Operating System: Understanding the core

1. 001 Course Overview: Okay, now let's have an overview of the course and look at all the modules that we will be covering. I have divided this course into five modules. And you do not have to worry if you do not have any idea what operating system. Because this course has been specially designed for absolute beginners. There we will build the foundation and make an understanding about operating systems for you. So let's look at all these modules. Firstly, we have overview of operating system. In this module, we will understand what an operating system is, how it functions. What is the need of an operating system in on-device? And how it actually helps the user. And little bit of architecture of a basic operating system. Next, we would look at background and basics. In the second module, we would dip into a little bit of history and evolution of operating systems. What are the different kinds of major operating systems that are into existence? And a little more about the architecture of the operating system. Next is the module three processes. Here we will understand what AM process in the computer system is and how a process is executed using an operating system. Next, we will look at a CPU scheduling. Here we will try to understand what the CPU is, how it works, how it engaging through processes and vir, does the operating system help in all of this, how it helps him a scheduling or the processes and all of those things. Finally, vivid look at storages and Phi systems, which are an integral part of operating system because it helps us storing files in different formats. So many times when we are storing files and things, sometimes we say that it is not compatible or these kinds of things. A little bit of idea of that. We've had good ghetto by going through the final module. 2. 002 Overview of Operating Systems: Okay, let's start with the module volume. So as we have already discussed, we will be having five modules. And Vo1 by one, we would be going through each and every module and we would be having quizzes at the end of each module. So guys, that would be the best of knowledge. After each module, we will keep on checking how much we have learned. So let's start with the overview for operating systems. So if you are currently watching this video, you must be watching it on a computer or a tablet or a smartphone. Or what all of these have in common. That is that all of them are actually computing devices. Basically, they're all computers. So all modern computers have an operating system or an OS lot in on them, which helps all the other applications to be run on that device. So that is the basic definition of an operating system that are application, which is still to interact between the hardware and other softwares that you want to run on it. So let me ask you this question that what kind of a device you are currently using. So you might be using a MacBook. You know, they have Mac operating system which is developed by Apple of course. Or you might be using a Windows laptop or an exon. So this could be from any brand like Daniel Ach be some manual such computers come preloaded with Windows operating system. Other than this, if you're using a mobile phone. So you would either be using an iPhone or an Android phone. So everyone knows this, that old iPhones, of course, the software of iPhones is made by Apple. So they would be running iOS and any other phone if you're using. Most probably it must be having an Android operating system. Okay, So that was a little bit idea about some popular operating systems. I did then this many people use urban two or some other source of tax stops, braking systems that we will try to get into a little bit later. In more whites also, IF YOU have used some old phones, like BlackBerry phones or some Windows Forms which used to come late, the Nokia phones. Or in earlier times we used to have Symbian phones. So those are some other operating systems. Bits used to exist. But currently the most popular operating system in mobile phones, our iPhones, which have iOS, and the other of fonts which have Android operating system on them. And index stops. We clearly know that the most popular operating systems are Windows and MacOS. Also, if you use any smart devices like smart watches, they also have an operating system. So like if you are varying your Apple Watch, if it would be having watchOS on it. So similarly, any kind of a computer, if you're having that would have some sort of an operating system onto it. So let me ask a question to you. What is operating system and vital v need one. So who might not know the answer of this question right now? But we will try to figure out the answer in this module. So to explain all this, lateral, give you an overview using a diagram. So look at this diagram. Here. We have computer hardware. This computer hardware budget is actually in the middle. You see the computer hardware. So this is basically the hardware which has a processor, some sort of a ram, some sorts of stories. If you're not familiar with all these tones, basically, it's the thing you can touch and feel. You know, like the mobile phone. You can touch in hand. So inside it, we have put a lot of technology. So all of that thing is the computer hardware. Not braking system is the software which is sitting on this hardware. Best software helps us navigate inside the device. Like if you open your smartphone on this application, come see, you can slide and you can see the time on these things which you are doing are mostly done in the operating system. Now if I open an application like the YouTube app, that is an application program which sits on the operating system. So YouTube is an application. In short, recall the application as app. So this is the app which sits on the operating system. And most of the time v are working in an application or the opera otto app. So like YouTube, or it could be the camera app or some video playing app. So all these applications, which we need to use for them to open and to function, we need a layer. And that Leo is known as the operating system. Okay? And you might be seeing in the diagram on the top we have this user. User is nobody but you yourself. So if you are using a smart phone, Let see. So generally when we have a smartphone, we make an ID. Like I am, I'm Kush, so I will make an id with the name of Angkor. So uncool should be the user of the smartphone. And he would be using an application like the YouTube application. And that application would be run on the operating system, which would be lying on the computer hardware. So this is a basic overview of how operating system helps the user interacts with the application which are running on the computer hardware. So let's look at these definitions a little bit. So we've done the computer hardware. These are the CPU memory input, output devices, which we connect with other computers. All of these things are hardware which we can fill in bunch. Next is our system and application programs. So what our system and application programs. These are like YouTube application or a browser like Chrome. These are all applications which feed on on our device. Next is operating system. It is the layer which helps the application run on the hardware. So this is what we need to understand. 3. 