Mastering English: From Beginner to Intermediate level

1. Introduction: Welcome, welcome one and all to these English course. Whether you are a language enthusiast or seasoned learner, or just curious about mastering English, you have come to the right place. My mission is simple to transform Language Learning into a thrilling ride off knowledge and enjoyment. Throughout this course, you will build a powerful arsenal of English skills that will help you communicate with confidence and dizziness. In this course, we will cover all the fundamental aspects of English language that are needed to master the grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. My goal is to provide you with a solid foundation and the necessary tools to communicate effectively in English. By the way, my name is sandeep and this is what I look like. And I hope my pictures won't put you all from learning this language. So what are you waiting for? Let's begin. This course is designed in a way that can be accessed by anyone who is starting out their journey of learning English up to someone who has some basic knowledge of the English grammar, but is unsure how to construct grammatically correct sentences. Ensure this course is for anyone from elementary to intermediate level. But if you wish to revise a particular topic, all you have to do is click on that specific topic and run with it. Now with that said, let's move on to our first topic at hand, which is looking at the different parts of speech and English 2. Part of speech: So how many parts are there when it comes to speech in English? In total, there are nine parts of speech that are noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, verb, preposition, conjunction, introduction, and determiner. Let's take a look at each part in more detail. We start off with noun. A noun can be anything from a person, plays, ping or idea. For example, if you have a family, you probably have a father, mother, brothers or sisters. Or perhaps you have an uncle and aunt, or maybe nephews and nieces. All of these people are considered nouns in English. You might have a pet as well. For example, if you have a dog or cat or any kind of animal as a pet, that animal is also a noun. Or when you travel to some place. For example, if you have been to another state in your country, or perhaps another city in your state, or even another country that is also considered as noun. What about the things that you have in your house? For example, if you have a computer or phone, or table, or anything that exists within your house is also a noun. As I said earlier, that an idea can also be noun, and that idea can be off love, freedom, happiness, knowledge, honesty, and so on. In English, we also consider these abstract ideas as nouns. The next part of speech is pronouns. Pronouns are the words that we use to replace a noun in a sentence. For example, harry is a smart student. He always does his homework. In this sentence, when we continue with our speech, we replace noun Harry with subject pronoun he. And in English, there are different types of pronouns that we will learn in more detail as we move along. The next part of speech is verb. A verb is a word that tells us about the state of a noun or what noun does. Basically, it tells us about the action in a sentence. For example, I play football every day. In this sentence, the word play is domain verb, and it tells us what a noun is doing, which is playing football. And there are different types of verbs in English. For example, a verb can be regular or irregular, or it can be a modal verb. Phrasal verb, helping verb, which is also called auxiliary verb, transitive or intransitive verbs. Action, we're all linking verbs. We change the state of these verbs based on the tense or the subject. Once again, we will learn more about these verbs as we move through the course. Prepositions. Prepositions are the words that we use to talk about time, direction, position, and so on. For example, are you always go to work at nine in the morning. In this sentence, prepositions at and in are being used as time prepositions and to as direction preposition. From this example, we can see how important prepositions are when it comes to structuring a sentence in English. And we will be looking at these prepositions in more details in upcoming lessons. The next part of speech, adjectives. Adjectives are the words that we use to modify nouns to change their behavior so we can get more information about a particular noun. For example, harry is a runner. This example tells us who Harry is. He's a runner, but we don't know what kind of runner he is. But if we use the word fast in front of the noun runner, for example, harry is a fast runner. Now we know what kind of runner Harry is. He is a fast runner, and this is what an adjective does, modifies the behavior of a noun. Another example could be she is a girl. This example tells us the state of the person which is a girl. But if we use the adjective beautiful, for example, she is a beautiful girl. Now we get somewhat more information about this person because adjective beautiful is modifying the noun go. Adverbs. Adverbs are almost like adjectives in that, and Edward can also modify another word, but they don't modify your noun. Instead, they modify your verb, an adjective, or sometimes in other adverbs For example, Harry slowly walks towards me. In this example, adverbs slowly, ease modifying verb walk and tells us how this action happens, which is slowly. Here's another example. She enters the room quietly. Once again, Edward quietly is modifying the verb enter and tells us how this action happens. There are different types of adverbs in English and throughout the adverbs lesson, we will be covering them one-by-one. The next part of speeches, conjunction or conjunction is basically a word that connects to nouns, perhaps two clauses, or even two different sentences. Once again, there are number of conjunctions used in English that fall into different categories. For example, coordinating conjunctions as in and, but. All. So all subordinating conjunctions. For example, although, because, if, while, and so on, all correlative conjunctions, for example, either or, neither, nor, both, and whatever, or, and so on. These are just few examples of conjunctions. There are many more conjunctions that serve different purposes in connecting words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. The next part of speech, determiners are determiners is a word that is used to describe a noun by indicating its possession, quantity, or its relative position. Some of the common types of determiners are possessive determiners, which are also called possessive adjectives. For example, my, your, his, her, It's our end there. The next type of determiners are demonstrative determiners. And some of the common examples of these determiners are these, that these, those, the next category of determiners is quantifiers. And these determiners are used to indicate the quantity of a noun, where articles are also part of this group. For example, article a, N and the, or when we want to describe the quantity in high or low amount. For example, many, much, fuel, a little, and so on. The last part of speeches and interjection. Interjection is basically a word or sometime combinations of words that we use to express a certain feeling towards an action. And because normally that feeling is sudden, generally we express a surprise by using an interjection. For example, Wow, that house is so expensive. In this example, the word wow shows speakers surprise towards the price of the house, and therefore it acts as an introduction. Here are some more example words like that. Great. Oops, yikes. Hey, oh, no, oh yeah. And so on. 3. Types of nouns: First we're going to look at common nouns versus proper nouns. We make a distinction between common noun and proper noun by deciding if we are talking about a noun in general, or if we are using a specific name to represent that noun. For example, David is a clever boy. Here noun David is part of a common noun group, boy. But because we are using His name, we are being specific here to point out his existence out of that common noun group. Hence, David is a proper noun, whereas boy is a common noun. Here's another example. Maria always helps other students in our class. Once again, Maria is a proper noun because we are using her name and it is part of a non-group student, which is a common noun as anyone can be part of that group. Hence, a proper noun is a specific name of a person, place, or thing, and we always use capital letter to start that now in a sentence, no matter the position of it. For example, I am living in Dublin City. In this sentence, the name of the cities, Dublin. Therefore, we capitalize its first letter in the sentence because it's a proper noun. On the other hand, are common noun is simply a generalization of a noun group, and it's never capitalized in a sentence unless the sentence starts with a common noun. For example, he either handsome boy. In this example, boy is a common noun, and therefore, we do not capitalize it. But if we start a sentence with common noun group boy, then we must capitalize this noun. For example, boys are very hungry. Here we are starting to sentence vape, common noun boy. Therefore, we must capitalize this letter. Let's take a look at some more examples. You can also take part in this by identifying proper versus common nouns. I want to go and watch knew Harry Potter movie. Okay, let's look at the correct answer. In this example, harry Potter is proper noun and movie is common noun. Italy is one of my favorite countries to visit. In this example, Italy is proper noun and country is common noun. Here's one more example. The Eiffel Tower is a famous landmark in Paris. In this example, we have two proper nouns. One is the Eiffel Tower, and the second one is Paris. Whereas landmark is a common noun. Let's look at one more example. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. And in this example, we have one proper noun, which is Mount Everest. And we have two common nouns. One is mountain, the other one is world. We can sub-divide common nouns in for further categories, and they are collective nouns, concrete nouns, abstract nouns, and compound nouns. Let's take a look at each one-by-one. A collective noun is a group of individuals. Be people, animal, or things, for example, class. This world represents a group of students, but it is treated as a singular noun. For example, my class has 20 students, where class is representing a collective noun and students are part of this group. Here's another example, Team, which is a group of players or individuals taking part in an activity. For example, there are 12 players in our team. All perhaps when we talk about company, where a group of people work together, or a pride, which is a group of animals. Your family is also a collective noun, which is a group of people you know. The next subcategory of common nouns is concrete noun. Concrete nouns are things that we can feel, hear, smell, taste, or C, which means they can be perceived by our senses. For example, a car or house, a person, food, table, computer, chairs, and so on. All of these nouns can be touched, felt, smelled, seen, or tasted in some way or the other? Therefore, they fall under concrete noun category. The next type of nouns are compound nouns. A compound noun is a noun that is consist of two or more words from which one word is a noun and the other word or words can be an adjective and adverb or even another noun. For example, tablecloth. In this example, both table and plot our different nouns. But when they are used together, they can act as a compound noun, which means we are talking about a singular noun. Here's some more examples like that. Water bottle, football, city-center, Blackboard, breakfast, father-in-law, and so on. And if we look closely at all these examples, we can categorize compound nouns in three different forms. One is spaced, where there is a space between two words. For example, tablecloth. All we can have a noun without space between two words. For example, breakfast. Or we can use hyphen to make a compound noun. For example, father-in-law, the choice of whether to use a closed, hyphenated or open form for a compound noun can depend on factors such as style guides, specific language conventions, or the preference of the writer or publication. Sometimes it also depends on the region where you live. The last category of common noun group is abstract nouns. In short, abstract nouns are basically opposite of concrete nouns, which means they can't be perceived by our senses. For example, love, which is more like of failing. And it cannot be perceived by our senses. Another example is happiness, freedom, justice, beauty, wisdom, and so on. All these nouns fall under abstract noun category. The next category of nouns is possessive nouns. Possessive nouns indicate ownership or possession of something. They are formed by adding an apostrophe and S to the noun. For example, Mary's book, where Mary has the possession of the noun, book, all the cat's tail, the company's success, my brother's car, and so on. In all these examples, we can see ownership or possession of a noun or some pain. The next categories, countable nouns. Countable nouns that refer to objects or entities that can be counted and have a plural form. They can be used with numbers and articles like a or N. For example, cat, which is a singular noun. Or we can say, oh cat, or if we won't be used the plural form, we can say cats. Another example could be book or a book, or five books, where we are using a number and making the noun plural by using AES with the noun. Another example is cars, or car, or two cars, apple or an apple, or ten apples. The last category of nouns is uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns refer to substances, concepts, or qualities that cannot be easily counted, all separated into individual units. They do not have a plural form, and they are always used in singular form. For example, information. Noun information is uncountable, therefore, we cannot use it in plural form and say informations. Also, we cannot use article a or N with this noun. For example, you can't say any information. Here's some more examples like that. Knowledge. Happiness, rise. Here, water, money, luggage, music, advise, and so on. 4. Person category & pronouns: In English, pronouns are used to indicate a subject and object, or when we talk about possession in a sentence. These pronouns are further divided into different groups, which we will be discussing as we move along. For example, one of the group is subject pronouns. And some of the pronouns that belong to this group are I, WE, Day, and so on. Another group is object pronouns. And some of the pronouns that belong to this category, our, him, her, them, and so on. To understand pronouns better, let's break them down according to their usage in different person categories. Every pronoun that we use in English belongs to a person-based category. And they are First-person category, second person category, and third person category. Let's take a look at these categories more closely. First-person pronouns represent a speaker's point of view, which means First-person is the person who is speaking individually or as part of a group. For example, here, you can imagine this