes. They can be Blend, blend data with white grapes. At a red grape is a must. And let's look at the three possible production methods spent maceration during the fermentation process. When the yeasts are converting the sugar into alcohol, the winemaker decides for how long he will leave the juice in contact with the skin. For red wines, the skin content can take weeks. For Rosie's, it can take days or even hours, flips. A winemaker is happy with the color, the skins are removed and the fermentation process continues. Sung in this word in French means to believe in this process. The Braves are placed in facts. They are left there for a few hours or days, and deduce starts bursting out of the grapes. Once the juice has the color and the structure that the winemaker wants, then the juice is let out of the bat. It's basically opened up and the juice comes out. Then that Jews continues fermenting, but on its own, without the skin and without the seats. Now with what's left in the back, you can actually still produce a red wine. Blending. This one is pretty easy to understand. It's essentially combining red line with white way. And the result is well, Rosie, and it felt like the easiest method, but you'd be surprised to learn it's actually the one used the least. Are you ready for a quiz? Here we go. Where does the color of line come from? How long before a great find produces fruit that will be used for winemaking. When is the harvest in California? And when does the harvest in Argentina? 5. Wine Tasting: So throughout this course, we've been talking a lot and we'll continue talking a lot about the differences and the main characteristics between Old World wine and New World wine. And I have to say comparing them side-by-side is one of the things that I enjoy the most. I think it's so much fun trying to see which wine is from where. So I decided to do this with you guys to taste Dan and compare to p naught Mars. Now, the one to my right, this Pinot Noir is a French Peano Anwar from the region of Burgundy. And the one to my left is California pinion war. And this is from Santa Cruz County. Now let's start off by comparing the color. Already. I can tell that they're both a light Garnett. But if I look at them side-by-side, the California Peter norm has brighter or net tone. And the French painter and warm, the burgundy has more of a niche, garden net fit of a brownish undertone. Okay, so there we have of the color. Now. Now let's smell them. Okay, some smelling first, the French Pinot Noir. And in the nose, I'm definitely picking up red fruit. I'm gonna say a dark cherry, black cherry. And getting it also a little bit of eucalyptus and a touch of spice, maybe the peppery, like the white pepper. And get a little bit of many. And it definitely smells like stones. Imagine going through the forest on a rainy day. That type of smelling the forest floor. Okay. Now let's now the Peano more from California. So I'm also getting some red fruit, cherries, strawberries, raspberry. So again, also red fruit, same as the previous line, but this one, I would say that the fruit is not as right as the wine from France. I'm also getting herbal, herbal tones, definitely Rosemary, also some spice. So on the nose I notice one main difference. The Peano mar from friends has aromas that are riper and more of a forest floor characteristic to it. So it's a little bit more earthy. And opinion more from California. It also has fruit characteristics and it also has herbal aromas to it like rosemary, but it's brighter and it doesn't have that Earth, the component that the French penal moire has. Now let's taste them and look at their structure. Okay, this is definitely a line that has, I would say a medium to high acidity more on the higher spectrum. So Maran, the higher spectrum it has, it has beautiful tannins. So the tenants are present, that they're not overpowering. There are definitely there. So I would go with medium tenants because I can feel the astringency in my mouth and my gums feel pretty dry. So I'm gonna go with medium tenants. Now let's look at the alcohol of the wine. This one is definitely on the lower spectrum of the alcohol level, but it definitely still a house, a bit of that nice full body sensation that you get from alcohol. So it's not a blender wine. Now let's look at the buddy. It's definitely a light bodied wine, but it has some character today, has some complexity. So in terms of the taste and getting everything of that, I smelled that dark cherries, that eucalyptus, the white pepper. And I definitely did this strong minerality. It's like licking a stone. It's beautiful, just gives it that nice, bright Chris, sensation, the mouth. So gorgeous wine. Now let's compare it with the California Penal more. So let's look at the California Penal law. All around him, the nose. I notice the California Pinot Noir. So if we have to compare it, I would say the French painter nor smells more like forest floor and hay and stones, minerality. And the California Penal moire smells more fruit. And picking up the dark cherries. I picked up a lot of Rosemary in this line, a little bit of oak, and also that peppery characteristic. So already I'm sure you're saying only you picked up all of those things also in the previous link. Yes, that's what makes this so interesting that they're so similar in many ways. Okay, so that's an dinos. Now, let's taste it. Especially tasting it after the French penal law. I can tell you, one, this is a beautiful wine, but to it's not that it's lighter. It's Freudian. It's brighter. It has medium acidity in comparison to the French penal law. I believe this one has less acidity. Let's look at the tannins. It also has soft tannins, even softer. So I actually noticed that this wine has left tannins than the French penal Mar. In terms of alcohol, to be honest, I think they're pretty much the same. They both have low alcohol, but it's still a nice level of alcohol that allows the wine to feel complex. And with a nice structure. It's definitely a light bodied wine, just like the previous one. In the palette. I confirm everything that I smelled. And then going to add a sleek spice, close changer maybe. So he tried them site by site. In my opinion, the French penal moire has more minerality to it, and the California Penal Mark has more Fred fruit characteristics. This is not an easy comparison. This is actually a comparison that people that are in the wine industry that our wine experts, very high level, some India's have a hard time making that distinction between mu worldwide and Old World wine with Peano moire because I invite you to do your own comparisons to try two wines, same grape variety, but from different regions. This is something you can definitely try with your friends. And I think it would be so much fun just by Old World wines yield worldwide, have a party, have them come over and see if they can tell the difference. 6. Common Wine Varieties: There are over 5 thousand varieties of vicious vinifera grapes. And asked me learn that is the grape used for wine making. Now, we won't be discussing 5 thousand, but we will dive into some of the main red and white wine varieties. The common red wine varieties. Let's start there. Cabernet, Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Sarah, and Zinfandel. Now, let's take a look at each one of them. Cabernet Sauvignon. This grape is originally from France, and it is the most popular and common grape in the world. The beauty of Cabernet Sauvignon is that although it is planted in so many countries, the styles can be very different depending on where it is growing and the verification process. Generally, though, Cabernet Sauvignon grapes produce wines that are vague and full bodied with a rhombus, black fruit, like black cherries and spices. They'd go great with red meat. You will also notice that many wines that are blends include a portion, a Cabernet Sauvignon. This grapes simply gifts along with everyone. It's your favorite aunt, that is the life of the party. Merleau. The word Merleau is French for the Little Blackbird. The grape is from friends, and he does the sibling of cabernet sauvignon. In fact, one of the most famous wine regions in the world, board billing friends, is famous for producing wines that are a blend of these two grapes along with other when's this blend of grapes produces some of the finest wines in the world. The MMR, low grade has a dark blue color and the taste reminds you of chocolate. It adapts very well to different regions and winemaking techniques where locals great with so many things. It's very versatile. Try it with red meat, white meat like chicken or turkey, with Burgers, even with dessert tray to the chocolate peanut Anwar. The word pina enlarge comes from the French word for pine and black. The grape was called this weight because in the vine, the grapes clustered tightly together in the form of a pine cone. And the color is dark purple. Peanut moire is a very special upgrade. It is one of the oldest in the world, over a 1000 years older than Cabernet Sauvignon. The wines made from Peano Anwar have a light color, usually lighter than other red wines. In the nose, it smells like cherries with earthy tunnels like wet leaves, mushrooms. If the grape that produces elegant wines with low tannins, it both great with many styles of food, including some fish. Surat, also known as Shiraz, in the New World. It's a wonderful great for aid. We actually don't know where it originated, but it's thought that the Romans could have spread it across Europe from the city of Syracuse in Sicily. Check this out. This Surat rate has higher amount of antioxidants than any other break and you just also the one with the darker color. Sir, I'll wines are usually full bodied with medium to high tannins and aromas. Blueberries, olives, and pepper. My personal favorite food pairing for Sarah is Lam. Try it out. Since Mandela, Zinfandel grape variety that originated in Croatia. It then went to Italy where it is known as pretty neat feeling. And from Italy to the US, which is actually where it became very famous. It was brought to the US in the early 18 hundreds. And by the end of the 19th century, you had symphony dealt vineyards being planted all over California. In fact, one of the great things about California and Zinfandel is that you can find vines that are over a 100 years old. Since Sandel is a big wine, similar to cabernet sauvignon. It's usually medium to full bodied with high tannins in the nose. It's mouse-like plum and raisins. It's the perfect wine for red's. So now that we've looked at the most common red wine varieties, let's look at the most common whitelist. The grapes are Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Peano green, and Riesling. Let's start off with charter me. Chardonnay is the most popular white wine variety in the world. And it is also the one planted the most. Wines from the chardonnay grape are made in many different styles. The variety of different charter needs that can be produced around the world. You can have a shorter name for every single season. Chardonnay can be light and fruity or buttery and Nadine. It can even be sparkling. Chardonnay is actually one of the three main grape varieties used and the French wine region of champagne. I encourage you to have fun comparing sharpness from different regions, from different countries all over the world. Don't just stick to one style and try different ones, compare them, and you'll learn so much more about this wonderful, great Sauvignon blanc. Sauvignon Blanc wines that are made from the Sauvignon Blanc grape have very distinct green aromas and flavours. It can be Chris and graphene, but depending on the style, they can also be juicy and tropical. You will notice that they always tend to have high acidity. Interesting detail. The Sauvignon Blanc grape has a chemical compound called Paris. Even. This compound is what gives the grape that grassy, herbal or bell pepper flavor. All of these characteristics make wine from Sauvignon Blanc, the perfect choice for the hot summer days. It pairs very nicely with fish, shellfish, or eaten sushi. Pino Grigio. So Pinot Grigio and