Spoken English Vocabulary Course 2025

1. Welcome to the Course: Of students who are learning English look like this when they finish talking to a native speaker. Hey, guys, my name is Shane, and I've been teaching English for more than eight years. The main reason a lot of students have problems with speaking and understanding English is because they learn vocabulary that isn't really used in spoken English and isn't really used by native English speakers. In this spoken vocabulary course, which has 30 topics, I'm going to teach you more than 2000 words, expressions and idioms that native speakers use in spoken English. You also learn collocation, so you know which words go together and which prepositions to use with each expression or word. This is going to help you to understand English speakers more easily, including when you're watching TV shows, when you're watching movies, and when you're reading English books. Now, here's a quick preview of what's inside the course. All you have to do is sit back, relax, and enjoy the lessons. I've done all the hard work for you because I've created a word document for each topic which contains a list of the vocab, the meanings, examples, and a quiz to check your understanding. So it's really up to you now. Do you want to learn the vocabulary that native English speakers use in spoken language, or do you want to keep having problems with English? It's your decision, but if you want to learn, I'll see you inside the course. 2. Activities General Vocab: All right, let's kick off with activities. Let's kick off by talking about activities. These are two great phrases you can use when you want to start talking about something. Maybe you want to start a presentation, for example. You can say, let's kick off by looking at the sales from last month, for example. Now, the word kick off comes from sport. When we kick off a sport, we start a sport. I'll put something on the screen right now so you can see what kickoff means. Now we can also say get going. Get started or get to it if we want to start an activity, whatever that activity is. For example, let's get going and talk about activities. Let's get started and talk about activities. Let's get to it and talk about activities. Now, you don't have to say something at the end of these phrases. You can just say, let's get to it. That means let's get started. Let's get going. That also means we should get started. Okay, let's move down here and talk about let one's hair down. This is like an idiom, which means to relax and enjoy yourself. So let's pretend you have been working for ten days in a row, and you haven't had a break. You can say, I'm tired of working. I'm going out tonight and I'm going to let my hair down. This means I'm going to relax. I'm going to enjoy myself, and I'm not going to think about work. To be in the middle of something. This means you are doing something. So for example, right now, I'm in the middle of making a lesson for you. I am doing it right now. Now note here that you need to use this phrase with to be. I am in the middle. He is in the middle. They are in the middle. Time flies when you're having fun. Also another idiom or phrase we like to use in English. What do you think it means? If time flies, do you think time is going quickly or slowly? It's going quickly. This just means when you're doing something you enjoy, it normally feels like or normally seems like time goes really quickly. When you're at work, time feels like it's going slow. But if you're doing something you like, like maybe playing sports or doing your hobby, time flies. Time goes very quickly. Okay, next one, what's your guilty pleasure? This just means, do you do anything that you know it's probably not good for you, and if your friends found out, if your family found out, you might feel a little bit embarrassed. So, for example, what's John's guilty pleasure? Well, he likes to eat chocolate on the weekend. So if John knew that people knew this, he might feel a little bit embarrassed about it because he knows it's probably not good for him. Alright, now let's talk about play, do, and go. What is the difference? Now, we normally use play with activities where you compete against someone, where it is competitive, where you try to win. So, for example, play soccer. There are two teams, and the two teams are trying to beat each other, same with tennis, same with computer games. A lot of the time, you are playing against someone. You are competing against someone, same with poker and same with sport. So play we normally use with activities where you compete against someone else and where you try to beat the other person. And a lot of the time with play, the activities you are talking about use a ball. So for example, soccer and tennis. Now, do is normally used with activities where you don't compete with someone, and normally they don't have a ball. So for example, do housework. Do you compete with anyone when you do housework? No. Karate, yes, sometimes, but there's no ball and yoga, you don't compete with anyone and there's no ball. So do we use with activities where you normally don't compete with someone, and it normally doesn't have a ball. Okay, finally, go. Look over here, go shop In. Go skiing, go running. Now, all of these activities have. So normally we use go with activities that have. Simple, right? Okay, let's go down here and talk about what are you into? To means like. What are you into means what do you like? If you're taking the Iots test or any other English exam, this is some great vocab you can use instead of always saying like, like, like. Now, when you answer, you need to use the verb to be. For example, I am into. He is into. They are into. If you asked me, Shane, what are you into? I'd say, I'm into going to the gym and learning. Now, another phrase we can use, which native speakers use all the time, what do you get up to so for example, what do you get up to in your free time? Now, get up to just means do. So what do you get up to in your free time means? What do you do in your free time? Now, when we answer this one, we normally don't use get up to in the answer. So if someone said to me, Shane, what do you get up to in your free time, I'd say, I normally go to the gym. I'm often cooking, I read every day. Normally, we don't use get up to in the answer. Okay, to be in somebody's element, if somebody is in their element, that means they're doing something they really enjoy and they're in an environment that they're really good at. So for example, let's pretend someone is playing soccer and they're really concentrating. They're really enjoying it. They're really focusing. Then you can say that soccer player is in his elements. A lot of the time we use this when someone is doing something they really enjoy and they're really focusing on that thing. Now the next one to take a craft seriously. Now, a craft in this phrase just means an activity. So to take an activity seriously. If you take something seriously, that means you put a lot of effort into that thing. You're not doing it for fun. You're doing it maybe because you want to be a professional or maybe because you want to be really, really good at that thing. So for example, with me, when I go to the gym, I don't go to the gym for fun. I take my craft very seriously. So when I go to the gym, I don't like to use my phone. I don't really like to talk to people because I really want to concentrate on my workout. I'm taking my craft very seriously. All right, let's move up here now and talk about some interesting ways to talk about very common hobbies. The first one to soak up some rays or to catch some rays. Now this means to get some sunshine to relax. So maybe you go to the beach and lie in the sun because you want to get a tan, for example, to soak up or to catch some rays. Next one, to go window shopping. That means when you go to a shopping mall, for example, you walk around, you look at many different products, but you don't buy anything. You just look through the windows, but you don't spend any money. For example, Fred likes to go window shopping because he's a student and doesn't have any money. Next one to shoot some hoops. This means to play basketball. So another example could be the kids at school love to shoot hoops. That means they love to play basketball. Next one, to hit the road. That means to start a journey. This is a very common phrase that native speakers use when they want to start a journey. So let's pretend a family is planning to drive from their home to the beach, and the drive takes about 3 hours. Let's say that now it's 11:00 in the morning. And the dad, he might say to the children, Let's hit the road, so we get there before the sun goes down. To hit the road to start a journey. Okay, let's go down to the bottom here. It's not rocket science. Now, if you learn about rocket science, do you think that's a difficult subject? Of course, it is. It's probably very complicated, very hard to learn, and lots to learn about. Now, if we say it's not rocket science, that means it's not difficult. This is a phrase that native speakers love to use when they're talking about something that's not difficult. Let's pretend you're trying to do something very, very simple like cut up an onion. Now, your friend is having a lot of trouble cutting up an onion. You can say to your friend, it's not rocket science. That means it's not difficult. Next one, to take to something like a fish to water. Now, when fish are in the water, do you think it's easy for them to swim or hard for them to swim? It's easy. If someone takes to something like a fish to water, that means when they try a new activity, they do it very well. They do it very naturally. They do it like they have had weeks, months, or even years of practice. Let's pretend you play soccer for the first time and you're really good at it, or your friend might say to you, Wow, you've taken to soccer like a fish to water. That means you are doing it very well for your first time. Alright, let's move up here and talk about this interesting word undertake. Now, undertake is a very formal word for do. Now, again, this is a great word you can use if you're taking eye outs or any other English exams. An example could be, I like to undertake a variety of activities when I have free time. This is more interesting than saying, I like to do many activities. Okay, this lesson is about to finish, so I think we should leave it there. Leave it there is a phrase we use when we want to finish something, when we want to finish a presentation or finish a lesson, for example. Another phrase we can use is wrap it up. So, for example, it's time to wrap it up because we have looked at all of the words today. Now, the last one, call it a day is also a phrase we use when we want to finish something, but we normally use it when we have been doing something for a long period of time, maybe 8 hours, maybe 10 hours. So let's pretend there are some workers and they are building a house. Now they started work at 8:00 A.M. Now it's 6:00 P.M. They can say, Let's call it a day. That means let's finish with what we're doing because we have been working for many hours. So I hope you enjoyed that lesson, guys. Let's leave it there, and I'll see you in the next part. 3. Activity Verbs and Phrasal Verbs: All right. Welcome back. Let's talk more about activities. Let's kick off with talking about some different types of hobbies. Let's get started. Let's get to it. All right, so this here, what is it? It's knitting knitting, KN IT, ING. What activity is this? Basketball, soccer or football? We say soccer in Australia. We say soccer in America, but we say football in the UK. What's this? It could be playing cards, it could be poker, it could be even gambling because we can see this little pink thing here is a chip. It is a chip. This one here is knitting. This one here also could be knitting or it could be sewing. I'll put a picture on the screen right now of the difference between knitting. This is knitting and then this here is sewing. All right. What about this one, guys? This one here is a plant, and what would the activity be? It would probably be gardening or it could be maybe something like growing vegetables or growing fruit. This one here is painting. This one here, again, looks like gardening. Last one, so this is a camera, the hobby would be photography, photography. Now, listen to the stress there. It's very important photography, photogfi, photogf. Very important to get that stress right. Now let's move on to some phrasal verbs and some phrases we can use to talk about activities. All right, try out something. I want to try out knitting. What does that mean? What's try out mean? Try out just means to try. So if you want to try out something, that means you just want to try it. I want to try out painting. I want to try out basketball. I want to try out karate. You can use it with any activity. All right, look at these three phrases here. These two here are very similar. Okay. The first one to kill time. If you kill time, that normally means you are waiting for something. So when you kill time, you do something while you're waiting. So let's pretend you are going on a flight. Right now it's 2:00 P.M. And the flight is at 3:00 P.M. So you're waiting outside the gate for your flight at the airport. So you need to kill time. You need to do something while you are waiting. So you can say something like, I'm going to kill time by playing some games on my phone. So you're going to play some games while you're waiting to kill time. The next one is to pass time. Now, this means to let time go by. When you are doing something you enjoy. So maybe you are waiting for something, maybe you are not waiting for something. We don't know. When we say to kill time, that means you're waiting for something, but to pass time, we don't know. Maybe you are waiting for something, maybe you're not. So for example, whenever I'm on the train, I pass time by reading a book. So you let the time go by, and the activity you do is reading a book to pass time. Now, this next one to mess about is normally something that kids or children do to mess about means to act in a silly or a childish way. So let's pretend a parent is taking a child to see a doctor. The parent and the child are waiting in the waiting room, and the child is very bored. So he's running around, he's picking up books, he's looking at all the different pages. He's climbing under chairs, climbing on top of chairs. He is messing about. He's acting in a silly and a childish way. Now, to mess about can also mean to waste time. So this phrase can also be used with adults or people who are not children. So for example, let's pretend that you and your friend have to complete a project and the project is due. You have to finish it in three days. Now, you're sitting at a desk with your friend and your friend keeps checking his Facebook. He keeps getting up to get some water. He keeps going to lay on the couch to watch TV. He's not focusing. He keeps doing other things. You can say stop messing about. That means stop wasting time because we need to do this project. We need to complete it and we don't have much time to mess about. All right let's go up here to these three phrases. The first one to turn up to turn up means to arrive. So for example, the children love to turn up late to class. That means the children love to arrive or come to class very late to turn up. The next one to keep up to keep up means to make progress at the same rate as other people in a group. So if other people are moving at this speed, and you are moving at this speed, that means you are keeping up to keep up. This phrase is often used with studying. So, for example, if you don't come to class, you won't be able to keep up. That means you won't be able to move at the same speed as the other students. Alright, next one to back out. To back out means when you initially or at the start, you say you're going to do something. But when the time comes when you need to do that thing, you say, no, you change your mind and you don't do it. So, for example, he was about to jump out of the plane, but then he backed out. So initially, he said, Yes, I will jump out of the plane. But when it came to the time where he was in the plane, he was in the sky and he was about to jump out, he backed out. That means he said, No, he said, I'm not doing this thing. Okay, let's move down here to these two. Pack something in. To pack something in means to stop doing something. Let's pretend you are learning a new skill like painting, and you've been doing it for several weeks. You're really enjoying it. But then it starts to get really difficult because you have to learn a lot of new techniques, skills, and concepts. You can say, that's it. I'm done. I'm going to pack painting in. That means I'm going to stop doing it because it's got really frustrating for you. It's got really hard for you, so you want to stop doing it. I'm going to pack painting in. Next one, to take part in something if you take part in something, that means you become involved in an activity normally where there are many other people doing the same thing. For example, you might take part in activities at school. So an example sentence could be, are you going to take part in the activities which we're doing after school? That means are you going to be involved? Are you going to be there? Are you going to do it with all of us? So remember, take part normally talks about when you're involved in an activity where there are many people, where there's a group of people. All right, let's move up here to the last three phrases for this lesson to take up something. To take up something means to start an activity for the first time. For example, to take up basketball. Fred is going to take up painting. You can also use this phrase with work. So for example, the man has taken up a new role at his company. This means he started a new role, and it's his first time doing that role for that company. Okay, next one to join in. To join in is very similar to take part in something. It means to become involved with something where there are many people doing that thing. For example, are you going to join in playing basketball tonight? Are you going to join in when we all go and get some food after work? Last one to sign up to sign up means to agree to be involved with something that has been organized. Let's pretend that tonight, there is an English class from 6:00 P.M. To 8:00 P.M. Your teacher could say, have you signed up to the English class tonight? That means, have you agreed to be involved in or go to the English class tonight? We say sign up because the English class was organized in the past. Let's pretend they organized it one week ago and they said it would be today at 6:00 P.M. And it would finish at 8:00 P.M. To sign up. That's all of the vocab for this lesson. Let's leave it there, and I'll see you in the next class. And 4. Animals Nouns and Idioms: Look at these beautiful creatures. One, two, three, and four. Let's start off with the word creature today. Creature means any living thing that is not an animal. This giraffe here is a creature, this owl, a creature, the bird, also a creature. Humans or people are also creatures because they are living things and they are not plants. Now, the word creature, it's normally not offensive and it's normally not rude. You can normally use it with any living thing. You could say something like, girls are beautiful creatures, and this is not offensive, it's not rude. Now let's look at the next one. Beast. Beast is a noun and it's used to talk about a living thing, normally a large animal that can be quite aggressive or dangerous. If we look at this little bird here, would we describe it as a beast? No, we wouldn't because it's not a large animal and it doesn't look very aggressive. It doesn't look like it will hurt us. On the other hand, if you look at what's on the screen right now, would you describe this animal as a beast? Yes, you would because it's large and it's probably very dangerous. To prey on to prey on means to try to kill normally for food. So for example, we can say birds prey on worms because birds eat worms. It's what they eat to survive. Now note here when we use the verb prey, we use it with the preposition on to prey on birds, to prey on giraffes, to prey on ours. Now, a predator is an animal which kills and eats other animals. If we look here at this giraffe is a giraffe a predator, no, it's not a predator because giraffes only eat plants. They don't kill any other animals. But if we go back to this example of the bear, we can say that the bear is a very big predator in its environment because the bear eats and kills other animals. Now, a pest is an animal which causes damage to plants or food. Or even buildings. So for example, ants, little ants can be pests because they can eat wood, for example, and this can damage the houses that people live in. Another common animal which people think of as a pest is foxes. Why? Because they like to go onto farms and eat plants and food. Species species is used to describe a group of animals or plants which have similar characteristics. They are similar. For example, birds, they are a species because they all share common characteristics. They all look the same. They can fly, they have beaks, and we'll talk about vocabulary used to describe birds in Part three of this section. Now, the next word is habitat. Habitat means where an animal naturally lives. Let's go back to birds again. The natural habitat of birds is in the forest, it's in trees. Why? Because that's where birds live. They sleep there. They make their homes there, they make nests there. Now let's have a look at some adjectives we can use to describe animals. You can use this very simple structure, it's plus adjective, it's aquatic. Aqua means water. So what do you think aquatic means? Aquatic means an animal that lives in the water. It can also mean something that grows in the water. Deadly dead means when you're not alive anymore, right? So deadly means something that can cause death, something that can kill something or someone. Snakes are a common example of deadly animals because if they bite you, the poison will go into your body and it can kill you. They are deadly. Docile. Docile means a living thing that's quiet and easy to control. Some dogs are docile while some dogs are not docile. This is because some dogs are easy to control and they're very quiet, but some dogs, they're very aggressive. Ferocious ferocious means angry and violent. A common example of a ferocious animal is a lion or a tiger because these animals are very aggressive. Also, if we look back to bear that we've seen a few times today, this is also another ferocious beast, a ferocious beast. Nocturnal. Nocturnal means animals that are active during the night. They don't sleep during the night, they are active. They live their lives at night. Nocturnal animals sleep or sleep during the day and are active at night. Poisonous poisonous means an animal that can poison you. Now, what does poison mean? Poison is something that can make you sick or something that can kill you. If an animal is poisonous, that means it can put poison into you, which may make you sick or it may kill you. The next word is placid. Placid is very similar to docile. Placid is used to describe an animal that is very calm and doesn't really get excited. So a lot of cats, they are very placid. They just sit there, they eat their food, and go to sleep. They don't get excited. They're not aggressive, and they're very easy to control. Next, savage, savage. Just listen to that word. Does that sound like a nice word or sort of an aggressive word? You're right, it's an aggressive word. If an animal is savage, that means it's extremely violent. For example, there are many savage dogs. In this area, you need to be careful. Tame means an animal that is not wild and an animal that is used to living with people. It doesn't get scared around people. Let's pretend your friend has some cats and they like to be around people. You could say the cats are very tame, or if you're talking about one cat, it is tame. Let's move down here to talk about to hunt and to be hunted. To hunt means to kill. Now, normally, if you hunt something, you chase it. You chase it first, and then you kill it. So humans can hunt. A lot of the time humans hunt animals, and animals can hunt because a lot of the time animals hunt other animals because they want to kill those animals and eat them for food to survive. To be hunted means something is hunting you. Something wants to kill you, and it will normally have to chase you, it will normally have to run after you to get you to kill you. For example, giraffes are hunted by tigers. Now note here how we've used the verb to be giraffes are. This is very important. If we say giraffes are hunted by tigers, that means tigers want to kill the giraffes. But if we say giraffes hunt tigers, that means giraffes try to kill the tigers. So it's very important that you understand the difference between to hunt and to be hunted. Okay, next word, breed, which is a noun. Breed is similar to species. Breed just talks about what type an animal is. We normally use this with dogs. So, for example, what breed is your dog? That means what type of dog is your dog? Now, two breed, the verb is very different. To breed means when two animals make a baby together. They make a young animal together. For example, I don't know if this is true. I'm just making it up. Frogs only breed once in their lives. This means frogs only make babies one time in their life. To lay eggs. To lay eggs means when an egg comes out of an animal to make eggs. Now, if you don't know what an egg is, I've put one on the screen right now. You could say something like the chicken has just laid some eggs. Now, this leads me to the next bit of vocabulary, which is to hatch to hatch down here, to hatch. If something hatches, that means something that is inside an egg. Breaks out of the egg. They do this so they can be born so they can come into the world. Now, to hatch a plan is an idiom in English, and it normally means when someone or some people, they make a plan to do something illegal, to do something wrong. For example, they hatched a plan about how they could rob the bank and take all the money out of the safe to hatch a plan. The last little word in the bottom left hand corner of the screen is droppings. Now, a dropping is waste that comes from a small bird or a small animal. Note the word small. Giraffe is a very big animal, so a giraffe does not make droppings. Only smaller birds or smaller animals make droppings. So for example, this bird here would make droppings. Waste, which comes from a small bird or a small animal. 5. Animals Verbs and Adjectives: Okay, let's move up here now and talk about to become extinct extinct, to become endangered. And to become threatened threatened. Let's start with extinct first. If something becomes extinct, that means there are no more of that thing. There are zero of that thing. For example, the Tasmanian devil became extinct long ago. That means there are no more Tasmanian devils on the planet. There are zero, there are none left. Now this is different to endangered. If something becomes endangered, that means there's only a few of that thing left on the planet. If we said the Tasmanian devil has become endangered. That means there are still some on the Earth on the planet, but there are not many, and it may soon become extinct. But if something is endangered, that means there are still some on the on the planet. To become threatened is very similar. It means when there are not many of a certain animal or plant left on the planet. Again, the Tasmanian devil has become threatened. This means there's not many left. All right, let's move on to the center now to talk about these animal idioms. The first one to kill two birds with 1 stone. This is a very common one and it's used quite often. You might have heard it before. This here means to do two things with one action. Let's pretend you are driving to the library because you need to get some books. Now, when you're driving on the road, you see a market on your left. You stop at the market you get some food, you get some fruit, you get some vegetables. Then you go to the library and you get your books. We can say you have killed two birds with 1 stone because you've done two activities. You've gone to the market, you've gone to the library, but you did it with only one car trip. There was one car trip and you achieved two things to kill two birds with 1 stone. The next one, the elephant in the room. An elephant, it's something quite big, right? So if there was an elephant in this room, do you think that you would notice it? Of course you would, of course you would see it. So the elephant in the room means when there's an issue that is very important, but no one wants to talk about it. No one wants to discuss it. So an example could be, I understand what you're saying, but doesn't anyone see the elephant in the room? That means there's a big issue, and most people know what the issue is. It's pretty obvious, but no one wants to talk about it. The next one, hold your horses. Hold your horses means don't rush. There's no need to rush. Let's pretend now it's 2:00. You need to be somewhere at 3:00. It takes you 20 minutes to get to that place. And your friend, the person who you're going with, keep saying, Let's go, let's go. Let's go. Let's go. We need to go now. We need to go now. You can say, Hold your horses, hold your horses. That means don't rush. We have plenty of time. It's 2:00 now and it only takes 20 minutes to get there. Hold your horses, don't rush. The next one to let the cat out of the bag. This means to reveal a secret normally by accident. Normally it's unintentional. An example sentence could be, Well, now that the cat has been let out of the bag, let's just talk about it. So now that we know the secret, let's just talk about it. Let's discuss it. Let sleeping dogs lie. This is a really good one. If dogs are sleeping, are they a problem? Will they hurt you? No, they won't hurt you because they're sleeping. So what do you think this idiom means? It means don't get involved in a situation or don't interfere in a situation if that situation is not causing you problems, but if you do interfere, it might cause you problems. So I'll give you an example to help you understand. Let's pretend you went to work late three times in a row. Now, your boss hasn't said anything about it. So is it a problem right now? No. But if you go and talk to your boss and apologize and talk to him about it, could it become a problem? Yes, it could because maybe he didn't even notice that you came to work late. We could say, let sleeping dogs lie. Don't do anything because at the moment, there's no problem. But if you do do something, if you do go talk to your boss, there could be a problem. Quit cold turkey. To quit cold turkey means to stop completely or to try to stop completely. This idiom is often used with smoking. Let's pretend someone smokes 20 cigarettes a day. And then he says, Okay, that's it. I'm going to quit cold turkey. That means he's going to stop smoking completely. He's going to have zero cigarettes, or, like I said before, he's going to try to have zero cigarettes. Somebody or something wouldn't hurt a fly. If you say this about someone, you are saying that that person is very calm, they're very peaceful, and they would never do anything violent. They would never hurt anyone. Let's pretend you have a friend who is very, very gentle, calm and relaxed. You could say, my friend wouldn't hurt a fly. Okay, that's all of the idioms for now. Let's move down to keep something in captivity. If you keep something in captivity, that means you put something or someone in a place where they cannot leave, where they are trapped. A common example could be if animals are kept in a very small cage and they can't move, they can't escape. That means they are kept in captivity, to keep in captivity. Next one, to treat something humanely. Look here, in this word, we've got the word human here. What do you think humanely means? Do you think it means in a nice way or not a nice way? It means to treat something in a way that doesn't cause harm to that. Or in a way that causes the least amount of harm or problems to that thing. This is a phrase we often use with animals. People often want people to treat animals humanely. They want people to treat animals in a way that does not cause them any harm, pain or problems. This doesn't always happen, but it's the phrase that we use. Let's go down to the very bottom and let's talk about mate, which is a noun. A mate can mean friend, but that's not the meaning we're talking about now. In this situation, mate means a partner who an animal makes a baby with. It's an animal's sexual partner. An example sentence could be the tiger is looking for a mate. That means he's looking for someone to have a baby with, someone to create a young animal with. Now, the verb To mate, it means to create a young animal, to create a baby. Now, we normally use these words mate and to mate with animals. We don't use them with people. Okay, and the last one at the very bottom is mating season. So season, we know what that means it's a time which has certain characteristics. For example, winter, it's normally very cold and it rains. So what do you think mating season is? Mating season is the time when animals are trying to find a mate. Why? Because they are trying to or they want to create a baby. They want to create a young animal. An example could be mating season is in February where all of the giraffes are trying to find a mate. All right let's go up to the top right hand corner and talk about these words carnivore, omnivore, herbivore. Carnivore means an animal, which only eats meat, only eats meat. An omnivore is an animal which eats meat and plants, meat and plants. A herbivore, what do you think that is? Correct. It is an animal which only eats plants. Carnivore meat, omnivore, meat and plants, herbivore, plants. If we look over here at the giraffe, we could say giraffes are herbivores. Why? Because they only eat plants. In the final few words for this lesson about different types of animals. Let's look at the first one, mammal. Mammal means a warm blooded animal where the mother gives its milk to her babies. Humans, cats and dogs are all very common examples of mammals. The next one, Masupio which when has babies, produces animals which are not 100% developed. Because they're not 100% developed, the mother will carry around the baby. Normally in a pouch, a pouch is like a pocket on an animal, and the mother will carry around the baby until the baby is 100% developed. Very common example of a marsupial is a kangaroo. If you look on the screen right now, you'll see the baby is in the pouch. Next one, reptile. A reptile is a cold blooded animal. Some very common examples of reptiles are snakes and lizards. An invertebrate. An invertebrate is an animal which doesn't have a backbone. Two common examples of invertebrates could be butterflies and bees. The next one rodent rodent. A rodent is a type of animal which normally has large front teeth. A common example or two common examples are rats and mice. Cattle. Cattle is normally used to describe a group of animals which has horns. Horns. A very common example of cattle is cows. An example of cattle used in a sentence could be the farmer has a lot of cattle. Now, please note that cattle is uncountable. We don't say cattles with an S. No, Gavner is a bird or an animal, which eats animals which it hasn't killed itself. A very common example of a scavenger is a vulture, which you can see on the screen right now is a type of bird. The last word for this class is stray. Now, a stray is normally used as an adjective and it means an animal which doesn't have a home or an animal which can't find its home. An example could be, be careful. There are many stray dogs walking along the street. All right, guys, that's the end of this lesson. I will see you in the next lesson, which is P number two for animals and habitats. 6. Habitats and Verbs: Alright, welcome back to animals and habitats. This is part number two. Let's start with top of the food chain. Now, you know what top means? That means up high. You can't get any higher. Chain is something that is linked. Together, like you can see on the screen right now. So what do you think top of the food chain means? Well, top of the food chain means animals that do not have any predators or anything hunting them. There's nothing that's trying to eat or kill that thing, apart from in some circumstances, humans. So if we look down here at this animal, a peacock, do you think that it's at the top of the food chain? No, probably not because many things would try to eat it. Snakes at the top of the food chain. No, again, probably not because many things would try to eat them. Now an example sentence could be, it's well known that humans are at the top of the food chain because nothing tries to hunt humans and humans don't have predators. Next one to thrive in. Now, if an animal thrives in a certain environment, it means they do very well in that environment. A perfect example would be fish, fish thrive in underwater environments. Why? Because they were meant to be there. They do well there. They can breathe there. They can live there, they can eat there. They can do everything they need to underwater. Okay, next one, conservation. This is a noun. Conservation means the protection or the looking after of plants, animals, and natural habitats. This is a very common word that you hear when talking about the environment. An example sentence could be, we really need to think about the conservation of the environment. That means we really need to think about looking after the environment. And this word is often used with habitats as well. For example, we have to think about the conservation of the habitats of animals. A very common way to use this word. Okay, next phrase, protects its young. Young can mean a baby, a very young baby. Protects its young is normally used to talk about an animal that takes care of its young baby. For example, kangaroos are well known to protect their young. This means kangaroos look after their young. Next one to put down. This is a phrasal verb, which means to kill, normally to prevent harm or suffering. Let's pretend that a farmer has a horse and his horse has an injury. The horse damages his leg very badly and the horse can't walk anymore. The farmer might put down his horse, which means he will kill his horse. He won't kill his horse because he wants to. The meaning of put down is to kill something to prevent harm or to prevent suffering. So the farmer is killing his horse because he doesn't want his horse to suffer anymore. Now, when talking about where animals live, we can use this phrase here, commonly found in. Now at the start of this phrase, we would use what we normally use a plural noun. For example, snakes are commonly found in wetlands. Now, I'm going to put a picture on the screen of all these habitats, wetlands savannah, mountain, on the coast, lake, pond, hot climate. Cold climate. Wet climate. Okay, so look at this animal on the screen right now. Where is this animal commonly found? Well, we could say lions are commonly found in savannas. This is a great phrase you can use when you're talking about where an animal lives. Okay, let's move down here to talk about these words here. Destroy the natural habitat or the environment. Now remember from the last class on animals and habitats, habitat means the place where an animal lives. If we destroy the natural habitat, that means we injure it or we harm the habitat so badly that it can't be used or it's not there anymore. The next one, restore. If you restore a habitat, that means in the past, it was damaged or it couldn't be used, but now it can be used. Restore means to make something good again. Conserve. Conserve is the verb for conservation. What do you think conserve means? Yes, you're right, conserve means to look after something in a way that doesn't damage it or in a way that doesn't do harm to it. The next one damage damage means to do harm to, to injure something, and cause harm to means to injure to hurt something. Now, all of these phrases can be used with the natural habitat or the environment. Both are fine. And they're phrases that you'll commonly hear when people are talking about habitats. Okay, let's move down here and talk about food. Now, if you're talking about animals, this peacock or maybe this snake and you want to talk about what it eats, you can use this phrase here, diet consists mainly of, and then you say what it consists of. For example, let's think about the giraffe from the last lesson. You can say a giraffe's diet consists mainly of plants because a giraffe is a herbivore and herbivores only eat plants. Now, let's think about a lion. What does a lion eat? Well, it normally eats meat, it eats other animals. We could say a lion's diet consists mainly of meat. Now we can also use the phrase live on. With a giraffe, we could say a giraffe lives on plants. A lion lives on meat. Lives on, has the same meaning as diet consists of. It's talking about what that thing eats to survive. So these are two great phrases you can use when you're talking about what something eats. Even if you're talking about humans. So for example, for me, my diet consists mainly of fruit, vegetables, eggs, whey protein, nuts, lentils and seeds because I am vegetarian. I don't eat any meat. Okay, let's move up here and talk about a wild animal and domesticated animal. Wild animal. What do you think that means? A wild animal is an animal that lives in its natural habitat, and it doesn't need help from anyone to survive. It can survive by itself. If you have a cat in your house, that is not a wild animal. Why? Because it needs you to survive. It needs you to give it food to survive. But if we look at this snake over here, this snake lives in the forest. Does it need humans to help it survive? No, it doesn't gets food for itself, it gets water for itself, and it survives itself. Doesn't need help from anyone. Now, domesticated is the opposite. Domesticated means an animal that has evolved to live with humans. So, for example, if you have a cat in your house, this is a domesticated animal because the cat is used to living in your house. It's used to living with humans. But on the other hand, if you look at this picture right now of this lion, is this lion domesticated? No, it's not because it lives in its natural habitat, and it doesn't need humans to survive. It hasn't become used to living with humans. It's used to living in its own environment, in its own habitat. Now, when we're talking about where an animal lives, we can also use this phrase. We can say animal habitat is located in the desert. Forest, jungle, Amazon, bush or Arctic, for example. So if we look at this snake, we could say this snake's habitat is located in the forest or maybe the jungle. If we think about penguins, like you can see on the screen right now, we can say their habitat is located in the Arctic. It's located in a very, very cold place. Okay, let's move up here to the three last phrases for this lesson. Man's best friend. This is an idiom or a saying, which means dog. It means that dogs are very important to humans. An example sentence could be, everyone knows who man's best friend is. It's the dog. Next one, animal welfare Group. Now, you know what animal means? You know what group means? What does welfare mean? Welfare means health and happiness. So if someone is in an animal welfare group, that means their job or their mission or their duty is to try to make animals healthy and happy. There are many animal welfare groups around the world. For example, in Australia, one of the most popular ones is called RSPCA. They try to look after animals and try to improve the living conditions of animals and how animals are treated by humans. Last word for today, Poacher poacher. A poacher is someone who captures and kills animals illegally. That means when they do it, it's wrong. They're not allowed to do it. Common example of poachers is when they hunt elephants to get their tusks. You can see what a tusk is on the screen right now, and we're going to talk about it in the next lesson. Now, the verb for poacher is poach. An example sentence could be, there are many people out here trying to poach elephants for their tusks. Alright, guys, that's the end of P two. We've got one more lesson on animals and habitats, so I'll see you there. 7. Basic Animal Vocab: In this last lesson for animals and habitats, I'm just going to talk about a few little important pieces of vocabulary that you need to talk about basic animals. So let's start here with horn. This here is a horn. It's a long, sharp, pointy thing that many animals have on their heads. Now, tusk is similar to a horn, but we normally use tusk when we're talking about elephants. If you look on the screen right now, you can see the tusks of an elephant. Now let's move down here and talk about birds. The first word beak. This brown thing right here is a beak. It's the long pointed part of a bird's mouth. Feather, feather. This here, is a feather, what you can see here on the screen. But now I'm going to put up a real picture of a feather so you can clearly see what it is. The next word for birds is tail. This thing here is the tail of the bird. It's the thing that sticks out from the back of an animal, tail. Now, these two things here are called wings, Wings, one wing, two wings. I'll put a real picture of wings on the screen so you can get a very clear picture of what a wing is. Now let's move down here to cats, whiska. Whiska is this thing here, this little black thing. They are long hairs which grow on the face of cats, you can see here, one whisker, two whiskers, three whiskers, four whiskers. Next word, tail. We've already talked about tail. This is the tail of a bird and this here is the tail of a cat. Next word, claw. A claw is a sharp curved nail at the end of the feet of some animals. I'll put a picture on the screen right now so you can see what a claw is. Fur fur is the hair which covers some animals. If you look at me, I'm a human, I don't have fur. But animals, not all animals, some animals have fur. Like this cat here, it has long hair on its body and it's called fur. The last word for cats is paw. Poor means the foot of an animal, which normally has claws. Let's look at fish to finish off with gills. Gills are the little cuts in fish which allow them to breathe underwater. For example, if fish didn't have any gills, they wouldn't be able to breathe. Scale. Fish have scales. A scale is small pieces which cover the skin of some animals such as fish and snakes, for example. Now the last word for fish is fin or fins. Now, a fin is something that sticks out of the body of a fish normally to help with movement and balance. So if you look here at the top, this thing here, this is a fin. This one here is also a fin. Now, this thing here is called the tail fin because it's like a tail, but it's also a fin at the same time because it helps with movement and it helps with balance for the fish. We call it a tail fin. That's the end of animals and habitats. I really hope you enjoyed that and I hope you learned a lot of new vocabulary you can use in your day to day life. I will see you in the next lesson. 8. Banking Basic Vocab: Banking. Everyone loves having money in the bank, so let's talk about some banking vocab, phrases, and idioms. The first thing we need to talk about is a bank account. What is a bank account? Well, it's very simple. It is an agreement with a bank where the customer puts money into the bank and takes money out of the bank, and the bank agrees to keep a record of it. That is a bank account. Now, there are many different types of bank accounts, and we'll talk about that in just a little bit. But before we get there, let's move over to these words here. The first one is a debt. Debt. If you have a debt, that means you owe money to someone, or you need to pay someone money. Now note the pronunciation debt debt. This B right here is silent and we don't say it at all. A common example of a debt is when you borrow money from someone or from a bank and you need to pay that money back. You need to give that money back. That is a debt because you owe that money to the bank or to someone. Now, a liability is something that you also need to pay. A liability is something that costs you money. It's something that doesn't make you money. So again, an example could be when you borrow money from a bank, you have a loan. A loan is a liability because it costs you money. You need to keep taking money out of your account and putting it into another account. It's a liability. Now, expense is a little bit different, and expense is money that you spend on something. So it's money you take out of your account and you put into another account. A common example could be food. Food is an expense. You have to go to the market. You take some vegetables, you take some food, and then you give money to the person who is at the market. This is an expense. There are many different types of expenses from food to electricity to water, to rent, to car maintenance. There are many different things, but the most important thing is that an expense is when you take money out of your account and you put it into someone else's. It's when you spend your money. Okay, let's have a look at this one to be in debt, to be in debt. We've already looked at what debt means or what a debt is. So what do you think it means to be in debt? It has the same meaning. It means you owe some money to another person. You need to give some money to another person or to a company. A common example could be many students are in debt at a young age to be in the red. This is our first idiom for the day. To be in the red means when a company or even a person needs to pay money to someone else, they owe money to someone else. So that means you need to pay more to someone or to a company than you have in your bank account. So let's pretend you have $100 in your bank account, but you need to pay $150. That means you are in the red. So again, we could say something like no company ever wants to be in the red. This means no company ever wants to owe more money than they have in their account. Let's move down here and talk about to default on. To default on means when you don't have enough money to pay your debts, you don't have enough money to pay the money that you owe. So let's pretend you borrow money from your friend. And you say, Okay, every week, I will pay you $10. Now, this week comes around and you don't have $10. You cannot pay him $10. I can say you have defaulted on your loan. Now note the proposition. We always say default on default on a loan, default on a payment, default on a bill. Very important to default on. Okay, pay and pay pay and pay. Pay e is the person who receives the money. Payer is the person who sends the money. One more time, payee receives Pay sends. Very simple. Now, direct debit. Direct debit means when money is automatically taken out of your account and sent to another account normally to pay something. So let's pretend every month your electricity bill is $100. You can put that on direct debit. That means every month, $100 will be taken from your account. And sent to the electricity company. The most important thing about direct debits is that it's automatic. You don't have to do anything. It happens automatically without you doing anything. Let's look at these two words here, Bill and two, Bill. Let's start with Bill. Bill is an amount of money that you need to pay for a service or for a product. Let's pretend you go to dinner with your family and the food that you buy costs $150. That means you have a bill of $150. Now, bill can also mean the piece of paper that the amount you need to pay is written. So if the restaurant gives you a piece of paper, and it says, This cost $10. This cost $15. This cost $20, that is the bill. The piece of paper is the bill. Now, two Bill is very different because Bill is a noun, while two Bill is the verb. To Bill means when you give someone a bill because you are asking them for money. So let's pretend that I sold somebody my old iPhone for $500. I gave them my iPhone, but they still haven't given me the money yet. They agreed to pay $500, so I will bill them. That means I will give them a piece of paper, or I will maybe send it via email, and I will be asking for the money. So remember, bill is the amount of money that you need to pay, or it's the piece of paper. To bill means when you're asking for money. So like I said before, I will bill the person who bought my iPhone. Okay, let's look at these words here, finance, to finance and financial. Let's start with this word down the bottom. Financial is an adjective, and it pretty much means anything to do with money or anything to do with banking. It's a very broad word, and it can mean anything to do with money. Finance is a noun, and it means the activity or the business of managing money. So an example sentence could be when I was at school, I loved studying finance. That means you love to learn about money, managing money and business. Okay, to finance to finance is a verb, to finance means to provide money needed for something to happen. An example could be the counsel refused to finance the project. That means the council said no, and they did not give money to do the project to finance. This word finance is often used when people are buying cars as well. So if someone's buying a car and they don't have enough money to buy the car, the person who's selling the car will often say, Would you like to finance it? That means, would you like to get the money from somewhere so then you can give the money to the person selling the car to finance. ATM automatic teller machine. A teller is someone who works at a bank like you can see right here, and an ATM or an automatic teller machine is a machine where you can take out money and where you can put in money, like you can see on the screen right now, ATM. Now let's look at this word branch. When it comes to banking, branch means the location of something. Now, when we're using it with a bank, we can say something like my local branch is 5 minutes down the road. Or if you're talking to someone about banking, they might ask you, where is your local branch. That means, where is your local bank? Where is the office? Where is the building for your local bank. Okay, now let's look up here at these phrases in red. So to apply for a credit card or a debit card or to cancel my credit card or debit card. Let's first talk about a credit card and a debit card because they are very different. Credit card is a small card that you can use to buy things with money that you don't currently have. It's like you are borrowing that money, and then later, you give that money back when you're ready. Now, on the other hand, a debit card is a small card that you can use to buy things with money you already have. So there's a big difference. Credit card is used to spend money that you normally don't have already, while a debit card is used to spend money that you already have in your bank accounts, money you already have in your bank account. Now, if you apply for a credit card or a debit card, that means you go into your bank and you say, excuse me, I would like to have a credit card. You ask them to give you a credit card or a debit card. Cancel my credit card or debit card means you already have one of these cards and you want to stop it. You want that card to not be able to be used anymore. So, for example, maybe you lost your credit card. So you go into the bank and you cancel it. That means nobody can use this card anymore. Net position, that means, do you have money in your bank account that you can spend or do you not have money? Do you debts that you need to pay. Do you owe somebody money? Let's take a very, very simple example. Let's say you start with $100 and you go to work and you make $50. Your net position is $150. That's how much you have in your account, net position. Another simple example is you have $100 in your account and you spend $150 to buy a new TV. If that happens to you, then your net position is what? It's minus $50. So the net position means how much money do you have or how much money do you not have right now? After you've looked at your debts, so the money you need to pay, and you've looked at the money coming into your account, which is called a credit, which we're going to talk about right now. So like I just said, a credit is money that comes into your account, so that could be money you earn from, from working. Now, a debit is money that goes out of your account. So to determine your net position, you have to start with your credits and then take away all your debits. If your credits are worth more than your debits, that means you have money in your account. But if your debits total up more than the total of your credits, that means you are in debt. That means you need to give someone Money. You need to give a company money to run up a debt. Now, note the wording here to run up. A debt to run up a debt. If you run up a debt, that means you do things that cause you to be in debt. You do things that cause you to need to have to pay money to people. And remember, if you're in debt, that means you owe more money than you have. That means you have to give more money than you have in your bank account. So a common example could be spending money like that is just going to cause him to run up a debt. 9. Banking Extra Vocab: Bank statement. A bank statement is normally a piece of paper which shows you your credits, your debits, and your net position. So it will show you what money is coming into your account, and it will show you what money is going out of your account. Anna will show your net position. So do you have money in your account at the end of the month or are you in debt? Do you owe money to people? Bank statements. A transaction is when someone spends money or when someone receives money. An example could be you go into the bank and you say, I want to see all my transactions for the past month. That means you want to see all the money that has come in, and you want to see all the money that has come out, a transaction. Let's move down here and talk about this important vocab to take out a loan. To take out a mortgage, to get a loan to get a mortgage. Let's quickly talk about what a loan is. A loan is normally a noun, and it normally means when you go to a bank and you ask the bank to give you some money, and you promise that you will give that money back to the bank. That's a loan. Now, a loan can be used to buy anything. Maybe you take out a loan to go on holiday. That's fine. A loan can be used for anything. Now, a mortgage is a loan to buy a house. So a mortgage is when you go to the bank, you ask the bank for money, and you say, I want to buy a house. So the bank gives you the money, and then you use that money to buy a house, and then later, you give that money back to the bank. This is a mortgage. So what's the difference? A loan can be spent on anything, and a mortgage can only be spent on buying a house. Now, the phrases we use with loan and mortgage are normally to take out a loan or to take out a mortgage. This means to get a loan or to get a mortgage. Let's pretend you want to buy a house. You can say, Well, at the moment, I don't have enough money to buy a house, but I'm going to take out a mortgage. I'm going to get a mortgage. Now, you could say I'm going to get a loan because remember, a loan can be spent on anything, but a mortgage can only be spent on getting a house. Okay, let's move down to here and look at this one to be in the black. This is the opposite of to be in the red. To be in the black is when something is making a profit when something is making money. We normally use this when we're talking about companies or businesses. So we can say the accountant looked at the figures and saw that the company was in the black. That means the company is making money. Next one, to make something out to someone. This means when we find out or write the name of someone, who should receive something. We normally use this when we're talking about checks. For example, you might hear people say, who should I make the check? Out to. This means who should I write the check to? Whose name should I put on the check? Okay, and the last phrase down the bottom to open or close an account. So if you open a bank account, that means you start having a bank account. If you close an account, that means you stop having that account. So if you close an account, that means before you had an account or you already had an account. But you now want to close it, so you now want to stop it and not be able to use it anymore. Alright, let's go up to the top again. We're almost finished. Few more words to go. To go bankrupt means unable to pay your bills or your debts because you don't have enough money. Now, this phrase is normally used when we're talking about businesses or companies. Let's pretend a few months ago a company could not pay its bills and could not pay its debts. We could say the company went bankrupt. That means it didn't have enough money. Okay, to withdraw. To withdraw means to take money out of your account, to take money out of your account. Now, a withdrawal is a noun. Now, you normally use the word withdrawal with make. For example, if you go into the bank, you could say, good morning. I would like to make a withdrawal, please. That means you take money out of your account. Now, deposit, if you deposit money, that means you put money into your accounts. Withdraw, take money out, deposit, put money in. Now, transfer means when you move money from one account to another account. If you transfer money, you can transfer between two of your own accounts or you can transfer between your own account and someone else's account. Maybe you want to pay a bill. Maybe you need to pay the electricity bill. So you can transfer money from your account to the electric company's account. Next one, interest interest is what you pay when you take out a loan or a mortgage. This is money you have to pay to the bank because the bank lets you use the bank's money. This is how banks make money. They charge interest. That's a very important word as well, charge interest. That means they make you pay interest. They make you pay money. Another expression you'll hear a lot is interest rate, interest rate. Interest rate is the percentage of interest you have to pay. Let's pretend you take out a loan of $100. And the interest rate is 1% per annum. 1% per annum. Per annum means per year. That means you have to pay 1% of $100. That means every year you have to give the bank $1 fee. A fee is an amount of money that you have to pay for a service. So a lot of the time, if you open a bank account, you'll have to pay a fee to the bank because the bank is providing you a service and the bank is holding your money for you, so you need to pay them a fee. An example sentence could be, many customers are dissatisfied with having to pay the bank fees. Next word, portfolio. A portfolio is where your money is. For example, maybe you have a lot of cash in your bank account, maybe you have a lot of houses, maybe you have a lot of shares, maybe you have a lot of businesses. Where is your money located? That is your portfolio. Lot of the time you'll hear a common saying, which is diversify your portfolio. That means put your money in many different places. So put some of your money in the bank, put some of your money in shares, put some of your money in business, put some of your money in real estate, in houses. Diversify your portfolio. To borrow and to lend. These are two very simple words, but from my experience, a lot of students like to get them confused. Borrow means when you take money from someone and you promise them that you will give it back. That is to borrow. You take, and then you say you'll give it back. To lend. If you lend someone money, that means you give your money to someone, and that person promises to pay you back. So the difference is to borrow, you take the money first, and then you give it back. To lend means you give the money first and then take it back later. And maybe you will even charge some interest. So maybe you'll make some money if you lend money to people. Okay, remember, at the start of the lesson, I said that there's a few different bank accounts that we have names for in English. The main ones are savings, so a savings account. A checking account and a credit account. A lot of the time, if you use your credit card or your debit card at a shop, they will ask you which account do you want to use? Is it a savings account, a checking account or a credit account? The main difference is a savings account is an account which you try not to use. You try to save money. You try to make your money grow and grow and grow. You want to keep getting more and more money in that account. A checking account is normally an account you use for spending. So if you go to the shops and want to buy something, normally, you use your checking account. And finally, a credit account is like we talked about before, with a credit card, a credit account allows you to buy something with money you don't currently have. Although you don't have the money currently, you can pay back the money later. So there are the main differences, savings, checking and credit. All right. We're almost done. We got a few more words to go. So let's go up to the top right hand corner, variable rate. Remember I told you before about interest rates. These two phrases are related to interest rates. If you have a variable rate for your interest, that means it can change. Sometimes it will go up, sometimes it will go down. Now, fixed rate means it does not change. It will always be the same. Maybe you took out a loan at 5%, fixed for five years. That means for five years, the interest rate will be at 5%. Maybe you took out a five year variable rate. That means for five years, the rates can go up and down. It is not fixed, it will not be the same. Again, still talking about interest rates, slash. If someone slashes interest rates, that means they start here and they drop by a big number. So maybe they start at 5% and someone slashes them to slash means to cut, maybe they start at 5%, someone slashes them, so they go down to maybe 4%. Slash means to reduce by a big amount. As at as at just means at. A lot of the time this is used with your net position to show how much money is how much money you have in your account at a certain time. Example, as at 12 October 2022, you had $100 in your account. Your net position was $100. That means at that time, your net position was $100. It's very common to be used with banking and accounting. Okay, the last three words are words you may see on your electronic bank statements or in your bank account. Available means money you have and money you can spend right now, money that can be used right now. Pending means money that is processing. So maybe someone sent you money and you can see it in your account, but you can't use it yet. It's processing, it is pending. And finally, balance. Balance means the amounts of money in your bank account or the amounts of money that you owe, the amounts of money you need to pay. Now to get this amount here, we look at your credits and your debits. So the total number of credits minus the total number of debits. So let's say your total number of credits is $100 and the total number of debits is $50. That means your balance is $50. And if none of this money is pending, you could also say you're available balance is $50. I know that was a ton of vocabulary there, make sure you download the Word document, review this vocabulary, practice using it, and do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. 10. Books Basics and Idioms: Books, let's get into it. I'm a bookworm and an avid reader. I'm really excited to talk about this topic. Now, if you don't know what a bookworm is or what an avid reader is, you will by the end of this lesson. Let's get started. Let's look at the top left. Book has sold millions of copies. So this is a way to talk about a book that is really popular. So an example is Harry Potter has sold millions of copies. What does copies mean here? Copies just means books. So Harry Potter has sold millions of books. Best Seller is also a way to describe a book that is very popular and has sold millions of copies. Again, Harry Potter is a best seller. That means compared to other books, it sells a lot more. More people buy that book than other books, a best seller. Now, another way to describe a book is by saying it's one of a kind. So you'll probably be able to see by now that I love Harry Potter. And Harry Potter is definitely one of a kind. One of a kind means something that is very unique, and there's nothing really else that is like it. There's nothing that is similar to that book. Now the next phrase up here, it's a hit or it was a hit. A hit means something that's very popular. So Harry Potter is definitely a hit. It's very popular. Many people like it. Many people buy it, and it has sold millions of copies. Now let's talk about some words we can use to describe books instead of just saying it's good. Let's look at some more interesting words we can use and interesting ways we can describe books. The first way is by saying it's a Read. So the first word, it's a fascinating read. Fascinating is a great way to say very interesting. So an example could be if you read a book about science, you could say it's a fascinating read because it's very interesting to you. Next one, gripping, it's a gripping read. Gripping means something that completely holds your attention. So when you're reading that book, you're not thinking about something else. You're not thinking about dinner. You're not thinking about using your phone. You're really focused on that book gripping. Entertaining, it's an entertaining read. Entertaining simply means funny or enjoyable. And again, it's a more interesting way than saying the book was good. It's an entertaining read. Next one, thrilling, thrilling. Make sure you get that pronunciation right with your TH, thrilling. Now, thrilling means very exciting. So again, when we're talking about Harry Potter, we could definitely say Harry Potter is a thrilling read because it's very exciting. And again, it keeps your attention. Last one, we can say must read. It's a must read. If you must read something, do you think that it's a good book or not very good book? A must read is a book that is maybe very entertaining, maybe it's gripping, maybe it's fascinating. But a must read means a book that is great, wonderful, or really, really, really impressive. Okay, now let's move down to these types of books. Now, the first one is novel. A novel is normally a long book that's about characters which are not real. So again, Harry Potter is another example of this. Harry Potter is a thrilling novel. Look at all this good vocab we've learned already. If you're taking the IoTs test, make sure you use this vocab if you get a question about books. The next word fiction fiction means a book that's written about something that is not real. Again, we can use this to talk about Harry Potter. Harry Potter is a fiction book. The story in Harry Potter, it's not real. I didn't really happen, so we can say it's a fiction book. Now, the opposite of fiction is non fiction. So if something is non fiction, what do you think it means? Correct? It means something that is real. The subject of the book is about something that's true or it's talking about facts. So, for example, books on chemistry are non fiction. Why? Because they're talking about something that's true, they're talking about facts. Alright, let's move down to the bottom and talk about a bookworm and an avid reader. This is a worm and he's reading a book. At the start of the lesson, I said, I'm a bit of a bookworm. What does that mean? Look at his face here. Do you think that means he likes reading books or he doesn't like reading books? He loves reading books. If you're a bookworm, you love reading books. You really enjoy reading novels or fiction or nonfiction books. And avid reader is very similar. It means someone who reads very often. So for me, I read very often, so I would call myself an avid reader. I am an avid reader. Okay, let's move up to the top now and talk about a hard cover and a soft cover. Most books, they have something on the top of all of their pages to protect the pages. Sometimes this is hard, and we call these books a hard cover. So if you look on the screen right now, you can see that the cover, the thing that is on top of all of the pages is hard, so it's a hard cover. Now, on the other hand, if you look at this book here, the cover is very soft, we call it a soft cover. When you read, what do you like to read? Do you like to read hard covers or soft covers? Okay, let's go to the middle of the page and look at these idioms. The first one and probably the most common that is used quite often by native speakers is don't judge a book by its cover. Remember we talked just before about cover. It's the thing on top of all of the pages, which protects them. So don't judge a book by its cover means if someone looks like something, that doesn't mean that's what they're like. For example, if someone looks very angry, it doesn't mean they're an angry person. If someone looks very friendly, it doesn't mean they're an angry person. We don't know. Don't judge a book by its cover. The next one to read between the lines. This is an interesting one, and it means sometimes you need to look for things that are not said or written. So maybe someone is saying something to you. They're talking about money, for example. But they don't say that they want you to give them money, but you just feel it. You just feel like they want to ask you for money. So you can say, Well, I'm reading between the lines, and I think you want me to give you some money. It means, look for a meaning that is not said or is not written. To get in someone's good books. This means to do something to make them like you or to make them very happy with you. An example could be if you're at work and you do a lot of hard work to make your boss like you, to make your boss impressed by you, you can say, I'm trying to get in my boss's good books. You're trying to make him like you. You're trying to make him feel happy towards you. Next one to turn over a new leaf. To turn over a new leaf means to change your behavior, to start behaving in a better way. So maybe in the past, you were living life in not the best way, but now you're sick of that. You want to be healthier, you want to be stronger. You want to have more money. So you can say, Okay, it's time that I turn over a new leaf. That means you change your behavior and you start acting in a better way when compared to in the past. Next one to throw the book at somebody. If someone throws a book at you, do you think that feels good or not good? Probably not good. So to throw the book at somebody means to punish them with every or with the worst option that is available. So this phrase is normally used when we're talking about crime. So if someone does something wrong and they commit a crime and they go to court, we can say, Well, I think that the judge should throw the book at them. That means, I think that the judge should give them the biggest punishment, give them the worst punishment to throw the book at someone. And last one, take a leaf out of somebody's book. To take a leaf out of somebody's book means to learn from someone and copy what they do. Normally in a good way. So let's pretend your friend is going to the gym every day, and you want to get fit, too. Well, you can say, Well, it's about time I take a leaf out of my friend's book and start going to the gym. You've seen what your friend's doing, so you do the same action as your friend, and you copy them. Okay, let's quickly talk about this tale. Tale is another word for story. Now, when we use the word tale, it's normally used to talk about things that are probably not true. So, for example, the young boy, he loves to tell tales. Myth. A myth is a story normally very old about something that normally isn't true. It can also be used to talk about a belief that isn't true. So, for example, it's a myth that drinking hot water will help you to get over a cold quicker. This is a myth. A myth means something that's not true or a very, very, very, very old story. Okay, the two words at the bottom, protagonist and antagonist. Protagonist and antagonist. Pro. What does P mean? Pro normally means good. Ant looks like it comes from the word anti and anti means against or something that's probably not good. So the protagonist is the main character in a story or a movie, and he's normally the good person. He's normally the person who does good things. But the antagonist is the person who doesn't agree with the protagonist, and the antagonist is normally called the bad person, the person who does the bad things, or the person who tries to fight with the good person, the protagonist. Okay, a few words left. Let's quickly talk about them. The one at the top here is biography. Now a biography is the life story of someone written by someone else. So let's pretend my friend, he writes a story about my life. This is a biography. It's the story of my life, and he wrote it. But if I wrote the story about my life, this would be an autobiography, this word here, an autobiography. So biography is when someone else writes the story about someone's life, an autobiography is when someone writes a story about their own life. A comic is like a book or a magazine, but it normally has a lot of pictures and sometimes some words. With a book, it's normally all words, but with a comic, normally, it's mainly pictures with some words as well. Okay, the final two phrases to flick through and to skim through to flick through. Flick through means when you look at something very quickly. So maybe you flick through a magazine. That means you look at every page very quickly. Now, to skim through means when you read something very quickly, but you do it to try to understand the main points. So let's pretend you quickly skim through a book. You're reading the book very quickly and you're trying to understand the main points. All right, that's it for part one of books. I'll see you in the next class, which is books Part two. 11. Books Genres, Adjectives and Extra Vocab: All right, books, part two. Let's get right into it. Let's first talk about genres, genres. Listen to that pronunciation, genres. Now, genres just means types. So when we talk about genres with books, it means what type of book is it? So is it a book with lots of ghosts? Does it try to scare you, or is it a book with lots of action with lots of different things happening? Genre. The first one is adventure. Adventure is normally an exciting and sometimes dangerous experience that a person or people have. Fantasy means a story where there's magical and other things which don't exist in the real world. So a perfect example of a fantasy genre could be Harry Potter. Next one, horror. Horror means a story which tries to scare the readers. The next one, mystery. Stories in the mystery genre normally follow a crime or something else that needs to be solved. Self development. These type of books normally try to teach you something. They try to make you a better person. And a lot of the time, they can talk about a large range of topics from fitness to cooking to philosophy. Romance. Romance books are books that are about love and love stories. Sci fi is short for science fiction, and science fiction means stories which are related to science and technology, which the world doesn't currently have. So a very common example of Sci fi books are books about space and spaceships, because currently we don't have that technology available to us. Alright, let's move over here and talk about some adjectives we can use to talk about books. The first one is action packed. This is very simple. It means it contains a lot of action. It contains a lot of interesting scenes or stories. Next one, bedtime reading. This is an adjective you can use when you read a book before you go to bed. So, for example, this book is a bit of bedtime reading. The next one, dystopian. This is a really good adjective, and it's not used very often. This topian is an adjective, which is used to describe a time in the future, where there's lots of suffering or problems in society. An example could be the book is set in a dystopian future. Educational. Well, this is pretty simple. It's a book that can teach you something. Futuristic futuristic means very, very modern, and it looks like it's coming from the future. Heartbreaking. Heartbreaking is something that is very, very sad or something that can make you cry even. A lot of the time heartbreaking can be used to talk about romance books or romance novels. The next one inspirational. An inspirational book is a book that gives you a lot of energy and it makes you want to do something. It makes you want to take action about or in some part of your life. And the final one here is touching touching means something that can make you very sad. So, for example, the story was very touching. Alright, let's look down the bottom at the vocabulary in red. To be based on a true story. This is a very common phrase you hear when talking about books and movies. Now, to be based on a true story means a book was created using an idea that came from a true story, that came from something that really, really happened. The next one to spawn or to inspire a movie. This is used to talk about a book that gave someone an idea to make a movie. So very common example of this could be Harry Potter. It was a book. Well, it is a book. It's a really good book, and it inspired the movie because someone read the book and they thought, Hmm, maybe I should make a movie about this, and then they did. And the phrase at the very bottom, it is or it was set in. We use this phrase to talk about where the story happened. So, for example, the story is set in a dystopian future. Alright, let's talk about these words here in the green. Plot. Plot means the story of a book or a movie. So if someone says, What's the plot, that means what happens in the story? What happens at the start? What happens in the middle, and what happens at the end. Setting. Setting means where did the story take place? Did it take place in an Asian country? Did it take place in a forest? Did it take place on Earth? Where did the story happen? Characters, characters are the people who are in the book or in the movie. So an example sentence could be the characters in the movie were all very unique and had their own personality. Alright, let's move up here and talk about these phrases in purple. Can't put it down. If you're talking about a book and you say you can't put it down, that means the book is very, very good. Because if you can't put something down, you probably don't want to stop reading it. And if you don't want to stop reading it, it's probably very good, and it could be action packed. It could be thrilling, or it could be fascinating. To read from cover to cover. Remember we talked about covers in the last lesson. Covers are these things here at the top and the bottom of a book to protect the pages. So if you read from cover to cover, that means you read from, start to finish. An example sentence could be, Well, I don't really like skimming through books. I prefer to read them from cover to cover. Next one to be engrossed in. If you're engrossed in something, you're really focusing on that thing, and you're not thinking about anything else. So like I talked about in the last lesson, you're not thinking about dinner. You're not thinking about using your phone. All you're thinking about is the book that you're reading. An example could be, whenever I'm reading Harry Potter, I'm very engrossed in it. A page turner. This is an adjective we can use to describe a very interesting book. It's very exciting, and it makes you want to read it very, very quickly. An example sentence could be, Have you picked up a copy of the new book? It's a real page turner. It's very exciting. You want to keep reading, and you want to keep turning the pages, so you know what happens next. Okay, a twist or twists and turns. If there is a twist in a book or a twist in a story, that means something happens that you did not expect. And it's the same meaning as twists and turns. If there are twists and turns in a book, that means a lot of things are happening in the book that you didn't expect. An example sentence could be, this book is full of twists, or you could say this book is full of twists and turns. What does it mean? It means something that you don't expect happens. Okay, let's have a look at this vocab up here. It's very simple, but you need to know it if you're talking about books. Title is the name of a book, subtitle is the second name of a book. Author is the writer of the book and Blurb is the very short description of the book that's normally on the back of a book. Let's quickly do that again, Title, name of the book, subtitle, second name of the book. Author, the writer, the person who wrote the book, and blurb a short description about the book that's normally on the back of the book. Okay, let's move over here and look at the last few words for today. Publisher. A publisher is the person or the company who prints a book or the person who makes the book. Not the person who writes it, but the person who prints it, the person who turns it into a book or the person who creates the book. An example sentence could be she went to a lot of publishers before she found a publisher that would agree to print her book. Next one, contents, and sometimes this is used with Table of Contents is a list of all the different sections, chapters or parts of a book, and it tells you what page numbers those chapters or parts are. And the last word for this lesson is preface. Preface is normally a short bit of writing at the start of the and it explains why the book was written. A lot of the time, you have the contents first. I will say the different chapters and the page numbers. Then after that, it will have the preface, which will be a very short description about why the book was written. All right, guys, that's the end of books. Hope you enjoyed that. I will see you guys in the next topic. 