003 Brief History: Now let's begin the module number 2. In this module, we will be going through the background and basics of operating systems. To understand the background of operating systems, we would need to look at little bit of history of operating systems. So when the initial computer systems came into existence, they used to be not operating systems on them. If you would directly give instructions into the computer and the computer would give an output according to the instructions given. Like we have to add two numbers, will give the instructions for that. But littered the computer systems became more advanced. And with that, we could run different applications on them. For that, we needed to develop operating system. So first computer operating systems which were available, were developed by IBM. Like there IS 360. It had various features like go V could have a hard disk or a storage device on which we could store data. If I talk about it in nowadays, you don't even realize it. We just click a photo and it is saved. But in earlier times, whenever we would run a program, let's say I run a program in calculators. So like in normal calculator, the van, we are done with the calculations. All the memory is lost. So all the previous calculations we did are not stored on your computer or like that. Then the concept of storing the information and data. Kim, we had devices like hard-disks on which we could store data. So now then v, write a program and we get an output. It could be stored in the storage device, which we can later visit and read to like the Writer document. We can just read it whenever we want. So if you think about it in nowadays, it seems very bizarre that if you do not even have a method of storing data, but our new computers who are more lateral gluteus, I think that is a better way to understand how they used to work. After that, various operating systems scheme, which were developed by different companies and some universities also made operating systems no, veered, they did research and made this rod the surface. So few very famous and operating systems which were written for. One of them was Unix. So unix, vase of fatty, famous for its gardeners. Gardeners are nothing but the kind of the way the computer understands instructions like if he will give inputs. So the basics of an OS is the chronosystem. So those things were very refined. That is why litter, like we have these wind or descent is a Mac operating systems. They are UNIX-based only. So the macOS is actually Unix-based. And other than that, the other very famous operating system which was written by Bill Gates. And it was a DOS operating system which he wrote for the IBM. So it was popularly known as the PC DOS ibm boss. Because IBM did not had any sort of rights. Over the DOS, Microsoft launched their own operating system under the name of MS. Tours. And any company could get a license from Microsoft and put the OS in their competitors. So this is a little bit of history about how Windows, which was later made or on by Microsoft, came into existence, and how the MacOS, which is currently very popular, came into existence. So DOS was not like today's dollars or this operating system. We're not like today's operating system where you have graphical user interface. They were more like you will give a command of an, if you want to open a file, there would be a simple command like if I have a file named anguish to open that file, there would be some command like Open File and cosh. So this sort of simple commands used to be there. This is not an actual garment, I'm just giving an example. So these kinds of commands are used to build them. Saw what v have understanding of operating system is a little bit different from what it used to be. Now most of the work is done through them. Graphical interface means you see something on screen, you click it. This f0 interface, interface with the computer. So it has changed over time. So the DOS operating system had used to use the FAT file system. Even now if you're using a Windows machine, you can have a Drives in FAT file system. And now we have other file system also introduced the higher capacities and foster read and write speeds have come. Now. So let's also look at a little bit more about what kind of hardware used to be there. Like if we're talking about storage. So late, earlier computers like I think you might not have seen this kind of a computer. So this is actually computer made by RadioShack. Radioshack also used to make computers had their time. So you can see there are these two drives over him. These are two drives too, floppy disk drives. So Von brave would have operating system on that. So if I have to run program, so that program would be involved floppy disk. And I will add another floppy disk where my files would be stored. So it used to have two floppy disks. So on one we would have the application or the operating system which I want to run. And another one would have my files written into it. Stoic. There did not use to be hard disks that that came into existence, letter. And initially the heartbeats or very expensive. So we used to have these kinds of system, very hard to floppy disks. Okay. So let's look at the architecture of computer system in modern times, how it actually looks a little bit. So we have a CPU. Cpu is the central processing unit. Then all the processing of a computer takes place. Then we have desks. All the data is stored. Okay? So if a program or the operating system is installed in the hardest, so whenever the computer starts, okay, whenever the comparators tasks. First of all, the operating system is loaded, okay? And if I have to open any application, so all those commands will go to the CPU, and CPU will locate okay, which file you want to open in the disk. To search for that file. It will open that file and that will appear on the screen. Other devices which are connected to the computer like a printer. If I give a printing command, cp will get the command, okay, you want to print this document. Then it will send the instruction to a printer and that page will be printed. Okay? So this is how computers work. And you can see underneath we have this memory. So every instruction which we have to send to the CPU, first that goes into memory, and then the CPU receives all the instructions from the memory. So if a file has to be opened, a user would give a command. Like we clicked on a file. You want to open that file. So that command would go. Then the dander five would be such in the hard disk, it would be loaded into memory. Thus CPU would give the command to show that on the screen. And then it would be displayed on the screen. Okay, if you do not have much idea about the hardware of the computer system, I have made this slightly, slight, particularly for you. So let's look at what these things are. So like adoptable the central processing unit in the last slide. So the CPU is the heart of the computer and the brain of the computer. So everything which needs to be processed is processed in the CPU. But CPU cannot do it by itself. It needs some memory. Okay? So a cache memory is the memory attached with the CPU. It's a very fast memory, but it is very small memory. So whichever files are very frequently used, they would be in the cache memory. Next is the RAM. Ram is a primary memory. So you can think of it like veins in the body, we have veins which are subgroups the blood, so runny like something which will circulate the blood or take the message from one area to another. And most of the data which we have to store the stored in hard disk. I think this is very basic definitions which you can understand. Okay? If you do not have an idea and I think most people would know what a computer processor is, what Ramis for the hard disk is. But I like to keep things simple and explain them from the very basic level. Okay? And also do not worry. If you think something is being missed. You can watch these videos again. And after the and off every video, I have put a small quiz, least tried to go to that quiz and try to solve all these questions deserve this simple MCQ questions. But when you will do those, it would be like a knowledge check and you will feel confident, yes, I have grasp these concepts. No, I understand what these things well. It's not an exam or something like that. It's just for yourself to check your own knowledge. Okay? So I will be ending this video right now. And the rest part of this module would be covered in the next video. 