peanut agree, are the same grape, but each region produces a very different style and calls it slightly different. In Italy, it is known as Pino Grigio. In France, Germany, and New Zealand. It is known as the main grape aromas or lemon pair nectarine. Depending on where the wind is produced. It can also have all lend floral and honey aromas. Peano green lines pair very nicely with salads, vegetables, overall, with lighter meals. Riesling. If you've never tried to Riesling wine, I hope you do the so after this chapter, the Riesling grape originated in Germany. And although many countries produce Riesling lines, it's in Germany where he will find the best representation of this grapes from bone-dry to luscious sweet wins. Reef links are known for their unique styles, the capacity that you have of expressing the terroir and their potential for aging. It can smelt like apricots, ginger, BCE wax, and petrol. Refilling wines pair very well with practically everything. Crab, chicken pouring seafood. But my favorite pairing is actually with Thai food, wine blends. When you are picking a bottle of line, whether it's at a restaurant or at a store. And I'm sure that you've noticed that many wines are made from more than one grape variety. It is the common practice, and this is actually used in order to add complexity to a wine, to enhance the aromas or even the flavors. Let's put it this way. You can prepare a salad with kale or you can prepare a salad that has killed Spanish, arugula and so on. Both will be great, but one will probably have more layers of flavors. Now, this does not mean that a blended wine is better than one that is not blended. It simply means that it is different. It will showcase not just a characteristics of one great, but if two or more. Now, just like with the recipes, there are some blends that are tried and tested and very commonly used. I want you to learn these varieties, learn these blends so that you can identify the type of wine that you are purchasing. So here are some of the most common wavelengths. The red or dope blend. The red Bordeaux blend originated in southwest friends, which is where it's commonly produced. And this is a blend that combines two or more of the classic Bordeaux red varieties, which are Cabernet Sauvignon. Merlot Cabernet from Malthus had deeper dome and Carmen area. The most common ones spill our Cabernet Sauvignon and were low. The whiteboard dope blend, also from southwest of France. This blend combines two or more of the classic or don't, white varieties, which are sending young Sauvignon blanc, Sauvignon greed and mosquito. That put to Rome blend, which is also known as GSM. This blend is from the south of France and made us a blend, a three red grapes, Grenache, Sarah, and morbidity. That Qian Qi blend, this one is from Italy. And notice a blend of Sangiovese, primarily. For now Yolo, polonium, Cabernet, Sauvignon, and Merleau. And last but definitely not least, the champagne blend. This one is from Northeastern friends from a region called champagne, which is also the region that produces the sparkling wine or champagne. The three grapes authorized for the production of champagne, r, p, known Maher, Chardonnay, and Peenemunde. By the way, of these three grapes, the only white one is charged to name. The other two are red grapes. 7. The Vine Plant and its Environment: Understanding the Role of Climate and Weather: As we've been saying throughout this course, when is the representation of the earth? Because grapes come from birth. So all fruits and vegetables have distinct flavors. But you'll probably notice that a tomato that grows in California will be different from one that grows in a country like Italy. They will taste slightly different. The same goes for grapes used in the production of a wine. A wine from Spain will taste different than the wine from, let's say, Argentina, even if they use the same grape variety. And that is what we will be learning in this chapter, because each grape variety has its own flavor characteristics, but there are other conditions and other factors that play a very important role and influence how the wine will actually taste. So let's get started with this chapter. The difference between climate and weather. Climate refers to the average, whether characteristics over a period of several years. The changes in these characteristics are the weather. And I think the best way to put it is this. Whether tells you what to wear each day and climate tells you what type of clothes you should have in your closet in that season. Now, let's look at the three types of climates that are perfect for winemaking. One, Continental. Continental regions are located away from large bodies of water, so away from the ocean. And they have a big difference of temperature between their hottest and pulled us months over the years. They have short, warm and dry summers and cold, severe winters. An example of a country and wine region with a continental climate is Burgundy. In friends. Maritime. Maritime climate has a very little difference in temperature between the warmer and colder months, and rainfall is pretty evenly distributed throughout the year. An example of a country and wine region within maritime climate is van Lisa in Spain. Mediterranean. Places with Mediterranean climate have long growing seasons and the temperature goes from moderate to warm. The winters though, are warmer than in the continental and maritime climates. And example of a country and wine region with Mediterranean climate is the beautiful island of Sicily and Italy. Now that we understand the difference between climate and weather, let's talk about temperature. During its growth cycle. The vine that meets a temperature over 16 degrees Celsius or 61 degrees Fahrenheit to undergo photosynthesis. In the world of length, temperature is categorized as cool, mild, warm, and hot. Most wines are produced in pool mile and warm temperature regions. Hot temperature regions are basically just too hot and not suitable for wine-growing regions. These regions have an average temperature equal to or below 17 degrees Celsius during the plant's growth cycle. Mild. These regions have an average temperature of 17 to 18.5 degrees Celsius. Warm. These have an average temperature of 18.5 to 21 degrees Celsius. There are other factors that determine whether a region can make good wine. Sunlight, for example, as with all living beings, lightest, essential. Without light, there is no photosynthesis and the plant with diet, the amount of light absorbed by the planet determines the rate of photosynthesis. The more light there is, the more glucose or sugar the plant will produce. Too much life though, would also be harmful because the skin of the grapes can burn and this would create a wine with bitter flavors. Soil. The vine grows in soil that consists of differently sized rock particles, decomposing organic matter and nutrients. The basic nutrients for the plant are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. You might be surprised to learn though, that these nutrients are only needed in very small quantities. The ideal wine-growing soil is poor in nutrients. The reason behind this is that if there are many nutrients, then there will also be many leaves. The more the lease, the harder it will be for sunlight to reach the grapes. And the grapes need sunlight to ripen. The soil can be pouring nutrients, but it is important for you to have high water storage. It needs to store water well at the beginning of the plant's growth cycle to make sure it grow strong and ready for the heat of the summer. So how do all of these factors influence this file up align? Warm versus cool climate in understanding the influence of climate and temperature in the wine is very simple and just a matter of common sense. With more sun and heat, the grape will ripen more and develop rich and stronger flavors. The more it ripens, the left acid it will have, and vice versa. If the climate is cooler, the fruit will ripen at a slower pace. So the aromas and flavours will be more subtle, less ripe, but the acid level will be higher. As a general rule, warm climate grapes are more robust with more ripe fruit and lower acidity levels. Whole climate of grapes will have more tart fruit flavors and higher levels of acidity. Of course, this also depends on the vintage. Since some years are warmer than others. And remember, look at, look at your wine lingo sheet. When you hear the word Vintage, it's referring to the year that grapes for a wine were harvested. Some examples of warm climate wine regions are California, Argentina, Australia, Southern Italy, Greek Islands, Central and Southern Spain, central and southern Portugal, South Africa and Southern friends. Some examples of cool climate wine regions are northern France, or again, Washington State, Chile, New Zealand, Northern Italy, Austria, germany. So here's an activity for you. I encourage you to buy a wine from a cool climate and one from a warm climate. Both of the same grape variety and taste them side-by-side and see if you notice the influence of the climate and the wine. Now, ready for equation. What are the three types of climate that are perfect for wine meeting? What is the best soil for winemaking? What is a vintage? 8. The Geography of Wine: A lot of elements play an important role in winemaking, but none is as important as the geography. But geography determines the temperature, climate, elevation, soil type enter ARC. And whatever happens in the vineyard translates to the bottle. There are a lot of wine regions in the world and digital climate change, this number is actually increasing in places like England, where wine was never produced for some years now they've started producing lights. On this course. We are going to focus on classic wine regions and divide them in two sections. Old World and New World. Old World wines are from countries or regions that have been producing wine for centuries. Most of these countries are found in Europe. New world lines are from countries that were introduced to winemaking during the age of exploration. The vines, in many cases, we're actually imported from old worldline countries. The main line or regions that we will be exploring are the old world lines of France, Italy, Spain, Germany, and Portugal. And the New World wines of the United States, Australia, Chile, Argentina, and New Zealand now will only dive into these on the surface. There is so much to learn about these regions and you can take an entire course just on one of them. But let's get started here. Let's travel. 