The Ultimate Piano/Keyboard Course from total Beginner to Advanced-8 : The Missing Scales

1. Introduction: Hi, welcome to the ultimate Piano Keyboard course from total beginner to advanced part eight. My name is Martin Cohen. I'm a jazz musician composer and a piano teacher. As I said, this is part eight of the course series. If you're a beginner, you would probably rather start in part one of this course series. In the description of this course, you can find a link to part one and to all the other parts of the course series. So if this is not the right part to start with, you can see in the description of the course which is the one that you need. But as I said, if you're a beginner, a total beginner, then just start in part one. Okay, this being said, what will you actually learn in this particular course, in part eight of this course series? Well, as the title suggests, we do the missing scales. In the former parts of this course, we've done nine different scales. There are in total 12 different scales. We do the three missing scales. Those three missing scales are the scales of for D flat major and F sharp, or flat major. Also, in this course, I will do the courts that you can derive from those major scales. Finally, we will also do the three natural minor scales that are related to those three major scales that I mentioned. Okay. I'd like to thank you for your interest in my course, and I hope to see you in the inside of this course or in any of the other courses of this course series. 2. The Ab major scale Theory: Hi and welcome to part eight of this course series. I think it's a good idea before starting in the course that you download all the resource files that come with this course. To do so, go to the Projects and Resources tab. Here you find a link to download the resources in a zip file, which you can then and store on your computer to use it in the course. Okay, are you ready? Let's start with the course. In former sections of this piano course, we've seen nine different major skills. That means that there are three major skills that are still missing, since there are 12 different nodes, 12 different major skills. You see them displayed here in the circle of fifth. The three ones that are missing, that's a flat, that's flat, that's F sharp, or flat. Which are the same nodes of, because F sharp and flat are enharmonic equivalent nodes, they are the same key on the piano. We will start this lecture with the A flat major scale, and we're going to use the major scale formula as we did before, the 11, a half, 111 a half. Let's start, and of course, we start on the flat, go up a to B flat, another whole tone to. Now we go up a half tone to flat, a whole tone to flat again, a tone to another whole tone to, and finally half tone up back to our root flat. The flat major scale consists of the nodes, a flat, flat, flat, flat, and a flat. As you see, the flit major scale has four flets. 3. Playing the Ab major scale on the piano: Okay. How do we play the A flat major scale comfortably on the piano? I'll start with the right hand and first just one octave. We start on the flat with our finger number two, the index finger. Then we use on the middle finger number number three. We go with our thumb under our middle finger on the C. We use F, two on flat finger, three on flat. Go again with our thump, our middle finger on the F, two on and three on a flat. I will repeat it one more time, and I will say the finger numbers, that's 23123123 that we're going down now is always the same as up, but in reverse order. We start with F three on the flat, two on, one on. We go with our middle finger over our thumb on the flat two D flat, one on. We go again with our middle finger over our thumb on the B flat, and we end with two on A flat, 2132132. So that's one octave. Let's do two octaves with the right hand, we start exactly in the same way as that. We started with the one octave. That's 23123123, and we just go one, we use now four on the B flat. Go with our thumb on the C, 2.3 on the D flat, and the flat one on F two on 32, on the flat, again, that's 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3. Let's go down, That's always the same, but in reverse order. We start on three on the flat 321 with our middle finger over our thumb on the flat 321. Now we go with our ring finger over our thumb with four, we hit the B flat three on a flat, 21321321. More time. That's 321321. Shot four. Sorry. 432-13-2132 That's the right hand. Okay. Left hand. One octave. So we start with finger three, the flat. Fire two, index finger on the B flat one. Then we go with our bring finger over our thump to the flat. That's finger four on flat three on flat 21f1 on G. And then you can end with two. You can also end with three on the flat. So again, that's 3214321. Let me take three for an hour down is same thing as always, but in reverse order three. You can also start with 231-23-4123, We'll do it once more. Two or three. You can start with either two or 31234, with your thumb, under your ring finger on the Sea. One to three. Okay, so that's one octave with left. Let's do two octaves. We start exactly in the same way, 34313, and we do exactly the same thing, we just continue to 143212, or 31 more time, 321431. And exactly the same