12. Cities Adjectives + Basics: All right, let's talk about cities. Cities is a very common topic, and most of us nowadays live in cities. So it's important that you know some vocabulary you can use to talk about cities. So let's get right into it. The first thing we need to talk about is the difference between a village, a town, a city, and a metropolis. Now, a village is normally a small group of buildings or houses that are located in a rural area or in the countryside. Now, a town is also a group of buildings, but a town is normally much bigger than a village, and a town is normally located in an urban area, so not in the countryside. Now, a city is a large town. So the difference between a city and a town is that a town is smaller and a city is bigger. Now, the final word here is metropolis. Metropolis means a huge city, a massive city, a gigantic city. So some examples could be Bangkok in Thailand, New York in the USA, and Tokyo in Japan. Now we know what these basic words mean. So now let's have a look at some adjectives we can use to describe cities. The first one is bustling. Bustling. Note here how the T is silent. Bustling. The word bustling means a place that is full of people and full of activity. For example, if you go to a city like New York, there is a lot of stuff happening. There's a lot of activities, a lot of people, a lot of cars, a lot of trains, lots of things happening. This is a bustling city. Next word, cosmopolitan, cosmopolitan. Cosmopolitan means there's a lot of people from different countries all in one place. Again, New York is a great example of a cosmopolitan city because in New York, there's a lot of people from many different countries from China, from Brazil, from Australia, from England. Now, deserted means very few people or no people at all. So if you go to a place that has no people, you can say it's deserted. You can even use this word when you go into certain buildings. For example, if you go into a restaurant and there's nobody there, you can say, Wow, this restaurant is deserted. Where is everybody? Next word, filthy, filthy means very dirty. This is a common word that people like to use when they're talking about cities or streets. You can say the city is filthy or maybe the subway is filthy. Next word hectic hectic hectic means full of activity, very busy and very fast. If a city is very hectic, that means that there's a lot of things happening, a lots going on, and it's very busy and it's very fast. Maybe if you walk along the street, everyone's walking very, very quickly. The people in the city are moving very quickly. Industrial. Industrial is related to factories and producing things. If a city is industrial, that normally means that the city has a lot of factories. The city has a lot of places that make certain goods. So maybe the city has a lot of factories that produce cars. We can say the city is very industrial, or you could say it's an industrial city. Next one, lively. Lively means a place that is full of energy. It's exciting, and it's interesting. If you go to a place that has a lot of energy, maybe there's lots of lights, there's lots of sounds, there's lots of people, there's lots of cars. You can say it's lively. Lots is happening. It's very interesting. It's very exciting and there's lots of energy. You can feel the energy in the atmosphere in the air. The next word is massive. Massive means very big. So this is a great word that you can use to talk about cities instead of just saying big. So don't say the city is big. That's so boring. Say the city is massive. This is more interesting, and it's a word that native speakers like to use when they're saying something is very big. Modern. Modern means made using the most recent materials or technology. If a city is modern, that means it has the latest technology. The technology is new and not old. For example, you can use this word when you're talking about buildings. You can use this word when you're talking about a train. You can say the train is very modern looking. That means the train looks like it was made using the most recent or the newest technology. Overpriced. Opriced just means expensive. We can say, for example, New York is extremely overpriced. That means New York is very expensive. You can also use overpriced when you're talking about the cost of something. You can say that rents in Tokyo are overpriced. That means the rents are very expensive. You can also use this to talk about food or anything you buy. For example, the restaurant is overpriced. Next one, packed packed means completely full. A very common way that we use this adjective is when we're talking about trains and buses, when there are so many people in the train or the bus that you can't move. So maybe you get onto a train in Tokyo, and it's so busy. There are so many people on the train, and you can't really move. You can say the train is packed. Now, listen to the pronunciation. We have CKED at the end, but the ED sounds like a T sound. Packed packed. Next word pricey, pricey is the same as overpriced. It means expensive. So again, you could say rents in Tokyo are very pricey, or you could say something like the restaurant is very pricey. That means the restaurant is very expensive. Run down. Run down means something which is in a bad condition. A lot of the time, we can use this word to talk about streets or to talk about buildings. So if a building maybe hasn't been maintained, nobody is looking after it. It looks very old. It looks very dirty or it looks filthy. We can say the building is run down. That means it's not in a good condition, and it looks like nobody is really looking after it. The next word rural rural. Rural is talking about something in the countryside. So if you say, I live in a rural area, that means you live in the countryside. We don't normally say a rural city because cities are not in the countryside. That's why they're cities because they're not in the countryside. Next word, sleepy. Yes, sleepy can mean when you're tired. But when you're talking about a city, if you say this town or this city is very sleepy, that means a place that is quiet and it doesn't really have much entertainment. So if you go to a small town or even a village, for example, you can say, it's a sleepy place. It's a sleepy village. It's a sleepy town. That means there's not much to do, and it's quite boring. Sprawling. This is a great word to use to talk about cities. Sprawling means when something is spread across a very big area. For example, if we look at this picture of New York, the city is spread over a huge area, over a massive area, a massive area. We can say it's sprawling. It takes up a huge amount of space. And the last adjective is urban. Urban is an adjective which relates to a city. So if you say, I live in an urban area, that means you live in a city or a town that is not in the countryside. Urban means not in the countryside and it's relating to cities. Alright, let's move up here to this word here, upmarket. Now, upmarket normally means expensive for people who have a lot of money. So if you say, I live in an upmarket area, that means your area is very expensive. The rents are probably expensive, the houses are expensive, condos are expensive, food is probably maybe more expensive than other areas. You can also use this word with shops. You can say in my area, there are a lot of up market shops. That means the shops sell things that are very expensive. So maybe they sell brand name luxury goods like Louis Vaton or Gucci, for example. Places or place of interest. A place of interest means a place that is very famous for something. For example, in New York, the statue of Liberty is definitely a place of interest because it's very famous. Many people know it, and many people go there if they travel to the United States of America. Next word, pop up store. A store is a shop. You know what that means? Pop up means something that appears very quickly. So a pop up store is a shop that appears very quickly, and normally it's there for a very short time, maybe a week or maybe two weeks. Now, a lot of the time you'll see pop up stores in shopping malls. So there might be an area where shops can set up for a week or two weeks, then they pack up their shop, and then they move somewhere else. A lot of the time we have pop up stores outside shopping malls as well. The next word is facility. A facility is a building, a room or a piece of equipment that is designed to help you do something. For example, a gym is a facility. Why? Because it's a building or a room that helps you to do something. What does it help you do? It helps you exercise, keep fit, and be strong. This is a facility. Now, what about a ghost town? I think you know what a ghost is. You can see a ghost on the screen right now. And we've already talked about town. If someone says a city or a place is a ghost town, what do you think that means? It's a town where nobody or very few people live. Now, we can say something like this city is like a ghost town. You can use it to talk about a town. You can say the town is like a ghost town. We normally use this phrase with the word like. It's like a ghost town. 13. Cities Idioms & Other Words: Okay, let's quickly look at these two phrases here, a slow pace of life or a fast pace of life. Pace means speed. So if we have a slow pace of life, that means people are living at a very slow speed. So even maybe the way they walk is very slow. However, on the other hand, a fast pace of life is when people are living very quickly. So if you go to any massive metropolis, like New York or Bangkok or Tokyo, for example, you will see that many people they walk very fast. We can say in Tokyo, the people there have a fast pace of life. Now, if you're talking about a village, people probably have a slow pace of life. Next phrase, people are in a rush. A rush means when you try to do something very quickly. So if people are in a rush, that means they are trying to do something or go somewhere very quickly. So a lot of the time in bustling cities, a lot of people are in a rush. So if you go to a train station and you see people getting out of the train, a lot of the time they'll walk very quickly because they are in a rush. They are in a hurry. They are trying to get somewhere very quickly. All right, let's move down here to the idiom section. The first 1 second to none. Second to none means good as or better than others. Normally, when I hear this phrase, I think of the best. So if you say something like the facilities in my building are second to none, that means they're extremely good. They might even be the best, second to none. Worth its weight in gold. If something is worth its weight in gold, that means it's very valuable or very useful. For example, good teachers are worth their weight in gold. That means they're very useful, very important or very valuable. Now, please note that this idiom is normally used with the verb to B. So, for example, it is worth its weight in gold. Next one, costs an arm and a leg. This is an idiom, which means, what do you think? If you have to pay your arm and your leg to get something, do you think it's expensive or it's cheap? It's very expensive. So the idiom costs an arm and a leg is used to describe something that's very expensive. For example, the rent in Tokyo costs arm and a leg. That means the rent is very expensive. Now, this is a great idiom to use if you're doing an IOT test and you need to use less common vocabulary or idioms, because it just means expensive and it's very easy to use, and you can use it with many different topics. You could use it when you're talking about food. You could use it when you're talking about cities. You could use it when you're talking about many different topics. Next one, in the middle of nowhere. If I say we are in the middle of nowhere, what does that mean? In the middle of nowhere means in a place that is very far from where other people live. So maybe you're in the desert and you look around you and there's no other people. All you can see is sand. You can say we are in the middle of nowhere. You're in a place that is very far from where other people live. Creature comforts. Creature comforts are things that make life more pleasant, comfortable or enjoyable. For example, food is a creature comfort. Having a place to sleep is a creature comfort because if we didn't have a place to sleep, life would not be as comfortable. So creature comforts are things that make life better and life more comfortable. Next one in the boon docks. In the boondocks means in a rural area, so in the countryside, or in a place that is very far from where other people live. For example, if you're in a place that's very far from where people live, you can say, Wow, I feel like we're in the boondocks. Next one, a city that never sleeps. This idiom is normally used to describe New York City. A lot of people say New York City is the city that never sleeps. Now we can also use this phrase to talk about a city that is active at all times of the day. So for example, Tokyo is a city that never sleeps because well, if you're in the city, you can go out at any time of the day and you'll be able to find something to do. You'll be able to find a restaurant that's open, maybe a nightclub that's open, maybe a gym that's open. But if you're in a village, for example, which is in a rural area in the countryside, and you go out at 4:00 A.M. In the morning, well, there's probably going to be nothing that's open. No restaurants, no gyms, no pubs. Everything will be closed. So a city that never sleeps is a city that's always active at all times of the day. And last one, concrete jungle. I think you know what concrete means, and I think you know what jungle means. What's a concrete jungle? A concrete jungle is a place like a city, for example, that has a lot of very tall buildings and normally not much green space. Green space means space for things like parks. This is a concrete jungle. Again, another example could New York is a concrete jungle. There's a lot of very tall buildings, and there's not much green space, not many parks. All right, let's move up to the last few words for this lesson. The first one, cost of living. Cost of living means the amount of money that people need to use to live. So cost of living normally talks about things like rent, electricity, water, food, petrol, and some other things. If the cost of living is high, that means the cost of all the things I just talked about before is also high. Now, if the cost of living is low, that means the cost of things like rent, food and water is low. Now, a lot of people are complaining right now that the cost of living is going up. Things are getting more expensive. Alright, poverty poverty means the condition of being poor. So if you live in poverty or you are in poverty, that means you are poor and you don't have much money. Now, note the preposition in, we normally say in poverty or living or to live in poverty. An example sentence could be poverty in some cities is a big problem, and the government needs to take action to solve this issue. Next word, atmosphere. Atmosphere means the feeling of a place. Not so much the physical feeling, not really something you can touch. It's normally the feeling that you can't touch. So if you're in a place and there's a lot of people, there's a lot of lights, there's a lot of music. That has more of a fun atmosphere, a party atmosphere. But if you're in maybe a library, that has more of a quiet atmosphere because there's not many people talking probably and everyone is relaxing, reading some books. Atmosphere. Next one, night life. Nightlife means the entertainment activities that you can do in the evening or during the night. So for example, restaurants, bars, clubs and pubs, maybe even karaoke. Now, some cities are renowned or well known for having amazing nightlife scenes. A lot of the time we use the word nightlife with the word scene, SCENE. So we could say something like, This city has an amazing night life scene. Active social life. If you have an active social life, that means you are often doing activities with other people. So if you live in a bustling city, a lot of the time, you will have an active social life because there are many things to do, and you will have the opportunity to meet a lot of new people, and you have the opportunity to undertake a variety of different activities. However, if you're living in a village, there's probably not so many activities to do, so you probably won't or will not have an active social life. An example, sentence could be, many people who live in large towns would like to have an active social life. The last phrase for today, rush hour or peak hour, Rush Hour is primarily used in America in the USA, peak hour is primarily used in Australia and in the UK in England. Now, rush hour and peak hour, they mean the times of the day when a lot of people are traveling to somewhere or from somewhere. So for example, if it's 830 in the morning on a Monday, this is rush hour. Why? Because a lot of people are going to work. Now, if it's 5:00 P.M. On a Friday night, this is also probably going to be peak hour or rush hour because many people have just finished work and they are going home. Rush hour and peak hour. Alright, guys, that's the end of Cities Part one. I'll see you in the next lesson, which is cities Part two. 14. Cities Important Vocab: All right. Welcome back to cities. This is part two. Let's get into it. The first word for today is boulevard, Boulevard. Boulevard is normally a very wide road, which has trees on either side of the road. This is a boulevard. Now the next two words are cathedral and church. I'll talk about church first. Now, a church is a building or a place where Christians go to worship or to pay respect to God. This is a church. Now, a cathedral is normally the largest church in an area. So the main difference between church and cathedral is that cathedral is much bigger. Normally at a church and a cathedral, the religion of the people there is Christian. They follow Christianity. However, cathedrals are normally much bigger than churches. Council. If we use the word council to talk about a building, it's the building where those people work who make decisions about the city. So the people who work at a council normally look after a smaller area in a city or in a state. They don't look after a big area. They make decisions about electricity, the lighting on the streets, about schools, about parks and other things like that. The next word is embassy. An embassy is a building where you can go if you're in another country and you have problems in that country. For example, if you are in Thailand and you are from Australia, you can go to the Australian embassy. And at the Australian embassy, there will be people who are from the Australian government who work there who can help you with any problems you have. For example, if you have a problem with your passport, when you're in Thailand, you will go to the Australian embassy. They will help you. The next word is a state. A state normally means a group of houses. An example sentence could be the estates around here are very run down. What does rundown mean? In a poor condition and something that hasn't been looked after. Next word, flat or apartment. A flat or an apartment is a set of rooms, which is normally in a building where people live. So right now I'm in my apartment. I have a loungroom, I have a kitchen, I have a bedroom and a bathroom. It's a set of rooms in a bigger building. This is a flat or an apartment. So normally in America, they say apartment, and in the UK, they say flat. However, in Australia, we say apartment. And the last word for this section, this last building we're going to talk about is called Parliament. Parliament is the building where the people who were chosen by the public to look after the country work. This is called Parliament. It's where politicians work and government officials work, parliament. Okay, let's quickly move down here, bumper to bumper traffic. What's a bumper when we're talking about cars? This is a bumper right now, what you can see on the screen. If there's bumper to bumper traffic, that means there's a huge amount of traffic on the road. The cars are right next to each other. There's only a small space between them, and normally it means that the traffic isn't moving. Bumper to bumper traffic. Alright, let's go up here and talk about these words in blue. Smart City. A smart city is a city which uses technology to be more efficient or to use less energy. So a lot of cities in the world today are trying to become smart cities. For example, they're trying to use solar energy. They're trying to use energy from the sun, so we don't have to burn coal and put waste back into the environment. Next word, skyscraper. A skyscraper is a very, very tall building, like you can see here, this one here would be considered a skyscraper. The next word high rise building. A high rise building is a building that is very tall, a high rise building. Low rise building, that's the opposite of a high rise. A low rise building is a building which is not very tall. Residential area. You know what area means? So what does residential area mean? Residential area means a place or an area where people primarily live. For example, in this area, there will be houses, apartments and condos. However, if there's a residential area, it normally won't have offices because offices are not where people live. Offices are where people work. Next word, green space. Green space means an area of grass or trees where people go normally to relax or to exercise or for some other purpose. For example, this here could be considered a green space. It looks like a park, it's got some grass and it's got some trees. An example sentence could be in Bangkok, there aren't many green spaces. Subway subway is a train system which goes under the ground, a subway. Now, in the UK in England, they call their subway the tube, the tube. They call it the tube because a tube is in this shape, and that is the shape of their subway. So they call it the tube. Smart card. A smart card is a small card that normally has a chip and this card can be used to make transactions, and it can be used for personal identification purposes. For an example, sentence could be the city subway system lets people use a smartcard to pay. Next word, landlord. A landlord is the person who owns the house or apartment where you rent. So right now I'm in a condo. I am renting this condo, and the person who owns this condo is my landlord. An example sentence could be, my landlord is very kind. Next word, traffic light. This is a traffic light right here. It's a pole which has some lights on it, red, yellow and green, and this light is used to control traffic to manage traffic. Okay, let's move up here to the very top, hustle and bustle. Hustle and bustle means a large amount of activity or work. So if you're talking about a city and you say, for example, Tokyo has a lot of hustle and bustle, that means it's very busy. It's got a lot of activities. It's got a lot of people. It's loud. It's noisy. There's a lot of things happening. So an example sentence could be, I can't wait to get out of the city and get away from the hustle and bustle. I can't wait to get away from the business, all of the activities, the noise, the people, the city. Outskirts outskirts means the area on the very edge of a town or a city. Now, when we use this word outskirts, we normally say to be located on the outskirts of, for example, he lives on the outskirts of Tokyo. He lives on the outskirts of Tokyo. So just remember, we normally use this with Tb located on the outskirts of Okay, fast food outlets. I think you know what fast food means. Fast food means things like McDonald's, KFC, Burger King, food that is made very quickly, and it's probably not very healthy. Outlet just means a shop or a restaurant. So a fast food outlet means a fast food restaurant. So, for example, there are many fast food outlets in this area. Next word amenity. Now, amenity is a little bit different from the word facility. A amenity is something that people can use for comfort or enjoyment. Now, some examples of this are water. Electricity, Internet and phone. These are amenities because people can use them to make their life more comfortable. Now, this is different from a facility because remember, a facility is normally a building, a room, or something that has been designed to do something specific. But an amenity is something that just provides comfort for or makes life easier, such as electricity, water, phone, and the Internet. Okay, to go for a stroll. If you go for a stroll, that means you walk around somewhere very slowly, and you walk around in a very relaxed way to go for a stroll. So, for example, a lot of people love going for a stroll in the park. This means they like to walk around very slowly. Next one, to be stuck in the at race. If you are stuck in the rat race, that means you are in a financial situation that you can't get out of. For example, you go to work five days a week 9-5, just so you can pay your rent, so you can buy some food, so you can go out sometimes, you are going to work so you can afford these things. Now, you have to keep doing this again and again and again. Because if you don't means you won't have money to pay for your bills. So the phrase we use to talk about this is to be stuck in the rat race. It's like something that never finishes. You have to keep going to work to pay your bills. After you pay your bills, you have to go to work again because you need more money to pay your bills, to be stuck in the rat race. Alright, let's move up here to the last words for today. These are all different types of people you can find in a city. The first one is a beggar. A beggar is someone who asks people for money or food to survive. An example could be this area contains a lot of beggars and it's time for the government to resolve this issue, a beggar, someone who asks for money or food. A busker A baska is a person who does something. For example, maybe they perform music in a public place in order to get money. So, for example, maybe someone is playing some music playing guitar on the street and people walk past and they give that person money. The person playing guitar is called Abska Abska. Next one pedestrian. A pedestrian is simply a person who is walking along the street, a pedestrian. Next word, tourist. A tourist is a person who comes to a place, normally for pleasure, and they don't live in that place. So let's pretend someone from Australia goes to Tokyo for a holiday. They are a tourist. Why? Because that Australian person doesn't live in Tokyo and that Australian person is only there for pleasure, for entertainment. Next word, local. Now, local can be an adjective or a noun. Let's talk about the noun first. If you are a local, that means you are from the area that you are talking about. So, for example, let's pretend you live in a place called bumper. If you are from bumper, if you live in bumper, that means you are a local. Now, local can also be used as an adjective, like I said, and it means the same thing. It means from the place that you are talking about. So an example could be in bumper, we like to use local food in restaurants. That means they get the food from that place. They don't get it from far away. No, no, no, no. They get it from the place where they are, local. Okay, finally, we've got to the last word commuter Commuter. A commuter is a person who normally travels a long distance on a regular basis to get somewhere like work. For example, if you travel 10 kilometers every day to get to work, you are a commuter. Now, it doesn't matter how you travel, maybe you drive to work. You're still a commuter. Maybe you catch the train, you're still a commuter, maybe you catch the bus, you're still a commuter. Now, the verb for commuter is to commute. You can say I commute to work every day by taking the train. Commuter is the noun and commute is the verb. All right guys, that's the end of city vocabulary. Make sure you download the summary of all the vocabulary and do the quiz, and I will see you in the next lesson. 15. Clothes Basics: Welcome to the section on clothes. Everyone wears clothes, so it's very important that you know some vocab about clothes. Now, what's this? Is this a shirt or a T shirt? Let's find out. This here is a shirt shirt. Note the pronunciation SH, shirt. This here is a T shirt, a T shirt. So note the difference. A T shirt does not have any buttons in the middle like a shirt. Slippers slippers. Mittens mittens. These can also be called gloves gloves. Trousers, trousers. These can also be called pants, pants. A swimsuit. A swimsuit can be used for men and women. So men can wear swimsuits and women can wear swimsuits. Now, this type of swimsuit is called a bikini. It has this bit at the top and this bit at the bottom, a bikini. And again, you can call it a swimsuit as well. Ba Ba. This is for women. Ba. Next one, underwear, underwear. What you can see here is underwear. Now, underwear can be used for both men and women, underwear. A polo. A polo. A polo shirt is like this with a collar. This thing here, a collar and some buttons at the top, a polo. And we can call this a polo shirt, as well. A polo or a polo shirt. Track suit, tracksuit. This and this together is called a track suit. It's clothing that people wear when they exercise, a track suit. Now, a track suit can be used for both men and women. Track suit. Next one suit, suit. A suit is the jacket. This thing here, this dark blue thing here, and the pants together. The pants and the jacket together are called a suit. Suit. Tie. This orange thing here is called a tie, a tie. Some people wear these kinds of hats. This hat here is called a top hat, top hat. Dress, this is called a dress. Now, dresses are normally worn by women. Blouse, blouse. Again, blouses are normally worn by women. Shorts, shorts. Note here we say shorts with an S. Also note that we don't say short pants. Some languages call this item of clothing short pants. In English, we don't say short pants, we say shorts. For example, what's he wearing? He's wearing shorts. Jumper, jumper. A jumper is a piece of clothing that you normally wear on top of a T shirt or another piece of clothing when it's cold, a jumper. Jacket, jacket. Now, what's the difference between jumper and jacket? You should be able to see one main difference, but not the color, not the color. The main difference is that a jacket, you can open it in the middle, but a jumper, you cannot. We cannot open a jumper. So that's the difference between a jacket and a jumper. A jacket can be opened, a jumper cannot. The next one shoes shoes and finally, Socks. Okay, next page, singlet. This thing here at the top, at the top is called a singlet. A singlet does not cover your arms. Singlet. Now, men and women can both wear singlets, and singlets are sometimes called tank tops, tank tops. Vest, vest. This is something that is normally worn with a suit. However, a vest can be worn by people who are working in the construction field, for example, like you can see on the screen right now. Okay, that's the ends of the vocabulary about basic clothes that most people wear. In the next lesson, we're going to get into some more advanced vocab, phrases, and idioms, so I'll see you there. 16. Clothes Important Vocab: In this lesson, you're going to learn some more advanced vocabulary phrases and idioms about clothes. So let's get into it. The first word you need to know is right here in the middle attire, attire. A tire is just a very formal word for clothes. So if you say something like, what kind of a tire do you wear to work, that means what kind of clothes do you wear to work. Now let's move up here to the top left hand corner and talk about accessories. Accessories. When we use the word accessories with clothes, we're talking about something that you wear with clothes. For example, a watch, a necklace, earrings. These are things that you wear with clothes and they can make your clothes look better. They can make your outfit look better. What does outfit mean? Well, outfit means a set of clothes that you wear for a particular time, event, or occasion. Let's pretend you wear some shorts and a singlet because you're going to the gym. That is your outfit, the singlet and the shorts. It is a set of clothes, an outfit. Another outfit could be pants and a T shirt. It is a set of clothes. It's two pieces of clothing that come together to make an outfit, a set of clothes. Next word, wardrobe. Wardrobe has two main meanings. The first meaning is the cupboard, where most people put their clothes, like you can see on the screen right now. The second meaning is all of the clothes that a person owns. So let's pretend a person owns five t shirts, two shirts, one pair of shorts, and two pairs of pants. This is the person's wardrobe. It's all of the clothes that a person has wardrobe. Let's move down here and talk about to dress something up or to dress something down. Now, if you dress something up, you make your outfit look more formal. So let's quickly go over here and talk about formal. Formal clothes are clothes that you wear to work or to special events. A special event could be something like a wedding. It's a very special event, so you don't just wear shorts and a singlet, you wear some special clothes. These are formal clothes. Now, casual clothes are clothes that you can wear to informal situations. For example, maybe you're going to the gym. It doesn't really matter what you wear. Maybe you're going to the shop. Again, it doesn't really matter what you wear, and you don't have to wear something like a suit, for example. These are casual clothes, clothes that you wear in situations that are not special and that are not formal. So let's go back over here to dress something up means to make your outfit more formal. So let's pretend you're wearing a shirt, but you don't wear a tie. If you put a tie on, we can say you have dressed your outfit up because you're making your outfit look more formal. If you wear a tie, it looks more formal than if you don't wear a tie. Now, the opposite to dress something down, that means to add something to your outfit that makes it look more casual, more casual. So for example, if you're wearing a shirt with a tie and you take the tie off and you open the buttons at the top, we can say you've dressed your outfit down because you're making your outfit look more casual. When we open the buttons, it looks more casual because you wouldn't wear that to a very formal situation. So to dress something up to add something to make your outfit more formal, to dress something down, to add something or do something to your outfit to make it more casual. Okay, next phrases. I like to wear. This is a very basic phrase that we can use when we're talking about the clothes that we enjoy wearing. For example, I like to wear shorts. I like to wear a jacket when it's cold. Very basic stuff. Next one, I like to put on A. This is a different way to say wear. Put on means to wear. To put clothes on your body. For example, I like to put on a T shirt, I like to put on a suit when I go to work. Okay, let's have a look at these words in green, which are adjectives, and we can use them to talk about how clothes look. The first one is neat and tidy. Neat and tidy just means clean. It's a more interesting way to say clean. So for example, if you see someone and their outfit looks very clean, you can say, Wow, your outfit looks very neat and tidy. Clean. Next one, scruffy. Scruffy is the opposite. Scruffy means not tidy and a little bit dirty, so it's not clean. So maybe someone has been wearing a T shirt for several days, and it looks a bit dirty. It doesn't look very clean. You can say your T shirt looks very scruffy. Scruffy. Next word, conservative. Conservative clothes are clothes that don't show your body. For example, if you wear a singlet and you show your arms, this is not conservative. Why? Because you're showing your arms. But if you wear something that covers your shoulders, your arms, your legs, your chest, that is a conservative outfit or conservative clothes. Remember, conservative means something that covers your body and doesn't expose your body. Next one, fashionable. If clothes are fashionable, that means they are popular at a certain time, and people think they look good at a certain time. So for example, if we look back into the past 50 years, clothes were different. People thought that certain clothes looked good. But now, if we look at those clothes, we don't think they look very good. They're not popular anymore, and people don't like to wear them anymore. So, for example, most people would say that if a man wears very short shorts, it's not very fashionable. That means most people think that it's not good, most people think it's not popular. But if I said it is fashionable, that means I think that most people do like it and most people do think it's popular. Next word, stylish. If you have a stylish outfit or stylish clothes, that means your clothes are high quality, they look good, and maybe they're very unique because most people don't wear stylish clothes. Most people just wear normal clothes. So if you wear something that looks good, it's unique and most other people don't wear it or are not wearing it, you can say something like I'm wearing some stylish attire, or I have a stylish outfit, or I'm wearing some stylish clothes, stylish. Next one, plain. Plain means not decorated in any way and not having anything added. So a T shirt that has no pictures and it's just one color is plain. So these t shirts here are very plain because there's no decoration. There's no picture, there's no nothing on them. It's just a simple color. So this one's yellow, this one's orange, this one's blue. It's a plain t shirt. That means nothing has been added, no pictures, and no decorations. Okay, let's go down to these four phrases here. Very important when talking about clothes. The first one to put on, that means to wear. So for example, this morning, I put on a blue shirt. To take off. That means to remove your clothing. So, for example, before I go to bed tonight, I'm going to take off this blue shirt. I'm going to remove the blue shirt. To throw on to throw on is another way to say, to put on, to wear. So, for example, this morning, I threw on because it's in the past, I threw on this blue shirt. To throw off is the same as to take off to remove your clothes. So before I go to bed, I'm going to throw off this T shirt. It means I'm going to take off the T shirt. Now, to throw means like this. That's why we say to throw on and to throw off. Next word next phrase, sorry, to try on. To try on means when you put something on to see if it fits you, to see if you like it. So for example, if you're at a clothes shop and you maybe see this t shirt here, and you would like to wear it to see if it looks good on you. You can ask the person who works there, the sales attendant, can I try on this T shirt? Means, can I wear it to see if it looks good on me, to try on. Next one to hang up. To hang up means to put a piece of clothing normally on something like this, a line, or it could be a long metal bar. Or it could be a hanger. You see these little brown things here. This is a hanger or a coat hanger. I'll put a picture on the screen right now of a coat hanger. If you hang up your T shirt, that means you put it on a coat hanger or you put it on a line like this or maybe a metal bar. An example sentence could be, where do you hang up your clothes when they are drying. Let's move up here to X goes with Y. Let's pretend X is a white T shirt and Y is some black pants. This means if X goes with Y, this means those two things look good together. So if you wear them at the same time, it means they look good together. Now, if we said this pink T shirt does not go with orange pants. That means this pink T shirt and the orange pants do not look good together. So if something goes with something, it looks good together. If it doesn't go with something, it looks not good together. Next one, X suits somebody. Let's pretend I say this pink T shirt suits John. That means this pink t shirt looks good on John. If he wears it, it looks good on him. He looks good. However, if I say the pink T shirt does not suit John, that means it is not right for him. That means it doesn't look good on him. So if something suits somebody, it looks good on them. If it doesn't suit them, it doesn't look good on them. 17. Clothes Idioms and Extra Words: Okay, next two phrases to be in fashion. To be in fashion means something that's very popular and something that many people are wearing right now, not in the past, but right now, to be in fashion. So an example sentence could be, What's in fashion right now? That means what is popular right now? What are a lot of people wearing? Are they wearing pink t shirts? Is that in fashion at the moment, or is it not in fashion? So if something is not in fashion, that means it's not popular. If something is in fashion, it means it is popular right now. Next phrase to go out of fashion. What do you think that means if it goes out of fashion? It means something that becomes not popular. So let's pretend everyone is wearing pink t shirts. It's very popular right now. And then suddenly people stop wearing pink t shirts. We can say wearing pink t shirts has gone out of fashion. That means before it was popular, but now it's not popular. People are not doing it anymore to go out of fashion. Okay, let's move down here to follow fashion trends or to keep up with fashion trends. These two phrases have the same meaning. They mean to know and to stay informed about what is in fashion. So that means to know about what is popular, to know about what most people are wearing. So for example, if you read fashion magazines, it will help you to follow fashion trends. If you read fashion magazines, it will help you to keep up with fashion trends. You will know what's popular and you'll know what's not popular. Okay, let's quickly move down here and talk about these idioms on the green piece of paper. The first one to get hot under the collar. First of all, collar. Collar is this thing that you can see on the screen right now. So if you're hot under the collar, how do you think you feel? It means you get angry or embarrassed about something. So maybe someone asks you a question that's a bit embarrassing or makes you angry. You can say, Well, I just got hot under the collar. That means you're a bit embarrassed or you're a bit angry. Hot under the collar. Next one, to do something off the cuff. Cuff is this thing that you can see on the screen right now. If you do something off the cuff, that means you do it without preparation, and you do it without thinking. So let's pretend you're at work and you're in a meeting. Your boss asks you to speak about a certain topic, but you haven't prepared for it. You can say I did the speech off the cuff. That means I did it without preparation, and I did it without thinking. Next, to do something at the drop of a hat. Well, you know what a hat is and you know what drop means. So what do you think this means? If you do something at the drop of a hat, it means you do it. Immediately, you do it without thinking and you do it very quickly. For example, a lot of people do things at the drop of a hat. That means many people do things without thinking about it. They just go in and they do it. Next one to live on a shoestring budget. First of all, shoe string is what you can see right now on the screen. This is a string for a shoe, and a budget is your plan about how you're going to spend your money. So a shoe string, it's very narrow. Isn't it? So what do you think a shoestring budget means? If you live on a shoestring budget, that means you reduce your spending. You spend less money. So maybe you haven't been paid yet, and you've only got a little bit of money left in your bank account, you can say, Well, right now, I'm living on a shoestring budget because I'm waiting for my salary to come into my bank account. That means you're reducing your spending and you're spending less than normal. And last one, to tighten one's belt. Belt is what you can see on the screen right now. This idiom has the same meaning. It means to reduce your spending. So again, you could say something like, I haven't been paid yet, so I'm going to tighten my belt. That means you're going to reduce your spending and not spend as much money. Alright, let's have a look at these words in the green here. Of the peg, off the rack Taylor made. Now, a peg is this thing you can see on the screen right now. This is a peg for clothes. So if you buy something off the peg, that means you buy something that is ready made, and it's not made for your specific measurements. So if you go into a shop and there are clothes in the shop already and you buy some of those clothes, you have bought clothes off the peg off the peg because they were ready made. They were not made for your measurements, and they were not made specifically for you. Now, off the rack has the same meaning. Now a clothes rack is what you can see on the screen now. Again, if you buy something off the rack, that means it was not made for you and when you went to the shop, the clothes were already there. Of the rack or off the peg. Same meaning, no difference. Now the last one tailor made. If something is tailor made, that means it is made for your measurements and it's made especially for you. A tailor is a person whose job it is to take people's measurements and make clothes for those people. If you go to a tailor, and they take your measurements, they measure your arms, your chest, your height, and they make a suit for you. You can say, My suit is tailor made. My shirt is tailor made. My pants are tailor made. That means they were not off the rack or off the peg. They were made specifically for you. So for example, after you get your first tailor made suit, you'll never go back. Okay, let's move up to these three phrases right here. First one, inside out. Inside out means when the inner material here is on the outside. Right now I'm wearing my shirt correctly. But if this material here was on the outside, we can say I'm wearing my shirt inside out, inside out. Next one back to front. This means when you wear something and the back is at the front, and the front is at the back. So right now I'm wearing this T shirt correctly because the front is at the front and the back is at the back of me. However, if I rotated the shirt 180 degrees, I would be wearing the shirt back to front because the back would be at the front and the front would be at the back. So we call this back to front. Next one, upside down. Listen to the pronunciation upside down, upside down. Now, this means when the top is at the bottom, and the bottom is at the top. So for example, this is the top of my T shirt, and it should be at the top. This is correct. This is the bottom of my T shirt. It's at the bottom, and it should be at the bottom. But if we flip it and the bottom is at the top, and the top is at the bottom, we can say it's upside down. The top is at the bottom, and the bottom is at the top, upside down. Okay, let's move over to these words here, naked and nude, naked and Nude have the same meaning they mean when you're not wearing any clothes. That's it. Very simple. It means you're not wearing any clothes. So an example sentence could be, most people shower naked. That means most people have a shower when they are not wearing any clothes. Okay, let's have a look at the top here, Designer label or designer clothes. Now, designer labels or designer clothes means fashionable or luxury clothes that are made by a well known brand, and normally they're very expensive. So these are clothes that come from very expensive brands. They're not clothes that you buy from an average shop, and they're not cheap. Normally, they are very expensive. So if you buy some clothes from Louis Vton or Gucci, they are designer clothes or designer labels. Why? Because they come from a very famous brand. It's very well known. It's luxurious, it's expensive, and it's not something that's normal. Most people don't wear Gucci and most people don't wear Louis Vton. Designer labels, designer clothes. Okay, we've talked about casual. Casual clothes are clothes that you wear when you're going to a place or an event that's not special. It's just something normal. Formal is when you're going to a place or an event that is special. So, for example, work or a wedding. Now, this one here, hand me downs. This is a common phrase that you'll hear. This means a piece of clothing that is given to a younger person because the older person doesn't use it anymore. So give you an example. Let's pretend I have a brother who is five years older than me. Let's pretend he is 15, and I am ten. My brother has been wearing this blue T shirt here. But now this blue T shirt is too small for my brother. But it's not too small for me. If he gives it to me, I can say this T shirt is a hand me down T shirt because my brother has given it to me because he can't use it anymore. It's too small for my brother, but it's not too small for me. Hand me downs. An example could be the little boy got upset because he had to keep wearing hand me downs. Next one, fitted clothes. Fitted clothes are clothes that are made to be very close to your body. They're not made to be loose. They're made to be very close to your body with not much space between the clothes and your body, fitted clothes. So, for example, he likes to wear fitted clothes to work. Now, slim fit has the same meaning. Slim fit means clothes that are made to be very close to your body and not much space between your clothes and your body. So if I explained it in another way, I'd say slim fit clothes are clothes that are almost tight. They're not really tight. They're just maybe a little bit tight, slim fit clothes. So an example sentence could be he's got a smaller body, so we recommend that he wears slim fit jackets. Next one, skinny jeans. Jeans are what you can see on the screen right now, something that is very fashionable in today's society, jeans. Now, skinny jeans are jeans that are very, very, very tight. If you wear skinny jeans, you're wearing jeans that are very tight. A last word or last phrase for today, relaxed fit. Now, a relaxed fit is clothes that are not tight and clothes that are not loose. They are in the middle, a relaxed fit. So an example, sentence could be, if you go to a tailor a tailor right here, a tailor might say, Would you like a relaxed fit on your pants or would you like a slim fit? If you want something that's not tight but not loose, you would say relaxed fit, please. If you want something that's a little bit tight, you'd say, I'd like a slim fit, please. Slim fit and relaxed fit. Alright, that's the end of clothes part one. I know that was a lot of vocabulary. So make sure you revise this vocabulary. Make sure you really understand it and that you can use it, and then I'll see you in the next part, which is Part two. 18. Clothes Verb Phrases and Adjectives: All right, this is clothes part two. Now the first word we're going to talk about today is materials. Mateial is what something is made from. If you're talking about a shirt, is the shirt made from silk, like you can see on the screen now? Is it made from cotton? Is it made from wool? These are three very common materials that are used to make clothes. There are many other types of materials, but these are three main ones. Okay, let's talk about this word here, this phrase here, clothes rack. We talked about this in the last lesson when we were talking about buying things off the rack. So you should know this word. A rack is a frame or a bar where we can hang clothes or put clothes. Next one, well dressed. If someone is well dressed, it means they look good. The clothes they are wearing are quality and they look good. They don't look cheap, they don't look dirty, they look good. So, for example, we could say, that man is very well dressed, baggy and loose. Baggy means not tight and having a lot of room between your body and the clothes that you're wearing. So this T shirt I'm wearing right now is not baggy because there is not a lot of room between my body and the sure, T shirt. However, if you look at this picture right here, the clothes are baggy because there's a lot of space between the wearer and the clothes. Now, loose means the same as baggy. It means not tight. So there's a lot of room between the body of the person and the clothes they are wearing. Okay, let's go down here and talk about to take pride in one's appearance. If someone takes pride in their appearance, that means what they wear is important to them. Clothes and looking good is important to them. For me, for example, when I go to work, I like to wear some very nice pants, a nice shirt, and a nice tie because I take pride in my appearance. I think dressing well or being well dressed is very important because it's a reflection of yourself and it shows other people what kind of person you are. Spoiled for choice. If you're spoiled for choice, that means you have so many choices that you can't make a decision. Maybe you go into a tailor to have a shirt made up, and the tailor says, What color would you like the shirt to be? And he shows you many different colors, like you can see on the screen now, you are spoiled for choice. There are so many different colors that maybe you can't make a decision spoiled for choice. Now, spoiled for choice is normally used with the verb to be. So, for example, I am spoiled for choice. He was spoiled for choice. Next one to mix and match. To mix and match means to choose different items to make a set. So maybe you take something from over here, you take something from over here, you put it together, and it becomes a set to mix and match. So, for example, let me mix and match the shirts and pants to see if I can find a good match. Next one, to be dressed to kill. Now, this idiom here has nothing to do with killing. It's not about killing. If you are dressed to kill, that means you are dressed in a way where you're wearing something that's very stylish or very fashionable, and most other people will take notice. Most other people will see what you're wearing and look at you because you're wearing very fashionable and stylish and unique clothes. An example sentence could be whenever he goes to a nightclub, he dresses to kill. So that means when he goes to nightclubs, he wears clothes that are very stylish and will make other people look at him and notice him. Next one to dress to impress. This has a similar meaning as the last one. To dress to impress means you dress in a very attractive way. Now, to be to dress to impress is not as strong as to be dressed to quell. An example could be she's going to an interview today, so she's dressing to impress. That means she's going to wear clothes that are really nice and will make her look very good. Next one, to fit like a glove. To fit like a glove means something that is exactly the right size. It's not too loose, it's not too tight, it is perfect. For example, maybe you try on a shirt and you can say this shirt fits like a glove. It's the perfect size. It's not too big and it's not too small, it's not too tight, and it's not too loose to fit like a glove. Next one to be or the rage. To be or the rage means something that is very, very popular. An example could be smoking cigarettes used to be all the rage back then. That means back in the past, smoking cigarettes was very popular. Now, this is a lesson about clothes. We can use this about clothes as well. You could say something like wearing singlets to the gym is all the rage right now. It's very popular to wear singlets to the gym. Okay, let's go down to the bottom here, short sleeved shirt. What you see on the screen right now is a short sleeved shirt. Nothing else much to say. Now the next one long sleeved shirt. What you see on the screen right now is a long sleeved shirt. Now, let's go down here and talk about smart casual because this is a term that you'll hear quite a lot when you're looking at the dress code for certain events or for certain venues. The dress code means what you must wear. So let's pretend you're going to a nice bar, and the bar says dress code, smart casual. Smart casual means an outfit. That looks a little bit formal, but it also looks a little bit informal. It's got a mix of formal and it's got a mix of informal together, smart casual. I'll put a picture on the screen right now of an outfit that is smart casual. Now the next phrase is classy clothes. If you're wearing classy clothes, your clothes are very fashionable, stylish, elegant. Again, I'll put something on the screen right now so you can see and get the feeling of classy and what classy clothes are. Next one, sense of style. This means knowledge of what looks good. So if you say someone does have a sense of style, that means they know what looks good and what doesn't look good. But if you say someone doesn't have a sense of style, they do not have a sense of style, that means they don't know what looks good. An example sentence could be, most people don't really have much of a sense of style. They just follow other people sense of style. Okay, let's move up here and talk about the words which are on the pink piece of paper. First one, get dressed up as. If you get dressed up as something, that means you wear clothes that make you look like that person. So maybe you put on clothes that look like this. That means you got dressed up as Santa Claus. You wore clothes that made you look like Santa Claus. To look good in. If you look good in something, that means the clothes that you're wearing make you look good. An example sentence, John looks good in the suit that he's wearing. Next one, you look good in, very similar. It means if you're wearing something, you look good. You don't look bad. You look nice. So for example, you look good in your suit. That means the suit that you're wearing makes you look good. It makes you look nice. And finally, the last little phrase here, it matches your dot dot dot. If one thing matches another thing, that means those things are similar. So, for example, let's pretend you're wearing a black belt and black shoes. We can say your belt matches your shoes. Why? Because they're the same color. So matches means something that is similar. And normally, if something matches something, it means they look good together. So if you wear a black belt and black shoes, and they match, that means they're similar, and normally it means they look good together. Okay, now let's look at these words on the yellow piece of paper. These words can all be used to describe what a piece of clothing looks like. Now, we talked about plain in the last lesson. Plain means something that normally has just one color, and there are no pictures, and there have been no decorations or anything added to the shirt. Okay, the next word is checked. If a shirt, for example, is checked or a T shirt is checked, that means there are many different squares and each square has a different color. Now listen to the pronunciation, checkered checkered. On the screen right now you can see an example of a checkered piece of clothing. Next one, floral. Floral comes from the word flower and floral is an adjective, which means about flowers. If a piece of clothing is floral, that normally means it has pictures or designs of flowers on it. Again, the piece of clothing you see on the screen now has a floral design. Next one, striped. Again, listen to the pronunciation striped. This ED sound pronounced as a T sound, striped. Now, striped means when a piece of clothing has long lines, which are next to each other and each line is a different color. Maybe this line is pink. This line is white. This line is pink, this line is white. This is striped. Again, I've put something on the screen now so you can see a striped piece of clothing. Let's move up here to these two phrasal verbs, wear in and wear out. Now, the meanings of these phrasal verbs are very different. Let's talk about wear in. If you wear something in, that means you wear something for sometime, and you make it more comfortable to wear. So a perfect example of wear in is with shoes. Sometimes when you first buy a pair of shoes, they're very stiff. They don't really move. They're very strong. You can't bend it. However, after you wear it for maybe a week or two weeks, the shoe becomes much softer and it starts to bend a little bit. It becomes more comfortable to wear. In this situation, we can say, I wore the shoe for a few weeks, and it started to wear in. That means it started to become more comfortable and change a little bit, so it was easier and more comfortable to wear. Now, wear out has a completely different meaning. Wear out means to use something for a long time until it's not in good condition anymore. So maybe you have a t shirt and you wear it for ten years. At the end of the ten years, it's very dirty. It looks very old. Maybe there's some holes in the T shirt. You can say, I've worn this t shirt for a long time and I have worn out the T shirt. That means you have worn the T shirt for many years, and now it's in poor condition. It's not in good condition anymore. Let's move up here to these phrases in blue. To sharp to look sharp simply means to look good. So for example, maybe someone wears a very nice suit to work, you can say, you look sharp. That means you look good. Next one, to come in handy. Now, to come in handy means when something becomes useful at a certain time, but you didn't expect that it will be useful. For example, maybe you have a plastic bag in your home and you don't really use it for anything, you just keep it there because one day you might use it. Now let's pretend one day, you have to carry a lot of small things to a certain place. You can put all of those things into the plastic bag and you can carry them easily. In this situation, you could say the plastic bag came in handy. That means the plastic bag was very useful, but you didn't really expect it to be useful to come in handy. This is a phrase that native speakers use a lot. It's a very native like phrase. So try to use it if something you don't expect becomes very useful to you. Next one to pick up a bargain. To pick up a bargain means to buy something for very cheap. So maybe you go to buy some bananas. And normally they are $10 per kilo, but you find them for $5 a kilo. If you buy some, you can say today, I picked up a bargain. That means you bought something for a very cheap price. To pick up a bargain. Next phrase, to have an I for great clothes. If you have an I for something, that means you can make good decisions about that topic. So if you have an I for great clothes, that means you can make good decisions about great clothes. So maybe you go to a clothes store, and the clothes you choose are always great. They're always very fashionable. They're always very stylish. You can say, I have an I for great clothes because you're making good decisions about that topic about great clothes. Now, we can also use this phrase with fashion. You can say I have an I for fashion. That means you make great decisions about fashion. Alright, let's look at the last four phrases for today. First one, to tie up your laces or trainers. Okay, laces means the things that you use to keep your shoe very tight. So what you see on the screen right now is some laces. Trainers are another way to say runners or sneakers, shoes that you normally use to exercise. Now, if you tie up your laces or trainers, that's what you do when you put your shoe on. You tie up your laces. So you have the two strings, you tie them up. Now, if you want to take your trainers off, you need to untie your laces or untie your trainers. So you tie up your laces when you put your shoes on, and you untie your laces when you take your shoes off. Next one, to zip up your fly. Fly is normally what a bird does or a plane does, right? But in this phrase, fly is a noun. What you see on the screen right now is a fly. It's what we have on pants so we can make them easier to put on and to take off. Now, if you zip up your fly, you pull the zip up, zip up your fly. Now, if you unzip your fly, you pull the zip down, down. Now, we normally zip up our flies when we put our pants on. Now when we want to take our pants off, we unzip our fly, and then we can take our pants off more easily. Next one, to do up your buttons. So what you see on the screen right now is a button or some buttons. If you do up your button, that means you put the material and the button together. So they stay together. Do up. Now, if you undo your buttons, you do the opposite. So you take the button away from the material. Now, when we put our clothes on, we normally do up. Our buttons. And when we take our clothes off, we normally undo our buttons to do up your buttons, to undo your buttons. Now the last phrase for today to roll up your sleeves. Sleeves are what you can see on the screen right now. And if you roll up your sleeves, you do this. You make your sleeves, maybe they start here, and then they finish here. You make your sleeves shorter. So on the screen right now you can see someone who has rolled up their sleeves. So remember, this is roll up now the opposite is unroll. If you unroll your sleeves, you make your sleeves longer. Roll up, unroll. Roll up, unroll. That's the end of the clothes section. I hope you enjoyed that. I hope you learned a lot of vocabulary. Make sure you look at the Word document, which has a summary of all the vocab and a quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. 19. Colour Basics: Welcome to colors. In this lesson, we're going to talk about some basic colors that you need to know. Let's get into it. The first one here is called beige beige. So you can see how this color is not white. It's got a little bit of yellow in it, beige. So, for example, sometimes walls in houses or condos, they're not painted white. They're painted beige. Next one, charcoal, charcoal. Charcoal is a very, very, very dark gray, and it's almost black, but it isn't black. Next one, crimson. Crimson is a dark red color. Can Can. Listen to the pronunciation, Cyan. Cyan is a very bright and light blue. Indigo. Indigo. Indigo is a dark purple. The last one for this slide is khaki, khaki. Note the pronunciation, khaki. This Ha is silent. Magenta, Magenta. Listen to that pronunciation, Magenta. Magenta is a very, very bright pinky color. Next one, Maron. Maron, a very, very dark red color. Navy blue, navy blue, a dark blue color. Peach, peach. Silver. Silver. Tan, tan. Look here at tan, peach, and khaki, you can see they're all a little bit different. Last slide, teal teal turquoise turquoise. Listen to that pronunciation turquoise. If we compare turquoise to cyan, we can see cyan is a brighter blue. Last one, violet. Violet. This is a color that you'll see in the rainbow, Violet. Now, violet is similar to indigo, but indigo is much darker and violet is much brighter. Alright, guys, they are all of the basic colors. Now, whenever you see a color in real life, try and name that color and try to use some of the words that you learnt from this lesson rather than very basic color words like black, red and yellow. In the next lesson, we're going to talk about some vocabulary that you can use when talking about colors. I'll see you there. 20. Colours: All right, let's talk about some vocabulary related to colors. There's actually a lot of different words that you can use when describing colors. So let's get into it right now and improve your vocabulary. The first thing we're going to talk about is these words here. Hue. Listen to that pronunciation, Hue, shade, tint and tinge. Let's first talk about hue. Hue is a formal word for color hue is a formal word for color. So, for example, over here, we can say there's a yellowish hue. That means it's a yellow color. Okay, next word, shade. Shade is a particular form of a color. We use shade when we're talking about how light, bright or dark a color is. So if we look down here at the bottom, we can see here, we've got two colors, and they're both red, but they're different shades of red because one is a bit lighter and one is a bit darker. So there are two shades of red. So remember, shade is a form of a color. Maybe it's light red, maybe it's dark red, maybe it's bright red. Next word tint. Tint also has a similar meaning to shade. Tint means a particular form of a color, or it can mean a little bit of color. So, for example, if we go down here to the two reds, we could say there are two different tints of red. That means there are two different forms of red, two different types of red. Tint. Now the next word is tinge. Tinge means a small amount of color. So if we look at this circle here, we can say that there's a tinge of yellow because it's not very, very, very yellow, but we can see that it's got a little bit of yellow in it, a tinge. Okay, before we look at this vocab here about how to use shade, hue, tinge, and tint, let's have a look at some adjectives we can use about colors. The first one is bright. Bright means a very strong color, a very noticeable color, a color that's not dark. So for example, this yellow here is definitely a bright yellow because it's very noticeable. It's very strong. Next one, brilliant. Brilliant. Brilliant means full of color. So again, we could say this is a brilliant yellow. Why? Because it's full of color. It's a very strong color. But if we look at this yellow here, is this yellow here brilliant? No, it's not because it's a very light color. It's not bright. It's not very noticeable and it's not very strong. Next one, dramatic. Dramatic means very noticeable. If a color is dramatic, you notice it. You see it very clearly. When you look at it, your eyes notice it straight away very quickly. We could say that this color here is dramatic because when you look at this page, this color here, this can color is very noticeable. But if we go back to this yellow color here, is this yellow color in the circle dramatic? No, not really because it's not very noticeable. Next word dull. Dull means not bright and not interesting. So again, let's have a look at this yellow here. We could say it's a bit of a dull yellow because it's not bright and it's not very noticeable. However, if we go up here, could we say this yellow is dull? No, we couldn't. Why? Because it is very noticeable. Sorry about that, guys, I just had to quickly change some settings on the camera. Let's get back into it. The next word is dark dark. Dark means closer to black than it is to white. If we look at this color here, it's quite bright. Bright is the opposite of dark and this color here is closer to white than it is to black, like you can see in the text right here. This is dark. Another example of a dark color could be this blue right here. It is dark. It's not bright like this color here. So this color is bright. This color is dark. This one is closer to white. This one is closer to black. Next one, faded. A faded color is a color that has become less strong. So for example, something that is painted and it's left in the sun often becomes faded because when the sun goes onto it, for many months or years, the color becomes less bright. The color becomes less strong because the sun is damaging the color. Next one, fluorescent. Fluorescent. A fluorescent color is a very, very bright color that is easily seen in the dark. This color here, this cyan color is definitely a fluorescent color because it's very bright, it's very noticeable, and you could easily see this one in the dark. A lot of the time, restaurants and bars and other places like that like to use fluorescent lights on the outside of their buildings. This is because they're bright colors and they're easily noticeable. So what you can see on the screen right now is a fluorescent light. Next word is light. Ight. A light color is a color that doesn't have much color, but the yellow is definitely not dark. So remember this color here, this blue is a dark blue, but this here is definitely not dark, so we call it a light yellow. Next word, lively, lively. If a color is lively, it's very bright and very strong. So two examples on the screen right now are this can color and this yellow color. They're very lively colors because they're bright and they're strong and they're very noticeable. Next one, multi colored. Multi means many. What do you think multi colored means? Yes, you're correct. Multi colored means many colors. This rainbow right here is multi colored. Why? Because it has many colors. It's got red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, dark blue, and violet, multi colored. Neutral. A neutral color is a color that's not strong or bright. Normally colors like black, white, gray, and brown. These are neutral colors. On the screen right now, this here is a very, very light brown, so this is a neutral color. It's not bright or strong. Now, this color up here, is not a neutral color because it's bright and strong. Next word, pastel. A pastel color is a color that's very light. For example, this yellow up here. Again, I know we've used this yellow as an example many times, but it's a great example of a pastel color. Why? Because it's very light. This brown, you could also say it's a pastel color because it's very light. Next one, rich, a rich color is bright, deep and strong, a rich color normally has a lot of color in it. So this yellow here is very, very rich because there's a lot of color in it. It's very strong. However, this color here, this yellow is not rich because it doesn't have much yellow in it. Same with this brown color. It's not rich because it doesn't have much color. Next one, subdued, subdued. Subdued colors are colors that are not bright. For example, this gray up here, it is a very subdued color because it's not bright. On the other hand, this magenta like color here is definitely not subdued. Why? Because it's very bright. Next word subtle, subtle. Now note here that we don't say the bee, we say subtle. Subtle. A subtle color is a color that's not really easy to see, and it's a color that's not bright or strong. So an example of a subtle color again, could be this yellow because it's not really that easy to see. It's not bright and it's not strong subtle. Next one, vibrant. Vibrant colors are colors that are very, very bright. So again, if we look at this yellow up here, it's a vibrant yellow. I know we've used this yellow as an example many, many times. Now, down here, this yellow is not vibrant because it's not bright and it's not really noticeable. Vivid, a vivid color has the same meaning as vibrant. It means very bright. Again, this yellow is vivid. This yellow is not vivid. This magenta is vivid. This can is vivid, it's very, very bright. The last adjective to describe a color is warm. Warm. A warm color is normally a color that actually can make you feel a little bit warm. So for example, colors like yellow, orange and red. These are normally referred to as warm colors. Also, we have the opposite of this. We have cool colors. Cool colors are the opposite. They're colors that make you feel cool. So the main cool colors are blue, green, purple, and violet. Alright, let's look at these three phrases up here. The first one is a color scheme. A color scheme is a group of colors which someone uses for a specific purpose. So for example, the company McDonald's, their color scheme is red, yellow, and black. They use these colors together for a specific reason. It is their color scheme. Now, please note color scheme can also be called color palette. Color palette. Now, for English understood, we use red and blue. This is our color scheme, red and blue. Or we can say this is our color palette. Next phrase, contrasting colors. These are colors that are the opposite. So very simple example is black and white. These colors are the opposite and they are not the same. Next, phrase, matching colors. Matching colors are colors that look the same or colors that go well together or look good together. Very simple example of this could be black and white. That's why a lot of people who go to work, they wear white shirts and black pants because they match, those two colors look good together. Let's come down here and talk about this phrase or verb that's all alone down the bottom. To stand out to stand out. If a color stands out or even a person or even a thing, that means that color, person or thing is very easy to notice or see. So for example, this yellow definitely stands out because when you look at this page, you can definitely see that yellow because it's very bright. It's very vivid and vibrant. Now, another color that also stands out is this cyan color. Why? Because again, it's a vibrant color. It's bright, and it's very strong. Okay, let's move down here and talk about these phrases here. We can use these phrases when we want to describe certain colors. So for example, we can say a shade of red. Remember, a shade means a form of red, maybe it's a dark red, maybe it's a light red. So someone might say, What color is that? And you can say, Well, it's got a shade of red. It's got a shade of red. Or you can say it is a shade of red or any other color you like. Next one, color, plus ish plus hue. Remember, hue just means color. So let's pretend we take this color here, yellow, and we add ish and say hue. So we can say yellowish hue. So that means it's a color like yellow. It's got a yellowish hue. Or we can say it has a yellowish hue. Or we can say there is a yellowish hue. This notes here that's stuck in the middle of the screen, we could say it's got a brownish hue because the color is brown. It's got a brownish hue, a brownish color. Next one, color, plus ish, plus tinge, plus tint. So we could say something like bluish tinge. Bluish tint. So remember, tint means a form of a color, and tinge means a small amount of color. So maybe you want to talk about this yellow circle here. You can say it has a yellowish tint to it. It has a yellowish tinge to it because it has a little bit of yellow in it. Next one, a tinge of color. So again, we could use this circle as an example. We could say the circle has a tinge of yellow, a tinge of yellow. Because remember, tinge means a small amount of color. And this circle here doesn't have a lot of yellow. It only has a little bit of yellow. So we can say the circle has a tinge of yellow. Next one, yellow tinge. So again, we could use this with the yellow circle. The circle has a yellow tinge. It has a little bit of yellow in it. And last one, we can use an adjective. So we can use one of these words here, plus a color, plus a shade or hue. So we could say this circle up here or this thing up here has a very bright yellow hue. We could say this yellow circle here has a very pastel yellow hue. Because remember, pastel means light, not much color. This one here, what word could we use? Faded? Is it dark? No, definitely not. Is it multi colored? No. Maybe something like fluorescent. This bar here has a fluorescent blue shade. Or this bar here has a fluorescent blue hue. Or you could say can, that's fine as well. This bar up here has a fluorescent can hue. Now, let's do one more. Let's talk about this purple color here. This purple color, what could we use to describe it? Is it bright? No. Is it dull? Is it boring? Not really. So what word could we use? Maybe we could say something like dark. We could say the circle has a dark purple shade. It has a dark purple hue. Both are fine. The next time you're talking about color guys, try to use these structures and try to use all of these adjectives, especially if you're taking an IoTs exam, and the topic for your questions in part one is colors. Try to use some of these adjectives, so the examiner can see that you've got a very good vocabulary and you can use less common vocab words. All right guys, that's the end of colors. I hope you enjoyed that and I hope you learned a lot of different ways through describe colors. Now, make sure that you download the word document with this lesson, revise these words, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. 21. Describing People Adjectives: There's a lot of people in this world, so it's very important that you know how to describe them. Let's get into it and talk about describing people. The first phrase for today is network of friends or network of people. A network of friends or people is the group of people that you know. An example sentence could be an important part of a young man's journey is to build up a network of friends. That means he needs to build up, he needs to make a group of friends or people that he knows. Let's look in this box here. We're going to talk about some adjectives to describe the appearance or the look of someone. Tall or short. So tall short. I think you know that already. The next one is slender. If someone is slender, that means they are thin in an attractive way. For example, the man is very slender, so he looks good in a suit. Now, slender can be used when you're describing men and women. Petite, on the other hand, can only be used when you're describing a woman. Petite means when a woman is small and thin, but in an attractive and acute way Petite. For example, she's such a petite little thing. Next one, stocky. Stocky is normally used to describe men. A man who is stocky is normally short, but he has wide shoulders and a bit of muscle and also a bit of fat. An example sentence could be, he's got a stocky build, and we'll talk about build in just 1 second. Now the next word muscular. This word is normally used to describe men, but sometimes it could be used to describe women. Muscular means having muscles, having well developed or big muscles. For example, a lot of the guys you see in the gym are very muscular. Now let's look at these two words, straight and curly. These words are normally used to describe hair. So straight hair is what you can see on the screen right now, whereas curly hair is what you can see on the screen right now. So an example, sentence could be he has curly hair, she has straight hair. Now note, when you're talking about hair, we don't say hairs. So we don't say she has straight hairs. We say she has straight hair. We don't say he has curly hairs. We say he has curly hair. Yes. Okay, next word, clean shaven. If a man is clean shaven, that means on his face, he does not have any facial hair. So look at me right now. Am I clean shaven? No, I'm not because I've got a little bit of a beard. A beard is what I've got right now. It's when a man has hair on the sides of his face, on his chin, under his nose, that is a beard. Now, a mustache, on the other hand, is when a man only has facial hair here. Above his upper lip. So what you can see on the screen right now is a mustache. He is a man with a mustache. So very quickly, clean shaven, no hair on the face for a man, Mustache, hair on the upper lip. And a bead is when a man has hair all over his face. Let's look at this structure down here, slender build, petite build, slim billed, stocky build. We've already talked about slender, petite, slim, and stocky, so you should know what they mean. Now, build build, in this case, means the dimensions and proportions of someone's body. For example, are they wide? Are they big or are they small? So if we say someone has a slender build, remember, slender is thin in an attractive way. So we're talking about the dimensions of their body. Petite build. So she has a petite build. He has a slim build, he has a stocky build. As you can see, we normally use this structure with has or have. He has a slender build. They have petite builds. Now, please note that we can only use build with these four words here. We don't say he has a tall build. We don't say he has a short build. However, if we want to describe someone's height, we could say something like he is tall, the verb to B, then you can say with a slender build. So let's look at this man over here. Let's pretend he's tall so we can say he is tall with a maybe slender build. He's thin, he's not fat, and he looks okay. So he is tall with a adjective plus build. Okay, let's move over here to the green box, which contains a lot of positive words to describe people. Now the first one is affectionate. Affectionate. If a person is affectionate, that means they like to show or display their feelings. So for example, a woman who is in a relationship and has a boyfriend. If she likes to hug her boyfriend, kiss her boyfriend all the time, you could say she is very affectionate. She is displaying, she is showing her emotion. Her feelings. Next one, ambitious. If someone is ambitious, they want to get a lot of things done. They want to be successful. They have many goals. An example sentence could be at university, you'll meet a lot of ambitious young individuals. Next one, broad minded. You can also say open minded. Someone who's broad minded or open minded is willing to listen to new ideas. That means if they hear a new idea, they don't automatically say no, no, or they don't automatically just not listen. They listen to new ideas, they consider new ideas, and they think about new ideas. So an example sentence could be, he's very broad minded. He's very open minded, and I like that. Next one, charismatic. Charismatic. This means having an energy that attracts or charms other people. It makes them like you. An example sentence could be charismatic people are often very successful. Why? Because they can attract other people and they can make other people like them. Next one, considerate. If you are a considerate person, that means you think about the feelings of others. You don't just think about yourself. For example, if you're going somewhere maybe with your girlfriend or boyfriend and you ask them some questions about them. Do you need this? Do you want this? You are being considerate. You are thinking about them, you are thinking about their feelings and what they want. An example sentence could be, it's very hard to meet a genuinely considerate person nowadays. Next one, dependable. If someone is dependable, that means you can trust and believe what they say. If a dependable person says, I will be there at 8:30, you know that that person will be there at 8:30. Again, an example sentence could be in the world today, it's very difficult to find dependable people. Diligent. Someone who's diligent is someone who is careful and uses a lot of effort. They normally don't rush things. They normally don't do things very quickly. They do things well, they take their time, and they use a lot of effort to get what they're doing right. An example could be the lawyer is very diligent about his work. Next word, empathetic. If you are empathetic, that means you can make yourself feel how someone else feels. For example, if something bad happens to someone, you can make yourself feel how they feel to try to understand them, to try to understand their feelings. This is empathetic. Now, empathetic is the adjective. Empathy is the noun. Adjectives normally go with the verb to be. So we could say she is very empathetic, or we could say one of her best qualities is being empathetic, or we could use the word empathy and say she has a lot of empathy. Next one, generous. Generous means you're willing to give away your money or your time, or you're willing to help someone or assist someone more than the average person. So if you're generous, you normally give something away, whether it's time or money, more than the average person. So an example, sentence could be, although he's very wealthy, he's not very generous. That means he doesn't really like to give. He doesn't like to give things away. 22. Describing People More Basics: Good company. If someone is good company, that means they are someone who people enjoy spending time with. So, for example, maybe you have a friend who's very funny and has a lot of energy and always wants to do many things. You can say she or he is good company. That means you enjoy being around that person, and when you're with them, you normally have a good time. Next one, good listener. This one's pretty simple. If someone is a good listener, that means they focus on the person who is speaking to them. If someone is speaking to them, they really focus and they really listen. They don't think about other things, they give their full attention to that person, a good listener. An example sentence could be, I have no problems going to see my teacher because he's a good listener. Can also use this word with the word great. You can say a great listener. You could say fantastic listener, but most people normally just say a good listener. This is actually the same with good company. You could change the word good and use a different adjective. For example, he's fantastic company. He's great company, up to you. Alright, let's move up here, good sense of humor. Now, when we use this phrase, we normally use it with has. For example, John has a good sense of humor. He has a good sense of humor. Now, good sense of humor means a person who can say funny things and a person who can understand funny things. So if someone says funny things to them, they can understand them and they can understand why they're funny. So again, we could say this man here has a good sense of humor. Now we can also replace the word good with another word. He has a great sense of humor. He has an interesting sense of humor. Up to you, it depends on what you're trying to say about that person. Ladies man. Ladies man. A ladies man is a man who likes women and really enjoys spending time with women. Now, this is normally considered as a good thing if a man is a ladies man. Now, a ladies man normally is very popular to women. Normally, if you're a ladies man, that means a lot of women like you. An example sentence could be James Bond is a classic example of a ladies man. Why? Because women like him and he likes women. Next one, laid back, laid back. If someone is laid back, that means they're very relaxed and they're normally not really worried or concerned about anything. They're very relaxed and they don't really worry about anything. An example, sentence could be, even though he works in a very high executive position, he's very laid back. Most people in that position might not be relaxed, but he is laid back, so he is relaxed and not really worried about anything. Opinionated, opinionated. If someone is opinionated, that means someone who has strong beliefs, has many beliefs and likes to talk about their beliefs. So if someone is always telling you what they think, if someone has very strong feelings about what they think, you can say that person is opinionated. An example sentence could be, I love talking to opinionated people because we can have great conversations and fantastic arguments opinionated. Next one, out going. Out going. An outgoing person is someone who is friendly, someone who has a lot of energy, and someone who likes people and someone who likes talking to people. An example sentence could be, if you work in sales, you normally need to be a bit outgoing. That means you normally need to be friendly and you normally need to enjoy talking to people, out going. Next one, polite. Polite means acting in a way that is nice to other people and that is socially correct. Something that most other people would say is nice. Some things that a polite person might do are say thank you and say, please. This is being polite. An example sentence could be in today's world, it's very important to be polite. Next one, reliable. Reliable has a similar meaning to dependable. What does dependable mean? Dependable means when you can believe what that person says. If they say they will be there at 8:30, they will be there at 8:30. This is the same. If someone is reliable, they can be trusted. You can trust what they say. You can believe what they say. An example sentence could be, although this man here looks a bit interesting, he's very reliable. That means we can trust what he says. Next one, supportive, supportive. I note here how in my accent, I changed the T to a D. I don't say supportive, I say supportive, supportive. Now, supportive means giving support or encouragement. So let's pretend you have a problem in your life. A supportive person would try to help you. A supportive person would give you some encouragement. A supportive person would listen to your problems. A supportive person would try to make you feel better. An example could be, I'm really lucky to have a mother who is super supportive. The last positive word is witty. Witty means using words in a very interesting and funny way. For example, maybe a word has two or three different meanings and you use that word in a way that someone didn't expect. This could be an example of being witty. Now, an example sentence could be, I love having conversations with John because he's super witty. That means he uses his words in an interesting way and normally not in a normal way. Okay, let's go down to the bottom here. Somebody has a pale, fair, tanned, dark complexion. This is a structure we can use to describe the color of someone's skin. Now, if someone has a pale or fair complexion, that means they have very white skin. Now, if you were describing me, you could say Shane has a fair complexion. That means his skin is white. Tanned. If you have a tanned complexion, that means your skin is more of an orangy or a browny color, a tanned complexion. If you are tanned, you probably go in the sun a lot. That's why you're tanned. Next one, dark complexion. If somebody has a dark complexion, that means their skin is dark. So this is a great way to talk about what someone's skin looks like. This is also very common when police are describing a criminal. They will say the criminal has a tanned complexion. They might also say he is tall with a stocky build. So now we know his skin color, now we know his height, and now we know the dimensions of his body. All right let's look at the last few words for today, Brunette. Brunette is a noun, and if we say someone is a Brunette, that means they have brown hair. Now note that this word is only used with girls. So we wouldn't say this man here is a Brunette. No, that's incorrect. But the girl you can see on the screen now, we would say she is a Brunette. Now note here we don't say she has a Brunette. We say she is a Brunette. Now, next one, redhead, Redhead is someone who has orangy or reddy colored hair. Now, we can use redhead with both men and women. Let's pretend this man here has orange hair. We could say he is a redhead. Again, we don't say he has a redhead, we say he is a redhead. Next phrase, older person. Older person. If someone is an older person with ER, that means they are probably 65 or above. So if you meet someone who's 80 and you want to describe them, you can say I met an older person. Don't say I met an old person because the word old in English is not very polite and it's a bit rude. So if you want to describe someone who's 65 and up, you can say they are an older person. Please don't say old. It's not very polite and it's a bit rude. Last one, middle aged. If someone is middle age, they are 45-65. You could say the person is middle aged. Or you could say I met a person who was middle aged. We normally use this one with to B. That's the end of the lesson. I hope you really enjoyed that. In the next lesson, we're going to be talking about some negative words you can use to describe people, so I'll see you there. 23. Describing People Extra Words: Alright, describing people part two. In the last lesson, we mainly looked at positive words we can use to describe people. In this lesson, we're going to look at more negative words and some idioms and some other expressions. So let's get right into it. The first phrase is night owl. If somebody is a night owl, that means they like to be active during the night. They like to work during the night. At night owls normally don't get up early. They normally go to sleep late and get up late. Now, this is the total opposite to an early bird. If a person is an early bird, that means they like to wake up early and go to bed. Early. Normally, an early bird doesn't function well during the night. An example sentence could be, I'm an early bird or an example sentence could be, he's a night owl. So we normally use these phrases with the verb to be. He is a night owl, he is an early bird. Let's look at these words here. These words are negative words we can use to describe people. So let's have a quick look at the first one, which is aggressive. Aggressive. Aggressive means behaving in an angry or violent way. So aggressive people are people who normally like to have conflicts and some aggressive people like to fight. An example sentence could be going out at night can expose you to a lot of aggressive people. Next one, anxious. If you're anxious, that means you're worried and nervous. An example sentence could be many people get anxious when they go to interviews. Why? Because when they're at the interview, they feel worried or they feel nervous. Next one, arrogant. Arrogance. If someone is arrogant, that means they believe that they are more important or they are better than other people. They think that they are the best and no one is better than them. An example sentence could be, you really should avoid arrogant people. Next one, bossy bossy. If someone is bossy, that means they like to boss other people around and be the boss. So that means they like to tell other people what to do. An example sentence could be when he's in a relationship, he often becomes very bossy. That means he tells his partner what to do. Next one, control freak, control freak. A control freak is someone who wants everything to happen in the way that they want it to happen. A control freak is someone who wants to control everything, someone who wants to be in control. An example sentence could be, it's not a good idea to get involved with control freaks because you'll never be able to do what you want to do. Next one, deceitful. If someone is deceitful, it means they're not honest, and they normally don't tell the truth. So if someone tells lies all the time, you can say they are deceitful. An example, sentence could be, don't get involved with deceitful people. It's a bad idea. Next one, devious devious. Devious means when you act in a dishonest way. So you act in a way that's not entirely truthful. And normally when you're devious, you act in a clever way. So you're not telling the truth and you're doing it in a clever way, normally because you want to get something. An example sentence could be, you have to be devious if you want to get to the top of the corporate ladder. That means sometimes you might have to lie in a clever way to get what you want. Devious. Grumpy. If someone is grumpy, that means they are slightly angry, so a little bit angry, normally because they're annoyed at something or because maybe they're tired. So an example sentence, she gets really grumpy if she doesn't have dinner. So that means she gets a little bit angry if she doesn't have dinner. Why? Because she's annoyed at the fact that she hasn't eaten. Next one, impulsive, impulsive. If someone is impulsive, that means they do things without planning, and they do things without thinking about the consequences. So let's pretend right now, I say, I'm quitting my job and I'm flying to South America. That's a very impulsive decision because I haven't thought about it, and I'm doing it without thinking about the consequences. Impulsive. Insecure. If someone is insecure, they are not confident in themselves and they do not believe in themselves, insecure. An example sentence could be a lot of young people are insecure nowadays due to the effects of social media. Insensitive. Someone who is insensitive is someone who doesn't really think about or consider other people's feelings. So, for example, if you do something and it makes your friend upset, and your friend tells you that that thing makes them upset, and you keep doing that thing, well, you could probably say that you're being a bit insensitive because you're not thinking about the other person's feelings. An example, sentence could be Fred is very insensitive, and if he keeps acting this way, he's going to have no friends left. Next one, Moody. Moody, if someone is moody, that means their mood or how they feel changes very often, and it changes very quickly. So, for example, sometimes they're very happy, sometimes they're very sad. Sometimes they're very excited and sometimes they're very annoyed. So Moody means someone whose mood or emotions change very quickly. An example sentence could be when he gets a lot of work, he becomes extremely moody. That means his emotions keep changing. Sometimes he's happy, sometimes he's sad, sometimes he's angry. Next one, overweight, overweight means fat. That means you have too much body weight. An example sentence could be the vast majority of the population is overweight. Next one, pessimistic. Pessimistic. Pessimistic means you normally think negatively. So if something happens, you normally don't think about any of the good things. You normally think about bad things, or you always look at things in a bad way. You never look at things in a positive or in a good way. An example, sentence could be, don't be so pessimistic. It happens now, there's nothing we can do about it. Now, the opposite of pessimistic is optimistic, optimistic. So if someone is optimistic, that means they normally think good things. If something happens, they normally look at the good things from that situation. Next one, plump. Plump. If you're plump, that means you're overweight, so you're fat and you've got too much weight. And if you're plump, you'd normally have a more round shape. Plump. An example, sentence could be her friend is very plump. Next one, hot tempered, hot tempered. We could also say quick tempered. So if you're hot tempered or quick tempered, that means you become angry very easily. So if someone generally gets angry very quickly, that means they are hot tempered. If they very rarely get angry, then we wouldn't say that someone is hot tempered. We say someone is hot tempered, if they normally get angry very quickly. Next one reserved reserved. If someone is reserved, it means they don't talk much and they don't share their feelings very much. An example sentence could be a lot of countries are known for having very reserved people. That means they don't talk much and they don't really like to open up and share their feelings. Next one, rude. Rude means not polite. So acting in a way that's not very nice and acting in a way that society would probably say is not good or not nice. An example sentence could be, don't be so rude. Being polite is 100% free. Serious. Serious means not joking or intending to be funny. So if someone is very serious, they are doing whatever they are doing in not a fun way. They're not having fun. They are not trying to be funny, serious. An example sentence could be, don't be so serious. It's a party. Have some fun. Next one, stingy. Stingy. Now, note the pronunciation here is not stingy. We don't say sting E. No, we say sting G, sting G. Now, stingy means not wanting to spend any money or not wanting to spend much money. So, for example, if you go out with a friend of yours to get some food or to get some drinks, and whenever you go out together, he never wants to pay. You can say he's stingy. Why? Because he doesn't want to spend any money. Next one, too faced, too faced. Now note the pronunciation the ED is pronounced a sound, with a T sound, too faced. Now, two faced means someone who is not truthful. So for example, let's pretend you're with a person called John. And when John is with you, he says very nice things to you. However, when John is not with you, he says not very nice things about you. That means he's too faced. He's not truthful. When he's with you, he's quite nice, but when he's not with you, he's not very nice. It's like he has two faces or two personalities. One face is a nice face, and the other face is a not nice face. To faced. So an example, sentence could be, I don't really believe her. I feel like she's a bit too faced. Next one, unkept. Unkept. Someone who's unkept means someone who doesn't really take care of or someone who doesn't really care about their appearance. So if someone goes to work and they're wearing old pants and their shirts all wrinkled. They haven't used an iron on their shirt, you could say something like they are unkept. They don't really care about their appearance, and they don't really try to look good. Now, unkept is not about if you're good looking or not good looking. It's not about if you're beautiful or you're handsome. It's about how you take care of your appearance. So do you wear nice clothes? Do you take care of your hair? Are you clean those sort of things? 