person to be me. And right now I am talking to you. In the sentence. I am talking to you, I is the subject pronoun, and because it's used for the speaker, it falls under First-person category. And here is the grouping of these pronouns in that if the pronoun is used for single speaker, the pronouns are I, me, my, and myself. And if the speaker is part of a group, the pronouns are, we, us, our N, ourselves. Let's go back and put all these pronouns together that belong to First-person category. So the pronouns use from speaker's point of view or I, my, MY, myself for single speaker. And we, our, us, ourselves. If the speaker is part of a group. Second-person pronouns represent our listeners point of view, which means Second-person is the person who is listening. Once again, we can understand it better with a visual example. Here we have Ana and Jose. Ulna can see that Jose doesn't look happy. So Ana asks Jose question, why are you angry? Clearly, in this dialogue, there are only two people, Ana and Jose. And therefore, from Anna's perspective, Jose is the listener that prompts honor to use pronoun you for Jose. We can also find the same structure. If we go back to our previous example where I was the speaker. Here the sentence was, I am talking to you. So From my perspective, you are the listener which prompts me to use pronoun you. Therefore, in this sentence, you is an object pronoun of Second-person category. And here is the list of all the pronouns of this category. You, your, yours, yourself, yourselves, and you again as object pronoun of you. There is an important point to be remembered here. Second-person pronouns can be used for both male and female nouns alike. The pronouns of this category are used to talk about people other than First-person or Second-person and things in general. Interestingly, this category can be divided into further subgroups based on the sex of a person, if and only singular or plural. And if we are talking about a living or nonliving noun, Let's take a look at them one-by-one. The first subgroup of Third-person categories, Male pronouns. And they are he, him, his, and himself. The next subgroup of Third-person categories, Female pronouns and pronouns of this subgroup are she, her, hers, and herself? If a Third-person subject or an object is part of a group, we use Third-person plural pronouns that are they, them themselves there. And there's the lungs group includes both non-human and non-living nouns. And the pronouns of this category are, it. It's itself. For any non-human living form that does not belong to you, we generally use pronoun it. For example, let's say you have a dog as a pet. To talk about that dog, we can use Third-person Male pronoun, as in my dog's name is Harry, and he's very sweet. Here we are using Third-person Male subject pronoun he, because the dog belongs to me. If you are talking about any dog in general, then we use Third-person pronoun it as a subject pronoun. For example, there is a dog outside and it is very sick. Here. We are using it as subject pronoun because this dog does not belong to you. And we are talking about a dog in general. Therefore, we are using singular pronoun it. Also, we use these pronouns for non-living things as well. For example, coffee, laptop, or some kind of fruit. A person's name and a singular noun are also part of Third-person category. Example. James, Harry, Ana are all example of names. And when we use a name, it falls under Third-person category and follows the rule that applied to Third-person category. Also, when we talk about a singular noun, for example, a cup, a car, a book, and so on. When we talk about a place, it also follows Third-person category rules. For example, if you're talking about New York, Brazil, all the White House, we conjugate a sentence using the third person category rules 5. First-person pronouns: In the last lesson, we learned how we divide all pronouns based on speaker's point of view, which is First-person, listener's point of view, which is Second-person. And lastly, Third-person. In this lesson, we will learn how each person category is divided in different pronoun groups. So let's begin. In English, all pronouns are grouped based on how they are used. And here is the breakdown of all these groups. The first group is subject pronouns, the second group is object pronouns. The third group is possessive pronouns. Default group is reflexive pronouns. And lastly, possessive adjectives. Here is an overview of First-person and pronouns that belong to this category. Let's take a look how all these pronouns are grouped within this category. Subject pronouns. Subject pronouns are pronouns that typically function as the subject of a sentence. They are used to replace all refer to the person or thing that performs the action of the verb in a sentence. First-person category includes both singular and plural subject pronouns. For example, if the speaker is singular, the subject pronoun we use is I. And if the speaker is part of a group, the subject pronoun that we use is, we. For example, I worked every day. Here, speaker is singular, therefore, we use the subject pronoun I. We work every day. And in this example, the speaker is part of a group. Therefore, we use first-person plural subject pronoun. We. Let's take a look at some more examples. I run every day. We run together. I cook my dinner. We go to the gym together. I clean my room. We cleaned the house together. The next category is object pronouns. Object pronouns are pronouns that typically function as the object of a verb. All prepositions in a sentence, they are used to replace all referred to the person or thing that receives the action of the verb or is affected by it. And here are the object pronouns of First-person category. The object pronoun of subject pronoun I is me, and the object pronoun of subject pronoun we is us. Let's take a look at some examples and see how to use them correctly. She called me. In this example, me is the object pronoun of I, where the subject pronoun she performed an action using verb and object pronoun me, received it. She called us. In this example, US is the object pronoun off we. That is receiving the action performed by subject pronoun she again, by using the warp call. He gives me money. He gives us money. You always helped me. You always help us. The next category of pronouns, possessive pronouns. These pronouns are used to show, announce, ownership, or possession. They are also used to replace a noun that has been talked about before. For subject pronoun I, possessive pronoun is mine. And for subject pronoun we, possessive pronoun is ours. Ours. Let's use them in some examples. In this example, james is telling us how many cars his family has. My family has two cars and this is mine. So in this sentence, the red car belongs to James, and he has the ownership of the car. Because James is a singular person and the speaker. Therefore, we use possessive pronoun mine. On the other hand, his parents duly and Kevin own the blue car. And because Kevin is talking and there are two people in that group, we use the possessive pronoun hours in the sentence. They scar is ours. And here are some more examples. The red bag is mine. These books are ours. This phone is mine. This house is ours. The next category of pronouns is reflexive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object are the same. This means subject does all indicates something that reflects back on the subject. Consider this example. I gave james something to do every day. In this sentence, the subject pronoun is I, and James is the object of the verb gave. But let's say subject, I want to be the object as well. Here's how we can use reflexive pronoun to do so. I give myself something to do every day. So in this example, it is clear that subject I performs an action and it reflects back on the subject when reflexive pronoun myself is used. Let's take a look at the pronouns first and then some examples would clear it up. Or subject pronoun I, reflexive pronoun is myself. And for subject pronoun we, reflexive pronoun is ourselves. Ourselves. I bought myself a new book. So in this example, the subject pronoun is I, and it is also receiving the action by using the word buy in past simple form, and of course by using reflexive pronoun myself. We hurt ourselves while playing football. I enjoyed myself at the party. I make myself happy by listening to music. We enjoyed ourselves at the concert. The last group is possessive adjectives. Possessive adjectives are similar to possessive pronouns, as in they talk about possession. The only difference is when we use possessive adjectives, we pair them with a noun, which could be a person, place, or a ping. And here are the possessive adjectives or First-person category, or subject pronoun I. The possessive adjective is my. And for subject pronoun we. The possessive adjective is our. For example, I love my family. In this example, possessive adjective my is bear with noun family. We love our family. And now that we are using subject pronoun, we hear the possessive adjective, our is paired with noun, family. I call my mom every day. I clean my room at night. We clean our room every day. Yesterday, I called my sister. Last week we met at our parent's house. Now that we have basic understanding of First-person pronouns and how they are grouped together. It should be easier to understand Second-person and Third-person pronoun groupings. So without further delay, let's move on to the Second-person pronouns. 6. Second-person pronouns: Second-person singular subject pronoun is you, which is also similar when Second-person is part of a group. Remember, sometimes we use additional words such as you all, all of you, or you lot informally to make it clear that we are using pronoun you, ena plural form. Also pronoun you is a Second-person gender neutral pronoun. It can be used for either male or female nouns. Let's take a look at some examples. You work every day. In this example subject pronoun, you could mean either male or female noun, depending on the listener. You run every day. All of you are hard workers. And in this sentence we can see that we are addressing a group of listeners by using the plural phrase, all of you. You all are always happy. You lot spend a lot of time watching TV. And in this example we are using you Lord, that represents a group of listeners in more informal conversation. Second-person object pronoun is similar to subject pronoun, which means singular object pronoun is you. And plural object pronoun is also you. To address a group of people. The same word combination can be used as subject pronouns. For example, all of you, you all, and you Lord informally. Also just like subject pronoun, object pronoun you is also gender neutral, as in. It can be used for both male and female object nouns. For example, I met you at the party. In this sentence, the object pronoun you could be directed at Male or female noun depending on the listener. I called you. They met you last night. I saw you all last night. Now in this example word combination, you all is directed at a group of listeners. He gave food to all of you. We were talking about you lot. In this sentence, we are using a lot which is used in formally to address a group of people. We use possessive pronouns to indicate the possession of a noun. And in this case, we will be using Second-person pronoun to do so. And these pronouns are for singular noun. We use yours, which is also similar when we talk about plural nouns, which is yours. In this example, we will see how we use first-person possessive pronoun and second-person possessive pronouns in singular and plural form. Here, anna asks area question, I liked this computer. Is it yours? Here? Listener hurry is singular, so the pronoun yours is only directed at Hurry. Let's say now hurry is joined by his brother Ben. And if anna asks the same question, addressing both of them, it will be the same question. I like this computer, is it yours? Here, you see is directed at both of them. Now we have two people in this listeners group. Therefore, we can still use the pronoun yours to address both of them. And if the computer only belongs to hurry, he can say yes, it is mine. In this answer, he's using the first-person possessive pronoun mine. And if it belongs to both of them, the answer will change to yes, it is ours. Using the First-person plural possessive pronoun. Here are some more examples. The red bag is yours. These books are not yours. This phone is yours. This house is yours. Second-person singular reflexive pronoun is yourself, and plural reflexive pronoun is yourselves. Yourselves. The pronunciation of the last part is very important when using the plural form, which is yourselves. Yourselves. Let's look at some examples. You can do it yourself. In this example, the listener is singular because we are using reflexive pronoun yourself. You need to take care of yourselves. And in this example, we are addressing a group of listeners by using the reflexive pronoun yourselves. You should believe in yourselves and your abilities. Take some time for yourself and relax. Make sure you take care of yourself during the pandemic. Second-person possessive adjective is the same for both singular and plural nouns, which is your, your. Let's take a look at some examples using this adjective. I love your new jacket. I admire your dedication to your work. It's time to pack your bags and go on holidays. Make sure you take care of your health by eating well. Are you went to your house last night? I'm going to meet your family next week. 7. Third-person Male pronouns: Third-person category is no gender neutral. All the pronouns are divided based on gender. Plural pronouns and pronouns for non-human, non-living things. Therefore, this lesson is solely dedicated to Third-person Male pronouns. Just like First-person and Second-person pronouns, we will be learning about each pronoun separately. So without further delay, let's get started. The pronouns of this category only have singular form. If we are talking about a Third-person Male, the subject pronoun is he. Let's say James is talking to Anna while they are in a park. At distance, they see your man exercising. To address that man. James can say he exercises in this park every day. Sometimes he runs around the park as well. I think that's the reason he looks really healthy. In all these examples, we can see it clearly how James is using Third-person Male pronoun he to talk about the man in the park. Let's check out some more examples. He works in a factory. He runs in the park in the evenings. He was working late. He's angry all the time. Third-person Male object pronoun is him. Let's use the same example of the men exercising in the park to see how to use it. This time, james is going to talk about the man as Third-person object pronoun. Do you see these men? I see him in this park every day. Yesterday. I saw him running around the park. I call him the running man. In all these examples, we can see how James is referring to the man using Third-person object pronoun him. Let's run through some more examples. I saw him at the bus station. They will call him in the afternoon. She talks to him at night. We brought him some soup when he was sick. Third-person Male possessive pronoun is, he's, which is also the possessive adjective of this category. Let's look at some examples using both of them. James has three red bags, but the green bag is not his. Hurry told me that he lost a pen and I think these pennies, he's he lives near the hospital. So I know that this house is not his. Adam is really happy because the new car is Hayes. And here are some examples of Possessive Adjective Hayes. I went to his house last week. Kelly loves spending time in his company. We are going to his party on Sunday. He will meet him at his workplace. Third-person Male reflexive pronoun is himself. Himself. Let's use this pronoun in some examples. He talks to himself a lot. He gives himself a lot of praise. He taught himself how to play the guitar. John hurt himself while playing outside. 