thing, you repeat it, 3214321, and either end with three or with two on the flat, go down as always. Exactly the same thing but in reverse order. Let me start on finger two now, but you can also start on 321234 with your thumb under your finger on the C13. Go with your thumb under your middle finger on the 1234 thump, ring finger on the C1231. More time I will use my finger two. But as I said, you can also start with 3212, 3412, 3123, 4123. That's the A flat major scale, one octave, two octaves. Right hand, left hand. You can of course, practice it with the MP three play along files that are in the resources. As always, you have the three tempos, 60 beats per minute, 90 beats per minute, and 120 beats per minute. Of course, you start with the slower one when it goes well, you go on with 90 beats per minute version and then with 120 beats per minute version if the steps are too big, 60-90 and 90-120 you just use your metronome to exercise when you do it well on 60, then go to 65, then 70, then 75, et cetera, till you reach the 90. And then you can use the play along file to practice with the 90, et cetera. 4. The Ab major triad: Now that we've seen the major scale, it's time for the A flat major triad. Now, it's already a while ago that we've done. Try, let me remind you, how did we make a major triad? Well, it was very simple. Head was the first, the third and fifth note of the major scale, the root, the major third, and fifth again, the major scale, the A flat major scale, you see it displayed here. The first, third, and fifth notes are A flat C and flat. A flat flat is the A flat major triad. Let's play that on the piano. This is the flat major trite in root position. Since A flat the root is at the bottom. This is a flat major in first inversion, since the third major third is at the bottom. This is the flat major trite in second inversion. Since flat the fifth is at the bottom. 5. Blowing in the Wind in Eb major: Okay, now you learned the new triad, the A flat major triad. Of course, you want to practice with it. The best to do is, of course to practice it in a song. Now, I hope you remember that in former sections, in former parts of this course, we did that with the song blowing in the wind. We will do that again with the song blowing in the wind. Now this new chord we learned, the major triad, appears for the first time in Blowing in the wind. When we play it in the key flat major. We will see later why we're going to play in the key of flat major. Now I hope you'll remember that in blowing in the wind, we use the so called 14.5 chords will repeat a little bit the one chord chord based on the first, the root of the scale playing in which is flat, flat is our one court had the E flat major trip, you remember? Flat flat. Those are the three notes of the E flat major triad. That's our one court. Now what's our fourth court? Well, the four court is based on the fourth note of the key we're playing in. Again, we're playing in flat. The fourth note in the key of flat. Let's go up in the E flat major scale. That's 1234, that's a flat. There's our flat major tied that we just learned, we know that consists of the notes. A flat flat, that's our 45. Well, that's the fifth note in the scale. We're playing at the fifth note in flat 12345, that's flat, B flat major, hope you remember, consists of the notes, the B flat major. Trite, B flat, and that's our five court 145, those three major tries we're using in Blowing in the Wind. If you don't remember exactly how it was with blowing in the wind, go back in the former section, in the former part of this course, have a look there. I assume that you know how the structure of the song is. Again, it's a simplified version because normally you could put some more chords in it. I simplified it to this version where we use only 14.5 chords. What I will do is just put the P three file on flat. Which by the way, of course, you can find in the resources of this lecture as always. So that you can play along with the play along file. Yeah, your right hand. You can of course at position you can also here you can do other inversions of it's good to do a mix of inversions, but you could start with only root position first inversions then second inversion. But I prefer a mix of inversions. What you could do, for example, let's say here in what is it, second inversion at first inversion, flat in first inversion. I will show this version to you. Yeah, you can do your own inversions. Of course, just to show you have four counts before it starts. Let me put it on. Okay, There's another round coming, but I will put it off because one round is enough to show you, of course, I did only my right hand. What you could do is in the left hand the base notes. So the root notes of the, for example, for the five force. Okay, You could first do only the right hand and then add the left hand, the root notes. Of course, you should also practice your left hand. So do the flat. Have another inversion now, but okay, flat, flat, flat also with your left hand, Very important to also practice your left hand. Okay, I think you have enough to practice with you. Practice again the flat and flats that you learned before and now as the new flat major. Try. Okay, practice well, and I see you in the next lecture. 