4. 004 Popular Operating Systems: Some popular operating systems. Most of you who are watching these videos on a computer, most probably are using Windows operating system as it is the most popular OS worldwide. If you are using a Dell, HP, Lenovo, or for that matter, most of the companies laptops, they must be of Windows computer. So as f0 had a look in the earlier video that how Microsoft made this operating system, MS DOS for IBM. So I did not have any sort of rights on that voice. So Microsoft launched that OS by themselves in the name of MS DOS. Little bit developed other OSs with the graphical interface also, like the Windows operating system. So now we would first understand a little bit about what DO graphical interfaces. And also we will try to understand that what is the need of this licensing in software industry? See if we have any sort of a product. If a via buying, a bank would be the price of that band, and then we will get it. For software. You can just copy it and you can make millions of copy of that software. You do not have to manufacture the OS again and again. So you write the piece of code once and you have that software ready. Now you just can make digital copies of it and number of times. So how to monetize it? So what companies do is same thing with the songs, like songs and movies. They also have the same thing. In the digital medium. The books also have the same thing. So how do we and get people to pay for the books if they will, just copy the PDFs. So we have a term called as copyright to that. Who has manufactured the original product, has to copyright on it. And if anyone copies that product or material, they have to give them a fees. Okay, So to run Windows Operating System, we have to be a little bit of hormone. Do the Microsoft, and then we can use that operating system. So whatever the price is like, must be around some better on like a $100, something like that for the license of top of Windows. So this is a model which Windows uses, sell their operating system to the customers and reuse it. So why I'm telling you this is that we have to understand the model, the business model of the software industry. Also. Like we are seeing these days that these tech companies, they're making millions of dollars. So how are they making this much amount of money? It is coming from our pockets only. Okay, So I thought this is an important point which we need to cover. That is why I included this in this course. Now, I would not let us look at some other operating, popular desktop operating systems like Mac OS. If you're using an Apple device currently, most probably you are using backwards. So this is also another very popular operating system. Initially when the governor was written for Unix-based systems. That was later than, uh, you know, the license of that was taken by various companies and Apple was one of them. And they don't flop this modern operating system On that same kernel. So that is same, which was there. And now this is the second most popular operating system other than Windows. So like earlier, we discussed about how companies licensed their soft skills. But Apple does, is they do not sell the software separately. If you buy a hardware product from Apple, you get to soften bundled with it. So any Apple user who has bought a MacBook or Mac desktop computer, they would get the Mac OS pre-installed on it. And you are free to use it for life. So you might say, is it free? Actually, it's not free. I would say the cost of the software is inclusive in the device itself. Okay. Now, there is like a half told you these two models, but actually there is a one, another model of which has been used. Let's look at that. That another model is known as open source. Model in APA source, what happens is you write the piece of code and that you give that code. So when you sell it to somebody, you will give the source code of that OS. Also. Saw like Linux is a very popular open-source OS. So then you get that Linux, software, like Linux has many distributions. One of the very popular distributions is abundant. So then you get that operating system. You get the source code also. So you can make some changes into it. And you can publish your own operating system. Okay? This is getting a little bit technical. But the thing is, you have to understand the concept via open-source came into existence. Some companies taught that these big multinational Jang companies are having monopoly over these softwares. So vine not we have a community based operating system for everyone contributes and everyone can freely use that operating system. So the concept first good. And in this, everyone or many developers contribute and MIC enhances into the system. And then they launch their own operating system. So that is valued. You see so many different operating system based on Linux, like mend urban two. Then we have Red Hat and many such things. And some of these operating systems are actually commercial operating systems which you have to actually pin and get. So open source does not necessarily mean it's free. The concept was to bring on the community. But some of the operating systems in opposites community are also being soft fill. So do not confuse open-source with free RVs. But primarily, the concept is to make a community based system where you can contribute and we can have various people working together and distributing the soft skills. So it has brought in a new sort of revolution. But I believe that existence of Bede good-quality software and services has been important part of the industry. So opposites also does exist, Baddeley and it's a good thing. So another very popular operating system, which is opposite us, I is Android. Many people don't know it. But Android is an open source operating system. You can have it in any mobile phone and you can modify it and you can use it. So wide, we're talking about mobile operating systems. Let's look at some of those very popular mobile operating systems. That is iOS and Android. Or iOS is developed by Apple for their iPhones. And Android has been acquired by Google and they develop it to four and sell, give the license to 50. So the branch. So the basic difference between a backstop operating system and the mobile operating system. Initially, it was to make the software to be feasible, to be run on a device which is not that much powerful. But now mobile phones have become very much powerful. And the second challenge to develop an operating system was like in a computer, we have a keyboard, so we can't input using a keyboard in a more bank for. So how to develop a smart operating system? So various different don't innovative things were done. Like in earlier days, we used to have those Motorola phones, Nokia phones or BlackBerry phones. They used to have a keyboard. So we used to have scrolling functionality to navigate