8. Third-person Female pronouns: Just like Third-person Male subject pronoun, Third-person Female subject pronoun is also singular, which is x0. And here's how we can use it in a sentence. Once again, James and honor, our inner bark. This time a distance they see a woman exercising to address that woman. James says, she exercises in this park every day. Sometimes she runs around the park as well. I think that's the reason she looks really healthy. So from all these examples, we can see how James is using Third-person Female subject pronoun she to address that woman. Let's check out some more examples like that. She works in a hospital. She goes to the gym every day. She met him outside the cinema. She's really happy to see him. Third-person Female object pronoun is her. Let's use the same example once again, where the woman is exercising in the park to see how to use these pronoun. I see her in this park every day. Yesterday. I saw her running around the park. I call her the running woman. Once again, in all these examples, we are using Third-person Female object pronoun her to address the woman who is exercising in the park. Here's some more examples. I sent her all the details last week. We help her whenever she calls us. He doesn't like her that much. I think you love her more than you think. Third-person Female possessive pronoun is horrors. Horrors. Once again, these pronoun is used to give information about a female subjects possession or ownership. For example, Galli told me that she had left her bag here. I think this red bag is horrors. James says that he bought the sunglasses last week, but Maria told me that they are hers. I gave her my book to practice for exam. And now she says that its horrors. Third-person Female reflexive pronoun is herself, herself. Let's use it in some examples. She bought herself for new dress, for the party. The little girl dressed herself in her favorite dress. Selena pushed herself to achieve her goals. When Maria argued with James, she watched herself losing her temper. She challenged herself to run a marathon. Third-person Female possessive adjective is her. Her. As we know from previous lessons, possessive adjectives also talk about a subject possession, and it is coupled with a noun. For example, I have never been to her parents house. We will go to her wedding next month. You can use her computer later. We need to talk to her husband as soon as possible. 9. Third-person plural pronouns: Third-person plural pronouns. The pronouns of this category are used when the Third-person is part of a group. Let's break them down one-by-one to see which pronoun belongs to which group. Third-person plural subject pronoun is, they ain't. The possessive adjective of day is there, there. Sometimes both they and their work really well together. Therefore, we are going to look at some examples using both pronouns. As mentioned before, they is used to refer to a Third-person group of people, pings and ideas. For example, Jane and Peter just came back from their holidays. Let's see how pronoun day and there are used here to describe that experience. We met a lot of people in Mexico. They were really friendly and helpful. So here Jane and Peter are using subject pronoun day to talk about all the people whom they met. They gave us directions when we got lost and their hospitality was really wonderful. And in this example, not only we are using subject pronoun day, but we're also using possessive adjective there with noun hospitality. They also told us about their culture and therefore it was amazing. We enjoyed their music in particular. Here are some more examples. Riding motorcycles is exciting, but they are really expensive to buy. Video games are FUN, but they can be really addictive as well. Hurry and Jane got married last week. They were really good friends before they are meeting us tomorrow evening. And here are some more examples of possessive adjective there. Two of my best friend got married last week, and I went to their wedding. The street was full of expensive cars and their owners were standing beside them. He lost all his friends and their trust quickly. We call our neighbors for health, but their kids didn't allow them to leave the house. Third-person plural, object pronoun ease them. And possessive pronoun is. There's, There's, Let's take a look at some examples using both of these pronouns. Yesterday, I met Hannah's parents. I couldn't recognize them at first because I saw them after a long time. I want to buy ten computers for my office. Could you give me more information about them? He paid a lot of money for his shoes, but now he doesn't like them. The walls were made of cement, but the bulldozer demolish them easily. And Hera are some examples using possessive pronoun. There's the protesters burned a lot of vehicles which weren't there. Some people don't return library books, thinking they are. There's I just have my ticket. I don't have there's people enjoyed your food at the party. I'm not sure if they enjoy. There's Third-person reflexive pronoun is themselves. Themselves. Pay attention to the last part of this world and it's pronunciation. If spoken incorrectly, it might lead to some confusion. The pronunciation is themselves, selves. Selves. There is a strong we sound at the end. Let's take a look at some examples using these pronoun. They are blaming themselves for the mistake. They challenged themselves to learn a new language. They will trust themselves to make the right disease and they gave themselves a chance to find the right solution 10. Third-person pronoun IT: Generally, in English, we use pronoun eight for non-human and non-living things. Where pronoun it can be used to talk about an animal or place or a ping. The subject pronoun of this group is eight, which is also the object pronoun of this group. Pronoun, it is basically used when we talk about animals. And these animals can be of any species. If you don't own that animal, old animal is not your pet. We use pronoun it to replace subject or object nouns. In this example, james is telling Maria about an incident that happened last night. Last night when I came home, I saw a dog outside my house and it was screaming with pain. Here we replace the object of this conversation, the dog with object pronoun it. Then Maria says this. So the dog was lying outside of the gate. And James replies, Yes, it was lying outside of my gate. Here we have replaced the subject noun, the dog, with subject pronoun it. It was also bleeding from his ears and it kept screaming with pain. So I brought it inside the house and gave it some treatment. Here are some more examples with subject pronoun it. The cat jumped over the fence and it broke the wires. Even though the painting was really expensive, it wasn't really good. My phone was in my pocket, but it didn't bring the beer bottle was wet and it slipped out of my hand. And here are some examples of eight as object pronoun. They bought a painting last week, and it was really expensive. In this example, object pronoun, it is replacing the object noun, painting. The Dr. prescribe the medicine for high fever, but it didn't work. Last week we rented a car. It was really fast. Possessive pronoun of eight doesn't exist. It only exist in the form of possessive adjective, which is eight. Remember we use this form of aids without apostrophe. For example, if we use apostrophe as in it's my car, the meaning is, it is my car, where it's is contracted form of it is. But as possessive adjective we use, it's like that. The car is fast and its color is beautiful. Here it says used as possessive adjective, we'd noun color and without an apostrophe. Let's take a look at some more examples. The car is expensive, but its color is amazing. I like the house and it's backyard. We wanted to buy the phone, but its price is too much. The dog and its owner play all the time. The reflexive pronoun of this category is itself. Itself, where action is reflected back on the subject. For example, a smart TV can switch off itself. The dog let itself inside the house. My phone turns off itself. The cat moves itself away from the garden. 11. Types of adverbs: Adverbs are an essential part of the English language. Adding depth and detail to our communication, they provide additional information about verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and even an entire sentence. In this lesson, we will look at different types of adverbs as they are grouped, exploring their functions and providing examples for better understanding. So with that said, let's begin. Aid will absorb men or describe how an action is performed all the way in which something happens. They provide insights into the manner or the style of an action. For example, he spoke confidently during the presentation. She danced gracefully at the wedding. The children played happily in the park. In all these examples, adverbs of men are confidently, gracefully and happily define how each action is performed. And when we talk about the placement of these adverbs, they are typically placed after the main verb they modify. For example, she sings beautifully where Edward beautifully modifiers were obscene, and it is placed after that verb. Using adverbs of manner, we can provide a more precise and vivid portrayal of actions and events, allowing our listeners or readers to better understand and visualize the manner in which things happen. The next category of adverbs is adverbs of time. Adverbs of time indicate when an action takes place. They answer questions related to time. For example, she will visit her grandmother tomorrow. I go to the park once a week. They call their parents every week. Here, in all these examples, we are using adverbs of time, tomorrow, once a week, and every week. And their placement can vary depending on the sentence. For example, they can be placed at the beginning, middle, or at the end of the sentence depending on the emphasis and clarity that you are looking for. They can also be placed before or after the main verb they modify. Adverbs of time can be further divided into these categories. For example, if you are talking about specific time, these kinds of wet verbs indicate a specific point in time, such as yesterday, today, tomorrow, next week, and so on. For example, I will meet her tomorrow. The next category of adverbs of time is when we are talking about the duration of an action. And these adverbs indicate the length of time an action or event lasts, for example, for 2 h all day since morning throughout the year and so on. Adverbs of time can also describe the frequency which indicates how often an action or event takes place. For example, always, often, sometimes, rarely, once a week, twice a month, and so on. Adverbs of time can also be used to describe related time, which means these Edward describe the relationship of an action or event to another time-frame, such as before, after, sun, eventually, recently, and so on. The next category is adverbs of place. Adverbs of place specify the location or position of an action. They answer questions related to where, for example, they looked everywhere for their lost keys. I don't live here. I am waiting for you downstairs. In all these examples, adverbs everywhere. Here and downstairs are some of the examples of adverbs of place. And they tell us where the main action took place. Adverbs of place can be placed at the beginning, middle, or at the end of the sentence, depending on the emphasis. And if you are looking for more clarity, some of the adverbs of place, such as here, their home, abroad, upstairs, downstairs and so on, are used to describe the specific location and they indicate a precise or specific place. For example, she leaves here, they went abroad last week. I sleep upstairs. There is another group of adverbs of place that we use to talk about the direction of an action. For example, up, down, inside, outside Forward, backward, east, west, and so on. All these adverbs indicate the direction or movement of an action. For example, he walked up the stairs. And finally, there is a group of adverbs of place that can be used to describe the relative location, which indicates the relationship of an action or event to another location. Some of the most common adverbs of this group are nearby, far away, next to beside, above, below, in front of behind, and so on, for example. Part is nearby. The books are below the table. I'm standing next to the shop. The next category of adverbs is adverbs of frequency. Adverbs of frequency express how often an action occurs. They provide information about the frequency or regularity of an event. For example, he always arrives or leave for work. I sometimes forget my case. They often go out for dinner. In all these examples, we are using adverbs of frequency, always, sometimes and often, to indicate how frequently an action takes place. Whether it's always, sometimes or often. Adverbs of frequency can be used in any tense structure, be past, present, or future, and they are usually placed before the main verb in a sentence when domain verb is an action verb. But if we are using verb to be, they are placed after verb to be. For example, she's always late. They are never on time. He's occasionally in his office. However, adverbs of frequency can also be placed at the beginning or at the end of a sentence for emphasis. For example, sometimes she calls me. Occasionally she comes to my house. They meet each other regularly. By incorporating adverbs of frequency into our language, we can provide a clearer understanding of the frequency and regularity of an action or event. And they are useful in various contexts, is such as describing daily routines, habits, preferences, and general statements about frequency. Adverbs of degree. Adverbs of degree indicates the intensity extend all degree of an action or quality. Provide information about the level or intensity of something. For example, the food was extremely spicy. In this example, adverb extremely is describing the intensity of the food. These adverbs can be placed before the adjective or adverb they modify. When modifying a verb, they are usually placed before the verb or after the auxiliary verb. And some common adverbs of this category are very, which indicates a high degree or intensity or example. She's very talented. Another example could be extremely, which indicates an extreme or maximum degree. For example, the weather is extremely hot. And lastly, adverb quite, which indicates a significant degree or extend. For example, He's quite tall. The next categories, interrogative adverbs. Interrogative adverbs are used to ask questions about time, place, manner, reason, or quantity. We also address these adverbs as WH family words. And some of the most common