24. Describing People Idioms: Alright, now let's move down to these expressions on this little piece of paper here. The first one is pain in the neck. Now, if we say someone is a pain in the neck, it's pretty easy to work out what that means, right? It means someone who is very annoying, someone who you don't really want to be around. An example sentence could be, I hate working with him. He's such a pain in the neck. Next one, down to Earth. If someone's down to Earth, it means that that person is very reasonable and they see the world how it really is. They don't imagine things or they don't think things that are not true. Someone who's down to Earth is very realistic, and when they look around, when they speak, when they act, they speak and act in a way that shows that they are being realistic. They're not imagining things. They are seeing things how they really are. An example sentence could be, I've never met anyone like him before. He's super down to Earth. Next one, larger than life. If someone's larger than life, that means someone who attracts a lot of attention, normally because they're very fun, they're very outgoing, and they're very loud, larger than life. Someone who's larger than life is normally very interesting, as well. An example sentence could be, if I had to describe him, I'd say he's larger than life. Next one, somebody is an introvert or an extrovert. Let's talk about introvert first. Introvert means somebody who doesn't really like spending time around people. And introvert is someone who normally likes to spend time alone or maybe with just one or two people. So introverts normally don't like to spend time with other people. They like to spend time alone doing activities that don't require any other people. For example, reading a book or watching a movie. An example sentence could be introverts are often very successful. Now, the adjective for introvert is introverted. So if you want to use introvert as an adjective, simply add ED. An example sentence could be, he's very introverted. Now, if we use it as a noun, we have to say he is an introvert. Extrovert is the opposite. So an introvert doesn't like to be around people, an extrovert does like to be around people. An extrovert loves spending time around people, loves going to social events and activities. An extrovert is normally very energetic and enjoys spending time around other people. Now, to make this word into an adjective, simply add ED. So again, extroverted. An example sentence could be, he's very extroverted. However, if we use it as a noun, we have to say is an extrovert. So for example, this man right here is clearly an extrovert. Next one, glass half full person. If someone's a glass half full person, that means they are not a pessimist. They are the opposite. They are an optimist. That means they normally think good things, and if something happens, they normally have good thoughts. They normally don't think negative things about something. They're normally very positive. So an example sentence could be, if you get to know her, you'll find out that she's one of those glass half full people. Next one, call is a cucumber. If your call is a cucumber, you're very relaxed and you're not worried about anything. An example sentence could be his girlfriend just slapped him, but he looks cool as a cucumber. So that means he looks very relaxed. He doesn't look worried. Last one, to have a screw loose. What you can see on the screen right now is a screw. Now, let's pretend that people had to have screws to keep them together. If someone had a screw loose, what do you think that would mean? Do you think that would mean they would be normal or not normal? Correct. No normal. So if someone has a screw loose, it means they behave in a way that's not normal and they behave in a way that's weird or a bit crazy. An example sentence could be, her brother really has a screw loose. I've never seen anyone act like that before. Okay, let's look at these ones now on the brown piece of paper. Number one, to look young for your age. To look young for your age means to be younger than you look. So let's pretend I look at someone, and I think they're 40, but they're actually 30. I can say you look young for your age. When I look at you, I think that you are older than you really are. Next one to be getting on a bit. To be getting on a bit means to be getting old. So in the process of becoming old. So if someone's maybe around 70, 75, you can say that person is getting on a bit. It means they are becoming old. They are in the process of getting old. It's happening now. Now, it doesn't mean getting old. No, it means getting old. So there's a big difference. Make sure you remember that. Next one, to bear a striking resemblance to. Let's pretend that you bear a striking resemblance to me. That means we look very, very similar. To bear a striking resemblance means to look very similar or to look like someone else. Last one, to lie through your teeth. If you lie, you're saying something that is not true. So if you lie through your teeth, it means you tell a lie without feeling bad about it. So maybe you look at someone and you lie to them, you don't really feel bad about it. You can say, I'm lying through my teeth. An example, sentence could be, look at him. He's lying through his teeth. So he's telling a lie and he doesn't care, he doesn't feel bad about it. Okay, last few words for today. Chatterbox. Chatterbox means someone who likes to talk a lot, someone who loves talking, and someone who can talk a lot. An example sentence could be, the new guy at work is a real chatterbox. So that means he loves talking. Next one party anibal a party anibal is someone who enjoys parties and someone who goes to parties very often. So again, we could use the example of the new guy at work. We could say the new guy at work is a real party animal. So that means he goes to parties often, and he really enjoys going to parties. Next one, nerd. If someone's a nerd, that means normally a man who is not very attractive, not very good looking, and normally someone who doesn't have any social skills. So someone who doesn't know how to communicate, someone who doesn't know how to talk. Now, nerds are normally very smart and they're normally very interested in computers. So an example, sentence could be most nerds like to stay at home and play computer games all night. Okay, we finally got to the last word, which is a cheap skate. If someone's a cheap skate, it has a similar meaning to if someone is stingy. So what does stingy mean? Someone who doesn't like to spend money. So if someone's a cheap skate, it means they don't like to spend money. A lot of the time, if someone is a cheap skate, that means they are unwilling. They will not spend any money unless absolutely necessary. An example sentence could be never go out with a cheap skate because you'll end up paying for everything. Alright, guys, that's the end of P two of describing people. We've got one more part to go, so I will see you there. 25. Describing People Structures and More Idioms: All right, we've talked about some positive words to use to describe people and some negative words and some other phrases. Now we've got one more part left for describing people. So let's get into it. The first thing should we're going to talk about is structures. So basic sentences you can use to describe people. First one, somebody has a or build. We've already talked about this. So an example could be John has a stocky build. John has a muscular build. Next one, somebody has. Now, when we use this structure, we normally have a noun afterwards. For example, John has brown hair. We are talking about his hair, which is the noun. John has a moustache. We are talking about a noun. John has a Beard. John has a great attitude. Attitude is a thing, attitude is a noun. So remember, guys, with this structure, we normally use it with a noun. However, we can put an adjective before the noun. Like the example before, John has brown hair. Hair is the noun, brown is the adjective. Next one, somebody is after the verb is or the verb to be, we normally have a noun or an adjective. We could say something like Fred is outgoing, laid back, and supportive. It's a very simple sentence structure, but we've used it to make a great sentence because we've used some less common vocabulary. Now, you could also use is with a noun, so you could say something like John is a fantastic teacher. Teacher is a noun, but we've got an adjective before it. Now, you can also use this phrase with a noun only. So, for example, John is a teacher. John is a doctor. So make it more interesting. You could add an adjective. For example, John is a very outgoing teacher. So just remember has with a noun only. So somebody has with a noun only, somebody is, you can use it with an adjective or a noun. Next one, somebody looks like. Somebody looks like is used with a noun. For example, John looks like a teacher. John looks like David Beckham. A teacher is a noun and David Beckham is a noun. But we can't use this phrase with just an adjective. So we can't say John looks like polite. No, that's incorrect. However, we can use an adjective before the noun. So we could say, John looks like a fantastic teacher. John looks like a polite person. That's fine. That's 100% correct. Okay, somebody looks. Now, when we use this phrase, we use it with an adjective. So for example, John looks friendly, supportive, and outgoing. John looks unhappy. John looks very laid back. So just remember, somebody looks, plus an adjective, somebody looks like, plus a noun. But you could put an adjective before the noun to make your sentence more interesting and more descriptive. Okay, let's move into the middle here and talk about these phrases on the yellow. The first one through thick and thin. You know what thick means? You know what thin means? They are opposite of each other. So what do you think this phrase means? Through thick and thin means during the good times and the bad times. So let's pretend you have a girlfriend or a boyfriend. You can say we will be together through thick and thin. That means you will stay together in the good times and the bad times through thick and thin. Next one to always be there for someone. If you are always there for someone, that means you will always support that person or you will always help that person. Now, you could actually combine these two phrases together. You could say, I will always be there for you through thick and thin. That means I will always help you. I will always support you during the good times and the bad times. Life and soul of the party. If someone is the life and the soul of the party, that means a person who is extremely engaging, friendly, fun, and energetic during a social situation. So if someone is going around talking to everyone, saying cheers to everyone, having a laugh, telling jokes, being very popular, we could say they are the life and soul of the party. So, for example, whenever John goes to a party, he's the life and soul of the party. Next one, bend over backwards for. If you bend over backwards for someone, that means you try extremely hard to help that person. You would do anything to help that person. An example sentence could be, you should really appreciate her because she would bend over backwards for you. Next one, to put somebody first. If you put somebody first, that means you treat that person like they are more important than anybody else or more important than any other thing. An example sentence could be, you should really appreciate your mother because she always puts you first. That means your mother always makes you the most important thing or the most important person. Next one, first impression. A first impression is your first thoughts, opinions, or judgments about someone when you meet them. But your first impression might be wrong. So when you see someone, they might look not very friendly, and that is your first impression. But when you start to talk to them, when you get to know them, maybe you think they are friendly. So an example sentence could be first impressions are extremely important because you only have one. Next phrase, attention to detail. Attention to detail means your ability to focus on all areas of your task. It doesn't matter how small they are or how big they are, and it means that you look closely at your work to fix and identify errors or problems with it. Now, attention to detail normally talks about someone who can see small things that most people can't attention to detail. So it means you really focus on the detail. You really look for the small things, try to identify the problems and then fix the problem. An example sentence could be his attention to detail is second to none. So that means he really focuses on all areas of the task, identifies and fixes errors, no matter how small or how big they are. Next one, interpersonal skills, interpersonal skills. Interpersonal skills can talk about the skills that you need when you're interacting or communicating with other people. So for example, people skills, social skills and social intelligence. An example sentence could be as a young man, one of the most important things you can focus on is your interpersonal skills. Alright, last few phrases for describing people. First one, somebody takes after. I'll give you an example to explain this one. If I take after my mum, that means I am like my mum. I am similar to my mum. So if you take after someone, it means you are similar to that person. Now, please note that somebody takes after is normally only used when you're talking about parents. So if you're similar to your father or your dad, you can say, I take after my dad. Next one, to get along with someone. If you get along with someone, it means you like that person and you're very friendly with that person. So an example sentence could be John gets on with Fred. That means they like each other and they enjoy spending time together. Okay, and the last one, it's very similar to this one here, but this one is much stronger. If you get along with somebody like a house on fire, that means you are very friendly with that person and you really like that person. An example sentence could be, I was worried that I wouldn't like my boss, but we get along like a house on fire. That means you really like each other and you're very, very friendly to each other. That's the end of describing people. I hope you enjoyed that and I hope you learned a lot of new vocabulary. Make sure you download the Word document, review the vocab, practice using the vocab, do the quiz, and then I'll see you in the next section. 26. Doctors Types and Illnesses: Doctors and health. It's super important to take care of your health and look after yourself. So let's get into the vocab. Everyone knows what a doctor is. A formal way to say doctor is physician. An example sentence could be today, I'm going to see my physician. The first thing we need to talk about is different types of doctors. There are hundreds of different types of doctors, but these ones here are the main ones. The first one is Ans psiologist. An physiologist Anesthesiologist. An anesthesiologist is a doctor who specializes in giving drugs or substances to patients to help them be unable to feel pain. Anesthesiologists are often involved in giving patients drugs or substances to help them fall asleep before operations because obviously some operations can't be done while the patient is awake, so anesthesiologists give them substances to put them to sleep. The next type of doctor is a cardiologist. Cardiologist. Cardio is related to the heart. So what do you think a cardiologist is? Correct? It's a doctor which specializes in the heart. Next one, general practitioner. General practitioner or for short GP. General means most things. So if you see a doctor who's a general practitioner, that means he knows the basics about most things. Normally, when you first go to a doctor, you'll see a GP. For example, if you've got a headache, if you've got a fever, if you can't sleep, these are very basic things, so you would visit your general practitioner. However, let's pretend you have a problem with your heart. You would see your GP first, and your GP would then send you to see a cardiologist, general practitioner. Gynecologist G cologist. A gynecologist is a doctor who specializes in the issues of women and girls. Immunologist, immunologist. An immunologist is a doctor who specializes in treating patients or people with problems with the immune system. The immune system is the system inside our body, which protects us from things like bacteria, diseases and viruses. Immunologist. Neurologist Neurologist. A neurologist is a doctor who specializes in treating diseases and problems with nerves. Now, a nerve is a thing in our body which sends signals to other nerves. It's how our body communicates. Neurologist. This word here, ophthalmologist. Omologist. Ophthalmologist is a doctor who specializes in the eyes. If you have a problem with your eyes, you would probably see your GP first, and then your GP would send you to see an ophthalmologist. Pediatrician, a pediatrician is a doctor who specializes in the issues of children. So if you have children, you might take them to see a pediatrician if your children have a specific issue related to children. Psychologist, psychologist. Note here that the P is silent. Psychologist. A psychologist is a doctor who specializes in the mind and emotions. And also behavior. For example, if someone sees something really horrible, really terrible, and it affects their mind, they might go to see a psychologist. Radiologist radiologist. A radiologist is a doctor who specializes in using an X ray. So if you need to get an Xray done, you'll normally go to see a radiologist. Last one is a surgeon surgeon surgeon. A surgeon is a doctor who does surgery, a doctor who performs medical operations. Surgery is normally when a doctor has to cut open the body to try to fix something, repair something, or remove something. So if you need to have surgery done, you will see a surgeon. They are the main types of doctors, let's quickly talk about them again. Anesthesiologist, a doctor who provides drugs to help in the relief of pain, cardiologist, heart, general practitioner, a doctor who knows a little bit about everything, and normally a general practitioner is the doctor you'll see first, gynecologist, women, immunologist, immune system, neurologist, nerves, ophthalmologist, eyes, pediatrician. Kids, psychologist, mind, radiologist, Xray, and surgeon is a doctor who undertakes medical procedures. Let's get on to common illnesses. The first one, a cold or a common cold. You might have heard this one before. A cold is when you're sick with very mild or soft symptoms, such as a little headache, a bit of a sore throat, maybe a runny nose. It's when you're sick, just a little bit, a cold. Now note that we say, cold, not the cold. That's important when we talk about the flu, which we'll get to in just a minute. Next one, allergies. Allergies. An allergy is something that happens when you eat a certain food, drink a certain thing, or are exposed to something. Something comes near or into your body. I'll give you an example of an allergy. Let's pretend you drink some milk, and then you start getting lots of red spots on your skin. This is an allergy. It's when you put something in your body or on your body, and then your body has a reaction to it. Maybe it makes your body feel sick, maybe you feel itchy, maybe you get red spots. This is an allergy. Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease is a disease which results in the loss of memory, movement, speech, and other functions of the brain. Now, this disease is normally more common in older people, so 70, 80, 90 plus. Cancer. Cancer is when cells grow in a way that's not normal and it can harm people. Cancer can often kill people. Now, there's lots of different types of cancer. For example, there is skin cancer. There is throat cancer. There is lung cancer. These are just three common ones. Diabetes. Diabetes is very common in today's world, unfortunately. Diabetes is a disease where the body cannot control how much sugar is in the blood. So for example, when you eat, the sugar from the food needs to go into your cells. But if you have diabetes, your body can't control how much sugar is in the blood. Maybe sometimes there'll be too much, maybe sometimes there will be not enough sugar in the blood. This is diabetes. Heart disease, lung disease, kidney disease. This is when you have an illness or a problem with your heart, with your lungs, with your kidneys. Now, a disease is an illness or a sickness that's normally not caused by physical injury. So let's pretend someone hits you. This doesn't cause heart disease. This doesn't cause lung disease. This doesn't cause kidney disease. That is a disease. An illness that's normally not caused by something physical. Next one, high cholesterol. Cholesterol. Cholesterol is a substance that's found in the body, which is made up of a lot of fat. Now we need cholesterol to live. However, if you have high cholesterol, you have too much cholesterol and it affects your body in a negative way. Next one, high or low blood pressure. Blood is the red liquid in our body. Pressure means the force or the amount of energy. If you have high blood pressure, that means the blood inside your body. When it's moving around your body, there's too much force. There's too much energy, and that's not a good thing and it can make you sick. On the other hand, low blood pressure is also not a good thing. If your blood moves through your body too slowly with not enough force, not enough energy, then that can also be a problem too. However, the most common illness that people have is high blood pressure. That means the blood is moving through the body with too much energy, and it can be dangerous for the body. Obesity. Obesity is a noun, and it means when a person is extremely overweight, not just a little bit overweight, but extremely overweight. For example, obesity is a common problem in the Western world. This is used as a noun. The adjective is obese. OB ESE. For example, he is obese. That means he's extremely overweight. So please remember obese and obesity means extremely overweight, not just a little bit. Next one, pneumonia. Pneumonia. Note here how we don't say the P, we just say pneumonia. Pneumonia is a serious illness that affects the lungs, and it normally causes them to become red and swollen with liquid. An example sentence could be he came back from his holiday and he developed pneumonia. Next one to suffer a stroke. Note how we say suffer a stroke. This is a common collocation in English. Suffer and stroke go together to suffer a stroke. Now, to suffer means to have a stroke is when there is change to the amount of blood getting to the brain. Maybe there's not enough, maybe there's too much, and this causes a problem for the brain and can often cause long term problems and serious problems. A lot of the time after people suffer a stroke, part or one side of their face won't work. They won't be able to control it. So you often see patients who have suffered a stroke. Part of their face will be hanging down because the part of their face doesn't work anymore. The patient can't control it. So this is a very serious problem, a very serious issue to suffer a stroke. Next one, the flu. Remember, cold, the flu. The flu is a stronger sickness than a cold. Remember we said a cold is very weak, very mild, so maybe you have a little bit of a headache, a runny nose. Um, sore throat. However, the flu is more serious and you normally have a very strong headache. You might have a runny nose. You often have a fever. So that means you're too hot. Your body's too hot. Also, a lot of the time, if you have the flu, you'll have a very bad sore throat, and a lot of the time your muscles will ache, so you feel pain in your muscles, and you won't have any energy. This is the flu. Again, notes how we say the flu, cold, cold, the flu. Last one, urinary tract infection. Urinary comes from the word urine. Urine means P, the liquid that comes out of humans. Urine. A urinary tract infection is when bacteria goes into the place where you P from, where you remove liquid from your body, and it causes an infection. It might cause some problems. I might cause pain, for example, I might cause that area to become red, urinary tract infection. Now let's move up here to the last words for this lesson to prescribe. Normally, a doctor will prescribe you something if you have a problem. To prescribe means the doctor advises you or the doctor says you should take something, you should do something. When a doctor prescribe something, normally they give you a piece of paper. This is called a prescription prescription. So prescription is the noun, it's the piece of paper, and prescribe is the verb. So the doctor might prescribe you some antibiotics. Antibiotics. Antibiotics are things that kill bacteria, antibiotics. The doctor might prescribe you some cream, some cream. Cream is something that you can rub into your skin like this, cream. The doctor might prescribe you some pills. These pink things here are pills. They're normally very, very small, and you normally take them with water. The doctor might prescribe you some syrup. Syrup. A syrup is a liquid which helps to make you feel better. For example, maybe you have a sore throat. The doctor might prescribe you some syrup so you can drink the syrup and it will make your throat feel better. He might prescribe you some tablets. Now, tablets are like pills, but they are bigger. Now the last one, we don't prescribe a vaccine. The doctor would say something like, I recommend you get a vaccine or I recommend you take a vaccine. Now, a vaccine is something that you can inject, you can put into your body, and it will make your body make antibodies. Antibodies are things which protect you from disease. An example sentence could be, how many doses of the vaccine have you had? All right, guys, that's the end of P one of doctors and health. I'll see you in the next part, which is Part two. 27. Phrases for at the Doctors: Doctors and Health Part two. In this lesson, you're going to learn about different phrases that the doctor might use with you and that you can use with the doctor. Let's get into it. The first two are very similar. The doctor might say to you when you go to see him. How can I help you today? He might also say, What can I do for you today? This just means what is wrong with you? What are your problems? When you answer this, you could say something like, Well, I've got a headache. Well, I've got a fever. I have been sick for two days. You just tell the doctor what is wrong with you. Tell the doctor what your problem is. Next one, what are your symptoms? What are your symptoms? Means, what are you feeling? For example, do you have a runny nose? Do you have a headache? Do you have pain here? Do you have a stomachache? Do you have any feelings that you want to tell me? What are your symptoms? He also might ask you, does it hurt when I press here? Press is like this. So if it hurts, you would say yes. If it doesn't hurt, you would say no. Do you have any allergies? Remember we talked about allergies in the last lesson. A allergy is something if it comes into your body, it makes your body sick or it makes your body have certain reactions. For example, if you drink milk, maybe you get red spots. This is an allergy. So again, if you have an allergy, you say yes and tell the doctor what it is, you can say, I'm allergic to. I'm allergic to milk. I'm allergic to dairy. I'm allergic to fish. Tell the doctor what you're allergic to. We'll need to run some tests. The doctor might say this if he wants to do some tests. Maybe he wants to take some blood. Maybe he wants to do an X ray. Run some tests means do some tests. Next one, where does it hurt? This is pretty simple. If the doctor asks you this, you need to tell him where it hurts. Where do you have pain? Is it in your arm? Is it in your heart? Is it in your head? Where does it hurt? Now the doctor might also say, I'm going to prescribe you some antibiotics, some pills, some tablets. Remember we talked about this in the last one, prescribe means give you a piece of paper, which is a prescription and you can go buy those drugs or buy those pills or tablets from a drug store. Next one, I need a doctor's note, or I need a sick note. A doctor's note and a sick note is a letter from the doctor which says you are sick. In the notes, the doctor will also say that the doctor thinks you should not go to work or not go to school for one day, two days, one week. This is normally the purpose of a doctor's note. You get a letter from the doctor, and then you give it to your school or your work if you can't go to school or can't go to work because you're sick, because you're unwell. A doctor's note or a sick note. The next one, I'm going to give you an injection. An injection is when the doctor uses a needle, like you can see on the screen now to put something into your body. So if the doctor says, I'm going to give you an injection, you can say, that's okay. You can say no, that's not okay, or you can ask, What is the injection? What is it about? Why do I need it? Next one, how long have you been feeling like this? Note the grammar here, guys. How long have you been feeling feeling with an ING. When you answer, you can say, I have been feeling like this for one day, two days, three days, 1 hour. Tell the doctor how long. Next one, are you on any medication? This means, are you taking any medicine? Are you taking any drugs? Are you taking any pills? Are you taking any tablets? Are you taking anything at all? If you are, say yes and tell the doctor what you're taking. If you're not, say no. Next one, I'm going to take your pulse, blood pressure, or temperature. Pulse is how many times your heart beats permanent. For example, Dove, Dove, dove, Dove. This is your pulse. How many times your heart beats permant. Blood pressure. We've already talked about this before. Blood pressure is a measure of the force or the energy at which your blood goes through or around your body. The doctor might also say, I'm going to take your temperature. Temperature means how hot or cold you are. The next thing the doctor might say if he prescribes you some pills, for example, he might say take X pills. Take two pills. Take three pills, X times a day. This means how many times a day. He might say T one pill. Two times a day. How many pills do you have to take per day? Two. Another important thing he will tell you is if you have to take the medicine, the pills with food or without food. If you have to take it with food, that means you eat, and then you take the pill. If you take it without food, that means you need to have nothing in your stomach. So if you ate food 30 minutes ago, that's probably not okay because you probably still have food in your stomach. Without food means you must have nothing in your stomach. The doctor might also say before food. He might say 1 hour before, 30 minutes before food, or he might say after food. So take it 30 minutes after food. Alright, guys, there were some basic phrases that a doctor might use with you and some phrases that you can use with your doctor. I hope that was helpful, and I'll see you in the next part, which is Part three. 28. Symptoms Vocab: Doctors in Health Part three, let's go. The first word is symptom, symptom. Symptom is a thing. It can be physical, something you can feel or can be mental, which shows you have a problem. So maybe you have a sore throat. This is a symptom that you have a cold or that you are sick. Appetite. Appetite is the feeling that you want to eat food. So if you have an appetite, that means you're hungry. If you don't have an appetite, that means you're not hungry. Now, if you spoil your appetite, spoil your appetite, that means you make yourself not hungry, normally by eating something. Now, the opposite of this is to work up an appetite. If you work up an appetite, that means you make yourself hungry. Next one blister. A blister is what you see right now, this red thing, this one, this one, this one, this one, or what you can see on the screen right now. So for example, you could say, I have a blister or you could say, I am blistered. I am blistered. Note the pronunciation Blised with a D sound at the end. Next one, body ache. Body ache. This is your body, right? You body. Ache means a dull pain. So it's a pain that you can feel, but it's not very strong, but it's still there. So a body ache means you have a dull pain somewhere in your body. Broken bone or fractured bone. If you have a broken bone or a fractured bone, that means you have a break or a crack in your bone, like you can see on the screen right now. Bruise is a noun. Bruised is the adjective. Bruise is a noun. Bruised is an adjective. A bruise is what you can see right now. It's a mark on the skin, which is dark in color and normally comes from being hit by something. It normally comes from something physical. So for example, you could say, I have a bruise because bruise is a noun. We can use it with have, or you can say, I am bruised. Bruised is an adjective, so we use it with the verb to B. Next one, burn. Burn. If you have a burn, that means you have been damaged or hurt by fire. Maybe you're cooking and you touch a pot or pan that's really, really hot and you get a burn. Chest pain. Your chest is this area right here. So if you have chest pain, you have pain in this area here, in your chest. Next one, cough, cough. Note the pronunciation of cough. Cough is cough. Cut. A cut is a break in the skin, which is normally caused by something sharp. On the screen right now you can see a cut. Now I note that cuts are normally not very big. Dehydration. Dehydration means when you haven't had enough water, your body needs more water. For example, I saw a doctor and he told me I was suffering dehydration. Dehydration. Now, dehydration is the noun, dehydrated with an ED is the adjective. You could say, right now, I'm dehydrated. That means I don't have enough water, and I should drink some water. Next one, listen to the pronunciation diarrhea, Drea drea diarrhea. Now, diarrhea means an illness where the body's solid waste is very liquid, and it comes out of you a lot more often than it should. This is diarrhea. Next one, fatigue. Fatigue. Fatigue means being very tired. An example sentence could be fatigue is one of the most common complaints from patients to their doctors. Fatigue when you're extremely tired. Fatigue normally happens over a long period of time. If you're just tired for one day, we don't normally say I have fatigue. Next one, fever. Fever means when your body is hotter than it should be, normally because you have an infection. Maybe you have the flu and your body is really, really hot, you can say I have a fever. Okay, let's move up here to headache. Headache means a pain in your head. Note the pronunciation, head ache, head ache. We don't say No, we say ache, ache. And this is the same with body ache, ache. Itchy. Itchy means when you have a feeling that you want to scratch yourself. So maybe your body touches some grass and you really want to scratch yourself, you can say, I'm itchy. Itchy. Loss of taste or smell. If you have a loss of taste, that means when you eat something, you can't taste it. So maybe you eat something very sweet and you can't taste it. You can say, I've had a loss of taste. Loss of smell is the same. That means if you you cannot smell anything. So maybe some food is being cooked and it's got a very delicious smell, but you can't smell it. You can say I've had a loss of smell. Or you can say I've lost my sense of smell. And you can say that with taste as well. I've lost my sense of taste. Next one, nausea. Nausea is the feeling that you want to vomit. That means release what's in your stomach out from your mouth. This is vomit. So if you have nausea, it means you want to vomit. Next one, rash, ash. What you see on the screen right now is a rash. So maybe something touched your skin and it causes your skin to go all red. That is a rash. Next one, runny or stuffy nose, runny or stuffy nose. A runny nose or a stuffy nose is when you have something in your nose, normally because you're sick and it makes it hard to breathe. Normally, if you have a runny or stuffy nose, you will often do this all the time because you have something in your nose and you can't breathe properly. Sharp pain. A sharp pain means a strong pain. So if I say something like, I've got a sharp pain in my hand, that means there's a strong pain, a big pain in my hand. Shortness of breath, shortness of breath. Shortness of breath is the feeling that when you breathe, you're not getting enough air. It doesn't matter how much or how hard you breathe, you still feel like you're not getting enough air. An example sentence could be a common symptom of having a heart attack is shortness of breath. You feel like you're breathing, but you still haven't got enough air. See, sneeze is to. This is a sneeze. Sneeze is a noun and it can also be a verb. An example sentence could be, I'm going to sneeze. Sore throat, throat. This is your throat on the inside of your neck here, throat. So if you have a sore throat, it means you have an uncomfortable feeling in your throat, normally because you're sick. Sprained or twisted ankle sprained or twisted ankle. If you have a sprained or twisted ankle, that normally means you have damaged a joint or caused some pain to a joint. A joint is what you see right now where two or more bones come together where they join. Now, sprained and twisted is normally used with the word ankle, and it can also be used with the wrist, a sprained wrist or a twisted wrist. So an example, sentence could be she sprained her ankle last week when she was playing soccer. Next one, stiff something. If something is stiff, that means it's hard to move. So if I have a stiff neck, that means when I move my neck, it's hard to move, and normally it's in a little bit of pain. It's not comfortable to move my neck, a stiff something. Okay, let's go up here, stomach ache, stomach ache. Listen to the pronunciation, stomach ache. Now, stomach is where your food goes right here. Ache is a pain. So if you've got a stomachache, you have pain in your stomach. Note here, we normally say have a stomach ache. We don't normally use it with the verb to B. This is the same with headache and body ache. We would say, I have a body ache. I have a headache, and I have a stomach ache. Swelling. Swelling is what you can see on the screen right now, and it's similar to blister. It's when a part of your body gets bigger, normally due to sickness or illness. So you could say, I have some swelling. We can also turn swelling into a verb by saying to swell up. So I could say something like my finger has swelled up. That means my finger has got bigger, normally because of an injury. Now, it goes up and then eventually it will go down, right? So we could say the swelling went down. That means my finger, it was big, but then it went back to normal. The swelling went down. To be dizzy, dizzy, if you feel dizzy, it feels like everything is spinning. And it's hard to keep your balance. This is a feeling that people often get when they're drunk. They feel dizzy. Everything's spinning, and they can't. Well, it's hard to keep balance. Next one, drowsy. Drowsy if you feel drowsy, that means you're in the middle between sleeping and being awake. So you're not 100% awake and you're not 100% asleep. You're somewhere in the middle. A lot of the time people can feel drowsy when they take medication. It makes them feel a bit sleepy, but they're not asleep, drowsy. To be in excruciating pain excruciating pain. If you're in excruciating pain, that means you're feeling a very, very, very big amount of pain. No small, it's a lot of pain. And note here how we say in excruciating pain, not on, not at, to be in excruciating pain. That means experiencing a lot of pain. To cure. If you cure something or someone, that means you make that person healthy after they had a disease or a sickness to cure. An example sentence could be the doctor does his best to cure his patients. The doctor tries his hardest to make his patients healthy. Next one, to dislocate something to dislocate something. If you dislocate something, it means it comes out of the place where it normally should be. When it comes to health, it means when a bone comes out of its normal position. An example sentence could be last weekend, the player dislocated his shoulder. That means his shoulder came out of the position where it should be. It's now not in its normal position. To feel lightheaded, light headed. If you feel lightheaded, that means you feel weak and you feel like you're going to lose your balance and fall over. An example sentence could be after all those drinks, I'm sure you feel a little bit lightheaded. Next one, to treat to treat. If you treat something, you try to make it better. For example, if a doctor treats his patient, he tries to make his patient feel better. If a doctor treats a disease, treats an illness, he tries to make the illness go away, he tries to make the person better. Last word for today is weakness. Weakness means not having strength, so not being strong. An example sentence could be, she has a lot of weakness after her operation. All right, guys, that's the end of Part three of doctors and health. I hope you enjoyed the lesson and learned a lot of new vocabulary. I will see you in the next part, which is Part four. 29. Doctors Basic Vocab: Doctors and health Part four, let's get into it. This up here is a blood pressure monitor, a blood pressure monitor. A blood pressure monitor measures someone's blood pressure. Disease A disease is an illness which is normally not caused by something physical. Normally, it's caused by something else. For example, maybe someone smokes and then they get lung disease. Maybe someone drinks too many sugary drinks and eats a lot of junk food, then they might get heart disease. This is not caused by something physical, it's caused by how the person treats their body. Now, a chronic disease is normally a disease that is there for a long time. It lasts for a long period of time. For example, lung disease, heart disease. It's not something that is only there for a week or two weeks. It's normally there for months or years. It affects a person's daily life, and sometimes it can't be cured. Course of antibiotics. We've already talked about antibiotics. Antibiotics are drugs that kill bacteria. A course of antibiotics means when you take antibiotics for a certain amount of time, so maybe one week or two weeks. And when you finish that one week, when you finish that two weeks, you finished your course of antibiotics. So a lot of the time you hear doctors say, I'm going to prescribe you a course of antibiotics. That means you have to take those antibiotics for a certain period of time. Like I said, maybe a week or maybe two weeks. Alternative medicine. Alternative means different. So what do you think alternative medicine means? Yes, you're 100% correct. Alternative medicine is medicine or medical treatment that is different to what most doctors would say. An example of alternative medicine is acupuncture. Acupuncture is what you can see on the screen now. It's not something that most people do. That's why it's an alternative medicine. Bacteria bacteria. Bacteria are tiny, tiny little cells like you can see on the screen right now and they sometimes cause infection or illness. An example sentence could be, make sure you wash your hands so you can get rid of all the bacteria. Bondage, bandage. A bandage is what you can see on the screen right now. It's a cloth that is normally wrapped around or tied around a part of the body for some reason. An example sentence could be, make sure you tie up the bandage correctly. Check up. Check up. A checkup is when you go to see your doctor, your physician or your GP, and he checks or looks at general signs of health. For example, he might take your pulse. That means he might listen to see how fast your heart is beating. He might take your blood pressure. He might take a blood sample to check your cholesterol, to check your kidneys. This is a checkup. For example, the doctor recommends annual checkups. That means you should go and see your doctor once a year. Clinic. A clinic is a building where people can go to see a doctor for medical advice. Sometimes clinics are in hospitals and sometimes clinics are by themselves. They're not in a hospital clinic. Emergency. If there's an emergency, that means something bad has happened, and it normally needs very quick action to help stop the problem, an emergency. For example, if someone is having a big problem with their heart, it might be an emergency because if no one does anything, that person might die. This leads on nicely to the next phrase, which is heart attack. Heart attack. A heart attack is when your heart doesn't get enough blood, and it can often cause big problems for your heart and sometimes even death, a heart attack. Now, heart attack we use with to have. For example, I had a heart attack. I'm having a heart attack. Now, cardiac arrest is similar. Cardiac arrest means when your heart stops, it stops beating. Normally, it beats right. Bv, boo bov. But a cardiac arrest is when your heart stops. For example, while she was having the operation, she had a cardiac arrest. Hygiene. Hygiene. Listen to the pronunciation high gene. Hygiene is how people keep themselves clean or how people keep an area clean. An example sentence could be good hygiene in hospitals is absolutely essential. Next one, infection, infection. This means when bacteria, viruses or cells come into the body, which can cause an illness or a disease, an infection. An example could be the doctor diagnosed him with a throat infection. Injury injury. An injury is physical harm or damage to a person's body. For example, maybe someone is playing soccer and they have a collision, two people are running and they run into each other. Maybe someone had an injury, physical damage to their body. Insomnia, Insomnia is the condition when you can't sleep. Normally for a long time. Insomnia isn't just one day. If you can't sleep for one night, that doesn't mean you have insomnia. Insomnia is normally for a longer period of time. Again, we use insomnia with to have. I have insomnia. For example, she suffers with insomnia, so her doctor prescribed her some medication. Now what's medication? What's medicine? Medication and medicine normally have the same meaning. They refer to drugs that are given to someone to help improve a certain condition. For example, if someone has an infection, maybe they will be given a course of antibiotics. A course of antibiotics is a form of medication or medicine because the course of antibiotics tries to improve a particular situation or condition. Panic attack. Panic attack. A panic attack is a condition where someone's heart beats very quickly, and normally they have trouble breathing. Normally, they have shortness of breath. Panic attacks are normally caused by people being nervous about something or worried about something. An example could be she went to the top of a building and she had a panic attack. So she was at the top, maybe she was worried, maybe she was scared because she was so high, and she had a panic attack. Her heart started beating really quickly and she couldn't breathe very well. A patient listen to the pronunciation. Patient Patient. A patient is someone who is receiving medical treatment. For example, if you're sick and you go to a doctor, you are a patient. If you have a problem and you go to a hospital, you are a patient. Perspire or sweat. If you perspire or if you sweat, that means water comes out of your body, normally to cool you down, normally because you're too hot. Sometimes people can perspire or sweat because they are nervous. Maybe they're going to a job interview and they feel anxious or they feel worried, they might sweat. Water or a clear liquid comes out of their skin. Now to sweat profusely, this is a very common collocation that you hear. To sweat profusely means to sweat a lot, to sweat a lot. For example, maybe you have a medical condition and it's making you super hot and there's just so much water coming out of you, so much liquid coming out of you, you can say, I'm sweating profusely. That means you're sweating a lot. Pharmacy. A pharmacy is a place where you can buy drugs, medication, medicine, and other things related to health. Pharmacy. Pills. We've already talked about that. They're very small things that you take normally to improve the condition of a infection, disease or illness. Side effect. If you take a pill, you might have a side effect. A side effect is a negative effect or a bad effect, a bad thing that happens when you take a drug, and it normally happens with the main effect of the drug. For example, let's pretend you have high blood pressure. You take some pills to lower your blood pressure, and it works. Your blood pressure goes down. However, after you take these pills or these drugs, you start to get headaches. This is a side effect. It's a bad thing that happens after you take a pill. The blood pressure pills, the main effect is to lower blood pressure, but the side effect is that they cause you a headache, a bad effect. Next one, surgery. Surgery is when doctors normally cut someone open and they remove something, they change something, or they try to fix something in order to treat or make a disease or a condition better. Surgery. To be put in a plaster. Plaster. A plaster is what you can see right now. So if you're put in a plaster, that means someone put a plaster on you. Maybe you broke your arm. Maybe you have a broken bone in your arm. They put a plaster around your arm to help the arm recover to be put in a plaster. Next one, to diagnose. To diagnose means when the doctor tells you the name of the illness or the sickness that you have, for example, she was diagnosed with high blood pressure. That means the doctor told her that she had high blood pressure. To give or build immunity. If you have immunity, that means a bacteria or a disease or an infection cannot hurt you. That means you have immunity. So if you do something and it gives you immunity or builds immunity, that means you're protected from a certain disease or infection. For example, if you take this medicine, it will build your immunity. Okay, let's move up here to the last few words for today. The first one is to have an adverse reaction. Adverse. Is that a positive word or a negative word? It's negative. If you have an adverse reaction, that means you have a negative reaction to something. You do something and then something bad happens to you. It's normally used to describe something bad that happens to you after you take a medical treatment. Maybe it's a drug. For example, maybe the doctor gave you some medication and it started to make your heart beat really fast. Do. You can say, I had an adverse reaction. I had a negative reaction. Last word for today is treatment treatment. A treatment is something that tries to heal you or tries to make you better from a disease or from an illness. An example sentence could be, I've got this disease and the doctor gave me a treatment. That means the doctor did something that will try to or hopefully make that disease better or go away. That's the end of Part four. We've got one more part to go for doctors and health, so I'll see you there. 30. Health Idioms and Conditions: Doctors and Health Part five. This is the last part. In this part, we're going to talk about some idioms and some other vocab you need to know. So again, let's get into it. Let's first look at some idioms. A clean bill of health. We normally say the doctor gave me a clean bill of health. That means the doctor made a decision, and he said that I am healthy, a clean bill of health. Back on my feet. If you get back on your feet, that means you become healthy again, but before you were sick. So maybe last week you were very sick with the flu, but now you're feeling better, you can say, I am back on my feet. It means to be healthy again. To be bruised and battered, if you are bruised and battered, it means you have a lot of little injuries. For example, maybe someone spent two days in the jungle by themselves. You could say something like after his two days in the jungle, he came out and he was very bruised and battered. He had a lot of little injuries. Fighting fit, this means very strong, very fit, and very healthy. If we say something like the old man is fighting fit, that means he's very strong, he's very healthy. Fit as a fiddle has the same meaning, it means strong and healthy. Again, we could say something like, although the man is in his 80s, he is fit as a fiddle. Strong, he's very healthy for his age. On the mend, if you are on the mend, that means you are getting better. Let's pretend last week you were very sick and today you're still feeling a bit sick, but you're getting better. You can say I am on the mend. Picture of health. If somebody is the picture of health, that means they are very healthy and they are a good example of what is healthy. An example sentence could be, he's really young and strong, he's the picture of health. To beat someone black and blue. To beat means to punch to hit, to injure, right? So if you beat someone black and blue, you normally hurt them a lot that they are all black and blue because they have lots of bruises to beat someone black and blue. For example, let's pretend two boxers are fighting boxer A and boxer B. You could say something like boxer A, beat boxer B, black and blue. That means he hit him, he punched him, and now boxer B is all bruised. He has lots of bruises. Make a speedy recovery. What does speedy mean? Fast or slow. Fast. What does recovery mean? Get better or get worse to get better. So if you make a speedy recovery, that means you get better very quickly. For example, the doctor told me I would make a speedy recovery after the surgery. Let's move down here to the sentences on the pink. The first one, I've caught a cold. I've caught a cold means I've got a cold. That means I have a cold. I've caught the flu. Same again, it means I have the flu. This is a very common sentence that native speakers like to use when they're sick. I've caught a cold or I've caught the flu. Now, you can also say I've come down with a cold. Same meaning. It means I've got a cold. Right now. You can also say I've come down with the flu. Same again. It means I've got the flu. We've already talked about the last sentence a little bit. I have got a headache, I have got a stomachache, I have got a cold, I have got the flu. I put this there because I've heard many of my students say, I am headache. I am stomachache. That is wrong. You need to say, I have a headache. I have a stomachache, I have a cold, I have the flu. I have not the verb to B. Let's look at the last phrases over here. The first one to be concuss. Listen to the pronunciation concuss. That SED is pronounced as a T sound, concuss. If you are concussed, that means you are unconscious. Unconscious means it's like you're sleeping. If you are concussed, normally it's because you have been hit in the head. That can be maybe punched. It can be maybe two people were running and they smashed into each other. Normally, people are concussed because they had a hit to the head. We can also say, have a concussion. So note here to be concussed, have a concussion. An example sentence could be the two players ran into each other and one of them had in the past, a concussion. Or I could say one of them was concussed. That means they were unconscious. Heart to be racing. If my heart is racing, that means it's beating very fast. Do, do, do, do, do, very, very fast. An example sentence could be when she met him, her heart was racing. So her heart was beating boo boo boo, very, very quickly. To have a panic attack, we've already talked about this. What does it mean? Correct? It means when your heart starts to beat very quickly, maybe you start sweating, maybe you feel a bit light headed. You find it hard to breathe. And these things are normally caused by being nervous, a panic attack. Irregular pulse. Irregular pulse means your heart is not beating in a normal way. So maybe it's like this. Bove. Bove boo boo. B. Bob boo boob. It's not normal. It's doing something very strange, irregular pulse, or you can say irregular heart rate. Maybe it's beating too fast, maybe it's beating too slow. To give someone CPR. To administer CPR. These phrases have the same meaning. Now, CPR means cardio pulmonary resuscitation, cardio pulmonary resuscitation. You don't have to remember this because if you need to use this phrase, most people just say CPR because cardiopulmonary resuscitation is too long, so just say CPR. Now, if you give someone CPR, that means you use a method which involves blowing air into someone's mouth and pushing on someone's chest to keep them alive. For example, maybe someone is unconscious, you can give them CPR. For example, maybe someone is unconscious because they are having a cardiac arrest, their heart has stopped, so someone might give them CPR. An example sentence could be the ambulance staff gave John CPR resuscitation. Resuscitation means when you bring someone back to life. So again, maybe someone had a cardiac arrest and their heart has stopped beating. A doctor can do something to bring that person back to life, to make their heart start, boo boo boo beating again, resuscitation. To pass out, to pass out means to become unconscious. Normally for just a short time and normally when someone is drunk or when they are sick. An example sentence could be, she drank so much that she passed out. To collapse. If someone collapses, that means they Bv, they fall over, normally unexpectedly, normally quite suddenly, normally because of having no strength. An example sentence could be the man collapsed after hearing the bad news about his wife to collapse. Last one is to vomit or to throw up. We've already talked about vomit. It means when whatever you've got in your stomach comes out of your mouth to vomit. To throw up has exactly the same meaning. It means when what's in your stomach comes out of your mouth, to throw up. An example sentence could be the man was so sick that he threw up. Alright, that's the end of doctors and health. I really hope you enjoyed that. I hope you learned a lot of vocabulary. I know it was a lot of words, phrases, and idioms. So please make sure you download the word document. Have a look at all of the words again and the definitions. Do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. 31. Driving Basic Vocab: In this lesson, you're going to learn idioms, collocations, and vocab related to driving. So let's put the pedal to the metal and get right into it. The first thing we need to talk about is form, type, kind mode of transport. A mode of transport, a kind of transport, a type of transport, a form of transport have all the same meaning. Examples could be cars, trains, buses. These are all different modes of transport. Let's move over here and talk about these words in red. The first one is intersection. Intersection means when two or more roads connect or join intersection. What you can see on the screen right now is an intersection, lane Lane. A lane is a part of the road which is meant for cars going in one direction. So what you can see on the screen right now is a lane. Next one, interstate. Interstate is a very big and wide road, which goes between different states in America. So, for example, you have to drive down the interstate for many miles before you get there, Interstate. Highway, Highway has a similar meaning to interstate. However, highway normally doesn't go between states. I normally goes between cities, suburbs, or towns. What you can see on the screen right now is a highway. An example sentence could be that highway is the most dangerous in the world. Next one, freeway. Freeway is similar to highway. However, on a freeway, there are not many places for cars to enter the freeway and exit the freeway. However, on a highway, there are more places to enter and exit. Also, on a highway, there can often be traffic lights, which we'll talk about in a little bit. However, on a freeway, normally there are no traffic lights, a freeway. Now let's look up here on this yellow piece of paper to yield to other road users. If you yield to other road users, you allow other road users to go first. For example, if you get to a stop sign, you have to yield, you have to allow the other drivers to go first, and then you can go onto the road. This is to yield, to allow other drivers to go first. To hit a bottle neck, if you hit a bottleneck, that means you get to a place where a road is very narrow and normally there is a lot of traffic. Because it's very narrow and because there's a lot of traffic, that area normally moves very, very slowly, a bottleneck. We call it a bottle neck because if you look at a bottle, most of the bottle is wider, but at the top, the bottle is more narrow. That's why we call it a bottle neck. Timetable, a timetable is a schedule which tells you when things come and go. For example, if you look at a train timetable, it will tell you when the trains leave and when the trains arrive. This is different to a network. Network is a group of roads or railways which are all connected. What you can see on the screen right now is an example of a network. An example could be the network is always quite busy during rush hour. Next one, to emit fumes. To emit means to release. Now, a fume is something that comes out of the back of a car and it's normally a waste product such as carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. Fumes are normally poisonous or hazardous to human health. A common example could be cars are the mode of transport that emit the highest amount of fumes. To have a flat, if you have a flat, that means you have a flat tire. A tire is what you see on the screen right now. If your tire is flat, that means you have no air in your tire to have a flat. An example could be she was very lucky because she had a flat in the car park rather than on the road. Hazard lights. These are lights which warn other drivers of something. They can warn drivers of danger right now or of potential danger. What you see on the screen right now is an example of hazard lights. An example sentence could be, she turned on her hazard lights because she had a flat. What does have a flat mean? To have a flat tire to exceed the speed limit. If you exceed the speed limit, that means you go faster than the speed limit. What's the speed limit? The speed limit is the maximum speed that the law says you can go on the road. If you look up here, this speed limit is 50. It could be 50 miles per hour or it could be 50 kilometers/hour. If you go faster than 50, if you go 51, that means you have exceeded the speed limit. And if you exceed the speed limit, you may be hit with a fine. If you're hit with a fine, that means you are given a fine. You receive a fine. What's a fine? Well, a fine is a punishment where you have to pay money because you did something wrong. You went faster than the speed limit, and this is wrong. The law says this is wrong, your punishment is you have to pay money to the government to be hit with a fine. An example sentence could be, I exceeded the speed limit and I was hit with a fine. Now let's look at these words in red here to overtake or to pass. This means to come from behind another vehicle to go in front of the vehicle. So let's pretend I'm here and there's another vehicle here. I'm driving. I go in front. I have overtaken. I have passed this car. To overtake to pass. The next one to swerve. If you swerve, that means you change direction very suddenly, normally to avoid an accident. Let's pretend I'm driving down the road and an animal jumps in front of the car and I turn to the left. That means I have swerved. I've changed direction very suddenly because I'm trying to avoid a problem, avoid danger. Avoid hitting the animal. To reverse, if you reverse, you go backwards, very simple. Example sentence could be, why don't you reverse into the car park. Next word, to indicate if you indicate, you show other road users that you want to turn left or you want to turn right. Now, indicators are normally orange lights on the front, the side, and the back of a vehicle. An example sentence could be, it's always important to indicate so drivers know where you want to go. To skid. If you skid, that means you slide along a surface with no control. So let's pretend you're driving very, very, very quickly and you put your foot on the brake. That means to try and stop the car, you might skid because you might slide along the road and you can't control the car to skid. An example sentence could be driving in wet conditions can be very dangerous. Be careful you don't skid. Next phrase, to pull in. If you pull into somewhere, you enter that place. For example, pull into the car park, pull into McDonald's. That means you enter that place. Now, if you pull up, that means you stop. An example sentence could be, can you pull up on the side of the road? That means, can you drive, and then stop on the side of the road. To pull out means to exit. An example sentence could be pull out of the car park. Pull out of McDonald's. That means you are exiting those places. Again, very quickly to pull in, to enter, to pull up, to stop, to pull out to leave. Next one to stall to stall. This means the car's engine stops working suddenly when the driver didn't intend for that to happen and he didn't know it would happen to stall. An example sentence could be, be careful when you're driving up a hill because the car might stall. Next word Oh, we've already done to skid. Let's forget that one. Next one to brake. To brake. If you brake, that means you stop the car and you make the car go slower. An example, sentence could be she wasn't looking, she forgot to brake, and she hit another car. To brake means to go slower. 32. Driving Idioms and Extra Vocab: Okay, let's move up to these phrases in the purple. These are all idioms. To hit the road, hit means to punch, right? So if you hit the road, what do you think that means? Yes, you're 100% right. It means to start a journey. For example, let's hit the road before 10:00 P.M. That means let's start the journey before 10:00 P.M. Next one to be in the driver's seat. If you're in the driver's seat, that means you are in control. You are the person who is controlling something. An example sentence could be, I'm starting a new project and I'm in the driver's seat, so you have to listen to what I say. That means I'm starting a new project, I'm in control. I'm controlling the project. Next one to drive blind. If you do something blind, what do you think that means? It means you do something without any knowledge or training of that thing. For example, if you do something you've never done before, you could say something like, Well, I've never done this before, I feel like I'm driving blind because you have no information, you have no knowledge about that thing. Next one to be a backseat driver. To be a backseat driver means a passenger who gives the driver advice that they don't want, advice that they don't need. Let's pretend someone is driving down the road and a passenger in the back seat keeps giving the driver instructions, but he doesn't need those instructions. He knows how to drive. He knows where to go. You can say something like, stop being a backseat driver. I know how to drive. Next one, to drive somebody up the wall. Up the wall. If you drive someone up the wall, it means you make somebody very crazy, or you make somebody very angry. Let's pretend someone keeps doing this. For a long time for no reason, you can say, stop doing that. You're driving me up the wall. You're making me angry, you're making me crazy. Now, if you remember, at the very start of the lesson, I said, let's put the petal to the metal. Let's put the petal to the metal and get right into it. Now, petal is what you can see on the screen now. This is a petal and metal, I think you know that word. That's something like iron, gold or silver. If you put the petal to the metal, that means you put the petal right down to the floor, right down to the ground. If the petal, is that the ground? Do you think you're going to be going fast or do you think you're going to be going slow? Correct? If you put the pedal to the metal, it means to drive very quickly or to do something very quickly. An example sentence could be, it's time we got serious with this project. Let's put the pedal to the metal. Next one, it's my way or the highway. This idiom is used to say that there's only one option and that option is my way. It's my way, we do things my way or we don't do anything at all. It's my way or the highway. An example sentence could be, I know what you're saying. I understand. However, it's my way or the highway. There's only one choice. One way street. A one way street is a street or a road where you can only travel in one direction. You can only go this way, for example. If you go the other way, it's illegal. You're not allowed to do it. Traffic congestion. If there's traffic congestion, that means there's heavy traffic. There are traffic jams. There are lots of cars on the road, and the cars are probably not moving because there's so many cars. Next one, to be stuck in heavy traffic. If you are stuck in heavy traffic, you're on the road and all around you are other cars. So you can't go anywhere. The cars aren't moving. This is to be stuck in heavy traffic. An example sentence could be, if you travel during peak hour, you will be stuck in heavy traffic. To have road rage. If you have road rage, that means you have anger. You become angry because of something to do with driving. Maybe you're in a traffic jam and it's making you really angry. You can say, I have road rage. It's caused by the stress of driving or the stress of something that happens on the road. An example could be many people are very calm when they're at home. However, a lot of people have road rage. A lot of people get angry when they have to drive because of certain things that happen during their journey. Next one, to go on foot. If you go on foot, that means you walk. For example, if I have to go to work, I go on foot. When I go to the bus stop, I go on foot. Now, please note you can say by foot as well. On foot or by foot, both are 100% correct. Sports car. A sports car is a fast, low car that normally only has room for two people. So what you can see on the screen now is a sports car. Now, a super car is a little bit different. A supercar is a very fast car. It's normally a very rare car, and it's normally very expensive. Examples of supercars include Lamborghinis and Ferraris. Convertible Convertible. A convertible is a car which has a soft roof, which can be folded back, which can be taken off, and then put back on again. An example sentence could be, have you seen John's new convertible? It's absolutely beautiful. Gears. Gears. Gears are what you can see on the screen right now. They are things that normally connect like this to control how much power goes to an engine. An example sentence could be, if you drive a manual, you need to know how to change gears. Now, what's a manual? A manual is a type of car where the driver has to change the gears. This is a manual car. An automatic or an auto is a car where the driver doesn't have to change gears. An automatic is a car that changes gears by itself. A manual is a car where the driver has to change gears and an automatic is a car where the car changes gears itself. For example, I like to drive manual cars. For example, I have an automatic. That means the car I have changes gears by itself. Next one, commuter commuter. A commuter is someone who normally travels a long distance on a regular basis from home to work, and then from work to home. An example sentence could be the road was packed with commuters. That means there were a lot of commuters on the road. Hit and run, hit and run. A hit and run is when there is a road accident and one of the people involved in the accident, normally the person who did the wrong thing just drives away. Let's pretend a red car and a blue car crash into each other. The driver of the red car is the person who did the wrong thing. If he just drives away, that means he did a hit and run. He hit someone, and then he just drove away a hit and run. An example sentence could be Hit and runs in Australia are illegal. You must stay and give your details. To honk or to beep your horn. If you honk or beep your horn, that means you use the instrument in your car, which is designed to make a loud sound. It normally makes a sound like this. But to honk your horn, to beep your horn. An example sentence could be, I often beep my horn to warn other motorists. A motorist is someone who is driving somewhere of danger. I often beat my horn to warn other motorists of danger. Next one, to commute to work or school by. This is a great phrase you can use to tell people how you get to work or to school, it's especially useful if you're doing tests like It to show the examiner you can use some less common vocabulary. For example, I commute to work by subway. That means when you go to work, you take the subway. You use the subway. Last one, to be sitting on somebody's tail. If you're driving and you are sitting on someone's tail, that means you are very close to the back of that person's car. It means you're very close to the back of someone. An example sentence could be the thing that annoys me most about driving is when someone is sitting on my tail. That means someone is very close to the back of my car. All right, guys, that's the end of driving. I hope you enjoyed that. I hope you learned a lot of vocabulary. Make sure you download the Word document, revise the vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. 33. Environment Basic Vocab and Idioms: All right. Let's talk about vocab relating to the environment. Let's get into it. Before we get started, we need to talk about this word here. What is the environment? What does it mean? The environment is the surroundings of where we live. So, for example, we've got forests, we've got lakes, we've got trees, we've got people, we've got air, we've got water. All of these things surround us, and they make up the environment. Okay, let's get started with this phrase up here to be exposed to be exposed to. To be exposed to means you're in a position where you can receive the effects of something. The effects might be good or the effects might be not so good. An example could be, if you live in a very big city, you are exposed to the negative effects of pollution. Why? Because you receive the effects of pollution because you're breathing in the air. Next one, to reduce or offset your carbon footprint. Reduce means to go down. To offset also means to go down in this phrase. Your carbon footprint means the amount of greenhouse gases that come from the products or services you use. Or it can refer to the amount of greenhouse gases that come from how you live your life. Now, greenhouse gases are things like carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. A perfect example is, if you drive a car, your car emits fumes. Remember we talked about that in the last lesson. If your car emits fumes, that means your car is producing carbon monoxide. This is a greenhouse gas. So if you reduce or offset your carbon footprint, that means you change the way you live, so your activities produce less greenhouse gases. An example could be one of the best ways to offset your carbon footprint is by riding a bike to work. This way, you're not going to produce any greenhouse gases like carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. Solar panel. A solar panel is what you see on the screen right now. Solar panels are instruments you normally put on roofs, and they're used to get energy from the sun. Now let's look at these words in blue over here. The first one is biodiversity, biodiversity. Biodiversity means the number of plants and animals that live in a certain area. If a place has a lot of different types of plants, a lot of different types of animals, that means the biodiversity is quite large. An example, sentence could be the biodiversity of this area is magnificent. Next one, sustainability, sustainability. This is a noun. The verb is to sustain, to sustain. Now, sustainability means being able to continue over a long period of time without damaging the environment. An example could be, if you cut a tree down, then you plant another tree. We can keep doing this for many, many, many years into the future. However, if we do other things such as take all the oil from the Earth, this is not sustainable. Sustainable is the adjective. This is not sustainable because eventually we will have no oil left. If there is sustainability, that means you can keep doing something again and again and again for a long time. And most importantly, there will be no damage to the environment. Ecosystem, ecosystem. An ecosystem means all of the living things in an area and how they affect each other and how they affect the environment. This is an ecosystem. A perfect example could be humans and trees. Humans breathe in, oxygen and breathe out, carbon dioxide. However, on the other hand, trees, they need carbon dioxide and they release oxygen. So this is the way that we interact with each other. This is the way that we affect each other. Next one, vegetation, vegetation. Vegetation refers to the plants that are in a certain area. An example sentence could be, This road hasn't been used for years, and now it's covered in vegetation. It's covered in plants. Next one, fossil fuels. This is a really important one that you often hear when people are talking about the environment. A fossil fuel can refer to coal. Gas and oil and other things that were formed or made underground from plant material or from animal material. The most common one would have to be oil. This is a fossil fuel. An example sentence could be without fossil fuels, the whole economy would stop. You might now be thinking what is a fossil? A fossil is animal or plant material that's underground, and it's been there for many years, thousands of years, tens of thousands of years, or maybe even millions of years. Reduce reuse, recycle. This is a phrase that you often hear when people are talking about how to improve the environment, how to solve issues regarding the environment. Reduce means use less. For example, don't have a shower for 5 minutes, have a shower for 4 minutes. Reuse means to use again. If you have a plastic bag, don't use it once. Use it hundreds of times. Recycle Recycle means if you throw something away, it can be changed into something else. A perfect example is if we throw away plastic bags or we throw away plastic bottles, we might be able to use those materials to make other plastic bottles or to make other things. Reduce, reuse, recycle. Okay, let's have a look on this little brown piece of paper here. These are some idioms. The first one to make a mountain out of a mole hill. A mountain is very big, normally. A mole hill is very small. So what do you think that means? If you have a mole hill, you make it into a mountain. If you make a mountain out of a molehill, that means you have a small problem and you make it into a bigger problem. Let's pretend you lose $100. It's a very small issue. It's not going to change your life and you can go to work and earn $100 again. However, if you get really angry, really upset about it, and make it into a very big problem, you are making a mountain out of a mole hill because the issue is very small, but you are making it into a big issue when it's not necessary, it's not needed. To make hay while the sun shines. This is an idiom that you often hear English speakers use, and it refers to take an opportunity while you have the chance. If you have the opportunity, take it now because you never know how long the opportunity will be there for. Maybe it will only be there for 10 minutes. But if you don't take it, you will lose that opportunity. An example sentence could be, you've got a few hours free right now, so you should start on the project. Make hay while the sun shines. To bury your head in the sand. This is another great idiom that native speakers like to use. If you bury your head in the sand, you try to avoid a problem. You try to not think about a problem because if your head is in the sand, you can't see the problem. You can't hear the problem. That's why we say to bury your head in the sand. An example could be stop buying your head in the sand and just deal with the problem. Beat around the bush. If you beat around the bush, that normally means you talk for a long time without saying what you want to say. It means you don't talk about what is important. Let's pretend you've got some bad news, you need to tell someone and you talk, talk, talk, talk, talk, but you don't say the bad news. You are beating around the bush because you're not telling the person the bad news and that's the most important thing that you should tell them to beat around the bush. The tip of the iceberg, this thing down here, this big blue thing here is an iceberg. Now, the tip of the iceberg is the top. So what do you think this means? The tip of the iceberg. The tip of the iceberg means a small part of a problem, which is much bigger. Let's pretend your company lost $10,000 today. Yes, this is a problem. However, tomorrow, the company is going to lose $100,000. So you could say today is just the tip of the iceberg because it's a small problem out of a big problem, the tip of the iceberg. A drop in the ocean. If you put one drop of water in the ocean, is that a lot? No, it's not. So what do you think a drop in the ocean means? A drop in the ocean means a very, very, very small part compared to what is needed. Let's pretend you need to spend 1,000 hours in the gym to get a good body. You've only spent 10 hours in the gym. We can say those 10 hours are a drop in the ocean because 10 hours is very small, when you compare it to the 1,000 hours you need to spend. Next one, a ray of sunshine, a ray of sunshine. A ray of sunshine is a person or a thing that brings happiness and good feelings to others. For example, if you work in a place where everyone is sad, miserable, and not happy with their jobs or their positions, and there's one person who always comes into work very happy, very energetic, and he tells jokes, he tells stories. You can say he is a ray of sunshine. Why? Because he creates positive feelings. He makes people feel better. He has positive energy, a ray of sunshine. Go with the flow. This is another common one you often hear. Go with the flow. This means when you just accept a situation and you don't try to change it, you just go with what happens with how you feel at the time. An example could be, let's not make any plans tonight. Let's just go out and go with the flow. So maybe you're walking down the street and you see a nice restaurant. Well, you go in there. You just go with the flow. You don't plan anything. You don't try to change anything. You just go with how you feel at the time to go with the flow. Next one in deep water. If you're in deep water, is that normally a good thing or a bad thing? Probably a bad thing. So this idiom means to have a big problem or to be in trouble. An example, sentence could be the manager stole the money, and now he's in deep water. He stole the money, he did something wrong, and now he has a big problem to be in deep water. Next one, to go green. To go green. Green is normally considered a positive word. So if you go green, what does that mean? That means you do things which are friendly and not harmful to the environment. An example sentence could be, stop using plastic bags and go green. If we use plastic bags, they can damage the environment. However, if you use reusable bags which are made from natural materials, which will eventually break down and go back into the environment, this is environmentally friendly. It's not hurting the environment. If you go green, you start doing something that is friendly and not damaging to the environment. Next one, not the end of the world. We use this idiom to say that something is not a big problem. For example, let's pretend you failed your test. We can say failing your test is not the end of the world, you can just take it again. It's not a big problem because you can just take it again, not the end of the world. Let's quickly talk about this word here, eco friendly. This means something that is friendly or not harmful to the environment. Again, we could say plastic bags are not eco friendly because they are harmful to the environment and they might damage the environment. Okay, let's talk about these words here to avert and to mitigate. The first one here to avert. This means when you prevent something from happening, you stop something from happening. An example sentence could be, we averted the economic crisis, we stopped the economic crisis. Mitigate. If you mitigate something, you make it less worse. An example sentence could be currently we are trying to mitigate the problems that come from having so many tourists. Tourists may create a lot of waste and trash, it's a problem, the problems up here and they're trying to mitigate it to make that problem less to mitigate. Let's quickly talk about this word here or this phrase here, marine life. Marne life means animals and plants that live in oceans and seas, marine life. Next one, long term consequences of something. Long term consequences of something refers to the problems that may happen in the future due to doing something now. So again, we'll go back to plastic bags. If we use too many plastic bags, we could say something like there are definitely long term consequences of using too many plastic bags. If we throw the plastic bags away right now, there's probably not going to be any problems. However, in the long term, in the future, in a year, in five years, in ten years, there will be some problems. We will receive some effects, and the effects will probably be negative. 34. Environment Verbs and Nouns: All right, let's have a look at these words on the blue here to combat. If you combat something, you try to solve it. You try to fix the problem. Tackle has the same meaning. If you tackle something, it means you try to solve the problem. You try to fix the problem. Address. If you address something, you give attention to that problem. So maybe you talk about it, maybe you discuss it, maybe you examine it to address. Last one here to exacerbate. If you exacerbate something, you make it worse. So let's pretend there's a situation and it's bad. It's already bad. If you exacerbate it, you make it worse. You make it more bad. Now, all of these words here can be used with all of these words here. So we could say to combat global warming, to address global warming, to tackle climate change. Let's quickly talk about what each of these words or phrases mean. First one, global warming. Global is about the planet, about the Earth. Warming is getting warmer, getting hotter. Global warming refers to the situation on the Earth now where temperatures are slowly getting higher and higher and higher and higher. This is global warming. Next one, pollution. You've probably heard this one before. Pollution refers to damage to the environment, air or water caused by harmful or dangerous substances. There's many types of pollution, air pollution, water pollution and noise pollution are three common examples. Air pollution, for instance, is often caused by having too many cars because cars emit carbon monoxide, and this is a harmful substance. It's a dangerous substance, so it creates pollution. Deforestation, deforestation is when people cut down trees, when they cut down forests, deforestation. Now, when these people cut down the trees, it normally damages the forest or it normally damages the environment. If you cut down one tree in a forest, it's probably not a problem. That's not deforestation. However, if you cut down so many trees that it damages the forest, damages the environment, this is deforestation. Next one, climate change, climate change. You know what change means? Climate refers to the weather of a place or a region over a certain period of time, maybe three months, maybe two months. So climate change just means that the weather of the Earth is changing. The weather of a certain region is changing. Maybe in the past a certain place never had heavy rain. It just had normal amounts of rain. However, nowadays, that place has very heavy rain which causes flooding. This is climate change when the weather is changing, when the weather conditions are changing. Greenhouse effect. We talked about this a little bit when we were talking about carbon footprint. The greenhouse effect is when there are too many bad gases in the air. Many people believe that the increase in these gases is causing the world to get warmer. This is because they believe that when the sun comes to the Earth and it reflects back, if there are too many gases in the atmosphere, the light cannot get out. And if it cannot get out, if the heat and light cannot get out, it makes the world hotter, the greenhouse effect. So when you're talking about the environment, you can use these verbs here with these nouns here to describe what you're talking about, to combat pollution, to address pollution, to exacerbate pollution. It's up to you, be creative with it and use these words, and you will sound like a native speaker. Now let's look at these words in red, biodegradable. Biodegradable. Biodegradable means able to decay in a way that is not harmful to the Earth. Decay means to break into very, very small pieces. If something can break into small pieces and go into the Earth and not harm the Earth, it is biodegradable. An example of something which is not biodegradable is plastic products. If you leave them somewhere, they do not break into very small parts in a way that is safe for the environment. They are harmful to the environment, so they are not biodegradable. However, if you throw away a peel for a banana, this is biodegradable. It will turn into little pieces, and it will not be harmful to the environment. That is biodegradable. Disposable products. If something is disposable, it means that you can throw it away. Maybe it's biodegradable, maybe it's not biodegradable. We don't know. An example sentence could be, if the government was serious about climate change, it would not allow disposable products. Natural resources natural means coming from the Earth, and resources are things that we can use. So a natural resource is something that comes from the Earth that we can use. An example could be sand is a perfect example of a natural resource. Next one, ozone layer. Ozone layer. The ozone layer is a layer above the earth, which prevents harmful and dangerous light from the sun getting to the Earth. This is the ozone layer. An example sentence could be the acts of humans are severely damaging the ozone layer. Next one, polar ice caps, polar ice caps. Polar refers to the north pole and the south pole. They are the places at the top and the bottom of the Earth. Now, ice cap means a large bit of ice which covers some land. So a polar ice cap is some ice at the top of the Earth and the bottom of the Earth, polar ice caps. An example could be Antarctica has a huge amount of polar ice caps. Next one to purify to purify. If you purify something, it means you remove the bad substances from something to make it pure. If something is pure, it means it's not mixed with anything else. An example sentence could be the water is very dirty, so you need to purify it before you drink it. On a global scale, on a global scale. If something is on, notes the word on on a global scale, that means it affects the whole Earth. It means something that is all over the world. An example sentence could be, most people don't realize that a small environmental problem can affect people on a global scale. Next one, widespread plus issue. Widespread means happening in many places or in many people. An example could be widespread floods. This means there are floods in many different places. And the last word down here is pesticides. Pesticides. Pesticides are normally used to stop animals, plants, and insects from trying to eat the food that we are growing. So let's pretend we are growing some broccoli. Farmers will put pesticides on the broccoli, so it stops animals, plants, and insects from eating broccoli pesticides. Alright, we've got a few more words to go. Let's talk about this one here, famine. Famine. A famine means when there is not enough food or water for a large amount of people, which normally causes a lot of health problems and maybe even death. An example sentence could be, unfortunately, Africa often has famines. Next one, landfill. Landfill. A landfill is a place where a lot of rubbish is put or a lot of rubbish is buried. It is put under the ground, landfill. An example sentence could be more than half of the waste that humans produce is put into landfill. Next one, disaster. A disaster is a very big problem that often causes a lot of damage and maybe even death. For example, flooding, this is a disaster. A tornado is a disaster. A famine is a disaster. An example sentence could be the natural disasters in the countryside have caused a lot of people to have to flee their homes. Disaster. Acid rain. You know what rain means? Now, acid rain means rain that has a lot of harmful substances or chemicals in it. An example could be acid rain is one of the biggest problems that that region is facing. Next one, to dump waste. If you dump waste, that means you put waste or rubbish in the sea or on land. An example sentence could be a lot of people were arrested for dumping waste in the lake. Let's look at these last few phrases here. Solar. This is talking about the sun. Tidal, this is talking about waves in the ocean. Wind is talking about the wind. Now, solar energy means energy from the sun. Tidal energy, energy from the waves from oceans and wind energy means energy we get from the wind. Pretty simple. Now, renewable energy. Renewable energy. This is energy that comes from a source or a place that can keep going and going and going and it can't be depleted. For example, solar energy is renewable energy because solar energy keeps coming from the sun. It keeps coming and coming and coming and we don't have to do anything about it. Another example is wind energy. This is renewable energy because it will keep coming and coming and coming and and it probably can't be depleted. It's very likely that the wind will always be there. On the other hand, non renewable energy is energy that comes from sources and things which will soon run out. Soon, there will be nothing left. For example, coal, petrol, gas and fossil fuels. These are things that have a limited amount. They are infinite, they are not unlimited. These are non renewable energy sources. Renewable, it means it can keep going and going and going. Nonrenewable means it can't keep going and going and going. Eventually it will run out. Eventually, we will have nothing left. All right guys, that's the end of the lesson on the environment. I hope you enjoyed that. Again, make sure you download the word document, revise the vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. 