9. Old World Wine Regions Part 1: As we learned in the previous chapter, a line is considered old world if its origin is Europe, but also North Africa and the Middle East. Countries like Israel, Bulgaria, Croatia, Armenia, Georgia, amongst many others. I'll produce what is considered Old World wine. In this chapter, we are going to explore five of the most famous Old World wine regions, France, Italy, Spain, Germany, and Portugal. There is one thing to keep in mind, though, old world lines, most of them don't list the name of the grape variety on the label, only the mean of the region. However, because Appalachians or regions are only allowed certain grapes by knowing the Appalachian, you can identify the grapes that are used in that way. Now, I just used the word Appalachian. And Appalachian is a legally defined and protected geographical indication that is used to identify where the grapes for wine were grown. By the way, this word is in your mind, lingo sheet. Lets get started. To the French, wine is much more than a beverage. It's a fundamental part of their culture. Wine is present in their history, traditions, habits, and way of life. Why is the materialized representation of the Zhuangzi vive that joy of life and something they are rightfully very proud of. France is not the birthplace of wine, but it's definitely, let's call it the spiritual home of wine. Practically all regions of friends produce wine. They mastered the art of winemaking, started producing top quality wines before other countries, and they've influenced viticulture internationally. France is one of the top wine producers globally. Some of the most elegant, sophisticated, and expensive wines are from this region. It is a beautiful country. If you haven't been there, put it on your bucket list. But in the meantime, during some French wine, we're going to look at some of the main French wine regions and the wind stay produce. But before we do so, we need to understand the French wine labeling. Fringe lines don't have the name of the grape and the label, they have the name of the region. So in order to know what grape or grapes are being used in the wine, you need to know what are the grapes used in that specific region. Friends has 11 mane wine regions and over 200 varieties of bitches vinifera grapes. In this course, we are going to study the most popular ones are DO burgundy, Rome, LAR, and champagne. Before we dive into the regions, let's look quickly at how French wine is classified. Translated to English. The for wine classifications and friends, our table wines. Country whites, delimited winds up superior quality. And Appalachian whites. Appalachian wines are the highest classification and also the ones that are regulated the most. In order to receive this classification that producers. To follow very strict rules on their production levels. Minimum alcohol strength, the amount of sulphur in the wine, bottling guidelines and labeling protocols for it though, for though is a beautiful sea and also aligned region located in Southwestern France. It's close to the Atlantic coast. The main river in this region is the groan. And this river plays a very important part in the lines of the region. The river actually serves as a natural barrier to separate the wineries and vineyards that are at the left bank from the ones that are at the right bank to the left bank, you have the regions of middle-class and graphs. To the right bank, you have the region of Lee born. Each Ben, Ben has sub-regions. So when you hear people saying all this wind is from the left bank of Bordeaux, what they are actually saying is, this is the line from a vineyard that is on the left bank of the river in the Bordeaux region. This is where that famous Bordeaux Blend comes from. The main grape varieties in this region are Cabernet, Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, petite vert DO mall Beck and Carmen error. For they'll lines have a style. And this style comes from blending two or more of these grape varieties. The ones used in less proportion are among Beck and cut money. The ones used in more proportion are Cabernet, Sauvignon, and Merleau. A red bar dau is usually medium to full bodied, so it's a robust wine. They smell like dark red fruit like plums are blackberries. They also smelled very earth be like, OK. And cedar in the mouth. They have a nice mineral touch and it feels bright. You'll also notice that they have high tannins so they leave your mouth dry. They are elegant, beautiful lines that age very well. Some of the most expensive wines are from this region, but they're not all expensive. You can find a very nice for DOE without breaking the bank. Now let's talk about the mean white grape varieties. These are Simeon, Sauvignon Blanc, and Nazca date. For DOE produces more red wine and white wine. But from white wines they are very famous for a delicious sweet wine, call set turn. This wine is a blend of the three great sun young Sauvignon Blanc and misguided. And it tastes like apricots and Hun, but it has a nice acidity to it, so it's not sickly sweet, it's just perfect. Burgundy. Or foregoing in French, is one of the most important wine regions, not just a friends but of the world. It's a small region located in Eastern friends. Now, when you think of Burgundy, the two grape varieties that you need to remember are the white one, Chardonnay, and the red one, p01 Anwar. These are the main two grapes at burgundy, and nobody produces better wines from these two grape varieties. Then done. It only produces wines from these two grapes. But the terroir has such a huge influence on the vineyards that you can drink wines from neighboring vineyards. And they will have different qualities, completely different. When you are drinking wine from Burgundy, you are truly tasting the terror bar of this specific region, right down to the plot of the land, def, actually how they classify their wines by the quality of the fingered, the form vineyard classifications and what you will read on the wine label, our grant crew. This is the absolute best fingered premier crew. These are winds from top quality vineyards, village ones. These are from vineyards in one of the 42 villages of burgundy. And regional wines, which are made from a combination of grapes from the 42 villages. Millions of years ago, Burgundy with a C. So what was seabed is now actually limestone soil. This soil is what it gives Burgundy wines of very particular and elegant minerality. Red Burgundy, as we were saying, is made from a 100% peanut moire grapes. The great husband cultivated in this region for over a century. Pnr is not an easy great to grow, but when it's grown well, it produces the most elegant and age worth beat wines in the world. The aromas are subtle, red fruit, earthy like forest floor and mushrooms. And we have assessed him and morality. White Bergen lead from the chardonnay grape variety is also produced in this region. And along with pinion war, it has different sub-regions as well. So it has distinct characteristics. But for the most part, we can say that the white Burgundy has to complex flavor, a complex structure and aromas of fruit, like yellow apples, melons are ethnos and bright minerality. They can be crisp with the medium body or rounder in the mouth with full body. The main line producing regions of Burgundy are Chablis, cooking me, click, do bone, Coachella, mace, and now colony. The wrong. This region starts and the center of friends and stretches south towards the Mediterranean. The wine region follows the path of the Rhone River and it is divided into northern and southern Rome. The regions are close to each other, but produce different styles of wines from different grape varieties and influenced by the difference in the climate and the soil. And remember, in wine, the terroir is everything. So let's look first at the Northern Rhone. The red grape varieties in the northern Rome is surrounding. This area produces big lions that are bold, are bright. Romanness has dark red fruit, earthy, peppery, rustic with strong tendons. They are beautiful lines that age very well. So Northern Rome is primarily known for their red wines, but you also have white wines from the great, beyond me, the name of the subregions within Northern Rhone, which are also what you would read into wine label, Art. Club 50 quandary. St. Joseph had me catch close hemi punch and sang period, obese, quadro and separate produce only white wine. Now let's talk about southern room. Southern Rome. There are total of 13 grapes authorized in this region. These are a combination of red and white wines. The winemaker's synthesis region are experts at blending grape varieties and taking advantage of the best qualities of them to produce remarkable waste. Southern wrong produces many styles and at different price points, but more than 90% of the production, our rates of the 13 grape varieties, the most common ones are Grenache, Sarah, and morbidity. The Southern Rhone is warmer than the northern room. So the red wines here also feel warmer and have a higher alcohol level. The aromas are of red fruits like right, cherries or strawberries with some herbal notes of Rosemary and lavender and a touch of spice. The Southern Rhone is divided into many specific lying regions. The most famous ones and the ones I, you should definitely check out our clickthrough wrong. Giganteus by etas and Chuck and skip up. Oh, until val. And this one, you should definitely remember it because they've your Intuit Rosie, they produced some excellent Rosie. You are. Then alarm is to lend a fairy tales. It's a beautiful historic region in central friends along the Loire River, which is by the way, the longest river in France. It runs from the south of the country to the north and east into the Atlantic Ocean. The region is full of picture is villages and majestic shuttles or castles. In terms of line, it is very popular for white, crisp lines, but I have to tell you, their red wines are also excellent. The main grape varieties used in this region are the white grapes, Sauvignon Blanc and shining blank, and the red grape, Cabernet Franc. The Sauvignon Blanc wines from the larger tend to be Chris, high acid, light wines with citrus aromas. To famous Appalachians in the law, producing these wines are some stair and polysemy. You've probably seen or heard of these before. Next time you do. Please remember these styles are crisp, fresh, I'm sure you'll love than the other white grape variety commonly used in the law is Chenin Blanc. This grade can be produced in many styles. It can be dry off, dry, suite, or even sparkling. It's a high acid, great, but depending on where in the Laertes produced, it will have different aromas and flavor profiles. From green apple to tropical notes. The most famous Appalachians producing Chenin Blanc are southern yet and moved rate. Now, let's talk about the red lines of the war. The main grape used here is kept remain front. And I can't stress enough how much you should try. And Cabernet Franc wine from this region. They are produced in the cooler climates, so they are not full biting winds. The are more on the refreshing and fruity and herbal site, but it would very nice peppery aftertaste. Try wind shield for example. Third, fabulous. The main Appalachians for Cabernet Franc or she know, OR gate. And some were Schumpeter. Champaign champagne. Who doesn't love champagne? Because I spent hours and hours learning about champagne. It's such a marvelous wine with a fascinating history and complex production method. But for the purposes of this course, I just want you to learn a few things. Champagne is actually a wine region in northeastern friends that produces sparkling wine. It can only be labeled as champagne if it is a sparkling wine specifically from this region. This is not the only French region producing sparkling wine. But if it's not from this region, then it cannot be labeled as champagne. The other thing I want you to learn are the grapes that are authorized to make sparkling wine. In Champagne, It's three grapes, one white, and to read, the white one is shorter name. And the two red grapes are opinion, LAR, and Pino. Many interesting facts about French wine. Champagne was invented by a French monk. Don't pair Perignon is I mean some familiar friends. Wine makers played a special role in the resistance against Germany during World War Two. They're turning terroir was invented by the French. The largest customer or French wine is the United States. France is the original home to many of the grapes. We know and love them most. Peano, Anwar, Cabernet, Sauvignon, Merlot. They're all French. Why didn't the spirit is the second largest contributor to friends is trade. The world's most expensive wine bottle is from France. The average per capita consumption of wine in France is 43.7 liters. Italy wine and it's regal hand-in-hand. Can you imagine the trip to Italy without sipping a nice glass of wine in one of the many piazzas surrounded by ancient monuments. The Italians have been kind enough to share with the world. They're amazing cosine delicious wines and all things beautiful. In the Italian culture, wine is an integral part of all things. Social. Family gatherings at the evils with friends, some are parties, sunsets, and of course, celebrations. It is a way of life, a way of enjoying life. There is no good to eat them without line. There are 20 unique wine regions in the Italian territory. In addition, Italy is one of the countries with the most indigenous varieties in the world. These are grape varieties that can only be found in Italy. Will be reviewing the top five wine regions. Payment, immediate alumina, Veneto, Tuscany, and Sicily. Same as with France. Italy also has a strict