adverbs of this group are when, which is used to ask about the time or occasion. For example, when will the party start? Another example could be where, which is used to ask about the place or location. For example, where did you go on holidays? Adverbs tau, which is used to ask about the manner or way something is done. For example, how did you solve the problem? Or adverb? Why? Which is used to ask about the reason or purpose. For example, why are you feeling so sad? These adverbs typically appear at the beginning of a question, followed by the subject and verb. They introduced the question and indicate the type of information we are looking for. The next group is relative adverbs. These adverbs are used to introduce relative clauses and relate to time, place, or reason. They help connect to ideas or clauses. And these adverbs are typically placed at the beginning of the relative clause, followed by subject and verb. The relative clause is then connected to the main clause, which contains the noun or pronoun being modified. For example, if we use relative adverb where, which describes a place or location. For example, I visited the city where I was born. In this example, relative adverb, where is connecting the main clause, which is I visited the city The second clause, I was born, which contains pronoun I. Another example of these categories, when, which refers to a time or occasion. For example, she remembers the day when they first met adverb, who is also part of this group, which is used to refer to a person. For example, he is the student who got the top prize. And finally, adverb why, which is used to refer to a reason or cause. For example, you understand the reason why he made that decision? The next group is conjunctive adverbs. These type of adverbs connect or link ideas, clauses, or sentences. They also provide transitions and show relationships between parts. For example, adverb however, which indicates a contrast or contradiction, as in she wanted to go out. However, it was raining heavily or adverbs therefore, which shows cause and effect or a logical conclusion. For example, he studied hard. Therefore, he passed the exam, which shows us the conclusion of an action or adverb nevertheless, which expresses a contrast or concession. For example, he was tired. Nevertheless, he continued working. These adverbs can appear at the beginning of the sentence, followed by a coma. They can also be placed within a sentence, usually surrounded by commas. If they are interrupting the flow of the sentence, as we saw in some of the examples here. The last group of adverbs is adverbs of affirmation and negation. These adverbs are used to express agreement or disagreement. They also provide a positive or negative evaluation of a situation. And some of the most common adverbs of affirmation are certainly, definitely absolutely shortly, indeed, positively, undoubtedly, and so on. These adverbs can be used at the beginning of a sentence. For example, certainly, I can help you with that. Or in the middle of a sentence, usually after the auxiliary verb or the modal verb. For example, I will definitely attend the meeting. She can certainly play the piano. We can also use these adverbs before the main verb. For example, he undoubtedly knows the answer. They absolutely love their new house. Finally, they can be used at the end of the sentence as well. For example, we want the game without a doubt. Some of the common examples of adverbs of negation are known. Never, know, hardly, barely, rarely, and so on. These adverbs are used to express denial, negation, or the absence of something. They indicate that the speaker does not believe something to be true or valid. Just like adverbs of affirmation, the position of these adverbs can vary depending on the emphasis, all the speakers point of view, for example, we can use them before the main verb. As in, I do not like coffee. They have never been to Europe. Or we can use them after the auxiliary verb or the modal verb. For example, she will not attend the meeting. He cannot come to the party. Depending on the contexts. We can also use them at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis. For example, no, I don't want to go to the party or after the verb to be, for example, he's not happy with the result. It is also possible for one type of ad verb to be part of another group. Adverbs can have multiple functions and can belong to different categories based on their usage and meaning in a sentence. Example, adverbs of time, also functioning as adverbs of frequency, as in are you always wake up early. In this example, always is an adverb of time indicating when the action of waking up occurs. It also functions as an admirable frequency expressing how frequently the action happens. Another example could be adverbs of men are also functioning as adverbs of degree. For example, he ran extremely fast here. Extremely is an adverb of manner describing how fast he ran. It also functions as an adverbs of degree, intensifying the degree or extent of the action. And finally, adverbs of place, also functioning as adverbs of direction. For example, she walked upstairs. Here. Upstairs is an adverb of place indicating where she walked. It also functions as an adverb of directions, specifying the direction of the movement which is upstairs. All these examples show that certain adverbs can have overlapping functions and can be classified into multiple categories based on their role in a sentence. In conclusion, adverbs play a crucial role in English language usage by providing additional information and enhancing the clarity of our communication. Understanding the different types of adverbs allow us to express ourselves more precisely and effectively. In the next lesson, we will learn more about adverbs of frequency as they are more commonly used in present simple tense. So let's look at adverbs of frequency in more detail. 12. Adverbs of frequency: As we learned in the adverbs lesson, that adverbs of frequency describe how often an action or event occurs and how they provide information about the frequency, all regularity of an action. In this lesson, we will learn in more detail about their usage. Commonly used adverbs of frequency, the frequency scale to determine their intensity. With that said, let's begin. Adverbs of frequency help us describe routines, habits, and regularity of an action or event. They provide information about the frequency with which something happens, allowing us to convey a more accurate picture of how often an action occurs. Some of the most common adverbs of this group are always, often, usually, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, and never. All these adverbs provide different degrees of frequency depending on the context and speaker's point of view. Adverbs of frequency can be arranged on a frequency scale from high to low to determine the frequency of an action. For example, when we use adverbs of frequency, always it shows the frequency of an action taking place is 100 per cent. In other words, this action takes place all the time. Whereas when we use adverbs, usually it shows the percentage less than adverb always, which could be represented with a number 80-90%. Next at verb often represents the regularity of an action around 70 to 80 per cent. Adverbs, sometimes around 50 per cent. At verb, Occasionally less than 50 per cent, rarely 20 to 30%. And finally at verb never zero per cent. This scale gives us an idea about the strength and usability of an adverb of frequency when we are talking about some kind of routine habit, all frequency of an action taking place. Adverbs of frequency are usually placed before the main verb in a sentence. For example, are you always studied for exam when I was in college. They rarely went to the cinema last year. These examples are in the past tense using adverbs of frequency, always and rarely, and their placement is before the main verbs study and go in the past form. We can use the same principle when we use them in the present form. For example, are usually wake up early in the morning. They often go for a run in the park. In these sentences, adverbs usually and often are being used before the main verbs wake up and go into present form. And finally, we can also use these adverbs in the future tense as well. For example, we will always support each other. He might never try bungee jumping. In these examples, adverbs of frequency have been placed before the main verbs support and try. But if the main verb is verb to be, the adverbs of frequency are placed after the verb in the past and present tense. For example, I was always late for school when I was a student. Where was is the past form of work to be? And at verb always is placed after that. The sentence describes a repetitive action in the past, which was being late for school. Here's another example. They were often tired after a long day at work. In this example, Edward Buffon is placed after past form of work to be. We're, the same rule applies when we use these adverbs in the present tense, which is a more common practice when we use these adverbs. For example, I am usually busy on weekdays. They are open late for meetings. She's never absent from the class. In all these examples, adverbs of frequency usually, often and never, are being used after present forms of work to be M, R, and is. When it comes to future tense, the position of adverbs of frequency vary depending on the sentence structure and emphasis. For example, you can say, I will never be late, where we are using adverbs of frequency never before the verb to be. All you can say. I will be never late to express the same meaning in the future tense. However, the more common and natural world order in English is I will never be late. In this sentence. The adverbs of frequency never is placed before the word be. This word order is generally preferred and more commonly used in everyday speech and writing. Here are some more examples like that. She will always be on your side. They will sometimes be in the house playing video games. I will always be supportive of your goals. Another important distinction between adverbs of frequency is that some of these adverbs can be placed at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. For example, adverbs, sometimes, occasionally, often, and usually can be used At the beginning of a sentence by using a coma. For example. Sometimes I enjoy taking long walks in the park. Occasionally we go out for dinner, add fancy restaurants. Usually, I go for a jog in the morning. Often I go to the gym. All these examples can be rephrased by using adverbs, sometimes, occasionally, often, and usually at the end of the sentence without any change in the meaning. For example, I enjoyed taking long walks in the park. Sometimes we go out for dinner, add fancy restaurants. Occasionally. I go for a jog in the morning, usually I go to the gym often. These examples give us almost the same information as the examples with these adverbs being used in the beginning. In regards to the positioning of adverbs, I would like to point out that the positioning of adverbs often can affect the emphasis and rhythm of the sentence. Placing often before or after the main verb is the most common and natural position. But using it at the beginning or end can create a specific stylistic effect or highlight the frequency aspect. So the question becomes, can we use all adverbs of frequency like that? The answer is no. Some of these adverbs convey a correct and meaningful message when we only use them in the middle of the sentence. For example, adverb always. We either use it before the main verb or after the main verb. If domain we're B's verb to be. For example, are you always clean my room? Or I'm always learning new languages. In these examples, the position of adverbs is clearly based on domain verb. But if we try to use it at the beginning or at the end of a sentence, not only will it sound a bit awkward and disrupt the natural flow of the sentence, but it will also fail to convey a clear message. Example, always I go to the park, or I go to the power coal ways. In both examples, adverbs always indicates the regularity of an action, but it sounds a bit wig and erroneous because of its position in the sentence. The same can be said about Edward never, which is more commonly used in the middle of the sentence. For example, I never eat fast food. He's never lead to a meeting, which is the most common and natural way to express the idea 13. Verb To Be: Perhaps one of the most challenging part of learning English is mastering verb to be. Sometimes it appears that you are not able to differentiate between its past and present forms because both tenses have completely different forms. But not to worry, in this lesson, we will learn different forms of this world, not only in present but also in past. We will also learn how to make active and negative sentences along with questions. So with that said, let's begin. So let's start by taking a look at why and when we use verb to be, verb to be refers to a present or general state of a noun. The state can be habitual, temporary, or permanent. Before we try to make more sense of this definition, let's break down the verb to be in its different forms based on the tense. In present tense, verb To Be has three different forms, and they are, is, M, and R, on the other hand, has two forms in past tense. They are, was and were. Now that we know the different forms of this world, Let's go back to the definition again to understand it better. So by definition, verb To Be talks about the state or for noun, which can be habitual, temporary, or permanent. Now take a look at this example. Here, Mary says, I am a woman because we are using verb to be to talk about Mary's state and our subject pronoun is I. Therefore, we use M as well to be form here, which also tells us that Mary is talking in present. In this example, I am a woman. It tells us about marriage, permanent state as a female living human being. Here's another example. Barry says, I am a man. Once again, we are using verb to be form M to describe his permanent state as a male living human being. A little while later, Barry says, I am happy right now. This example not only tells us about his temporary state, but also his emotion. This is because we use verb to be to describe emotions as well. For example, I am excited to meet you. She is feeling sad about the news. They are really happy. All these examples describe a state of a person that is not permanent and can change in near future. Work to be, can also be used to identify or describe a subject. For example, he is from Spain, where verb to be formed. Ease tells us about his identity and the country to which he belongs. Another example could be she is from Germany, in from Brazil. They are from Mexico. He is from Canada. We also use verb to be to talk about professions. For example, I am a Dr. they are construction workers. She is a nurse. The next usage of verb to be is to talk about location. For example, I am in the classroom, they are at the party. She is in the shower. And finally, we use verb to be to talk about ideas or concepts by expressing an opinion or making a statement about them. For example, it is important to practice English every day. The key to success is hard work. Freedom is fundamental right of every human being. Before we dive deeper with some more