between the menus and other those sorts of things. But when we had fostered screen force, V had to reinvent the design. And hence, we had the devices, smartphones, like iPhones and other Android phones, of its great innovation and great operating systems being developed for them. So all of the modern operating systems actually have graphical interface. As I told you, I will explain you what the basic difference between a graphical interface and non-graphical interfaces. So you see currently I'm moving this cursor. So you can see that because it is moving on the screen C. So this, this mouse pointer which I am moving and I click on the screen. This is possible because. Device like and most think if we do not have mouse, how would we communicate? We would have to type something on the keyboard. Maybe. So. Earlier, what we used to do is we use to type in all the commands. I told you this a little bit about this in early overdue. Awesome. But the main challenge for graphical user interface for snot that C, you can say, okay, we do not have to type in commands. So how will I navigate to a fire? That was a big challenge. And all these challenges will result with the invention of a smart device known as most, you know, because now we had a medium blue, you know, just, you know, just scroll things, you know, things would be listed on the screen. Okay. But how to select those things which are there? If I use the other method could be like I have arrow keys on the computer, I would use the arrow keys and then use the anarchy, that is AACU, but that's not that smart. Yeah. If you remember in the earlier forms we use to do that, we will scroll and scroll and scroll and select with document. And that was like long process for just going and opening of a. But this most revolutionized everything. And that is I believe, the very big innovation which pushed the graphical user interface and MacOS and Windows bottom grunting graphical user interface in early nineties and then when the mobile screen, mobile phone game. So the idea behind the touchscreen was this, that to give you a big display and for you to be able to open or this application just on the tip of your finger. And I believe this has been a great revolutionary, tardy ears in the tech industry. Every of those technologies, like we have GPS, we can just send messages to anybody. We can just click Photo. All of those things are just lying in our pockets. So all of these great innovations which we are doing in all of those, a very important piece of software is operating system. So I think this course is a very important course and everyone should go through this course and tried to understand what is the importance of operating system in our lives. Every day we are having an interaction with these kinds of devices. Let's say we are having a computer or mobile phone or smartwatch. Every of those has an operating system on that. Okay. No, I would be okay. I would be logging off from this video. Please go through the next module. There. We would just get to know a lot of more things about operating systems. Thank you. 5. 005 Processes: Module three processes. So what we would look in this module is first to fall, we will understand what is meant by n process in a computer. So let's look at the basic definition. For an AP program is being executed like, let's say a file has to be stored in the computer. So this is a program which needs to be executed. This in terms of computer language is known as a process. So when we are dealing with the computers, whenever something has to be done, let say we click the photo. So when we are clicking it, it is a process. When we open an app, it is a process. Then be deleted. It is a process. So everything which happens inside a computer is actually a process. So lots of processes are being done on a computer simultaneously. Okay? So there is a little more bit of a theory, if you want to understand that would be provided with the notes. But the basic understanding you need to have is that whatever is happening on a computer or a mobile phone device is actually a process. Okay, so let's see how a process is actually executed. So for that, we have to understand that if any process has to be executed, that would be executed on a microprocessor, or micro means small and processor is the hardware on which the process runs. Okay? In general terms, we also call it a CPU or central processing unit. Initially with those CPUs which were made was single core. That means they had just one core. One core means at a time, we can execute only fun process. Now with advancement in technology, we have CPUs which are dual core or quad core, which means that simultaneously we can do or four or more programs. So more course means more programs could be done simultaneously so that the computer can do multitasking. Okay? So in today's time, you will not find a device with less than do CPU cores at all. Okay? So the basic thing is you can understand you like as a window. Now when we go to box office and we have to book tickets, let him for the movie. So if we have only one box office, then only one person would be able to get a ticket at a time. If we have blue box offices, then a div will be two queues and simultaneously do people can buy tickets, okay? Now some people take a lot of time choosing which movie they wanted to watch. So there could be processes which take a long time to execute, and there are processes which take less time to institute to someone who has already decided which movie they want to watch, which row they want to sit in. 100 tickets they want divid quickly do it. But some people will take longer time. So that is how they are small processes that are long processes. Okay. So just think of it. Like we have a box office and we have people coming in queues. Processes are also kept in cues, like people are standing outside the box office. And we keep on selling tickets. So each process keeps on getting executed and new process keeps on coming. Okay, let's move on. Now, I have explained a basic architecture of a CPU. Now of how it happens is like there would be an input device, like I type something on the keyboard. So those instruction like I press the space key. So this pesky instruction will get inside. Okay? All right. Now the CBO can read from the memory and it can give instructions to the memory again back. Okay, so let's see. I press the space bar. So that instruction got into the, to the memory, into the central processing unit. And then it checked what the instruction is. Ok, it is a spacebar, so it will give a command to give us peace in the verts, okay, then that would be executed. And on the output device, let's say you monitor that would be executed. Another example we can take is like I am opening a file, so I'm double-clicking on the computer. So when I double-click, that instruction would get inside the CPU. And then CPU will say, Okay, we need to locate this file. Then it will start searching for that fight fight. Okay, so there would be a map of all the files like we have the next inner dictionary. It will such whenever it finds a file, it will open that file. And then it will be shown on the output device. Okay, so now how does memory come into picture here? So if an instruction set is there, it would be written in the memory. Because CPU cannot handle a lot of information at a time. It just takes the information which is necessary at the time and rest all important information which might be required later on are written in the memory. So let's say if a very big program is still V, are