regulation on wine production and the reflex on their labeling. The winds will be labeled with one of the following classifications. The LCG, which is an abbreviation for them when the next CEO, Navy allegiance and Control-A, a guaranteed that is the top classification for Italian wines. The LCG on the label simply means that in order for this wine to have this classification, the wine producer needed to follow strict rules on all of the areas of production. The grape varieties allowed, the aging methods, the labeling, et cetera. Vlc. Which is an abbreviation for an enemy Nazi on and BOD genic controller is one step below deal CG, also strict rules, but not as strict STO CG, IGT with just an abbreviation for him because he on angiography that keeping this classification allows winemakers to be more creative with their style suppliant, since they don't have to follow that the LCG or DOC regulations. And the last one is being on that power law, which translates to table when this is the lowest level of the classifications and their basic wines that are meant to be drunk young that don't need to meet certain standards in order to have a classification. The lines labeled B naught that Ebola can be made from any region and with any great. Now the LCG, DOC, IGT, and the No.1 I, these are the four classifications. Pm10 or payment. P, is one of Italy's top red wine regions. It's located to the north of the country, close to the Po River. The red grape variety may be unknown, is the king in this region. The word maybe it'll, it'll actually comes from the word maybe, which is fog in Italian. And yes, p1 is the cooler region that happens to get fog in the valley. The biota lines tend to be big, bold with high acid, high tannins, high alcohol and aromas like roles, truffle and balsamic vinegar. These are elegant, complex lines that age very well. The name of the two famous wines made from maybe you'll look, rates in this region are battling feel CGI and badda ba de scoped DOC g. These are not cheap wines, but they're worth every cent. Pmma and also produces wines from the Reddick rate, BBR. In comparison to nebulae wines, by beta produces wines that are lighter with more fruit characteristics and software tenons. These are beautiful, good value wines. You can find them under the names, but a beta invest the LCG. And by beta then one said wacko superiority, feel CG, Tuscany through rolling hills sub-tests. Skinny. If you've been there or if you've watched the movie under the Tuscan Sun, you know what I'm talking about? Tuscany isn't Central Italy. And the city of Florence is the capital. It's a beautiful region, is spin, most ancient wine producing region in Italy. And also home to Italy's most famous wine. Qiang P. Can reveal CG is one of the wines produced in Tuscany. Another very famous wine from Tuscany is balloon payload be month-end CINAHL deal CG. With these two wines have in common is the grape variety. And this is what I want you to remember. The name of the famous Tuscan Great is San Joe basi. Xiang Qi wines are a blend of at least 80% central basi crepes with other native grape varieties. But unless proportion. Bruno Lehman had CINAHL is made with a 100% Sangiovese grapes. So essentially, the Sangiovese grape variety is to Tuscany. Let the nebular grape variety is to P1. Now, there is another line from this region that you should know about, and those are a super Tuscan once these lines also use Sangiovese grapes, but the blend them not with needed grape varieties, but with international grape varieties like Cabernet, Sauvignon or low seraph Cabernet from super Tuscan wines don't have a deal CG classification, they have an IGBT. What this means is that in the label, you'll read those SCANA IGT, a bureau read this on the label. That's a super Tuscan one. Now let's talk about how these different wines taste and how they compare to each other. Chianti wines have a light ruby color. They smell like cherries or rather no tomatoes, balsamic vinegar. Their tart with high tannins, but also high acid. So the wind doesn't feel overpowering in your mouth. You feel sprite and fresh, but are never only one by changing the winds, how the similar profiles, the canopy, but the lines have more body and structure and their overall more elegant. This is not only because there are a 100% sand dual basis, but also because by law, a brunette or the length of genome needs to age longer than the canopy before the wine can be released. Now let's talk about super Tuscan wines. You're probably starting to see that many of the restaurants are now carrying these wines. So super Tuscan winds labeled ASCO SCANA IGT, in comparison to chunky and brunette oldie month at China, they have a deeper color, more body, more tannins and structure. Their overall bigger, fuller ones. Then adult's favorite though, is in the northeast of Italy, close to the Alps. I call if Italy, it is beautiful. It's gorgeous region full of history, music, delicious cuisine and amazing lines. I had already tried to read minds from that region before visiting, but it wasn't until I spent two months there that I realized how great the lines really are and how little they're actually known outside of that region. Well, that doesn't go for all line styles. So because there is one very famous Italian line that I am sure you Mill and it is actually from Bentham. The name of that line is, that'll save fuel cycle is a sparkling wine or spline in Italian. And it's made mainly out of the grape variety layer. It's a sparkling wine that's easy to drink light. With high acidity. It smells like yellow apples, melons, and his overall fruity or than champagne bottle symbol is not the only sparkling Italian line, but it's the most famous one. Now, moving on to red wines in the warmer areas of bending them, they produce a remarkable red wine called vitally chatter. Find bully Chenin wines are produced with three grades. Go to Bina. From the Nala and wanting that are. The result of this blend ranges from a bright, light colored wine that smells spurred B and tastes like Chow, sour cherries to a full body, tannic wind that smells like dried fruit. What marks the difference is the style. You have four styles by bullied Shayla, classical, DOC, bipolar, Coachella superiority, TLC, bipolar HLR, ribosome, DOC and Amarna della been 40 children. But when he Czech classical is your basic light, ferrite and fruity, delicious weight. This is the line you would have with pizza. The vital bullied chess to videotape ages one year in wood. So it's a bit more complex with the darker color, more body, and riper fruit. You'll want to want to have this with a burger or a plate of charcuterie. Nearby point. Each Hillary bustle is made by masquerading fresh grape skins with a vital bony Celan Wang. This produces a wine that is full bodied with more tannins and much more complex, perfect for red meat. And the last category is, um, I don't wanna get up. And this is a very unique wine. It's made with the same grape varieties, but they are dried before they go into fermentation. So they lose their water and the sugar in the grapes becomes more concentrated. The result is aligned with higher alcohol, more body, firm tannins, and the wrongness of dried fruits. Immediate homeowner, immediate Romana, is located in central Italy, is famous for their amazing astronomy. I mean, all of Italy has amazing astronomy, but this region is one of the top lengths. Imagine how great balance B. This is the home of the cheese bottom agenda of balsamic vinegar. But oh shoot, don't sign their thoughts. Bellini and a very famous red wine, you've probably heard of. Lambrusco. Lambrusco is a sparkling, refreshing, light, high acid red wine that has Barry flavors. The name of the grape is actually Lambrusco. Unfortunately, over the years it's gained a bad reputation. And this is mainly because the winds that were exported in the past were not really living up to the wines potential. The good thing is that, that is changing and you can find beautiful and improve schools. So I encourage you to ask recommendations at your local wine shop. Sicily. Systole is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and it is truly a special place. You can find everything in the island. Picture is villages, secluded beaches, ancient architecture, lively street markets, amazing food, an active volcano, and some of the best Italian wine. The most famous red wines are from the great nettle Babylon. Maybe a little Moscow NAC. None of them are not, produces big, full body dry wines with high tannins, medium to high acid, and aromas and flavours of black cherries with a bit of spice. This is a beautiful wine. Then you have knitted almost LAC near Moscow and AC, it produces light bodied fresh red wines, which fruity, herbal, earthy notes, as well as high minerality. Now, as with all lines, that PTR art plays an important role in the characteristics of the lime nato mosque honesty is actually planted on the slopes of the out-degree volcano, mount Etna. This of course contributes to the wife's minerality. Wines from this great are labeled as Aetna, the OMC. Sicily also produces excellent light of lines. The grape varieties most commonly used in this area are that the rattle and dumping that, that the lines are light to medium bottle fresh with medium acidity and citrus aromas that are done get wines are labeled as it not. Feel seat. These lions have medium bottle and you're very nice. Cst minerality, which is not surprising since the grape variety also grows on the slopes of the mount Etna volcano. We just learned about the top Italian wine regions. And you might have noticed we barely mentioned white wines. I added them in a different category because the most well-known Italian white wines are actually produced in the entire country. So instead of reviewing more regions in bisection, let's review specific wines. Starting off with the famous Pino Grigio. Pinot Grigio is to white grape variety that grows throughout all of Italy. However, the best representations of these wines are in northeast Italy, in the region of freely Pinot Grigio is to light bodied, easy drinking wine with medium acid and citrus notes. Slot and swap classical deal. See, we already learned about the beneficial and the famous by Wendy channel lengths they had though also produces white wines. And the region responsible for white wine production is called swap and swap classical DOC. These wines are produced with the white grape that'd amoebae. The vineyards of this great surround the medieval and beautiful village of swap, which is where the winds take their name from. You have different styles of swap, including a sparkling wine. In general though, these are wines that arranged from a light to medium body with the wrongness of melon and orange assessed, sometimes they feel a bit oily in the mouth. There are considered one of Italy's greatest white wines that appeal. This satellite grape variety that produces beautiful winds primarily from the MCA region in eastern Italy. So on the Adriatic Sea. But at the q lines are medium to full body. So they're bigger wines, they tend to smell like peaches, almonds, and with a bit of a salty after taste in the mouth, they have more body, but they don't feel overpowering because they have high acid. So that brings it all together into a nice, complex, beautiful wine. Interesting facts about Italy. Italy is the top of wine producer in the world. Italy has 21 regions and of 2120 of them produce when the ancient Greeks arrived in Italy in the eighth century before Christ and named the land and the land of line. That's a beautiful name. Italy has been making lines for over 2800 years. The Italian American Wine importer, Anthony debt Latham, he's actually responsible for bringing Pino Grigio to the US and making it famous. 