examples, let's find out how each subject pronoun is used with verb to be in present and past tense. So in present tense, for subject pronoun I, verb to be form is M. For subject pronouns, you, WE, Day and plural nouns, we use verb to be form our. And lastly, poor subject pronouns, he, she, it, and singular noun. We use verb to be formed is. In the past tense. Verb To Be has two forms, and here is how different pronouns use them in the past. With subject pronoun I, he, she, it, and singular noun. We use past form of work to be was. Whereas with pronouns, we, you, day and plural nouns, we use past form of work to be. We're now that we have a clear picture of how to pair verb To Be forms with different subject pronouns. Let's go ahead and look at some examples. Let's meet Dave. He starts by introducing himself. My name is Dave. Here. Dave is using present form of work to be is to talk about his permanent state, all his identity in an office manager. Now, he's using verb to be form M to tell us about his profession. I am married to Dana. Here. He's describing his marital status. I'm always happy when I'm with my friend Dani. Now, he's using verb to be to talk about his temporary state and an emotion. And I am from England. And finally, he's using verb To Be to describe his identity. Now, let's talk to Dave as Second-person by using verb to be formed our, which is used with subject pronoun you. Your name is Dave. You are an office manager. You are married to Donna. You are always happy when you are with your friend Dani, and you are from England. And now we're going to introduce Dave as Third-person by using verb to be present form is, this is Dave. He is an office manager. He is married to Donna. He is always happy when he is with this brand Dani, and he is from England. And finally, we are going to talk about Dave by using past form of work to be. This is Dave. He was an office manager. He was married to Dana or sometime they were very happy together. He was always happy when he was with his friend Dani. Last week, he was in England to watch a football match. To make questions with verb to be, we use the inversion method where we change the position of verb to be with the subject pronoun. For example, I am hungry. Here we are going to change the position of subject pronoun I with the work to be form M. So the question becomes MI hungry. Follow this rule for rest of the examples. Mi, awake or asleep. Are you English or American? Are the really smart? Ishi a manager? Is he a Dr. are we late? Is it expensive? Waze hungry? Was he drunk? Where you own time? Were they expensive to buy? To make negative sentences, just use node with the verb to be formed. For example, if the question is, are you hungry? And your answer is negative, just say, I am not hungry. In negative forms, we can also use the contraction when using verb to be N naught. For example, I M naught changes into I'm not, I'm not. The pronunciation goes like I'm, I'm here is one more example. I am not awake or I'm not awake. They are not smart, or they aren't smart. The contraction of our notice aren't aren't she is not a Dr. or she isn't a Dr. here is notice contracted as isn't isn't it is not expensive or it isn't expensive. You will note there, or you weren't there. Water and the contraction of past form of verb To Be well, notice, warrant, warrant. And the contraction of past form of work to be was not is wasn't, wasn't he was not here. All he wasn't here. Here is the final review of verb to be. We use verb to be to identify or describe the subject. We also use verb to be to talk about the subjects temporary or permanent state. Next, we use verb to be, to talk about subjects location and emotion. And finally to talk about ideas or concepts. Verb To Be has three different forms in present tense. That R is M and R. And verb To Be has two forms in the past ends that are was, and we're which we use based on the subject pronoun 14. Adjectives: An adjective is a word that describes a noun or a pronoun. For example, let's say we have this big truck here. There are many words that we can use to give more information about this drug. For example, we can say expensive, beautiful, fast or slow, new or old, heavy, classic or luxury. All these words give us more information about this Waco. And in English we call them adjectives. When we use adjectives, we need to remember that adjectives behave the same when we use them, it's singular or plural nouns. For example, we can say fast car, where car is singular noun, or we can say fast cars, where noun car is now plural. Here's another example. We can say expensive phone. When we're talking about one phone using adjective expensive, or we can say expensive phones, where noun phone is now plural, but the adjective remains the same. The next example is beautiful house, or beautiful houses. Heavy box or heavy boxes. Let's look at some more examples. I have inexpensive car, where car is again a singular noun and we are using adjective expensive. Or we can say, I have too expensive cars, where noun tar is now plural, but the adjective remains the same. And the adjective expensive is describing the noun car, which is telling us that this car is not cheap. Here's another example. I have a beautiful house where noun house is singular and adjective beautiful is describing it. Or we can say, I have two beautiful houses where noun house is now plural and adjective beautiful is now describing to nouns. It is also possible that we can use more than one adjective in front of a noun. And when we do that, we use opinion adjective before the fact adjective. For example. When I look at this picture, I know it has green color and in my opinion, I think it is beautiful. So the fact adjective here would be green, as I can see it factually. And the opinion adjective is beautiful. It may not be beautiful in other person's opinion, but in my opinion, it is beautiful. Therefore, I can say a beautiful green forest. Here's another picture of a beach, which clearly is a sandy beach, which is the fact. And again, in my opinion, it's long as well, which may not be true in someone else's opinion. But I can surely say along sandy beach. And here we can see a wedding dress and its color is white. Once again, in my opinion, this dress is perhaps where he expensive. Therefore, I can say inexpensive white wedding dress by using opinion adjective expensive before the fact adjective white. The same rule can be used with this watch, where in my opinion, it is shiny. And the fact is it is a Swiss watch. Therefore, we can say are shiny Swiss swatch. Keep in mind that we use an adjective after the word look and the verb to be in past, present, or future forms. For example, discard looks expensive. Here, adjective expensive comes after the word look. The house was old. Here we are using past simple form of the verb to be and then adjective, old. His jeans look fantastic. We are excited to meet her. You look silly with that hat on. Here is the final review. We use adjectives to describe a noun or a pronoun. We can use opinion and facts adjective to describe a noun where opinion adjective comes before the fact adjective. And finally, when we use the verb to be in the world, look, we use adjectives after these verbs in a sentence 15. Comparative adjectives: We use comparative adjectives to compare two or more things, indicating that one thing has a higher or lower degree of certain quality compared to another. Comparative adjectives typically end in er, for example, taller, faster, so on. All they are preceded by more when using longer adjectives. For example, more beautiful, more intelligent, and so on. Generally, they help us express differences in size, quantity, quality, or degree between objects, people, all concepts. And when we express these differences, we must follow a simple rule where we use the comparative word. Then, once we change an adjective in comparative form. Before we see some examples, Let's go over some spelling rules that we have to follow in order to change an adjective in its comparative form. Rule number one. For adjectives that are one syllable, add er, er. In case the adjective ends with vowel E. At the end of the adjective. A syllable is a part of a word that contains a single vowel sound. For example, small, tall, long, sweet, and cool. And they're competitive firms are smaller, dollar, longer, sweeter, and cooler. Next we have some examples of one syllable adjectives that end in E. So we just add our At the end. For example, brave, cute, nice, wide and y's. And they're comparative forms are braver, guilder, nicer, wider, and wiser. Let's use these adjectives in some examples. My house is smaller than ends house. Here, smaller is comparative form of adjective small, that is comparing this noun and this noun by using the word, then I am taller than James and is cuter than all her classmates. Harry can run faster than Maria. My pet dog walks quicker than me. Rule number two, for two syllable adjectives ending in Y, change why to I and add ER. For example, busy, easy, heavy, happy, and noisy. And they're comparative forms are Bezier, easier, heavier, happier, and noisier. For example, M is busier than her colleagues. Also, N is noisier than her neighbors. And in this example, Kelly is telling James that his job is easier than hers, but James is telling Kelly that his job is dirtier than hers. Rule number three, if the ending of an adjective has consonant plus wobble plus consonant, double the last consonant of the adjective and add ER. For example, big, pain, hot, fat, flat. There comparative forms are bigger. Painter, hotter, flatter and flatter. Once again, Kelly and James are comparing their ideas. I think in my state, whether it's hotter than where you live? Yes, but my state is bigger than your state. You look thinner than your brother? Yes. Now he is better than me. Rule number four, for two syllable adjectives node ending in Y. And for all three and more syllable adjectives, we use the comparative world more in front of the adjective. For example, boring, famous, beautiful, exciting, and difficult. All these adjectives are either without Y ending or have two or more syllables. When we want to compare two or more things using these adjectives, be used the world more in front of the adjective. For example, more boring, more famous, more beautiful, more exciting, and more difficult. In this example, Hannah is telling current that her life is more exciting since she moved to New City. As you can see in this example, we didn't use the word then to compare or introduce the second noun. This is because the example itself tells us that Hannah is comparing her current live with her past life. Therefore, it is possible to compare two nouns, all situations without using the second. Here's another example. She's even more beautiful now, once again, this example shows a comparison between two timelines where subjects present state is better than the past state without including the past state in the sentence. The homework is getting more difficult every day. He's even more boring when he drinks. And in this example, all are things that teaching kids isn't more difficult than teaching adults. And here, hurry is telling on her that she's more beautiful than Suzanne. There are some irregular adjectives that do not follow any system or pattern when we change them in comparative form, you will simply have to memorize them. For example, adjective, good, bad, far, and little are all examples of irregular adjectives. And they're comparative forms are better, worse, further, all further and less. In this example, hurry is thinking my job is worse than everyone else's job in this office, where the comparative form of irregular adjective bad is being used. In this example, Paula is telling us that teaching kids is better than teaching adults. And finally, hurry is telling us that his life is less stressful than his parents live. By using the comparative form of irregular adjective, little bit adjective, stressful 16. Comparative modifiers: Comparative modifiers are used to describe differences when we compare two things. And they are specific modifiers for both comparative and superlative adjectives. For example, when we use comparative adjectives to describe a small difference between two things, we use modifiers such as a bit, a little bit, a tiny bit, and slightly. Whereas to describe a big difference, we use modifiers such as far, much, a lot, and miles, which is also an informal modifier. Let's put these modifiers into practice. Here are some examples of comparative modifiers. When the difference is small, my house is bit smaller than aunt's house. In this sentence, adjectives small is in comparative form, which is describing a small difference between this noun and that noun by using modifier or bet. I am a little bit taller than James. And it's a tiny bit cuter than all her classmates. Harry run slightly faster than Maria. My dog walks slightly quicker than me. And here are some examples of comparative modifiers. When the difference is baked, my house is far smaller than aunt's house. In this example, adjective small is in comparative form, which is now describing a big difference between this noun and that noun by using modifier, far. I am much taller than James is a lot cuter than all her classmates. Harry runs miles faster than Maria. My dog walks far quicker than me. All superlative adjectives be only used modifiers when we describe a big difference. For example, by far, easily, undoubtedly and clearly are the modifiers that we can use. In this example, Kelly is telling James that her company is by far the best place to work, which describes a big difference using modifier by far in superlative form. Whereas James is telling Kelly that his company is undoubtedly the worst place to work. In this example, N is telling us that she is clearly the best worker in her company. And she's also telling us that she is easily the best dancer in her family. When we use as adjective as comparative structure, we can also use comparative modifiers with this structure. For example, to describe a small difference, we can use not quite, nearly, almost, roughly and virtually. Whereas to describe a big difference, we can use modifiers such as not nearly, nowhere near and not by any means. For example, my house is roughly as big as Anne's house. I am nowhere near as tall as Jenna and is almost as good as her classmate Jessica. Harry is not by any means as fast as Maria. My pet dog, rocky, is virtually as polite as my last pet dog. 17. As ...adjective...as: We can use another way to compare two things where we don't need to change the adjective in comparative form when we change hard into hotter, slow, into slower, or bad into words. All these are examples of an adjective changed into their comparative form. So if we have comparative structure to compare two nouns, then why do we use as adjective as structure? We use this structure to talk about two things that are almost similar or not similar at all. There is no room for small or big difference, as we saw with normal comparative structures before. Also what they structure, we use the adjective in its original form, and the structure is simply as adjective as, which can be used for both positive and negative comparisons. Now let's see some examples. But remember, all adjectives used here are in their original forms. Buy houses as big as yours. Here we are using adjective big in its original form to compare two houses that are almost similar in size. New York is as busy as London. Once again, there is no big or small difference here. We are simply saying that New York has almost the same level of hustle and bustle as London. It's as warm as last week. Smoking is as dangerous as drinking. She is as beautiful as all other goals in the class. And finally, here are some examples of this structure in negative form. We aren't as clever as they are. Which means the level of intelligence between two groups of people isn't similar at all. I'm not as fast as you. It isn't as warm as last week. They aren't as happy as you Pink. His house isn't as big as yours. 