35. Family Basic Vocab: Alright, family. Everyone has a family. So let's talk about some vocab and idioms related to family. Let's get into it. The first one is childhood. Childhood refers to your time as a child. Adulthood, Adulthood refers to your time as an adult. You could say something like, I had a fantastic childhood. That means you had a great time as a child. You could say something like, I'm enjoying my adulthood. That means you're enjoying your time as an adult. Okay, let's quickly move down here and talk about these words on the pink. The first one is Nie. Nice. Note the pronunciation. We say niece Niece. A niece is the daughter of your brother or sister. So if your brother or sister has a daughter, that means that daughter is your niece, nephew. A nephew is the son of your brother or sister. So if your brother or sister has a son, that is your nephew, aunt. Aunt. An aunt is the sister of your mother or father. So if your mum or dad has a sister, that is your aunt. Uncle uncle is the brother of your mother or father. So again, if your mum or dad has a brother, that is your uncle. Now, a cousin is a child of your aunt or uncle. If your aunt or your uncle has a child, that is your cousin. Now we know the meaning of these words, so we can go up here and talk about these words. First one, relative. Relative. A relative is a member of your family, so it can be your mother, father, sister, brother, uncle, aunt. These are all relatives. Somebody who is related to you by blood. Next one, immediate family. Immediate family is your family that is very close to you. Mother, father, brother, sister, wife, and or husband. This is your immediate family. Now, your extended family, we move that out a bit more. We extend it. Your extended family includes your immediate family, and it also includes your aunts, your uncles, your nieces, and your nephews. This is your extended family. An example sentence could be some of my extended family lives in this area. Now, distant relative. Now we're making it even bigger, distant relative. Distant relatives include people like cousins, people that are quite far from your mother and father, people that are quite far from you on the family tree, like you can see right now. This is a family tree. Next word offspring. Offspring means a person's child. Now, this word is very formal and it's not used very often. However, I just want you to know about it. Offspring means a person's child. It can also mean the young of an animal, offspring. Siblings siblings refers to your brothers and sisters. So an example could be how many siblings do you have? That means how many brothers do you have? How many sisters do you have? Next of kin. Next of kin means the person who you are most closely related to. So for most people, it would be your mother and or your father, but it could also be your brothers and your sisters, next of kin. This is something you often see when filling out certain forms, they'll ask you for your next of kin. So if there's a problem, they can contact the person who is most closely related to you next of kin. Next one, ancestor. Ancestor. An ancestor is a person who is related to you, who lived a very, very long time ago. So maybe 100 years, maybe 1,000 years. This is an ancestor. Now, let's quickly talk about these words in the green parent. That means your mother or father. An example sentence could be, where do your parents live? That means where does your mother and father live. Next one, guardian. Guardian. This can also mean parent. It can also mean your mother and father. However, it means a person who looks after a child. Most of the time, it will be a parent, it will be a mother or father, but in some cases, a guardian is not your mother or your father. Let's move over here now to be an only child. If you are an only child, that means you do not have any siblings. You do not have any brothers or sisters. An example sentence could be being an only child would be quite lonely at times. Next one, to be in a relationship. If you're in a relationship that's normally talking about you have a girlfriend, you have a boyfriend, or you have a husband, or you have a wife. Normally, the word relationship is talking about a romantic relationship. So again, girlfriend, boyfriend, husband, wife. An example sentence could be, Are you in a relationship right now? That means, do you have a girlfriend? Do you have a boyfriend? To be a family man, if a man is a family man, that means he enjoys spending time with his wife and his children, a family man. An example sentence could be she's really lucky to have him because he's a family man. He loves spending time with his children and his wife. Next one to be the breadwinner, to be the breadwinner. The person who is the breadwinner is the person who earns the money to support a family. So in many situations, the wife stays at home and looks after children, and then the man goes out to work and gets the money. So the man is the breadwinner, because he brings in the money to support and look after the wife and the children. Now, this is not always the case, but it's very common for the man to be the breadwinner. Next one, a get together. A get together is like an informal meeting or a social occasion where many people or some people attend. An example could be a barbecue. When lots of people go to someone's house to have a barbecue, to eat together, to talk together, to play games together. This is a get together. An example sentence could be, we're having a get together this weekend and we would love you to come. So that means we are having a meeting, a social occasion, a social event. Please come. Next one to be on speaking terms with someone. If you're on speaking terms with someone, that means you're friendly enough with someone and willing to talk to that person. This term is normally used to describe someone you don't really like, however, you will speak with them. So maybe you were in a relationship, but now you have separated, you have gone different ways. But sometimes you still talk. So you can say, I am on speaking terms with that person, to have a falling out with to have a falling out with someone. If you have a falling out with someone, it means you have a problem with that person and you stop talking. You don't talk to that person anymore. That's a falling out. An example could be, I had a falling out with my brother many years ago, and I haven't talked to him since. Next one to lose touch with, to lose touch with. This means to stop communicating with someone, to stop talking with someone. Maybe you had a problem, maybe you didn't have a problem. Most of the time, if you lose touch with someone, it's not because you had a problem. It's just because life happens. Maybe you were busy. Maybe the other person was busy and you lose touch with someone. You stop talking to someone. Generation. Generation refers to all the people who grew up at a certain time. An example could be the older generation. That's talking about people who are older, so maybe 40, 50, 60, 70, I don't know. They all grew up at the same time. Now, if you say the younger generation, that's talking about younger people. So maybe people who are 15-30. I don't know. It depends on what you're saying, but the most important thing is generation means all the people who grew up around the same time period. So maybe 2000, maybe 1990, maybe 1980. This is a generation. Okay, let's quickly look at these words on the yellow. Step this is an important word when it comes to family, step. This word here is used with nouns to show that someone is part of your family, but they're not related by blood. That's very important. They're not related by blood. An example could be step mother. A stepmother is someone who acts as your mother, but they're not your real mother. A stepmother is normally going to be married to your father. Now, stepfather is the opposite. It's someone who acts in the place of your father, but they're not your real father. Now, a stepfather is normally married to your real mother. Stepson is the same. It's a person who acts as your son, but they're not really your son. Maybe you have a husband or a wife and your husband or wife has a child from their previous relationship. That person would be your stepson, and same thing stepdaughter. So if your husband or wife has a daughter from a previous relationship, that will be your stepdaughter. Next one in laws in laws. In laws means a family member of someone's husband or wife. For example, mother in law. If you get married and you have a husband, for example, you have a wife. The mother of your husband or your wife is your mother in law. Same for father. If you marry someone and your husband or wife has a father, that is your father in law. An example could the in laws are coming over this weekend and I'm going to see my mother in law and my father in law. Now, the last few words on this little piece of yellow, you probably already know daughter, son, brother, and sister. These ones I don't really need to explain because you should know them already. All right, let's go up here and talk about to run in the family. If something runs in the family, that means something that all family members have. For example, you are also polite. It really runs in the family. That means all of the family members are polite. The mum's polite. The dad's polite. You're polite. Your sister is polite. To run in the family means something that is the same for all family members. Next one to be a stay at home parent, to be a stay at home mom, or to be a stay at home dad. If you're a stay at home parent, mum or dad, that means you stay at home and you look after the children. Now, normally, if you're a stay at home parent, the other parent will be out working. So maybe the wife stays at home to look after the kids, the wife would be a stay at home parent, and maybe the man goes out to work and earn the money, he will be the breadwinner. To be a single mum or dad. If you're a single mum or dad, that means you look after your children by yourself, with no help from the other parents. So if you're a single mum, you look after your child or children by yourself, with no help from the dad. If you're a single dad, that means you look after the children or child by yourself, with no help from the mum or the mother. To be seeing someone to be seeing someone means you're in a romantic relationship. Maybe the relationship is serious, maybe it's not yet serious. Normally, but not always. Normally, if you say you're seeing someone, the relationship is just getting started because if it was a serious relationship, you'd probably say, I have a girlfriend or I have a wife or I have a husband to be seeing someone. Upbringing upbringing talks about the way that you were treated as a child and the way that you were educated. So maybe your parents educated you a lot. Maybe they treated you really well. This is talking about your upbringing. An example, sentence could be, could you tell me a little bit about your upbringing? Now let's look at the verb to bring up. This is a phrasal verb to bring up. To bring up means to look after, to take care of, to educate, to teach a child until the child becomes an adult. This is to bring up. An example sentence could be, it can be said that it's much better if a child is brought up by both parents. This means it's much better if a child is taught by, if a child is looked after by both parents. Now let's move up here and talk about to raise. Toes has the same meaning as to bring up. So if you raise a child, that means you look after the child, you take care of the child, you teach the child until the child is an adult. An example could be raising a child is one of the most rewarding experiences in life. To take after to take after. This means to be like a parent. So if you take after your mother, that means you are like your mother. If you take after your father, that means you are like your father. One example could be John really takes after his mother. Okay, let's move up here and talk about the last few words for this lesson. The first one is adolescent. Adolescent. Adolescent is a person who is becoming an adult, but they're still not an adult yet. So this could talk about someone who is maybe 15, 16, 17, because they're still not an adult, but they're almost an adult. An example could be most adolescents are well behaved. However, some are not well behaved. A teenager. A teenager is someone who is 13-19. This is why we call them a teenager because if you're 13-19, your age has teen in it. An example sentence could be raising teenagers is not easy. Kid, a kid is another word for child. A kid can actually be any age. It just means your child. Let's pretend you are 50 and your child is 25. You can say, I have a kid. That means I have a child. Yes, your child is an adult, but you can still call him your kid. Next one, toddler. Toddler. A toddler is a very young child who has just learned or who is learning how to walk. So what you can see on the screen right now is a toddler. Now, a baby is a very young child who cannot walk or talk. So this is the difference between baby and toddler. A toddler is just learning to walk or can already walk, but a baby is a child which cannot walk or talk. Alright, that's the end of family P one. I hope you enjoyed that. I'll see you in the next part, family Part two. 36. Family Idioms and More Vocab: Alright, family P two. We've got a lot of interesting vocab to talk about in this lesson. So let's get right into it. The first one to ghost someone. If you ghost someone, that means you stop talking to someone very suddenly, and the other person doesn't know why it happened. So let's pretend a man and a woman are talking. They're sending text messages to each other. Sometimes they call each other, and then maybe the man stops talking to the woman. Very suddenly, the man has ghosted the woman. If you ghost someone, that means you don't give them a reason. You just stop very suddenly, and the other person doesn't know why or what happened to ghost someone. Next one to desert someone. If you desert someone, it means you leave that person. An example sentence could be he deserted the family and nobody knows why. To have ups and downs. This means to have good times and bad times. An example could be all couples have ups and downs. All couples have good times when they're happy, and all couples have bad times when they're not so happy. To pop the question, this means to ask someone to marry you. I Fred pops the question to Jane, that means Fred has asked Jane to marry him. An example sentence could be he popped the question on top of the most beautiful sky bar in the city. To tie the knot, if you tie the knot, that means you get married. An example could be Fred and Jane tied the knot. That means they got married. To fall for someone. If you fall for someone, it means you start to really like that person a lot, normally in a romantic way. An example sentence could be she can't believe how quickly she fell for Fred. That means she can't believe how quickly she started to like Fred and maybe even to love Fred. Okay, let's quickly talk about this one. CT. CT is what you see right here. A CT is a bed for a baby. COT stroller. A stroller is what you see on the screen right now. It's a chair that has wheels which you can put your baby in to move your baby around. The Jew date is. The Jew date refers to when a woman will have a baby, when a woman will give birth. So if we say the woman's Jew date is tomorrow, that means we think that the woman will give birth will have her baby tomorrow. The baby is due in. This is also talking about when a woman will give birth when a woman will have a baby. However, after in, we normally say a month or a period of time. For example, the baby is due in March. The baby is due in ten days. However, when we use the phrase due date, we normally give a date. For example, the due date is tomorrow. The due date is 1 March. The due date is ten May. That is the difference. Let's move back over here and talk about a widow and a widower, a widow and a widower. A widow is a woman whose husband has died and she has not married again. A widower is a man whose wife has died and he has not married again. An example sentence could be being a widow is one of the worst things that can happen in a young woman's life. Next one, to follow in someone's footsteps. To follow in someone's footsteps means you do the same thing as someone else has done before in the past. For example, let's pretend your father is a doctor. Now, you're also a doctor. You can say I have followed in my father's footsteps because you are doing the same thing as your father did in the past. Next one, to wear the trousers. Trousers means pants like this man is wearing right here. To wear the trousers, that means to act as the man of the family and to act as the person who makes the decisions in the family. If there's one family member who makes all of the decisions, you can say that person wears the trousers. Next one, to be a black sheep of the family. Most sheep are white, like you can see on the screen. If you're a black sheep, what do you think that means? That means you are different from the other members of the family. Let's pretend all of your family works in the government. However, you don't want to work in the government, you want to do something else. You want to be a painter, for example. You are the black sheep of the family because you're different. Now, sometimes, if you're the black sheep of the family, it can be a bad thing. It can mean all of your family members do the right thing and you do the wrong thing, the black sheep of the family. Let's move down to these words in Black custody. Custody means the legal right to take care of a child or to look after a child. This normally happens after a husband and a wife, they separate and they need to know who's going to look after the child custody. Now, if you're awarded custody of a child, that means a court or a legal institution gives you the right to look after a child, gives you the right and the responsibility to take care of a child. An example sentence could be, I was awarded custody because the other parent is unemployed. That means you have the right to look after the child and the responsibility to look after the child. Soul. Sole custody. Soul means one. So sole custody means when one parent has the legal rights and responsibility to look after the child. Sole custody. Now, the opposite of sole custody is joint custody, joint custody. Soul means one, joint means two parents. To pay child support. You know what pay means? Now, child support is when somebody sends money to a parent and that money is used to take care of or to look after the child or children. So an example sentence could be the court ordered the father to pay $300 per month in child support. That means the father has to send the parent, the other parent of the child $300 per month, and that money is used to look after the child. Not for any other purposes, it's used only for the child. Next one, to go separate ways. This means to end a relationship. Let's pretend a man and a woman are here. Now they're together. If they go separate ways, they go like this. They go in different directions and they end their relationship. A match made in heaven. This is an idiom. A match made in heaven means when two people are perfect for each other, they're very suitable. They're very compatible. An example could be John and Jane are a match made in heaven. They're very good for each other, they're perfect for each other. They're very compatible, and they're very suitable. A close knit family. A close knit family is a family that supports and helps each other. If any member of the family has a problem, other family members will come to help that person. An example could be, you're very lucky to have a close knit family. Next one, a dysfunctional family. If you have a dysfunctional family, that means your family doesn't function very well. It's a family that has a lot of problems, a family that has a lot of fights, a family that has a lot of conflict. For example, having a dysfunctional family is one of the prime reasons why children run away from home. Last one, the nuclear family. The nuclear family refers to a family which consists of a father, mother and a child or children. An example could be the nuclear family is the basic family unit in society. So again, a nuclear family is a mother, a father, and a child or children. Okay, let's move up here to be on good terms with someone. If you're on good terms with someone, that means you're friendly with that person and you like to talk with that person. If you're on good terms with someone, that can mean in a romantic way or it can mean in a friendly way. An example could be something like John and Jane still on good terms. Are they still friendly with each other? Do they still have a good relationship? Now let's quickly move up here and talk about girlfriend and ex boyfriend. Ex girlfriend is your girlfriend in the past. It's not your girlfriend right now, I was your last girlfriend. Ex boyfriend has the same meaning. It means your boyfriend in the past, not your boyfriend now. Please note that X can be used with a lot of different nouns. For example, you could say X boss. That means your boss in the past. You could say your workplace. That means your workplace in the past. Now let's talk about great. I know you know great means very good, but great when we're talking about family has a different meaning. Great means one generation more. Let's pretend your mother is here. Your mother's mother is your grandmother. Now, your mother's mother's mother is your great grandmother. We use the word great to show that there's one more generation, one more gap. Now, you can use this with grandmother. You can use this with aunt, you can use this with cousin. You can use it with most members of the family. Great. However, it's most commonly used with grandmother and grandfather. Great grandmother, great grandfather. Okay, let's go back down here and talk about to settle down. To settle down means to get a job, to get married, to buy a house, and to have children. An example sentence could be, most people aim to settle down before they're 35. Most people want to have a family, they want to have kids, they want to have a wife, they want to have a husband before they are 35. Next one, to have a mutual divorce or separation. Now, if you have a separation, you go different ways. So that means you're not together anymore. You're not in a relationship with anyone. If you have a divorce, this is when you end a marriage. Let's pretend a man and woman are married. If they end their marriage, this is a divorce. Now, divorce can only be used if you're married. Separation can be used if you're married or if you just have a girlfriend or a boyfriend. Now, if you have a mutual divorce, that means both people want to end it. Both people want to go different ways. This is to have a mutual divorce or a mutual separation. Next one, a toxic relationship, a toxic relationship. Toxic is something that is poisonous, something that can make you sick. A toxic relationship is a relationship with someone that is not positive, it's very negative and can often be bad for your health, especially your mental health. An example could be a lot of people stay in toxic relationships longer than they should. For example, many people stay with their partner, even though it's a toxic relationship, even though it's not good for their mental health. Next one, to go through a messy divorce. We've already talked about divorce. If you go through a messy divorce, that's talking about a divorce that is very difficult. It's very difficult for the man, it's very difficult for the woman, maybe they're having problems with who gets, how much money, maybe they're having problems deciding who gets the house, maybe they're having problems, deciding who gets the children, maybe they're having all these different problems, maybe they're in court as well. A messy divorce is a divorce that's not easy. It has many, many issues and problems. Next one, to become or get pregnant. This means when a woman is having a baby grow inside of her to get pregnant. Now let's go up to this phrase in red, to break up or to split up. To break up or to split up means to end a relationship. Let's pretend to people, they are together. If they break up, they go different ways and they are not together anymore. They are not in a relationship anymore. To split up is the same thing. It means to end a relationship. Significant other significant other. A significant other refers to someone's wife, husband, or partner, and a partner can mean your girlfriend and boyfriend. If you have a girlfriend, you can say, can I bring my significant other? That means can I bring my partner with me? Other half has a similar meaning. It just means, again, your wife, your husband, or your partner. An example sentence could be, I went to have some lunch with my other half today. That means I went to have some lunch with my girlfriend, my boyfriend, my wife, or my husband. Okay, let's have a look at the last words here on this little orange board to adopt, to adopt. If you adopt a child, that means you legally take that child into your own family and you look after it. An example could be John and Mary couldn't have a baby, so they decided to adopt a child. That means they took a child into their home, but they did it legally. They did it in the correct way. They did it in a way which followed the law. Next one, to foster. To foster. If you foster a child, that means you take care of a child without being the legal guardian or legal parent of that child. An example could be, have you ever thought of fostering a child? This means, have you ever thought about looking after a child who is not yours and without being that child's real parent. Now, if you're a foster child, that means you're a child who is under 18 and someone is looking after you and that person is not your real parents. They are not your biological mother or father. This is a foster child. An example could be foster parents try to raise their foster children in a way that is safe and caring. All right let's look at the last word for today, which is an orphan. An orphan. An orphan is a child whose parents are dead. So the mother has passed away and the father has passed away. The parents are not alive anymore. An example could be a lot of wars in the past caused many children to become orphans. Alright guys, that's all the vocab on family. Make sure you download the word document, revise the words, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. 37. Different Types of Feelings: I'm feeling super excited because in this lesson, we're going to be talking about feelings. Let's get into it. The first thing we have to talk about is the difference between bored and boring. Bord and boring. Adjectives with ED and ING. Adjectives with ED describe how someone feels. For example, I feel bored. It's talking about my feeling. Now, boring with an NG is used to describe a thing. Normally, adjectives which have ING are used to describe a thing. For example, I feel bored. Sitting here is boring. Sitting here is boring because sitting here is a thing. Another example could be that movie was very boring. We are describing a thing. Okay? So please remember ED is used with feelings. ING is used when you're describing things. And this rule is correct for most adjectives. For example, excited. Talking about my feelings, exciting, we're describing a thing. Okay, now we've talked about ED and ING. Let's get into some different adjectives to describe when you're scared. The first one is afraid. Afraid is just another word for scared. For example, I'm afraid of spiders. I'm afraid of snakes. Now note here, when we're talking about what we're afraid of, we use the preposition of afraid of spiders, afraid of snakes. Next one, petrified. Petrified means you're extremely scared. So let's pretend you're afraid of snakes. You're walking down the road and you see a snake. You can say I was petrified when I saw the snake. That means you are really, really scared. Terrified is also another word, which means extremely scared. Again, if you're afraid of snakes and you saw a snake on the street, you could say, I was terrified. Now, note how we say terrified because we're talking about feelings. If you're talking about the situation, you could say I was terrifying. The situation of seeing a snake was terrifying. Remember, I and G for a thing, ED for feelings. Okay, let's move down here and talk about different adjectives, different words we can use to describe when we're angry. Enraged is the first one. Enraged means anger has consumed you. There's so much anger in your body. So let's pretend you just bought a new car. It cost you $50,000. And then someone comes to steal it from you. You could say, I am enraged because you worked so hard to get that car, and then someone takes it away from you, enraged, very, very angry. Frustrated. Frustrated means when you feel annoyed because things aren't going the way you want them to go. For example, let's pretend you're walking down a path, and you're walking very quickly because you have to go somewhere. There's lots of people in front of you and they're walking very slowly. You can say I feel frustrated because it might make you feel a little bit annoyed that you cannot get past those people. You're in a rush. You need to get somewhere, but those people are walking so slowly. You can say, I feel frustrated, or you can say, it's the situation is frustrating, frustrating. Next one, furious. Furious means very, very angry. An example could be his boss was furious when he came late to the important meeting. The meeting was very important, but the man came late. So it caused the boss to become furious to become very, very angry. Irate again, has the same meaning of furious. It means very, very angry. An example could be the coach was irate with the players who didn't come to training. Next one, irritated. Irritated. Irritated means you're a little bit annoyed. So let's pretend you're trying to learn something new, and you spend a lot of time learning it and you just can't understand it. You can say, I feel a bit irritated. It's a bit annoying. You feel a bit annoyed that you can't understand it. You've spent so much time, but you still can't understand it. Irritated. Next one, Mad, Mad means angry. If someone is mad, that means they're angry. Let's pretend someone has a boyfriend or a girlfriend and their girlfriend or boyfriend is cheating on them. Their girlfriend or boyfriend has another romantic partner. You could say, in that situation, the person could say, I'm mad. I'm angry about this situation. Next one M. Now note the pronunciation FED M with a T sound MF. Now, MFT means a little bit annoyed. An example could be the man always gets a bit Mf when the boss doesn't ask for his opinion. The boss doesn't ask for the man's opinion and it causes the man to feel a little bit annoyed. MFT means annoyed. Peeved peeved has the same meaning as MFT, it means a little bit annoyed. Let's pretend you ask someone to buy something for you. They go to the shop, they come back, but they didn't buy that thing for you. You could say, I feel a bit peeved because that person didn't buy what I asked them. Peeved to be a little bit annoyed. Last one to be cross. Cross means like this, right? Cross. So if you're cross, that also means you're a little bit annoyed to be cross. You can also mean angry or in a bad mood. An example sentence could be the women were cross with the way that the men were treating them. Now note here that a lot of the time, we say cross with. So they were cross with the way the men were treating them. I'm cross with you. To be cross with something. All right, let's move up here and talk about different words instead of sad. Now, depressed means very sad, and if you are depressed, it can mean that you are very, very, very strongly sad and it normally goes on for a long time. An example could be the man became depressed after he lost his girlfriend. After he lost his girlfriend, he became very, very, very sad. Depressed is a very strong word, so be careful when you use it. Next one down. Down means feeling not good. You're just feeling not good. So let's pretend maybe one day you don't really have a good sleep. You go to work and you don't really have a good day. You have a fight with your boss, maybe you have a fight with your boyfriend or girlfriend. You can say, I'm feeling a bit down today. It means you don't feel very good down. And it can also mean you feel sad. An example could be, well, I had a bad day today, so I'm feeling a bit down. Next one, miserable. Miss bul. Note here how we don't say this e sound, we just say mis R B. Ms R Bul. Miserable means very unhappy. An example could be she's been single for three years and she's very miserable about it. She's very happy about that situation and she probably wants a boyfriend. Now let's move down here to talk about different words for happy. The first one is cheerful, cheerful means happy and in a good mood. If there's someone at your workplace who's always happy, who's always smiling, who's always in a good mood, you can say, my colleague is always very cheerful. Next one, content, content. Content means that you are okay with what you have, or you are satisfied with what you have. A common example that you might hear is, I am content with my life. If you're content with your life, you think it's enough. You are satisfied with it. Yes, it could be better, but right now, you are satisfied with it. It's okay. Next one, ecstatic, ecstatic. Ecstatic is like this lady here. She is very, very, very happy. For example, maybe she just went to a job interview and the interviewer told her that she got the job. She is very happy, so we can say she is ecstatic. She is ecstatic. Next one, elated Elated also means very, very happy. So we could use elated in the same situation. The woman just got a new job and she's feeling elated. She's very, very happy. Now, euphoric. Euphoric is the next level above elated and ecstatic. It means very, very, very, very, very, super, super, super happy and excited. So let's pretend that someone bought a lottery ticket, and they won the lottery. They won $1 million. We can say they're feeling euphoric. They're very, very, very, very, very, super, super, super happy and excited. Next one, overjoyed, overjoyed. Ojo just means very happy. An example sentence could be they were overjoyed when they heard the news. The last one is pleased. Pleased just means happy about something and it can also mean satisfied with something. Let's pretend that you took a test and you got 70% and you're happy with it. It's enough. You can say, I'm pleased with my test result. You're happy with it and it's enough. Now let's move up here to talk about different words to say surprised. Surprised. The first one is astonished, astonished. Note here, the ED is pronounced like a T sound, astonished. Now, if you're astonished, you're very, very surprised. Let's pretend you were expecting to get 70%, but you actually got 95% in your test. You could say, I feel astonished. You are very surprised and you didn't expect that thing to happen. It was a very big surprise. Next one, horrified. Horrified also means very surprised. However, it's in a bad way. If you're horrified about something, you are very shocked about something. An example sentence could be the police were horrified when they saw the aftermath of the accident. So they were shocked. They couldn't believe something in a negative way. Flabbergasted, flabbergasted. Flabbergasted also means very surprised. We use this word when something happens and you didn't expect it, and you're very surprised. An example could be he was flabbergasted when he saw his mum on the street after not talking to her for five years. He was flabbergasted. Last one speechless, speechless. Speech means to talk to speak. So if you're speechless, that means you don't have anything to say. We use this word when something happens, and it's very, very surprising, and it makes you not know what to say. So we could use speechless with the previous example. He was speechless after he saw his mum on the street after not seeing her for five years. Something happened. I made him really surprised and he didn't know what to say, Speechless. Okay, let's look at the last three words. Baffled. Baffled. Note the pronunciation baffled means very confused when you don't understand something. An example could be they don't know how he escaped from his cell. The police are absolutely baffled. So something happened, they're very confused and they don't understand it. Next one, perplexed. Listen to that pronunciation. Perplexed perplexed. Now perplexed has the same meaning. It means very confused when you don't understand something. An example could be the students were perplexed after they listened to the teacher's explanation. That means the teacher explained something, the teacher taught something, but the students were very confused. They didn't understand it. Last one is puzzled. Again, has the same meaning. It means you're confused because you don't understand something. So we could use puzzled in the previous example. We could say the teacher explained something and the students were puzzled. The students listened, but the students didn't understand. They were puzzled. Alright, guys, that's the end of feelings Part one. I hope you enjoyed that and learned some new vocab. I will see you in the next part, which is feelings Part two. 38. Feeling Adjectives and Idioms: All right, guys, welcome back to feelings Part two. We've got a lot of vocab to talk about. So let's get right into it. The first word is alarmed, alarmed. If you're alarmed by something, that means you are worried by something. An example could be, most people are alarmed at how high the crime rate is alarmed. A lot of the time we say alarmed by something, alarmed by the crime rate, alarmed by the amount of people on the street, whatever, alarmed by something. Next one, appalled appalled. Appalled means extremely shocked or upset. For example, the teacher was appalled by the way the student was behaving. That means the teacher was extremely upset, extremely not happy with the way the student was behaving. So you could say, I was appalled, I am appalled. And we often say, I'm appalled by I'm appalled by the student's behavior. I'm appalled with the student's behavior. Next one, awkward. Awkward. Awkward means you're feeling not comfortable, you're feeling not smooth. You feel like you don't know what to say or do in a certain situation. So let's pretend you haven't seen your last girlfriend or boyfriend for five years. And then you see them on the street, you might feel a little bit awkward because you don't know what to say. You don't know whether to be friendly, you don't know whether to keep walking. You don't really know what to say or do. This is awkward. Next one, concerned, concerned. If you're concerned about something, you're worried about something. Now, alarmed is much stronger than concerned. Alarmed means you're very worried about something. Concerned means you're just a little bit worried about it. Again, we could use the same example. I'm concerned by the high crime rate in this city. Next one, curious. Note the pronunciation curious. It's like there's a why sound in there, curious. Now, curious means wanting to know or wanting to learn about something. An example could be after seeing the dances, she became very curious about how she could learn how to dance like that. Curious. It means you want to know, you want to learn. Next one, energetic. If you're energetic, that means you have a lot of energy. So you don't act in a tired way, you act in a way that shows you have a lot of energy. An example could be the staff at the hotel are very energetic. Next one, envious. Envious. Envious means you wish you had what someone else had. An example could be, many people are envious when they see people driving nice cars. That means if you see a nice car, if you see someone driving a nice car, you want to own that car, as well. Envious. Exhausted exhausted means very, very, very tired. An example could be, I've just worked a 12 hour day, and I'm absolutely exhausted. You're very, very tired. Next one, grateful. Grateful means you're very thankful, or you're very appreciative of something you have or someone you have in your life. So let's pretend you have a lot of opportunities at your workplace to get promotions, to learn new things. You could say, I'm extremely grateful with the opportunities that I have at work. You're very thankful and you're very appreciative. You feel lucky to have those things. Happy with something. If you're happy with something, that means you're satisfied with it. It's enough. Let's go back to that example about getting 70% in your test. If you get 70% and it's enough, it's okay. You can say, Well, I'm happy with that result. It's enough and I am satisfied with it. Next one, helpless. Helpless. If you're helpless or something or someone is helpless, that means you can't do anything unless you have help. Let's pretend you're doing a project and you just can't seem to progress. You can't seem to move forward because you don't know what to do. You don't know how to do it. You can say, I feel a bit helpless with this project because you can't do anything unless you get help. Maybe you need to get help from your friend, maybe you need to get help from your professor, helpless. Next one, hopeful. Hopeful. If you're hopeful, that means you're feeling good about something in the future. You're expecting a good thing to happen in the future. So let's pretend you just took a test and you think you get 70%. You can say I'm feeling quite hopeful. That means I'm expecting a good result in the future. Next one, Impatient impatient. Impatient means you're easily annoyed, normally because you have to wait for something. Let's pretend you have a teacher and if you come 1 minute early to your class, the teacher gets quite upset, gets quite annoyed, gets quite angry. You can say, my teacher is very impatient. That means my teacher doesn't like to wait. Impressed Impressed. Now note here, the ED is pronounced as a T sound, impressed. Impressed means to feel respect for something or someone or to admire something or someone. So let's pretend you see someone doing something amazing. And you wish you could do that thing, too. You can say, I'm impressed. Your feeling is you respect them, you admire them. You can also say, I'm impressed by. So again, I'm impressed by what you did, impressed. Next one, indifferent. If you're indifferent, that means you don't care. It means you're not interested. Let's pretend you want to go on holiday somewhere. And for you, you're okay if you don't go, and you're okay if you do go. So you can say, I'm indifferent. It doesn't matter. I'm not really interested in different. Another example could be the boss was indifferent to the complaints of the employees. That means the employees were complaining. The employees weren't happy, but the boss he doesn't really care. The boss was indifferent. Intrigued, intrigued. Intrigued means you are very interested in something and you really want to know more. So it's similar to curious, but intrigued is much stronger. An example could be, I'm intrigued by ancient history. So that means you're very, very, very interested in ancient history, and you want to know more. It's interesting to you. It's fascinating to you. Nervous. Nervous. If you're nervous, you are worried and anxious. So nervous just means excited but in a negative way. So a common example is many people get nervous when they go to interviews. So they feel worried, they feel nervous. They feel worried, they feel anxious. They feel maybe shy. So they're excited, but it's in a negative way. Nervous. Next one, optimistic. Optimistic. Optimistic means you have good thoughts or you believe good things will happen in the future. An example could be, he's a very optimistic person, and I appreciate that. Now, pessimistic is the opposite. Pessimistic means you have negative thoughts, you have bad thoughts, and you think bad things will happen in the future, pessimistic. An example could be, I'm not into pessimistic people because I love being around good energy. So optimistic, good thoughts, pessimistic. Negative thoughts. Now, an optimist with no IC is the noun, so he's an optimist. A pessimist is a noun with no IC. So again, we could say, this little boy here is a pessimist. So optimistic, adjective, pessimistic, adjective. If you remove the IC, they become nouns. Alright, let's move to this yellow piece of paper. Playful. Playful. Playful means funny and not serious. You're doing things in a not serious way. Playful. An example could be she felt very playful. Red relaxed. Now, listen to the pronunciation. Relax. Relax. It's very important. Relaxed. Relaxed means being very comfortable because you're not worried about anything. So let's pretend you're lying by the pool. It's your day off and you've got nothing to worry about. You can say, I feel very relaxed. Another example could be on the outside, he looks very relaxed, but on the inside, he's probably terrified. So relaxed means you're not worried about anything and you're very comfortable. Next one, satisfied. If you are satisfied, that means what you have is enough. It can also mean when something happened in the way you wanted it to happen. An example could be the boy was very satisfied with his band seven result in his IOT exam. Next one, stress, stressed. Note the pronunciation SED is pronounced as again, stressed. Stressed means when you're worried and you're nervous, when you're not relaxed. An example could be if someone is going to have a job interview. A lot of the time, they will feel stressed stressed, uneasy. Un easy. Uneasy means when you're slightly worried about something or slightly uncomfortable with something. You have this feeling inside of you. We call that uneasy. So let's pretend you go somewhere, and it just doesn't feel right. You feel a bit worried, you feel not very comfortable. You can say, I feel uneasy about this place or about this environment. And the last one here is worried worried. Worried means you're unhappy because you think bad things might happen in the future, might happen in the future. It's all in your mind. You think bad things will happen. An example could be, you don't look very worried, even though your test is in 2 hours and you haven't studied for it. Worried. Alright, guys, now let's have a look at some idioms. The first one to be happy as Larry. Now, Larry is the name of a man. If you're happy as Larry, it means you're very happy. You're very happy. An example could be he's happy as Larry because he just quit his job. Next one, on Cloud nine. If you're on Cloud nine, it means you're very, very happy. An example could be she just got married last week and she's on Cloud nine. So that means she's very, very happy. Next one thrilled to bits, thrilled to bits. Thrilled to bits means extremely happy and extremely excited. So let's pretend you heard some good news last week, and it made you very, very, very happy. You can say I was thrilled to bits when I heard the news last week. Last one. Over the moon. Over the moon is the same as on Cloud nine. It means very, very happy. So we could say something like he got a new job, and now he feels over the moon. He's very, very happy. Alright, let's go on to this red bit of paper. Now, to go ballistic to go balistic. Does that sound like a good thing or a bad thing? Correct. A bad thing. To go balistic means to become very angry. An example sentence could be, if your parents found out you didn't go to school today, they would go balistic. So that means if your parents knew you didn't go to school today, they would become very, very, very angry. Next one, to go bananas, to go bananas. To go bananas means you become very excited or very angry. An example could be all of the girls went bananas when they saw Justin Bieber on stage. That means they went crazy. They became very, very excited when they saw Justin Bieber. Next one to flip out to flip out. To flip out means to become extremely angry and lose control because you're shocked by something, shocked or surprised by something. An example sentence could be her parents flipped out when they heard she was having a baby at just 16-years-old. That means they became very angry and they lost control because it's a very big issue that their daughter is having a baby at 16, so they went crazy. They became very angry. Next one, to be at your wit's end with something, to be at your wit's end with something. This means you're very worried and you don't know what to do next. To be at your wit's end with something. An example could be, I've helped him for years, but I just don't know what to do. Nothing will work. I'm really at my wit's end. It means you're very worried and you don't know what to do in that situation. Next one to be beside myself with anger, worry or grief. If you are beside yourself with anger, worry or grief, it means you can't function. You don't know what to do because you have a strong emotion inside yourself. An example could be he was beside himself with grief when his mother passed away. So his mother died and there was so much grief, so much pain inside him. He didn't know how to function. He didn't know what to do, to be beside myself. Now, normally, when you say beside myself, you need to use one of these three words, anger, worry, or grief, to be beside myself. Let's go down to these phrases at the bottom, to be down in the dumps. To be down in the dumps. This means to be very sad or upset. An example could be she's really down in the dumps today. You should go over and cheer her up. That means she's very, very sad. Next one, to feel blue to feel blue. To feel blue just means to feel sad. An example could be after breaking up with her boyfriend, she felt blue. That means she was very sad. And the last one down the bottom here is to feel under the weather. To feel under the weather. If you're under the weather, that means you feel slightly sick or slightly ill. An example could be, Well, I'm not feeling that good today, I feel a bit under the weather. So that means I feel a little bit sick or unwell. Let's talk about the last three phrases now. The first one to be at a loss for words. If you're at a loss for words about something, that means you don't know what to say. It's very similar to being speechless. You don't know what to say. An example could I was at a loss for words when I saw my ex girlfriend. That means you didn't know what to say. Next one, to be eternally grateful. If you're eternally grateful for something, that means you're very, very thankful for what someone did or what something did for you to be eternally grateful. An example could be, I'll always be grateful for all the help you gave me. Eternally means forever. Next one, I can't thank somebody enough. If you say, I can't thank you enough, that's a phrase we use to say thank you so much. Thank you so much. Again, you could say something like, I can't thank you enough for all the help you have given me. All right, guys, that's the end of feelings Part two. I hope you learned a lot of new vocabulary. In the next part, we are going to look at feelings Part three. I'll see you there. 39. Feelings Extra Vocab Idioms and Verb Phrases: All right, this is the last part of feelings, guys, so let's get into it. First phrase to chill out. If you chill out, that means you relax. For example, I like to chill out on the weekend. Another example could be, let's chill out and watch a movie. To kick back means the same. It means to relax. An example could be, I've worked hard all day, so tonight, I just want to kick back. That means to relax. Next one to unwind, to unwind. If you unwind, you relax after working. An example could be I've had a really hard day at the office, and tonight, I just want to unwind and have some drinks. Next one, to be on the edge of my seat. If you're on the edge of your seat, that means you're very excited. So an example could be the last bit of the movie had me on the edge of my seat. So remember, if you're on the edge of your seat, you're very excited about something. Next one, something blew my mind. Something blew my mind. If something blows your mind, that means it affects you in a strong way. Normally in a good way. An example could be last night I went to a concert and it blew my mind. That means it affected you in a very strong way and probably a good way. Next one, to get on somebody's nerves. If you get on somebody's nerves, that means you annoy someone. So let's pretend I keep doing this. It's a bit annoying, right? So you could say to me, Shane, stop doing this. It's getting on my nerves. So if you get on somebody's nerves, it means you annoy that person. Next one, to be the last straw, to be the last straw. Let's pretend lots of little bad things keep happening to you. There's one, two, three, four, five. And then finally, there's another bad thing that happens on the top. And at this point, you just can't accept it anymore. You can't continue to go on like that. You can say it was the last straw. The last straw is the final thing, the final bad thing, which makes you not be able to accept a situation or not be able to continue with a situation anymore into the future. For example, first, I lost my job. Second, I lost my girlfriend and third, I lost my money, and it was the final straw. There were three bad things that happened, and the last thing was the final straw. Next one, to feel like you are banging your head against the wall. If you're banging your head against the wall, you feel frustrated with someone or something because that person or that thing is not letting you get your task done. You're not being able to complete your goal. An example could be I've tried to get the information from him, but he's very unhelpful. I feel like I'm banging my head against the wall. Next one to be worried sick about something. If you're worried sick about something, that means you're extremely worried about something. An example could be my daughter hasn't called me for three days. I'm worried sick about her. I'm worried sick about her. It means you're very, very worried. Next one, to have butterflies. If you have butterflies, that means you have a nervous feeling inside of you. For example, whenever he talks to a beautiful woman, he has butterflies. Next one, to have had it up to here with something, to have had it up to here with something. This means you have had enough of a bad thing, and you won't accept any more of that bad thing. It means you have become very frustrated and very angry. For example, you have come late five times out of the past ten days. I've had it up to here with you. You are fired. Next one, to be bored to death. If you're bored to death, it means you are very, very bored. For example, there was no power in my house and I couldn't watch TV. I couldn't use my computer. I was bored to death. Next one, it was just what I needed. It was just what I needed. This means exactly what it says. It means you needed something and you got that thing. Maybe you were having a very bad day and something good happened to you, you could say it was just what I needed. Next one, I made my day. I made my day. If something made your day, it means that thing made you very happy. An example could be when the man said he liked my dress, it made my day. It made me very happy. Okay, let's quickly go down to the phrases on the green to be crazy about means you really, really like something. For example, I'm crazy about Justin Bieber. I'm crazy about KPOp. It means you really like. To be into if you're into something, it means you like that thing. For example, I'm into fitness. I'm into cooking. That means I like fitness. I like cooking. Next one, to be mad if you're mad about something, it means you really, really like it. Again, you could say, I'm mad about Justin Bieber. I'm mad about KPOp. It means you really, really like that thing. Last one, something is my cup of tea or something is not my cup of tea. If something is your cup of tea, you like that thing. If something is not your cup of tea, you don't like that thing. An example, swimming is not my cup of tea. That means I don't like swimming. If I said, KPOp is my cup of tea, that means I like KPOp. This is a great phrase to use, and if you use it, you'll sound like a native speaker. Okay, three more to go. This one, I tried my patience. If something tries your patience, it means something has caused you to become a bit annoyed or a bit angry because it's been happening for a long time. An example could be, all of these little things are really starting to try my patients. It means they're starting to make me feel angry and they're starting to make me feel like I don't want any more. Okay, let's have a look at these words on this little wooden board here. Somebody could hardly wait too. If you can hardly wait to do something, that means you really want to do that thing. An example could be, I can hardly wait to go to the gym tonight. That means I'm really excited about going to the gym tonight. It's something I'm looking forward to. It's something I really want to do. Last one, somebody was raring to go. If you're raring to go, it means you're very excited or very eager to start doing something. For example, he got a new job and he was raring to go. That means he was very excited about his job, and he was very eager, very excited to start his new job. All right, guys, that's the end of feelings. Make sure you download the Word document, revise the vocabulary, and do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. 40. Basic Food Vocab: Food, drink and cooking. This is going to be a three part lesson. In this part, we're going to talk about food. Everyone loves food, so let's get right into it. The first word is consume consume. Consume means to put something into your body. So you can consume food and you can consume drinks. For example, yesterday, I consumed too many calories. That means I put too many calories into my body. Next one, devour. Devourur means to eat a lot of food very, very quickly. For example, last night I was starving, so I devoured my dinner. Next one, chew. Chew means when you use your teeth to crush the food that's in your mouth, and then after you chew it, you swallow it. Swallow means when you put the food that's in your mouth into your stomach. It goes down your throat into your stomach. Swallow. Let's move over here to cuisine. Note the pronunciation cuisine. Cuisine. T S sound here is actually a sound. Now, cuisine just means food. We normally use the word cuisine with different countries. For example, I enjoy consuming Thai cuisine. I enjoy consuming Chinese cuisine. We can also use the word cuisine with international. For example, I love trying international cuisine. However, we don't use cuisine with words like snack or junk food. We don't say snack cuisine, junk food cuisine. We normally use the word cuisine with a country, Mexican cuisine. Brazilian cuisine, Thai cuisine. Next one, snack. Snack. A snack is a small amount of food that you normally eat between meals. There are many, many, many different types of snacks. For example, if you ate a banana between lunch and dinner, you could say it's a snack. You could say I had a snack. An example could be I had a huge lunch, so I'm only able to eat a snack. Next one, appetizer. Appetizer. Appetizer is a small amount of food that you eat before your main meal, normally at a restaurant. Let's pretend you go to a restaurant and you order some fried rice. Fried rice is your big meal. It's your main dish. If you have some spring rolls before the fried rice, the spring rolls are an appetizer. There's something small you have before your main meal. Finger food, finger food. Finger food is food that you can pick up with your fingers. Finger food. It's food you can eat without a spoon, a knife or a fork. An example sentence could be, Wow, check out all of the finger food at this party. A diet high or low in. If you have a diet high in something, that means the food you eat has a lot of something. A diet low in, that means the food you eat has not much of something. If something is packed with, that means there's a lot of it. Now, carbohydrates. Carbohydrates come from foods like rice, pasta and noodles. Fat comes from foods like eggs and oil. Protein comes from foods like meat and eggs and dairy is products that are made from milk. For example, yogurt and cheese. So if I say my diet is high in protein, that means I eat a lot of protein. If I say my diet is packed with carbohydrates, that means I eat a lot of carbohydrates. Note here the pronunciation packed. KED is pronounced as a sound packed packed with Okay, seasonal fruits. Seasonal fruits refers to fruits that are only available at a certain period of the year. For example, maybe the fruits are only available in the winter season. Maybe they're only available in summer. These are seasonal fruits. Next one, leafy green vegetables. You know what vegetables are? Leafy green vegetables, I like what you can see right here. Their vegetables that have leaves and the vegetables that are green leafy green vegetables. A lot of the time, people will just say leafy greens. For example, it's very important for your health to eat leafy greens. That means it's important to eat vegetables like this. Next one, to fast. If you fast, that means you don't eat food for a certain amount of time and you do it intentionally. You do it on purpose. For example, with me, I fast for 16 hours every day. So that means every day I don't eat for 16 hours, and then for 8 hours, I eat. This is to fast. When you stop eating for a certain amount of time. Another phrase that you often hear is intermittent fasting. Intermittent fasting is what I do. It means when you don't eat for a certain number of hours, and then you do eat for a certain number of hours, intermittent fasting. Next one, home cooked food. Home cooked food is exactly what it sounds like. It's food that is cooked at home, and it's normally made from basic ingredients. For example, onions, garlic, vegetables, meat, herbs and spices. When we make home cooked food, we normally use fresh ingredients that are not in a packet. For example, we don't buy microwavable meals. For example, if we buy a pizza from the shop and then put it in the oven, this is not home cooked food. Home cooked food means you start with the basic ingredients and then you make the food yourself. Fussy eater. If someone's a fussy eater, that means they're very specific about what they eat. For example, maybe they don't eat this type of meat. Maybe they don't eat that type of vegetable, maybe they don't eat that, maybe they don't eat this, maybe they don't eat those. If you're a fussy eater, it's very hard for you to find something you can eat. For me, I'm a bit of a fussy eater because I'm vegetarian, so I don't eat any meat or any fish. So if I'm going to a restaurant, sometimes it's hard for me to find something I can eat, so I can say I'm a fussy eater. To dine in, that means to eat at home, to dine out, that means to eat out of your home at a restaurant. Spoil one's appetite. If you spoil your appetite, that means you make yourself not hungry. Listen again, that means you make yourself not hungry. So let's pretend you're in a shopping mall and you're very, very hungry. And you know that when you get home, you're going to have some dinner. But you're walking in the shopping center and you see this delicious cake. You buy the cake, you consume the cake, you devour the cake. We can say you have spoiled your appetite because before you were hungry, but now you are not hungry. Now to work up an appetite is the opposite. If you work up an appetite, that means you do something to make yourself hungry. A perfect example could be if you run for 1 hour, you'll probably work up an appetite, you will probably become very hungry. An example could be that two hour workout really worked up an appetite. Now, an example for spoil one's appetite could be, don't eat now because you'll spoil your appetite. Next one processed food. Processed food. Listen to the pronunciation processed with a T sound. Processed food is food that has been changed somehow, normally with chemicals or normally with a mechanical process. An example of processed food could be ice cream because there are a lot of things done to the ice cream before you can eat it. Processed food. An example could be processed food is extremely unhealthy to the health of humans. Next one junk food, junk food. Junk food is food that is unhealthy, but it's very quick to get and very quick to eat. An example of junk food could be a pizza. It's not healthy, but it's quick to get and it's quick to eat. Fast food has a similar meaning. Fast food means unhealthy food that is quick to make. For example, if you go to McDonald's and you order some French fries, you order some chips, it probably won't take long to cook the chips, maybe 3 minutes. So that is fast food because it doesn't take long to make and it's unhealthy. Next one, ready meal. A ready meal is a meal that is ready for you to eat. It's a meal you buy at a shop, and then you normally take it home to eat it. For example, if you buy a frozen pizza at the shop, take it home, put it in the microwave, and then eat it. This is a ready meal. 41. Food Verbs, Adjectives and Idioms: Next one, to guzzle a drink down. If you guzzle a drink down, that means you drink something very quickly. An example sentence could be, I was so thirsty, I guzzled the water down. That means you drank the water very quickly. Next one, to gulp food down. This has the same meaning. If you gulp food down, you eat the food very, very quickly. For example, I was starving, so I gulped my dinner down. Next one, signature dish. A signature dish is a dish or a meal that a restaurant or a person is known for. It's their specialty. An example sentence could be the signature dish of this chef is his spaghetti bolonese. So that means everyone knows him for his spaghetti bolognese, and he is famous or well known for it. Next one to nibble on something, to nibble on something. If you nibble on something, that means you take very small bites of something. For example, you can see that he's nibbling on the cookie. He's eating it slowly and he's taking very small bites. Next one, to be mouth watering. If a food is mouth watering, it looks very delicious. It makes your mouth water. That's why we say mouth watering. An example could be, Wow, look at that steak. It's mouth watering. Next one, scrumptious scrumptious. Note the pronunciation scrumpius. Scrumptius means very delicious. An example could be, wow, that meal was absolutely scrumptious. The last one in the purple, food to be to die for. If a food is to die for, do you think it's delicious or not delicious? Correct? It's absolutely amazing. It's really, really good. An example could be the fish and chips at that restaurants are to die for. That means the fish and chips are amazing. They are super delicious. This is a great one to use. If you're talking about food. It's a very native like way to say something is very delicious. And last one in the red, I'm so hungry I could eat a horse. Horses are very big animals, right? So if you could eat a horse, do you think you're hungry or not hungry? Correct? You're super hungry. You're extremely hungry. So if you could eat a horse, that means you're very, very hungry. Again, this is a very native like way to say I'm very hungry. Okay, let's move over to the words on this yellow piece of paper now. The first one is a balanced diet, a balanced diet. If you eat a balanced diet, that means you don't eat too much of something and you don't eat too little of something. So you've got enough carbohydrates. You've got enough fats. You've got enough protein, but you don't have too much. And it normally means you eat a large range of foods. So you eat a lot of different types of vegetables. You eat a lot of different types of fruits. You have different types of meats. You have eggs. You have a very large range of food. An example could 90% of the people who took the survey did not eat a balanced diet. To go on a diet, to go on a diet means that you eat specific foods and specific amounts, normally to lose weight. Let's pretend every day you have your meals planned. You know exactly what you're going to eat and you know exactly how much you're going to eat. And you're trying to lose weight, you are on a diet. Now, I note here how we say on a diet. We use the preposition on. An example could be the doctor informed his patient that the patient needed to go on a diet because the patient was overweight. Next one, to cut down on something. If you cut down on something, you eat or drink less of it. Let's pretend every day you have one no, two bottles of Coca Cola. If you cut down on Coca Cola, you will probably only drink one. That means you drink less of it or you eat less of something to cut down on something. Okay, to be starving, if you're starving, it means you're very, very hungry. If you're ravenous. Ravenous. It means you're very, very hungry. If you're dying of hunger, it means you're very, very hungry. You're not actually dying. It's just what we say in English. So, for example, I haven't eaten for 16 hours. I am ravenous. I am dying of hunger. I am starving. Note here how we use all of these words and phrases with the verb to B. And last one, to eat something in moderation. If you eat something in moderation, that means you eat something sometimes, but you don't eat too much. So let's pretend maybe twice a week, you have some chocolate. You have a little bit of chocolate twice a week. You can say, I eat chocolate in moderation. You eat a little bit of it, but it's not too much. It's not going to damage your health. All right, let's have a look at these adjectives on the blue piece of paper here. First one, overcooked, overcooked. Note the pronunciation again, overcooked. If something is overcooked, that means it has been cooked too long and it makes it less delicious or it causes a problem with the food. An example sentence could be, why did you cook the meat for so long? It's overcooked. Next one, raw. Raw means not cooked. For example, this banana here is raw. This vegetable here is raw. It hasn't been cooked. Next one, stale. Stale. Stile means not fresh, normally because it's been kept for too long. The word stale is often used with things like bread. If you leave bread for too long, it becomes stale, it becomes a bit hard and it's not the same anymore. It's not fresh. Next one, rotten, Rotten. This is normally used with fruits and vegetables and meat as well. If something is rotten, it's decayed and it can't be used anymore. I'll give you an example. These bananas right here, they look very fresh. It looks like we can eat them right now and they will taste great. However, if we leave these bananas here for maybe two or three months, they will become rotten. They will decay, and we won't be able to use them anymore. Rotten. Next one, ripe. Unripe means not ready to be eaten. Let's pretend these bananas here were really green and really hard. They are unripe. They're not ready to be eaten. Of off. Of has a similar meaning to stale. It refers to food or drink that's not fresh, and that food and that drink cannot be eaten or drunk. An example sentence could be, I wouldn't eat those bananas. If I were you, they are off. Alright, let's move up to the last few words. Firstly, let's talk about vitamins and minerals. Vitamins and minerals are things that our body needs to survive. Vitamins normally come from food and animals. For example, vitamin C, vitamin B. Minerals, on the other hand, are things that come from the sea and from the ground. An example could be vitamins and minerals are essential for human health, and if you don't eat enough, you may have problems. Let's look at these idioms here before we finish the lesson to foot the bill. If you foot the bill, you pay for something. Let's pretend five people are at a restaurant and nobody knows who's going to pay. Someone might say, who's going to foot the bill. That means who's going to pay the bill. Next one to pig out on something. If you pig out on something, you eat a lot of something. Let's pretend you haven't eaten cake for one year. And you really want to have some cake, you can say, tonight, I'm going to pig out on some cake. That means you're going to eat a lot of cake. You're probably going to eat it very quickly, and you're going to enjoy it. Next one to wine and dine somebody, wine and dine somebody. If you wine and dine somebody, you entertain that person at a restaurant with good food and good drink. Now, normally, if you wine and dine someone, it's normally at an expensive restaurant or a more upmarket restaurant. An example, sentence could be a lot of the time we have to wine and dine our clients before they agree to buy our product. Next one to grab a bite to eat. If you grab a bite to eat, that means you have something small and you have something quickly. A common example of a bite to eat could be a sandwich. It's small, it's quick, and it probably won't spoil your appetite. An example could be, I'm hungry right now, but I don't want to spoil my appetite. Let's just grab a quick bite to eat. Last one for today is to have a sweet tooth. If you have a sweet tooth, that means you enjoy sweet food or sugary food. An example could be, I love eating chocolates and ice cream. You could definitely say, I have a sweet tooth. All right, guys, that's the end of food. In the next lesson, we're going to talk about drinks, so I will see you there. 42. Drink Vocabulary: All right, guys, welcome back to Part two. In this part, we're going to be talking about drinks. So let's get into it. The first word we need to talk about is beverage Ridge. Beverage just means drink. For example, what's your favorite beverage? What beverage would you like? It just means what drink would you like. Next one, liquid liquid. A liquid is a substance like water, which can be poured very easily. An example could be she just had her teeth removed. So the only thing she can consume is liquid. Next one, to be in hot water. This is an idiom and this idiom means when someone is in trouble or when someone is in a bad situation. For example, he was in hot water after he said some bad things about his boss. He said some bad things about his boss and after that, he was in trouble. He was in a bad situation. Next one, Dutch courage or liquid courage. This is the confidence that people get from drinking alcohol. An example could be he needs his liquid courage before he goes and talks to girls. That means he needs some alcohol to give him confidence before he can talk to girls. Liquid courage, confidence that comes from alcohol. However, if he doesn't have his alcohol, that means he doesn't have confidence. Okay, to stay hydrated. If you stay hydrated, that means you drink enough water. If you're not hydrated, that means you haven't been drinking enough water. An example, sentence could be, it's a boiling day today, so make sure you stay hydrated. Make sure you have enough water. To have a hangover or to be hungover. These phrases have the same meaning. They mean that you have a headache or you have other bad effects which have been caused by drinking too much alcohol. Now, you normally have a hangover or you're hungover the day after you drink too much alcohol. So for example, if you drink on Friday night, you'll have your hangover on Saturday, or you'll be hungover on Saturday. An example could be she's so hungover, but she said the party was 100% worth it. Okay, let's have a look at these phrases on the pink. The first one is what's your drink of choice? This question is used to ask what you normally drink. So if your friend says, What's your drink of choice, you can tell him or her what you normally drink. So you could say something like, Well, it would have to be whiskey. That means you normally drink whiskey. Next one, to drink like a fish. If you drink like a fish, that means you drink a lot of alcohol. An example, sentence could be, you really do drink like a fish. To drink somebody under the table. If you drink somebody under the table, that means you drink more alcohol than they do. An example could be, I can drink five beers, but John can drink me under the table. That means you can drink five beers, but John can drink a lot more than five beers. He can drink more than you. Next one to knock one back. This is a phrase that just means to drink a bit of alcohol or a bottle of alcohol very quickly. An example could be, let me just knock this one back, and then we will get going. So let me drink this alcohol first, and then we will go. Okay, let's talk about ice cubes. Ice cubes are what you can see right here. Pretty simple. It's ice that you normally put into drinks. To drown your sorrows. This is also another idiom. To drown your sorrows means to drink a lot of alcohol in the hope that it will make you feel better, in the hope that it'll make you forget about your problems. So let's pretend a girl just broke up with her boyfriend and she's very upset. She's very sad about it. She might say something like, tonight, I'm going to drown my sorrows. That means she's going to drink a lot, and hopefully it'll make her feel better. Hopefully she will forget about her problems. Now let's talk about all these types of drinks. The first one is a cocktail. A cocktail. A cocktail is an alcoholic drink made with two or more types of drinks. Now, there are many different types of cocktails, and they all have different types of alcohol and different drinks in them. Next one, mocktail. Mocktail is the same as a cocktail. However, a mocktail has no alcohol. So cocktail, alcohol, mocktail, no alcohol. For me, I don't drink alcohol. So if I ever go to a bar, I sometimes get a mocktail. It's a drink that has two or more drinks mixed together, and it has no alcohol. Next one, beer. Beer. This is beer. Next one, Juice. Juice is the liquid or the drink that comes from a fruit or vegetables. This here looks like orange juice. An example sentence could be, what's your favorite type of juice? Next one lemonade. Lemonade is a drink made from the juice of lemons. Hence the word lemonade, mixed with sugar and water, lemonade. An example, sentence could be after school, she likes to sell lemonade to her friends. Next one, soda. A soda is a type of sweet drink that normally has bubbles. So the most common soda is coca cola or Pepsi. Next one, smoothie. Smoothie. This is my favorite type of drink. I love drinking smoothies. A smoothie is a thick drink made by mixing fruit, ice cubes, and sometimes yogurt and ice cream together until it's very thick. So for me, when I make smoothies, I like to put in strawberries, blueberries, and bananas and a little bit of ice, and I blend it up until it's nice and smooth. Smoothie. Next one, cider. Cider is an alcoholic drink that comes from apples. An example sentence could be, not a lot of people drink cider. Last one is a milk shake. A milkshake a drink made of milk, ice cream and some kind of flavor mixed together or blended together until it's very smooth and light. If you look at this milkshake down here, it looks like it's got a bit of red and pink throughout it, so it's probably a strawberry milkshake. Alright, let's go back up to the middle now. Happy Hour. This is a time of the day, normally in the early evening when drinks at a bar or a restaurant are sold for a cheaper price than normal, an example sentence could be Hurry up. Let's go so we don't miss Happy Hour. That means let's get there before Happy Hour ends because if we get there before Happy Hour ends, the drinks will be cheaper than normal. Booze. Booze just means alcohol. For example, last night I drank some booze. That means last night I drank some alcohol. On the rocks on the rocks. On the rocks means a drink that is served with ice. Now, rocks refers to the ice cubes. So if something is on the rocks, it's the drink and ice cubes only. That's it. So an example sentence could be, I would like a whiskey on the rocks, please. That means you have whiskey, you have ice cubes, and that's it. On the rocks. To chug a drink. If you chug a drink, that means you drink all of the drink without stopping. You do it very, very quickly without stopping. An example could be he chugged three glasses of water. That means he drank three glasses of water without stopping and he did it very quickly. To be intoxicated, to be intoxicated. If you're intoxicated, that means you're drunk and you're suffering from the effects of alcohol or drugs. Now, normally, when you're intoxicated, you have lost control of yourself and you have lost control of your actions. An example sentence could be he was extremely intoxicated last night because he had five beers. That means he was very drunk, and he lost control of himself and his actions. To toast. To toast. If you toast something or someone, it normally means you hold your glass up in the air and you wish that person or good things or success. You hold your drink up, wish that person good things, and then you drink your drink. Now, a lot of the time we say Make a toast. For example, I would like to make a toast to the bride and groom and wish them a lot of happiness into the future. Alright, next one, to have a sip. If you have a sip, you drink a very small amount of something. So let's pretend you want to taste a drink, and you don't know if you're going to like it, you can say, can I have a sip, please? That means can I drink just a little bit. Okay, hammered, sloshed, wasted, plastered. All of these words mean drunk, very drunk. Now, let's quickly do the pronunciation again, hammered hammered, sloshed sloshed. So that T sound wasted wasted and plastered plastered. All of these words mean very drunk. An example sentence could be, This man right here is absolutely hammered. That means he's very drunk. Okay, fizzy drink. Fizzy drink is a drink which has bubbles in it. Soft drink, soft drink is the same. It has bubbles in it. Now, normally fizzy drinks and soft drinks have a lot of sugar. For example, a common fizzy drink is Coca Cola. A common soft drink is Coca Cola. These fizzy drink and a soft drink refers to drinks that have bubbles and normally have a lot of sugar. An example could be, how often do you drink fizzy drinks? Next one, carbonated drink. Carbonated drink is the same. It means a drink that has bubbles in it. But if something is carbonated, it might have sugar in it, it might not. We don't know. Again, you could say something like, what's your favorite carbonated drink. Now, please note that fizzy drink and soft drink are the more common ways to say this. We don't normally use the phrase carbonated drink. Next one, caffeinated drink, caffeinated drink. A caffeinated drink is a drink which has caffeine in it. Caffeine is a substance which makes you feel more awake. A common example of a caffeinated drink is coffee. Coffee. Next one, decaffeinated drink. A decaffeinated drink is a drink which has had the caffeine removed. Remember, caffeine is the substance which makes you feel more awake. So a decaffeinated drink has had that caffeine taken away. An example could be, would you like caffeinated coffee or decaffeinated coffee? So decaffeinated means no caffeine, caffeinated means caffeine. Next one, to get sober. If you get sober, that means you have been drinking alcohol in the past, and now you stop. So if you say, I'm getting sober, that means you're stopping drinking. You're not drinking alcohol anymore. An example could be your life is getting out of control. You need to get sober. Next one, to drink to something. To drink to something is very similar to toast. If you drink to something, you raise your glass, you wish someone or something good luck or good things, and then you drink to drink to something. Next one to spike a drink. If you spike a drink, that means you put a chemical or a substance or a drug in someone's drink and that person doesn't know you put it in there to spike a drink. An example could be never take your eyes off your drink because you never know if someone is going to spike it. Remember, spike means put something in someone's drink without them knowing without them seeing. Next one, what's your poison? In the green, what's your poison? This phrase is used to ask which kind of alcoholic drink you would like. So let's pretend you go to a bar or a restaurant, and the bartender says to you, What's your poison? He is asking you what alcoholic drink would you like? Next one, refreshing. Refreshing means a drink that makes you feel cool and less hot. So an example sentence could be, there's nothing better on a hot day than a nice refreshing, soft drink. Next one, an ice cold drink. An ice cold drink means a very cold drink. Again, you could say there's nothing better on a hot day than having an ice cold, fizzy drink. And last one, a thirst quencher. If a drink is a thirst quencher, that means it makes you feel not thirsty. So for example, you could say something like that drink right there is a real thirst quencher. That means if you drink it, you will not feel thirsty anymore, you will feel very satisfied. Alright, guys, that's the end of the vocab on drinks. I hope you enjoyed that, and I'll see you in the next lesson where we're going to talk about cooking. 43. Cooking Vocabulary: Alright, guys, this is part three of food. In this lesson, we're going to talk about cooking, so let's get into it. There's going to be a lot of idioms today. So let's start at the otopiaT have all your eggs in one basket. If you have all your eggs in one basket, that means you put all of your resources or you put all of something in only one area. This idiom is often used when talking about money. For example, if you put all of your money into houses or if you put all of your money into stocks and shares, this is having your eggs in one basket because you've got all of your resources in only one area. An example sentence could be, many financial advisors will say that you should never have all of your eggs in one basket. Next one, too many cooks spoil the broth. A broth is a soup and spoil means to make something bad. If there's too many cooks and they're making the soup bad, what does that mean? Correct? It means sometimes too many people can make a situation worse or difficult. So let's pretend you're doing a project, and it's a small project, and you've got 50 people trying to do the project. Well, you could say something like, too many cooks spoil the broth because there are too many people for such a small project. It will be very hard to communicate, and it would be much easier if there were fewer people. Next one, to have egg on your face. If you have egg on your face, how would you feel about that? Correct. You would probably look foolish or stupid, and that's exactly what this idiom means. To have egg on your face means, you look foolish or you look stupid because of something you said or something you did. An example could be, don't say he can't do it because soon you have egg on your face. So if you say he can't do it and then he does do it, you might look a little bit stupid to have egg on your face. To walk on eggshells. Now, egg shells are very fragile. Egg shells are very easy to break, right? So if you're walking on eggshells, do you think you need to be careful or not careful? Correct again, you need to be careful. That's exactly what this idiom means. It means you have to be careful with your words or your actions. An example could be whenever I talk to her, I feel like I have to walk on eggshells. That means when you speak to her, you have to be very careful with your words because something you say might cause her to have a problem with you to walk on eggshells. Next one, when something boils over. If there's water in a pot and it boils over, think you can control that situation very well? Probably not, because water is going everywhere, steam is going everywhere, and that's exactly what this idiom means. When something boils over means when a situation becomes out of control. An example could be when the situation boiled over, the police were called to help control the situation. Next one to turn up the heat to turn up the heat means to increase the intensity of something. An example could be he's not giving us what we need. He's not answering our questions, so I think it's time to turn up the heat. To cook up a storm. If you cook up a storm, it means you cook a lot of food and a lot of different types of food. So let's pretend that you're having ten of your family members come to your house for lunch. You might cook up a storm because you'll cook lots of different types of foods and you'll cook a lot of food. To grill someone. If you grill someone, that means you ask that person, many questions about something, it's normally for a long time and it's normally not for a good reason. An example could be he grilled the prime minister regarding his involvement in the situation. That means he asked the Prime Minister many, many, many questions for a long time. Next one, to whip something up. If you whip something up, you make some food very quickly. An example could be, you must be very hungry. Let me whip some dinner up for you. Let me whip some dinner up for you. That means let me quickly make you some dinner. Alright, let's move over here and quickly talk about teaspoon and tablespoon. A teaspoon is a small spoon used for measuring or used for serving food. A tablespoon is a big spoon used for measuring or serving food. Now, you often use tablespoons and teaspoons when measuring ingredients, when you're following a recipe. A recipe is instructions for how to cook a certain meal. So let's pretend you're cooking spaghetti bolognese. The recipe might say two tablespoons of pepper, one teaspoon of salt. These are common measurements when following a recipe. Now, to follow a recipe means you cook something from the instructions of a recipe. Now, next phrase is the food pyramid. This here is the food pyramid. The food pyramid tells us what we should eat only a little bit of, what we should eat a medium amount of, and then what we should eat a lot of. This is the food pyramid. An example sentence could be a lot of people don't even know about the food pyramid. Alright, let's go down here and look at some verbs regarding cooking. The first one is mash. Mash means to crush food after you've cooked it so you can make something soft. A perfect example of this is when you make some potatoes, and then you mash them into mashed potato, like what you can see on the screen now. Next one, carve. Carve. Carve means to cut a big piece of meat into smaller pieces. An example could be come over here and help me carve the turkey, please. Next one, mince. Mince means when you cut food, normally meat into very small pieces and you use a machine. For example, can you come over here and help me mince the beef? Please? Now, mince is the verb. Mince with a D at the end. Minced is the adjective. So a lot of the time, if you're buying meat, you might want to buy minced beef, minced chicken. So if you want to buy minced beef or minced chicken, you say, Can I please have some minced chicken, please. Minced beef, please. Next one, slice. Slice means to cut into very, very, very thin pieces. An example could be, come over here and help me slice the onions, please. Next one, stuff. Stuff means when you fill something with something else. An example could be stuff the lobster. Next one, beat. If you beat something, you mix it using hard and fast movements. You often hear people saying beat the eggs. If you beat the eggs, you mix them in a very, very quick and very hard way to beat. Next one, spread. Spread means when you make something, cover the surface of something. You often hear this used with things like butter. You could say something like spread the butter over the toast. Spread the butter over the toast. Grate. If you grate something, that means you make it into very small pieces using a grater, the thing you can see on the screen right now. We often grate things like vegetables and cheese. So if you're making a pizza, you probably have to grate the cheese first, and then you sprinkle, which we'll talk about in a second, the cheese on top. Next one, peel Peel. If you peel something, you remove the skin from a fruit or a vegetable. Now, peel can also be a noun, as well. Peel means the skin from the fruit or the vegetable. To peel the verb means to remove the skin. Peel the noun means the skin from the vegetable. An example sentence could be, do you peel your cucumbers or do you eat them with the skin? Next one, soak Soak. If you soak something, you leave it in water for a long time normally to make the thing softer. An example sentence could be soak the beans overnight. So put the beans in some water, leave them there, and then the next day they will be soft. Next one, Mix means put two or more things together. So let's pretend we have some flour here and some milk here. If we mix them, we put them together, so they cannot be separated to mix. An example sentence could be mix the flour, water, and eggs. Melt. If you melt something, you change it from a solid, something like this, into a liquid. Remember, a liquid is something that can be poured. An example could be, can you melt the butter, please, and then we'll start cooking? Crush, crush. If you crush something, you normally use a lot of force to make that thing flat. An example could be, can you crush the garlic, please? You put a lot of force on it, so the garlic becomes very thin and very flat. Next one, burn. If you burn something, it means you cook it too much and normally it will turn black. An example could be, watch the pan, please. Otherwise, you're going to burn the vegetables. Burn. Chop. Chop means when you cut something into small pieces. For example, chop the onions, please. Sometimes you'll hear people say chop up the onions, please. That's fine as well, has the same meaning. Next one, dice. If you dice something, you cut that thing into squares, dice, normally into small squares. And again, we can use the same example with the onions, dice the onions, please. That means cut them into small squares. Whisk. If you whisk something, you beat it, so you mix it very quickly with a special instrument to give the mixture air and to make the mixture very light. You often see people whisking eggs and cream. What you can see on the screen right now is a whisk. An example sentence could be whisk the eggs for me, please. Next one, measure. If you measure something, you know how much of something you have. You know you have 1 kilogram, you know you have one liter. Maybe you have one tablespoon. This is to measure. An example could be, could you measure 500 grams of flour, please. Now, let's talk about some different ways of cooking in the black. First one, grill. Grill. If you grill something, you cook something over a fire, normally on something metal. An example could be, my father loves to grill chicken. That means he cooks the chicken over a fire. Now, boil with no R. Boil means when you cook something in water that is boiling. Now, if water is boiling, that means it's at the temperature when it's changing from a liquid, something you can pour into a gas. This is to boil. An example sentence could be boil the potatoes, please. Now, broil with an R has a different meaning. Boil means when you cook something with heat coming from above or below it. An example sentence could be the restaurant likes to broil very thinly sliced pieces of meat. Next one, bake. If you bake something, you cook something in an oven with very dry heat. An example sentence could be common things to bake, vegetables, cakes and bread. Roast. Now, roast also can mean to cook in an oven and it can also mean to cook over a fire. An example could be, can you roast the potatoes, please? Now, a lot of the time, if we bake something, the thing we bake will change when it's in the oven. For example, if you put some bread in the oven, maybe it's this size, when you have finished baking it, it's probably much bigger. Now, if you roast something, normally it stays the same size. Normally, so this is a general rule, but it's not always correct. Now, next one, saute. Saute. Saute means to cook food in oil normally until it's brown. An example sentence could be, you need to saute the garlic for 5 minutes. Next one, a Sia. If you sear something, you normally cook it very, very quickly and you normally cook it with a very, very small amount of oil. An example could be, can you sear the beef, please? That means can you cook it very quickly with only a tiny bit of oil and normally at a very high temperature. Next one, simmer. Simmer. If you simmer something, you cook something in a liquid, and the temperature is a little bit less than boiling. Remember, boiling means when a liquid turns into gas, turns into air. If you simmer something, the temperature is a little bit less than boiling. Next one, stir fry. If you stir fry something, you normally fry small pieces of food like meat and vegetables, for example, on a high heat very quickly, and you mix them around, you move them around very, very often. An example sentence could be, can you stir fry the vegetables first, and then add some soy sauce? Okay, let's look at the words in blue. Season season. If you season a food, that means you add something to the food, maybe some herbs, maybe some spices, to make the food more delicious, to increase the flavor of the food. An example could be, can you season the potatoes, please? That means can you add something to the potatoes to make them more delicious? Sprinkle. If you sprinkle something, you drop a few pieces onto something. You often hear the word sprinkle with things like salt and pepper. So sprinkle a little bit of salt. Sprinkle a little bit of pepper. That means put a little bit on, but not too much. Next one, scramble. You often hear this with eggs, scramble the eggs. Scramble means you mix food when it's being fried. An example could be, can you scramble the eggs? Please don't boil them. What you can see on the screen right now is scrambled eggs. Next one, drain drain. If you drain something, you take away the liquid, you take away the water from something. For example, let's pretend you soaked the beans overnight. The next day, you can drain the water. That means you remove the water from the beans. All right guys, that is food, drink and cooking finished. I hope you enjoyed that and learned a lot of new vocab. Remember, please download the Word document, revise the vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. 