10. Old World Wine Regions Part 2: Spain. Spain is one of the most fascinating countries and wine regions of the world. On a personal note, I love Spain and I loved Spanish wine. That's where my whole buying journey began. Yes, Spain is home to somebody else, but it is also the homeless, 69 diverse major bioregions and hundreds of native grape varieties. Spain has a wonderful way of blending tradition with innovation when it comes to winemaking, to produce outstanding wines that are at a great value. These are delicious wines that showcase the beauty of the Spanish pinion sullen. Before we dive into the main regions, let's learn about how wine is regulated in Spain and let the label can tell us about the ones. There are five classifications for Spanish way being up in nasa. This is your basic everyday people like him. And it is the line bent by law has less restrictions. It can only be made from Spanish grape still. Being those De La Pira. This translates to Wines of the land. This classification needs to follow some rules of the specific region without it being too strict. In this classification, the name of the grape can be printed on the label. Then amino COD translates to denomination of origin. Most Spanish wines fall under this category. The wines that have this classification on their label have to complain with strict regional rules. They'd let me NaCN DOD him funny fake data. This translates to denomination of origin classified. It is the highest classification for Spanish wines and ask them now, only two regions have this classification. Radioshack and feels her to be called the biota or real cut. The wine needs to be produced from the region following very strict regulations and adhering to historic tradition. The last classification is being wielded power. This classification is given to a wine that has been carefully produced and it comes from a single beat. Another very important factor in Spanish wine is aging. Aging is something you will traditionally see on the label. This is what you will read in the label and what it means. Holding an English means young. So as the word says it, these are young wines that may or may not have spent time in oak barrels. Good answer. If it's a radically unset, it must be aged at least for 24 months. Of those 23 months, six months have been spent in oak barrels. It fits a white wine or a rosy. It must be for 18 months, out of which six or in oak barrels. But I said about red lines that are classified asterisk FERPA must be aged for at least 36 miles. Out of which 12 foreign barrels, and the rest of the time in the bottom, white enroll states that are labeled acidosis sat upon our aged for 24 months with six months in Barrow. And I'm going to say about these lines are only produced in the best integers to be labeled as economical Santa, My read length must be aged for at least 60 months, out of which at least 18 months were spent in barrels. Like granddaughter Sara mass must be able to at least 48 months, out of which six months we're in variables. But don't let any of this Boolean. Whether it's a young wine, a Brianna sat, or Ibuka San, A-B-A. Try Scottish wine. It's fabulous. Creole has DOC. If you've never had Spanish wine, this is the reason you should start with. Now at real high is both a province of Spain and also one of its most well-known wine regions. You'll his located in North Central Spain by the upper river. The area is divided into three sub areas. Pretty Ohio and feel hot audience that each area produces winds with distinct characteristics that come the different soils at each region task. They do have one thing in common though. All feel how wines are made with the same Native grape that king of red grapes in Spain. And embed needle lengths from real hot are usually medium to full body. These are big, complex wines with earthy leather and black cherry aromas. They tend to have high tannins and highest city, which means they can age very well. The wine classification and real is slightly different from the regular Spanish minor classification. Specifically when it comes to aging. You'll hum lines by law, each longer than other Spanish regions. And the use of OK in aging is a trademark. The aging period is actually what determines the classification of the wind and therefore the style. It's the wine ages for a small period of time and I hope it will be lighter, younger, fruity year, and more approachable. If it spends more timing, OK, it will develop more complex aromas and structure. The value of real hub wines is unbeatable. You can buy an outstanding grant from Sarah line, which is the highest classification. Remember, without breaking the bank, drill, hot also produces quite fines or you'll have it on. But these are small production still, and they are made with the grape variety view that real hub Elanco can be enlight, crystalline with citrus aromas or a medium complex line with the right tropical aromas. It depends on whether the wine was aged or not. But he better than the letter D 030 Beethoven glitter wine region is located in Northwest Spain in the province of SB jet. You Layland, along with it feel it is one of Spain's most famous and well-known wine regions. Embedded either Duetto translates to river bank of the whale. And that is basically the region where it is located. It's at the banks of the Duetto river. This area produces wine at some of the highest elevations of all of Europe. Most of the lines are red. And the main break here is also thin, put an ego. But he goes by a few different names, being guided by 0s. But he did have a glass dome, has 32 different types of soil. So you can imagine the fast styles of lines that are produced in this area and how you meet each of the wines is they use them OK, is also very important here. But in comparison to a real Hawaiians, since we met up with a set of higher altitude and gets colder, the lines develop a wrongness that are Freudian and elegant in comparison would've GO HA, where wines tend to be fuller bodied. Now, whether it's from real hot or from premeditated bled and I encourage you to try one. Or maybe you're a bolt Sita, Sita and compare them on your own and see if you can tell the difference. But even when they taste Fiona, I taste got that ammonia created_at is a small but very important in wine region in the fascinating north eastern province of Athenian. Fear death is one of the two Spanish wine regions with the DOC classification. In fact, Emiliano is labeled as steel. And this is mainly because it's following the acronym of the local language that by law the vineyard symptotic are planted and very steep slopes. So everything is done by hand. And they're also planted in the oldest soils in the region. The soil is just so unique and it's actually the key element to the winds of the region. This famous soil is called Laurasia, and it produces red wines that are elegant with high minerality, dark red fruit aromas, earthy and complex. Another thing that plays a big role in the quality of these fines is the age of the funds. But you do not have such a large amount of very old bias. These fines produce low yields of grapes, but of outstanding quality. But he did ask, are usually a blend of the two red grapes got an axon and that in unit. Other varieties can also be added like Cabernet Sauvignon or Sarah. But he would have planes are beautiful, just like the region. There are full of character, traditions and history, and you can taste the wines. But he asked Spacious. Spacious is aligned region in the province of vSphere in Northwest Spain, along the Atlantic coastline. The climate here is cool and the soil is rich in minerals, which is perfect for the production of white wines from their flagship Great. And vitamin you. If you're looking for a fresh, crisp, high acid, citrus, floral and spectacular white wine. Look norm further, this is Spain's most recognize region for white. White's data. Data is the designation of origin or wine region of sparkling wine in Spain. It's a bit tricky because it's not particular to one region, but too many regions. Nine Spanish provinces are authorized to produce sparkling wine under the denomination and label Babur, where it all started bill, what is considered the spiritual homeless gaba is defended this region in central London, yet the production of gaba is complex and elaborate, innovative, and at the same time it full of traditions, very similar to the production of the neighboring Champagne region in France. The three main grapes used in the production of this sparkling wine are all made of to Spain, chat and no man avail. And by age data, if you want to try top quality fine sparkling wine at a great price by some bottles of Scala, you will not be disappointing. It's fun facts about Spanish wine. That country with the most births in the European Union is Spain. That's a fun countries. After cereal and olives, grapes are the third largest crop in the country. 15.5 of the world's vineyards are in Spain. Most of the world's courts come from Spain and Portugal. And specifically the cork trace are from in the myset, that region of Spain. There are vineyards in all of Spain's 17 autonomous regions, including the Canary Islands. Germany. When most people think of Germany, they think the Lear, not wine. You might be surprised to learn that Germany not only has excellent ones, they also have some of the wines with the best agent potential. Germany is select a fairy tales filled with castles, rivers, and amazing culture, Hardy and delicious food and exceptional lines. Then most important grape variety in Germany is delight, great refilling, rethink gross and many regions of the world. But in Germany, eighties King Riesling comes in all levels of sweetness and good. Riesling has great ageing potential. And this is thanks to the highest stupidity, sugar content of the grape. Over the years, they become more elegant and complex. One thing you might be surprised to hear though, refilling is considered the most food friendly wine. Other varieties that grow in Germany are Luther got Peenemunde war, which is locally known as Spock, would've been dead. And dorm filled. These grapes grow and are produced throughout the 13 mean wine regions of Germany. Germany mine is classified into four quality categories. That turbine, landline, quiet, that's fine. And private, that's fine. Quiet, that's fine. And private that's fine, is then divided into levels of ripeness or sugar levels. This is important for you to learn in order to understand how sleep the line you're ordering or buying this. I know this is a bit tricky, but I promise you understanding this is totally worth it. Well, I think that's like the length that are classified as quality fest by, use the following terms to show the level of sweetness. Drunken. These aren't dry lights. Hypothetical. 