18. Superlative adjectives: As we learned in comparative, do things are compared using comparative adjectives. In this lesson, we will learn how superlative adjectives are used when comparing a noun when it's part of a group. So why do use superlative adjectives? We use superlative adjectives when we describe an object to its highest or lowest level. In other words, we use superlative adjectives to compare one thing with all others in a group. While we do that, there are generally three or more things that are compared. It is important to use articles before a superlative adjective to distinguish one particular object from all the other ones. Before we see some examples, Let's go over some spelling rules that we have to follow in order to change and adjective in its superlative form. Rule number one. For adjectives that are one syllable, add, EST, or SD. If the adjective ends with E. At the end of the adjective. We already know that a syllable is a part of a world that contains a single vowel sound, and it is pronouns as a unit. Here are some examples of one syllable adjectives and their superlative forms. Small, tall, long, sweet, cool. And they're superlative forms our smallest, tallest, longest, sweetest, and coolest. Next, we have some examples of one syllable adjectives that end with E. So we just add At the end of the adjective. For example, brave, cute, nice, wide, and y's. And they're superlative forms are bravest, do test, nicest, widest, and wisest. Let's look at some examples. My house is the smallest house on our street. Here. We use superlative smallest to compare one house from a group of houses on the same street. Also pay attention to the position of articles, which is in front of superlative adjective smallest. I am the tallest in our family. And is the cutest girl in her class. Harry is the fastest runner in his family. My pet dog is the fastest dog in our neighborhood. Rule number two, for two syllable adjectives ending in Y, change. Why do I and add EST? For example? Busy, easy, heavy, happy, noisy. And they're superlative. Forms are busiest, easiest, heaviest, happiest, and noisiest. Maria is the busiest person in her office. Maria is also the noisiest person in her neighborhood. In this example, Kelly is telling James that his job is the easiest job of all. But James is telling Kelly that his job is the dirtiest job of all. Rule number three. If the ending of an adjective has consonant plus wobble plus consonant, double the last consonant of the adjective and add EST, or example, big, thin, hot, fat, flap. And they're superlative forms our biggest thinnest, hottest, fattest and flattest. In this example, Kelly is telling James that horse state has the hottest whether in the country. And James is telling Kelly that he stayed is the biggest trade in the country. Rule number four, for two or more syllable adjectives that do not end in Y. In this case, we use the form most plus adjective. For example, boring, famous, beautiful, exciting, difficult. And they're superlative forms are most boring. Most famous, most beautiful, most exciting, and most difficult. In this example, Hannah is telling Karen that she has the most exciting life now because she lives in the city. Here, polar is telling that teaching kids isn't the most difficult job. And in this example, hurry is telling on her that she's the most beautiful woman in the world. Just like in comparative form, there are some irregular adjectives that do not follow any system, all pattern. When we change them in superlative form, you simply have to memorize them. Let's take a look at these adjectives. These irregular adjectives are good or bad and little. And there superlative forms are best, farthest, all for the best, worst, and least. In this example, harry is thinking, my job is the worst job. Here, polar is telling us that teaching kids is the best job. And finally, Harry is telling us that his life is the least stressful life in his family 19. Articles: We use articles to introduce a noun for the first time, or when we repeat a noun or a thing in a conversation. For example, there is a dog outside and it is very big. In this sentence, we are using article a boo, introduce the noun dog for the past time. First, let's take a look at Article types in English before we explore them further. There are two types of articles in English, and they are definite article, end indefinite article. There is also a third category which is no article. Clearly, sometimes it's not required to use an article based on certain types of nouns. But first, let's find out more about definite and indefinite articles. Definite article is placed before a specific noun and the only article of these category is articles. Depending on where you live, sometimes it is also pronounced as D. D. We also use article, though, when we continue talking about a noun after its introduction. For example, there are three boys in this group. But we want to talk about this boy here who is crying in this kind of situation where we want to specify a particular noun on its own. All perhaps just to specify your particular noun from a group, we use article though. For example, there are three boys in this group. The boy with blue t-shirt on is crying and his name is David. Here, article does specifies a particular noun, which in this case is the boy with blue t-shirt on from a common noun group, boy. Let's expand this example. Now, naomi is also part of this group. So to identify both naomi and David, we can use articles, as in, there are three boys and a girl in this group. The boy with blue t-shirt on is crying, but the goal is laughing. Let's look at another example. Here. We have two laptops on a table. One is black, the other one is white. So to describe which laptop belongs today, we can say there are two laptops on the table. In this sentence, we are introducing the noun laptop. The black laptop belongs to Dave, and the white laptop belongs to Susie. Here for continuation, we use article for both specificity and repetition of the noun laptop. We use indefinite article when we talk about an unspecified noun all to introduce a singular noun for the first time. The articles of this category are a and N. Let's take a look at the difference between these two articles. We use article a to introduce a singular noun that has consonant sound. For example, a book, a car, a boy, or a house. All these nouns begin with consonant, and they also have consonant sound. On the other hand, N is used when a noun has a vowel sound, as we know in English, there are five bubbles that are a, E, I, 0, and U. And if any known begins with the sound of these vowels, we use Article N. For example, an orange and apple, and uncle, an elephant. But remember, sometimes the noun can begin with consonant, but it carries a vowel sound. Therefore, we do not use article a or N based on how noun starts. Instead based on the sound it carries. For example, even though noun university begins with what will you, we do not use Article N when we talk about it because the sound is bit more stretched, as in university. University. And because of that sound, we use article a with this noun. On the other hand, sometimes a noun can begin with a consonant, for example, honor, but it has what will sound as in honor. Honor. That is more like hard war will all sound. Therefore, we use Article N with this noun. Here are some more mixed examples like that. When we talk about time and use the noun our in singular form, we must say an hour. An hour, which again carries negligent At sound like the next example and on as person. On the other hand, as we saw earlier, with university, we use article a, even though it starts with war. Well, you just like the noun euro, which also begins with World War II, but it has a sound more like ye. Ye. Therefore, we say our euro. Euro. Sometimes we do not need articles at all. And this happens when we talk about uncountable nouns, all plural nouns in general. For example, sugar is uncountable noun, and in the sentence, consuming too much sugar isn't healthy. We are not using any type of article, be definite or indefinite article because we are talking about sugar consumption in general. And if we tried to use, let's say definite article, as in consuming too much those sugar isn't healthy. Obviously this is incorrect grammatically, but it would also sound strange to native listeners. And here are some more examples. Knowledge is the key to success. Happiness depends on your thinking. You shouldn't give soft drinks to babies. As I mentioned before, we also don't use any article when we're talking about plural nouns in general. For example, dogs are really friendly pets. Here we are talking about the noun dog in general, which is also plural. And if we try to say the dogs are really friendly pets, once again, grammatically, it is incorrect and it would sound unusual to native speakers as well. And here are some more examples. Computers are really efficient nowadays. Cars were very slow in older days. People are now more health conscious. And finally, we also do not use article with singular proper names. For example, Mike Tyson is a proper singular name. So we can't say, Oh Mike Tyson or the Mike Tyson. Here is the final review. Indefinite articles a and N are used when we introduce a singular noun for the first time, or when we talk about an unspecified noun, we use definite article. When we talk about a specific noun, or when we continue talking about a noun after its introduction. And finally, sometimes we do not need any article, especially when we're talking about uncountable or plural nouns in general. And when we are using singular proper names 20. Countable & uncountable nouns: The topic of countable and uncountable nouns can also appear to be a difficult one to understand. In this lesson, we will go through some of the most important aspects of this topic and learn things that are fundamental to setup a solid base to master this topic. So with that said, let's get started. So what are countable nouns? Countable nouns are things that we can count in either singular or plural form. And if the count is more than one, we can also use numbers in front of the noun. For example, table is a countable noun. So we can say one table, two tables, three tables, and so on. And finally, we can also use indefinite articles a and N for singular countable nouns. So, what kind of things are countable? Well, let's start off with animals. Here. We have a dog, which is a countable noun. And because it's singular, if we can also use indefinite article a with it. For example, I have a dog. So what happens if you have more than one dog? We can use a number to represent the quantity and we make the noun plural as in two dogs. For example, I have two dogs. And it doesn't matter how many animals you have, because you can count them using numbers. Use the same principle for all of them. For example, I have a dog to cats and three cows. People are also countable. Therefore, we can apply the same rule as we did with animals. For example, to talk about a singular noun, we can use indefinite article a, as in, there is a young boy in the park. Let's bring another boy in the picture. Where to now represents the number and noun boy changes into plural. Boys. For example, there are two boys. Once again, it doesn't matter how many people you are talking about, because you can count them, use the same principle. For example, I have a son and two daughters. I also have two nephews and a nice. The next countable noun category is things in general. For example, a chair or I have a blue chair. Let's add another chair here. And now we have two chairs. So any physical thing that can be touched or failed can be counted. For example, tables, chairs, plates, glasses, speakers, TV, computer, are all example of countable nouns. There are some physical things that are exceptions and fall into uncountable noun category. We will talk about them when we come to uncountable nouns. So here we have a computer and to mobile phones. Let's add couple of more nouns here. Now we have three table lamps. Another category of countable nouns is fruits and vegetables, where a single piece of fruit or vegetable can be counted using the same principle of numbers. If the quantity is more than one. For example, an apple. Here we are using Article N because now Apple has vowel sound. And of course, we can count apples as in two apples using a number and making noun plural. So if we want to specify different types of fruit as countable nouns, we can say, I always eat an apple and two bananas in the morning. Similarly, we can use numbers to talk about vegetables. For example, are use to onions and garlic clove to prepare the sauce. On the other hand, uncountable nouns are the nouns that we cannot count. Also, we do not use numbers, all plurals with uncountable nouns. Here is the first category of uncountable nouns. Feelings. There isn't a way to count feelings. For example, if we use the adjective happy to describe that feeling, we cannot say that there is one happy or to happiness or three hippies. We cannot count it like that in English or used plural form with it. The one way to make it somewhat countable is when we use the adjective with a countable noun. For example, I am or happy person. As we learned in adjectives lesson, adjectives behave the same for singular or plural nouns. Therefore, here, the article a represents the noun. And note the adjective happy, which is being used with noun person. Therefore, we can't say there are two happiness that is invalid in English. So we change that to, they are too happy people. Let's take a look at another adjective that describes feelings. Sad. Once again, we cannot count it or use the plural form of it. For example, we can't say one set, two sets, or three sets. So to make it somewhat countable, we have to pair it with a countable noun. For example, he is a sad person. Once again, we cannot use it in the plural form, as in, they are two sets. That is incorrect in English. So the correct answer is, they are too sad people. So does that rule apply to all types of feelings? The answer is yes. We follow the same rule for any feeling that you want to talk about. For example, angry, love, courage, etcetera. The next category of uncountable nouns is liquid. For example, water, juice, milk, cola, or some mixture of liquids. Also, grain and powder are also part of uncountable category. These are types of nouns that you can physically touch or smell, yet they fall into uncountable noun category as it's not possible to use them as countable nouns collectively. For example, rice. It's not possible to count each grain of rice if we need some quantity of it. As mentioned before, we do not use