44. Basic Furniture Vocab: Alright, guys, in this section, we're going to talk about furniture. In this first part, we're going to do some basic vocab, and in the next part, we're going to do some idioms and some more advanced vocab. So let's get into it. Okay, let's first talk about the bathroom. Bathtub, this is a bath tub. This over here is a hairbrush. Now, when you use a hairbrush, you brush your hair to brush your hair. This thing here is tooth paste, tooth paste. This thing here that you use to brush your teeth is the toothbrush. Now over here is a toilet. Now, when you finish going to the toilet, you flush the toilet. An example sentence could be, I finished going to the toilet, and then I flushed the toilet. Now, this thing here is a basin. We can also call it a sink, but as you'll see later on, a basin is normally in the bathroom, and a sink is normally in the kitchen. This thing here is called a shower head, where the water comes out of in your shower, it's called a shower head. This thing here is called a tow rail. Note the pronunciation tow. Towel, towel rail. This white thing here is the towel that we can use to dry our bodies. So what we put our towel on is a towel rail, towel rail. When you put your towel on the rail, you hang up your towel. So you put your towel on the rail, we say hang up a towel. I finished with my towel and I hung it up on the rail. Next one, hair dryer, hair dryer. The thing that we use to make our hair dry. Next one, tap. This thing here is a tap. Now, when we're talking about a tap, we turn on a tap and we turn off a tap. We normally don't say open the tap or close the tap. We say turn off and turn on. Now, this tap here, there is water dropping out. Drop, drop, drop. So we can say the tap is leaking or the tap is dripping. The tap is leaking or the tap is dripping. Now, this thing here, that we use is called a plug. We put it to block the drain, and we'll talk about what a drain is in a little moment. So that's the bathroom. Now let's move on to the bedroom. Some basic vocab bed. This thing here is the bed. This thing here, this green thing is not the bed. This thing here is the bed. This thing here is the mattress. So the thing that you put your mattress on is called the bed. Now this green thing here is called a Duna or a blanket. A Duna or a blanket. Now, in some countries, they also call this quilt, a quilt. There are several different words for this Duna blanket or quilt. Now, this white thing here is called the bedsheets. Bedsheets. This is the thing that you put over your mattress, bedsheets. Now, this thing here is a pillow. Now the thing that you put on your pillow is called a pillow case, a pillow case. This thing here is called an iron. It's the thing we use to make our clothes look very nice and fresh. Iron. Now, this thing here, the thing that we've put the shirt on, and we've put the iron on is called an ironing board. Now let's move over here. This is called a bedside table or a nightstand. Both are correct. In Australia, we say bedside table. In other countries, they often say nightstand, nightstand. This here is a door. This here, this yellow thing is a door handle. Now, this thing here, this black thing is a curtain rod. This long thing here is a rod. Now, we hang curtains on a curtain rod. These yellow things here are curtains. We use them to block light to stop light. And in the morning, we normally open the curtains to let the light in. Now note here how we say open the curtains. Close the curtains, open, close. This thing here is called a wardrobe or a closet. Both are correct. Both are fine, a wardrobe or a closet. Now, this thing down the bottom, you can see is called a drawer. Note that we don't say drawer. No the ER is silent. We say draw drawer. So what you can see here is a drawer, and also here with our bedside table, bedside tables also normally have drawers. And again, note the pronunciation drawer, not drawer. Okay, that's the bedroom. Let's look at the lounge room. These here are called speakers. Speakers. They're the things that make the sounds from the TV. Now, they can also be called surround sound. So for example, you could say, Does your TV have a surround sound system? This white thing here is called a pot. It's the thing that we put plants in. The plant is the green thing, and the pot is the white thing. This thing here, which gives us Wi Fi, which gives us Internet is called a modem or a router. Note the pronunciation, guys, Router, Ruta modem or Router. Remote. This one here is a remote. This red thing is called an armchair, an armchair normally because you put your arms on the sides of the chair that you can see right here. This pink thing is called a vase vas. Now, some people say vas vase and that's fine. But in Australia, we say vas with that z sound, vas. Let's move up here. This is a television or a TV. This here is a grand father clock, grandfather clock. Most people nowadays don't have a grandfather clock, but it's useful to know what this is called and it's called a grandfather clock. This here that the TV is on is called a cabinet. You can call it a cabinet or you can call it a TV cabinet. Both are correct. A coffee table. A coffee table is a small table that's normally used for putting things like coffee on. It's also used to put drinks and food on coffee table. Now, normally, you don't sit at a coffee table. A coffee table is normally next to your couch or your sofa. In Australia, we say couch. In the United States, they say sofa. Both are correct. It just depends if you want to speak UK English or US English. Now, this thing here is called a cushion. A cushion. Note how in the bedroom, we normally say pillow, and in the lounge room, we normally call this a cushion. Okay, that's the lounge room. Okay, let's talk about the kitchen. This is a fridge. A fridge. Fridge is short for refrigerator. Native speakers don't say refrigerator, though, because refrigerator is too long, so just say fridge. Fridge. Fridge is the thing that keeps things cold, while on the other hand, freezer is the thing that makes things very, very cold and can turn them into solids. For example, if you put water in a freezer, it will turn to ice. It will turn solid. So that's the difference between fridge and freezer. This is a microwave this is an oven. This is a pan. This is a pot. So you can see the difference between pan and pot. Pans are normally not very high, and pots are normally quite high. Next one, this thing here is a cutting board, a cutting board. It's used to cut vegetables or other things. This here is a cupboard, we open it, and then we put things in a cupboard. This down here is a sink. Remember I said that we normally have sinks in the kitchen and basins in the bathroom. This here is a counter, a counter. It's what you can put different things on a counter. Now I note here that the counter has cupboards, things you can open, and it also has drawers drawers. This thing here is a blender. It's used to blend or mix things up together. For example, you can use it to make smoothies or juices. Okay, that's the kitchen. Next is the laundry. This here is a washing machine. It's used to wash clothes. This here is the dryer. It's used to dry clothes. So washing machine and dryer are very different. Washing machine is for washing, dryer is for drying. This thing here is called a broom. Now, with a broom, we sweep. We sweep. So for example, can you sweep the floor, please? Peg Peg, this is used to hang up clothes on a clothes source or on a washing line. Now, this here is called softna. Softna is what we put into our washing machine to make our clothes soft. That's why it's called softna. Now, like I said before, this is a clothes horse. We use a clothes horse to hang our clothes. This thing here is a duster. We use it to remove dust. This here is a vacuum cleaner. We use it to clean the floors. This here is washing powder. We put washing powder in the washing machine to make our clothes clean, fresh, and sometimes to smell good. This here is a dust pan and broom. This little thing here, is the broom. This here is the dust pan. So we normally hold the dust pan with one hand, broom the other hand, and we sweep the dust into the dust pan. This thing here is a mop, a mop. This thing here is a drain. A drain is the place where water goes. So if we go back to the kitchen, if you turn on the tap here, the water will go down the drain. Okay, that's all for the laundry. We've got one more to go, which is the study. The study is the place where we study or do work. This here is a monitor. This here is a monitor. Or we can also call it a screen, a screen. This here is a photocopier. We use it to copy things. That's why it's called a photocopier. Up here, this is a scanner. We use a scanner to scan things. So that means we copy something, and then normally we send it to a computer or we send it to a laptop, like you can see here. This is a mouse, a mouse. This is called a bookshelf or a bookcase. We normally put books in the bookshelf. Printer. Printer. This is a filing cabinet. We normally put documents or pieces of paper in the filing cabinet. This is a calculator. We use it to calculate things. This is a desk. Now, a desk is different from a table because a desk is normally for work, and it normally looks like this. A table is normally used for eating. It's not normally used for working. And the last one is lamp. Amp. So that is the study. Alright, guys, there are some basic words about furniture. In the next lesson, we're going to look at some more advanced vocab and some idioms, so I will see you there. 45. Furniture Idioms: Furniture Part two. In this lesson, we're going to talk about a lot of idioms and a little bit of vocabulary. So let's get into it. The first word is minimalist minimalist. Minimalist is a noun, and it means someone who doesn't like to have a lot of things. It's someone who likes to have the least amount of things possible. An example sentence could be, you don't really have a lot of stuff in your room. You must be a minimalist. That means the person probably doesn't have a lot of things and probably doesn't want to own a lot of things. Clutter. Clutter means lots of things in a very untidy way. For example, if I had a lot of different things on this table, we could say it's clutter. An example sentence could be the mother said to the boys, you need to clean up all the clutter. That means they needed to tidy up the room and put everything away, so it's nice, neat and tidy. Next one item of furniture, piece of furniture. That's one way we can talk about furniture. We can say an item of furniture or a piece of furniture because furniture is uncountable. So if you want to talk about more than one piece of furniture, you need to say item or piece. For example, five items of furniture, six pieces of furniture. Mod cons. Mod means modern or new cons means conveniences. Mood cons means modern conveniences. Modern conveniences refer to things that make life much easier. For example, a washing machine. This makes life easy because we put our clothes in the washing machine, click a button, and the machine does it for us. Another example could be a fridge. A fridge keeps our food cold and allows us to keep our food for longer. An example sentence could be the apartment is equipped with all of the mod cons. Okay, let's quickly talk about appliance. A appliance is a piece of electrical equipment. For example, a fridge is an appliance, a washing machine is an appliance. A TV is an appliance. An example sentence could be, we need to buy a few appliances before we can move into this apartment. Let's quickly talk about these words and then we'll move on to all of these idioms. Light weight means light, not heavy, something that weighs less than average. An example sentence could be a lot of furniture nowadays is very light weight. Next one, modern. We've talked about that before. It means made or built with the newest technology and materials. Second hand, if furniture is second hand, that means someone has used it before you. You're not the first person to use it. An example could be when most people move out of home, they have to buy second hand furniture because they can't afford new furniture. Next one, antique. Antique. When we use the word antique to talk about furniture, it means very old and sometimes it can mean expensive and rare. An example sentence could be my grandmother has an antique grandfather clock. That means the clock is very old and it might be worth a lot of money. Now, when we're talking about furniture, we can say it's made from. Let's pretend you're buying a new table and it's made from wood. You can say it's made from wood. You can also say it is and then use an adjective. For example, it's wood it's leather, whatever the material is. Okay, let's talk about all of these idioms. There are a lot of idioms when it comes to furniture. The first one is, you've made your bed, so now you have to lie in it. We use this idiom when someone creates a bad situation for themselves, and then that person has to accept or receive the effects from that situation. So let's pretend that someone smokes cigarettes for years and years and years and years, and it really damages their health. They have caused a bad situation by themselves. It's no one else's fault, it's their fault. We could say something like you've made your bed, so now you have to sleep in it. You've made some bad decisions by smoking for many, many years and now you might have problems with your health, so you have to accept that, you have to deal with that. Sweep something under the carpet. If you want to sweep something under the carpet, you want to forget about it and hope that it goes away and hope that the problem never comes back. An example could be, you can't just expect to sweep this issue under the carpet. It means you can't expect that this problem is just going to go away and everyone will forget about it. So to sweep something under the carpet means you ignore a problem and you hope it will go away. Next one, out of the frying pan into the fire. If you're in a frying pan, do you think that's a good situation? No, it isn't you're in a fire, do you think that's a good situation? No, it isn't out of the frying pan into the fire, means from one bad situation to a situation that's even worse. An example could be, if you continue the way you're acting, you might find yourself jumping out of the frying pan into the fire. You might find yourself in a bad situation now, but then the bad situation will get worse. Next one, to get out of bed on the wrong side. This means to start your day in a very bad mood. Let's pretend one of your colleagues at work is in a very bad mood and he's not very friendly. He's very angry. He's very moody with you. You can say, What's wrong with you this morning? You could say, Did you get out of bed this morning on the wrong side? So that means, did you start your day in a very bad mood. Next one, to start with a clean sheet or to start with a clean slate. If you start with a clean sheet or slate, that means in the past, you have had problems with something or someone and you want to forget those problems, make them go away, and just start new. Example could be, I know that we've had a lot of problems, but can we just start with a clean slate? In the past, we have had a lot of problems, but now can we just start again? Can we start new? Can we forget about all of the stuff in the past? Just think about now and start new, start fresh, to be part of the furniture. If someone is part of the furniture, that means they have been at a place for a very long time. Let's pretend someone has worked in a company for 30 years. That person can say, I am part of the furniture. It means that person has been there for a very, very long time. Next one, a watched pot never boils. Listen to the pronunciation watched. Watched. There's a T sound at the end. A watched pot never boils. This idiom means time passes very, very slowly if you're waiting for something. If you just spend all of your energy waiting, time will go very, very slowly. So let's pretend you took a test, and you really, really want to know what your result will be. Your result should come out in two or three days, and all you do is think about your result. We could say, stop thinking about your result, stop thinking about your a watched pot never boils. If you keep thinking about it, time will go very, very slowly. If you do something else, go on play some games, go to the gym, do something interesting, keep yourself busy for the next two days, then the time will go faster. Next one, to have a lot on one's plate. If you have a lot on your plate, that means you're very busy normally with many things. So let's pretend there's a girl. This girl has a job. She's studying, she has friends, she has a boyfriend, she has family, and she goes to the gym. This girl has a lot on her plate. She has many different things to do, but she only has 24 hours in the day. If you have a lot on your plate, that means you're very busy normally with many different things. Let's move down here to the idioms on the pink, down the drain. Down the drain. Down the drain means something that is wasted. Let's pretend you spend $500 on a car that doesn't work. We could say that's $500 down the drain. It's $500 of money gone forever and it's $500. That has been wasted and it will never come back. Now, remember we talked about drain in the last lesson. Drain is where water goes in a basin or a sink. If something goes down the drain, you can't get it back. It's wasted. Next one, turn the tables. If you turn the tables, that means you change from a bad situation to a good situation. For example, the lawyer turned the tables when he presented some new evidence. Maybe before the lawyer was in a bad position, but he presented some evidence to the court and now he's in a good position to turn the tables. Lift the curtain. We've already talked about curtains. If you lift the curtain, what do you think that means? If you lift the curtain, it means you make the details or information about something known to someone or to everyone. An example could be the president is going to lift the curtain on the secret project. He's going to give information about the secret project. Next one, pull the plug. If you pull the plug, you stop doing something. So it means right now you're doing something, but you pull the plug and then you stop doing it. Let's pretend the company is doing a project. But every day, they're losing money. They're losing $5,000, $10,000. You might say something like the company pulled the plug on the project. The company stopped doing the project. Next one, on the table. If something is on the table, that means it is able to be discussed or talked about. An example sentence could be the offer we made to you yesterday is still on the table. That means yesterday we made an offer and today we're still happy to talk about it. We're still happy to discuss it on the table. Next one, under lock and key. Underlock and key means to be locked away very securely. So let's pretend you just bought some new jewelry, and it's very, very expensive and you lock it away maybe in a safe. You can say it's under lock and key. It's locked away in a very safe place. Next one, an armchair critic. An armchair critic. Remember we talked about armchair in the last lesson. An armchair critic is someone who knows or pretends to know a lot about the theory of something, but they're not very good or they've never done that thing in practice. They've never done that thing in real life. So let's pretend there's someone who has never, ever played soccer. And this person keeps on giving you advice about soccer. He's telling you what to do, what not to do. You can say he's an armchair critic. Because he thinks he knows about it, but he's never actually done that thing before. He's never had any experience in that thing. An example could be he's a three time world champion. He's definitely not an armchair critic. Next one, bring to the table. Bring to the table means what benefits can you provide? An example could be, what does your company bring to the table? That means what benefits does your company bring? What are the positive things that your company provides? Next one, over the counter. Over the counter means you can buy something without a prescription from a doctor or without a license. If you can buy something over the counter, that means anyone can do it. An example could be, you can buy the medicine over the counter. So that means you can just go into the pharmacy or the drug store and buy the medicine. You don't need to see a doctor first. Last one, under the table. If you do something under the table, do you think most people will see it? No, probably not. So if you do something under the table, you do something secretly and it's not known to other people. Other people don't know about it. An example could be the man offered the police money, under the table so that the police would release him. That means the man said he would give the police money, but it would be a secret. The only people who would know would be the police and the man. Alright, guys, that is the end of furniture. I hope you enjoyed that and I hope you enjoyed the idioms. The idioms were quite interesting, and there were quite a lot of them weren't there. Again, make sure you download the Word document, revise the Vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. 46. Basic House Vocab: Alright, houses. Let's talk about houses, homes, and accommodation. Let's get into it. The first thing we have to talk about is the difference between house and home. Now, house is the building. This thing here is a house. Home is the place where you live. So your home could be anywhere. Your home could be in an apartment, it could be in a house. It could be at a swimming pool, it could be at your office, I don't know. Home could be anywhere because home is talking about the place where you live, but house is talking about the actual building. Okay, property property. Property talks about buildings or land. So if you say I own property, that means you own a building. It could be a house or it could be some land. Real estate. Real estate has the same meaning as property. It just means property in the form of a building or land. So anything can be real estate. So any place where people live or even where people work can be real estate. So a house can be real estate. An apartment can be real estate, condo can be real estate. All of these types of accommodation can be real estate, and we'll talk about them in just a moment. Now, while we're down here, let's talk about accommodation. Accommodation is the place where you stay or where you live. So, for example, right now, my accommodation is a condo. I live in, I stay in a condo. Now, back up to real estate, an example sentence could be, it's important to invest in real estate. So that means you should invest, you should put your money into real estate, which is buildings or land. Okay, permanent address. A permanent address is a place that you stay at normally for a long period of time. So if you just stay in a hotel for a week, this is not your permanent address. Your permanent address is where you stay for a long time. Next one, chimney, chimney. This thing here is a chimney. It's something on top of a building and it allows smoke to be released into the air from the building. Chimney. Auction. Auction. If you auction your house, that means you have an event where people come and they make bids on your house. They make offers on your house. They say, I will pay $100. And then maybe someone says, I will pay 150. Another person says they will pay $200. And at the end, the house is sold to the person who makes the highest bid or the highest offer. The house will be sold to the person who wants to pay you the most money. This is to auction. This is a verb. Auction can also be a noun. An example sentence could be, we are going to have an auction this weekend. Next one, first time buyer. A first time buyer is a person who is buying his first house or his first property. An example sentence could be a lot of people never become first time buyers because housing is too expensive. Next one, to move in and to move out. To move in means when you start living at a certain place. To move out means when you go out of that place and you stop living there. An example sentence could be for me, I moved into my condo six months ago. That means I started to live here about six months ago. To go house hunting. If you go house hunting, it means you go around to a lot of different houses because you want to buy a house. And it can be for any reason. It can be a house to live in. It can be a house that you want to invest in. It can be anything. An example could be when I was younger, my parents used to go house hunting every weekend. That means they went to look at many different houses because they wanted to buy one. Next one, carpet. Carpet is the thick material that you put on some floors. What you can see right now is carpet. Landlord. Landlord is the person who owns the building or the place where you live or where someone else lives. An example sentence could be, my landlord is very kind. That means the person who owns this room, who owns this condo is very kind. Next line, this is a phrase that you can use to describe how high you live. For example, me, I live in a condo. I don't live in a house like this. I could say something like I live on the tenth floor. I live on the 20th floor. I live on the 30th level. All of these words mean the same thing. They're talking about how high your home is. Now note here that when you use this phrase, you need to use ordinal numbers. Ordinal numbers are numbers like first, second, third and fourth. Okay, let's go up here to rent or to buy. If you rent something, that means you use that thing for a certain amount of time. So, for example, right now, I am renting this condo. I'm using it for a period of time. I might use it for many, many more years, or I might not use it for much longer. To buy, if you buy something, that means you own it. Granny flat. Granny flat. A granny flat is a set of rooms that is connected to a house. Now, a granny flat is normally lived in by older people, but not always. Sometimes granny flats can be lived in by people who are younger in their 20s or in their 30s. Now, granny is a slang way to say grandmother, grandmother. That's why we call it a granny flat. Next one, to be homesick, if you are homesick, you miss your home. Now, we normally get homesick when we go to another country. For example, if you are from Australia and you go to Malaysia and you're there for three or six months and you start to miss your home, you can say, I am homesick. It means you miss your home or you miss your country. Next one, utilities. Utilities, when it comes to houses, include things like water, electricity, and the Internet. These are things that we need and we use, which make our lives more comfortable and more convenient. Patio. Patio. Patio is an outdoor area, which is normally used for relaxing. What you can see on the screen now is a patio. An example sentence could be, does the property come with a patio? Next one, fence. A fence is a structure which separates two things. This could be the fence here. This fence separates this place and this place. Now, fences normally have gates. A gate is a part of the fence which you can open and which you can close. What you can see on the screen right now is a gate, and what you can see on the screen now is a fence. Next one, terrace. Terrace. A terrace is a flat area outside where people normally sit and relax. It's similar to a patio. What you can see on the screen now is a terrace. Let's move down here and look at how we can describe accommodation. Newly built. That means something that was just built recently. It's very new and older. That means something that is not new. Maybe it's 10-years-old, 20-years-old, 30-years-old. Affordable means not expensive. Pricey means expensive. Upmarket means expensive. Now with this phrase here, you can use any adjective. Tiny means very small, huge means very big. You could say a small something. You could say a big something. You could say a friendly something up to you, you can use any adjective. Fully furnished, fully furnished. If a property is fully furnished, that means it has all of the furniture and things that you need to live. For example, it will have a fridge. It will have a TV. I will have a bed, it will have a couch. I will have a table. It has all of the things that you need to live. Next one semi furnished. Semi means half. So if it's semi furnished, that means it has some things that you need to live. For example, maybe it has a washing machine and a TV and a bed, but it doesn't have a couch and it doesn't have a table. This would be semi furnished. It's got some furniture, but not all. And the last one is unfurnished. If a property is unfurnished, it has zero furniture. It has no furniture. Now we can combine all of these phrases with the types of accommodation. So we could say a newly built detached house. Now, a detached house is a house that is not connected to another house. It's a house that doesn't share a wall with another house. So on the screen right now you can see a detached house. Next one, a serviced apartment. Listen to the pronunciation serviced apartment. A service department is an apartment that normally has a cleaner or a maid. Come to clean it once a week or once every few days, a serviced apartment. Next one townhouse. A townhouse is a house that shares a wall with another house, a townhouse. Now, a terraced house is normally a house that's in a long row of houses. So what you see right now is an example of a terraced house. Now, an apartment is a set of rooms that people use to live in. For example, right now, I'm in an apartment. I have a lounge room, I have a bedroom, I have a kitchen, and I have a bathroom. There's a set of four rooms, and it's used for living in. Now, condo has the same meaning. It's a set of rooms where people live. Flat also has the same meaning. It's a set of rooms where people live. Now, an apartment block is the building, maybe like this building right here, which has all of the apartments. This is an apartment block. So remember, apartment is the set of rooms, and the apartment block is the actual building. Now, please note a lot of people when they're speaking spoken English, when they say apartment, that can mean the whole building as well. So just take note of that. Now, next one, high rise. High Rise is a very tall building. So these buildings right here, we can call them high rises. If you remember back to the Vocab on cities, you'll know that we can also call these skyscrapers. And the last one down the bottom here is a cottage. A cottage is a small house. So what you can see on the screen now is an example of a cottage. So these are all the different types of accommodation. These are some different ways we can describe them, so you can combine them to describe where you live. You could say something like, I live in an affordable townhouse. I live in an upmarket detached house. You can put these phrases together to describe your own accommodation. Alright, the last thing for this lesson is we're going to talk about a few adjectives to describe accommodation. The first one is spacious. Spacious is very simple. It means it has a lot of space. An example sentence could be, This room is very spacious. Natural light natural light means light that comes from the sun, not light that comes from light bulbs. So with my room I'm in now, it has a lot of natural light. There's a lot of natural light coming in from the windows. Now, when we talk about natural light, we normally say have or has. So the room has a lot of natural light. Next one, picturesque. Picturesque means something that looks very nice. It looks very attractive. Now, picturesque means it looks very nice. So not just a little bit, but very nice. Picturesque is often used to describe something that looks really beautiful, and it looks like it could be in a magazine or in a movie, picturesque. An example could be you have picturesque views. That means your views are very, very beautiful. Next one, charming, charming. If accommodation is charming, it normally means it's quite pleasant, it's quite nice. It's quite attractive, but in a more old fashioned way. Not always, but sometimes it can mean in an old fashioned way. So you could say something like this little cottage is charming. Suitable suitable means it has what you need. So if you go into a house and it has what you need, you can say the house is suitable or you can say it's a suitable house for me. Cramped cramped. Note the pronunciation, PED is cramped. Now, cramped means not a lot of space. If something is cramped, it means there might be a lot of things in that room, and there's not enough room. There needs to be more room. An example could be this little apartment is quite cramped. That means there's not much room. Next one, well lit. If something is well lit, that means it has a lot of light. Normally, it's talking about light from light bulbs, not light from the outside. An example could be this room is very well lit. Next one, floor to ceiling windows. A floor to ceiling window is a window which starts at the floor and goes all the way up to the ceiling. A ceiling is the thing that you will see when you look up and you're inside. That is the ceiling. An example sentence could be this room has a lot of natural light because it has floor to ceiling windows. What you see on the screen now are floor to ceiling windows. Next one, homely. If something is homely, it means that it makes you feel like it's home, so it feels very warm. It feels very good. That is homely. An example could be your little house is very homely makes you feel like it's home. Next one, spotless. Spotless means extremely clean. There's no rubbish, there's no dust. It's extremely clean. Spotless. So an example could be your room is spotless. Next one, airy. If something is airy, that means it has a lot of space and a lot of light. So this room right here is quite airy because there's a lot of space around me and there's a lot of light coming in from the outside. And last one, cozy. Cozy means small but in a warm way. So if a room is cozy, it means it's quite small, but it's not too small. It makes you feel quite warm to be in there. Cozy is a positive word. However, cramped is not a positive word. Cramped is a negative word. So cozy makes you feel good, but cramped makes you feel not good. Alright, guys, that's the end of Houses part one. I hope you enjoyed that. In the next part, we're going to talk about some more vocab and some mediums, so I'll see you there. 47. House Idioms and Extra Vocab: All right, houses part two. We're really on the home straight now. Let's get into it. That's the first idiom for today to be on the home straight. If you're on the home straight, that means you're on the last part of the activity. You're almost finished with what you're doing. So let's pretend you're doing a project and you've done 90% of it, and you're just doing the last little bit, you can say, I'm on the home straight. That means I'm almost finished. I'm just doing the last part. Next one, a house of cards. A house of cards is a structure, a plan, or a situation that's very weak, and it's very likely it's going to break, and it's very likely that it's going to not work, and it's probably very easy to destroy. And it's probably very easy for that thing to go wrong. An example could be if two people have a relationship and they're having big problems, man doesn't feel happy. The woman doesn't feel happy. We could say something like their relationship is a house of cards because it's probably not going to work. It's not very strong, it's very weak, and it can easily be broken or destroyed. Next one, there's no place like home. This is something we say to show that home is very important. It means you're most comfortable when you're at home. For example, let's pretend you go to work for 8 hours, and then you go to the gym for 2 hours. Then you go to a restaurant for 1 hour, and you finally get back to your home, and you're relaxing, you can say, there's no place like home. That means home is very important. And when you're at home, you feel the most comfortable. Next one to throw in the towel. This comes from boxing and from fighting. If you throw in the towel, that means you give up. You stop doing something. So an example could be if you're learning the guitar and you've been spending many, many hours on the guitar and you just can't understand it. You just can't get it. You can say, that's it. I quit. I'm going to throw in the towel. So to throw in the towel means to stop doing something to quit. And we normally use this expression when we know we can't win. We know we can't succeed to throw in the towel. Next one, to smoke like a chimney. If someone smokes like a chimney, they smoke a lot. Remember, this thing right here is a chimney and smoke often comes out of it. So if you smoke like a chimney, you smoke a lot. An example could be he smokes ten packets of cigarettes a day. He really smokes like a chimney. Next one, to go out the window, to go out the window. If something goes out the window, is it there anymore? No, it's not there. So to go out the window means something is not there anymore. An example could be when people start drinking their manners, their politeness goes out the window. So that means when people drink, they're not polite anymore, they don't have manners anymore. The manners have disappeared, they're not there. The politeness has also disappeared. It's not there. Next one, lead someone up the garden path. If you lead someone up the garden path, that means you deceive someone, lie to someone, trick someone or don't tell them the whole truth. An example could be they told us a hotel was right next to the beach, but it's actually 2 kilometers from the beach. They really led us up the garden path. They deceived us. They tricked us, and they didn't tell us the truth. Next one, make yourself at home. This is a phrase we can use when we have guests at home. So let's pretend I have a friend who is here at my condo right now, and I want him to relax. I want him to do whatever he wants to do. I can say make yourself at home. That means pretend like this home is your home to make yourself at home. This is a great phrase, and it's one that native speakers use a lot. Next one to go through the roof. If something goes through the roof, it increases a lot. For example, let's pretend petrol prices or gas prices are $1, and then the next day, they are $1.50. We can say prices have gone through the roof. They have increased a lot. Next one, a roof over your head. That means a place to live. So if you say, I have a roof over my head, that means you have a place to live, you have a place to stay. That could be a house, it could be a condo, it could be a hotel, it could be anywhere. It just means a place to stay. A common example was when people say that you should feel very lucky if you have a roof over your head. Next one, a skeleton in the closet. If you have a skeleton in the closet, do you think that you want most people to know? No, of course not. So if you have a skeleton in the closet, that means you have a secret that you don't want to tell anybody. You don't want anyone to know. An example could be everyone has skeletons in the closet. That means everyone has things that are secret and they don't want other people to know about. Next one to be on the house. This is a very important one. If something is on the house, it is free. If something is on the house, it is free. An example could be if you go to a restaurant and you order some pasta, the waiter might say, Would you like some garlic bread? It's on the house. So the garlic bread is free, you don't have to pay for it. Next one, home in on. Home in on. If you home in on something, that means you aim for something, and you try to move directly towards that thing or directly towards that person. An example could be the report homed in on why a lot of people don't have jobs at the moment. So that was the aim. It went straight towards that issue. Okay, they are all the idioms done. Now let's go down to the bottom and talk about to throw a housewarming party. If you throw a party, that means you have a party. You create a party, and you invite people to come to your party. Now, a housewarming party is when you've just moved in to a new place. So let's pretend yesterday I moved in. I started living at this place. I might have a housewarming party to celebrate the fact that now I'm living in a new place. This is a housewarming party. Next one, home comforts. Home comforts are the things which make life more comfortable. An example could be a washing machine, a TV, an air conditioner. These are things that make our lives more comfortable and more convenient. Okay, to downsize upsize. Downsize means to make less big. Upsize means to make bigger. So if you downsize a house, that means you move to a house which is smaller. An example could be, we want to downsize because the house we're living in right now is too large to downsize, move to a place that's smaller. Now upsize has the opposite meaning. It means to move to a place which is bigger. Let's pretend you're living with your other half, your significant other. You should know what that means from the family section of this course, but now the woman in the relationship is going to have a baby, you might need to have some more space. You can say we are looking to upsize because we are having a baby. That means you're looking to move into a house that's bigger. To pay rent in advance, to pay rent in advance means you pay your rent, you pay the money before you need to. Let's pretend you have to pay your rent on the 15th of every month. Now, today is the 12th, but you pay your rent today, you can say I have paid my rent in advance. That means you paid the rent before you needed to before it was due. Next one, to put down a deposit. If you put down a deposit, that means you pay part of the cost of something so that the seller doesn't sell it to another person. So let's pretend that you buy a house, and the house is $100,000. You might put down a deposit of $10,000. So this is part of the $100,000. It's not all of the money because you still need to pay 90,000 more, but we call this a deposit. You give this money to the seller, it's part of the full cost and the seller now won't sell it to anyone else. To get on the property ladder. You know what property is, and this thing here is a ladder. So if you get on the property ladder, that means you get your first property. Maybe you get your first house. Now, if you get on the property ladder, it normally means you want to start here and then buy another house and another house, and another house, you want to keep getting more property or getting property that's more expensive. That's why we say get on the property ladder, because it's like you're climbing, you're getting higher and higher. The value of your property is getting more and more and more. Okay, let's look at the last three phrases. The first one is to renovate, to renovate. If you renovate a building, it means that you change it or you repair it normally because it's old, and you normally renovate to make it better. So let's pretend you're living in a condo and it's very old on the inside. You might renovate it to make it look more new and more modern. Now, renovate is the verb, so we can say I renovated the condo. Renovation is the noun, so you can say I undertook a renovation. Next one, to add an extension. If you add something, you have more, right? An extension is when you make something longer or bigger. So if you add an extension, that normally means you make your property longer or wider. So maybe you add a room at the back of your house, you have added an extension to add an extension. An example could be a house is a bit too small now. I think it's time we add an extension. And last phrase, to do up a property. If you do up a property, you fix it, you repair it. You make changes to it to make it look better. It's similar to renovate. Let's pretend your house is quite old. You could do up the property. That means you repair it, you fix some things, you change some things, to make it look better, to make it look more modern and more new. An example sentence could be, I think we really need to do up this property. All right guys, that's the end of houses. I hope you enjoyed that. Make sure you download the word document, revise the vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. 48. Basic Law Vocabulary: All right, guys, welcome to this lesson on law. We've got a lot of vocabulary to talk about in this section, so let's not waste any more time and let's get right into it. Firstly, let's talk about what law actually is. Law is just like a rule. The government makes laws, makes rules, and says what we can and can't do. Now, legislation is a very formal word for law. An example could be the legislation says you can't do that. That means the law says you can't do that. Another word for legislation is act. Act is normally a set of laws. For example, the Property Act says you can't do that. That means the set of laws, the book of laws on property says you cannot do that. To commit a crime, commit a crime means you do something wrong. You do something which the law says you cannot do. For example, this man here, it looks like he's taking something that is not his, so he is committing a crime. He is doing a crime, he is doing something that is not allowed by law. To be in the wrong place at the wrong time, this is a phrase or sentence we use to describe when something unfortunate happens to you, but it's not your fault. You didn't do anything wrong. You were just in the wrong place at the wrong time. Let's pretend one day you're sitting at a coffee shop. Just having a coffee, doing nothing wrong. This man here comes up to you and tries to steal your phone or tries to take your phone. We can say you were in the wrong place at the wrong time. You didn't do anything wrong. It's not your fault. I just was very unlucky that you were in that place at that time when this man tried to take someone's phone. If you weren't at that coffee shop, then he probably would have tried to take someone else's phone. Let's talk about these words in red. The first word is suspect. Suspect. Now note the pronunciation, suspect. Suspect is a noun and it means the person who we think did the crime. We're not 100% sure, but we think they did the crime. An example sentence could be the police have one main suspect. That means they have one main person who they think did the crime. Next one, criminal. A criminal is someone who commits a crime, someone who does something that the law says you can't do. An example sentence could be, there are a lot of criminals in that part of town. Now, just going back to suspect, suspect is a noun, suspect is a verb. Listen again, suspect, suspect. Suspect is a verb and suspect means when we think someone did a crime, it's a verb. Suspect is the noun, suspect is the verb. The spelling is the same. However, the pronunciation and the stress is different. Suspect, noun, suspect, verb. Prisoner and inmate. A prisoner or an inmate is somebody who is in jail like this and we'll talk about the difference between jail, prison, and correctional facility in just one moment. Next one, offender. An offender is someone who has committed a crime. Again, this man here is definitely an offender because he has taken something that is not his. Assailant, assailant. An assailant is also someone who has committed a crime, but someone who has committed a violent crime. So maybe that person hit someone. He is an assailant. So when we use the word assailant, it's about violent crime. If someone steals something, they're not an assailant, but they are an offender and they are a criminal, but they're not an assailant. Next one, victim Victim, a victim is the person who receives the effects or the violence of crime. Let's pretend I'm sitting here, minding my own business, just having a coffee, having a drink, and someone comes to steal my phone. I am the victim because I've received the effects of a crime victim. An example sentence could be the victim is absolutely devastated. Next one, perpetrator. A perpetrator is someone who has done something very bad and someone who has committed a crime. An example could be the perpetrators must be punished for their crimes. Next line, the accused. The accused is the person or people who police think committed a crime. Now, the accused is much stronger than suspect. Suspect just means we think that person did the crime but if you're the accused, that means the police have evidence, they have reasons, they have something that makes them believe that you did the crime, and they have taken the next step in the legal process normally if you're the accused, you will be in court. But we'll talk about that a little bit later. An example sentence could be the accused was seen near the victim. Let's have a look at the next words. We've got attorney, lawyer and solicitor. These words have all the same meaning. They mean someone whose job is to understand the law and to help people if they have problems with the law, if they have legal problems. Now, attorney is mainly used in US English. Solicitor is mainly used in UK English or Australian English, and lawyer is used by both. So again, they all have the same meaning, but attorney is used in the US, Solicitor is used in the UK and lawyer is used in both. An example could be being an attorney is a wonderful occupation. Next one, Barrister. Brister is the next level up from attorney, lawyer or solicitor. A barrister is a lawyer who works in the very highest courts. Barristers normally always work in courts. They spend most of their time in court. Now, an example could be barristers are very highly paid. Last one, judge judge is what you can see right here. A judge is the person who sits in a court and makes legal decisions. An example sentence could be the judge made a very harsh decision. Now what you can see right now on the screen is a court. Judges work in courts. Now let's go down to these words here. A courtroom, that's the room in the court. The court is the whole thing, the whole building, a courtroom is one room in the court. Jury. Jury. Now, a jury is a group of people, normally 12 people whose job is to decide whether someone is guilty or innocent. That means their job is to decide whether someone committed a crime or whether someone did not commit a crime a jury. An example sentence could be the jury discussed the issue for many hours. Next one, prosecutor. Prosecutor. A prosecutor is the lawyer or the barrister in court who says that someone did commit a crime. Because in court, there are always two sides. One side says the person did commit the crime, and the other side says the person did not commit the crime. Prosecutor is the lawyer who says that the person did commit the crime and the defense is the opposite. The defense says the person did not commit the crime and they're not guilty. Now when we talk about prosecutors and the defense, this is related to criminal cases, criminal cases only. Criminal cases are things like assault. Murder if you kill someone and stealing. Criminal cases between the government and a person because the government says that you can't kill people. If you kill someone, then the government will take you to court. In this case, we will have a prosecutor and the defense. However, when there is a civil case, this is a case between two people, maybe John and Fred. John is not in the government and Fred is not in the government. This is a civil case. It's not about crime. It's not about if someone punched someone or if someone killed someone or if someone stole something from someone. It's about the problems that two or more people are having with each other. It's not about the government. Now in a civil case, we have a plaintiff and we have a defendant. In a criminal case, we have a prosecutor and we have the defense. One more time, a civil case, plaintiff and defendant, that's between two people. It's not about the government. Now a criminal case has a prosecutor and the defense. This is about the government versus an individual person, and it's about crimes, for example, assault, murder or stealing, for example. Let's look at these three phrases here to legalize, to prohibit, and to abolish. To legalize something means when the government changes a law so that you can do something. Let's pretend in the past, the government said, you cannot smoke marijuana, you cannot smoke. But if the government legalizes something, that means they change the law so that you can do it. You are free to do it. Now, the important thing to remember here is to legalize something means that the government has changed the law. An example sentence could be the government has decided to legalize smoking marijuana. Now note here after legalize, you need something, you need a noun or you need a gerent. Next one, to prohibit something. If the government or somebody prohibits something, it means they say you can't do it. Maybe they make a law which says you can't do it, maybe they don't don't know. Normally, if you're talking about the government and if the government prohibits something, normally they will make a law on something, but the word prohibit can be used by individuals or people as well. An example could be the parents prohibited their children from staying up late. That means they said, no, you can't do it. They won't allow. To abolish a law. If you abolish a law, that means you remove that law. You delete that law, that law is not there anymore and it doesn't have any effect. An example could be the government abolished the law after the people became very angry. Okay, next two words, legal and illegal. Legal means you can do something. The law doesn't say you can't do it. Illegal means you cannot do something. The law says you cannot do it. An example could be it's legal to smoke cigarettes. An example for illegal could be it's illegal to smoke marijuana. Legal, you can do it, illegal, you can't do it. Okay, let's quickly talk about civil and criminal again. Civil is between two people and it's not about crime. For example, it's not about assault, it's not about murder, it's not about stealing. Criminal cases are between the government and people. Again, this is about crime. This is about assault, murder, killing, stealing. That is the difference between civil and criminal. The crime rate. The crime rate means how much crime is committed. An example could be the crime rate in the city is extremely low. Let's look up here at this one to legislate. To legislate means the government makes a law on something. An example could be the government is going to legislate on the issue. That means they're going to make law about that issue to legislate. This word comes from legislation, which we talked about before, which is a very formal word for law. Okay, the Constitution. The Constitution is the highest law in a country, and it normally talks about how the country should work. So what should the country do in this situation? What should the country do if there's a problem? What should the country do if this happens? The Constitution also talks about things people can do and things people can't do. An example that you often hear is freedom of speech. That means in a lot of constitutions, the Constitution will say that people can give their opinion. They are entitled to share their opinion. This is in the Constitution, which is the highest and most important law for a country. Okay, to be sent to or to be put into jail, prison, or a correctional facility. Jail, jail is a place where criminals are held short term. So let's pretend that the police see this person here and they take him away. They arrest him. That man will be sent to jail. A jail is where the police keep people before they go to court criminals normally stay in jail for a short time. However, prison is the place where criminals stay for a long time. Let's pretend this man he is taken to court and the judge says, you have to go to prison for five years. He will go to prison and the criminal will stay there for a long time. A correctional facility is the same as prison. It's a formal word and more polite way to say prison, a correctional facility. If you're sent to prison or you're put in prison, that means exactly what it says. Just remember jail, short time, prison, long time. To be incarcerated, this is a very formal way to say, to be sent to prison, to be put into prison when a criminal is put into prison. To be imprisoned, say, meaning to be put away is a more informal way to say to be sent to prison. An example, sentence could be the man was incarcerated for five years. The man was imprisoned for ten years, the woman was put away for her crimes. So remember, if someone is put away, that means they are sent to prison, like this man here. Well, I think he's a man. He doesn't have any eyes or a mouth or a nose. Okay, let's look at these ones to abide by the law. If you abide by the law, that means you follow the law and you don't do anything wrong. An example could be, most people in the world abide by the law. That means they do the right thing. They don't do anything wrong, and they don't commit any crimes. To follow the law has the same meaning. It means you do what the law says. So if the law says you can't do something, that means you don't do it. Another example could be the vast majority of citizens follow the law. Next one, to comply with something. If you comply with something, you do what it says. An example could be if the government says you cannot drive faster than 100 kilometers/hour, and you follow what the government says, you do not drive faster than 100 kilometers an hour, you are complying with the law. You do what someone says or you do what someone requests. Next one, to be in custody. If someone is in custody, that means the police have control over that person. If you're in custody, you're normally going to be in a jail. Again, let's pretend the police see this person, they arrest him, they take him away. We can say the criminal. Or the suspect is in custody. That means the police have control over him and he's in jail. He can't go anywhere, he has lost his freedom. To be found guilty or to be found innocent. Guilty means you have committed the crime, you did the wrong thing. Innocent means you did not commit the crime and you did not do anything wrong. Now, if you are found guilty, that means the judge or the jury says you're guilty. If you're found innocent, that means the judge or the jury says you are innocent. An example could be the jury found the man innocent after 10 hours of discussions. That means the jury said the man did the crime, he committed the crime, guilty and innocent. Next one, to take something to court. If you take something to court, that means you start a civil or criminal case. Normally, it will be a civil case. Let's pretend I have a problem with someone. Maybe I sign a contract with someone and I do what I'm supposed to, but the other person does not do what he's supposed to I can say, Okay, no problem. I'm going to take this to court. That means I'm going to start the process, the legal process in court because I think that person has done the wrong thing and I want the court to help me. I want the judge to help me, I want the legal system to help me. Okay, last one, guys, to go to or to have a trial. If you go to trial, that means you start the legal process in court. If you have a trial, that means you start the legal process in court. An example could be the police have enough evidence, so the matter or the issue is going to go to trial. Or you could say something like the police have enough evidence, so we are going to have a trial. Okay, guys, that's the end of law, part one. I hope you enjoyed that. I know that was a lot of vocabulary. I will see you in the next part, which is Part two. 49. Law Common Crimes and Verb Phrases: Alright, this is law part two. We got a lot of vocab to talk about, so let's get into it. First phrase, to be accused of. Remember, in the last part, we talked about the accused. The accused is the person who police say did the crime. So if you're accused of, that means the police say that you committed a crime, and they have evidence, they have reasons to believe that you did the crime. An example could be the man has been accused of murder. Next one, to be charged with if someone is charged with something, that means the police officially say that that person committed a crime, and they normally have evidence and reasons to believe that. An example could be Fred and his brother have been charged with Arson. Now, we'll talk about what Arson means in just a moment. Okay, next phrase, to be convicted of something. If you're convicted of something, that means the jury or the judge has said you are guilty, and yes, you committed a crime. An example could be, Fred has been convicted of burglary. That means the jury or the judge said that, yes, Fred committed burglary to be convicted of. Next one, to be sentenced. If you're sentenced to something, that means that is your punishment, and a punishment is something that happens to you to show that what you did is wrong. An example could be, let's pretend a man hit a woman, and the court convicted the man of assault and the man is sentenced to one year in prison. One year in prison is the man's punishment. An example could be the judge sentenced the offender to five years in prison. And last one, guys, to be acquitted. If you are acquitted of something, that means the court or the jury says that you did not commit the crime. They say you are innocent, they say you are not guilty. So these are the stages. First, the police will accuse you of something. They will say, Okay, we think you did this. Secondly, they will charge you. That means they will find evidence, and if they have enough evidence, they will charge you. That means when they officially say, we think he did this crime. The next step is you go to court and the judge or jury will make a decision. If the judge or the jury thinks you are guilty, then you will be convicted of that crime. That means you will be found guilty. The next one is you get a punishment, so you'll be sentenced to imprisonment or something else. That's the final stage if you're guilty. Now, if you're not guilty, you'll be acquitted. That means when the court or the jury says, Okay, we've heard the evidence, we've listened to everything, but we think the person is not guilty. Okay, let's have a look down here at the words in the green to hold up a place. Let's pretend I said Fred held up the post office. What do you think that means? Held up? If someone holds up a place, that means they go to a place and they demand money or something else, and they normally threaten violence. The person might say something like, give me the money. If you don't, I will hit you. I will shoot you. Oh. Whatever. They use violence because they want something. This is to hold up a place. Now, if you hold up a place at gunpoint, that means the person has a gun. If someone holds up a place at knife point, that means they have a knife. An example could be the criminal held up the petrol station at gunpoint. That means the criminal had a gun and he wanted money or something else, and he threatened violence. Another example could be she held up the liquor store at knife point. That means she had a knife and she wanted money or something else, and she made threats of violence to get that thing. Let's move down here to the next one to impose a heavy fine or punishment. To impose means to give heavy means strong. A fine is when someone has to pay money because they did something wrong. Let's pretend I was driving my car and I was driving too fast. And the police saw this. They might impose a fine. That means I have to pay money to the government because I did something wrong. Now, if we say a heavy fine, that means it's a strong fine or a big fine. So it's a lot of money. Punishment means we've already talked about this. Punishment is something you have to do because you did something wrong. So maybe the court imposed a heavy punishment. The court imposed a strong punishment. An example could be ten years in prison. This is a very strong punishment, and most people don't want to go to prison for ten years. Next one to pass a law. If the government passes a law, that means a law is approved by the government. So the government does all the processes it needs to do to have that law become real law and to have that law in force so that all of the people in that country have to follow that law. An example could be the government has just recently passed a law on domestic violence. That means they recently put a new law into effect. Next one to solve a crime. If someone solves a crime, it means they find out who did the crime. An example could be the police recently solved a crime which had been unsolved for decades. Okay, let's move over here and talk about some common crimes. Now, these words here, which are not in brackets, are the crime. The words which are in brackets are what we call the people or person who committed that crime. Let me give you an example. Arson is a crime. Arson is the crime of intentionally burning something when someone intentionally sets fire to something. An example could be arson is a very serious crime. Now, a person who commits arson is an arsonist. So an example could be a lot of arsonists are very young children. Next one, assault or battery. We normally use assault in UK English and battery in English. Assault or battery means when you touch someone or you hit someone without their permission. For example, two people who are boxing, this is not assault because they have permission to hit each other. However, if someone hits another person on the street, this is assault. Next one, breaking and entering. Breaking and entering refers to when you force yourself into someone's home, normally because you want to take something. So maybe you break a window and you go into someone's home and you steal their phone. This is breaking and entering. Next one, burglary. This is very similar to breaking and entering. Burglary means when you go into a place that you don't have permission to be in and you take something. Let's pretend someone goes into someone's house and they don't know that person, and then they steal something. This is burglary. Burglary is the crime, burglar is the person. An example could be burglars are very common in this area. Next one, driving under the influence or DUI, for short. If somebody is charged with driving under the influence, that means they are driving and they are under the effect of drugs or alcohol. So maybe someone's driving and they are drunk. They have had too much alcohol. This is driving under the influence. Drug possession, this is very, very simple. It means when you have drugs that you're not allowed to have. So maybe someone has a lot of cocaine and it's illegal in that country, they would be charged with drug possession. Next one drug trafficking, drug trafficking. Drug trafficking is about selling, buying, importing and exporting drugs illegally. So, again, if you live in a country where cocaine is illegal and you import cocaine, you export cocaine, this is drug trafficking. Now, a person who does drug trafficking is called a trafficker, a drug trafficker. Next one, extortion, extortion. Extortion is when you get money from someone because you say that you will hurt them. So let's pretend someone says, You must give me $500. If you don't, I will hurt you. This is extortion. And the person who commits extortion is an extortionist. Fraud fraud means when you act dishonestly, you don't tell the truth, and you do that because you want to get something from someone. Or in other words, it's when you do something that is illegal for the purposes of getting money. Now, a person who commits fraud is a fraudster. Graffiti. Now, graffiti means the illegal act of drawing or writing on public places. So what you can see on the screen right now is graffiti. Next one, mugging, mugging. Mugging is an attack normally in a public place where money or something is stolen from someone. So let's pretend someone attacks someone in a public place and steals money from that person, that is a mugging. Now, the person who commits a mugging is a mugger. Next one, murder. Homicide. Homicide is normally used in America. Murder is normally used in the UK and in Australia. Murder means when someone kills another person. Murderer is the person who commits murder. Rape ape means when someone has sex with another person, and that person doesn't want to have sex. So it means when you have sex with someone without that person's permission. Now, someone who commits rape is a rapist. Shoplifting shoplifting means when you steal something from a shop. So let's pretend someone goes into a shop, takes a chocolate bar, and runs out of the shop without paying, this is shoplifting. Someone who commits shoplifting is a shoplifter. An example sentence could be shoplifting is a very common crime among young people. Next one, theft. Theft means taking something from someone that's not yours. So if someone takes my mobile phone, that is theft. They're stealing something, they're taking something that's not theirs, and someone who commits theft is a thief. Last one is vandalism. Vandalism means when you intentionally damage something, you damage something on purpose, not by accident. So let's pretend someone goes to another person's house and smashes their car, smashes the windows, puts a lot of dents in the car. This is vandalism. Now, a person who commits vandalism is a vandal. An example sentence could be vandalism is a crime that many young people get involved with. Okay, they are all the common crimes. Please note you can use these three phrases to be accused of, to be charged with, to be convicted of with any of these crimes. For example, he is accused of driving under the influence. He is charged with fraud. He was convicted of murder. So you can use the top three phrases, one, two, three, with any of these crimes. Remember to use the correct preposition of with and of. Okay, let's move up here. We've almost finished Law Part two. This is a sentence you might hear when it comes to law. There were extenuating or mitigating circumstances. If there were extenuating or mitigating circumstances, that means something very unusual or something very unique happened in a situation which makes a crime less bad. So an example sentence could be there were extenuating circumstances in this case. That means there was something very unique, very different about this case, which made the crime less serious. Next one to come forward. If you come forward, that means you give information about a crime normally to police. So an example could be two witnesses have come forward with information about the crime. Next one, to tip somebody off, to tip somebody off. If you tip somebody off, that means you warn someone about something so that that person can take action. An example could be the robber was caught because Fred tipped the police off. That means Fred told the police and the police were able to take action and catch the criminal to tip somebody off. Next one, to turn somebody over. If you turn somebody over, it means you give that person to the police normally because they committed a crime. An example could be Fred turned John over to the police. That means Fred gave John to the police because John committed a crime. He did something wrong. And last one to rat or to snitch on somebody. If you rat on someone, that means you tell somebody else what that person has done. An example could be, let's pretend you have a friend. His name is Fred. You know Fred committed Arson. If you tell the police that Fred committed arson, you have ratted on Fred. You have told the police what happened. An example could be he refused to rat on the other suspects. That means he said, no, I'm not giving you any information about the other suspects. All right, guys, that's the end of Law, part two. I hope you enjoyed that. I'll see you in the next part, which is Part three. 50. More Law Vocab: All right, Law Part three, here we go. Somebody was arrested and charged with crime. Now, we've already talked about charged with, what does charged with mean? It means when the police officially say that someone committed a crime. Now, if somebody is arrested, it means what is happening right here. If you're arrested by the police, the police take you away, and they normally put you in handcuffs. These things right here, are called handcuffs. If someone's arrested, they're normally put in handcuffs. Again, if you're arrested, that means the police take you away normally to the police station, and they normally put you in jail. Next one, prime suspect. If somebody is a prime suspect, it means they are the main suspect. What does a suspect mean? Correct. Well done. It's the person who the police think committed a crime. Next one, accomplice accomplice. An accomplice is a person who helped someone else commit a crime. An example could be, there's one prime suspect and two main accomplices. So the suspect is the person who the police think committed a crime, and an accomplice is somebody who helps someone commit a crime, someone who helps a criminal. Next one to present evidence. This normally happens in a court. If somebody presents evidence, they show something which proves or makes it look like that someone committed a crime. An example could be the police presented evidence in the form of a video. The video will show that somebody probably committed a crime. Now, some evidence is admissible and some evidence is in admissible. If evidence is admissible, that means the court will look at it, or the jury will look at it. However, if evidence is inadmissible, that means the court cannot look at it. The jury cannot look at it. Nobody can look at it. So there's two types of evidence admissible, you can present it to the court. Inadmissible, you cannot present it to the court. Next one, a bulletproof alibi. Bulletproof alibi. Now, an alibi is proof that someone was not in a certain place. So that means they cannot have committed that crime. So let's pretend a crime happened in London. But the person who is the prime suspect has an alibi, which proves that they were in New York. This means they have proof that they were in New York and they weren't in London. So that means they can't have committed that crime. It is impossible. Now, a bulletproof alibi means a very strong alibi. So you don't have to use the word bulletproof with this word. You can just say the suspect has an alibi. But if you want to make it much stronger, you can say the suspect has a bulletproof alibi. Next one, to corroborate somebody's alibi. Now, if you corroborate someone's alibi, you say that yes, this alibi is true. It is correct. Let's pretend your friend said he was in New York and you know he was in New York because you saw him and the police asked you, was he in New York, and you say, yes, that means you are corroborating your friend's alibi. You are saying his alibi is true, it is correct. He was definitely in New York. Okay, let's move down here. A custodial sentence. A custodial sentence is a punishment which involves going to prison or a correctional facility. A non custodial sentence is a punishment which does not involve going to prison. So that's the difference. Custodial sentence when the offender goes to prison, a non custodial sentence is when the offender does not go to prison. Next one to be under oath. If you are under oath, you have promised you have sworn to tell the truth. Now, this often happens in court. You have to swear or promise to tell the truth. And if you swear to tell the truth, if you promise to tell the truth, that means you are the verb to be under oath. Very important under oath. Next one, to bribe someone. If you bribe someone, that means you give that person money because you are trying to make that person do something for you. So let's pretend you are driving your car and you're driving too fast. The police stop you, they pull you over, and they try to give you a very heavy fine or a very heavy punishment. Maybe you say, Okay, just let me go and I'll give you $500. That means you are trying to bribe them. You are giving someone money because you want that person to do something for you. Next one petty crime petty crime. Petty crime means crime that is not serious. An example of petty crime could be shoplifting. If you take something from a shop, if someone takes a chocolate bar from a shop, it's not a very big issue. It's not a very big deal. Yes, it's illegal, yes, it's wrong, and people shouldn't do it, but it's a very small crime. It's very insignificant. This is petty crime. Next one, white collar crime. White collar crime is crime that is about making money and crime that is not about violence. An example sentence could be a lot of top level executives are involved in white collar crime. That means they're doing something that's illegal, they're committing a crime because they want to try and make more money, normally a large amount of money. However, remember, white collar crime is not about violence. It's about making money. Next one organized crime organized crime. Organized crime is crime that is performed by powerful individuals, normally on a big scale and normally to get a lot of money. Now, organized crime could be about money or it could be about violence or drugs. It can be anything. An example could be organized crime is a type of crime that most people don't really consider. That means crime that's organized in very big, big scales is not something that most people normally think about. Okay, let's move over here to put someone in handcuffs. We've already talked about that. It means when the police, normally the police put handcuffs on someone, so they cannot move their hands because they're under arrest because they've done something wrong. Let's talk about these words on the yellow to appeal, to appeal. Now, we normally use this verb with courts. If you appeal a decision from the court, that means the court has already made a decision, but you're not happy with it and you want the court to make another decision. You want them to look at their previous decision to see if it was correct because you don't agree with it. This is appeal. An example sentence could be the offender appealed the decision. That means he said, I'm not happy with it. I want the court to look at it again. Next one to re try to re try. Re means again. To retry means when a court listens to a case again, maybe something happened during the case and it made the decision not valid, the court has to retry the case. An example could be he is going to be retried for murder. That means the case is going to be heard again, the court is going to do the case again. And last one on the yellow to dismiss, to dismiss. If a court dismisses a case, that means the court ends the case. Let's pretend someone is accused of murder. But if the court dismisses the case, that means they finish the trial, they finish the case, it is over. It is complete, it is done to dismiss. Okay, let's move up here to sentence. We've already talked about this one a little bit. If a judge sentences someone to something, that means the judge gives that person a punishment because that person has done something wrong. Now, to be sentenced means you receive a sentence. So let's pretend I committed a crime. I go to court, and the judge says, Shane, you have to go to jail for one year. I could say I was sentenced to imprisonment for one year. So two sentence is when the judge gives a punishment to be sentenced, is when someone receives a punishment. Okay, next one, the X pleads guilty or not guilty. Now, X could refer to the offender, the accused, the assailant. There are many different words we could use here. Now, if somebody pleads, let's say they plead guilty, that means they say, Okay, I'm guilty. I admit it, I committed the crime. Now, if someone pleads not guilty, that means they say, no, I didn't commit the crime. I wasn't me, I did not do it. An example could be the offender pleads guilty to murder. That means the offender says, Okay, yes, I did it, I committed the crime. Okay, to be questions. If you are questioned, that means normally the police ask you questions. So let's pretend you saw a crime. You may be questioned. That means the police take you into a room, and they ask you a lot of questions. And I just noticed that I've spelled questioned wrong, so let me fix it. Okay, that's better. Now, to be interrogated has the same meaning. It means when someone asks you questions. However, interrogated is stronger. So if you're interrogated, it normally means you're asked questions for a long, long time. And normally you're asked a lot of questions. An example could be the prime suspect is being interrogated. So remember, if we say to be questioned, that means someone is receiving that action. So if I say I was questioned, that means the police asked me questions. If I say I was interrogated, that means the police Well, normally the police asked me lots of questions. Okay, next one, to have sufficient evidence to bring something to trial. Sufficient means enough. Very good. Evidence means proof or something that shows that someone did something. If we have sufficient evidence to bring something to trial, that means we have enough things which show that a person committed a crime, so we can start the legal process. We can take that issue, take that case to the court. An example could be the police have sufficient evidence to bring this case to trial because they've been working on it for several months. Okay, let's move up here to capital punishment, capital punishment. Capital punishment refers to death as a punishment for a serious crime. So in some countries, if people commit certain crimes, they may receive capital punishment. That means they may be killed. The government may kill the criminal if that criminal has committed a very serious crime. The death penalty has the same meaning. It means when the government may kill someone because someone committed a very, very, very serious crime, for example, murder, rape, or even drug trafficking. So capital punishment means death as a punishment, and the death penalty, same again, means death as a punishment. To plant evidence on someone. If you plant evidence on someone, that means you put evidence on that person, normally to make it look like they committed a crime. Now, if you plant evidence on someone, that person doesn't know that you put evidence on that person. An example could be the police planted marijuana on that man. So maybe the police put some marijuana in the person's pocket, and this made it look like the man was guilty of drug possession to plant evidence on someone. Next one, to set somebody up. If you set somebody up, it means you trick that person to make it look like they are guilty when they are not guilty at all. An example could be the police set the man up. That means the police did something that made it look like the man was guilty, but he actually was not guilty to set someone up. Okay, and the last phrase for today is to frame somebody. If you frame somebody, that means you make it look like someone committed a crime by providing false information by lying. So it's very similar to setup. So an example could be, I don't think he did it because it looks like John is trying to frame the suspect. So that means it doesn't look like he's done it because it looks like John is trying to lie to make it look like the suspect committed the crime to frame somebody. Another example could be he claimed he'd been framed by the police. Alright, guys, that's the end of Law Part three. Again, I hope you enjoyed that one, and I'll see you in the next part, which is the last part, Part four. 51. Law Idioms and Extra Vocab: All right, this is the last part, Law Part four. In this part, we're going to talk about some idioms and a few more pieces of vocab. So let's get into it. The first one to show no remorse. If a criminal, if an offender, if an assailant shows no remorse, that means they don't feel sorry for what they did. So if they committed a crime and they show no remorse, that means they do not feel bad for what they did. They do not feel bad for what happened. An example could be the suspect has shown no remorse for his crimes. Okay, let's move up here to take a DNA sample. If somebody takes a DNA sample, that means they take any part of the human body. It could be a piece of hair, it could be saliva from your mouth, which someone can use to run a genetic test. This is a DNA sample. An example could be police are currently taking DNA samples from all of the suspects. Next one to take a fingerprint. This here is a fingerprint. Everyone has different fingerprints. So for example, if the police take a fingerprint, that means the police get a copy of your fingerprint, which is this right here. An example could be to enter the country, you need to have your fingerprints taken. Okay, let's move over here, law enforcement. Law enforcement refers to police and or other agencies or institutions that try to manage public safety. These are all the institutions, all the agencies which try to manage public safety. An example could be law enforcement costs the government billions of dollars every year. Next one, the jury was unable to reach a verdict. You know what a jury is? We've already talked about that. So the jury was unable to reach a verdict means the jury could not make a decision. The jury's job is to decide if someone is guilty or not guilty, but if they're unable to reach a verdict, that means they could not decide if the person was guilty or not guilty. They could not make a decision. An example could be after 3 hours of discussions, the jury was unable to reach a verdict. Next one, a hung jury a hung jury. A hung jury means a jury that cannot make a decision that every other jury member agrees with. Again, an example could be after hours of deliberation, there was a hung jury. That means the jury could not decide because everyone could not agree on whether the person was guilty or not guilty. Next one to riot, to riot. If people riot, that means they show angry, aggressive, and violent behavior, normally in a big or large group. An example could be right now there are thousands of people rioting on the streets. That means there are thousands of people who are displaying angry, aggressive, and maybe even violent behavior, normally because they're not happy about something. Next one to protest against something, to protest against something. Note the pronunciation to protest to protest against something. This means when people show that they disagree with something, normally by walking around on the street, shouting and holding big signs. So, for example, if people protest against something, that means they're not happy about something and they want to show everyone else they're not happy. So let's pretend a criminal is sentenced to jail, and everyone thinks he's innocent. Maybe people will protest against the sentence. That means they'll go out on the street to show everyone that they disagree with what happened. And normally, they'll have big signs. Normally, they'll be shouting, screaming and getting quite loud. An example could be they're peacefully protesting against the war. Next one, justice justice. Justice means the system of laws that attempt to punish someone if someone does something wrong. An example could be the victim demands justice. That means he wants the system to punish the offender, to punish the person who did something wrong. Next one, impartial. This is an adjective, which means not being biased. It means treating everyone or everything equally, not liking something more than something else and not preferring one thing over another thing. If you're impartial, that means you treat everything equally. You do not have a preference. An example could be an important part of the legal system is to have impartial judges. And last one, guys, is crime scene. A crime scene is where a crime took place. An example could be the police are currently at the crime scene looking for evidence. Okay, let's move on to the idioms now to throw the book at someone. I think we've talked about this before, but if we haven't, to throw the book at someone means to give someone the biggest punishment that is possible. An example could be the criminal committed a terrible crime, and the judge should throw the book at the criminal. Next one to be judge jury and executioner. This means when one person has complete power and when one person makes all of the decisions, an example could be, no person should be judge jury, and executioner. That means no person should have that much power that they can make all of the decisions. Next one, a slap on the wrist. This is talking about punishments. So a slap on the wrist is like this. If someone gets a slap on the wrist, do you think that's a big punishment or a small punishment? Correct. It's a small punishment. This is exactly what this idiom means. It means a small punishment when there probably should have been a larger punishment. An example could be he received a slap on the wrist for his involvement in the crime. He received a very small punishment, but he should have received a bigger punishment. Next one to be a law unto themselves. This means when someone acts in a way where they don't follow the rules and they think that the rules or the law do not apply to them. An example could be many high level politicians think they are a law unto themselves. That means they think that they don't have to follow the rules, they don't have to follow the law. Next one, to be above the law. This is very similar to this one here. To be above the law means someone who thinks that they don't have to follow or obey the law. An example could be many high level executives think they are above the law. This means they think that they don't have to follow the law. They think that they don't have to obey the law, and they think that they can do anything they want. Next one, to go by the book. If you go by the book, that means you follow the rules. An example could be some police officers don't exactly go by the book. That means they don't follow the rules, they don't follow the law. Next one, to be caught red handed. If you are caught red handed, that means somebody saw you committing a crime. An example could be the burglar was caught red handed. That means somebody saw him doing the crime. Next one, to cover your tracks. If somebody covers their tracks, that means they try to hide what they have done. They try to hide their activities, so nobody else knows what they're doing or what they have done. An example could be after he transferred the money, he deleted the records to cover his tracks. That means he deleted the records, so nobody else would know what he had done. Next one, to face the music. To face the music means you need to face the consequences or the effects of your actions. So let's pretend somebody committed a crime. We could say to him, it's time to face the music. That means you need to face the consequences. You need to face the effects of your actions. Next one, an I for an I, an I for an I. This is an idiom which talks about the idea that if someone does something wrong, they should receive what they did as a punishment. That means punishment should be the same as the crime. A very common example is if somebody commits murder, some people believe that that person, the murderer, should be killed. They should receive the death penalty. This is an eye for an I because the crime was murder, somebody died. So that means the punishment should also be murder or death as well. Someone should have to die. That means the crime and the punishment are equal. They are the same. This is an I for an I. And last one, guys, justice is blind. This is an idiom which tries to say that the legal system does not care about who you are, where you come from, what you look like. It treats everybody the same. If this is true, that's up to you to decide, but this is what the idiom is trying to say that the legal system is equal, and it treats everyone the same. Now, I forgot to give you an example for this one. An example could be, do you believe in an I for an I? Oh, and also with justice is blind, it also refers to that the legal system makes judges on facts. Doesn't make decisions on opinions. It only makes decisions on facts, things that are true. It's not interested in opinions. An example could be, it doesn't matter who you know, ice is blind and will punish you if you do the wrong thing. All right guys, that is the end of the section on law. I hope you enjoyed that. I know that was a ton of vocabulary, make sure you download the Word document, revise the vocab, use the vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next section. 