0s are slightly sweet. Hind hot. These are off dry wines. Leave leash the SART sweet ones, and soon we try sweet lengths. The wines are classified as sporadic cuts thing. Use the falling on the label to show the level of sweetness, happiness. This is a dry to Australia line, spot racing, which means late harvest. And these lines are rich and sweeter than cabinet. I'll slicing, which means select harvest. And these are grapes that are hand selected. And the lines will have a fuller body and sweeter beer announced Laci. The berries for these wines are individually selected or overripe. So the result is the rich, sweet dessert wine, talking beat announced lacing. This means dr. Barry. So thesis, this is a select harvest. And these wines were picked from the or dry, so the sugars are very concentrated in victory. These lines are luscious suite and the last one I slain. These are ice wines. The grapes are left to freezing the vine and the sugars are very concentrated, so need produced delicious, sweet of one's. Fun facts about German away. Germany is home to the world's steepest vineyards in the world. The German word for sparkling, If sex. If you read that in the bottle, it means you're having the sparkling wine. Germany has been producing wine for almost two millenia. There is a seller that dates back to 330 AD. If you're looking for a dried German wine, look for the word that Tolkien, or a cabinet on the label. Germany has the highest per capita consumption of sparkling wine or sex in the world. Portugal. Portugal is a small country with a large personality. If you've been there before, me will agree with me that it is truly a remarkable place. The Portuguese have strong ties with the ocean and with the land. And this is perceived through their traditions, music, cuisine, and wine. It is the country with the most indigenous or native grape varieties in the world. And this translates to a broad selection of styles of Portuguese line. These lines are unique. And exciting. And along with Spanish wines, the value of Portuguese wines is just amazing. So I hope this chapter inspires you to run to your local line, chalk and bison Portuguese wine. The wine classification of Portugal ASS follows DOC, denomination of origin controlled. Similar to Spain and Italy. These wines are subject to strict regulations and there is a defined geographical area, and each area is permitted only the US absurd and grape varietals. There are 31 deal sees in Portugal. Reggio night, this translates to regional one. Portugal is divided into 14-year regional lying areas. These areas have regulations on quality and production that are not as strict as the deal west. This allows producers to get creative with their wines and try different things. Vino than nasa. This is Portuguese table wine, and you will more than likely only find it in Portugal. It's the basic line classification. Let's talk about some Portugal's mean wine regions, starting with venial badly, then you'll damping is the mean of a region in northern Portugal. It's a cool and Ramy area. The word vanity means screening in Portuguese. And then if actually what this natural setting is like, Green. The region starts below the Portuguese, Spanish border and extends all the way to the Atlantic Ocean. It's actually the largest DOC in the country. And this region produces both white and red wines, but the production is mainly centered around white plains. It's their specialty. The main grapes used to produce a white female vanity, our anybody new adult adult. Aside, I've HCl, Laredo and tragedy. This is probably the first time we hear many of these great names. And that's okay because most of them are indigenous Portuguese varieties. Being you'll better than wines are crisp, bright with high acid and homeless amendment and grapefruit. You'll also notice that the vast majority have CZ touch. These are one of the most refreshing wines out there. If you like Sauvignon Blanc wines, you should definitely try some media badly. The little donut in northern Portugal is the oldest class of fine wine region in build world. It was classified in 1756, though, is also the name of a river. The vineyards are planted along the banks of the river dawdle on steep stonewalled, fine terraces, if such an impressive and beautiful place that it was named a unesco World Heritage site. We actually already mentioned this river during the chapter on Spanish whites. Duetto is the name of the river in Spanish. So this river starts off in Spain where he just known as Duetto, and then flows into Portugal, where it is known as dora. This is where the famous sweet wine port comes brands. But the region also produces elegant and complex, full-bodied red and white wines. In the past, these wines were mainly for locals. The good thing is that they're slowly reaching the international market. And lucky for us, there are now easier to find. As with all of Portugal, the dodo has a huge selection. That condition is grape varieties. The main red grapes of this region are, which are also, by the way, the ones authorized for port. The roadies. Ida Franca, don't need honest human being baba rockets and don't worry about memorizing the names. Just remember Godel and trial line from this amazing region. I am page of the digital region is an Eastern Portugal. It's a hot and dry area. There. Red wines are full body with high cannons, rich, and fruity. The main red grape varieties used art, data and ugliness. And these are all indigenous varieties, but the region also uses international varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon and surround. The white lines are medium bodied with medium acidity and beautiful tropical flavors. The main white grapes used our verbatim and Douala and adding by the region that is in the center of Portugal. And it is very well known for producing high-quality red and white wines. They also produce sparkling wine. The region produces lines from both indigenous grapes, international grapes. But their most famous red wine is from the indigenous grade. Bother. This great produces ones that have a deep color, powerful tannins and balanced acidity with a wrongness of dark red fruit like plums, and also let notes of coffee beans. Peas are beautiful, complex wines that age very well. The most famous white variety of the region is excited lines produced with this variety are soft, aromatic with nodes of Peach and with time they also start developing tropical Romanness. Interesting facts about Portuguese lane. Port is actually Portugal's most famous export. Portugal is the world's largest producer. I guess the country with the most indigenous grape varieties, that means grapes that are native to that region. Kinda on the label means Wine, Estate. Port wine can only come from the region of dollar. 11. New World Wine Regions Part 1: Now that we've learned about the Old World wine regions, let's explore some of the New World wine regions. As we learned in the first chapter, vines and the tradition of winemaking traveled to the Americas by hands of the Galinsky sell Lotus, starting in Mexico and expanding from there. This was also the case in regions such as Australia, South Africa, New Zealand. But new world lines are not just winds from the Americas. They are essentially all growing wine regions outside of Europe and the Middle East. Of course, none of these regions or countries are. New World, refers to those countries that developed wine-making techniques that were brought by other countries. During this chapter, we are going to explore five key New World wine regions. United States, Australia, Chile, Argentina, and New Zealand. Let's get started. United States. The US has been producing wine for over 300 years and it is now the fourth largest wine producing region in the world. Did he know that wind is produced in all 50 space? On this course, we will only focus on California, Oregon, and Washington state. But if you get a chance trial line from Virginia and Texas, wine classification. Apa stands for American bidded cultural area. And it is the system used to classify winds in the US. To put a regional label EVA, a minimum of 85% of the grapes must have been grown on that ABA. This system began in 1980 and it currently has 242 EVAs across the US. One of the main differences between the European Appalachians and the usaid is that EVAs don't limit the type of grape grown or the method of line meeting. In the US and actually in most New World wine regions, you will notice that the grape used to produce the line will also be listed on the label of the bottle. California, the golden state. California is by far the biggest producer of wine in the US. It produces close to 90% of the country's total wine production, and it's the fourth largest in the world. The state benefits from a wide range of climates and soils. So it produces a wide range of styles. Some goin, the most common wife free planted is char. To me. The most common red grapes planted is cabernet, sauvignon. Let's take a look at the most famous wine regions within California and what makes them solely unique. Napa Valley. Napa Valley is first vineyards were planted in the 150. It is the most famous wine region in California and also the most famous US wine region in the world. The valley is right in the middle of two mountain ranges, the vacuum to the east and the Maya commas to the west. These mountains play a very important role because they influence the climatic conditions of the region. So in Napa, you have a wide range of climates and soils. That's why there are actually 16 separate sub Appalachians within the Napa Valley. So when you read in the label, Callisto got AVA, Carneiro IS ABA ruler for EVA and so on. These are all sub Appalachians. Napa Valley produces winds of many grape varieties, both red and white. But the main grape is definitely Cabernet Sauvignon. All 16 sub Appalachians produce a red wines from this variety with distinct characteristics. The caps from Napa, though, are typically big, full bodied wines that are savoring with powerful dark red fruit aromas and high tannins. With that new world style we learned about on the light grape varieties. The main one is charter me. And same as with Cabernet. Sauvignon is produced in different styles, but more leaning towards the full bodied with ripe tropical fruit and citrus flavor. Sonoma County. Sonoma is at the west of Napa, specifically between Napa Valley and the Pacific Ocean, which has a huge influence. The vineyards that are closer to the coast. This is a relatively large areas, so there are many diverse wine-growing regions. Each AVA has a unique terroir, and this translates to different styles of wines. You can have an elegant and refined peanut hilar or are robust and juicy SUMIF and Dell. The area produces wines from many grape varieties, but the main ones are Pinot Noir, Zinfandel, Cabernet, Sauvignon, and charter Ni. Sonoma has many abs, but I wanted you to know the main ones producing specific styles of wines. Russian River, cooler region. So it's perfect for the production of Peano Anwar. These lines are fruity, elegant and bright. Another cool region producing beautiful Peano Norris is Carneiro ABA. They also produce some of the best charter nice of Sonoma and amazing sparkling wine. Dry creek valley ABA is famous for its big, flavorful and robust Zinfandel lights. Anderson Valley. Anderson valley IS northwest of the city of San Francisco in Northern California. It's a small area with the color region producing excellent still lines and also excellent sparkling wines. The pinion Lars and try to raise from this area are fresh, arrogant, and refined. Anderson Valley also produces beautiful lines of grapes that are commonly used in France and Germany. You can find great expressions of Riesling, penal Cree, and other white grape varieties and will be adept good to this climate because it's a cooler region. Fossil Rome is thus a Romanist, is located between San Francisco and LA, along California central coast. This is a large region with stunning rolling hills covered with vineyards. The area is close to the Pacific Ocean. It enjoys hot dry days, but a fog. Coastal influence in the evening. This creates the ideal claiming to grow a wide range of grape varieties. The main wines of the region, R from Cabernet, Sauvignon, Merlot, since and down, Sarah and charter MY grades. Oregon. Oregon isn't exciting region for wine lovers. It has some cooler climate than California. So grape varieties like Peano, Mart and wrestling grow there very well. You can also find some excellent charter, nice smile backs and many others. Yes. All of these grapes are also grown in California, but in Oregon, the style is different, for the most part, lighter, fruity year, more SADD, less alcohol, and some earthiness. Oregon's main wine region is the Wilmette valley. This region is located 50 miles from the Pacific Ocean and it's surrounded by mountains. Cascade Mountains to the east, host range mountains to the west, and other ranges to the north. And interesting detail about this region is that it is at the same latitude as Burgundy in France. And as you know, burgundies main grape variety is pina Anwar. So this region also produces some world-class painter nor a horse, they express a different Toronto. So the style is different than Burgundy. A fun activity is to compare a wine from Burgundy with opinion mar from Oregon. Washington State. Washington is the second largest wine producing state in the country. And same as the other US regions. It produces a wide range of styles of when the first Klan tick a bit has been there for a grace occurred in the 19 fifties and 19 sixties. Over the years, the quality has improved. You can find some truly remarkable lines. Grape varieties that are not that commonly found in other states, such as I by Daniel Grenache, morbidity Sida in Benigno setting on