6. The Db major scale Theory: Okay, it's time for D flat major. We will use again, the major scale formula. We start, of course on flat. One whole step up flat, another whole step up to now a half step up to flat, whole step to a flat step to B flat. Whole step C, and finally, a half step back to our root deflet. The Deflet major scale consists of the nodes ftletfletfletftC deflet. As you see, Deft major has five flets. 7. Playing the Db major scale on the piano: Okay, so let's play the D flat major scale on the piano. We start with the right hand, first one octave. We start with finger two, index finger on flat three flat. Then with our thumb on the F, index, middle finger, ring finger, We go with our thump under our ring finger on the C. And finally with finger two on the D flat, that's 23123412. Do reverse order to one with your ring finger over your thumb on the B flat. That's 4321 on the F. Then you go with your middle finger over your thumb on the flat, and finally with your index finger, finger number two on the flat, 232132. Let's do two octaves. We started in the same way, 23123412, and we just continue 3123412. So would you Actually exactly the same thing as with one octave, but we just continue to 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2. Okay. Going down to one with your ring finger over your thumb. 4321, with your middle finger over your thumb. 321-432-1321 More time. 2 1, 4, 3, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 1, 3, 2. That's the right hand. 1.2 octaves. Let's do the left hand. We start with finger three on the flat 21, then we go with our ring finger over our thumb, 4321. Then you can go either with finger two or with finger three on the flat. That's the 143212 or three. Let's go down. You can also here start with either finger three or finger two. Let me now take finger 221234, with your thumb under your ring finger on the F1231. More time, 21234123, that's left hand one octave, left hand two octaves. Now start in exactly the same way, 3214321. Now you have to take finger 332. You do exactly the same thing, 4321, and then either end with finger three or with finger two. The important thing is here that when you've done one octave, you cannot go with F two because you cannot, you have to go to F three on the F to be able to continue your second octave one more time. 3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 1, and then end with two or three. That's 202 octaves. Now two octaves down, we start with fire two. You can also start with finger three, but let me start with finger two now. 21234, with your thumb under your ring finger on the F123, with your thumb under your middle finger on the C1234 thump under your ring finger on the F123. More time, two or three, but I'll start with two now. 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3. That's D Flat major. You practice it with the play along files in the resources. As you know, 6,090.120 beats per minute. As I said in last lecture. You can also use your metronome to go 60-90 if the step is too big. So that you can put it on 65, 70, 75, et cetera. Okay, see you in the next lecture. 8. The Db major triad: Okay, the D flat major triad. Again, we take the first third and fifth, root third and fifth of the scale. You see the scale displayed here. The first third, and fifth are flat and a flat. And those three nodes together, flat and a flat, are the flat major triad. Let's play that on the piano. And here you see the root position, where flat is at the bottom. This is the first inversion. The major third is at the bottom. Here is the second inversion, where A flat, the fifth is at the bottom. 9. Blowing in the Wind in Ab major: Okay, in order to practice with the D flat major triad, we're going to play blowing in the wind again, and this time in the key of A flat major. Now hope you remember 14.5 chords, the one chord is obviously a flat. The four. Well let's go up the A flat major scale. 1234, that's flat. And there's our major court or tried that we wanted to practice. Major is our four court and of course 12345, major 5145. You're going to play it again with the play a long MP three file that of course you can find in the resources of this lecture. Yeah. As you can practice first all the root positions and then other inversions. But you can also do a mix. You know, I prefer always to do a mix of inversions. Well, let me say for example, if you first the root position of your one of a flat, then you could do the second inversion of the D flat major chord and you could go to the first inversion of flat 145, for example. Okay, I will put the play along file on. I will directly with my left hand, the base notes, the root of the chords. But you can do for you when you want to try it for the first time, you can first do your right hand and later add your left hand. Okay, let's try it. I will put it on. Okay. One round is enough, we'll put it off. You tried that also, then I cannot say it enough times. Very important. Practice Also your left hand I mean practice the courts in your left hand. As I said, I showed, I showed you one set of inversions of positions. You try out also other sets of mixes of inversions. Okay. I see you in the next lecture. 