plural form of uncountable noun. Therefore, we never use rises arises when we want to talk about the quantity of this noun. The same rule applies to rest of the nouns of this category. For example, wheat, barley, sand, rice powder, and so on. So to show the quantity of uncountable nouns and also countable nouns. We can use other nouns or measurement words. Here's how we do it. First, we use another noun, followed by prepositions of plus, countable or uncountable noun. For example, a bag of rice. Where bag is another noun and rises uncountable noun, a liter of water. Again, water is uncountable noun, represented by a measurement word liter, a glass of juice, a kilo of potatoes. In this example, even though potato is a countable noun, yet it is possible that it can take either a measurement word or another noun. In this case, we are using measurement word kilo, or we can say a bag of potato as well. Here is the final review of countable nouns. Countable nouns are the nouns that you can count using a number. For example, when we talk about people, I have three brothers and two sisters. Or when we talk about animals, they have two dogs and two cats as pets. All when we talking about pinks in general, she has bought three new chairs and a kitchen table. And finally, when we're talking about fruit and vegetables, are you always use five tomatoes and do garlic cloves when I prepare soup. And here is the final review of uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns are the nouns that we cannot count using numbers. Sometimes we use another noun or a measurement world with them to give more information. Uncountable noun is always singular. For example, when we talk about liquid, water is very cold. Or when we talk about grain or powder, you always eat a bowl of rice for lunch. For some people, money is an important topic of discussion. She brought a handful of sand inside the house. Happiness is very important for healthy life. 21. Countable & uncountable nouns part II: In the last lesson, we learned that for countable nouns, we can use numbers to talk about quantity N. For uncountable nouns, we can use another noun or a measurement world to do the same. But what if we are not sure about the exact quantity over noun be countable or uncountable. In this case, we use certain words that help us identify whether we are talking about small or large quantity. Let's take a look at some of these commonly used words. The first two words we're going to talk about are some and any reuse some and any when the exact quantity or number of a noun is unknown. And we can use both some and any for countable and uncountable nouns. But there is a small difference. We use some for positive sentences and any for questions or negative sentences. Let's understand them better with some examples. In this example, Harry has invited his friend Jerry for a cup of tea. Let's see how their conversation goes on. Do you have any sugar for the T? So the first thing that we need to learn is that sugar is uncountable noun. And so it's T. Second because we don't know how much sugar Harry has. And because we are asking a question, we use the word any to find out the quantity. Then Harris says, there isn't any outside, but I think there is some in the sugar jar. The first part of the sentence is negative. So we use any, but the second part is positive. And therefore we use the word sum for unknown quantity. Did you buy any phone yesterday? I looked at some but I didn't buy any. Have you seen any movies lately? No. I haven't seen any movies lately. I feel hungry. Do you have anything to eat? I think I have some chicken in the fridge. Do you want any bread as well? No, I don't want any bread. Whenever we use W-H word, how we normally pair it with many for countable nouns to find the quantity, for example, 110100, etcetera. On the other hand, we use how much or uncountable nouns to find the measurement. For example, Leader, Kylo, etcetera. But remember, we only use many or much when we ask a question or in negative sentences. Let's take a closer look at these words with some examples. Here is the continuation of their conversation. How many bananas do you eat every day? Because it's a question and we are using countable noun banana to find out the quantity. We use the word many, width, WH word, how I don't eat many bananas. Once again, it's a negative sentence and we are talking about the quantity. So we use the word many with noun, banana. How much sugar do you put in your coffee? This time, we have uncountable noun sugar. Therefore, we use much to ask about the measurement of uncountable noun sugar. I don't use much sugar. Now that sugar is uncomfortable and it's negative sentence. We use the world much. How many people are coming to your party? I don't think many people are coming. How much alcohol did you buy for the party? I didn't buy too much alcohol. Another commonly used for both countable and uncountable nouns is a lot of, a lot of, a lot of can be used for affirmative, negative or questions sentences. And we use it when we talk about large quantity or measurement. Let's take a look at some examples to see how to use it. Do you eat a lot of rise? Here, rise is uncountable noun and it is a question. So we can use a lot of, to find out the measurement. I don't eat a lot of rice, but I eat a lot of fruit. Do you buy a lot of vegetables? No, I don't buy a lot of vegetables, but I buy a lot of fruit. Do you have a lot of work friends? Yes. I have a lot of work friends. Did you watch a lot of movies last week? No. I didn't watch many or a lot of movies last week. In this example, we can see that when we are talking about a large quantity, we can use both many and a lot of in negative or questions sentences for countable nouns. The same can be applied for uncountable nouns as well, where we replace many with much. For example, I don't eat much fruit, or I don't eat a lot of fraud. This is because fruit is uncountable noun collectively. Therefore, we can use much to find out if it's large quantity. And here is the final review of all these words. We use some when the quantities are known in positive sentences. Any when the quantities are known in question and negative sentences. We use many and much to find out the quantity we'd WHY world, how, where, how many is used for countable nouns and how much is used for uncountable nouns. Also remember that we use how many and how much when we asked a question or for negative sentences. And finally, we use a lot of for both countable and uncountable nouns when we're talking about a large quantity. Also, we can use a lot of positive, negative, and questions sentences 22. Gerunds: In English, it is possible to use a gerund as a subject of a sentence. As we learned previously, gerunds are formed by using ING with a verb and sometimes with nouns as well. For example, smoke can be used both as verb and as a noun. And if we add i-n-g, it becomes smoking, which can actually act as a subject or for sentence. For example, smoking is unhealthy, where we are talking about the habit of smoking cigarettes. Let's take a look at some more verbs and see how we can change them in gerund form and use them as subjects. Gerunds are used when we talk about activities. For example, shopping, running, swimming, and skiing. We can also use gerunds when we talk about habits. For example, smoking, drinking, eating and cleaning. Or perhaps when you want to talk about movement, for example, parking, driving, flying, or writing. All these gerunds can be used as subjects in a sentence. But we must remember that when we use gerunds as a subject of a sentence, we use singular, auxiliary verb or a modal verb. For example, swimming is the perfect exercise for your health. In this example, we are using singular auxiliary verb is, which is present form of work to be. Parking was really expensive in London. And here we are using singular, auxiliary verb was, which is the past form of verb to be. Drinking is very dangerous for your health. Calling abroad was really expensive in older days. Driving is easier in suburbs density Center, smoking in public places has been banned in many countries 23. Have got & Have: We use have got and Have to talk about relationships, possessions, illnesses, and characteristics of a noun. So is there a difference when we use have, got and Have? Let's find out. When we talk about relationships, possessions, illnesses, and characteristics. Both have got and Have can be used interchangeably. The only difference between have and have got is that have got is more commonly used in present, whereas have good also be used in the past tense. Another small differences that have good is considered more informal. And it is more commonly used in United Kingdom, whereas have is more commonly used in North America. Here's how it works. Let's say you want to talk about a possession so we can either use have got and say I have got a car or use have, which gives us the same information as in I have a car. The same can be said about illness. For example, I have got earache, or you can say I have earache. The next one is relationships. You can say, I have got a sister or I have a sister. And finally, when we talk about characteristic of a noun, for example, I have got a red chair, or I have a red chair. But remember, we must change have into has when we are using third person singular pronouns. For example, he, she, it are Third-person pronouns and has must be used with them. Or if B are using a name of a person or a singular noun. For example, john, Maria, and max as names or chair, London, house as a noun. For example, first, let's talk about possessions. He has got a car, or he has a car. In this example, the subject pronoun is he. Therefore we are using has instead of have. Next is illness. Maria has got flu, or Maria has flu relationships. Dave has got a sister or Dave has a sister characteristic. The chair has got red color, or the chair has red color. As I mentioned before, to talk about possessions, illness, relationships, and characteristics, we only use have in the past tense. For example, to talk about possessions, we can say I had a car. In this example, we are using the past form of have, which is had. The next one is illness. He had cancer last year old to talk about relationships. He had a twin brother. And finally, to talk about characteristic, you had a great voice when you were in school. To ask the question or to make negative sentence using have in present. We use present simple auxiliary verbs, do and does. Whereas to ask a question using have in past tense, we use past simple auxiliary verb, did. For example, do you have a car? So in this question, our subject pronoun is you. Therefore, we are using auxiliary verb do to start the question. And if the answer is negative, we can say, No, I don't have a car. The contraction of do naughties, don't. Don't. Does she have any siblings? Remember, we third-person singular nouns or pronouns we use does to ask a question. No, she doesn't have any siblings. The contraction of does notice doesn't, doesn't. Did he have fever? Here the question is in the past tense. Therefore, we are using past simple auxiliary verb did to start the question. No, he didn't have fever. The contraction of did notice didn't didn't. Does New York have bullet train? No. New York doesn't have bullet train. Did they have enough money? No, they didn't have enough money. To ask a question or make negative sentences with have got, we use have as auxiliary verb. For example, have you got a car? So we start the question with Have, followed by subject you. And the work get in the past participle form, which is got. And if the answer is negative, we can say, No, I haven't got a car. The contraction of have notice, haven't, haven't. Has she got and his siblings. Here, the subject pronoun is SHE. Therefore, we start the question with auxiliary verb. Has no, she hasn't got any siblings. The contraction of has noticed, hasn't hasn't. Have they got fever? No, they haven't got fever. Has New York got bullet train? No. New York hasn't got a bullet train. Have we got enough money? No, we haven't got enough money. 24. In the beginning vs At the beginning: Sometimes people get confused when it comes to using in the beginning or at the beginning. For example, I saw her at the beginning of the line. The book was really interesting in the beginning. These are just two examples that could easily confuse anyone. As you try to understand why we used at the beginning in the first sentence and in the beginning in the second sentence. In this lesson, we are going to learn the difference between these two phrases and then use them correctly to make some examples. We use At the beginning to indicate a point where something starts and is often followed by prepositions of plus noun. For example, at the beginning of the book or at the beginning of the lesson. Both of these examples are referring to a specific point in the book or during the lesson. In this example, Laura is telling her team about some meeting that she was part of. Chez starts the meeting width. Let's go over our meeting details. At the beginning of the meeting, we talked about improving our performance. At the beginning of each page of your performance report, you will find more details about it. While laura was explaining all the details, her team was busy talking about other things. Rachel, I watched a horror movie last night. At the beginning of the movie, they issued a warning that this movie is not for fainthearted. Here, she's talking about a specific point in relation to the movie. James. I didn't watch any movie last night. Instead, I watched a football match. At the beginning of the match. Some people protested against the new football rules. Once again, James is talking about a specific point in relation to the match, which is at the beginning of the match, when the Met starts. In the beginning, is generally used to contrast between two situations in time. And it is often followed by a coma. For example, in the beginning, he was happy with his promotion, but now it doesn't have any time for his family. In this example, we can see the contrast between two different timelines. Once is in the past when he got promotion. And the other timeline is of present, where he's too busy to spend time with his family. Another example is in the beginning, people cheered for him, but later they booed him. Once again. There are two different timelines. In one timeline, people were cheering him, but little while later they bought him. Let's look at one more example. In the beginning. I didn't use to wash my hands properly or use any antibacterial gel. This example gives us a time reference to an old habit in the past. But now I wash my hands regularly and use antibacterial gel as well. This indicates the present time line and our habit in present. And lastly, Rachel is telling us about her experience of her training classes that she takes online. When I joined honors training classes in the beginning, it was really hard. But now I really enjoy them 25. Noun determiners: In this lesson, we will learn about the words that we use when we talk about the position of a noun. And these words are called noun determiners. Noun determiners are the words that we use to describe the position of a noun in relation to distance. For example, these are my books. Here. Noun determiner, world is bees, as it is giving us information