52. Basic Money Vocab: Alright, let's talk about money. Everyone loves money, so it's important, you know, some vocab and some idioms to talk about money. Let's get into it. Let's start up here with these two words wealth and wealthy. Wealth is a noun, wealthy is an adjective. Wealth means a large amount of money or possessions. An example could be over her 20 year career, she has accrued a large amount of wealth. That means she's got a lot of money or she's got a lot of possessions which are worth a lot of money. Now, wealthy, on the other hand, is an adjective. Like I said, wealthy just means rich. An example could be the man over there in the suit looks very wealthy. That means we think he's very rich. Okay, income. Income. Income is the money that you get from working a job or from doing something like investing. An example could be, most people complain that their monthly income is not high enough. That means the money that they get from work is probably not high enough. Next one, earnings. Earnings means the amount of money that you get from working. An example could be the average earnings for a cleaner is $500 per week. That means the average amount of money that they get from their work is $500 a week. Spendthrift and penny pincher. These words are the total opposites. A spendthrift is someone who likes to spend a lot of money. A penny pincher is someone who doesn't like to spend a lot of money. A penny pincher is someone who likes to save a lot of money. An example could be my mother is a real spendthrift while my father is a penny pincher. So my mom she likes to spend a lot of money, and my dad he likes to save his money, spendthrift and penny pincher. Now, these three words coin, dough and Dosh, they all mean the same thing. They just mean money. They are slang words for money. An example could be he's got a lot of coin. That means he's got a lot of money. He's got a lot of dough. He's got a lot of money. He's got a lot of Dosh. He's got a lot of money. Coin, dough and Dosh. Alright, let's move down to these four phrases right here. The first two have the same meaning. They just mean to get to obtain or to receive money. So let's pretend that you go to work, and every week you are paid $1,000. You are making money from your job. Why? Because you're getting money, you're receiving money, you're obtaining money. Then, like I said, earn and make mean the same thing. You can use either one. You can say I go to work to earn money, or you can say I go to work to make money. Both have the same meaning. They just mean to get money. Next one, to earn a fortune. A fortune is a large amount of money. So if you earn a fortune, that means you make a lot of money. An example could be doctors who are surgeons earn a fortune. That means they make a lot of money, a lot more than the average person. To donate money. If you donate money, you give money to someone or something, normally to help that person or that thing. So an example could be every birthday, I like to donate money to five different charities to donate money. Okay, let's move over here. Cash. Cash refers to these things here, which are called notes or these things here, which are called coins. Coins do not talk about debit cards and credit cards. Now, notes, like I just said, are these things here. They're normally a piece of paper or a piece of plastic money, like you can see here. So just remember cash refers to notes and coins, not debit cards and credit cards, and notes only refers to these things here. Financially dependent. If you are financially dependent on someone or something, that means you need that person to help you with money. So a perfect example is children. Children are financially dependent on note the preposition, they're financially dependent on their parents. Why? Because their parents buy things for them. They help them with money. Now, on the opposite side, financially independent means that you don't need anyone's help when it comes to money. So most people who are adults and have a job and work, they are financial independent. That means they don't need any help from anyone when it comes to money. They don't need their parents to help them. They don't need their friends to help them. They don't need their girlfriend or their boyfriend to help them. Now, when we use financially independent, we use it with the verb to B. So, for example, I am financially independent. When we use the phrase financially dependent. We use it with to be. And if we want to talk about something after, we use the preposition on. So the children are financially dependent on their parents. Okay, let's move up here and talk about cost of living. You might have heard this phrase. Cost of living means the money that you need to use or the money that you need to spend. To live. So that includes things like rent, water, electricity, and food. An example could be the cost of living in many cities is currently rising. Now, when we use the phrase cost of living, we normally use it with the article, the cost of living is rising. The cost of living is falling. Okay, now let's look at some different ways to say cheap and expensive. Dirt cheap, dead cheap, cheap as chips. These phrases here mean something that is very, very cheap, which does not cost a lot of money. So let's pretend you buy ten t shirts for $5. You can say the T shirts were dirt cheap. The T shirts were dead, cheap. The T shirts were cheap as chips. Now, the phrase cheap as chips is an idiom, and these two phrases here simply act as adjectives, so we use them with the verb to B. The shirts were dead cheap. The fruit was dead cheap. The items were dirt cheap. Now let's move down to the bottom one. A bargain. A bargain means a product that you buy that is much lower than the normal price. So let's pretend that T shirts are normally $20. However, you purchase a T shirt for $10. You can say it was a bargain because it's much less than the normal price, a bargain. Now, a bargain is a noun, and we can also use bargain as a verb. An example could be whenever he goes to the markets, he likes to bargain. This means he likes to try to get the price to come down. So just remember, a bargain is a noun, and it means when you get a product for much lower than its original price, you can also use bargain as a verb, and it means when you talk to the seller, you negotiate with the seller to try and get the price lower. Okay, expensive, pricey, dear, costly. All these words are adjectives, and they mean the same thing. They mean expensive. An example could be an iPhone is very pricey. That means an iPhone is very expensive. An iPhone is very costly. Same again, very expensive, pretty simple. To cost a fortune. Remember we talked about a fortune up here. A fortune means a lot of money. So if something costs a fortune, it means it's very expensive. An example could be houses in this area cost a fortune. That means houses in this area are very, very, very expensive. Next one, an exorbitant price. Eorbitant means much, much, much, much, much, much, much higher than it should be. Exorbitant is often used to talk about prices and even salaries sometimes. An example could be professional athletes receive exorbitant salaries because they receive so much money and most people would think that it's too much, it's more than is necessary, a lot more than is necessary. To cost an arm and a leg, this is an idiom. So if you have to pay your arm and your leg, do you think that's expensive? Yes, of course, it is. So to cost an arm and a leg just means very expensive. An example could be the latest iPhone costs an arm and a leg. That means it's very expensive. Okay, let's move over here to these words in the circle. Frugal, frugal means careful with your money. So if you're frugal, that means you try to save money when you can. An example of being frugal could be when people try to buy things that are on special when the prices are discounted. So let's pretend a can of tomatoes is normally $2. But you wait until the can of tomatoes is put on special at $1.80. We can say you are being frugal. You are trying to save every little bit of money that you can. Now frugal is normally considered a positive thing. It's not a bad thing. However, if you're a penny pincher, this is normally considered a negative thing. But being frugal is good. It means you spend money, but when you spend money, you try to get the best value. You try to save any money that you can. An example could be many older people are very frugal. Next one, thrifty. Thrifty. Now, thrifty has the same meaning as frugal. It means using your money and your resources very carefully. An example could be many people are not very thrifty and they love to waste money. Next one, wasteful. If you're wasteful, that means you're not careful with your money and you're not careful with your resources. So it's the opposite to thrifty and frugal. An example could be many young people are very wasteful because they don't understand the importance of money. Okay, let's move over here to these phrases to make ends meet. If you make ends meet, that means you make enough money to survive and you make enough money to pay your bills. An example could be, most people earn just enough money to make ends meet. That means they get enough money to be able to pay their bills but only just. Next one, to fall back on something or to fall back on somebody. If you fall back on something or somebody, that means you have something or somebody to help you if you have a problem. Let's pretend you have $10,000 in your savings account and you lose your job. So you're not getting any money coming in anymore. We can say something like, while I'm looking for a new job, I'm going to fall back on my savings account because you're going to use that $10,000 to help you. This is what it means when you fall back on something. You use something to help you. To put money aside, if you put money aside, that means you put money into savings. You save money. And it means you normally intend to use that money at a later time. An example could be she's currently putting money aside for a vacation. That means she's saving some money, and later, she's going to use that money so she can go on vacation. Okay, let's move over here to the phrases on the green to be a bargain hunter. We've already talked about bargain. What does it mean? It means when you get a product for much lower than its original price. So if you're a bargain hunter, it means you look for bargains. You look for products, you look for things that are much lower than their original or their normal price. To splash out on something, if you splash out on something, you spend a lot of money on something, which you probably don't need. An example could be they splashed out $5,000 on a new Jacuzzi. It means they spent a lot of money on a jacuzzi when they probably didn't need that thing. Next one to save for a rainy day. If you save for a rainy day, that means you put money away, you save money for a time when you might need it. So let's pretend you put $100 into your savings account every week. You put money away every week because you think one day you might need it. This means you are saving for a rainy day. An example could be he just lost his job, so it's very lucky he was saving for a rainy day. Now the rainy day and the bad situation is him losing his job. So that's what to save for a rainy day means. It means when you put money away because something bad or unfortunate or negative might happen in the future. Next one, to be strapped for cash strapped for cash. Note the pronunciation strapped. That PED is pronounced as a T sound. If someone is strapped for cash, it means they don't have any money. An example could be, could you give me $50? Because right now I'm strapped for cash. That means I don't have any money. Next one, can't afford to do something. If you can't afford to do something, that means you don't have enough money to do that thing. So let's pretend you want to fly to Australia, and it costs $1,000, and you only have $500. Well, you can say, I can't afford to fly to Australia. Why? Because you don't have enough money. Next one to start a side hustle. If you start a side hustle, that means you do something else to get more income. So let's pretend that you have a full time job. You work in an office from Monday to Friday from 9:00 to 5:00 P.M. However, on the weekends you drive a taxi, you drive an Uber. This could be starting a side hustle. You're doing something else to get money. However, it's not your main source of income. Most of your money comes from your job at the office. However, you get some extra money, you get some more money from driving your taxi or driving your Uber. An example could be, I believe that most people should start a side hustle. Next, to supplement your income. If you supplement your income, it's very similar to starting a side hustle. It means you do something else to get yourself more money. You do something extra to get more money. An example could be if you get a bonus at work, this is supplementing your income. You're getting more income from your an example also could be if you start a business on the weekend, you are supplementing your income, you are getting more income. An example could be most people should supplement their income because right now the economy is not very good. Alright, guys, that's the end of money, part one. I hope you enjoyed that. I'll see you in the next part, which is money, part two. 53. Money Idioms: Money part two. Let's get into it. In this lesson, we've got a lot of idioms, so let's have a look. Let's talk about these words up the top first. The first one is to cough up an amount. If you cough up an amount of money, it means you pay an amount of money, but you don't really want to pay that amount. So let's pretend you have some bills that you need to pay, and you don't really want to pay those things, you might say, Well, I've got to cough up the money and pay the bills. That means you have to pay the money, you have to give the money, but you don't really want to. An example could be, I had to cough up $500 for my electricity bill. Next one, excuse me, to invest. Invest means when you put money somewhere with the hope that your money will grow or become more. So let's pretend you have $100 and you buy $100 worth of shares, and you hope that those shares will increase in value. You can say, I am investing my money. You're putting it into a place where you hope your money will grow, you hope your money will become more. Next one, piggy bank. This here is a piggy bank, and piggy banks are normally given to children, and it's where they store their money. An example could be put your money in the piggy bank. Next one, pocket money. Pocket money means the money that is given to children, normally on a weekly or a monthly basis. So let's pretend I have a child and I give my child $10 every week so he can go buy something he wants to buy. I can say I give my child $10 pocket money per month. This is pocket money. Next one, hard earned money. Money that is hard earned means money that required a lot of work to get. An example could be, I don't want to spend $500 of my hard earned money on that thing. That means you feel like the money that you have took a lot of effort to get. Maybe you had to work very hard to get it. Hard earned money. Next, dirty money. If money is dirty, it normally has come from an illegal activity. So if people are involved in crime and they get their money from crime, we can say that is dirty money. An example could be a lot of dirty money goes through casinos. That means a lot of money, which has been obtained in an illegal way goes through casinos. Next one, set somebody back by. If something sets somebody back by $10, for example, that means that thing cost $10. An example could be the Jacuzzi set me back by $5,000. That means the Jacuzzi cost me $5,000. So this is just another way to say how much something cost. And it's a great way and it's a very common way that native speakers like to use. Next one, to drop amount on something. If you drop $100 on something, that means you spend $100 on something. So again, we could say, I dropped $5,000 on the Jacuzzi. So just remember to drop means to spend, to set somebody back by means the cost. Okay, let's look at these two words quickly, and then we'll look at the idioms. First one, inflation. Inflation means when general prices of things are going up. So let's pretend ten years ago, one banana cost $1. But now one banana costs $2. This is inflation. The prices of things are going up. Inflation can refer to food, electricity, water, petrol prices, just prices of things in general. Deflation is the opposite. Deflation means when prices are going down. This doesn't happen very often, and you normally hear the word inflation used, but we don't really use the word deflation that often. So remember, inflation prices going up, deflation, prices going down. Okay, let's get into the idioms, to throw or chuck your money down the drain. If you put your money down the drain, do you think that's a good use of your money? No, of course not. So to throw your money down the drain means to waste money. An example could be, if I spend $500 fixing that very old car, it will be like chucking money down the drain I'm wasting my money. It's an old car. It already has lots of problems, so it's probably not a good use of my money because in the future, the car will probably have more problems to throw your money down the drain. Next one, to spend money like there is no tomorrow. To spend money like there's no Tomorrow means to spend a lot of money, normally on a lot of different things. An example could be she went to the mall today and she spent money like there's no tomorrow. That means she spent a lot of money, and she spent it on many different things. Next one, to put your money where your mouth is. If you put your money where your mouth is, it means you take action instead of just speaking. So many people like to just speak and if you want someone to do something instead of speaking, you can say, put your money where your mouth is. That means take action and stop just talking about it. Show me with actions, not just words. Next one, to have more money than sense. Sense means you know what is good, you know what is wrong. You know what is smart. You know what is not smart. So if you have more money than sense, that means when someone spends a lot of money on something that's not required or not necessary, an example could be over the past few days he's spent thousands of dollars at the casino. He has more money than sense. Spending money at the casino is not necessary. It's something that he's not required to do, to have more money than sense. Next one to throw good money after bad. This means you spend more money to fix a bad situation, and the bad situation is normally caused by spending money in the past. Let's pretend you spent $500 on something in the past. It doesn't work, it makes the problem even worse, and then you spend even more money on that thing. That means you're throwing good money after bad. An example could be trying to fix your old car would just be throwing good money after bad. Next one, money doesn't grow on trees. This is an idiom, which is used to show that money is not easy to get. Money is not easy to obtain, so you shouldn't waste it. An example could be, you should be more careful with your money. Money doesn't grow on trees. Next one, to get your money's worth. If you get your money's worth, it means you receive value for the amount of money that you have spent. An example could be, if you spend $5 and you get a nice T shirt, you have got your money's worth because you have received some value for your $5. However, if you spend $1,000 on one T shirt, you probably haven't got your money's worth because you could get a T shirt for a much smaller price. An example could be I spent $50 and I got ten t shirts, I really got my money's worth. Next one to bring home the bacon. To bring home the bacon just means to earn money, to make money, to receive money, to get money. An example could be, I go to work to bring home the bacon. That means I go to work to make money, to earn money, to receive money. The next one to have money to burn, to have money to burn. If you have money to burn, it means you have a large amount of money to spend. It doesn't mean you're rich. It doesn't mean you're rich. It just means right now you have a lot of money to burn. An example could be I have got a lot of money to burn. Let's go to the casino. It means I've got some money that I can spend, so let's go and spend it. Next one to come into a fortune. To come into a fortune means when someone gets a large amount of money very suddenly, normally from an inheritance. So let's pretend that someone in my family passes away, and that person in my family leaves me $1 million. I can say I came into a fortune. I got a lot of money very, very suddenly, and it was nothing that I did. I didn't do anything. It just happened that someone in my family passed away and they left me that money. So an example could be she came into a fortune after her mother passed away. Next one, to throw money at something. If you throw money at something, it means you spend money on something to try and fix the situation or to try to solve a problem. An example could be throwing money at the education system won't make it better. That means putting money into the education system probably won't make it better. It probably won't solve the problem. There are other things that we need to do to fix the problem. To be made of money, if someone is made of money, it means they have a lot of money. An example could be, look at him. He just spent $500,000 on a new car. He is made of money. That means he's very rich. To be on the money, if you're on the money, that means you're correct or you're right. It doesn't have anything to do with being rich or poor. It just means that what you said or what you did is right. An example could be what you just said 2 minutes ago was right on the money. That means you were 100% correct or 100% right. Next one to break the bank, to break the bank. To break the bank means to cost more than someone has or to be very expensive. An example could be buying a new laptop doesn't have to break the bank. That means it's not necessary for the price of a laptop to be very expensive. You can buy a laptop, which is cheaper, and it will still probably have all the features and all the things that you need to break the bank. Next one, to be rolling in it. If someone's rolling in it, that means they're very, very rich. So we could say, This man here looks like he's rolling in it. That means it looks like he's very, very rich. Second, last one, money talks. Money talks is an idiom we use that shows if you have money, it can give you power, and it can give you influence. An example could be, how did he get that position? Well, it's pretty obvious money talks. That means he has some money, and that money gives him power, and it gives him influence over other people. And last one, guys to go bust. To go bust means to spend or to lose all of one's money. An example could be the company recently went bust. That means the company lost all of its money and now the company has absolutely nothing left in the bank. All right, guys, that's the end of money. I hope you enjoyed that and learned a lot of new vocabulary. Same as usual. Revise the vocab, use the vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next part. 54. Basic News Vocab and Idioms: All right. Welcome to this lesson on news. Let's get started. The first phrase we'll look at is a range of sources. Range means different things. Sources means where something comes from. When we're talking about the news and we say a range of sources, that means different places. An example could be, I get my news from a range of sources. That means I get my news from a lot of different places, maybe the television, maybe the radio, maybe the newspaper, maybe online. It can also mean you're talking about different companies or different organizations. Now, media refers to all of the things I just talked about, television, radio, newspaper, online, which are considered as one group. There's one group here, and in this group, there are lots of different things. There's television, there's newspapers, there's online, there's the radio, there are all of these different companies, the news companies, for example, and organizations. An example could be this issue is currently being discussed by a lot of people in the media. So the media is talking about all the different sources and all the different companies. Okay, local Local refers to the area that you are talking about. So local depends on who says it. If someone is in Tokyo and they say, This is my local area, that means they are talking about Tokyo. If someone is in Sydney in Australia, and they say, This is my local area, that means they are talking about Sydney. An example could be, most people don't really follow the local news. International is the opposite. International means involving two or more countries. An example could be international news is very interesting. So that means news that is talking about more than just one country. Okay, to keep up with current events, if you keep up with current events, that means you are informed about the present situation. So let's pretend lots of different things are happening in the world. If you keep up with current events, you know what is happening in the world. An example could be a lot of intelligent individuals like to keep up with current events. That means they like to know what's happening right now. Next one, journalist journalist. A journalist is someone who writes and collects news stories. So an example could be being a journalist can be a very rewarding job. That means someone who writes news stories, someone who interviews people, someone who works with and around the news, can be a very rewarding job. Next one, news anchor, news anchor. A news anchor is the person who presents or reads the news, normally on TV. An example could be the new news anchor is very attractive. That means the person who reads the news, who presents the news is very attractive. Let's go up here to these three phrases, breaking news, latest news, urgent News. Breaking news means news that is just being heard or just being received right now. And it's normally about an event that has just happened or just happened very, very, very recently. An example could be, have you heard the breaking news? That means, have you heard the news that has just happened, that is just being received? Latest news means the most current news. An example could be tonight we're going to be presenting you with the latest news. That means tonight we're going to show you, we're going to talk to you about the most current news. Urgent urgent news is talking about news that is very, very important and needs attention. If there's urgent news, you normally need to do something about that news. An example could be, I'm sorry to interrupt, but I have some urgent news. That means somebody has some very, very important news and the news needs action. You need to do something about that news. Okay, let's have a look at some idioms. First one, to spread like wildfire. If something spreads like wildfire, that means it moves from person to person, very, very quickly, and many people know about this thing very, very quickly. An example could be the news is spreading like wildfire. That means the news is going around. It's moving from person to person to person, and many people are becoming aware of it very quickly. Next one, to be the bearer of bad news, the bearer of bad news. This means to be a person who gives bad news. An example could be, I hate to be the bearer of bad news, but I have something to tell you. That means I'm the person who's going to give you bad news, the bearer of bad news. Both sides of the coin. Both sides of the coin means different ways of looking at one situation. An example could be, we need to look at both sides of the coin before we decide what action to take. That means we need to look at the different ways we can look at this situation before we make a decision. Next one, pull the wool over someone's eyes. If you pull the wool over someone's eyes, that means you hide the truth from someone. You deceive someone. You don't let that person know the truth. An example could be he's trying to pull the wool over your eyes. That means he's trying to stop you from seeing something. He's trying to not be honest with you and he's trying to deceive you. To turn a blind eye to something. If you turn a blind eye to something, that means you ignore something. So let's pretend there's a big issue right in front of me, and I turn a blind eye to it. That means I ignore it. I try not to look at that thing. An example could be turning a blind eye to the problem won't make it go away. And last one, no news is good news. This is an idiom that we use to say that if you haven't heard any news, if you don't hear any news, it's probably a good thing. An example could be, I haven't heard from my friend in a long time, but no news is good news. That means, yes, I haven't heard anything from my friend. I haven't heard any news, but it's probably a good sign. It's probably a good thing. Alright, guys, that's the end of news part one. I know that was a very quick and short lesson. I hope you enjoyed that, and I'll see you in the next part, which is news Part two. 55. News Important Vocab: All right, guys, this is news part two. Let's get right into it. First word is bias, bias. Bias is an interesting word and it means to support or to oppose something or something, and it can mean letting your personal feelings or opinions influence you to make a decision. So let's pretend I don't like the color red, and I see someone wearing a red T shirt. I might not like that person straightaway. I don't know that person but I don't like that person straightaway. Why? Because of bias. This is when you let your personal feelings or personal opinions influence you about something or someone. Now, we often use this word with the word have, so we can say something like you have a bias or he has a bias. An example could be most media sources have bias. That means most media sources support something or they oppose something. They have their own opinions, they have their own feelings. Now, bias can also be used as an adjective, and we need to say biased. So BASED, biased. An example could be, you are biased. That means you support something, you oppose something. You already have feelings about that thing, and it will influence your decision or your opinion or the way you act. Okay, next one, free speech. Free speech is the idea that we can all say what we want, when we want, and there will be no consequences or no problems. It's talking about the right to give your opinions in public. An example could be free speech is a very important idea in most democracies. Free speech. Caption, caption is the little bit of writing normally under a picture which describes or explains that picture. An example could be, have you seen the caption on the front page? That means, have you seen the little bit of writing that describes the picture. Next one, to be in circulation. To be in circulation. To be in circulation means something that passes from one person to another person, to another person, to another person, and so on and so forth. An example could be right now there are a lot of fake $50 notes in circulation. That means there's a lot of fake money going from one person to another person, to another person, and so on and so forth. In depth in depth means in detail with a lot of details. An example could be tonight, I'm going to talk about the subject in depth. That means I'm going to talk about the subject with a lot of detail. Next one, mainstream media. Mainstream media refers to the news companies or the news organizations that most people watch, for example, on TV, on the radio and on the newspaper, and also sometimes online. An example could be the vast majority of people get their news from mainstream media. That means they get their news from the main sources. TV, newspapers, radio, and sometimes online. Next one, to tell blatant or outright lies, to tell blatant or outright lies. This means to tell an obvious and intentional lie. An example could be the news presenter is telling blatant lies. That means she's saying things that are not true and she's intentional saying those things, and they're very obvious. Okay, next one, alternative sources. We just talked about mainstream media. Mainstream media consists of the main ways that people get their news. Alternative sources are sources that are different from the mainstream. So, for example, most people get their news from the newspaper or the TV, for example. However, alternative sources include sources like TikTok, for example, Instagram, YouTube and maybe other social media platforms. These are sources that are different to the main sources. An example could be a lot of people are choosing to get their news from alternative sources because they don't trust the mainstream media. That means a lot of people are deciding to get news from places that's not TV, that's not on the radio and it's not from a newspaper. Next one, to have an agenda, to have an agenda. An agenda means if you have an agenda, that means you have a motive or a reason for doing something. An example could be he seems to be very kind, but he definitely has an agenda. That means he has a motive and he has a reason for doing that thing. A lot of the time agenda is used in a negative way. If someone has an agenda, you're trying to say that their reason is negative. Well, that you think their reason is negative, to have an agenda. Next one, authentic. Authentic is something that is true, that is real, that is correct. An example could be, you can definitely get some authentic news from alternative sources. That means you can definitely get some correct news from alternative sources. Okay, let's move up here, hot off the press. If something is hot off the press, that means it has just been released. Something that has newly been received or newly been printed. An example could be tomorrow, we will be back with more news, hot off the press. That means tomorrow we will be back with news that is very recent that is very current, that has just been published or just been heard. Next one, eye catching. If something is eye catching, it means it gets your attention. It makes you want to look at it. An example could be the headline in this newspaper was very eye catching. That means the headline here definitely got my attention and it made me look at it. Now, I'll quickly go down here and talk about headline. Headline refers to the title of an article. Now, headlines in newspapers are normally in capital letters, they're normally in bold letters. However, in other sources, for example, on the Internet, they might not be in capital letters. But the most important thing to remember is the headline is the title of an article. Let's go back over here, propaganda. Proper ganda. Propaganda refers to information that is spread and the aim of this information is to change people's opinions. An example could be there's a lot of propaganda on the news at the moment. That means there's a lot of information on the news that is trying to change people's opinions about a certain topic. Next one, censorship, censorship. This is a noun, and censorship means when someone or something stops someone or something from saying something. It means the act of stopping information from being seen. An example could be censorship by certain companies is becoming a very big issue in today's world. That means the act of stopping information from being seen is becoming a big issue. Now, censorship is a noun to censor is the verb. An example could be companies are currently censoring a lot of information. That means they are stopping that info from being seen, maybe they are deleting it, maybe they are removing it, but they are not allowing it from being seen. Next one, credible, credible. Credible means able to be believed or able to be trusted. An example could be this new source is very credible. That means we can trust that new source, and they're probably not telling any lies. They're probably telling the truth. Credible. Okay, let's move down here to two idioms behind closed doors. If something is behind closed doors, it's being done in secret or it's being done away from the public. An example could be the negotiation took place behind closed doors. That means the negotiation was in private. I was hidden, nobody was watching, nobody was listening. I was private and it was hidden. Take by storm. Take by storm means to become very popular, very, very quickly. An example could be the Beatles took the USA by storm. That means the band, the Beatles became very, very popular, very, very quickly in the United States. A lot of the time we say take something by storm. So in the previous example, the Beatles took the USA, that's the something by storm. Okay, whistle blower. Whistle blower. This is a very important phrase and it means someone who shares information normally about an illegal activity that's happening in the government or a company. Let me say that again, a whistleblower is someone who shares or gives information about something that's happening inside a company or the government, which is illegal, which is not allowed to be happening. Example could be a lot of whistle blowers have come forward recently. That means many people who have information about something that's happening that is illegal have come forward. Now, remember we talked about come forward in law. Come forward means to give information. If a whistle blower comes forward, that means a whistle blower gives information. Next one to blow over to blow over. To blow over means to pass by or to end. An example could be, don't worry too much. The whole situation will blow over very soon. That means the situation will end, it will finish, it will pass by, and nobody will probably think of it again. Next one, misinformation. Misinformation is information or things that are not correct and not true. An example could be misinformation is a large issue in today's society. That means information that's not true or things that are not correct are a big issue in today's society. Okay. We've already talked about headline. Let's talk about column. A column is a piece of writing in a newspaper or a magazine that's normally on a certain topic, that's normally by the same person, and it's normally released on a weekly or monthly basis. An example could be the journalist writes a fashion column every week. That means the journalist writes a little bit about fashion every week, and this is called a column. Next one, editorial. Editorial is also another section, normally in a newspaper that is written by the editor and the editor gives his opinions about certain issues. An example could be, did you read the editorial in the Times this week? That means, did you read the article that was written by the editor in the Times this week. Front page news means news which is on the front page of a newspaper. So here we've got a newspaper. If something is front page news, it means it's on the front page of the newspaper. Front page news can also mean very, very important. For example, the story is definitely front page news. That means the story is very important, and it probably should be on the front page of the newspaper because it's very important. Next, proofreader. A proof reader is someone who checks text, normally for mistakes before it is published or sent out to people or to someone. An example could be being a proof reader is an extremely tedious. That means boring job. That means being the person who checks all of the text in a newspaper or a magazine or even an online article, for example, is very, very boring. Remember, a proof reader is someone who checks for mistakes. All right, guys, that's the end of the news. I hope you enjoyed that. Make sure you download the word document, revise the vocab, use the vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. Okay. 56. Pet Vocabulary: Alright, guys, let's talk about pets. Now pets are animals that are normally kept in the home and are normally treated very kindly. For example, cats, dogs, and birds. Let's get into the vocab right now. Let's look up here first. Cat habitat or cat tree. A cat habitat or a cat tree is what you can see on the screen right now, and it's where cats normally live and or play. An example could be, I just bought my cat a new cat habitat. Dog house, dog house is this little thing right here. It's the place where dogs sleep. Now, another word for dog house is kennel. We can call this thing here a kennel or we can call it a doghouse. Both are fine. An example could be my dog loves his new kennel. Next, a litter box. Litter box. Litter means rubbish or waste, and a litter box is a container that's normally used as a toilet for cats. An example could be my cat knows to use the litter box when he needs to go to the toilet. Okay, let's move up here and look at our first idiom for the day. All bark and no bite. Bark is the sound that dogs make, and we'll talk about that a little bit later. All bark and no bite. If someone is, we use this idiom with the verb to be. If someone is all bark and no bite, that means he or she talks a lot, but doesn't really take any action and doesn't really take any action on what he said or on his threats. An example could be, you don't have to worry about him. He's all bark and no bite. That means, yeah, he might talk a lot. Yeah, he might say a lot, but he doesn't really do anything. He doesn't take action on his threats. Next phrase, to take animal for a walk. So this man here is taking his dog for a walk. To take an animal for a walk means exactly what it says. You take your animal outside normally for a walk, maybe in the park, maybe on the street. Next one, pet peeve pet peeve. A pet peeve is something that really, really annoys you. An example could be one of my pet peeves is when people walk very slowly. That means when people walk very slowly, it really annoys me. Next one, crawl, crawl. If an animal crawls, it moves in a way where its body is very close to the ground. An example could be caterpillars crawl to get around. Next one, slither slither. Slither is what snakes do. It means to move by twisting or by sliding. An example could be it was terrifying to watch the snake slithering towards us. So slither is normally like this to slither. Okay, let's move over here to be house trained. If an animal is house trained, that means the animal knows not to go to the toilet inside. So let's pretend this dog is house trained. He knows or she knows to go to the toilet outside. He knows not to go to the toilet inside. Next one Pooch Pooch just means dog. So an example could be this man is taking his Pooch for a walk. Pooch just means dog. Okay, companionship and companion. A companion is someone you spend a lot of time with or someone you go to a lot of places with. So a lot of the time, people can talk about their pets as companions, because people like to spend a lot of time with their pets. So an example could be this man is taking his little companion for a walk. Now, companionship is the feeling of having companions around you. So an example could be one of the best things about owning a pet is the companionship. So one of the best things is that you feel like you have companions around you, which are things that you spend a lot of time with. Next one, furry friend. This is an affectionate or a nice way to talk about a pet. So an example could be the man is taking his furry friend for a walk. Next one, this is another idiom at a snail's pace. At a snail's pace means very, very slow. An example could be the project is moving along at a snail's pace. That means it's moving very, very slowly. Why do we say at a snail's pace? Because snails, like you can see on the screen now, move very, very slowly. Okay, let's look up here at some types of pets. The first one is a hamster, a hamster. A hamster is what you can see on the screen right now. Next one, hedgehog. Again, you can see it on the screen right now. Next one, parrot. A parrot is what you can see on the screen right now. Next one, guinea pig. Again, look on the screen right now. That is a guinea pig. Now a kitten is a young cat. And a puppy is a young dog. So one more time, a kitten is a young cat and a puppy is a young dog. So an example could be the man is taking his puppy for a walk. Okay, to curl up next to. If an animal, for example, curls up next to you, it's like he's trying to or she is trying to cuddle you or snuggle with you. An example could be my cat loves to curl up next to me before he goes to sleep. Next one to play fetch to play fetch. Fetch is a game that normally involves one person and one animal. Now, normally what happens is the person will throw something, the animal will run after it, get that thing, and then bring it back to the owner or to the person. This is to play fetch. An example could be a lot of the time I like to take my dog down to the park to play fetch. That means I take my dog to the park to play the game of fetch. Next one, to pet animal. This woman here is petting her dog. To pet means to touch in a nice or an affectionate way. So what she is doing now, she is petting him on the head. Okay, let's move down here to these words. First one, frisbee, Frisbee. A frisbee is like a plastic disc that you can throw, and people normally throw it to each other. What you can see on the screen now is a frisbee. Next one, toy toy. A toy when it comes to animals is something that an animal can play with. An example could be we went down to the shops to get a dog some new toys. Next one, collar. Collar. Collar is a bit of material that you put around an animal's neck. What you can see right now is an example of a collar. Now, a leash is the long string or the long metal that normally is attached to a collar or normally is around an animal's neck. Now, a leash is used to control an animal so the animal cannot run away, for example. So if we look here, this thing here, it looks like string is the leash, this thing here. Now the thing on the dog's neck is the collar. Again, this is the leash, this is the collar. Next one, dish or bowl. A dish or a bowl is normally where people put food for animals. Like you can see on the screen now, this is a dish. Last word in this section is treat. Treat. Treat can be a verb, but in this case, it's a noun. A treat is normally a small bit of food that's given to an animal for good behavior. So if the animal is behaving very well, the owner might give a treat, give a little bit of food to the animal, to show the animal that what they did is good, what they did is correct. This is a treat. Okay, let's move up here. Cage. This is a cage right here. It's a thing that is used normally to keep animals in. It's normally made out of thin wires or thin pieces of metal. Cage. Next one, aquarium, aquarium. Aquarium is what you can see right here. It's a big glass container that's full of water and it's used for fish. Fish live there. People put fish in aquariums. Okay, and last one here, pen. Pen. I know you know what pen is. It's something that we can use to write with, but pen, when it comes to animals is normally a small area that has a fence around it, and it's normally used to keep very small animals. So for example, maybe a little animal like a hedgehog could be put in a pen. Okay, last few words for today. First one, bark. We've already talked about this. This is the sound a dog makes, Bark. An example could be your dog was barking all night. Chirp, chirp is the sound. Birds make. An example could be when I wake up, I love to hear the birds chirping. Meow meow is the sound a cat makes. For example, whenever my cat is upset, it meows. And the last one, wag, tail. If an animal wags its tail, that means it makes its tail, this thing here, move a lot to wag its tail. An example could be the dog often wags its tail when it's very upset or very angry. Okay guys, that's the end of pets. I know that was a quick lesson. There wasn't much vocabulary there, but still, make sure you download the Word document, revise the vocab, use the vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. 57. Politics Basic Vocabulary: What's up, guys? Welcome to politics Part one. Now, I think everyone has different views on politics. So it's important that you have some vocabulary that you can use to talk about those views. So what does politics actually mean? Well, politics is talking about the way a country is managed or run, and a country is normally managed or run by a government. Now, what's a government? Well, a government is the group of people who run the country. So let's get into the words right now. The first one is democracy. Now, democracy is a system of government where people choose the leaders. People choose the rulers. People choose who goes into the government. So an example could be democracy is a very important political system in the world today. Next one, communism. Communism. Now, communism is a little bit different. Communism is a system of government where the government controls the production of all resources and all goods and where everyone is treated equally. Now, normally in communism, people don't get to choose the leaders. So that's one of the main differences between democracy and communism. An example, sentence could be, many people still believe in the idea of communism. Okay, let's move up here and talk about this word political. Political just refers to politics. For example, do you like watching the political news? That means do you like watching the news about politics and about government? Okay, transparent, transparent. This word is often used when it comes to politics and government. Transparent means open and honest with no secrets. That means the government is not telling lies, it's not trying to hide anything from you. It's telling you everything. It's very open. There's no secrets, nothing is hidden. An example could be a lot of governments say that they're transparent, but they're really not. Let's move up here to the powers that B. This is a great expression and a great phrase that you might have heard before. The powers that be referred to the people or the groups of people that have power or who have influence over how a country is run. The powers that be normally refer to the government because the government is the group which controls the way the country is run or manages how a country is run. So an example could be, it's not up to me, it's up to the powers that B. That means it's not my decision, it's up to the people or the groups of people who have the power, have the right, the authority to make decisions or to manage the country. Next one, the establishment. The establishment is a very old fashioned and formal way to talk about the government or a group of people who have power to control something. So an example could be a lot of people are not really happy with the establishment at the moment. Next one to have an election, to have an election. To have an election means to have a time or an event where people come to decide who they want to work in a specific job. So let's pretend there's one job available, and it's the leader of a certain country. It's the prime minister, it's the president of a country. A country might have an election. So many people come to this place and they decide who they want to be in that position. Maybe they want this person, maybe they want that person. Now, normally, if there's an election, we write down our votes on a piece of paper. And we put them in a little box like this, and then later they are counted. An example could be the prime minister decided to have an election this month. So that means he decided to have a time where people come together and they choose who they want to be in a certain position. Next one, to vote to vote means to say or express your choice. So you say what you want or you say what you don't want. This is to vote. An example could be, who did you vote for in the last election. Next one, to abstain. If you abstain from something, that means you don't do that thing. An example could be he abstained from voting. That just means he didn't vote. He didn't do that thing. To abstain, you don't do something. Next one, ballot. Ballot. Note the pronunciation ballot. A ballot is a secret written vote to decide on something. An example could be they're going to hold a ballot to decide who will become their next leader. So that means they're going to ask people to decide who they want to be their next leader. Okay, let's move over here to lobby. To lobby means when you try to persuade normally a government to do something or not to do something. So let's pretend that the government wants to ban smoking. And the companies that sell cigarettes, they don't want that. So those companies would lobby the government. That means they try to persuade the government to not ban smoking. They're trying to change what the government is doing. So an example could be the tobacco industry is lobbying the government to not ban smoking. That means they're trying to persuade, trying to change what the government is doing. Now a lobbyist is a person who lobbies. So an example could be lobbyists for the tobacco industry are trying to stop the ban on smoking. So lobby is the verb. That means you try to persuade the government to do something or not to do something, and a lobbyist is someone who lobbies. Okay, a politician a politician is an official member of the government or someone who is professionally involved in politics. An example could be the vast majority of people don't trust politicians. So a politician is someone who officially works in the government. Okay, let's move up here to challenge someone's authority, to question someone's authority, to undermine someone's authority. Now, if you challenge, actually, let's talk about authority first. If someone has authority, that means they have the power or the right to do something or to control something. Very simple example could be the prime minister has authority to make certain decisions. That means he has the power, he has the right, he has the ability. If you challenge someone's authority, that means you ask or check if something is true or legal. An example could be the scientist is challenging the results of the test. That means the scientist wants to know if the results of the test are true and accurate. If you challenge someone's authority, you want to know if that person's authority is legal and correct. Next one, to question someone's authority. If you question someone's authority, that means you express or you feel doubt about their authority, or maybe you make some objections, so you're not happy about their authority. If you feel or express doubt, that means you're not 100% sure about it. If we said something like, we're going to question the prime minister's authority, that means you're going to show that you're not 100% sure about it. You're not 100% sure that what he's doing is correct. An example could be the vast majority of people have questioned the validity of the law. That means the vast majority of people are not sure if the law is valid. They're not sure if the law is right. Next one to undermine. If you undermine somebody's authority or if you undermine somebody, that means you make something weaker or less likely to succeed. An example could be the two ministers are working to undermine the prime minister's authority. So that means those two people are trying to make the authority weaker. They're trying to damage the authority. They're trying to make that person not be able to succeed, to undermine. Alright, let's move down here to the words on the yellow lawmaker and legislator. They have the same meaning. A lawmaker and a legislator, they refer to the people who create laws, who create legislation. An example could be being a legislator is a very tedious position. Next one, minister. Minister. A minister is a politician, somebody who works in the government who normally controls an entire department. An example could be the Minister of education. That means the minister who controls the Department of Education. He's in control and he manages or runs the Department of Education. An example could be the Minister of Defense, seems like a very interesting person. That means the politician who is in control of that department seems very interesting. Next one, federal. Federal refers to a country as a whole, the whole country. Now, an example could be, do you work in the federal government? That means, do you work in the government that looks after the whole country? Now, state State refers to one part of a country and that part of the country has its own government. A perfect example could be California because California is a part of the United States and California has its own government. An example could be, I work for the state government. That means you work for the government which looks after part of a country, not the full country, not the whole country. Remember federal, whole country, state is a part of a country. Let's move up here. Policies, legislation and laws. Laws and legislation have the same meaning. They just mean law or a rule of a country, something that you can or can't do. Now, a policy is a little bit different. A policy is a level lower than a law. Now, a policy is a set of ideas that normally talk about what to do in a certain situation. An example could be, what do you think about the new foreign security policy? That means what do you think about the new set of ideas about foreign security? Now, if we bring in pass or introduce any of these things, that means we cause these things to come into effect. For example, if you bring in a law, that means that law is in effect, it has meaning right now. If a law says you cannot smoke and that law has been brought in or has been passed. That means you cannot smoke. It's effective from now. You must follow that rule from now. So to introduce to pass to bring in, they all have very similar meanings. It means they cause one of these things to be in effect. Next one, predecessor. A predecessor is a person who worked in a position before somebody else. An example could be, my predecessor wasn't very competent. That means the person who worked in this job before me wasn't very competent, wasn't very good. Next word, candidacy. Candidacy. Candidacy means the fact of taking part in an election, this thing up here that we talked about, to try to obtain a certain role or position normally in the government. An example could be he announced his candidacy at the end of his speech. That means at the end of his speech, he said he was going to take part in the election because he wants to get a certain job or obtain a certain role. Okay, let's move down here, reform. Reform is when we change something to try to make it better, to try to fix the problems. An example could be, we really need to reform criminal law. That means we need to make criminal law better. We need to change it. Bilateral. Bilateral refers to two things or two groups. An example could be there have been bilateral talks regarding this issue. That means two groups have been talking together regarding this issue, bilateral. Corruption corruption. Corruption is a noun and it refers to dishonest or immoral behavior. Behavior that's not right, not nice or not correct, normally to obtain something and it's normally done by people who have positions of power, people who work in the government, for example. An example could be, most people don't think that corruption occurs in first world countries, but this is a myth. That means most people don't think People in government act dishonestly to try and get something. Most people think that politicians or ministers or people who work in the government act honestly. They do the right thing. But corruption means when people do the wrong thing, normally to get something. Next word, diplomacy, diplomacy. Diplomacy refers to the act of managing international relations. So that means the act of managing the relationships that two or more countries have. So are the countries friends? Are the countries allies? Are they working together? Do they have a good relationship? This is diplomacy. An example could be diplomacy is a very important skill for anyone wanting to become a politician. That means the skill or the act of managing or building international relations is very important. Last one in the purple colored circle is mandate. Mandate. Mandate means the authority or the power or the right given to someone or something to do a certain thing. An example could be the government is looking to get a new mandate from its citizens. That means it's trying to get the power or the right or the authority to do something from its citizens, mandate. Okay, let's have a look at these last four phrases to exercise one's authority. If you exercise your authority, that means you use your power or your right to do something. An example could be the minister has decided to exercise his authority and remove that person from the job. That means the minister had the power to remove someone from a job, and he has done that thing. He has used that power. Next one, to be in line with something, to be in line with something. If you're in line with something, that means you follow that thing and you do what that thing says. For example, maybe you follow a rule. That means you do what that rule says. An example could be, we need to know whether your values are in line with our company. That means we need to know whether your values and the values of the company go together, whether they are the same, whether they follow each other. Next one to campaign to campaign. To campaign refers to planned actions which intends to change the opinion of somebody or a group, and it's normally to make someone vote for you. It's normally to make someone vote for you in an election. So you often hear that prime ministers or presidents or people wanting those jobs will campaign that means they normally go around the country and they do things, they hold events to try to make people like them because they want to get a certain position. They want people to vote for them. They want people to choose them. An example could be the prime minister is currently campaigning because he wants to be re elected. Okay, next one to run for office. If you run for office, that means you try to be elected or chosen as a certain position normally in the government. An example could be Donald Trump is running for office. That means Donald Trump is running to become a specific role in the government, which would be the president. Another example could be we have some very interesting candidates who are running for office this year. Okay, last one, to be in office. If somebody is in office, that means they already have a certain position or a job or a role, normally within the government. An example could be John is in office. That means John already has a certain position or job within the government. All right, guys, that's the end of politics part one. Hope you enjoyed that one. I'll see you in the next part, which is politics Part two. 58. Politics Verb Phrases and Important Vocab: All right, welcome back to politics. This is politics P two. Let's get right into it. First one, to oversee an investigation. Firstly, an investigation is a thing where someone or something tries to find out the truth about something. So if someone oversees an investigation, that means they manage the investigation. They watch the investigation. An example could be the committee has been created to oversee the investigation. It means there's a committee and we'll talk about what a committee is in just one moment, and that committee is watching, managing and looking over the investigation. Next one, the underdog. If you are the underdog, that means you are the person or the thing that most people think will lose. You're the person who's considered the weakest and the person who's least likely to win. An example could be he is definitely the underdog in this election. That means most people think that he won't win in this election. Next one, far reaching implications. This is referring to something that can affect a large group of people and influence a large group of people. An example could be the actions of the government will have far reaching implications. That means the actions will cause people to feel the effect, and it will probably cause a lot of people to feel the effect, not just a small group. Far reaching, that means it will get to everybody. Far reaching implications. Okay, left wing and right wing. These are phrases that you often hear to describe people's ideas about politics. Now, a wing is what you see right here, something that a bird has to help it fly. Now, left wing means political groups which think that money and property should be shared equally between all people. Now, there are a lot of other different things about left wing, but I'm not a political expert, so if you want more information, you can Google it and you'll find all of the details about someone who is left wing and what they example could be left wing individuals normally oppose the idea of going to war. That means left wing people who think that most things should be shared equally, think that going to war is wrong. Now, right wing, on the other hand, talks about political groups which think that there should be low taxes and that industry and property should be privately owned. That means people should be able to own industry and property. Again, there's a lot more information about being left wing and right wing, but like I said, I'm not a political expert, so if you want more information, just Google it and you'll be able to find. The most important thing is that you know that there are two different opinions regarding how countries should be run or managed. Okay, next one, parliament Parliament. Parliament refers to the group of people who have been elected to make laws for a country. An example could be the parliament is currently looking into women's issues. So that means the people who can make laws are looking into women's issues. Okay, now let's talk about a body, a commission, a committee and a party. Now a body, a commission, and a committee are very similar. A body is a group of people who work together. An example could be there's currently a body working on the issue of women's rights. Now, a commission is a group of people who have been chosen to investigate or to find out about a certain issue. So that's very important. A body is just a group of people. A commission is a group of people that have been brought together for the purpose of finding out some information and normally finding out how to make a situation better. An example could be a commission needs to be created in order to look into the issues regarding nursing. That means there needs to be a group of people who look into the issues about nursing and decide how to make that issue better. Now, a committee is a little bit different. A committee is, again, a group of people, but a committee has normally been brought together to perform a certain function. An example could be the housing committee is responsible for that decision. So again, maybe that committee has been created for the purposes of making decisions on issues regarding housing. So body, commission, and committee are all a little bit different. Now, a party is an organization or a group of people who have similar political views and they try to win a position or get a position in the government. So in Australia, we have two main parties. We have the Labour Party, and we have the Liberal Party. These are two groups and each group has different ideas about how they think that the country should run they both try to become the parties which are in power. They are both trying to get a certain position in the government. This is a party. Let's move over here. To infringe on somebody's right to free speech. If you infringe on somebody's right to free speech, that means you limit them or you don't allow them 100% freedom in what they want to say. That means if they want to say something in public, that means they might not be able to say it. You restrict what they say or you don't let them say everything that they want to say. An example could be the new law infringes on our right to free speech. That means the new law makes it difficult for us to say what we want in public, to give our opinions in public. Next one to crack down on something. To crack down on something means when normally a government takes strong or severe measures or actions on a certain issue. An example could be the government is trying to crack down on violent crime. That means the government is trying to take serious action about violent crime, not a little bit of action, but serious significant action. To backflip on something. If you backflip on something, that means you do the opposite of what you said before. Let's pretend a politician says, well, I think we should ban smoking. And he said that one month ago. And then today, he says, No, I changed my mind. I think we should not ban smoking. We can say he has backflipped on his previous idea about banning smoking. So backflip means when you do something different or say something different than you did in the past. Next one, politically correct. This is the one you often hear when people are talking about politics, politically correct. If you are politically correct, that means you believe that. Language or actions which can cause people to be offended or cause people to be upset should not be used. So let's pretend you're trying to be politically correct. You want to say something, but you know it will make someone upset. That means you don't say it. So if you're politically correct, you don't say that thing. An example could be, you don't have to be so politically correct. That means when you're speaking, you don't have to be so careful. If you say something that makes someone upset or offend someone, that's not your problem, politically correct. Next one, pit sorry to commit political suicide. If you commit political suicide, that's when a government or a minister or a politician does something that makes everyone or a lot of people not like them anymore or want to vote for them anymore. An example could be bringing in that new policy is committing political suicide. That means they've brought in a new policy, and it's probably going to cause many people to not like them and many people not want to vote for them. Next one, bureaucratic red tape, bureaucratic red tape. Now, bureaucratic red tape refers to the rules normally of a government, which are sometimes long and complex and difficult to follow. An example could be people are getting very tired of the red tape when it comes to obtaining a driver's license. That means when people are trying to get a driver's license, there's a lot of different rules and things they have to do and follow and it makes it very difficult. It's not easy. Next one, a one horse race. If there's a one horse race, that means when there is an election, and there's one person who is very, very likely to win because he's better or more popular than everyone else. So if it's a one horse race, that means we know who's going to win. An example could be the election last year was a one horse race. That means there was only one person who could win because he or she was more popular than or better than everyone else. To delegate authority to someone. We've already talked about authority, so that means your right or your power to do something or your ability to do something. To delegate means when you give that power to someone else, you allow someone else to use your power. An example could be as a manager, he decided to delegate his authority to his assistant manager. That means he gave some of his power to his assistant manager. Next one to grant authority to someone. If you grant authority to someone, you give someone authority or you give someone power to do something. An example could be the United Nations has granted authority to the committee to make decisions regarding that matter. That means the United Nations has given the committee power to make decisions on that topic or that issue. All right, guys, that's the end of politics. Same as normal. Download the word document, review the vocab, practice using the vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. A 59. Problems Basic Vocabulary: Alright, guys, problems. I hope you never have any problems in your life, but if you do, let's talk about some vocab, some idioms, and some phrases you can use to talk about problems. Let's start up the top here to experience difficulty with something. If you experience difficulty with something, that means you have a problem with something. Something's not easy, something is difficult. An example could be a lot of people experience difficulty with learning English. Note here that after experience difficulty, you need a noun or a errand, to experience difficulty with learning, to experience difficulty with doing, you need to have a noun. That's very, very important. Let's start over here. To raise a issue problem or topic. Now, let's quickly talk about what these things mean first. Now, an issue and a problem have the same meaning. They just mean a situation that is difficult or a situation that you need to take action on. It might need to be solved or it might need to be fixed. An example could be a lot of older people have issues with their health. Now a topic means a subject. For example, learning English is a topic. The economy is a topic. Government is a topic. Law is a topic. Topic just means a subject. So if you're talking about a topic, it doesn't mean that the situation is difficult, or there's a situation that needs to be solved or fixed. However, when you talk about issues or problems, these words mean there's a situation and it needs to be fixed, or you need to do something about that situation. But with a topic, maybe you need to do something, maybe you don't don't know. Now, if you raise an issue, for example, that means you cause that issue to be known. You tell someone about that issue or you share that issue with someone. An example could be today, I want to raise the issue of people not earning enough money. That means today, I want to share with you. I want to talk about. I want to discuss the issue of people not earning enough money to raise an issue, to raise a problem, to raise a topic. This is a great phrase and it's a phrase that native speakers use a lot, so make sure you use it as well. Now let's move over here complication, complication. A complication is something that makes a situation difficult. This word is often used with medical procedures. For example, when the doctors operated on the man, there were several complications. So there were several things that made the problem even worse or even more difficult or even harder. Next one, crisis. Crisis. A crisis is a situation or time that is very dangerous or very difficult. Now, we often use this word with the preposition in. An example could be the leadership is in crisis. That means the leadership is having a very serious problem or very serious difficulty. We could also say something like the country is having a crisis. That means exactly what it says. The country is experiencing a very bad or difficult situation. An example could be if a country has a lot of floods and those floods have been causing a lot of damage to houses, infrastructure, and buildings. We could say something like the country is currently facing a flood crisis. Next one, predicament. Predicament. Predicament just means problem. It's a less common way to say problem. An example could be the government is facing a lot of predicaments in the current day and age. That means the government is having a lot of problems in today's day and age. Next one, to pose a problem. If something poses a problem, that means to be a problem or to cause that problem. Let me give you an example. We could say something like not having enough customers is posing a problem to our profits. That means right now we don't have enough customers, and this is a problem to our profits. It's posing a problem. It is a problem or it's causing a problem. Let's move up here and talk about these verbs and this phrasal verb. The first one to deal with to deal with. We often say things like to deal with an issue to deal with a problem, to deal with a crisis. If you deal with something, you take action on that problem, you do something about that problem. Normally, it means you try to solve the problem. An example could be the board of directors decided to deal with the issue of not having enough customers right then and there. That means the board of directors, they tried to solve the problem. They tried to take action to fix the problem. They tried to do something about it. This is a very common phrase you hear, phrasal verb, actually, you'll hear to deal with. It's very important you understand that it means to take action about something or to try to fix a problem. Next one, to address, to address. To address has the same meaning as deal with. It means to do something about a problem or to fix or to solve a problem. An example could be, we need to address the issue, we need to address the problem. We need to address the topic. That means we need to do something to try to fix the problem, to fix the issue, or we just need to take some action. Next one, to alleviate to alleviate. If you alleviate something, you make it less bad. Let's pretend that you have a problem and the problem is up here. It's very, very bad. If you alleviate the problem, you make the problem less bad, so it's not as bad. An example could be we can alleviate some of the damage if we do this now. That means there has been some damage, maybe it's up here, but if we alleviate the damage, we make it less bad. Next one to approach to approach. To approach an issue, to approach a problem has the same meaning as to deal with and to address. It means to take action on that problem or to try to solve the problem. An example could be nobody is really sure about how to approach the problem in the best way. That means nobody's really sure about how to fix the problem, how to take action on the problem. To eradicate, if you eradicate something, it means you remove it completely. You cause it to not be there anymore. A perfect example could be the government is trying to eradicate poverty. So that means the government is trying to completely remove to cause poverty not to be there anymore, to eradicate. Next one to intervene to intervene. If you intervene in something, note that we use the preposition in to intervene in something. If you intervene in something, that means you become involved with that thing, normally to stop the problem from getting worse or to fix the problem altogether, or to make it better. An example could be the world bank has tried to intervene to stop high levels of inflation. That means the world bank is becoming involved. In the issue of inflation because it's trying to stop the issue or trying to solve the issue or trying to make the issue less bad. To react to react. To react means you do something as a result of something that happened. Let me give you an example. Let's pretend there's a company and right now they don't have enough customers. That means they don't have enough money. We could say something like the company has reacted to the fact that they are not getting enough customers by cutting wages. That means they haven't been getting enough customers, and they are responding. They are taking action to this thing by cutting wages, by reducing the amount of money that they're paying to their staff to react. So just remember, react means something must happen first, and then because that thing happened, you did something. You took some action. Okay, let's have a look at this structure in the blue. Now problems, we've already talked about that, issues, we've already talked about that. Let's talk about controversy, contra verse. Controversy means a lot of disagreement or a lot of argument about something. Now, controversy is the noun. Controversial is the adjective. Controversial is the adjective. An example of a controversial issue is the issue of abortion. That means when a woman has a baby inside of does she have the right to kill that baby, to end that baby's life? Some people say no, some people say yes. However, there's a lot of strong disagreement. People have very strong and emotional feelings on this issue. This is what a controversy is. A lot of disagreement, a lot of strong feelings, and a lot of the time, a lot of emotional feelings about something. Okay, we've talked about issues troubles, troubles. Troubles just means problems. If you're having troubles with something, that means you are having problems with something. Now let me make a few sentences for you so you can see how we can use this structure. We could say something like there are problems with the current way we are operating the company. There are issues surrounding the economy. There is a big controversy with abortion. There is a big controversy with lowering wages. So, guys, just remember, if you're using this structure here, you need to say with something. So that means you need to use a noun or a gernd. You need to talk about a thing. And same with surrounding something, you need to talk about a thing, or you need to use a gernd. Okay, let's have a look at this structure. But before we do, we'll very quickly talk about these words. Significant significant. If something is significant, that means it's very important and very large. Fundamental. Same meaning, fundamental means very, very important. So an example could be one of the most fundamental things you need to learn in English is pronunciation. That means one of the most important things you need to learn is pronunciation. Next, real, real means true, so not fake. It can also mean or big. So for example, I've got a real problem right now. That means I've got a big problem, something that is not small or not minor. Minor means small, minor means not significant, so not important. If something is minor, for example, if a problem is minor, it's a small problem, and it's not very important. Pressing pressing. Now, pressing means something that you need to deal with or take action on very quickly or immediately. An example could be, there is a pressing issue which we need you to address right now. That means there's something, there's a problem going on, and we need you to take action right now. It can't wait, I cannot go on any longer. Pressing. Now, we've talked about issue. We've talked about problem. Now, the word matter has a little bit of a different meaning. A matter means something you need to discuss or something you need to talk about or something you need to take action on. It might not be a problem. It might not be something that you need to fix, but it's something that you need to talk about, something that you need to discuss. Matter has a similar meaning to topic. So when you're describing a problem, you can use this very simple structure. We can say something like, right now, I've got a significant issue. Right now, I've got a pressing matter that we need to discuss. Tomorrow, there's going to be a real problem. So we can use this structure to describe problems. It's very, very simple. And if you use this structure, you'll sound more like a native speaker because native speakers love to use adjectives, especially adjectives like this, which are not basic. Try this structure out and I hope it is helpful for you. Now, last structure for today down in the green, let's have a look at these words. Stiff stiff. If something is stiff, it is strong. It is very strong. Now, you know what strong means? Now, the word down the bottom is fierce. Fierce. Fierce means very strong or very powerful. In this case, when we use the word fierce, it's normally talking about something that's very strong. Now, before we make some sentences, let's talk about these words. Support. Support. Support means agreement with an idea when you agree with an idea or a group or a person or a thing. An example could be the public is showing strong support for the idea. Now, opposition is the opposite. Opposition means when you do not support an idea, when you do not support a person, when you don't support a group, when you disagree with someone, you disagree with an idea, you disagree with a group. An example could be the public has shown fierce opposition to the government's new policies. That means the public is saying no, we disagree, we don't like these ideas. Disagreement, we've already talked a little bit about that. Disagreement is the opposite of agree, it means when you don't like something or you think that that thing is wrong or not correct. Last one down the bottom is resistance, resistance. Resistance means when people disagree with something, when people don't support something, when people don't like something, when people don't agree with something, normally, if there's resistance, people are saying, no, we will not accept that. No, we will not agree with that thing. So we can use this structure normally when we're talking about an idea. So we could say something like the policy has received stiff support. That means there's very strong support. The public has fierce opposition to the policy. The public has strong resistance towards the policy. So you can use this structure here a lot of the time when you're talking about something that people agree with or something people don't agree with. And remember, to use these adjectives to make your speech sound more like a native speaker. Alright, guys, that was the end of problems part one. I hope you enjoyed that and I hope it was useful for you. I'll see you in the next part, which is Problems Part two. 60. Problems Idioms and Extra Vocabulary: Alright, welcome to problems Part two. We've got a lot of vocab in this one and a lot of idioms to talk about. So let's get into it. First one, to set somebody back. If you set somebody back, you slow the progress of someone. So let's pretend someone is working on a problem and they're moving this fast. If you set somebody back, you make them work slower. So something happens and they have to work slower as a result because they have been set back. An example could be the lack of money has set him back. So he doesn't have enough money, and because of that, he has to work slower. Next one, to hold somebody back to hold somebody back. To hold somebody back means to stop someone from progressing or from moving forward. An example could be a lack of experience is holding him back. That means he doesn't have enough experience, and because he doesn't have enough experience, he's finding it hard to move forward. Okay, process of elimination. The process of elimination refers to a way that we can solve a problem, which involves removing potential choices until we only have one choice left. So let's pretend we have four choices, and we remove this one, remove, this one, remove this one. Now we've only got one left. So that is the process of elimination. An example could be using the process of elimination in this scenario would be our best option. Okay, let's move over here and talk about these words, snag, setback, pitfall, obstacle or glitch. A snag is sort of a slang way to say problem. So if you experience a snag, that means you experience or you have a problem. Next one, setback. Setback. A setback is a problem which makes something happen more slowly than it should, it's similar to set somebody back. If you have a setback, something happens and it stops you from moving forward at your normal pace. Now you will be moving forward at a slower pace. Pitfall Pitfall. A pitfall means a problem that is likely or possible to occur, but it's not obvious right now. So an example could be the company fell into the common pitfall of not having enough cash flow. So that means the company had a problem, and at the start, it wasn't immediately obvious. The company didn't know at the start that the problem would occur, a pitfall. Next one, obstacle, obstacle. An obstacle is something that makes it difficult to succeed or difficult to do the thing that you want to do. So an example could be, right now, I really want to go to the gym, but my biggest obstacle is lack of time. So the person wants to go to the gym, but they have something which is stopping them from going to the gym, which is called an obstacle. And that obstacle is lack of time, not enough time. Okay, next one, a glitch, a glitch. A glitch means when something doesn't happen or work the way it should when there's a problem and something doesn't work normally or doesn't work the way it should. An example could be right now we're having a lot of technical glitches. That means things are happening that normally don't happen, and problems are happening which are causing something to not work, how it normally does or not work properly. So guys, you can use to experience or to have with all of these words. Yesterday, I experienced a pitfall. Tomorrow, I'm going to have a snag. You can combine these together and you can use them in any tense you like, past, present, or future. Okay, to compromise, this is a very common word that you hear in negotiation. To compromise means when two or more people change what they want or change what they need or change what they think for the purposes of the two people being able to agree. So let's pretend that somebody has a car, and the person wants to sell the car for $1,000. Now, the buyer doesn't want to pay $1,000. He only wants to pay $800. If the seller lowers the price to $800, the seller has compromised because the seller has changed what he wants. He has changed his demands for the purposes of the two people agreeing and the two people being happy and the two people being able to come to a deal. An example could be he didn't want to lower the price, but he compromised to get the sale. Okay, let's have a look at this, the situation to be critical, dire, improving at breaking point. So I think, you know, improving, that's an easy one, getting better. Critical critical means very important for the way things will happen in the future. An example could be, there are some critical decisions we need to make right now about the future. So there's some very important decisions we need to make, which will probably affect the future. Next one, dire dire means very, very bad. So if the situation is dire, that means the situation is very, very, very bad. Now note the pronunciation dire dire. Next one at breaking point. If something's at breaking point, that means it's just about to break. At breaking point means the time when a situation has become so bad that it can't continue anymore. The situation has become worse, worse, worse, worse, and it's got to here and now it cannot continue anymore. I cannot go on. It's at breaking point. Something must be done. Otherwise, the situation will break. An example could be the situation is almost at breaking point. Okay, to shed light on something. If you shed light on something, that means you give more information about something. An example could be, could you shed light on the current situation? That means, could you give us some more information? Could you tell us a little bit more about the situation? Okay, let's talk about these words here. Shortcomings. A shortcoming is something that is wrong with something or wrong with someone's character or personality. An example could be your idea looks very, very good on paper. However, there are a few shortcomings. So that means there are a few things that are not 100% right with your idea. Next one, floor. Floor. A floor is something that stops something or someone from being perfect. An example could be he's very talented. However, he has a few flaws which are preventing him from becoming perfect. So that means he's very good, but there's a few things that are stopping him from becoming perfect. There are a few problems with him or his character. Next one, failing failing. A failing is a bad quality that someone or something has. An example could be the company has a lot of failings, but it's still making money. So it has a lot of things that are not 100% right, but it's still making money. Next, weakness. A weakness is part of something or someone, which is not good or not effective. An example could be one of your biggest weaknesses is that you don't listen to people. So that means there's something in your character which makes you not good, and that thing is that you don't listen to what people say. Next, discrepancies, discrepancies. A discrepancy is something that is different between two things, but it should be the same. An example could be, I've just looked at the two bank statements, but there's a discrepancy. That means the two statements should be the same, but they're not the same. They are different. Okay, let's look at these idioms, guys. First one, to be in a tight spot. To be in a tight spot means to be in a difficult situation. A very simple example could be right now he's in a tight spot. That means something is happening to him or in his life, and it's very difficult. It's a difficult situation. Next one, this is a common one that you often hear to be between a rock and a hard place. If you're between a rock and a hard place, you have two decisions that you can make. The first one is not very good, it's not very pleasant and you probably don't want to choose it. Second one, it's not good, it's not pleasant, and you don't want to choose it. So if you're between a rock and a hard place, you have two decisions you can make and both of them are bad. You don't want to make either decision. So an example could be right now, the man is getting himself into a difficult situation. He's between a rock and a hard place. So he's in a situation that has two decisions and both of them are bad. Both of them are not things that he would want to choose. Next one to look for potholes. A pothole is what you can see on the screen right now. If you're looking for potholes, what do you think that means? Correct? It means you're looking for problems that might happen in the future. An example could be my mother always told me to look for potholes. That means my mom always told me to look out for potential problems. Next one, to be in dire straits. If you're in dire straits, remember we talked about dire over here, Dia means a very bad situation. So if somebody is in dire straits, same meaning, it means they're in a very, very bad situation. An example could be a lot of the people are saying that the economy is in dire straits at the moment. That means a lot of people are saying that the economy is in a very, very, very bad situation or bad place. Next one, to dodge a bullet. To dodge means to get out of the way of something. So let's pretend this is my head and something is coming towards me. If I go like this, I have dodged it. I have moved out of the way. So if you dodge a bullet, what do you think that means? Correct. To dodge a bullet means you avoid a problem. You do something which allows you to not receive the effects of a problem. An example could be the company dodged a bullet by selling the shares very, very early. That means the company avoided a problem because they sold their shares very early. Next to cut corners. If you cut corners, you do something in a very easy or quick way. However, you miss something or don't do something that is very important or that is necessary. An example could be many people cut corners when they don't have enough time. So that means many people do things the easy way when they don't have enough time and they don't do things that they probably should do. They don't do things that are important because they don't have enough time and they are cutting a corner. Now, what you can see on the screen right now is an example of cutting a corner when you're driving, for example. If you cut a corner, that means you don't drive exactly where you should. You drive in a way that gets you around the corner in a quicker way. Next, to find a quick fix. If you find a quick fix, that means you find a very fast and easy solution to a problem. An example could be finding a quick fix isn't always the best answer. So that means finding a very fast or very easy solution to a problem is not always the best answer to the problem. Next one to avoid potential pitfalls. If we've already talked about pitfall, pitfall is a problem that might happen, but you're not really thinking about it right now. If you avoid potential pitfalls, you take action to stop problems from happening. An example could be the institution has done everything it can to avoid potential pitfalls. That means the institution has taken all the action it can in order to not encounter, to not experience problems. Next to carry risks. A risk is when there is danger of something negative or something bad happening. So if something carries risks, that means doing that thing might cause you to encounter, to face or to have something bad, something negative. So a perfect example is starting a business carries a large number of risks. That means if you start a business, it's very possible that you might encounter, receive, face many problems or many negative situations. Okay, to overcome or resolve an issue. If you overcome or resolve an issue, that means you solve the problem, you fix the problem. You make the problem better. An example could be right now there are a lot of issues. However, we definitely can overcome the issues. That means, yes, right now, we've got a lot of problems, but we can definitely be successful in fixing the problems or in solving the problems. Okay, last one, there is no way out. This is a phrase that we can use to describe that there's no way to solve or fix a problem. An example could be, we've done everything we can. Right now, there's no way out, so we just have to wait for the consequences. That means we've done everything we can. Right now, there's nothing we can do. We can't solve the problem. We can't fix the problem. We can't make it better. So what we've got to do is wait for the consequences. Guys, that's the end of problems. I hope you enjoyed that. Same as normal. Download the Word document, revise the vocab, use the vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. 