supposed to run it. Let's say I have to open the Photoshop app, or let's say Chrome browser. That's an easier example. So if I have to open the Chrome browser, that Chrome browser would be loaded into memory. Okay, So any instruction I will give on the computer, do like if I'm scrolling my mouse on a webpage, Okay. Those instructions would be taken from the input device into the CPU, and then it will be executed and would be given out under output device. But various, all the data and information of the Chrome store that would be stored in the memory unit. When at Gloucester Chrome browser, this would be removed from the memory. And five, because we have limited memory, generally in our computers we have EGB or 1600 years of memory and we do not want to fill it. If anything, extra needs to be stored. We will store it in the hard disk or the basicity of the computer. Okay, so that is also instruction we will give a safe and likelihood that a CVS command. So whenever we save a file, it is saved in the storage unit. And when we are working on something that would be currently working in, something that would be in the memory only. Okay, so VNET or application is opened, it is first loaded into memory unit. Okay, Let's continue later. After this. In the next video. 6. 006 Process Scheduling: In this module, we would be looking at CPU scheduling. So CPU scheduling is a very important task because as we have discussed, that a computer has one processor, whether it is your mobile or your computer or desktop. So there are some tasks to each operand R3 tasks. There are some tasks which will take longer time to run. There are different sorts of tasks. So which tasks to perform first? Which to later, because we have limited resources. Well, we can take example of ourselves. Like I wanted to do everything. I want the exercise, I want to eat, I want to dance, I want to listen to music. I wanted to office book. But can I do all these things simultaneously? Know I need to have a shed, you have a wake-up in the morning at a particular time. I will do my brush my teeth and do other routine activities which are necessary. Similarly, computer will do some necessary activities. And then according to the tasks of the DMM, we will perform like if it is a Sunday, I either I might, um, you know, go for row some outing or do some other special activity. If it is a working day and we go to the office, an office, there could be different kinds of tasks given to me. I might do in the dinner, I might be preparing the dealer myself, or I might go out and have been similarly different tasks could be tone at the computer. And according to them of the need to be scheduled because you cannot do everything simultaneously. Okay, so how does a computer decides which task to do first? And obviously, we are living in a time where we need to do a lot of things simultaneously. So computers are smart and they can do multitasking. How does this all happen? Let's have a look. So first, let's get through this basic definition. The switching of a process from the existing process to a new process. One, when a process is complete or a more priority task has come. So ven villain move from one process to another. Either my task is over. Like, if I have, I am done with brushing my deeds, I can go forward and have breakfast. Or some times when a more priority task has come. Let's see. I was watching a movie, but certainly I get a call. And someone says, did you send that me? And that was an important meal. I will pause the movie and send that Mill first. Okay? Similarly, in a computer also v have priority lists, okay, according to which we will prioritize which task to do first and which to-do item. Okay, well, let's have a look. Had the little bit of an architecture, how this scheduling goes on inside the computer. Let's take an example of a single core system. And I will also explain you what is a single core system afterwards? First, just let's have a brief understanding. Okay, we have memory and input outputs over here. So let's see, some input has come. Okay, we have typed something or we have clicked something on the screen. And after that the input has come. It goes through the bus. Buses like, uh, you know, Lynn, you like or the like, water water runs through pipes. So buses like those pipes, which carries the water. Similarly here the bus carries the data, okay, It's nothing else. So from input, the data would be carried and that data would go into them. From input, the data would be carried using the bus to the. So see this here. This cache 8 and registers, they're all part of the CPU. So cache is a kind of a memory, this is inside the CPU. So what cashier does is it stores those kinds of files which are very oftenly used, that it does not have to bring that information again and again from the memory. So caches are very fast and a small memory. So like you must have heard like that, remove all the cash and your computer is getting very slow. So what cash does is if a fine which is very frequently used, it will store those files. Generally, the cache memory is only of some kilobytes, like 128 kilobytes or 512 kilobytes, or sometimes maximum x, it would be four megabytes or something like that. So this cache memory will store the frequently used files over him. And then here we have the CPU. Cpu is the collection of transistors. So it does electronic things. If you do not have much idea about how CPU works, just think it has some electronic signals which comes out and goes and some calculations happens and our program is run. Okay? So this is the basic architecture. Now via I showed you this diagram is to understand like that some input will come, it will get inside the processor, it will get processed, and the output would be given out. Okay? But like this, a CPU can only perform one task at a time. So it cannot perform a lot of tasks simultaneously. To overcome this, V came up with the concept of using multiple CPUs. You will say, my computer does not have multiple CPUs, but actually it does. How? A general computer, which we buy on a mobile phone, which you buy, has a myTag core CPU. What it means is inside the single CPU, V actually have course or some nothing but CPUs themselves, okay, they are processors. So when we have two processes together combined in to one CPU, it is known as a dual-core. If you have four CPUs combined into one CPU, then it is a hardcore. How it helps. It helps like one past would be run on the first CPU core, and if some other task comes, it will be performed on the second CPU. This way. This way, if one task is being performed with the first CPU and the second task is performed on the second CPU. So we can run more than one program simultaneously. So on modern computers have at least two cars. I have 48 cores or so. Most of the modern smartphones, which we have have minimum of four course and most of them have, it goes. So how it helps, like some very priority, some very heavy program is running on the coordinate both on it. It is continuously running for a lot of time. And what the second core will do, it will prioritize the small tasks, okay? Whichever a small task is coming, it will quickly process them and keep on doing all the smartest. So V understood it in a lot and then we taught, how can we make it better. So V came up with various other concepts, which we will discuss briefly. Okay, So let's look over this slide. See, this is our smartphone. And right, if you think it is not a process, but while VR row swapping between the CPUs. So sorry, we're swiping between the apps that