10. The FsharpGb major scale Theory: The F sharp, G flat major scale. Now, this is a bit, a special lecture. Because it's the F sharp and the G flat major scale. Before we had only one scale, the flat major scale, or we did the D flat major scale. Now it's F sharp and flat. But of course, the piano, they're exactly the same keys since as you know, sharp and flat are exactly the same key there. Enharmonic equivalent nodes, the scales on the piano be also exactly the same thing. The same keys, they only well have other names. I will still do it twice, once for F sharp and once for flat, because they all have other names. All the keys, but the keys on the piano are exactly physically the same keys that you play. As always, we use our major scale formula. I will start with the F sharp major scale. Later I will do the G flat major scale. We start on F sharp, we go up one whole tone, G sharp, we go another whole tone up A sharp. Now we go a half tone up to a tone up sharp, another hold up D sharp. Now we go another tone up, and it looks like this is the note. But remember that the note before was the D sharp. I cannot go from D sharp, That's with the letter D. Just remember in the beginning of this piano, I said you cannot have either to the same letters one after the other, or leave a gap When I go from D Sharp to then I missed the letter. When I go from D Sharp, I have to go to something with the letter. This has to be something with the letter. Now, it looks a bit strange because it's an F, but you see that is here. And only a half tone up is the I call this note now an E sharp. That might seem a little bit strange, but it's the only way that I go from the D sharp, something with a D, to something with the letter E. This is an E sharp. Okay, well my last step, as you know, is a half tone up back to our root sharp. Also, imagine I would have called this note an F instead of an E sharp. Then going from F to F sharp, I have twice the letter also. That was one of the rules that says that you cannot have two the same letters in the scale. We have, we have to call this note an sharp. Okay? So I repeat, the F sharp major scale is then F sharp sharp sharp. B. C sharp sharp, sharp sharp. Now, you see that this scale has six sharps. Now, before in this piano course, I said, hey, how is that possible? How can you have six sharps when there are only five black keys available? Now you see the answer. This is also a sharp, It's an E sharp, where our sixth sharp is coming from. You see that it's possible to have six sharps even without having six different black keys on the piano. We only have five different black keys on the piano. That's a bit special about this F sharp major scale. Again, the F sharp major scale has six sharps. Let's look now at the G flat major scale, which again are exactly the same physical keys on the piano. They only have other names. Those are the enharmonic equivalent names. We start now not on F sharp, but on flat. We use again, the major scale formula. We go up one whole tone to A flat, whole tone to B flat. Now we go a half tone up. It's a B. But remember that this note, we call it the flat. That is with the letter B. The next note has to be something with the letter C. Now, that's only possible when you call this no, A flat. You see C is here. This note is only a half tone below the C. It has to be called flat again, because this note was already B flat. My next note has to be something with a C. This is A flat. Okay, Now we go a tone up to D flat. Another hole, up to flat, another hold up to this node is called in this case. Finally we go a half step up, a half tone up back to our root flat. The G flat major scale consists of the nodes flat, flat, flat, flat. F, G flat. You see that the G flat major scale has six flats Also, here is the same thing as with the F sharp major scale. We said we only have five black keys available. But in this case, with the G flat major scale, we have six flats. Well, the sixth flat, this one, the flat, which is not a black key on the piano, but it's a flat node in the scale of flat. Let me again put the F sharp and the G flat major go together so that you can compare them. You see that when you have a closer look, you see that both scales are actually the same nodes, the same keys, the same physical keys on the piano. First, the sharp or flat are the same. Of course, the sharp and A flat are exactly the same keys. Harmonic equivalent keys, the sharp and B flat are the same. The B and the flat are the same keys. The sharp and D flat are exactly the same nodes. The D sharp and the flat are the same nodes. The sharp and are also exactly the same notes. They're harmonic equivalent. Finally, of course, back to our root F sharp and flat harmonic equivalent nodes. They're exactly the same nodes. Okay, that's it about the F sharp, G major scale. Two different scales, which are actually two the same scales. In the next lecture, we're going to play it on the piano. 11. Playing the FsharpGb major scale on the piano: Okay, we're going to play the F sharp and G flat major scales on the piano. Of course, as I said in the former lecture, they're both the same physical keys on the piano. I have to do it only once. Let's start with the right hand. We start on the F sharp or flat, which is the same note. We start with finger two, there we go, 234. Now we go with our thump under our ring finger here on the B or C flat. Depends on which scale you're looking at. That's 123. Now, with your thumb under your middle finger on Or sharp finally with finger two back on the root, which can be sharp or flat again. 