61. School Basic Vocabulary: All right, guys, let's talk about school, education, and learning. Let's get into it. Let's start up here with pupils and peers. Now, pupil is a formal word just to say student. So an example could be at the school, there are 1,000 pupils. That just means there's 1,000 students. Next word, peer. Peer is a little bit different. Peer means someone who is the same age or the same status as you. An example sentence could be, what do your academic peers think? That means what do the people who are at the same rank or same level as you think? Now, sometimes we can use peers to talk about students. Let's pretend you're studying a science class and you're talking about the other students in your class. You could say something like my peers, think that science is quite easy. That means the other people in your class who are the same level, the same rank as you think science is easy. Okay, compulsory compulsory. If something is compulsory, it means you must do it. It means you can't choose. Now, the word compulsory is often used with school and education to describe courses or subjects or topics that you must study. An example could be physics, biology and chemistry are all compulsory subjects. That means you can't choose, you must do them. Now, elective, on the other hand is the opposite. If a subject is an elective, that means you don't have to do it, but it's a study that someone chooses in addition to the compulsory subjects. You've got your compulsory subjects, subjects you must study, and then you have electives. Elective is a noun and it's a subject someone chooses to study. An example could be throughout the course, you have to choose five electives. That means you have to choose five subjects that you want to study. To graduate. If you graduate, that normally means you have completed a university degree, and we'll talk about the different types in just 1 second. So an example could be, I just graduated from university last year. Next one, to enroll in something. If you enroll in something, you put your name on the list for that thing. So let's pretend a new class is opening for chemistry, and there's a list, and there's 30 places. There can only be 30 students. If you put your name down or someone puts your name down, you have enrolled in chemistry. Next one, to major in something. This is a very common one you hear with education. If you major in something, that means that topic is your main field or part of study. An example, the men are majoring in medicine. That means their main part of study is medicine. They are mainly learning or mainly focusing on medicine. Okay, let's quickly talk about faculty. Faculty means a group of departments which are about one topic or one subject. An example could be the faculty of law is at the back of the campus. That means the group of departments which are about law is at the back of the campus. Next one, distance learning. Distance learning is when you learn normally online because you're too far away from the school or the university. For example, distance learning is becoming very popular in the 21st century. Distance learning. Let's quickly move up here. Undergraduate. An undergraduate is someone who is studying their first degree at university. For example, all the undergraduates should report to the reception hall immediately. Now, a graduate, on the other hand, is a person who has already completed university and has already obtained a degree. An undergraduate, someone who's studying their first degree, a graduate, a noun is someone who has already completed their degree. Okay, let's move up here and talk about the different types of degrees or qualifications. Now, what does a qualification mean? A qualification is a record or a piece of paper, which just shows you have finished a certain course or finished a certain subject or topic. Now, diploma is the lowest type of qualification out of these four here. So a diploma is lower than a bachelor's degree. Now a bachelor's degree is normally a course someone studies at university or college, which is three or more years. For example, for me, I have a bachelor's of law. I studied for four years at university to get my degree. Now, the qualification above a bachelor's degree is a master's degree. Finally, the one above master's degree, the one at the very top, you can't get any higher than this is a doctorate, or it's also called a PHD, a doctorate or a PhD. Just remember, this is the lowest then there's bachelor's degree, then there's a master's degree, then there's a doctorate, and the doctorate is the highest. Okay, let's move down here and talk about the different types of schools. Now, you know what to go to means, you know what attend means. So let's talk about preschool. Preschool is a school for children who are younger than 5-years-old. Kindergarten is a school for children who are 5-years-old. Then there's primary school. Now, when it comes to primary school and high school and secondary school and even university, all of these schools are a little bit different in every country. Now, in Australia, a primary school is for students who are from grade one to seven, so students who are from six years to 12-years-old. Now, secondary school or high school, both are the same secondary school high school. This is for grades eight to 12 or students who are aged 13 to 17. Now, college and university or also called UI for short, is for students who have finished secondary or high school and are going to university to get a bachelor's degree, for example. So college university is normally for students who are 17 or older. Next one, prep school. A prep school is something that prepares you for something, normally for university. So very, very quickly, preschool students who are under five, kindergarten, students who are aged five, primary school, grades one to seven, so six to 12-years-old, secondary school or high school, this is grades eight to 12 or students who are aged 13 to 17, and college is where you go after you've completed high school or secondary school. And finally, sometimes students attend prep schools, which are schools which prepare you for something, which is normally university. Okay, next one to pursue higher or tertiary education. Now, tertiary relates to college or university. Now, I forgot to say, guys, college is mainly used in US English, and university is mainly used in Australian and UK English. So tertiary education refers to college and university. So things like bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctorates. You pursue higher tertiary education, that means you go to uni. You go to college. You try to get a bachelor's degree, for example. Higher education is at college level. It's not talking about high school, primary school, kindergarten or preschool. No, it's talking about college or university. Next one, vocational school. This is a special type of school that normally teaches students how to do certain jobs such as jobs that require you to use your hands. For example, jobs like plumbers, jobs like bricklayers, jobs like electricians, how to do these jobs is normally taught at a vocational school. An example could be, many young students choose to go to vocational school after high school. Okay, let's look at the last words on the little Blackboard here. Lecture is a noun. A lecture is a formal talk about a specific subject that's normally given to students. So when students are at university, they often have a teacher or a professor who gives them lectures. The teacher talks to them about specific topics, and these lectures are normally for 1 hour or 2 hours. Now, two lecture is the verb, so teachers lecture their students. Lecture is the noun, two lecture is the verb. Next one, to take a gap year. If you take a gap year, that means after you finish secondary or high school, you have one year as a break. You don't go to school and you don't study. Normally, in this one year period, you travel somewhere or you work. This is to take a gap year. An example could be a lot of students are not sure whether they should take a gap year or not. So a lot of students are not sure if they should have a one year break after they finish high school. Next one, curriculum. Curriculum refers to all the subjects that are taught in a school or a course. So let's talk about this course. The curriculum for this course involves many topics. The curriculum involves animals. It involves banking, it involves money, and it involves many other subjects. So the curriculum is all the topics that you have to learn about in a certain course or school. Next one, qualification. We've already talked about that, so that is a record which shows you have finished a certain course or finished a certain topic or subject. Next one, coursework. Coursework refers to the work you have to do to finish a course. An example could be there is a lot of coursework to be done outside the classroom. Next one, homework. Homework is work that teachers give students to do at home. Pretty simple. Assignment. Assignment. An assignment is a piece of work that teachers give to their students. And normally this piece of work will be marked. It will be graded. So the teacher will look at it and the teacher will decide what the mark is. Is it 80%? Is it 70%? Is it 50%? All right, guys, that's the end of school and education part one. That was a very quick lesson. I hope you enjoyed it. I'll see you in the next lesson, which is Part two. 62. School Phrases and Important Vocabulary: All right, school education and learning, Part two. Let's get into it. First one, to participate in extra curricular activities. Extracurricular activities is talking about activities or things that are done outside the main curriculum. They're not part of the usual course. They're normally done after school and they're not required. Students don't have to do them, but students can choose to do them. An example of an extra curricular activity could be something as simple as sport. There could be a basketball game on after school. An example could be, have you done any extra curricular activities this month? Okay, let's have a quick look at these subjects here, physical education, also known as PE. PE refers to classes where students do and learn about sport and other things relating to the body. Next one, information technology or IT. This is talking about computers. This class is all about computers, using computers, different programs on computers, and sometimes about other electronic equipment or gadgets. Social studies. This subject is about society. So what our society is like, and it often includes topics such as history, government, and economics, social studies. Top, top is an adjective, which means the best. This word top is often used to describe schools and universities. For example, it's the top university in the state. That means it's the best university in the state. This is a great adjective to use to describe schools. I haven't really heard many students who are learning English use this word. So try to use it when you're talking about universities are schools which are the best. Okay, let's move over here now and talk about literacy. Note the pronunciation literacy literacy. Literacy refers to the ability to read and write, and it can also talk about if you have knowledge of a certain subject. For example, the literacy rate of Australia is very high. That means most people in Australia can write and they can read. I could also say something like the students have a high level of computer literacy. That means they know how to use computers quite well. So just remember, literacy can talk about reading and writing, the ability to read and write, and it can also talk about if you have knowledge of something. It can be any topic. Now, to be literate, literate means you can read and write, or it means you have knowledge of a subject. So literacy is the noun, literate is the adjective. An example could be most adults in the world today are literate. Again, that means most adults can read and write, or you could say something like most adults are computer literate. That means they know how to use a computer. Now, the opposite is illiterate. Illiterate. So if you're illiterate, you cannot read or write, or you don't know something about a certain topic. An example could be a lot of older people are illiterate. That means a lot of older people don't know how to read and write. Okay, let's quickly talk about these words on the yellow. First one, career prospects. I think you know what correa means. That is talking about a job where you can move up the ladder. Prospects means opportunities. This phrase is often used when talking about education, especially when talking about which subject to study. For example, you might say something like studying law has many career prospects. That means if you study law, you have a lot of opportunities to build a career, to start a career, to get a job, and then move up the ladder and keep earning more money and keep getting a better position. Now, to open doors is similar. To open doors is an idiom, and it means to give you opportunities that weren't there in the past. For example, if you study law, it will open many doors. That means if you study law, you will have many new opportunities that you didn't have before. So this is a great idiom to use, and it's quite common to open doors. You can also say it means to make things possible that weren't possible before. Okay, scholarship. Scholarship means when someone pays or something pays for someone else's study. An example could be she won a scholarship to one of the best universities in the USA. That means she won something where someone or something is going to pay for all of her studies. She doesn't have to pay anything. The person or company or thing is going to pay for her studies. Next word, pedagogy. Pedagogy. This is referring to the method of teaching how people teach or how teachers teach. It can talk about the methods of teaching. For example, his pedagogy is quite diverse. That means he has a lot of different techniques and methods he uses to teach. Next one, campus. Campus refers to the buildings of a university and the land that surrounds them. An example could be the campus at this university is beautiful. So that means you're talking about the buildings and the land is very beautiful. Next one, dorm. Dom is short for dormitory. A dormitory is a place where students sleep normally on the university campus or very close to the university campus. An example could be, where is your dorm located? That means where's your dormitory located? Where is the place where you live located. Next one, mature student. A mature student is a student who is older than most of the other students. So most students at university are say 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, they're very young. So if a student goes to university and they're may be 30 or 35, you can say they are a mature student. They are older than most of the other students. Okay, let's quickly talk about single gender schools and mixed gender schools. Note the pronunciation of mixed. Mix. There's a T at the end, and that's how we pronounce the ED mixed. Okay, a single gender school is a school which only allows boys or girls. The school does not allow both. Now, mixed, on the other hand, is a school which has boys and girls. So they have boys and girls together. However, a single gender school only has boys or it only has girls. It does not have both. Okay, let's have a look at these words on this little board here. The first one is to cheat. To cheat means to behave in a dishonest way, normally to get a better mark or grade on a test or an exam. So let's pretend I'm doing a test right now. And next to me, someone else is doing a test, and I look over to see that person's answers, and I copy them, and then I write them down. I am cheating. I am doing something dishonest to try to help me to get a better mark, to cheat. An example could be a lot of young people have cheated on an exam before. And note here, we normally say to cheat on something, to cheat on an exam, to cheat on a test. Next one to plagiarize, plagiarize. If you plagiarize something, that means you copy that person's work and pretend it's yours. An example could be, it's clear that this student has plagiarized the work of this student. That means this student here has copied this student's work, next one, to struggle. If you struggle with something, that means you find it difficult, and you have to make a lot of effort to do that thing. An example could be science is a subject that a lot of students struggle with. Now note here we normally use struggle with. For example, struggle with science, struggle with English. Next one, to put something off. If you put something off, you do that thing at a later time. So let's pretend right now you are doing your assignment. You are doing some work at home, and you say, No, I'm sick of this. I'm not doing it anymore. I'm going to do it later. You have put that thing off. An example could be the vast majority of students love to put their homework off. So they don't do their homework now, they do it at a later time. To put something off, to do it later in the future. Next one, to keep up. To keep up means you stay at the same level as someone or something else, or you are at the level that is required for that time. So at school, for example, every day you learn something, you're moving forward, right? So if you are at the same level as everyone else, you are keeping up. You are keeping up with the work, for example. However, if all of the other students are here and you are here, you are behind, and it's moving forward like this, we can say you are falling behind. If you fall behind, that means you are not at the same level as everyone else or something else. So let's pretend all of the other students are at page 70, but you are at page 60. You are not keeping up and you have fallen behind. So to keep up means at the same level to fall behind means when you're behind, you're not at the same level as everyone else or something else. Next one, to drop out of school. If you drop out of school, that means you quit school or you leave school before you have finished. An example could be several students decided to drop out of school in grade ten. Next one, to be expelled. If you are expelled, you are forced to leave a school. You are not allowed to come to that school anymore. An example could be after his terrible behavior, he was expelled from the school. That means after his terrible behavior, they forced him to leave the school, and they did not let him come back. Next one to skip school. If you skip school, it means you don't go to school. Maybe you go to the movies instead, but to skip school means you don't go to school. An example could be his mother found out he was skipping school, and she was furious. To wag school is the same thing. It means you don't go to school and you do something else. Now, these words skip school and wag school, you don't go to school intentionally. You decide, Okay, I'm not going to school today and you do something else. An example could be his father discovered that he had been wagging school for the past week and was enraged. Okay, next one to cram for something. If you cram for something, you try to learn a lot of information in a very short time. So let's pretend you have a test tomorrow and you haven't started studying. You can say, Okay, tonight, I'm going to cram for the test. That means you're going to try to study a lot of information in a very short time. Alright, that's the end of school and education part two. We've got one more part to go, so I'll see you there. 63. School Idioms and Other Vocabulary: M. Guys, welcome back to school and education. This is P three, the last part, so let's get into it. Let's first talk about some phrasal verbs. First one, to read over. If you read something over, you normally read that thing from the start to the finish, normally to look for errors or to look for mistakes. An example could be, hold on, give me 1 minute. Let me quickly read over your assignment. So let me quickly read it to look for errors. Next one, to take in. If you take something in, you absorb something or you receive something. An example could be this is a lot of information. Just give me 2 minutes to take it in. An example could be, just give me 5 minutes to take in all of the information. Just give me 5 minutes to receive it, to absorb it. Next one, to take up. I think we talked about this at the very start of this course when we talked about hobbies and activities. So you should know this one. Take up means to start doing something. An example could be, have you taken up yoga yet? That means, have you started doing yoga yet. Next one, to type up. If you type something up, you normally have something on a piece of paper that's been written by hand, and you type it on the computer, and then sometimes you print it out. An example could be, please type up the report as soon as you can. Okay, let's do the idioms now to hit the books. If you hit the books, that just means to study. An example could be tonight, I'm going to hit the books for 3 hours. That means I'm going to study for 3 hours. Next one, to bury yourself in books. That means to give all of your attention to studying. So you could say something similar. Tonight, I'm going to buy myself in my books for 3 hours. I'm going to give all of my attention to my books and not do anything else for 3 hours. To know something inside out. If you know a topic inside out, that means you know everything about that topic. An example could be she knows English grammar inside out. That means she knows everything about English grammar. Okay, these next two ones are similar, not the sharpest tool in the shed. A tool is something that you can use, like you can see right now. A shed is what you can see on the screen right now. So that's one idiom. The next idiom is not the brightest light on the Christmas tree. What you can see right now is a Christmas tree. Now, these two idioms mean not intelligent. So if I say he is not the sharpest tool in the shed, that means he's not very intelligent. If I say she is not the brightest light on the Christmas tree, that means she's she's not very intelligent, not very smart. Next one to be the teacher's pet. If a student is the teacher's pet, that means the teacher likes that student a lot and treats that student better than all of the other students. An example could be, it's very clear that Jenny is the teacher's pet. That means the teacher likes Jenny a lot and treats Jenny better than all of the other students. Next one to goof around. To goof around means to act in a silly way and to not really concentrate or focus on anything in particular. For example, stop goofing around. We need to submit our assignment tomorrow. So stop acting in a silly way. Please start focusing because we need to do we need to submit our assignment tomorrow. To pass with flying colors. If you pass an exam or a test with flying colors, you pass that test with a very high mark. An example could be, I got 80% and I passed with flying colors. That means you got a high mark, and normally it was pretty easy for you. To brush up on something. If you brush up on something, you improve your knowledge of something that you have studied before. So let's pretend maybe six months ago I studied chemistry, and then tomorrow I have a chemistry test. I could say, I'm going to brush up on my chemistry. That means I'm going to improve my knowledge about chemistry, but I've studied it in the past. So it shouldn't be too difficult because I've already studied it in the past, to brush up on something. And last idiom, guys, is to pull an all ntter. If you pull an all nighter, that normally means you stay up all night and you don't sleep until the next day. So let's pretend right now it's Friday night. And I pull an all nighter. That means on Friday Friday night, I don't sleep, but I'll probably sleep on Saturday night or maybe Saturday afternoon. This is to pull an all nighter. A lot of students pull all nighters sometimes to study. Okay, they are the idioms. Now let's talk about some adjectives to describe subjects. Now, these adjectives here are less common. So if you use them, you will sound like a native speaker. And if you use them in your Its test, for example, you will definitely show the examiner that you have a good vocabulary. First one, fascinating. Fascinating means very interesting. So if you're talking about a subject you think is very interesting, say, it's fascinating. For example, science is fascinating. Next one, engaging. If something is engaging, it gets someone's attention, and it normally causes them to participate in the activity. An example could be the teachers lessons are always very engaging. So that means it gets me interested and sometimes I can participate in the activities. I'm not just sitting there like this, very bored listen I may be answering questions, I'm doing activities, it's engaging. It's making me feel a lot of interest. Next one, eye opening. If something is eye opening, it teaches you something that you didn't know before and you probably didn't expect to learn. You learn something that is surprising to you. You didn't expect to learn that thing. An example could be history is a very eye opening subject because a lot of the time you learn things that are surprising to you and you'll learn things that you didn't expect to learn or even feel. Next one, hands on. If something is hands on, that means that the learning occurs through actually doing and maybe using your hands rather than just listening. Again, if a subject is hands on, the students are probably doing something. They're not just sitting there listening and taking notes, they're actually doing something. An example could be his classes are always very hands on. That means his classes normally involve doing, not just sitting there listening. Okay, next one interactive interactive. Interactive means involving communication between two or more people. So for example, if a teacher stands at the front of the class and talks, talks, talks, talks, talks, this is not interactive because there's only one person communicating. However, if the teacher is often asking questions and often causing the students to have to talk to each other, this is a very interactive class because two or more people are communicating interactive. Demanding demanding. If a subject is demanding, it needs a lot of time, effort and energy to learn. An example could be chemistry is a very demanding subject because you have to spend a lot of time, energy, and effort on that thing if you want to learn it. Next one, overwhelming. If something is overwhelming, that normally means there's too much of something and you don't know what to do with it. So let's pretend you go into a classroom and you just learn so many things in a very, very short time, you can say it's overwhelming. There's just too much information and I don't know how to handle it. I don't know what to do. Overwhelming. Next, regimented. Regimented means something that is too organized and controlled with too many rules to follow. So if you go into a class and there's so many rules to follow, it's too organized. There's too much control. You can say the class is very regimented. An example could be his classes are always very regimented. So there's lots of rules. It's too organized and there's too much control. Next one, uninspiring, uninspiring. This is a great adjective to use, and it means not making you feel excited or interested. So let's pretend you go into a classroom and your teacher is very boring. He's not very exciting. He doesn't give you any interesting activities. He just talks, talks, talks a whole lesson. You can say the class is very uninspiring because you go in there, it's not exciting. It's not interesting, and you just feel bored. It's not something that you want to do again and again, uninspiring. Last one, guys, is challenging. Challenging just means difficult. An example could be learning a subject like calculus is very challenging. That means calculus is very difficult and it's not easy. All right guys, that's the end of school education and learning. I hope you enjoyed that. Same as normal, download the Word document, revise the vocab, use the vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. 64. Shopping Basic Vocab and Phrases: Alright, let's talk about shopping. I think everyone loves getting something new. So let's talk about some vocab right now. First one, a brick and mortar shop. A brick and mortar shop is a shop that actually has a physical shop. It's not talking about an online store. A brick and mortar shop is a shop where customers can actually go and they can actually see, touch, use, and try on different products. An example could be a lot of people still prefer going to brick and mortar shops. Next one, purchase, purchase just means buy. So if you want to use a better word than buy, say purchase. An example, a lot of people love purchasing new things. A shoppaholic, if you are a shoppaholic, that means you love shopping. You're addicted to shopping, and you do it very often. An example could be a lot of young women these days are shoppaholics. That means a lot of young women love shopping. They're addicted to shopping, and they do it very often. Next one secondhand shops. A second hand shop is a shop which sells goods that have already been used by other people. An example could be a lot of young couples decide to buy their furniture from second hand shops. That means they buy furniture, which has already been used by someone else in the past. Next one, supermarket. A supermarket is a very large store or a very large shop, which has a lot of different kinds of foods, and it has a lot of other goods that people need for their home. For example, towels, pots, pans, and other things like that. An example could be there's a really nice supermarket down the road. Next one, upmarket shop. If a shop is upmarket, that means the products are very high quality, and they're probably very expensive, too. And they're probably for rich people, people who have a lot of money. An example could be in that area, you'll find a lot of upmarket shops. Okay, let's move over here and talk about delivery. Now there are normally two types of delivery that you can choose when you order things online. The first one is called express delivery. Express delivery means the fastest form of shipping. So that company will try to get it to you as fast as they can. Now, on the other hand, there's standard delivery or standard shipping. Standard delivery is just normal shipping. They send it to you using normal methods, and they don't try to get it to you as fast as possible. So if you want your product very quickly, you should choose Express delivery. If you don't mind waiting a little bit longer, then you can choose standard delivery. Okay, let's look at these words on the Blackboard now. First one, to buy something in bulk. If you buy something in bulk, you buy a lot of something, a large amount of something, normally to get it at a cheaper price. If you just buy one, it might be more expensive, but if you buy in bulk, you buy a lot, you'll probably get the product or products, much, much cheaper. An example could be the restaurant buys its tomatoes in bulk. So it buys a lot of tomatoes because it wants to get the prices down, it wants to get a cheaper price. Next one to buy something on credit. If you buy something on credit, that means you buy something with the promise that you'll pay it back later. An example could be, are you going to buy it with cash or are you going to buy it on credit? So that means, are you going to pay with cash, or are you going to buy it with a promise to pay it back later? Next one to stock up on something. If you stock up on something, that means you buy a lot of something in order to have enough for the future. So let's pretend right now, rice is on special. Normally, it's $10. However, today it's $5. You might say something like, Well, I think we should stock up on rice. So that means you buy a lot of rice for the purpose of having rice in the future. Next one, to shop around. This is a very common one, guys, you hear when people are talking about shopping to shop around means you go to have a look at many different shops or places to get the best price or even the best quality. So let's pretend you see something that you really want to buy. But you just have the feeling that it's a little bit expensive. You can say, I really want the product, but I'm going to shop around first. That means you're going to go to a lot of different shops, a lot of different stores, a lot of different places, to see if you can get a better deal, to see if you can get a better price. Next one, something to be on sale. If something is on sale, that means the price is lower than normal. So let's talk about that rice example. The rice was $10, but now it's $5. So that means the rice is on sale. The price is less than normal. Next one, prices to be slashed. If prices are slashed, that means prices are reduced by a very large amount. If something is on sale, yes, the price has gone down. Maybe it's a lot, maybe it's a little bit. We don't know. However, if prices are slashed, that's referring to prices being reduced by a very large amount. An example could be this weekend prices are going to be slashed. That means prices are going to be reduced by a large amount. Okay, let's talk about service. First of all, what is service? I'm sure you've heard that word a lot. Service refers to the act of dealing with and looking after customers in a shop, in a restaurant or in a hotel, for example. So let's have a look at some different words we can use to describe service in a less common way because most people just say things like good service, bad service. However, let's use some better words. First one, impeccable. Impeccable. If something is impeccable, that means it is perfect. There's nothing to complain about, and it can't really get better. So if the service at a restaurant was impeccable, that means it was perfect. I couldn't be any better. An example sentence could be, if you want impeccable service, go check out that restaurant. Next one, un paralleleed unparalleled. Unparalleled means better than anything else, and there's nothing as good as that thing. So let's pretend you go to a restaurant and you have excellent service, and you have never experienced anything like that before in your life. You can say there was unparalleleed service. That means there was nothing you've ever seen like that, and it was better than anything else. Next line, poor poor service means service that is not good. So if you go to a restaurant and the waiters, they don't really care about you. They're not really interested, you could say there was poor service. Substandard has the same meaning. Substandard means not good enough. It's below a satisfactory level. So again, you could say something like substandard service is a big problem with a lot of restaurants. So that means the service is not good enough in a lot of restaurants. Next one, top notch. This is a great little phrase you can use, top notch. Top notch means very, very good. So if there's top notch service, that means the service is very, very good. If there are top notch products, that means the products are very good. They are of a high quality. An example could be the service at the restaurant is top notch. Okay, let's have a look at these last phrases for today. First one, to go bargain hunting. We've already talked about a bargain before. So if you go bargain hunting, that means you go looking for products that you can buy, which are cheaper than they should be. So, for example, you might go looking for things that are on sale because you are getting them at a very good price. An example could be, I think a lot of people enjoy going bargain hunting. Next one, to go on a shopping spree. If you go on a shopping spree, that means you buy a lot of things in a short time. So maybe you go to the shopping mall for half an hour or 1 hour and you buy a lot of things, you can say, I went on a shopping spree. Next one to go window shopping. If you go window shopping, you normally go to a shopping mall or a shopping center, and you look at products through the windows. However, you have no intention to buy. You're just looking. You're just looking at all of the different products, but you don't really want to buy anything. An example could be a lot of people who don't have a lot of money like to go window shopping. So they like to look at all of the products in the windows, but they don't buy anything. Next one to shop until you drop. To shop until you drop means to do a lot of shopping. An example could be the woman was very upset, so she tried to make herself feel better by shopping until she dropped. Alright, guys, that's the end of shopping Part one. I'll see you in the next part, which is shopping Part two. 65. Shopping Idioms and Other Important Vocab: Alright, guys, this is Shopping Part two. Here we go. So first phrase is to not be up to scratch. If something is not up to scratch, that means it's not good enough. An example could be you go into a restaurant and the service is not very good. You can say the service was not up to scratch. That means the service was not good enough. Next one to take something back. If you take something back, you return a product to a shop. So maybe you purchased a product and there was a problem with the product. So you have to take the product back. You return the product. This phrase here, no thanks, I'm just browsing. This is a great phrase you can use if you're in a shop and the customer service assistant asks you, can I help you with anything? You can say, no, thanks. I'm just browsing if you're just looking. You're just having a look, maybe you want to buy something, maybe you don't, but you're just looking. You can say, no thanks, I'm just browsing. Next one, inexpensive. If something is inexpensive, that means it doesn't cost a lot of money. An example could be the food here really is inexpensive. On the other hand, overpriced means expensive. It means something costs more than it should cost. An example could be this restaurant is really overpriced. So the food that you are getting is too expensive. It's not value for money. Now, value for money, that means worth what you pay. So an example, if you pay $100 and you only get one banana, do you think this is value for money? No, it's not worth it because you could get a banana for very cheap, for maybe $0.50 or $1. So value for money means worth your money. An example could be the three course meal for $10 really is value for money. You get a lot for your money, and it's worth your money. Next one, a rip off a rip off. Now, a rip off is a noun, and if something is a rip off, it costs a lot more than it should cost. So, for example, if you buy a banana for $1,000, it's a rip off. It's way higher than it should be. So that's the noun. Now, if you rip somebody off, you cause somebody to pay a lot more than they should pay. So if you sell someone a banana for $1,000, we can say you ripped that person off. You charged them too much money, and you made that person pay too much. So a rip off is the noun, to rip somebody off is the verb. So just remember, a rip off is when you buy something for much more than the product is actually worth. Next one, to follow up on something. If you follow up on something, you get more information about that thing, normally because you've received a question or a complaint. An example could be, I'm the manager of the restaurant. I received some bad feedback, so I decided to follow up on it. So that means you are the manager. Someone said something bad about the restaurant, and you decided to follow up on it, which means you decided to get more information to find out more information. Normally because you want to take action. You want to do something about that thing. To act on something to act on something means to do something about something, normally because you have been told to do it. An example could be the manager acted on the complaint and spoke to staff. So the manager received a complaint, and then he did something about that complaint. He took action and he went to talk to the staff. Okay, to give a full refund with no questions asked. Now, to give a full refund means to give somebody's money back if they're not happy with a product. No questions asked means that the seller will not ask you any questions. He will not ask you for any reasons. Let's pretend you buy a new bag, and the seller, he says, I will give a full refund with no questions asked. So this is a phrase that is used to say that the seller will give you your money back for the product if you have a problem with the product and the seller won't ask you any questions. He won't ask you why or what's wrong with it. An example could be just buy it. They said they would give you a full refund with no questions asked. So if you're not happy with it, you can take it back. Okay, an impulse buy. An impulse buy means when you buy something very quickly and you don't think about it. So let's pretend you go into a shop, you see something that you like, and you just buy it like that. You don't think about it, you just buy it. This is an impulse buy. You weren't planning to buy it. It just happened. You saw it, you liked it, and you purchased it. Now, sometimes if you have an impulse by or you make an impulse by, you may have buyers remorse. Buyer's remorse is when you buy something, and after you buy that thing, you feel regret. You wish that you had not purchased that thing. An example could be, it looks like she's having a bit of buyers remorse. So that means she purchased something, and after she purchased it, now she's not happy with it. Next one to go out of business. If a company goes out of business, that means it closes its stores, it stops selling, and it doesn't do business anymore. It doesn't sell anything anymore. Normally because the business is not making enough money, an example could be, I can't believe it. My favorite restaurant went out of business. That means it stopped selling, it closed its doors, and it's not operating anymore. Next one, to go belly up. This is similar to go out of business. If something goes belly up, that means it fails. It doesn't work. It can also mean when a business goes bankrupt and doesn't have any money left. An example could be the company's plan went belly up and they had to file for bankruptcy. So the company had a plan, I failed, and now they are bankrupt. They don't have any money. Okay, let's go down to the last phrases on the Brown. First one, nobody got back to me. Got back to me means when you contact someone, normally for a reason, maybe you have a question or a complaint. And if somebody gets back to you, it means they contact you back. So you contacted them first. You have a question, you have an issue, you have a problem. And then they say, Okay, let me do some research. Let me find some information. And if they contact you again, they have got back to you. So if nobody got back to me, that means I had a problem, I had an issue. I told someone, and nobody contacted me back. So I contacted them, but they did not contact me back. To have a gripe, if you have a gripe with something, you have a problem with it. So an example, I had a gripe with the service. That means I had a problem with the service. Next one to kick up a fuss. If you kick up a fuss, you show anger about something. You make a complaint about something, you show annoyance about something. You make a disturbance. You have a problem. An example could be the man kicked up a fuss because his coffee was too sweet. So maybe the man ordered some coffee. His coffee was too sweet, and he started getting angry about it. He started making a complaint. He started causing a disturbance to kick up a fuss. Next one to take something up. If you take something up with someone, you discuss that problem or that thing with that person. So for example, to take something up with the manager, that means you discuss something with the manager. So maybe your coffee was too sweet, and you take that up with the manager. That means you discuss that issue with the manager. Alright, guys, that's the end of shopping. Hope you enjoyed that one as well. Download the Word document, revise the vocab, use the vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. Okay. 66. Space Vocabulary: Alright, guys, today we are going to talk about space. This is a very fascinating and interesting subject, so I hope you enjoy it. Now, firstly, let's talk about what space is. Now, space has two main meanings. The first main meaning is this right here, area where you can put things or do things, space. Now, the second meaning, which we are going to be discussing today, is the area above the earth, the area outside the Earth, which you can see right now. All of this right here is space. Alright, let's get started with the vocab today. We're going to start with a quote by Neil Armstrong, the first man to step foot on the moon, the first person to stand on the moon. This thing here is the moon. He said, one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. So this means that he took a step he walked, right? And one giant leap for mankind means moving forward in regards to technology because before that, we had never gone to the moon. But on that day when he stepped on the moon, there was a giant leap for mankind because we moved forward. We became more advanced. We left the planet of Earth and we went somewhere else. This is a very famous quote, and it's something you might hear when people are talking about space. Okay, let's talk about outer space first. When we're talking about the area, you can see on the screen now, we often call it outer space. It's fine. If you say space, that's fine as well, but outer space is more clear and it means the space or the area above the earth outside the Earth. An example could be outer space is a fascinating place. Next one, the moon. The moon is what you can see right now. It's the round object that moves in the sky and can be seen at night. Next one, the sun. The sun is the thing you can see right now on the screen. The sun is the star which the Earth moves around. And the sun provides us with heat and light. Now note here when we're talking about our moon and our sun, we say the moon and the sun. So if we're talking about the moon that we can see from Earth, we call it the moon. If we're talking about our sun, which gives us light and heat every day, we call it the sun. Okay, next one, uninhabitable. This is an adjective, and it means a place that humans can't live or even other living things can't live. So an example sentence could be the moon is currently uninhabitable. That means humans can't live on the moon right now. Maybe in the future, we'll be able to, but right now we can't next one, UFO. UFO stands for unidentified flying object. A UFO is what you can see right here. A UFO is something that is seen in the sky, and people think that it's not from Earth. People think that it's from another place, UFO, unidentified flying object. Okay, let's move over here and talk about Lunar. Lunar refers to the moon. Unar is an adjective and it's talking about the moon. An example could be a lunar month. Let's talk about these words on the red here. The first one is to orbit. To orbit means to follow a curved path around something. For example, maybe the sun. For example, the sun is here and the Earth is here, the Earth orbits the sun. The Earth goes around the sun. The sun doesn't move, but the Earth moves and the Earth goes around the sun. This is to orbit to go around. Next one to voyage to voyage. If you voyage somewhere, that means you go on a very long journey. For example, one day it is hoped that we can voyage to other planets. That means one day it's hoped we can make long journeys to other planets, to other places. Next one, to touch down. If a plane or a UFO or something else like this touches down, it means it lands. So you can use this phrasal verb with planes as well. So if you're in a plane and the plane lands, you can say the plane has touched down. It means it has landed. It has come back to Earth. It is on the ground. An example sentence could be, What time does your flight touch down? What time does your flight arrive? What time does your flight land? Next one to colonize a planet, to colonize a planet. If we as humans, colonize a planet, that means we send humans there to control that place, to control that planet, and we start building there. We start making a civilization. We start making a life there. This is to colonize something. An example could be one day in the future, it is hoped that we colonize Mars. Mars is the planet that you can see on the screen right now. Okay, let's move over here to some idioms, to be over the moon. I think we've talked about this before when we talked about feelings. To be over the moon means to be very happy. An example could be she's getting married next week and so is over the moon. That means she's very happy because she's getting married. Next one, living on another planet. This is an interesting one. If someone is living on another planet, that means they think very, very differently from other people, and they might not see things as they really are. They might not see reality. They might not see the truth. An example could be she's very nice, but it seems like she's living on another planet. So that means she's a nice person, but her thoughts are a bit weird. They're a bit different to everyone else, and she might not see the truth. She might not see life as it really is. She might not see reality. Next one, once in a blue moon. Once in a blue moon means not very often. An example could be, we go fishing once in a blue moon. That means we go fishing, not very often. Next one, alien. A alien is a creature or a living thing that is not from Earth that comes from another place. So, for example, this thing here looks like an alien. It's not from Earth, and it probably comes from another place. Now, alien can also be used to talk about a foreigner. This is not very common, though. So if you're talking about foreigners, please don't call them aliens. I just want you to know that sometimes in very, very, very formal situations, the word alien can be used to refer to a foreigner, someone who is not from a certain country. Extraterrestrial. Extraterrestrial has the same meaning. It's talking about a creature or a living thing that comes from another planet, that is not from this planet. So an example could be, look at this extraterrestrial. He has green skin. Extraterrestrial can also be an adjective to describe something that is not from this planet. An example could be, I think one day we will find extraterrestrial life. That means one day, we will probably find living things that come from other planets. Okay, let's move over here and talk about these words here. The first one is astronaut. Astronaut. An astronaut is someone whose job it is to go into space. For example, this man here looks like he is an astronaut because it looks like his job is to go into space. An example sentence could be a lot of young children think they want to be astronauts when they grow up. Next one, astronomer. Astronomer. Now, an astronomer is someone who is interested in studying space or someone whose job it is to study space. Now, an astronomer studies astronomy, and astronomy is the study of space. An example could be a lot of people are keen astronomers. That means a lot of people like to study astronomy, which means they like to study space. And a lot of time astronomers use telescopes. Astronomers use telescopes. A telescope is what you can see on the screen right now. Next one asteroid, asteroid. An asteroid is a big rock that is in space and it circles, or it goes around the sun. So what you can see on the screen now is an asteroid. So an example sentence could be there are a ton of asteroids in space, but most people don't really think about it. Next one, Cosmos. Cosmos, this is an interesting word. Cosmos means the universe or everything that exists in this life on Earth in space, far from us, close to us, everything that exists. And the Cosmos is talking about that everything can be seen as a system. Everything can be seen as having a system and a pattern. So that sort of means everything happens for a reason. An example could be one of the brightest objects in the cosmos is the sun. So that means one of the brightest objects that exists anywhere. Is the sun. Now, just remember the word cosmos suggests or thinks that everything has a pattern, everything has a system. Next one, meteor. Meteor. Now, a meteor is what you can see right here. It is a rock that comes from space through the Earth's atmosphere. The Earth's atmosphere is all of the gases and all of the things that are at the very top of Earth. So a meteor passes through these gases, passes through this atmosphere, and normally has some bright light around it. So this here is a meteor, and what you can see on the screen right now is a meteor. An example could be her attention was caught by the meteor shower. Next one galaxy galaxy. Galaxy refers to a number of things in space which are held together by gravity. Gravity is a force which pulls two things together. Now, on Earth, gravity pulls us down to earth. Gravity pulls us down to earth. When, for example, I'm sitting here right now and gravity is pulling me to the floor, so the galaxy is a group of things that are pulled together by gravity. Example could be our galaxy is called the Milky Way. That means the group of things where we live that are pulled together by gravity is called the Milky Way. Next one, horizon. Horizon. Horizon means where the sky seems to touch the land or the sea or water. So what you can see on the screen now is a horizon. An example could be the sun is just going down at the horizon right now. Next one, planet planet. A planet is a big circular rock that is in space, and it normally moves around or orbits a sun. It normally moves around or orbits a sun. So an example could be, our beautiful planet is named Earth. Next one star, star. A star is a large ball of burning gas that can be seen from the Earth when we look up at the sky at nighttime. This is a star. The sun is technically a star. An example sentence could be the stars are very bright tonight. Next one, constellation. A constellation is a group of stars which are together and they have a pattern, and they look a certain way. So what you can see on the screen now is an example of a constellation. An example could be one of the most common constellations is called Aon. Next one, solar system. Solar system. This is talking about the sun, so the sun is in the middle and all of the planets that move around it. An example could be, our solar system has numerous planets. We have Earth, we have Mars, we have Jupiter, and we have several other planets. Next one, universe. The universe is everything that exists. So that can be planets, stars, meteors, asteroids, everything that exists. An example could be the universe is an amazing place. Okay, let's quickly move over to these words here. First one is rocket. A rocket is an object that moves very fast by forcing gas. So forcing gas out of it to make it move, and it's normally used to travel into space. What you can see on the screen now is an example of a rocket. Now, we've already talked about gravity. Gravity is the force which pulls two things together. So on Earth, gravity pulls us down to the ground. An example could be, it doesn't matter where you go, gravity will always be there. Next one, satellite, satellite. This here is a satellite. A satellite is a device very high above the earth, and it's used for transmitting, sending and or receiving information and signals. And it can also allow communication. An example could be there are hundreds, if not thousands of satellites above the earth. Next one, spacecraft. A spacecraft is something we use to go into space. An example could be the spacecraft was unmanned. That means the object or machine that was used to go into space had no one in it. Next one, space station, space station. A space station is a vehicle or a thing that's just above the earth and it allows people to go there and it allows people to do tests. What you can see on the screen now is a space station. An example could be most nations are trying to build their own space station. We've already talked about telescope. Telescope is what you can see on the screen right now. It's used normally to make things that are very far away look closer. An example could be a lot of people have a telescope so they can look at the stars. All right, guys, that's the end of space. I hope you enjoyed that. Again, download the word document, review the vocab, use the vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. 67. Sport Basic Vocabulary: Okay, sport. This is sport part one. Let's get right into it guys to undertake or to engage in. Guys, these are just two very formal ways to say to do. So if you're doing Its, for example, and you want to use less common vocab and you're talking about sport, don't say I do sport or I do activities. Try to use these phrases to undertake or to engage in. Now, let's quickly talk about these words here. These are adjectives. The first one is strenuous, strenuous. Strenuous means when you use a lot of effort or energy to do something. Now, physical means relating or about the body. So if you undertake strenuous activity, that means you do something that requires a lot of energy or effort. If you engage in physical exercise, that means you do something which moves your body, which uses your body. So if you're just sitting there watching TV at night, this is not engaging in physical exercise because you're not using your body. If you engage in physical exercise, you do something like playing a sport, maybe playing tennis. You do something like boxing. You do something which uses your body. Now, if you do something that's very tough, very difficult and uses a lot of energy, guys, please use this word strenuous to undertake strenuous activity. It's a great structure to use and it's very simple. Let's pretend someone asks you what kind of sport are you into? You could say, I enjoy undertaking strenuous sports. For example, boxing because when you do boxing, you have to use a lot of energy. Now, the opposite of strenuous is gentle. So you could say, I undertake gentle activities. Maybe you do something like yoga. Maybe you do something like walking. These are gentle activities. They're very soft and they don't require a lot of energy. Okay, let's talk about these words on the green. Pitch, pitch is an area that is used for playing certain sports. For example, soccer or football. So what you can see on the screen now is a football pitch. It's where people play soccer or football. Next one, court. Court is also another area where people play sports, for example, basketball and tennis. So what you can see now is a tennis court. Next one, track. A track is normally a wide, circular path that is used for running. So what you can see on the screen now is an example of a track. So just remember, pitch is used for soccer, court is used for basketball and tennis, and track is normally used for running. Okay, let's move over here and talk about these words. First one is an athlete athlete. An athlete is someone who is good at sport or good at physical activities. And sometimes athletes compete. That is their job to compete, to try to beat other athletes. Next one, player. Player. Now, a player is someone who does or takes part in a physical activity. So these people here, these kids here, they are players because it looks like he is playing basketball. He is playing soccer, and she is playing tennis. They are doing that thing, they are doing that sport. Next one, referee. This here is a referee. A referee's job is to make sure that when people are playing a game, that all rules are followed. The referee makes decisions about the rules. So the referee will make a decision about if something is correct or not correct. He will make decisions about if something follows the rules or if something does not follow the rules. Now, umpire is the same. Umpire has the same meaning. An example could be being a referee is a very important position. Next one, spectator, a spectator is someone who watches something and who does not take part or who does not undertake in any activity. For example, if I have a son and my son is playing soccer and I am watching him, I am a spectator. I am watching. Okay, let's talk about these different types of sports because there's lots of different types of sports. The first one is a team sport, a team sport. A team sport is when two or more teams try to beat each other when they compete with each other. A team refers to two or more people who try to do something. So for example, in soccer, soccer teams try to get the ball into the net. This is their goal. So common examples of team sports could be soccer, could be rugby, and it could also be basketball. Next one, a contact sport. A contact sport means when people are playing that sport, they will probably have to touch each other. Their bodies will come in contact. They will touch. So again, an example could be soccer, an example could be rugby and boxing because when people box, their bodies have to touch. They come into contact. Next one, an individual sport. An individual sport is a sport where you do the sport by yourself. You don't have help from anyone. An example could be boxing. This is an individual sport because you don't have a team to help you. It's just you by yourself. An example could be boxing is one of the most difficult individual sports. Competitive. A competitive sport is where you try to win. So that could be a team sport. It could be an individual sport. But the main idea behind competitive means you try to win. So basketball is a competitive sport because the two teams they try to win. They try to beat each other. An extreme sport, an extreme sport is a sport which is dangerous and exciting. Some common examples could be snowboarding. And bungee jumping. These are sports which are very dangerous and very exciting. Next one, a combat sport. A combat sport is where you have to fight someone. Again, boxing is a perfect example of a combat sport. So, guys, next time you're talking about sports, try to use these words. If you're talking about soccer, for example, say, I enjoy playing team sports. If you like doing something like boxing, use the word combat. Use these words to make your speech sound much better and more like a native speaker. Okay, let's look down here at these words. First one, to train hard. If you train hard, you use a lot of effort and a lot of energy. So again, boxers, they train hard because when they are fighting, when they are training, they use a lot of energy. It's not easy and it's very difficult. Next one, to be a gymrat. If you're a gym rat, you're someone who loves going to the gym and you like to be fit and strong. An example could be, I used to be a gym rat until I had an injury. So that means before you went to the gym a lot and you were very concerned. You were very interested in staying fit and looking good. Next one, to be a gym fanatic. This has a similar meaning, but it's stronger. If you're a gym fanatic, that means you're obsessed with going to the gym. The gym is very, very important to you and if you don't go to the gym, you might not feel right. An example could be you'll find a lot of gym fanatics at that gym. That means you'll find a lot of people who are obsessed with going to the gym, looking good, keeping strong and staying fit. Okay, let's move over here to the last phrases for the lesson to gain on. If you gain on someone or something, that means you get closer to that person or that thing. And if you gain on someone, you're normally following them. You're normally trying to get to them. You're normally chasing them. So let's pretend two people are running. And this person is in front and this person is behind. If this person is getting closer, we can say this person is gaining on this person. It means getting closer when you're chasing someone or trying to get to someone. Next one, to get the hang of something. If you get the hang of something, that means you learn how to do something. So let's pretend you're learning how to box. And you just feel that now you're starting to understand it. You're starting to be good at it. You can say, I'm getting the hang of it. That means you're learning how to do it, you're learning how to be good at it. Next one to jump at the chance. If you jump at the chance of something, that means you accept an opportunity to do something very quickly without thinking because you really, really, really want to do that thing. An example could be, I would jump at the chance to train with Mike Tyson. So that means you really, really want to train with Mike Tyson. And if you had the opportunity, you would accept that thing like that very, very quickly without even thinking. Next one, to catch up to somebody. If you catch up to somebody, that means you reach or get to someone who is in front of you. For example, two people are running, person A, person B. If person A is in front, person B is behind. I person B is now at the same level, we can say person B has caught up to person A. It means now they are at the same place, but before they were not to catch up to somebody. Next one to break away from somebody. If you break away from someone, that means you move into the lead or you move in front of someone. So let's pretend two people are running, and right now they're at the same level. However, if this person goes in front, we can say this person has broken away from this person because this person is in front to break away from means to go into the lead. Okay, next one, to have a go at something. If you have a go at something, that means you try something. An example could be my mom is not very athletic, but she had a go at boxing. That means my mom is not very athletic, but she had a try. She tried boxing. This is a great phrase you can use to sound like a native speaker to have a go. I want to have a go at boxing. I want to have a go at soccer. This is a great phrase, so make sure you use it. All right, guys, that's the end of sport Part one. I hope you enjoyed that. I'll see you in the next lesson, which is sport, Part two. 68. Sport Phrases and Idioms: Alright, guys, this is sport part two, so let's get right into it. Let's start with these phrases and words here. First one is to stretch. If you stretch, you do what this man is doing right here. You make your muscles longer or shorter for the purposes of exercising or for the purposes of increasing your flexibility. So when people do things like this, this is called stretching. Next one, to keep fit. If you keep fit, that means you stay strong, stay healthy, and you keep your body in good physical condition. An example could be keeping fit is something that should be essential to all people. That means staying strong, having a body which is in good condition should be something that is very important. Next one to warm up. If you warm up, that means you do some light exercises to prepare your body before you do some strenuous exercise. If you warm up, you could stretch. You could also do other exercises which prepare your body for exercise. An example could be warming up is a very important thing that most people don't do. So that means preparing oneself for exercise is something that most people just don't do. Now, cool down is the opposite. This is what you do after you've finished your exercise or your workout. You do some light exercises to finish your main workout, and a lot of people believe that cooling down prevents injuries. So that could be the example sentence. A lot of people believe that cooling down is essential to avoid injuries. Okay, to stay in shape. To stay in shape is similar to keep fit. It just means to be strong, to be in good physical condition. An example could be staying in shape becomes more and more important as you get older. That means keeping your body in good physical condition, staying strong, staying fit becomes more important as you get older. To pull out of something. If you pull out of something, that means you stop doing that thing. Let's pretend there is an athlete and he's currently playing a soccer game and he hurts his leg and he cannot play anymore. You could say something like he pulled out of the game. That means he stopped playing the game because he hurt his leg. He could not continue. To be out of shape, this means to not be in good physical condition. This means to not be fit. This means to not be strong. It's someone who is in poor physical condition. An example could be, most people are overweight and out of shape. Okay, let's move up here and talk about to break a sweat. To break a sweat means to start sweating, and sweat is the water or the liquid that comes out of your skin to cool you down. So an example could be, whenever I exercise, I break a sweat. This is a great phrase that native speakers often use when they're talking about sweating. Next one to bulk up. If you bulk up, that means you try to put on weight. You try to add weight, and normally you try to add weight in the form of muscle. You're not trying to get fat, you're trying to build muscle. An example could be the body builder is currently trying to bulk up. That means he's trying to get bigger and trying to have more weight and trying to get more muscle. Now, cut down is the opposite. Cut down is when you try to lose weight, you try to lose fat and keep muscle. If you cut down, you're not looking to lose muscle. You're only looking to lose fat. An example could be a lot of people like to cut down in summer because summer is beach weather. That means a lot of people like to lose weight and lose fat in summer because summer is for the beach. Next one, it kit means the things that you need to do something. For example, if you play soccer, part of your kit would be a ball. You need that ball to play the sport. Next one, whistle. This here is a whistle. It is a thing that makes a very loud sound into the whistle, if you blow into the whistle. Whistle can also be a verb and whistle means when you make a high pitched sound when you blow out air. For example, I can't really whistle very well, but that is what whistle means. Next one, equipment. Equipment is the same as kit. It's the things you need, the clothes you need to do something. So an example sentence could be, What equipment do you take with you to the gym? That means what do you bring? Do you bring a towel? Do you bring water? Do you bring clothes? What do you bring? Okay, let's move over here to talk about to blow the competition away. If you blow the competition away, that means you defeat, you beat, you win against your competition, the people that you are playing against, very, very, very easily. An example could be the other three teams are not very strong, and we are going to blow the competition away. That means we are easily going to win against the competition. We are easily going to win against the other teams. Next one to be fit as a fiddle. If you're fit as a fiddle, that means you're very strong, you're very fit, and you're in good physical condition. An example sentence could be, although he's quite old, he's still fit as a fiddle. Now, a fiddle is what you can see on the screen right now. Next one to be out of your league. If you're out of your league, that means something or someone is too good for you. So let's pretend that I play soccer against Manchester United. I will be out of my league because I am not a professional soccer player, and the players in Manchester United are much, much, much better than me. An example could be, there's no point in competing against that team because we will be out of our league. That means they're much better than us, and there's no point, and we probably can't beat them. Next one, the match was fixed. If a match was fixed, that is talking about the act of knowing who will win a match before the match is played before the game starts. It means to have a predetermined result before the game starts. That means before the game starts, someone or something decides who will win and what the score will be. An example could be, there is no way that Liverpool lost. The match was fixed. That means it was decided before the game who should or who would win. Next one, to hit the wall. If you hit the wall, that means you reach a point or you come to a point where you don't have much energy left because you're tired or just don't have any energy. An example could they have been running for 20 miles and they're starting to hit the wall. That means they're starting to feel like they've got no energy and they're starting to feel very, very tired, like they cannot continue. Next one, a cheap shot. A cheap shot is something that someone does, which is unfair and not very nice. An example could be kicking him while he was on the floor was a real cheap shot. That means kicking someone while they are on the floor is not fair. It's not very nice, a cheap shot. Okay, to go for a brisk walk. You know what walk means? Brisk means fast. So if you go for a brisk walk, that means you walk quite quickly. You walk quite fast. An example could be a lot of people go for a brisk walk at the park. Next one to do some cardio. If you do some cardio, that means you do an activity which increases the rate of your heart. It makes your heart beat faster. A very common example of cardio is running because when you run, your heart beats faster, it increases the rate of your heartbeat. An example could be my workouts normally include doing some cardio. That means when I workout, I normally do something that makes my heart beat faster and work harder. Next one, to go jogging. Jogging is a slow run. That's it. Very simple. Jogging is a slow run. An example could be my sister loves jogging after work. Next one, weight training, weight training. This woman here is doing weight training. Weight training means when you lift heavy things to make your muscle stronger or to make your muscles bigger. An example could I do weight training five or six days a week. That means five or six days a week. I lift things that are heavy to become stronger, to make my muscles bigger. Okay, let's have a look at the last phrases for today in this lesson. The first one is to set a record. If you set a record, that means you do something that nobody has ever done before. You do something that nobody has ever achieved before. An example could be he set a record when he did 30 pull ups in 20 seconds. That means nobody else has ever done 30 pull ups in 20 seconds. Now, next one, if you break a record that has the same meaning as to set a record, it means you do something better than anyone else has ever done. Nobody else has ever achieved that thing. An example could be he broke a record when he ran that distance in 10.3 seconds. That means nobody has ever run that distance in 10.3 seconds. Okay, last one, to hit a PB. PB means personal best. To hit a PB means when you do something that is the highest or the most that you have ever done before. You have never done that much before. For example, lifting the most amount of weight you have ever lifted. This is hitting a PB. An example could be I hit a PB yesterday when I bench pressed 100 kilos. That means I have never done 100 kilos before and it was my best. It's not talking about other people, it's talking about my best. A PB is a personal best, and that's relating to me or you if you're talking about it. Alright, guys, that's the end of sport part two. Hope you enjoyed that. Same as usual, guys. Download the Word document, revise, use, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. And 69. Technology Basic Vocabulary: All right. What's up, guys? In this lesson, we're going to talk about technology, which is becoming more and more important in the 21st century. Let's get right into it. Technology can sometimes be called Tech for short. An example could be, I can't wait to get my hands on some new tech. That means I can't wait to get or buy or purchase some new technology. Let's look up here for the first word for today to innovate, to innovate. To innovate means to make, create or introduce new ideas. So for example, if you make something new, if you create something new, you are innovating. You are making something new, you are making new ideas. An example could be, it's important for new companies to continually innovate. That means it's very important to keep thinking about new ideas and making new things. Normally if we innovate, we make something better. We make the world better, we make our lives better. Next one, innovation. Innovation is a noun, so innovate is the verb, and innovation is the noun. So innovate is when you make an idea. Innovation is an idea that is made. It's a new idea, it's a new method. For example, the computer was made using the latest innovations. That means the computer was made, created with the latest technology, the latest ideas, the latest methods. Wear and tear. Wear and tear is a very common phrase that you hear. Wear and tear means when something becomes damaged over time because it's been used. For example, let's pretend you have an iPhone and it's 5-years-old. There might be some scratches or marks or little things on the iPhone which make it look old. This is because you've been using it for such a long time and it's had a little bit of damage done to it, and now you can see it's definitely not new. To surf the net. Net is short for Internet, the Internet. So if you surf the net, that means you look through information or look through web pages on the Internet. Now, sometimes if you're surfing the net, you're not really looking for anything in particular. So an example could be one of the most common hobbies that young people have is surfing the net. That means one of the most common hobbies that young people have is using the Internet, looking at webpages, finding information on the Internet. Now to browse the net has the same meaning. It just means to use the Internet, to look for things on the Internet, to look at web pages on the Internet. Okay, let's go over here and talk about file. File is something that is stored on a computer. So for an example, a Word document, a PDF document, these are files. There's something that is stored on a computer. So the word documents that come with all of these lessons, these are files. An example could be, could you please send me the file as soon as possible? Next one to back up. To back up means to make a copy of something. Now, we normally use the phrasal verb back by saying something like to back up a computer or to back up something. So let's pretend I want to back up my laptop. That means I take a copy of all of my files on my laptop and put it onto something else, for example, like a flash drive, like you can see on the screen right now. Example could be the company recommends that you back up all of your files before you start the process. That means you need to copy all of your files from your computer or your laptop or any other electronic device and move them to somewhere else to back up. Let's look at these words here. Geek. Hackers and scammers. Now, a geek is someone who's very intelligent and normally knows a lot about computers, but they're not very popular. This is what a geek is. An example could be the geeks of the school hang out over there. Next one, hacker. A hacker is someone who tries to go into your computer or get information from your computer or your iPad or your iPhone. And use it normally for a negative reason. Maybe they want to take your bank information from you and use your credit card. This is a hacker. An example could be hackers are a very big problem in the 21st century. That means hackers, the people who try to get into your computer and take your information are a big problem. Next one, scammer. A scammer is someone who tries to make money by doing illegal things or lying to you or deceiving you. An example could be if someone tries to sell you a watch and they tell you that the watch is from a certain brand, but it's actually fake. This is an example of what a scammer might do. Now, a scammer is the person scam is the thing that they do. It's the action that they take. So, for example, we could say scammers, scam people. Now with that example before with the watch, this is a scam because the scammer is lying to you to get money. He's telling you that the watch is real, but it's not real. It's not the real thing. And the only reason you would give him the money is because you think that it's the real thing and you think that you're getting it for a cheap price. This is an example of what a scammer might do. Or an example of a scam. So remember, scammer with an ER is the person, and scam is the noun, and it can also be a verb. Okay, computer buff, computer whiz, computer techie, computer literate. Now, a computer buff is someone who knows a lot about computers and someone who is very interested in computers. An example could be a lot of younger people today are computer buffs. A computer whiz is someone who is very skilled and very good at using computers. An example could be one of my students is a real computer whiz. That means he has a lot of skill using computers, and he can probably do anything on a computer because he's very skilled and very good and competent at using computers. Next one, computer techie. A Techie is someone who knows a lot about computers or other electronic equipment. So if you say specifically someone is a computer techie, that means they know a lot about computers. However, you can just say someone is a techie, so you can say John is a real techie. That means he knows a lot about computers or other electronic equipment. Next one, computer literate. Listen to the pronunciation it, computer literate. If someone is computer literate, it means they know how to use a computer and they can do basic things on a computer. Now note this is very different to computer buff and computer whiz. If someone's a buff or a whiz, that means they're very skilled and very good at using computers. But if someone's computer literate, it just means they know how to use computers, and they can do the basic functions. Maybe they're very competent, maybe they're very good, but the word or the phrase computer literate doesn't tell us. All it tells us is that they can use a computer and they can do basic things. Let's quickly talk about these words on the green. Something to be in its infancy. If something is in its infancy, that means it's very new and it's still developing. People are still creating it. It's not 100% finished. So an example could be the technology is still in its infancy. That means they're still making it. It's still very new, and it's not 100% finished yet. It's not 100% developed. Next one, something to be superseded by. This means when something older is replaced, by something newer. Before we were using this thing, but if it's superseded by another thing, that means the older thing goes away. We're not using it anymore. Now we're using the newer thing. We're using something newer and it's probably something better. An example could be the technology has been superseded by something different. An example could be the technology has been superseded by the new developments. That means this technology is gone, it's not being used. Now there's a new technology in its place. A new technology is being used. Next one, emerging technology, emerging technology. Emerging technology is something that's just starting to exist. It's just starting to be here or be in the world. An example could be, it's emerging technology, and we don't really know much about it. That means it's just being created. It's just starting to exist. It's just coming into the world. So we don't really know much about it. And last one in the green is existing technology. If something is existing technology, that means it's here right now. A perfect example could be laptops are existing technology because they're here now and we are using them right now. 70. Tech Important Words: Alright, let's move down here to keep up to date with something. If you keep up to date with something, that means you keep informed about something or you know about something. You know the current information about that thing. So an example could be, John likes to keep up to date with the latest technology, and we'll talk about what latest means in just 1 second, but that means John likes to know about. He likes to find out information about the latest technology. I think we talked about this one in fashion as well to keep up to date with fashion. That means to be informed to know about the latest or current fashion. Let's quickly talk about these words on the yellow. First one is a device. A device is something that has been created for a certain purpose. So a laptop is a perfect example of a device. It's something that's being created for a specific purpose. Now, we normally use the word device with things that are related to technology. So for example, phones, iPads, computers, laptops, and other things that are related to technology. For example, we wouldn't call a chair a device because we normally use device when it comes to technology. Now gadget is very similar. It just means something that has been created. Again, normally about technology to perform or to do a specific purpose or function. Again, a perfect example is my laptop is my gadget or I'm currently using a Gadget. An example could be, have you been into the tech shop to see the latest gadgets? That means, have you been into the technology shop to see all of the latest things that are related to technology. Next one, invention. Invention. An invention is something or a process that has never been made or done before. An example could be, what do you think the most important invention is from the 21st century. That means, what do you think the most important thing is that has been created or made? For example, do you think it's the Internet? Do you think it's a laptop? Do you think it's an iPhone? What is the most important thing that has been created that nobody has done before? The last part of the lesson, we're going to talk about these adjectives you can use to talk about technology. The first one is cutting edge or leading edge. Both of these phrases have the same meaning cutting edge or leading edge. Cutting edge means something that is the most modern, the newest, the most advanced, the best, and there is no better technology right now. An example could be Apple uses the most cutting edge technology when they're creating their phones. That means they use the best technology. There's nothing else better right now. Next one, up to date. If technology or if something is up to date, that means it uses or it has the most current information methods or technology. An example could be, it's very important to keep your technology up to date. An example could be, is your database up to date? That means, do you have the latest information in your database? Next one state of the art. State of the art has a similar meaning to cutting or leading edge. It means the best, the