is also in process. In a computer. When we are working, we are we have all these windows open. But do you know when these windows are open? Actually, we are not working out for different applications. The applications might seem that for applications have been run simultaneously. But if I have only a dual core system, that might not be the reality. Maybe the priority task on, which would be the priority task, the task in which I'm typing. If I have this window open and I'm clicking over here, let's say I'm clicking on notifications. So this is the priority task which the customer, which the user is working on. And that is the process which the processor will pick. The apps which are in the background, like this applications app or this some graph application. These will be, I'm seeing them on the screen, but in reality, they would not be getting processed on the processor. Okay? So this is how we decide which is a priority task. The task which isn't the front I'm typing on is always the priority task. Okay? When I switch and click on this window, this second one will become the bracket task, okay? This is how they decide. That is why to have more and more cores help, because we can have multiple tasks being run simultaneously. 7. 007 Multi Core Processing: So as discussed, you must have an understanding now that how multiple courses can help one another. Advantage of having multiple course is that V can increase the efficiency of the processes as mobile phones are required. More efficient processors, that is that on batteries we cannot run desktop grade processors. So we needed to innovate. So the answer was armed and Atlas. Even developing our and we were increasing course rather than having too much off for energy consuming cause we increased the course so that more coarse, more performance will be there. We will divide the big dusk in this most part tusks, little v, able to achieve so much of efficient cause in this last decade that we had developed a new via feared we would divide the course into efficiency core and the performance course. So how this concept would work is like, let's have a look at this, some background of the apple, a 14 chimp. So we have a six course Cp over him. Dave would be four efficiency cores and do high-performance cores. What we would do here is, and this to efficiency. Sorry, in this to performance course, div would be able to run very big tasks, okay? So like if you're doing gaming or some extreme tasks which require a lot of CPU performance. These high-performance cores would be able to take it to the extreme limits. But if there is some small process just to opening of some light application, the efficiency costs will be used, okay? So when I will mobilize sitting idle at that time also a lot of processing is going on. So at that time only the efficiency cores are working and hydrophobic cores are not working. So that it can retain more and more battery. So on minimum battery, we can run the mobile for longer and longer period of times. Okay? So we come up with this very new architecture. Also with this emerging architectures, what we have done is like we have special cause. Like you can see in this diagram C, only six Cortland CPU cores are there, but this is a room, you know, you know, processor is very big. This is actually a complete device on a chip. It has a lot of other sensors. We have for image processing unit, which especially designed when we are using the camera. V might think that we are just clicking a picture, but to process this picture requires actually a lot of performance. The cameras in our mobile phones, or which is like a 12 megapixel camera, which actually needs to process this strife million pixels at a time that requires a lot of computation. So we have a special, you know, competition unit for that. Similarly, v have GPUs. Gpu is for when we are using some graphic intense application. That time this GP course will kick in. In laptops and desktops. Also, we have this GPUs, which do all these graphics intensive tasks like gaming, using some application like Photoshop. And if you are being too much of graphics and text task, then lot of time we put a dedicated graphics card inside the computer. Okay? All of those things and dealing of these different hardware, all is done by the operating system only. Okay? And nowadays, the modern processes which are coming also have the neural engine which help in training and gathering information so that the device can learn a lot of things, uh, use AI technology. And this course is specially designed for doing the EIA VOC. So this week, the mobile technology has come a lot of v from it used to be in 70s or 80s. And they have come so much far away, like in the recent time. We have started to use these mobile processors, which were actually designed for mobile phones. Now index stops, like the latest Apple computers are coming with the ambulance chips, which are actually more powerful mobile chips now put into laptops and backstops. So the basic difference is that this course are little bit more designed for more performance. So see here we had a six core architecture for mobiles in ER 14, but it M1 we have put an eight core architecture with for performance and four efficiency cores. So now our computers can do a lot more processing than the earlier could use. So these processes are known as ARM-based processors. The quantity of armies would they use less power and give more efficiency? Earlier, we used to have Intel processors still, most of the computers used around the world are Intel processors. The biggest drawback of Intel processors, which has come in recent series, that they use a lot more energy to do the same task. That is why now these computers are giving a lot more battery life of a mobile phone. Last 40 complete date. But our laptops just last for 56 hours. So we need to see, and I think more innovation is coming this way in the upcoming times, we will see more faster efficiency in processing and aldose. And I wouldn't be doing a course on processes also soon. So keep Bot waiting for that soon, that would be out. Awesome. And please do take all these zone questionnaires which I have made after every module, is to test how much knowledge you have gained. 8. 008 Storage & Memory: Storage and file system. So in this module we're going to talk about storage and file system of our computers. Like the operating system manages all the different input output devices. In other computer, it also manages to storage in our computers. To understand voter storage in your computer is, we can take an example of real-world. Let's see. I have to gather some information and make a record of it. But what I do, I would get a diary and I would write all the information in it. And then I will keep their diary in my bookshelf or in a drawer. Similarly in a computer, we might not realize it, but on an everyday basis, what we do is we open a Word document. We make a document and save it. Or we click a photo and it is automatically saved in the photos folder. So when all these things are getting stored, they are actually getting stored somewhere. Like when I wrote the information in the diary, I kept a diary in the drawer. So the storage location of that information is my probe, which is inside the diary, which is a physical entity. Similarly in a computer Ven v, store data, it is stored in a digital format. But the digital format obviously has a location where it is stored. It is mostly stored on a storage device which may be a hard disk or SSD, which is inside of a computer. Okay. So