Blank and many others. I highly encourage you to find some lines from Washington State and give them a trial. And most well-known wine region in Washington state is Walla. Walla. Walla Walla Valley is interesting because it's not entirely in Washington state. It extends to the northeastern corner of Oregon. So two-thirds of the abs in Washington State and 1 third is an Oregon. This is a cooler region. So you can expect wines that are bright, alan can, with aromas of freshly picked fruit. The region doesn't specialize in one specific great. They produce winds primarily from Cabernet Sauvignon, Sarah, MMR, low, Cabernet Franc, and ML BEC. You'll notice I just mentioned many of the grapes that are commonly used to create a Bordeaux blend. So this is a style and is often used in this region. The Bordeaux blend. Interesting facts about lines from the United States. The US is the number one country where all wine makers want to sell their wine. The US rings more Cabernet Sauvignon and sharpening than any other grape variety. About 55% of the wine sold in the US is purchased by women. Every single state in the US produces wines. This includes Hawaii. And the last step. The Prohibition era was the significant setback and the growth of the United States Hawaiian culture. Thankfully, those days are over. Chile. I had the pleasure of visiting Chile many years ago and was fascinated by the natural beauty of the country, the warmth of the people, and the quality of their lines in the past. The Chilean line say you could find outside of the country, they weren't that great. But fortunately, that is changing and the world is discovering the great wines of chewing. Something very particular about this country is dislocation. Chile is the world's narrowest country. It is just a 110 miles in width, but its coastline is nearly 2600 miles. It is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Andes mountain range to the east. The African ambassador to the north and Patagonia to the south. So basically, Chile is naturally protected on old sites. This has played an important role in the country's wine industry. When the pest, the locks are pretty much destroyed. Most vineyards around the world, it never touched Chilean wine. This natural protection has kept the vineyard safe and the wine's improving with the US wine classification. She was wines are classified based on their geographical location. A wine with the designation of origin or going on nasa Indonesian. We'll have the words deal in the bottle. In order to qualify into a deal, at least 75% of the grapes used must be from that specific deal stated in the bottle. Could have Taboola Valley. It's close. Taboo valley is in central Chile and the area runs west from the Andes Boot Hill to the Pacific Ocean. And there are vineyards planted anywhere between 650 feet to 3,110 feet above sea level. It has a warm climate, but it's cooled by the ocean produces, which makes it perfect for winemaking. Some of the country's fine mist red wines are from this region. The main grapes used for winemaking, both on its own and bass blends are cabernet, sauvignon, Carmen area, and Sarah, my full Valley. My book is to the north of Goodchild Law, and it is Chile's most historic wine region. They have plantings from the time of the conquistador race in the 16th century. The best lines of this region are produced from the Bordeaux grape varieties, primarily from Cabernet Sauvignon. The cap from this region is full body with dark red fruit aromas and flavors, but with a nice acidity. So it is full and robust without feeling overpowering and stuffy. Let's look at some of Chile's best white wines, and many of them are produced in the wine region of Casablanca. This area is between the coastal mountains and the Pacific Ocean in central Chile. And the first planting of vineyards that were done in the eighties. In a relatively small amount of time though, this whole climate area became famous for its crisp, fresh, bright white wines. From grapes like Sauvignon Blanc, charter name, and even recently, Casablanca is now also producing outstanding red wines from peanut alarm and seraph, The Mighty valid. This is one of the most northern wine regions in shade. It's a dry and arid area close to the epic AMA Desert. This is the top region for sharpen MY, the wine fear having nice minerality in crispness, freshness to them. Other great wines in this area are produced from the grape varieties, Sauvignon Blanc, and seraph. Interesting facts about CI. Chile has a strong Spanish influence. However, when it comes to wind, the strongest influence is friends. When the pest fill Luxor and Liz, destroying vineyards in Europe, many of the French winemakers immigrated to work in the vineyards of Chile. Carmen narrative is that countries signature. Great, but it actually originated in France. Most of the water used for irrigation in Chile is note that melts from the Andes mountain range. Approximately 70% of Chilean wine is expert. Argentina, the land of bangle, gauchos, soccer, fabulous meat, wine, grapes you've probably heard of before my debate. My biggest Argentina's most famous aligned great, but it's not the only one that thrives is this region. Argentina is South America's largest wine growing country and winemaking in this region dates back to the 16th century. Argentina has been producing wine for many years, but the wine industry didn't actually Boom until the 19th century. And at the beginning of the 20th century, that's when it really took off. During this time, Argentina welcomed many immigrants from European countries who brought with them. They did cultural knowledge and the passion for the art of winemaking. It was through their hard work and dedication that Argentina became one of the most recognized wine regions in the world. Argentina classifies its finds in three ways. The first one is DOC, denomination of controlled origin. This classification specifies a geographical boundary and production method. It's similar to the Spanish FIELD_C GI geographical indications. This classification verifies that the grapes used for a wine are from a specific region. I appeal indication of provenance. This is the table line classification. Now, let's take a look at Argentina's main wine regions. Cipher. The word sight that means very beautiful in the native language. This region is in the far north of Argentina, and it has the highest peaks of the Andes mountain range as the background. The vineyards are at a lower latitude and higher altitude than anywhere else on Earth, is so very unique location, and it produces wines that are different and really showcase Terroir of the region. The town of GSA yachting is the center of preference for this region. Santa is famous for fruity white wines from the great thought on this. There's even a name for the best expression of this wine. Thought on this real hung. The region also has lately gained recognition for outstanding red wines from my bank, Cabernet Sauvignon, and the grape variety and not some one. Some fun is the second largest wine producing province in Argentina. It is one of the sunniest areas in the world. It has very hot days, but also cold nights. So this creates a nice balance and the wine's remain crisp and fresh and fruity and beautiful. The main Variety of this region is the red grape, Surat. In this region, it develops a deep color and very intense aroma. Mendelssohn, we've arrived in the wine capital of our container. This region is broken up into Northeastern, central Mendoza River, which includes Johan. And might boo, boo go down. And southern. Argentina's most famous might have banks are produced in this region, specifically in Johan did Google and the Google Valley. These districts are located in the foothills of the Andes Mountains and an elevation of between 2805 thousand feet, that is between 852,520 meters in elevation. I'll tell you this. I love Fair a few years ago and I never saw starting nights like the Knights and Mendelssohn, it was truly spectacular. My MIP lines are full bodied with dark fruit flavors, a smoky finish, and a bit of spice to them. Ok, but Mendelssohn produces other wines as well. I'm a big fan of the red line Cabernet from, from this region. Interesting facts about Argentinian wine. Argentina is actually the number one producer of wind in South America. Normal bet is grown in Argentina than anywhere else in the world. Argentina is home to some of the highest altitude vineyards. The region of Mendoza has over 300 days of sunlight with very cool nights. Argentina produced winds for international expert and consumption. Not until the mid 19 nineties. 12. New World Wine Regions Part 2: In this chapter, we will continue exploring new worldwide, starting with Australia. Australia has a relatively small population considering the land surface of the country, which is great because that means there is more space to plant vineyards. And when you think of Australian wine, you probably think of one word, Shiraz, which is actually the word used in Australia for the grape variety, Sarah. So Shiraz and Surat, same thing. Australia is much more than sure OS though. Throughout the entire country, you can find vineyards producing a wide range of styles of wine, from classic wines to Funky lines. Australian wines are fun and full of personality. So let's dive into Australia. Wine classifications, similar to other new worldline countries, Australia classifies hits wines based on a geographical indication. There are no restrictions in terms of the grape varieties that can be used to produce a wire. The only rule is that 85% of the grape variety comes from the geographical indication that is faded in the bottle. The geographical indications can be zones, regions, or sub-regions. So let's take a look at some of Australia's main wine regions. For Roosevelt, for LSA Valley isn't sound Australia. This is an isolated area that is home to some of the oldest vineyards in the world. We're talking about vineyards that are over a century old. The main grape variety of borough Sebelius is sheriff, which by the way, remember, is the name used in Australia for the great Sarah. If you like Cabernet Sauvignon lines, you should definitely check out unwind from this region. The Shiraz wines from Australia are full bodied with powerful aromas and flavors. You'll notice their fruity, but also have a bit of pepper and earthiness to them. This region gets a lot of sunlight, so the alcohol level of the wines is high. They usually start off at around 14% alcohol. Sure OS is the main variety of their region, but you can also find GSM blends. Now, do you remember what a GSM blend is? It's a blend very common in the Rhone region of France. And GSM stands for the grape varieties, Grenache, Sarah, animal, vanity. It's also known as the clickthrough Rome blend. Mclaren, Bell, and learn bound is the birthplace of wine in South Australia. This is a region with diverse soils, the Mediterranean climate. The region also produces outstanding Shiraz wines that are bold and with the ripe fruit characteristics. Clear Valley is also in South Australia, but unlike for Rosa and Maclaren, This area is famous for a reef link wines. That climate here is warm to hot during the summer, but in the afternoon and evenings that temperature drops. Now, check this out. It can be 40 degrees Celsius, which is around a hundred and four hundred Fahrenheit during the day and drop to one degree Celsius, which is 33 Fahrenheit at evening. Now, this is one of the key reasons, like the Rieslings from this area. Turn out so great because you have a very hot day with a very cool evening. So the acid is just perfect to balance out the fruitiness of the great Yara Valla. Yaro Valley is so cool climate region located east of Mount born in Southeast Australia. It is a cool climate region that produces outstanding Pinot Noir and Chardonnay lines. Interesting fats on Australian length. The origin of Sharad is in France. However, the oldest fines, if sure, OS on the planet are found in Australia, and they date back to the mid 18 hundreds. So those aren't 200-year old Finance. On average, Australians consume about 29.6 liters of