newest, the most modern, the most advanced technology. An example could be we're currently using state of the art methods to create our products. That means we're using the newest, the best, the most recent, the most advanced methods to make our products. Next one, patented patented. Now, if something like a device is patented, that means it has a patent on it. Now, a patent is the legal right to make, create or sell something for a certain amount of time. An example could be the iPhone is patented. That means there are a lot of patents on the iPhone and there are a lot of things on the iPhone that only Apple can do. If someone else copies them or does exactly the same thing, it's against the law. A patent is like when you own an idea and nobody else can use that idea. Patented is the adjective. Patent with no ED is the noun. Next one, proven. If technology is proven, that means it has been used before and it has been shown to be true or useful or effective in the past. An example could be, it's a system that is based on proven technology. That means the technology has been used before, and it's been shown to be effective and useful and it works. Next one, latest. The latest technology means that there is nothing newer. There is nothing newer than that technology. An example could be, have you got the latest iPhone? That means, have you got the newest iPhone? So, have you got the iPhone which was released most recently? Now, outdated outdated is in red because it's more of a negative adjective. All of these adjectives here are more positive. Now, outdated means old. It means old fashioned, and it can mean that it's not the best anymore. It's not really useful anymore. An example could be the technology is extremely outdated and we need to improve our methods. That means the technology is old, it doesn't really work as well, and there's better technology available right now. Leading leading means the best. Leading means the best and something that doesn't really have anything that is better. An example could be he's a leading expert in the creation of cameras. That means he's one of the best experts. He has some of the most knowledge in creating cameras. Next one, advanced advanced. Now note the pronunciation CED is pronounced at the end. Advanced the C is pronounced as an S, the ED is pronounced as a advanced now, advanced means something that is new and at a better level than in the past. An example could be the company uses the most advanced technology that is currently available. Alright, innovative. Now, we've talked about innovate and innovation, so the verb and the noun. Now innovative is the adjective. Innovative means using new ideas or using new methods. An example could be his ideas are very innovative. That means his ideas are new. They're very creative, and they probably haven't been used before. Next one, user friendly. If something is user friendly, it means it's simple and easy to use. It's not difficult. It means it's easy to use. An example could be the website is very user friendly. That means it's easy to use, and when people use it, they don't have problems. It's very simple, it's very easy. Next one, revolutionary. Revolutionary. This means something that is very different. Nothing has been seen like it before, and it has a huge effect on the world or a certain area. So a perfect example of this is the iPhone was revolutionary. That means it had a big effect on the world, and nothing had been seen like it before, revolutionary. Next one, sophisticated sophisticated. Now, sophisticated is a great word. It means complicated or something that's made with great skill. An example could be the company uses the most sophisticated computer systems. That means they use some of the most complicated systems that were made with great skill, systems that were not easy to make, so that means they're probably very good as well. Modern. If something is modern, it means it is new and it is up to date with current times. It means something has been designed or created with the latest methods or the newest methods and ideas. An example could be he lives in a very modern condo. That means his condo was created with the newest methods, the newest ideas, and it looks very new. It doesn't look old. And last one for this lesson is a game changer. Now, if technology or something is a game changer, that means it affects a certain situation or an area very, very much. So let's pretend there's a very innovative invention, and it changes something completely. It changes an area completely. That means it's a game changer. An example could be the new innovative technology is a game changer for the whole industry. That means it has an effect on the whole industry, and it's probably going to change how everything in that industry works. All right, guys, that's the end of technology, part one. I hope you enjoyed that. I'll see you in part two, which is technology Part two. 71. Technology Idioms and Other Important Phrases: All right. Welcome back to technology. This is Part two. Let's get right into it. First word is flash drive. Now, we've already talked about flash drive very briefly in the last lesson. A flash drive is what you can see right now. It's a little device that is used to put computer information on. Next one, virtual reality or VR for short. Virtual reality is when images and sounds are made by a computer and people can see them, but these images and sounds aren't real. They're not real life. They're nothing that you can actually touch like this table or this laptop. This is virtual reality. An example could be in the 21st century, virtual reality is becoming more and more popular. Now let's move over here to the words on the pink. To boot up something means to turn something on. Now, if I say I'm going to boot up my laptop, that means I'm going to turn on my laptop. Now, the opposite is shut down. If I want to turn off my laptop, I would say I'm going to shut down my laptop, very, very simple. Next one to cut and paste. If you cut and paste something, that means you take something from one place and you put it in another place. Now this is normally referring to text and pictures on a computer. An example could be cut and paste the paragraph from the bottom to the top. That means take the paragraph from the top and copy it and put it at the top. Next one to crash. If a piece of technology crashes like a laptop or a computer, that means it stops working, and sometimes it turns off. An example could be my current computer is very outdated and it's always crashing. That means my current computer is quite old, and it often stops working and just turns off. Okay, let's look at these words here first. B means byte. Byte is a unit of computer information. It's one of the smallest units of computer information. Now, a kilobyte is 1024 bytes. A megabyte is 1,024 kilobytes. A gigabyte is 1,024 megabytes, and a terabyte is one of the largest units of measurement we use for computer information, and it's 1,024 gigabytes. So just remember, it goes terabyte, gigabyte, megabyte, kilobyte, and byte or the other way around, bite, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, and terabyte. For example, my laptop has 1 terabyte of memory. That means it has 1,024 gigabytes. Okay, let's have a look at these words here. Now, we know what technology is and we know what something is. Something is a noun, it's a thing. So if you adopt something, if you adopt technology, that means you start using something new. So let's pretend there has been some new technology or a new invention created, and you want to start using that thing. You can say we are going to adopt the new technology and use it to improve our business. That means you're going to take that technology and start using it. Next one, deploy. If you deploy something, that means you start using that thing. You start bringing that thing into action. You start using that thing to help you. So again, you could say, we're going to deploy the new technology. That means we're going to start using the technology to help us. We can also use deploy with people. So you could say something like we are going to deploy more staff to the central office. That means we are going to put more staff into the central office. Next one, to embrace. If you embrace technology, that means you accept something in a positive or an enthusiastic way and you start using it with a lot of interest. An example could be we have all started to embrace the newest systems. That means we've started to accept them and we've started to feel positive and interested about using them to embrace. Next one, to exploit to exploit. If you exploit technology, that means you use that technology to your advantage. You use that technology to benefit you, your company, or something else. For example, we're not fully exploiting the technology we have. So that means we have some technology and we are using it, but we're not using it 100%. We could use it more to provide more advantages or more benefits. Next one to harness. If you harness technology, that means you use and control something in an effective way. An example could be we're going to harness the power of this technology to improve our production processes. That means we're going to start using or controlling a piece of technology in an effective way. To implement, if you implement something, that means you start using it. An example could be, we are going to implement the new procedures on 1 July. That means we're going to start using the new procedures on 1 July. Next one to utilize. Utilize is a formal word for use. So if you utilize technology, it means you use technology. Now, utilize normally means you use something for a specific purpose. For example, the technology is going to be utilized to increase profits. So we're using a technology and we're using it for a specific reason. Okay, let's move down here to talk about these words. Space and room have the same meaning. When we're talking about technology, it means the area on a device that we can use for storing computer information. So ample means more than enough. Enough. You should know that word. That's a very basic word. Sufficient sufficient is another word which means enough. Limited means a small number, and plenty of means a lot. So if you're talking about a device, for example, you can say, my laptop has ample space. That means your laptop has more than enough space to put your files on, to put your computer information on. Now, if your laptop doesn't have a lot of space, you could say my laptop has limited room. That means it has a small amount of room for you to put your files and to put your computer information on. This structure is a very simple structure you can use when you're talking about how much space or area or room that your device has. Let's talk about idioms to get your wires crossed. A wire is what you see on the screen right now. Let's pretend this is one wire, this is another wire. If you get your Ys crossed like this, do you think that's a good thing or a bad thing? It's probably a bad thing, right? So to get your Ys crossed means to have a different or incorrect understanding of something. I'll give you an example. I'm Shane. You know that already. Let's pretend I have a friend called John. Now, John and I want to meet next week. I think we're going to meet on Wednesday. John thinks we're going to meet on Thursday. That means we got our wires crossed. We don't understand each other. We're thinking differently. One of us is thinking incorrectly. Another example of this idiom is by just saying, I think you have your wires crossed. That means I think you're confused. I don't think you understand correctly. So this is a great idiom to use when you're describing something or someone that doesn't understand correctly. Next one on the same wavelength. If you're on the same wavelength as someone else, that means you think the same as someone else. An example could be they are always on the same wavelength. That means those two people are always thinking the same. They always have the same thoughts. Next one, all the bells and whistles. Bells and whistles refer to special features. So if you say something like, I want all the bells and whistles, that means you want all of the special and extra features. So let's pretend you're buying a car. And the salesman says, Do you want all of the bells and whistles? That means, do you want all of the extra and special features? Next one, to pull the plug on something. If you pull the plug on something, you stop doing something, you don't continue that thing anymore. So let's pretend you're spending $100 a day on advertising, and it's not working. It's not making you any money. You can say, we need to pull the plug on the advertising project. That means we need to stop it. We need to stop continuing it. We can't do it anymore. Next one, well oiled machine. A well oiled machine is something or a group of things that work very, very well together. We can use this when we're talking about things, and we can also use it when we're talking about people. So, for example, let's pretend there's Fred and Sally, and they work very well together. When they do a project together, they work very well. Everything goes very nicely. We can say they work together like a well oiled machine. That means they work together very, very well. Next one, light years ahead. If something is light years ahead, it means it's much more advanced. It's much better than something else. An example could be this company is light years ahead of the other company. That means this company is more advanced, it's better than the other company. Next one, nuts and bolts. Nuts are what you can see on the screen now and bolts are what you can see on the screen now. Now, nuts and bolts means the basic facts or information about something. An example could be, could you tell me about the nuts and bolts of starting a business? Could you tell me about the basic facts of starting a business? I want to know the basic information about starting or creating a business. Last idiom for today, guys, is to blow a fuse. What you can see on the screen now is a fuse. So if you blow a fuse, that means you become very angry. Let's pretend you have a son, and you just found out that your son has not been going to school for the past week, and this makes you really angry. You can say, I blew a fuse blue in the past tense, I blew a fuse. That means you became very, very angry. So this is a great idiom, guys to use if you want to talk about someone who is or became angry. Alright, guys, that's the end of technology Part two. Hope you enjoyed that one. Same as normal. Download the Word document, revise the vocab, use the vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next part. 72. Travel Basic Vocabulary: Alright, let's talk about travel and transport. The first thing we need to talk about is the difference between a holiday to be on holiday and to go on holiday. Now, a holiday is a time when you are away from home and you go somewhere to relax or see new places. That's a holiday. Now, a holiday is not when you have a day off from work. So, for example, let's pretend you work from Monday to Friday and then Saturday and Sunday you don't work. We don't call this a holiday. We call this days off or a day off. Now, if we say I am on holiday, that means right now you're in a place normally far from home, and you're in that place to relax or to see new places. This is to be on holiday. Now, to go on holiday talks about the fact that you're going to go somewhere. You are going to go to a place that is far from home, to relax or see new places. Now instead of using the word holiday, you can use the word vacation. So if you want to try and use different words when you're speaking, you can swap holiday for vacation. It has exactly the same meaning. Now let's move over here and talk about low cost airline and budget airline. Now, a low cost airline and a budget airline has the same meaning. Now an airline is a company that operates flights and allows people to travel from one place to another place. Now, a low cost airline or a budget airline is an airline which doesn't offer the traditional services that an airline offers. For example, providing you with food and refreshments. Now, another thing about low cost and budget airlines is that they are normally cheaper than the normal or regular airlines. So this is what these airlines are. They're cheaper, and they don't offer you all of the services or features that a normal airline company would offer you. Next one, air crew air crew. Now, the air crew refers to all of the people on a plane who operate the plane or staff the plane when it's flying. For example, that will include the pilot and will include the flight attendants. Now, a flight attendant is someone who looks after passengers and brings them food and water if that's a service on that flight. An example could be the flight attendants provided impeccable service. What does impeccable mean? You should remember that from shopping. It means perfect service that couldn't be better. Now, please note that you can also say cabin crew instead of flight attendant. Flight attendant is one flight attendants, more than one. Now cabin crew refers to two or more flight attendants. Let's move over here and talk about some fees. Now, a fee is an amount of money you have to pay in a certain situation. A cancellation fee is money you need to pay when you cancel something. A rebooking fee is money you need to pay when you change your booking. So let's pretend you book a flight, and your flight leaves at 11:00 A.M. But then you change your flight from 11:00 A.M. To 3:00 P.M. You might need to pay a rebooking fee because you changed your booking. Next one, a service fee. A service fee is an amount of money you need to pay if a company does something extra for you. An example could be the service fee for booking a ticket is $10. Next one, a credit card fee. This is an amount of money you need to pay if you use your credit card. For example, the credit card fee is currently 0.1%, last one, a no show fee. A no show fee is an amount of money that you need to pay if you do not show up or go to your flight. So let's pretend you book a flight at 11:00 A.M. And you don't go to your flight at 11:00 A.M. You might be charged a no show fee. So that's an amount of money you pay because you didn't go. Okay, let's quickly talk about these phrases here. The first one is to check in. Now, when you go to an airport, if you are catching a flight, if you are getting on a plane, you need to check in. Check in means when you go to the counter at the airport and you tell the airport staff or employees that you are there. The airport staff will then check your documents, and then they will give you your ticket for your flight, and they will also take your bags for you if you have bags, but we'll talk about that in just a moment. Next one, to go through customs. Customs is the area in an airport where the staff check travelers bags, normally for anything illegal. If you go through customs, that means you go to that area, they check your bags, and then you go to the next area to go through customs. Now, you normally go through customs when you go into a new airport. Let's pretend you live in New York and you fly to London. When you land in London, you have to go through customs, so they can check if you've got anything that you shouldn't have. Now, when you go through customs, you'll normally have two situations. The first one is you have nothing to declare. If you have nothing to declare, that means you have nothing that you want to tell customs about. You have nothing that you want to show them or inform them of. Now, if you have something to declare, that means you have something that you want to show or you want to tell customs about. You have something that you want them to look at or check. An example could be, if you have nothing to declare, go straight. If you have something to declare, please queue up on the left. Okay, let's talk about arrivals and departures. Arrivals is the part of an airport where passengers get off a flight. Departures is the part of an airport where passengers get on a flight. That's it. It's that simple. An example could be, where is the arrivals lounge. Next one, the first leg of a journey. The first leg of a journey is talking about the first part or stage of a journey. A journey is a trip normally when you travel somewhere quite far. An example could be the first leg of the journey got me to London, where I will stay for five nights. That means the first part of the journey got me to London, the first part of the trip. Okay, let's talk about all of these words here. Before we talk about the verbs, let's talk about the nouns, luggage and baggage. These words are uncountable. We do not say luggages, we do not say baggages. Please remember that we don't say S. Luggage and baggage refer to the bags that you have when you travel. Maybe you have one bag, maybe you have ten bags. We don't know. Luggage just refers to all of the bags you have. Now, suitcase is countable, so we can say one suitcase, two suitcases, three suitcases, that's fine. Now, a suitcase is what you see on the screen now. It's a bag that we use to put our things in when we go traveling. So an example could be, don't forget your luggage. That's correct. An example for suitcase could be, how many suitcases do you have? Now, when we go to an airport, there's different types of luggage and baggage. Now, remember luggage and baggage have the same meaning. If you have checked baggage, that means you give your baggage, you give your bags to the airport staff, and the airport staff put those bags on the plane for you in a special place on the plane where many other bags are. However, if you have carry on baggage or carry on luggage, that means you have a bag that you take with you on the plane. You do not give it to the airport staff, and carry on baggage or luggage is normally quite small. It's something you can carry easily. Normally, it's less than seven kilos. However, checked baggage refers to big suitcases, big bags that are normally quite heavy. So 20 or 30 kilos, for example. Okay, so quick summary, luggage and baggage. Same meaning, both are uncountable. Luggage and baggage talk about the bags that you have. Could be one, could be many. Suitcase is a bag that you take with you when you're traveling, and this is countable. So we can say one suitcase, two suitcases. Checked baggage or luggage refers to baggage that is normally quite big, and you give it to the airport staff for them to look after and put on the plane for you, and carry on baggage or luggage is a smaller bag that you can carry onto the airport by yourself. Okay, so let's talk about the verbs now to pack. If you pack your luggage, if you pack your suitcase, that means you put things into your suitcase. You put things into your bag. That's it. Very simple. If you unpack luggage, if you unpack your suitcase, you take things out. So pack to put in, unpack, to take out. Wrap. If you wrap your suitcase, if you wrap your luggage, that means you cover or surround your bag with something. So maybe you put lots of plastic around your bag. That means you have wrapped your bag. Next one, to drop off. If you drop off your bags, you give them to the airport staff. So an example could be, I've already dropped off my bags at the counter. That means you've given them to the staff and they will look after them. To weigh. If you weigh your suitcase, if you weigh your baggage, that means you check how heavy it is. Is it one kilo? Is it ten kilos? Is it 20 kilos. Okay, so we can use these verbs with any of these nouns. You can say something like I want to weigh my suitcase. You can say I want to unpack my baggage. You can say I want to pack my suitcase. Okay, let's move down to the final words and phrases, which are on the blue. The first one is gait. Now, gait can have two meanings. The first meaning is what you can see on the screen now. However, when we're at an airport, gait refers to the area where passengers get on and off a plane. That's it. Very simple. So a common example could be something like your gate is located down the end of the corridor. That means the place where you get on your flight is down the end of the corridor. Next one, aisle or window seat. An aisle seat on a plane is the seat that is closest to the aisle. Now, an aisle is a path where people can walk. So what you can see on the screen now is an aisle seat. Now, a window seat is what this person here has. It's the seat which is closest to the window on a plane. So you often hear these words when you check in, the staff at the airport might say to you something like, would you like an aisle seat or a window seat? So remember, AO is closest to the path, and window seat is closest to the window. Now, pronunciation AO ai. The S is silent. We don't say that S AO. Okay, one way ticket. A one way ticket is a ticket where you can go to one place. It allows the traveler to go to one place. So, for example, let's pretend I'm in Sydney right now, and I get a one way ticket to New York, that means I can fly to New York. That's it. I cannot come back. If I want to come back, I need to buy a return ticket. Now, a return ticket allows you to fly to somewhere and then fly back. So if I buy a return ticket from Sydney to New York, that means I can fly to New York and then back to Sydney. Next one, boarding pass. A boarding pass is what you see on the screen right now. It's what the staff at the airport give you when you check in. Next one, departure lounge. A departure lounge is a place where people wait for their flight, too. Go for their flight to take off. It's a place where passengers wait to board their flights. Board is a word we can use to say, get on your flight. So an example could be, what time are you boarding your flight? That means what time are you getting onto your plane or getting onto your flight? Alright, guys, that's the end of travel and transport Part one. I hope you enjoyed that. That was a very quick lesson, even though we had a lot of vocab. I will see you in the next part, which is travel and transport Part two. 73. Travel Useful Vocabulary: Alright, guys, welcome back. This is Travel and Transport Part two. First phrase, to be swarming with tourists. What does that mean? Swarming with. Guys, to be swarming with tourists means to have a lot of tourists. So, for example, right now, the beach is swarming with tourists. That means on the beach, there are lots and lots and lots of tourists. Okay, to travel light, if you travel light, that means you don't take many things with you. So let's pretend you fly to a new place, and you only take two different outfits. You can say, I am traveling light. That means you're not bringing many things. So you're not taking your hair dryer. You're not taking your laptop. You're not taking your camera. You're not taking many things. You're only taking a few things to travel light. Next one, to go sightseeing. Guys, if you go sightseeing, that means you visit certain places because they are interesting or because they are famous and historical. So an example could be, if you go to New York and you go sightseeing, you must see the statue of Liberty, because the statue of Liberty, obviously, it's a very well known place. It's very interesting and it's very historic. It's something that's very important from history. Okay, tourist attraction, tourist attraction is a noun, and it's a thing that most tourists go to see, go to visit, because it's interesting, it's historical, or it's famous. So again, a very popular tourist attraction in New York is the statue of Liberty. Okay, let's move over to these phrases here. First one, affordable destination. An affordable destination is a place that most people have the money to go to. So, for example, the country offers a range of affordable destinations. That means there's a lot of places in that country, which most people can afford. Most people have the money to go to. So, for example, if the food is cheap and the hotels are cheap, you can say it's an affordable destination. However, New York is not an affordable destination because it's very, very expensive, and a lot of people wouldn't or don't have the money to be able to go there. Okay, unbeatable prices. Unbeatable prices refers to prices which are the lowest, and there's no other company or thing or place which has the same prices or lower prices. An example could be this weekend we are offering some unbeatable prices. That means this weekend we are going to offer the lowest prices, and nobody will have better prices than us. All inclusive. All inclusive means including everything. For example, the all inclusive dinner will be $500. Next one, itinerary, itinerary. A itinerary is a very important word when we're talking about travel. Itinerary is a plan for your travel or for your journey. Now, an example could be something like this. On your itinerary, it might say 9:00 A.M. Wake up. 930, have breakfast. 1030, go to the park. This is a plan for your travel itinerary. An example could be, I'm still making an itinerary right now, but I'm not finished. Okay, next one, adventurous explorer, intrepid explorer. Let's first talk about what the word explorer means. An explorer is someone who likes to go to places that most other people haven't been before and they like to look around those places. They like to see those places and learn about those places. Now, adventurous explorer is someone who likes to do exciting and new things. An intrepid explorer is someone who is very brave and likes going to new places. So an adventurous explorer is someone who likes doing exciting things and seeing new places. An intrepid explorer is someone who is very brave and likes going to new places. Okay, stunning landscape. What you see on the screen right now is a stunning landscape. It's a landscape that is very, very beautiful. It's a beautiful area of land. Next one, breath taking view. What you see on the screen right now is a breathtaking view. So when you're describing views when you're describing areas of land, use these words, guys. Use the word stunning. Use the word breathtaking. This will really improve your vocab and it'll make you sound more like a native speaker. Okay, let's talk about these verbs here. But before we do, we'll talk about through the mountains, well, you know what mountains are, and countryside is an area which is outside the city and normally has a lot of trees, mountains, grass, and a lot of nature. Now, to roam and to wander have a very similar meaning to roam and to wander to mean to walk or to travel or to move with no real purpose, with no real direction. You're not going anywhere specific. You're just walking, and you're just going to see what happens. You're just going to go for a walk, and you don't really have a plan. So if you roam through the mountains, that means you go for a walk through the mountains, and you don't really have a plan. If you wander around the countryside, again, you go for a walk. It doesn't matter where you go. You don't have any direction. You're just walking. Next one to trek. To trek means to walk a very long distance. Normally through the mountains or normally in the countryside or normally through a forest. So to trek you walk for a long time. Next one, to hike. Hike has a similar meaning. Hike means a long walk. And again, normally, it's talking about through the mountains or around the countryside. An example could be one of my favorite hobbies is hiking through the mountains. That means I love going for long, difficult walks through the mountains. So use these words or use these verbs with these phrases, guys, when you're talking about what you do when you go traveling. These are great words, and most students who are learning English don't use them or don't understand them. So make sure you do. And last word, guys, unexplored wilderness. If something is unexplored, that means most people have not been there before and most people haven't seen it before. Most people don't know about it. Wilderness is an area that has not been used for farms or cities or for people. So what you can see on the screen right now is a perfect example of wilderness. An example could be Alaska has a lot of unexplored wildernesses for you to explore. Alright, guys, that was travel and Transport Part two. Hope you enjoyed that. We got one more part to go, so I'll see you there. 74. Travel Idioms and Extra Words: Okay, the final lesson on travel and transport, here we go. First, phrase to get around by. If you get around by something, that means you travel in a certain way. So, for example, to get around by car. That means you travel by car. You get around by car. An example could be, what's your favorite mode of transport to get around the city? That means what's your favorite mode of transport to travel around the city. And you could say something like, Well, I love getting around by subway. It's a very convenient form of transport. Okay, now let's talk about to get on or off to get into or to get out of, because a lot of students still use these prepositions incorrectly. So we say to get on a bus, to get on a boat, to get on a train. Very simple. To get off a bus, a boat, to get off a train. Now we can also say to hop on. This is a word that native speakers like to use to hop on to hop off. Hop on the bus, hop on the boat, hop on the train. Hop off the bus, hop off the boat, hop off the train. Now, we normally use on and off with bigger forms of transport. Oh, I also forgot to say, we say get on a plane. Get on a plane, get off a plane. Now, we normally use get on and off with big forms of transport. So like you can see, a plane, it's a big form of transport, and you normally can walk around when you're on a plane. Same with a bus, you can stand up and walk around. However, can you stand up and walk around in a car? No, you can't. So that's why we say into a car. Out of a car. Get into the taxi, get out of the taxi. So that's it, guys. Very, very simple. So just remember on and off with bigger forms of transport and into and out of with smaller forms of transport where you cannot walk around. Now, if you are walking, you can say, I'm going by foot. I'm going on foot. So on foot or by foot just means walking. An example could be, how do you get to the train station? You could say something like, Well, I go on foot. I go by foot. That means I walk. Okay, this little question down here, how many stops until X? This is a phrase we can use when we're talking about transport, such as subways and trains. How many stops means how many stations? How many stations until we get to the night market. So if you say, how many stops until we get to the night market, that means how many stations until we get to the night market. Okay, to finish off travel and transport, as always, let's talk about some idioms. First one, to live it's up. To live it up. Now note the connected speech. Live it up, live it up, live it up. We don't say to live it up. We say to live it up. To live it up, live it up. Now, to live it up means to use one's money and time to have a very good time or experience. And that can normally be with things like shopping, food, drinks and parties. An example could be, we're on holiday. We're really going to live it up this weekend. That means this weekend, we're going to use our time. We're going to use our money to have a great experience, to have a great time. Next one, a bump in the road. Guys, a bump in the road refers to a problem. That's it. So an example could be, we've had a little bump in the road and we have to adjust the schedule. That means we've had a little problem, and we have to change the schedule a little bit. Next one, to go the extra mile. If someone goes the extra mile, it means they do something for you that they don't have to do. They do something for you and it's not expected. You didn't think that they were going to do that, and you didn't expect that they were going to do that. So an example could be he is very kind and always goes the extra mile for his friends. That means he always does something more for his friends, even though he doesn't need to. It's not required, and his friends didn't or don't expect it. Next one, to live out of a suitcase. If you live out of a suitcase, that means you stay somewhere and you only have the things in your suitcase. Let's pretend you go on holiday somewhere, and you're there for two, three, four weeks and you only have a small suitcase with not many things, you can say currently, I'm living out of my suitcase. That means I'm living and the only things I have are the things in my suitcase. Next one, light at the end of the tunnel. Now, light at the end of the tunnel means a reason to believe that a bad situation will be finished soon or a reason to believe that a long, difficult situation will be finished or over. For example, you guys can see the lights of the tunnel with this course because we're almost at the very end. We've almost finished the course. It's been a very long course with lots of great vocabulary that you can use, and it's almost finished. So you can say the course is almost finished and I can see the light at the end of the tunnel. That means you can see that the situation is going to end soon. Now, that was just an example, guys. Please note that light at the end of the tunnel is normally used to describe a negative situation. But doing a course like this is obviously not a negative thing because you're learning and you're improving your English. Next one to throw somebody under the bus. Now, if you throw somebody under the bus, you do something not nice, you do something harmful to someone for the purposes of gaining an advantage for yourself or gaining something good for yourself. So let's pretend you do something bad to your friend. For the purposes of getting something for yourself, you can say, I threw my friend under the bus. You did something not very nice to your friend, but now you get something good, or you get an advantage. Next one, to have or catch the travel bug. If you have the travel bug, that means you have a strong desire, a strong want to travel to new places and to go to places around the world. An example could be she has had the travel bug since she was 18. That means since she was 18, she's had the travel bug, which means she wants to travel, she wants to go to new places. To take the road less traveled. If you take the road less traveled, that means you do things that most other people don't do. An example could be, you should probably take the road less traveled and start your own business. Because most people don't start their own businesses. Most people go to university and get a job. So if you take the road less traveled, you do something that most other people do not do. Now, last one, to go off the beaten track. What you can see on the screen now is a track. Now, beaten, what does beat mean? Beat means to hit. If a track is beaten, do you think many people go there or many people don't go there? Correct. It means many people do go there. If you go off the beaten track, do you think you go to a place where many people go or many people don't go? Correct again, you go to a place where most people don't go. An example could be when I travel, I really enjoy going off the beaten track. That means you like to go to places that most other people, most other tourists never go to. All right, guys, that's the end of Travel and Transport Part three. Really hope you enjoyed that one. Same as normal, download the Word document, revise the vocab, use the vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next part. 75. Weather Basic Vocabulary: Alright, let's talk about weather. What is the weather like in your city? Where I am, it's beautiful blue skies and it's very hot. Now, what is weather? What's the difference between weather and climate? Well, weather refers to the conditions such as rain, temperature, and wind over a short time. However, climate means weather over a longer period of time. So this is the differences between weather and climate. Weather is normally talking about a short time, maybe one day. Climate is talking about a longer period, so maybe two months, maybe three months, maybe even a year. That is the difference. Okay, let's talk about these words here. Breeze. A breeze is a light wind. A breeze is a noun and it means a light wind. An example could be yesterday there were some beautiful breezes. Now, breeze is normally a positive word. It's normally a very nice light wind. Now, on the other hand, gale is a very strong wind. So an example could be right now there are lots of gales. That means there are a lot of strong winds. Now, gale is normally used in a negative way. So breeze is positive, gale is negative. Now, a spell of adjective weather. So let's pretend I say a spell of hot weather. What does spell mean? Well, a spell of hot weather means a period of time with hot weather. So maybe a few days, maybe even a week. So you could say something like last week, we had a spell of hot weather. That means last week, there was a short period of time, maybe a few days where there was hot weather. Okay, let's move over here. Talk about these words, lovely weather, glorious weather, beautiful weather. Now, these words all mean the same thing. When we're talking about weather, they mean very good weather. So for example, very, very blue skies, very nice temperatures, so not too hot, not too cold. So if I say something like today, there is glorious weather. That means the skies are blue. It's not too hot, and it's not too cold. The weather is very good. So, guys, when you're talking about weather that's really, really good. Really perfect weather. Use these adjectives, lovely weather. Glorious weather, beautiful weather. You sound like a native speaker. Now, on the other hand, if the weather is not glorious, you can use these words. So depressing weather means weather that makes you feel not very good. It makes you feel like you don't really want to do anything. That's depressing weather. Gloomy weather is very dark weather or a little bit dark normally because there are clouds. That's gloomy weather. Now, foul and dismal, that means, or they mean very bad. So foul weather means very bad weather. Dismal weather means very bad weather. So if there's dismal weather, it could be raining, there could be some gales. It's just not very nice weather, and it's probably weather that you don't want to go outside in because if it's raining, if it's very windy, most people stay inside. So again, guys, if you're describing the weather, make sure you try to use some of these adjectives. So you can say something like, Oh, last week, we had some very gloomy weather. So it was very dark. There were lots of clouds. Or this morning, there was dismal weather, but now there are beautiful blue skies. So make sure you use these words and you sound like a native speaker. Okay, now let's have a look on the yellow. This structure on the yellow is used to talk about what we think the weather will be in the future. So, for example, the weather is expected to be hot. Now note here expected to be plus adjective. Okay? Forecast to be plus adjective, predicted to be plus adjective. When you use the adjective here, guys, you must use the verb to be very, very important. So another example, it is predicted to be cloudy tomorrow. Now, when we use a verb, guys, we don't say the weather is, we just say it is. So, for example, it is predicted to rain tomorrow. Another example, it is predicted to pour tomorrow, and we'll talk about what poor means in the next lesson of weather. So just remember, guys, the weather is it is expected to be adjective, forecast to be adjective, predicted to be adjective. However, if you're using a verb, don't use the verb to be and don't say the weather is. Okay? All right, let's talk about these adjectives, boiling and baking hot. That just means very, very hot. So for example, the weather is boiling hot today. That means it's very, very hot. Stifling has the same meaning, guys. Very hot. An example could be outside, it's stifling right now. Listen to the pronunciation stifling stifling. Next one, changeable changeable. If weather is changeable, it often changes, or it's likely to change. So in some cities, when you wake up, it will be cloudy. There will be some gloomy weather. But then in an hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, the skies will be blue and there will be no clouds. This is changeable weather when the weather is always changing. Rainy means when it's raining, when there's water coming down from the sky. So an example could be during winter, it's often very rainy. Mild. Mild means not strong, not severe. For example, not very cold. So let's pretend you're in winter right now, and the winter is not very cold. You can say it's a mild winter. So that means it's not a strong winter. It's not a severe winter mild. Chili means a little bit cold, not very cold, but it just means a little bit cold. So, for example, it's quite chilly outside. Next one, muggy. Muggy means when the weather is hot in an unpleasant way, in a not nice way, and there's lots of water in the air. It's very humid. This is muggy. So in a lot of Asian countries, for example, like Singapore, they have very muggy weather. It's very hot in an unpleasant way, and there's a lot of water in the air. Freezing means very cold. An example could be in Antarctica, the weather is freezing. That means it's very, very cold. Next one, overcast. Overcast means when there are clouds in the sky and it's not sunny and you normally can't see the blue skies. An example could be in Bangkok, the weather is often overcast. Next one, cloudy, cloudy has a similar meaning. It means when there are clouds in the sky. And last one blustery. Blustery means windy. For example, it was a cold blustery day. That means it was cold and it was very windy. So just remember, blustery means very windy, and it's a very good word to talk about wind because most people don't use it. And if you use it, you will sound like a native speaker. Alright, guys, that's it. That's the end of weather Part I. As you can probably see, the lighting in this video is a bit different now because when I started shooting the video, the skies were very blue, but now the weather has changed, and there are a few clouds in the sky, so the lighting is not as bright. Anyway, guys, I hope you enjoyed that one. I'll see you in the next part, which is weather Part two. 76. Weather Idioms and Phrases: Alright, guys, welcome back to Weather. This is part two. As you can see, the lighting's a bit brighter because the clouds are moving. Looks like the sun is coming out again. Anyway, let's get right into it. First one, meteorologist meteorologist. A meteorologist is someone who studies meteorology, meteorology. So this is someone who studies the processes that cause weather conditions, a meteorologist. Okay, let's start with the idioms today to weather the storm. If you weather the storm, that means you deal with a problem, you handle a problem, and you deal with it in a successful way. An example could be a lot of people are saying not nice things about him. It'll be interesting to see if he can weather the storm. So that means it'll be interesting to see if he can deal with it. Can he handle it? Can he solve the problem successfully? Next one, the calm before the storm. This refers to the peaceful or relaxed time before a big problem or a big issue. An example could be the meeting seems quite calm now, but I think it's the calm before the storm. So that means everything's very relaxed now, everything's okay. However, soon, there might be a big problem. This idiom, guys, comes from the fact that a lot of the time when there's bad weather, before the bad weather comes, it will be quite quiet. There will be everything will be relaxed, nothing will be moving. And then within 10 minutes, 30 minutes, then there's a really big storm. So there's peace. There's a relaxed environment before the storm before the big problem. Next one, to be under the weather, I think we've talked about this one before. To be under the weather means to be sick, to be not feeling well. An example could be, I'm feeling a bit under the weather today. Can we reschedule appointment? Next one, to be snowed under. If you're snowed under guys, that means you're very, very busy. So an example could be a lot of young students are snowed under with a lot of homework. That means the students a lot of students are very, very busy with all their homework. Next one, to take a rain check. To take a rain check means to do something at a later time. For example, I know we said we would meet on Thursday, but can we take a rain check because I have to work. That means, can we meet another time? Can we do that thing at a later time? Next one, come rain or shine. Come rain or shine means no matter what happens. It doesn't matter if good things happen, it doesn't matter if bad things happen. So, for example, come rain or shine, I will be there on Thursday. So that means it doesn't matter what happens. I will be there on Thursday 100%. Come rain or shine because rain is normally considered a negative thing. Shine is normally when the sun has a lot of light, the sun is shining, and if the sun is shining, that is a positive thing. Next one, to be a breeze. To be a breeze means something that is very easy to do. So, for example, learning English is a breeze. Do you agree with that? So that means learning English is very easy to do. Okay, let's talk about these words here. First, we'll talk about lightning and thunder. So lightning is the light, normally the yellow light that you see from clouds that comes from electricity in the clouds. It's a flash of light, and lightning is what you can see on the screen right now. Now when we have lightning, we also have thunder. Thunder is the sound that comes from lightning, from the electricity in the sky. Okay, now, a storm is a situation where there's normally heavy rain, heavy wind, thunder and lightning. This is a storm. Now, a storm is normally considered a negative thing, which is why we use the word storm in some of these idioms to weather the storm, the calm before the storm. So just remember, guys, storm heavy rain. Heavy wind, lightning and thunder. Okay, let's talk about these words up here. Snow. Snow is the white stuff that falls from the sky when it's very cold, and snow is what you can see on the screen right now. Sleet is a little bit different. Sleet is snow that has melted just a little bit. So again, what you can see on the screen now is sleet. Now, a snowstorm is similar to a storm, but a snowstorm means when there's lots of snow and there's heavy winds, a snowstorm. Next one, a blizzard a blizzard is a snowstorm. It's a very strong, very, very strong snowstorm. So what you can see on the screen now is a blizzard. Alright, guys, we're almost done. Let's move on to the words on the green. First one to pour. Guys, if it pours, that means there's very heavy rain. An example could be right now, it's pouring. That means right now there's lots of heavy rain. Now, drizzle is the opposite. Drizzle means light rain, a little bit of rain. An example could be yesterday it drizzled. That means yesterday there was a little bit of rain but not much. To clear up means when clouds and rain go away when they disappear. So let's pretend right now it's very cloudy, it's very wet. It's very rainy. And then within 30 minutes, within 1 hour, there's no clouds, there's no rain. I can say the weather has cleared up. The clouds have gone, and the rain has gone. Next one, to be soaked. Note the pronunciation, guys, soaked soaked. That ED is a T sound or drenched drenched. Now, same here. The ED is a sound a T sound. If you are soaked, if you are drenched, that means you are very, very wet. So let's pretend one day you are walking and it starts to rain and you get really, really wet, you can say, I am soaked or I was soaked if you're talking about the past. Next one, a torrential downpour. Guys, a torntial downpour means very, very, very, very, very heavy rain. Now note here we have a before torrential downpour. So that means downpour is a noun. So, for example, last night there was a torntial downpour, but it's cleared up now. Remember, guys, torntial downpour, very heavy rain. So if your country has a lot of heavy rain and you want to talk about it, say, we often get torrential downpours. We often get very heavy rain. Next one, to be caught in the rain. If you're caught in the rain, that means you're walking somewhere that's outside and it starts raining and you don't expect it, and you don't have an umbrella. This is to be caught in the rain. So an example could be yesterday I was caught in the rain when I was walking from the train station to my condo. That means I was walking. I didn't have an umbrella, and it started raining. And I could also say, I was caught in the rain and I was soaked. So remember, soaked means very, very wet. Okay, clear blue skies. Guys, clear blue skies means exactly what it says. Clear, so no rain, no clouds, blue, blue sky sky. So what you can see on the screen now is an example of a clear blue sky. Next one, to check the weather forecast. Guys, if you check the weather forecast, you see what the weather will be like in the future. So maybe tomorrow, maybe in a few hours, maybe in a week. This is the weather forecast. It's the people who predict the weather. They tell you what they think the weather will be. An example could be I want to go to the beach tomorrow, but I'm going to check the weather forecast first. So I'm going to check the weather first. I'm going to see what the weather will be tomorrow or in the future. And the last two phrases, guys, you can use to describe the weather where you live, very simple phrases. So you can say, it's always verbing, where I live. So, for example, it's always pouring where I live. That means there's always heavy rain where I live. Oh, I made a mistake here. No, it sends. Just let me change that. Okay, that's better. It tends to. I don't know why I wrote it sends to. Anyway, it tends to means it normally happens. So for example, I tend to go to the gym five days a week. That means I normally go to the gym five days a week. So an example could be it tends to rain a lot where I live. Just remember, guys, if you say it tends to, you need to have verb one, so no ING. But if you say it's always, you need to have the verb ING. Now you can also replace the verb engi with an adjective. It's always sunny where I live. It's always hot where I live. It's always freezing where I live. Make sure you try to use these phrases, guys, when you're talking about the weather, where you live. All right, guys, that's the end of weather. Hope you enjoyed that one as normal. Make sure you download the word document, revise the vocab, use the vocab, do the quiz, and I'll see you in the next lesson. 77. Work Essential Vocabulary: Okay, let's talk about work. Everyone loves work, right? So let's get into it. Let's look at these words at the top. Job, occupation, career and profession. What is the difference? Well, let's talk about it. Job, job is the thing that you do for money. For example, his job is to teach English. That means the thing he does for money is teaching English. Occupation has the same meaning as job, it's just a more formal word. So if you're doing an IOS test, for example, try not to say the word job because job is too easy. Try to use the word occupation. An example could be his occupation is teaching English to young adults. That means his job. The thing he does for money is teaching English to young adults. Job and occupation are countable. You can say I have three jobs. You can say I have three occupations. However, you cannot say I have three works. Work is uncountable. A lot of my students like to say, I have a work to do. But no, that's incorrect because we can't use a or and with work because work is uncountable. Work has the same meaning as job and occupation. It's talking about the things that you do to get money. Now, let's talk about career. Career is a little bit different. Career refers to working for a long time and normally getting a better position, a better position, a better position, and more and more money over time. So for example, a lot of people when they start a new job, they start at the very bottom, but then they move up. They move up, they advance in the company. This is a career. It's work that happens over a long time. So an example could be teaching can be a fantastic career. So when we say career, we're talking about a long time. But if we say teaching is a fantastic job, we're not talking about the long term, we're just talking about the work that you do. So just remember, guys, career is over the long term and job and occupation and work. We don't know. They might be talking about the long term. They might be talking about the short term. It depends on the sentence. Next one, profession. Again, profession is a little bit different. Profession refers to a job that you have to get a lot of training for. For example, working in the legal profession can be very interesting. To become a lawyer, you need to get a lot of education. You need to go to university for four or five years. It's a type of work that needs special training. However, a job a job can need special training, or it can be a very simple job like a cashier where you don't need much training. Profession, you must have a lot of training, a job or occupation, maybe you need training, maybe you don't need training. I hope now guys you can see the difference between all of these words and they're really not that difficult if you understand the small differences between them. Let's talk about this question right here. What do you do for a living? This is a very common question that you might get if someone wants to know what you do for work, what your occupation is. It means, what do you do to get money, to make money, to earn money. Now, to answer this, you can use this phrase here. You can say, I work in industry, and my job involves and then use a noun or a grand. I'll give you a very simple example. I work in the education industry and my job involves teaching English to students. Note how I used the Gernd teaching. I didn't say my job involves teach English. No, we need to have a noun or a gernd. Another example could be if you're a lawyer, if you're a solicitor, you could say, I work in the legal industry and my job involves solving legal problems for my clients. Again, note how I said solving, not solve. Guys, this is a great phrase you can use when you want to talk about your job in a more formal way. If you're taking I Ls and you're talking about your work, use this phrase here. It will show the examiner, you can use some less common vocab and some more complex grammar. Let's talk about the different types of work. We'll talk about these words first and then we'll talk about these words over here. So full time work normally refers to 40 hours per week. In every country, it can be a little bit different. Sometimes it might be 38, sometimes it might be 40, sometimes it might be 45, but full time work normally means around 40, 40 hours per week. Now, part time work is less than 40 hours. It normally means around 20 or 25 hours. Normally when you have four days off a week, maybe three days. And for each day, you don't work 8 hours. But with a full time position, a full time job, normally you work 8 hours per day or more. And again, it really depends on the company, on the position, and the country. But normally full time around 40 hours, part time around 20. Now, casual. Casual is a type of work where you only work when the boss or the employer or the company needs you. So a lot of people who work in the hospitality industry. So that's people who work as waiters, for example, looking after customers. They have casual positions. So that means they only work when the boss or the employer needs them. So some weeks they might work 5 hours per week. Some weeks they might work 50 hours per week. It really depends on if the boss or the company needs them. Next one, permanent permanent work refers to work with no end date. If you get a permanent job, a permanent position, that means on the contract, there will be no end date. It won't say this contract will finish on 1 December 2030. No, it won't say that. Permanent means no end date. Now, temporary is the opposite. Temporary means there is an end date, and normally it's work for a short time, so maybe three months or maybe six months. This is temporary work. It has an end date and normally you don't work for a long time. Next one, voluntary. Voluntary means when you work, but you don't get money. You work, but you don't receive a salary, you don't receive a wage for your work. So, guys, these words here are all considered as adjectives. So you can use these words to describe nouns. So, for example, we can say full time work. So that means work that you do that's normally about 40 hours per week. You could say a casual role. So a role is the position or the type of work that you do. So for example, you could say, My role is to serve customers. That is your position. That's your job. That's your duty. Now, a casual role would mean a position or a job where you only work when the employer needs you. Position position has the same meaning as role, it means the thing that you do. It just means a job. Same with employment guys, it just means a job. When you're talking about your work, you can use any of these words here, work, role, position or employment. I would recommend that you use role, position, or employment because these words are less common if you can use them correctly, you sound more like a native speaker. If you get a question about your work, you can say, Well, I'm currently employed in a full time role. I'm currently employed in a permanent position. I currently have temporary employment. Use these words to describe your work and don't just say something basic like I work. Okay, let's move up here and talk about some adjectives about work or jobs. So, interesting, you already know that one. Interesting is something that it makes you want to do it or makes you want to learn more or makes you feel excited. So an example could be being a firefighter is an interesting occupation. Next one, rewarding. Rewarding means something that makes you feel satisfied or happy with what you have done. Normally because you have done something good, beneficial or useful. An example could be teaching is a very rewarding profession. What does profession mean? It means a job where you need a lot of education. Very good. Okay, challenging means difficult, challenging means tough, challenging means not easy. An example could be being a lawyer is a challenging occupation. That means being a lawyer, it's not easy. It's difficult. Tough tough has the same meaning, it means difficult. Tiring means something that makes you tired. You could say working in a factory is a very tiring occupation. That means it makes you feel very tired. Next one, demanding. If something is demanding, it's normally not easy, and it requires you to use a lot of effort and a lot of energy. For example, it's a very demanding job that not a lot of people can handle. Next one, dull. Dull just means boring, and dull is a more interesting way to say boring. Now, dull and boring, they just mean something that doesn't make you feel excited, that doesn't make you feel interested. An example could be that position is a very dull job. Next one, repetitive. If something is repetitive, it means you do the same thing again and again and again and again and normally it's very boring. An example could be being a police officer is not a repetitive job because every day there's something different. Guys, when you're talking about your job, use some of these words, especially some of the less common ones, such as rewarding, challenging, tiring, demanding or repetitive. These are some great adjectives. Okay, flexi time. Flexi time refers to when you can start and finish work when you want. However, you must do a certain amount of hours. So maybe you can do your hours between 6:00 A.M. And 6:00 P.M. Now, you have to work 8 hours, but you can start when you want. So if you want, you can start at 6:00 A.M. And finish at 2:00 P.M. That's fine. No problem. Or you can start at 10:00 A.M. And you can finish at 6:00 P.M. So flexi time is when you can start within a certain period. You can start at six, seven, eight, nine, 10:00 A.M. It's up to you, but you have to work a certain amount of hours. Maybe you have to work 8 hours every day. This is flexi time. An example could be a lot of public sector employees are allowed flexi time, and we'll talk about the public sector in the next lesson. Nine to five. A nine to five refers to a job where you normally start at 9:00 A.M. And you finish at 5:00 P.M. So office jobs, for example, the working days are normally Monday to Friday, and you normally have Saturday and Sunday as days off. It can also refer to a job that is very predictable and a job that is very stable. So an example could be, I don't really want to work a nine to five, I want to do something more interesting. So that means you don't want to work a normal job from 9:00 A.M. To 5:00 A.M. You want to do something more interesting, more challenging, maybe. Okay, next one, manual work. Manual work is work that is done with the hands, and normally it's quite difficult and not easy. An example could be bricklayers have to do a lot of manual work because it's very physical work and it involves the body. Next one, working conditions. Working conditions refer to your situation at work. They talk about when you start work, they talk about your pay. They talk about your stress levels, if you're stressed at work, and they talk about all of the other things in your work situation. An example could be, although the salary is quite low, the working conditions are very favorable. That means, yes, the money is low, the salary is low, but your situation at work is good. So maybe the hours are good, maybe you have lots of days off, something like that. Next one, a heavy workload. A heavy workload, guys, refers to a lot of work. If you have a heavy workload, you have a lot of work. An example could be a lot of students in high school have a heavy workload. Now note that we normally use heavy workload with to have a heavy workload. Okay, last one, shift work. Now, shift work refers to when different groups of workers work at different times. So for example, some workers work in the morning. So workers work during the day. So workers work at night, and we'll talk about this more in the next lesson or the third lesson. So that is shift work. An example could be working in a casino involves a lot of shift work. So that means there's lots of different groups of workers. So work in the morning, some work in the day, and some work during the night. Okay, last few words for this lesson, guys, first one, to employ. If you employ someone, you give that person a job and you allow that person to work for you. You allow that person to do a job for you. An example could be the company is looking to employ five new staff members. Next one, employment. Employment is a noun and employ is the verb. Employment means the act or the fact of doing something for someone and then getting paid for it. An example could be he's currently seeking employment. That means he's currently looking for a situation where he can work and then he can receive money. Now, employee and employer. Very important, guys, these two words, employee means the person who does the work. Employer is the person who is the boss, the person who employs someone, the person who gives someone else a job. So for example, if someone is a cashier, they are an employee. They are the person doing the job. Now, the employer would be the company because the company gave that person a job and let that person work for the company. An example could be the employer is currently looking to hire three new employees. All right, guys, that is work part one. I hope you enjoyed that one. I'll see you in the next part, which is work Part two. 78. Work Adjectives and Types: All right, guys, welcome to work part two. Let's get right into it. First word is vacant. Vacant is an adjective, and vacant means free or available. So when it comes to work, if a position or a job is vacant, that means nobody is working in that position, and that job is available for someone to do. So an example could be currently there are three vacant positions. Next one, vacancy. So vacancy has the same meaning. However, it is a noun. So that means there's a job that is available for someone to do. It is free. No one is working in that position right now. An example could be currently there are ten vacancies. So there are ten positions which need workers. Next one, job prospects or career prospects. So we've talked about job. We've talked about career. And I think we've talked about prospects in one of the past lessons. So job or career prospects, guys, that's talking about how likely it is that you will be successful at your job and be able to move higher and higher and higher and get more and more money. It can also talk about how easy it is to get a job in that field, in that area. So for example, if you study law and the job prospects are good, that means it's very easy to get a job in that field. However, if you study something like art, the job prospects are probably not very good because a lot of the time, it's hard to get a job in the art field. So an example could be the position has strong career prospects. That means it's probably very likely that you'll be able to move up the ladder and work in that position for a long time and be happy with it. Now, on the other hand, a dead end job is a job where you cannot move up, where you cannot advance. Normally, a dead end job is a job where you are stuck in one position and you cannot go up the ladder. You cannot advance. An example could be a lot of young people work dead end jobs while they are young and while they are studying at university. So a lot of young people work in positions where there is no chance that you can advance or go higher. Next one, flexible working hours. Flexible working hours is similar to flexi time, and it means that the person has some choice about when they start work. So maybe they want to start at 8:00 A.M. Maybe they want to start at 11:00 A.M. It's up to them, they can choose. It is flexible. Now, benefits refers to the advantages or the good things that someone gets from working at a company. For example, things like insurance, things like sick leave, things like maternity leave, paternity leave. And we'll talk about that in just 1 second. But benefits is talking about the things that you get when you work at a company, not including your salary. An example could be, what are the benefits that the company can offer? So, for example, can they offer insurance? Can they offer a lot of days off? What do they offer? What do they want to give? Bonus bonus is an extra amount of money that an employee gets for a certain reason. There are a lot of different bonuses that companies can offer, but a very common one is an end of year bonus. So a lot of the time employees get a bonus. They get extra money at the end of the year. An example could be all employees are entitled to receive a bonus at the end of the year. Next one, perk. A perk is a good thing, an advantage or a benefit from working at a certain company. A common example of a perk could be a discount. So let's pretend you work at McDonald's. A Perk could be a discount for McDonald's. Maybe you get 15% off all of the food at McDonald's. This is a perk. It is a good thing. It's an advantage that you get from working in that position. Okay, let's talk about leave. Maternity leave means time that a mother can have off work because she has just had a baby. So let's pretend a woman is working in a company and she's just had a baby. She might take her maternity leave. So that means she can stop working for a month, for two months. No problem. And when she's finished, she can come back to work. No problem. This is maternity leave. Now, paternity leave is for a man, is for a father. So if a man's wife has just had a baby, he might want to take some paternity leave so he can stay home with his wife and help to look after the baby. This is maternity leave and paternity leave. It's time when you don't work, so you can look after a newborn baby. Maternity and paternity leave allow parents to take time off when there's a newborn child. It's not about if they already have a child. It's only about if there's a newborn child. Next one, annual leave annual leave. This is a very common one. Annual leave refers to the number of paid days that an employee can be away from work each year. So a lot of the time in Australia, we get four weeks of annual leave. That means every year, you don't have to go to work for four weeks and you will get paid for it. This is annual leave. An example could be how much annual leave is included in the position. Next one, sick leave. Sick leave is for when you are sick. It's talking about the amount of days you cannot come to work if you are sick, and sick leave means you can stay home and you still get paid for it. So maybe the contract includes ten days of sick leave. That means if you are sick for ten days, you can stay home for ten days and you'll still get paid for it. Okay, let's move down here and look at morning shift, afternoon shift, and night shift. We've talked about shift work. So remember, shift work is when different groups of workers work at different times. So morning shift normally refers to when workers work during the morning hours. A very common morning shift time is from 4:00 A.M. To 12:00 P.M. To midday. Now, afternoon shift or day shift can sometimes be from midday or 12:00 P.M. To 8:00 P.M. Night shift can be from 8:00 P.M. To 4:00 A.M. But, guys, it really depends on the company. Every company might be different, and every company might have different hours for each shift. The important thing to remember is that shift refers to working at a different period or time of the date. Okay, let's move up the top to be your own boss. If you are your own boss, that means you don't have an employer. You work for yourself. You make the decisions, and you don't have to listen to anyone else. An example could be a lot of young people want to be their own boss. Next one, to run your own business. If you run your own business, that means you manage your own business, your own company, you manage something that makes you money. You make the decisions and you decide what happens with that business. So an example could be running your own business can be very stressful. So that means managing your own company, or managing your own business can be very stressful. Next one, self employed. Self employed means when you work for yourself. So maybe you are a photographer and you go around and you find different jobs. You take photos for people, and then they pay you, but you don't have a boss. You are self employed. You work for yourself and you do what you want to do with your business. An example could be many people are choosing to leave their current positions to become self employed. Okay, let's talk about the public and the private sector. So it's a very simple difference, guys. Public sector refers to companies, organizations, institutions that are controlled by the government. So public refers to the government. Private refers to not controlled by the government. So, for example, if you work for the government, if you work in the government, you are working in the public sector. If you work at McDonald's, you are working in the private sector because the government does not control McDonald's. However, if you work in the government, then obviously the government controls the government, so you're in the public sector. So an example could be my mother worked in the public sector for more than two decades. So that means she worked in the government for more than two decades, for more than 20 years. Okay, let's talk a bit about money, wage, salary, and paid by the hour. Wage. Now, a wage refers to an amount of money paid to an employee, normally on a daily basis, so every day or on a weekly basis, and a wage is normally paid to unskilled workers. Now, an unskilled worker is someone who doesn't need any training or needs very little training to start a job. So this is a wage. An example could be, we need to get better wages than this. So that means we need to find a job which gives us more money per day or per week than this. Now, salary, it's very similar but a little bit different. Salary means the fixed or the set amount of money that people get paid per month or per year. An example could be, most people in that field are paid a $40,000 salary per year. So that means every year he gets paid $40,000. Salary normally talks about how much you get paid per month or per year. Now, wage is normally about per day or per week. And again, wages are normally given to more unskilled employees. Next one, to get paid by the hour. This means you earn a certain amount of money for every hour you work. If you work 5 hours, you are paid for 5 hours. If you work 10 hours, you're paid for 10 hours. If you work 0 hours, you're not paid at all. An example could be, I don't have a monthly salary because I am paid by the hour. So if you're paid by the hour, you might get a different amount of money each month or each year. However, if you have a salary, remember, salary means a fixed amount, a set amount. So we know how much you're going to get paid every month or every year. And normally, it doesn't matter if you do a little bit extra work or a little bit less work, you'll still get the same amount. This is a salary. Okay, let's talk about the different types of workers that we can have. The first one is a white collar worker. Now, a white collar worker refers to a job where you normally need some education or some training, and you normally work in somewhere like an office. An example of a white collar worker is a teacher because a teacher needs special knowledge and they need special education. An example could be a lot of white collar workers go to that cafe after work. So that means a lot of people who have jobs which require special knowledge or special training go to that place. Next one, blue collar worker. Blue collar worker is the opposite. Blue collar workers are workers who do work that requires strength or physical skill, rather than going to university and getting training or special knowledge. An example of a blue collar worker could be a brick layer because a brick layer needs physical skill, he needs to use his hands to get the job done. An example could be we need more blue collar workers, otherwise, we will have to hire from overseas. So just remember, guys, white collar normally requires special training or special knowledge. Blue collar is something that normally requires physical strength or physical skills or skills with your hands. Next one, skilled worker. A skilled worker is similar to a white collar worker. It means someone who has a lot of skill in something, a lot of education, a lot of knowledge, or a lot of training. An example could be the city is looking for a lot of skilled workers in the medical field. So that means the city is looking for a lot of people who have a lot of experience, a lot of skill, a lot of training, a lot of education in the medical field. Now an unskilled worker is the opposite. An unskilled worker is someone who does not have any of those things. An unskilled worker is somebody who needs no training or just a little bit of training to do a job. An example of an unskilled worker could be a cleaner to clean something. You don't really need a lot of skill. You don't really need any training. Anyone can do it. This is an unskilled worker. All right, guys, last few words for today, we've got intern. Intern. An intern is a person who is finishing training for something by having practical or real life experience. An example could be he's an intern at one of the best and most prestigious hospitals in New York. So that means he's studying medicine and he's just finishing his study by getting some practical experience, by getting some real world experience. So he's going to the hospital and he's watching other doctors. He's seeing what other doctors do, and he's learning from that. He's not in the classroom. He's not learning from a book or from an online course. He is seeing with his own eyes. This is an intern. So an intern is the person, an internship is the thing. So an internship is a period of time when someone works for a company to get experience in that field. An example could be, have you applied for any internships yet? Okay, last two words, Apprentice. An apprentice is someone who works with a skilled person, normally for a low pay to learn how to do that job. Now, you can normally be an apprentice in any kind of job. You can be an apprentice chef. You can be an apprentice bricklayer. You can be an apprentice plumber. The main thing is you're working for an experienced person, and you're getting a low salary, and you're doing that so you can learn how to do that job. Now, an apprenticeship is the noun. An apprentice is the person, and apprenticeship is the noun. An example could be a lot of the work was done by apprentices, and an example for apprenticeship could be getting an apprenticeship is a great way to start your career. Alright, guys, that's the end of work part two. I'll see you in work Part three. 79. Work Idioms and Phrases: Alright, this is the second last part of work. This is work part three, so let's get into it. We've got a lot of phrases in this lesson. The first one is to get a raise. If you get a raise, that means you get more money at your job. So let's pretend normally you get $1,000 per week. If you get a raise, you might get something like $1,100 per week. An example could be, I went to ask my boss if I could get a raise. To get a promotion. This means when you get a more important job in your company or your business or your institution, it means you're advancing and you're probably getting more money as well. An example could be she is absolutely ecstatic because she got a promotion last month. That means last month, she was moved up to a higher position in her company. Next one, to get a wage cut. Guys, to get a wage cut is the opposite of to get a raise. If you get a wage cut, the amount of money you get every week, month, year will decrease. It will go down. An example could be during these tough economic times, everyone has been given a wage cut. Next one, to lose your job. If you lose your job, that means you are told that you no longer have a job. The boss tells you you no longer have a job. That means you lose your job. An example could be because of that stupid thing he did, he lost his job. That means he did something stupid, and then the boss told him, sorry, you don't have a job anymore. Next one, to leave your job. If you leave your job, that means you quit your job. You stop working at your job. Normally, if we use the phrase leave, it means you decide. You decide to leave your job. An example could be, I'm going to leave my job next week because it's too stressful. That means next week, I'm going to quit. I'm going to stop working. Alright, let's have a look at these phrases. To be made redundant. To be made redundant means when you lose your job because your boss doesn't need you anymore. Your company doesn't need you anymore. An example could be, I was made redundant to save costs. That means the boss told me, I'm not needed anymore because he wanted to save costs. Next one, to be on the dole or to be on unemployment. No, guys, we say the dole or we say unemployment. We don't say the unemployment. No, to be on the dole to be on unemployment. Now, if you're on the dole, that means the government gives you money every week or every month because you don't have a job because you are unemployed and because you are looking for a job. An example could be a lot of young people were on the dole when the COVID 19 pandemic hit. This means a lot of people asked the government to give them money because they couldn't find a job because they were unemployed. Next one, to be stood down. To be stood down means when you stop working, you're not paid, but you still have a job at that company. You still have a job at that place, you're still employed at that place. An example could be, while the investigation is going on, you are going to be stood down. So that means, yes, you'll still have a job, but you don't need to work right now. You won't get paid, and when the investigation is over, we will decide what is going to happen. This often happens, guys, when someone is accused or someone says someone did something very bad in a company, and then the company will investigate that situation. While the company is investigating that situation, the person might be stood down. So they will stop working, they will not get paid, but they will still have a job. Next one to be fired. If you are fired, that means you are removed from your job, normally because you did something wrong. An example could be he stole $5,000 and was fired. That means he was removed from his job. Next one, to be sacked. Same meaning, guys, it means when you're removed from your job, normally because you did something wrong. Same with to be dismissed. Same thing, guys. You removed from your job. You don't have a job anymore because normally you did something wrong. Now, laid off is a little bit different, guys. Laid off means when you are removed from your job, you stop working because there's not enough work. So you didn't do anything wrong. It's just that there's not enough work. An example could be the economy is in a dire situation at the moment, and so a lot of employees have been laid off. That means they have been removed from their positions. They don't have jobs anymore, and it's not because they did something wrong. It's because there's not enough work. Okay, let's move over here and talk about these idioms. To think on your feet. If you think on your feet, you give a very quick decision or a very quick answer, normally without thinking. An example could be they didn't know what to do in that situation, so they had to think on their feet. That means they had to make some very quick decisions about what to do with not a lot of time to think about it. To be stuck in a rut. I think we've talked about rut before, but to be stuck in a rut, that means doing the same thing again and again and again, normally for a long time, and normally, you're not happy about it. An example could be, I've been stuck in a rut for a long time, and it's time to change jobs. That means I've been doing the same thing for a long time. I'm bored of it, I'm tired of it, and it's time to find a new job. Next one, to be up to speed with something. If you're up to speed with something, it means that you have the latest or the most current information about something. An example could be, I everyone up to speed with the new developments? That means does everyone know about the new developments? Does everyone have the current and latest information? Next one, to get the ball rolling. Guys, if you get the ball rolling, it means you start something or you make something happen. An example could be, we've got the plan, so it's time to get the ball rolling. That means we've got our plan in front of us. Now it's time to start the thing. It's time to start the process. It's time to do something to get the ball rolling. Next one, back to square one. Back to square one means when you go to the beginning, you go to the start after you have tried something. You had a previous plan or a previous attempt, and that thing failed, it did not work. An example could be, if our plan fails, we will be back to square one again. So if our plan fails, that means we will have to start at the beginning again. Next one, cut to the chase. Cut to the Chase means, say the important things. Don't say the not important things. An example could be just cut to the chase and tell me how much money you want. That means don't talk about things that are not important. Just tell me the important thing. How much money do you want? Just tell me. Next one to be in the dark. If you're in the dark about something, guys, it means you're not informed and you don't know. An example could be the manager keeps a lot of employees in the dark. That means the manager doesn't inform the employees about things that might be useful or important. And last one, guys, for this lesson is to call the shots. If you call the shots, that means you have the power or you have the right to make important decisions about something. An example could be, I call the shots around here. That means I make the important decisions, and I have the power, and I have the right to make those important decisions. Alright, guys, that's the end of work, part three. We've got one more part to go, so I'll see you there. 80. Work Extra Useful Vocabulary: Alright, guys, we finally got here. This is work P four. This is a very short lesson, so it shouldn't take long. Let's get right into it. First one, C V. CV means curriculum vite. Curriculum vite. Now, a CV is a short written description about your education, your work experience, your qualifications, and your skills. And you normally give this to an employer or to a company when you are trying to find a job. So for example, this here, is a CV. It's got a picture of the person, and if we could read it, it will probably have her education, her work experience, and other relevant things. Now, CV and resume, resume are the same. They have the same meaning, guys. They're talking about this thing here that you give to employers when you're looking for a job. Now, when you use the word CV, don't say curriculum vite. This is too long and most native speakers never say this. They just say CV. If you say CV, everyone who speaks English will understand you. An example could be, you should print many copies of your resume and give it to many different companies. Let's move over here and talk about to pull a Sikhi. If you pull a Sikhi guys, that means you tell your boss you are sick. When you're not sick because you want to have a day off. An example could be, I want to watch the soccer tomorrow, so I'm going to pull a sicki. That means you call your boss, you tell your boss you're sick, but you're not actually sick. You only do it because you want to have a day off to pull a sicki. Next one to climb the corporate ladder. Corporate is about business and companies. So to climb the corporate ladder means to continually get a better and better and better position at a company, to continually get more money, to continually advance in a company. An example could be he wants to get a law degree, get a job as a lawyer, climb the corporate ladder and become a CEO. He wants to continually advance in his company, so he can become the CEO, so he can get to the top. Next one, to be stuck behind a desk. Guys, if you're stuck behind a desk, that means you work at a desk. You have to sit down at a desk for most of the day, and normally, it's something that you won't be happy about because stuck is normally a negative word. An example could be, don't apply for that position because you will be stuck behind a desk all day. That means you'll be sitting down all day, at a desk, and you probably won't be happy with it. You probably won't enjoy it. Next one, to go on strike. Guys, if you go on strike, you stop working because you're having a problem with your employer, with your boss, with your company about working conditions. An example could be the whole department has decided to go on strike because of the lack of holidays. That means the whole department has stopped working because they're not happy about the fact that they are not getting enough holidays. Now, a lot of the time when people go on strike, they will walk around on the street. They will be angry, they'll be screaming, they'll be yelling, and they'll have signs, and they'll have messages written on those signs to go on strike. Next one to work remotely. If you work remotely, that means you work from your laptop or from your computer, and you don't have to go into the office. So you can work from home. You can work from a cafe. You can work from the beach. It's up to you. The main point is, you don't have to go into your company's office. An example could be the company allows its staff to work remotely three days of the week. That means for three days of the week, the staff don't have to go to the office. They can work from anywhere. It doesn't matter where they work. What's important is that they do the work. Next one to land a job, to get a job. Guys, if you land a job, you find employment. You start working. An example could be with her experience, it was not difficult at all for her to land a job. That means it was not difficult. It means it was easy for her to find employment and start working. This is a great phrase to use, guys, to land a job. Next one, to put knowledge into practice. If you put knowledge into practice, it means you use what you know in the real world. You use what you know in real life. An example could be, if a medical student is working in a hospital, we could say it's time to put your knowledge into practice. So you've got a lot of information in your head about medicine. And it's time that you use that knowledge in the real world. It's time you actually use that experience, that information. Next one, to acquire or gain experience, guys to acquire or gain experience just means to get experience. So if you acquire experience, if you gain experience, that normally means you are getting real life experience. So it doesn't mean learning from a textbook, it doesn't mean getting information like that. It means actually seeing, actually doing. If you're a medical student and you're in a hospital, you are definitely gaining experience because you're watching other doctors, you're talking to other doctors. You're seeing how things work and how things don't work. An example could be over her two months in the hospital, she gained a ton of experience. A lot of the time guys, experience is way better and way more important than information learned from a textbook. Next one, high levels of unemployment. Guys, if there are high levels of unemployment, that means a lot of people can't find work. And normally it means those people want to find work. So an example could be right now the economy is facing a lot of problems and there are high levels of unemployment. That means there are a lot of people who are in the situation of not having a job and they can't find work. Alright, guys, that's the end of work. I hope you enjoyed that one. I know that was a ton of vocabulary, so make sure you download the Word document. Revise the vocab, use the vocab and do the quiz.