23412312. Okay, let's go back. That's exactly as always the same, but in reverse order. So that's 13214321, more time, 2321432. Let's do two octaves. We start in exactly the same way, 23412312, and we just go one in the same way as that we did with one octave. 23123121, More time 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2. That's two octaves up. Let's go two octaves down as always. Same thing. Reverse order, 21321432. We'll just continue in the same way. 123432. I think I messed up the numbers here a little bit, so let's do that again. 2, 1, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4, 3, 2, Okay. So that's the right hand. Let's go to the left hand. Let me start to lower, doesn't matter. I can start wherever I want. We start with finger four on the F sharp or flat 321, then we go with our middle finger over our thumb on the D flat or C sharp, 321.2. On the F sharp or flat 4312 down to 123. Go with your thumb under your middle finger. 12342 to 31234. So that's one octave. Let's go to the version with two octaves. We start in exactly the same way, 4321321. Now the only difference is that when we go on with our second octave, we don't use this finger because otherwise we cannot really continue. What we do instead is going with finger four, ring finger on the F sharp or flat. We do exactly the same thing. 43 on 312, well, let me do it again. 43232, finger four, now 432322, finally going down two octaves. Start with finger two to 123, with your thumb under your middle finger on the C flat or the B1234, with your thumb under your ring finger on the F or E sharp. 3134. Let me do it again. 2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4. 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4. That's how you play the F sharp or G flat major scale on the piano. As always, you practice with the play along files that you can find in the resources of this lecture. Yeah, as said, when you're going 60-90 beats per minute, you can use the metronome to go in little steps up 60-90 Okay. Have fun practicing with the play along files and with your metronome. And see you in the next lecture. 12. The Fsharp Gb major triad: Our last major trite is a bit a special one, because you can call it either the G flat major type or the F sharp major trite on the piano. They're, of course, exactly the same keys, because as you know, F sharp and G flat are the same, they're enharmonic equivalent. Let me first do the notes of the G flat major tri, after that I will do the F sharp major type, even if on the piano they are exactly the same keys, G flat major. As always, we take the first, third and fifth notes, the root, the major, third and fifth. You see the major scale displayed here. So we take the first, third and fifth, which are flat, B flat and D flat. So those three nodes together, flat, flat, and flat, are the G flat major triad. Okay, before we go to the piano, let me do the same thing for F sharp major again. First, the fifth root, third, and fifth. You see the F sharp major scale here are F sharp sharp sharp. Those three nodes, F sharp sharp and C sharp are together the F sharp major trite. Let's go to the piano and here is the try it either flat or F sharp major, depends how you want to call it in root position, since the root flat or F sharp is at the bottom. This is the first inversion, The major third, either flat or A sharp, is at the bottom. This is the second inversion where the fifth, which you can call either flat or C sharp, is at the bottom. 13. Blowing in the Wind in Db major: Okay, in order to practice our newly learned G flat, we're going to play blowing in the wind in the key of flat major. Our one chord is flat major. Our four. Let's go up in the flat major scale, 1234, that's flat, that's our, our 512345, that's a flat. Also play here. Okay? So 145 flat. Flat, flat. Now, why don't I call this one F sharp, because I said in the lecture, okay, you can call it F sharp or flat. Well, obviously we're playing in the key of D flat major. And in D flat major, the fourth note is called flat, not F sharp. It would be sharp. If we would play in C sharp major, then we would have one court sharp, which is of course exactly the same court as D flat. The four would be sharp, our five G sharp, which is, again, exactly the same chord as A flat. But we're playing in D flat, not in C sharp. Why not? Well, because in C sharp we would have too many sharps. You can see that in the circle of fifth, when we go up, when we're totally down in the circle of fifths, then we have flat sharp, has six sharps, which is already a lot. But when we go a fifth up to C sharp, that would have one sharp more, seven sharp. Well, that means that G sharp would have eight sharps. That's too much. That's why we do it in the key flat, even if the keys on the keyboard are exactly the same. Of course, that's also why the fourth node in the key of D flat is the flat and F sharp. Okay, that being said, we're going to do a mix of inversions. Of course, you can do first what's it called, the root positions, then the first inversion, then the second. See what is best for you to practice. I start with a mix of inversions flat. What could we do? We could take Fsc inversion flat here, that's the first inversion. And a flat, for example, in root position, why not 145? And we can play the bass notes if we want also, So for example, this. So let me put on, you play a long track and we will start. Okay? I'll stop it. One round is enough. You can do more rounds if you want. Okay? As always, practice other inversions of, don't forget the left hand. You also practice with your left hand. Okay, see you in the next lecture. 