wind. Each. Emily. Australians love their local lane. Only 20% of the lines consumed are imported wines. The most expensive bottle of Australian wine ever sold in the world was the pencils 2004 Cabernet Sauvignon, and it's sold for a $168 thousand in 2012. The Berelson value, which is very famous for great, Sure, awesome recently, actually has a strong Scottish and German heritage. New Zealand. If you're familiar with the most well-known grape variety in New Zealand, you're probably already salivating at the thought of that crisp, fresh, high acid Sauvignon Blanc. And you feelin consists of two large, narrow islands. The wine regions extend a 1000 miles from northern down to Central a toggle, and the world's most southerly vineyards in the world are planted here. It is the country with their maritime climate. So lots of rainfall, but it's balanced with long periods of very intense sunshine. This combination translates to delicious, chris, pure lines that remind us of a walk in the forest. Line classification. New Zealand has a geographical indication classification. So GI, with 18 Appalachians, we're going to look at the main ones on the island, that is to the north and the island bet is to the south. The north island. The North Island is warmer. So you can expect to find red wines with more body and white lines that are fruity or than the ones that you would find in the South Island. The main grape varieties in the North Island are Chardonnay, Cabernet, Sauvignon, Merlot, and Pino. Nor the most well-known wine regions in the North Island are Auckland, which is actually where the wine industry started in the country, is born. Where half of the vines are sharper me that make wines that are strongly tropical flavors in bold characteristics. And hawks Bay, this is the warmest wine region and the one with the most sunshine hours. This is actually a famous region for Bordeaux style blends. South Island. The South Island is closer to the Antarctic Ocean and therefore cooler. The lines here are mainly white from Sauvignon Blanc and also sharp attorney. The most well-known wine regions in the South Island art. While borrow, and this is the region or New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc style was born. That high acid fresh flying that smells like asparagus and green flavors. Marlboro also produces other lines, but solving and blank is by far the main grape. Another region is Nelson. And this region produces great wines, but it's tiny. So length from this area are actually very hard to find. And then the last one is Central a taco. This region has the most southern vines planted in the world. The main grape used here is Pino Anwar, and it produces some exceptional representations of this great interesting facts about New Zealand. Light finds her first planted in New Zealand in 1819. Over 90% and New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc is grown in loan borrow. Charney was actually the most planted grape, but Sauvignon Blanc surpassed it in 2002. New Zealand vineyards are the first ones on our planet to see the sun every day. 13. Old World vs New World Wines: We already learned about old world line and New Berlin, but let's recap. Old-world lines are primarily ones from Europe and sudden Middle Eastern countries. They're called Old World wines because these ones are the ones that exported fines and the winemaking process to the rest of the world. Mimi, New World Regions. Old World wine regions tend to have more restrictions and guidelines in their wine-making process. And the regions also tend to have a cooler climate. The New World region, White's new world lines usually have less winemaking restrictions and the regions are warmer. And as we've learned, the climate plays a very important role in defining the style of a wine. Grapes and cooler claiming take longer to write them. With less warm. The great produces a wind with a higher level of acid, left alcohol and an overall lighter wine. The wine will have fruit and herbal enrollments, but also some minerality to them. Now, grapes in warmer regions ripe and more easily with more warm than amines, also, less acid, more alcohol, and more body. The winds will have more fruitful word aromas and flavors also. So think of it as biting into a fresh fruit tart. Let's take a look at the different characteristics of Old World vs. New World. And remember there are exceptions. Old World wine characteristics. So Old World wines tend to have higher acidity, lower alcohol, lighter body, less fruity, and with more minerality. Neil worldline characteristics, they tend to have lower acidity, higher alcohol, fuller body, and more fruit forward. Now, again, this is not a general rule, but it might help you understand why a California Charter n0 is usually fruity or and fuller in the mouth, then the white Burgundy. And the white Burgundy is from France. Great. So I also have to say, I find it very interesting to see how these two regions and compare them side-by-side. So I invite you to do that. 14. Wine & Food: Wine and food? Yes, there are some common parents out there that will help you get the most out of the different flavors and we'll learn about them in this chapter. But honestly, the best wine pairing is up to you. It's an individual preference. I, for example, love the combination of champagne and chips. It's actually my go-to EPA theatre. You should give it a try. So instead of going through all the different and traditional wine pairings, I put together a sheet that you can download and axis. So it will give you a lot of information on the traditional wine pairings and it's in the resources section. I do want us to focus on the things you should be looking at when pairing wine with suit. Here are some suggestions that you can apply. If the fluid is high acid, the wine should have even higher acid. If the Buddhist suite, the wind should be sweeter. If the food is spicy, then you want to avoid a wine that has high alcohol and high cannons, because spicy food and high cannons do not get along. So you want to go for something like the peanut hilar or a Grenache? Red wine goes best with red meat. Yes. But that doesn't mean that a full body white or a row say, won't taste great. White wine goes best with fish. Yes. But there are some lighter red wines like Peano Anwar That are great with fish too. I think that clue is for you to be able to identify the qualities of certain wines to then pair them with food. Following these simple suggestions, if you're having a hard cases by shatter Parmigiano or unshakable, You want to try a medium bodied reading like him, but an ego from below. If you're having a light vegetable dish, maybe paired with Sauvignon Blanc from New Zealand, or a Sauvignon Blanc from France. For example, sunset. You're having pizza paired with an Italian wine. But how about instead of a county goal for by Botticelli from Bendigo or about a beta from P1. If you're having Thai food, tried with a Riesling, trust me, it said great option. And Thai food can be tricky because it's spicy usually, but with the reselling, it pairs wonderfully. If you're having Mexicans food, also spicy, well, how about a Spanish garden I shot or a Cabernet Franc. And you're having shellfish at the Nevada thing from Portugal or an i7 Neal from Spain. If you're having a lobster roll, How about a full body white? For example, a monoclonal from France. If you're having Lamb, you could pair it with a French seraph from cross every thought or a click to run also from friends. If you're having steak, yes, Cabernet Sauvignon is great, but also a California Zinfandel or a mandate from Argentina or even the sheriffs from Australia. I know I just gave you a bunch of suggestions, but honestly what I encourage you to do is to challenge your taste buds and have fun trying different pairings. It's the best way to learn. 15. Buying Wine: That buying wine can be super tricky and the easiest thing to do is to go for a wind mill or a grape variety you are used to. And that's probably one of the reasons why Cabernet Sauvignon, and Chardonnay are so popular. And don't get me wrong. Those grapes produce some fabulous wines. But they're not the only ones. As we've learned throughout this course. There are so many other grape varieties. So please, please, please get out of your comfort zone and start exploring your local wine shop. And I'm talking about the small wine shops where he can actually get to know the owner. They know so much about wine and it's the best way for you to learn, to start trying different wines and learn from these people that have so much experience and trust me, they love talking wine. If you're at a restaurant, talk with your waiter or with the restaurant saw me Liang. Trust me, they will love talking wine with you and they will appreciate it. If you say you want to try something different. Again, it's the best way to learn. Like, I know that reading the line label can be very tricky, but here are some helpful tips. You can pretty much put all line labels in one of these two categories. The ones that include the name of the grape varieties used and the ones that don't. The ones that don't will just give you the name of the region or the appellation. And this is something that we've been learning throughout the course. So you need to know what is produced in that specific region in order to know what is greats were used to produce that wine. But let's look at a few labels and understand how things are placed in the label and what the label tells you about away. The name of the wine. The name of the line will be at the front of the label. In the large fund. The producer, you will usually find the name of the producer in small text at the top or the bottom of the label. The country and region. Most wine labels will showcase the country of origin, either at the top or the bottom of the label. The variety of grapes used, the grapes that are used to produce the line could be listed at the front of the label, at the back or not at all. If the wine is from the New World, the grape varieties will more than likely be listed. If the line is from the old world. Probably not. And that takes us to Appalachian. Appalachian, This is the designated region the wind is from. And in many cases, your clue to knowing which grapes for use in the production of this wine. The Appalachian, depending on the country, will be the name that is followed. The acronyms, A-LC, deal, BOC, BOC G, and so on. Throughout this course, we studied many Appalachians. But trust me, I know how tricky it is to remember the grapes used for each one of them, and of course, the styles associated with them. So I put together a sheet for you to use S and diet. And the sheet lists the name of the LLC deal or DOC, that grape variety is used and the style of the wind and this will be cell, so a handy for you to use because you can have it on your phone and pull it up when you're buying a wine vintage. This is the year the grapes were harvested. And you will usually find that somewhere in the front of the label. Alcohol by volume, ABB. The alcohol by volume or ABB needs to be stated on all wine labels. New World wines tend to have higher alcohol than Old World wines. Estate bottle. This means that the wine was grown, produced, and modeled on the Wine Estate. This can also be placed on the bottle and you fit is placed on the bottle. It will be written in the local language, contains a sulfites. This is a requirement on all officially imported or domestic whites in the United States. But of course, let's not forget that some natural wines do not contain sulfates. 16. GRAND FINALE - LET’S TOAST!: Congratulations, you've completed the course. I hope you have fun. I hope you are tasting wines throughout the entire course. And hopefully this was just a stepping stone for you to dive more into this amazing and beautiful world of wine. If you enjoyed this course, please be on the lookout. I'll be sharing new classes. And of course I'll be focusing on specific regions, vital, sublime, and so much more. I also want him by you to follow me on Instagram. So thank you. Thank you. Thank you for joining me on this fabulous wind voyage. Here's to you.