Jennifer, I click on the icon of that file, or I tap on that photo, that file opens up from the storage. So the processor quickly goes and searches for that fight inside the storage and opens it up on our screen. Or if it is audio file, it will give up. Outputting in form of the audio or whatever the format of the file is, it will give us suitable output. So it's basically a basic idea of how storage folks, like we have storage of and I was storing a diary in my drawer or ven via storing Let's see, fridge enough food, enough fridge. That is another example of storing something in a place. So now let's look at the VA defines a stored in the computer. Okay, so let's see a little bit more about storage. There are two kinds of memory devices. But you might ask what are memories in the computer when data is stored, we call it that the data is stored in the memory. Like in medical terms, we say, I cannot recall it in my memory. Memory is the data stored in our brain? Similarly, the computers data is stored in the memory of the computer. So basically we have two kinds of memory. Well, one is a dram or fast memory, which is a very frequently accessible by the process of but because it is expensive, have less of it. And another kind of memory we have is a storage device like an SSD or a hard disk, which is comparatively cheaper but can store large amount of files in it. So you might ask, what is the speed here off, you know, what is the relevance of the speed heel? So to understand it, you can understand it like this. The RAM is like the refrigerator off my home. Okay. So anything I want I can quickly go to my refrigerator and I can get from there. But my refrigerator is a very small space. I can only put a little amount of fruits, are little amount of vegetables in it, or some jams or whatever. But if let's say I have to keep food for like one-year, two-year ten US cannot put pannus of food in one refrigerator no. To store more data, we need big storage units. So it is like a grocery store of our supermarket. Let's work big that. It's like a big storage unit. Okay. But we can store a lot more food, a lot more grains. These days. We do not use a lot of storage because we have supermarkets available to us. Very nearby. That analogy will come in useful later on. Okay? So we have understood how storage folks, it's so space where I keep the digital information inside my device, my computer, or my mobile phone. Okay, so let's see how memory is a little bit different from storage. So like if you are having a mobile phone, like let's say if you are having an iPhone, it will have three or four GB of memory only, but it will have a storage like 64 GB of storage or 128 GB of storage where you can store all these images. Okay? Whereas in a laptop also similarly, generally we have eight or 16 GB of memory in our computer and rest is the storage. So all my files on our videos, movies, photos are stored in the storage and memory. Only the current, fine, Let's say currently if I'm watching a movie, so only a little bit part of that movie would be in the memory. Okay? If an application is being run in my system, that application would be in the memory. Rest. All things will not be there in the memory. Okay, my OS, all of my voice which I am running, the OS, will take up a little bit of memory. Vendor computer boots up. Okay, so memory is only accessible when the computer boots up. But storage is a more permanent kind of a memory where the data which we have put a will be there, then the computer is shut down also, but it is accessible only when the computer tons on. Okay. So this is another point which differentiates some memory and storage with if you have been here and working on different sorts of devices for a long time, you must have seen different kinds of storage devices. Like earlier, we used to have a floppy disks, we used to have CDs, flash drives, or memory cards. So these are all different kinds of portable memory devices we used to have. So if you want to transfer some data and keep it somewhere else stored in a physical format. We can store in these things and we can keep them in our shelves or problems, or we can give it to someone else. So they, they used to be very handy in past times, but with changing times, memory and storage, we have new different options of sharing data and keeping them stored. So let me ask you this one question. Have any of you ever seen this message come on your mobile device? Storage? Almost fully. So this is a very common thing which happens in our mobile phones. So companies these days do not give a lot of storage option in mobile phones. Rather, they are pushing the customers to use the Cloud services in front of these Cloud services. So what did do is that in our mobile we only have a limited storage. Unlike earlier, we used to have huge heart distance, but these just mobiles have very fast accessible member storage. But it is very less in amount like 64 TB are wondering to NCBI. We are clipping big, big pictures which are like five MB. Each of five MB of a picture. If I click ten pictures of David, my iPhone would be fun in few days. If I record a few videos, my phone would be framed within of vk. So what do I do? So we have come up with a solution that is the use of cloud storage. Now, let's see what cloud storage is. Rather than having the storage built inside the devices. We have some storage in our devices. But there are huge data centers, were huge capacities of hard disks and SSDs are restored. And using the Internet, we can access that storage. So Vanna for V1 term, whenever our mobile gets a full, we can keep our files over the Cloud. That is at a remote place, which is accessible by us using our email ID. 9. 009 File System and Cloud Storage: So we were discussing the benefits of Cloud storage, how it helps us like it also gives us a backup. Let's say I have a phone gets lost, but all my data is stored remotely on a subtle. So if I get a new device, I can get all my detox 12, the new device very quickly. Another benefit of the Cloud Storage is that I can have data being accessed from any view. Let's say I have mobile phone, I have a computer, have a tablet. So if I have a good photos from my mobile phone and the data is being synchronized with the Cloud Storage on the remote servers. What I can do is I can open my tablet and show the pictures to my friends and family. And we can share information and data more easily than ever before. You see all these streaming services, how they work, they have, uh, their data, their movies, videos being. So Firefox are going in the background. Sorry for that. So what happens is that all those media content of Netflix or YouTube is put on these servers which are highly available. What that means is that they're connected to very fast Internet. And if we have a good internet connection ourselves, we can watch that movie seamlessly in HD or high-definition quantities without them getting stuck. Like you're watching this video right now. And you have, if you have a good connection, I don't think you might be having any problem and you would be able to see my videos seamlessly, like if it is being played locally. So we have come a long way in computer technologies and past few years. And cloud storage is the next big thing. Now that in the coming times, I think that storage would completely gone from the mobile phones. And all the data would always be stored in Cloud. And who would be just badly accessing it through the Cloud on of a mobile phone. And let's wait and see when at how, if it happens. So major cloud