14. The 3 missing dominant 7th chords: Okay, from our new scales that we did in this part of the course, flat and flat, we've seen now the major triads. But we haven't seen the dominant seventh chords yet. You know it's simple to the triad you just add minor seventh for the dominant seventh chord. Now I will show you how to do that for a flat. You're going to do that for the two other scales or dominant chords, flat and flat. Don't forget to do also F sharp. Of course it's the same as G flat. You will have the same keys on the piano, but the names of the nodes will be different. You do that for the two names at the end, or I mean, in the resources of this lecture, you will find all the answers. Okay, let's start a flat. You know that the tet consists of the nodes and flat. How do we find the minor seventh? It's always the same. Go first up an octave from your root. Again on the root, an octave higher, and then whole tone Is this A flat and this is flat. A flat seven. Or you can also say the flat dominant seventh chord. A flat, flat, flat. This is the root position to make the first inversion. You take the lowest note and put it at the top. The first inversion, this is the second inversion, this is the third inversion. That's how you make dominant seventh chords. And again, you're going to find yourself flat seventh and G flat seven sharp seventh. Okay, see you in the next one. 15. Exercise All the dominant 7th chords: In this exercise, you're going to train with all the dominant seventh courts. Now, in a former section of this court, you've been doing already an exercise with dominant seventh courts, but those were only the nine dominant seventh courts we knew at that time. In this exercise, we added the three missing dominant seventh courts. So that you have in total 12 dominant seventh courts. You go to the resources of this lecture, open the PDF, and you see that you have two links. First link only root positions do first debt exercise. That's easier. You have only 12 questions in the second exercise. On the second link, you have all the positions, root positions and three inversions in total. Four in total. You have four times 12, 48 different questions. Okay. Do the exercises and I see you in the next one. 16. The 3 missing natural minor scales: Now that we've seen the three missing major scales, we can, of course, also now finally make the three missing natural minor skills, the relative minor skills of those major skills that we've seen. If we start with the A flat major scale, what is its relative minor scale? Well, as you know, you have to go a minor third down or three half tones from a flat you arrive to. Which means that the natural minor scale has exactly the same nodes as the A flat major scale. Here's the flat major scale, and of course the minor scale, the natural minor scale has exactly the same nodes, It only starts on instead of on A. We can do the same thing with D flat major. When we go a minor third down from D flat, or three semitones, then we arrive at B flat. The B flat natural minor scale is the relative minor scale of D flat major. That means that they have both exactly the same notes. Here you see the nodes of the flat major scale. And the B natural minor scale has exactly the same nodes. It only starts on B flat instead of on flat. Finally, the F sharp or flat major scale. Well, let's take them apart. The F sharp major scale has its relative minor minor third down. That's D sharp minor. Here you see the notes of the F sharp major scale. The D sharp minor scale has exactly the same nodes, it only starts on D sharp. Let's do the same thing for G flat major. What's the relative minor of G flat major? Minor third down is flat minor. Of course, flat minor is exactly the same scale as sharp minor. Well, they have other names, the nodes, but on the piano it's exactly the same keys. Here are the nodes of G flat major. Flat minor has exactly the same nodes, It only starts on flat instead of on G flat. Those are the three missing natural minor scales. Now we've seen all the 12 major scales and all the 12 natural minor scales. 17. Exercise All the natural minor scales: In this exercise, you're going to train with the natural minor skills. Now, in a former section of this course, you've been training already with natural minor skills, but those were only the nine natural minor skills we knew at that time in this exercise. The missing three natural minor skills are included. You're going to train with all the 12 natural minor skills to do so. As usual, you open the PDF that goes with the resources of this lecture, and you click on the link to go to the exercises.