storage providers, if you are using an iPhone or a Mac, you must be familiar with iCloud. So if I make a, you know, Apple ID are always get 05 GB of iCloud S3, and after that it is chargeable. Similarly, Google Drive is a very popular option. Most of us who are using Android devices. And even if you're not, if you have a Google account, we get a 15 GB of Google Drive Storage free. Similarly, we have OneDrive, which is a very popular Cloud or a service by, I think by Microsoft, have them, has it. And then we have our Dropbox. Dropbox, I think it was the first platform which become very popular. Which give that, you know, that if you have a lot of data, but you don't have a lot of storage. Just drop it in the Cloud space. And whenever you need it again, you can just get it. So very large files, which we didn't did not have space to keep locally, you would just drop box it. So that was a tango few years ago. Still Dropbox is very popular. Many people still use it. And so very nice service. So these are, I think though, famous cloud storage providers. Now you must know that there is a Cloud computing also that's a different tone, which is for the computing which is done remotely. It is more technical thing like AWS provides like by Amazon. Or we have GCP or we have them as your Cloud by Microsoft. So on that also, you can learn about it also. I think there would be a course, a coming soon on that by me. But meanwhile, we're supposed to know what cloud storage is. An, all these big players need to have that fluency of data. Ie, if, like, if I'm opening a photograph and it is taking a little bit of time to load C. That is the lag which we are trying to avoid. And I think very, very good processing equipments are going to come very soon. So let's wait and watch for them. Now, the final thing in this module we are going to touch on is the file system. Know what a file system is? See, earlier I talked about the storage, you know, and you know, in storage what happens is if, if, if it's like go, you know, you can think of it like ONE as morale or lead. Or you can think of your refrigerator. You know, in your refrigerator there are different shelves and shelves. We can put a V can put containers inside different continuous. We can have different vegetables, foods by his, different different things categorized. But what if I just do not have any segregation inside the refrigerator and I throw all the vegetables and then it would be. Very difficult for us to take our vegetables, you know. And it becomes even more difficult in a computer if you do not segregate them because data is kept in a very different thing. So it's like gum. If you have grains, different greens, let say you have means, we have barley, we have VTE, and if you mix them, can we segregate them? Can we take out the kind of data we want to take? We cannot. So segregation in computers of the time is like that. So that is why we need to have the file systems. What file systems does is it categorizes data nor sphere file begins, verify ends. So two files don't get mixed. Know, if you do not, you don't have much idea about computer science. You might be thinking, how can files get mixed, but think of it like we have lose people's okay on loose papers via putting up data and we have made finds off these papers, no. Okay. No. Let's say if all of these files get jumbled and all the papers get mixed, so we will not know which pages or which file. Similarly is the thing that the computers, if you do not have a proper file system, this will have an SUV need to have file systems in it which stores data in a logical compartments and it has matter Rita of data. What is metadata? Metadata means data of data. Like the information like how big the file is, what the name of the file is, where the fight begins, where the fight ends. These kinds of information about the file or the data itself is known as metadata. Okay? So you might be heading these days a lot in social media like they're not, they're saying they're not taking our data, but they're taking the metadata. Metadata gives a lot of information about something and that is very useful in identifying what the data is. What kind of data is. You know, just by looking at the name of the file, we can tell if it is an image or a video. In computers. If we Storify, normally we might not know it. But if you go into settings, you can check the extinction of that file. What it does is div would be something written after the dot, like a dot IMG and dot PNG or dot MOV. So these are all different short forms for different formats, which tends of what kind of a file this is. And you know, this is also a kind of metadata which tells us like if a file is there, which has an extinction of dot PNG, that means it is image file and computer. The OS feel comfortable, okay, it is image file with this particular extension. That means it would be opened by a photo app. So it will directly try to open it using the photo app Andi. If the wrong extinction is still the operating system, we've tried to open it with the extinction of which is given. So let's say it is a music file, but the extension is given dot PNG. So it will keep on praying, opening it with the photo app, but it will not open and give up because the format of the file does not match. So the matter grit is very important in identifying what kind of file it is. Okay. So in different operating systems, we have different kinds of file systems. So what file system is the way the files would be organised? Okay? And I also told you like what metadata is and how it stores the size of the file, and how the extinction helps us identify what kind of application it will be able to open that particular file. So these information is also stored. Okay? So like we have a, popularly we have these three operating systems to Microsoft Windows, macOS acts, the Linux operating system, and all of them have their own file systems. Similarly, mobile operating systems like iOS and Google, Android have their own file systems. Okay, so let's look at the popular of file systems. F2 or fat is a very popular, you know. What do you say? File System in Microsoft Windows, that is file allocation table. Then we have GFS and global file system that is used by most Linux OSs. Okay. At these oils have various other file systems also, but I'm talking about the very popular ones to identify easily. Then we have HFS, heretical file system in Mac operating system. And then we have UDF or universal Disk format, which is designed for all the DVDs. So all the DVDs have this kind of file system on them. So if we store files in them, this is how they would make a table. That will make a table. Which number of bit of what file is kept. And it's like gum. You can understand it like an index system. Like we have index in the beginning of a book. So File System hassle index. So what it does is it tells you on which page number, which file is the very ends where it starts. So this kind of information is stored using the file system. So I think we have covered all the five modules. And after this, please go through the questions which I'm giving the check your knowledge. And then please also do watch the final conclusive video where we'll have a comprehensive look at all of what we have learned in LA. Thank you for participating in this course. And please tell me if we can have more improvements and what things you liked about discourse and what things you did not like about discourse. Very open to suggestions, and I would love to hear your reviews and feedback about discourse. Thank you.