of the position of noun books. And if the books are close to me or far from me in terms of distance. So if we're noun is close to you, we use the words this for singular noun and these four plural nouns. In this example, Martha is sitting on her bad, and Maria just brought her some dinner. And because the noun dinner is close to both of them, Maria says, this is your dinner because dinner, a singular noun. Let's take a look at some more examples. Joyce's, This is my shampoo. And Maria says, this is my table lamp. In both examples, the noun shampoo and lamp are close to the speaker. In this example, Kelly is talking about her pets. These are my pet Sally and rocky, because we have plural of pet and they are close to Kelly, we use the world these. Lastly, in this example, BAM is telling the pizza delivery man about the wrong order. What is this? In this question? This is referring to her order, which is singular. This isn't my order. Are these pieces? No. Sorry, these are for another customer. This is your order in this bag. What if or noun is further away from a person? In this case, we use that for singular noun. And those four plural nouns. In this example, BAM and James, are in the park, and suddenly they see something in the middle of the park. And James says, what is that in the middle of the road here in this example, because the noun football is far from both of them, and the noun football is singular. We use the word that. And bam replies, I think that is a football. And in this example, the little girl asks her mom a question. What are those? This time the object at distance is plural. Therefore, we use the word dose and hormone replies. Those are ambulances. Let's look at one final example. In this example, hurry asks Martin, are those might tools? And Martin replies, No, those are Peters tools and not yours. We can also use the contraction with determiners. For example, these are becomes, these are, these are that is, becomes, that's, that's. And finally, those are becomes, those are those or we cannot use contraction with noun determiners. This, it's because this ends with S. And it's ending sounds like is, is. For that reason, if we use contraction for this, the sound of auxiliary verb is will get lost in the pronunciation. For example, this is a car. And if we use contraction, it will be DZ. Dz, which doesn't give us clear information. Also, contractions that these are, and those are, are usually used in informal spoken English and note in formal writing 26. Present simple tense: Present simple tense is one of the most significant tenses in English, and it packs a lot of information. In this lesson, we will be talking about when to use it, learn it structure and how and when to use S and E as we different verbs structures. This can be a little bit overwhelming tasks for some people to master, but don't worry, we will break it down to its core to learn it. After that, we will be looking at how to form questions and finally, how to form negative sentences. So with that said, let's begin. So the first thing to understand is why we use present simple tense. We use this tends to talk about daily routines and habits. For example, the time you get up, if it's the same every day than it reflects your routine or if you smoke or drink on regular basis, it reflects your habit. We also use these tense when we talk about regular activities, which are somewhat similar to your routines or habits. For example, going to the gym or having a coffee in the morning. And finally, we use present simple tense to talk about facts which are proven or known universally. For example, the Earth revolves around the sun, which is proven both factually and scientifically. Keep in mind that all the above mentioned points can be used for any person, be first, second, or third person. Let's take a look at some quick examples before we move ahead with more details. Here, anna is telling us about her regular activity, which is, I buy shoes online. And now she's telling us about her routine or habit. Are you always read before going to Bed? And lastly, she's telling us about a universal fact, which is water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. All the examples that we have seen, the word verbs are in base form. That is without to, for example, by read and boil, except the word boil where S is added at the end of the water because we are using Third-person uncountable noun water. But don't get panicked yet. As we will learn all about these as we move on. Let's take a look at the structure of this tense. To construct an active sentence, just follow this rule. We'd start with a subject, which can be a subject pronoun as well. For example, we, they, you, and so on. Or it can be name of a person or a noun in general. Then use the word in its base form and add S or ES at the end of the world based on the subject of the sentence. And lastly, the complement, which could include an object of the sentence or some added information to complete the sentence. Perhaps one of the common mistakes that English learners make when the US present simple tense is the wrong usage of S or ES with a verb. So to understand it better, here is the breakdown of pronouns, all nouns that enforce the usage of S or ES with our been present simple tense. Primarily we have pronouns, he, she, it, a name of a person, a noun in general, and any third person singular noun. We pronouns, I, we, you, they, and plural nouns. We don't use S or ES when we use present simple tense. In this example, maria is thinking, he talks a lot. Clearly. He is the third person singular Male pronoun. Therefore, we use as with the warp talk and say, he talks a lot. He talks a lot. Mike is telling us about one of his routines, something he does everyday using present simple tense. I cook every day. Here the subject pronoun is I. So we don't use S or ES with the verb. And it's as simple as that. When you want to use present simple tense to talk about your routines, habits, regular activities, or perhaps effect. In this example, Harry and Mike are arguing about something And on is thinking. They argue a lot. Once again, subject pronoun day doesn't ask for S or ES with a verb, and therefore, we just use the word in its base form. Let's look at some more examples like that. I clean my house on Saturdays. She meditates every morning. Some people like smoking cigarettes, but it injures their health. In this example, we can see that people is Third-person plural noun. Hence, we do not use S or ES with the verb like, whereas pronoun, it is third person singular pronoun. Therefore, we use S with verb, injure. On weekends, we run together. This is my neighbor's dog, rocky, and it barks all night. So how do we tell which takes S and which one takes II as well? When we use third person singular pronoun or a singular noun in present simple tense, we use as with all the worms, except the ones that have the following endings as edge, CH, PCMH, X, Z, S, S, and 0 endings. Such verbs will take ES ending when using them in present simple tense. For example, SHE ending verbs, wash, crash, lash, brush, publish, and smash. Will use E ascending when we use them with third-person singular pronouns or singular noun, as in washes, crashes, clashes, brushes, publishes, and smashes. And here are attending verb examples. Attach, detach, inch, Touch, Munch and punch. And they change into attaches, detaches, inches, touches, munches and punches. Tch ending verb. Examples are match, batch, ditch, switch, watch, and ******, change into matches, patches, ditches, switches, watches. And finally, ******** verbs ending with consonant X, our box. Fix, remix, relax, tax and wax. And they change into boxes. Fixes, remixes, relaxes taxes, and finally, waxes. Verbs ending with consonants are buzz, phase, phrase, quiz, ways, and walls. And they change into budges, freezes, freezes. Quizzes, whizzes, and waltzes. Verbs ending in SSR, excess, bless, dress, express case and stress. And they change into accesses. Blesses, dresses expresses guesses and finally stresses. And finally some examples of what verbs that ends with all Demo do, go, echo, undergo, and zero. And they change into demos, does, goes, echoes, undergoes and zeros. The next rule is if the verb ends with consonant and Y, remove Y and change to IES. For example, Gary, Mary, multiply, notify, reply and party change into Gary's. Mary's multiplies, notifies, replies and parties. But if the verb ends with war will end why it behaves normally, and we don't change the ending of the verb with IES. For example, play, stay, prey by employ, and enjoy are examples of some of the verbs that have wobble with Y ending. So when we change them in present simple tense, they become plays, stays. Praise, buys employees, and enjoys 27. Present simple tense part II: Now that we understand present simple, a little bit better, Let's go ahead and see how we use WH words in present simple to ask a question. Before we look at the question structure, Let's learn a little bit more about WH words and why we use them. Here is the list of commonly used WH words that include where, when, why, who, which, how, and what. The reasons we use them are. Where for location, when, for time, why, for reasoning, WHO, or people, which for options, how for process and what for information. Wh words can also be coupled with other words to find out more information about time, location, all perhaps a noun. For example, how long, what time, how far. And we can also use a noun with W-H word, which are example, which book, which car, which bag, and with school. Now let's talk about auxiliary verbs. Do, does. We use auxiliary verbs do and does in present simple. When we want to ask the question or to make a negative sentence. The selection of the correct auxiliary verb depends on the subject pronoun or example subject pronouns, he, she, it, any name or singular noun takes auxiliary verb does. Whereas subject pronouns, I, we, you, they, and plural noun do as auxiliary verb. Now that we got familiar with WH, words and the auxiliary verbs that we use in present simple tense. Let's look at WH, word questions structure. We'd start off the structure with W-H word, followed by auxiliary verbs, do, all does plus the subject, plus the water urban-based form. And finally, the compliment. Keeping this structure in mind, let's check out some examples using WH words. To find out the location or whereabouts over noun, we use W-H world, where, for example, where do you live? In this example, where is the WH word that we are using to find out the location of a noun, which is followed by auxiliary verb do, because our subject pronoun is you, and then the verb in its base form. You could also ask a similar location question by adding some compliment. For example, where do you live in England? Here is the next example. Where does he worked during the weekends? In this example, our subject pronoun is he, which is a third person singular male subject pronoun. Therefore, we are using auxiliary verb does after W-H word. Where? Where does she go to the gym? Where do people go on holidays in Mexico. Where do we buy vegetables every week? The next WH word is when, which we use when we want to find out the time. Or example. When do you have breakfast? So in this example, the speaker is trying to find out the time of the day when you eat your breakfast. The other examples could be, when does the train arrive? When do they call you? When do they play tennis? When does the shop open? If you want to reason with someone who work that we use to ask these type of questions is why, for example, why do you like him? Why does he call her all the time? Why do we buy all these things that we don't need? Why does it cause so much? Why do Indians drink? A lot of T? We use W-H word who? For people. But there is a catch. Grammatically, who is used to ask a question about a subject. And when we do that, we don't use present simple auxiliary verbs, do or does. Instead, we conjugate the verb in Third-person structure. For example, who calls you at night? In this example, we are asking a question about a subject. And that subject is of Third-person category. Therefore, we must conjugate the world by using S or ES without using auxiliary verbs. Another example could be, who cleans your house? In this example as well, we are asking a question about the subject. Therefore, we must conjugate the verb in Third-person form So what if you ask a question using auxiliary verb does? For example, who does call you at night? Grammatically, this question is correct as well. But the use of does in this question places extra emphasis on the word goal. The first question, who calls you at night is a simple present tense question, which means it's asking about irregular or habitual action. The second question, who does call you at night? The world does, is used to add emphasis to the question and make it clear that the speaker is specifically asking about who makes the calls at night. In summary, both questions are correct, but the more common structure is conjugation of the verb in Third-person structure, as in who calls you at night. This is more common structure when we want to ask a question about a subject using W-H word who. And what about a question where the person we are looking for is an object of the conversation. Well, in this case, grammatically we use W-H word. Whom? For example, whom do you meet after the school? Here are subject pronoun is you, and we're asking to whom that subject meets after the school. Here is another example. Home does he call all the time? In this case, our subject pronoun, he calls for auxiliary verb does. When we ask a question about the object of this question, if you find whom examples little bit awkward or unheard of, it's completely understandable. Most of the people don't even use whom anymore in casual writing or speaking. Instead they use who for both types of questions, which has become a norm among English speakers unless you are writing or reading a really formal document which contains expressions such as To whom it may concern or to whom it may be delivered. English speakers don't use whom that often. Therefore, we can use who even when we are asking a question about an object. For example, who do you like? Who does he talk to at night? Who do they go with to the gym? Who does it belong to? Who do I need to find out more information? Wh word for options or choices is which, and it can be followed by a noun. For example, if you're asking someone about their choice of a book, the question could be, which book do you like? And the options could be between first Harry Potter book and the last Harry Potter book. Which house does he live in? Which movies do the Americans prefer? Which phone do you use? Which car does Shay, Dr. When we want to know the process of something, we use W-H word. How? For example, how do you cook chicken? How does he do so much work? How does it work? How far does it go? Remember, just like W-H word, which we can also use extra words with the WH word. How? In this example, we want to know about the distance of something. Therefore, we are using the word, how we'd extra word far to find out that distance. How long do I need to wait? Once again, in this question, we are pairing W-H word. How way the word long to find out the duration of a process. When we need some kind of information, we use WHY world, what? For example, what do you do? In this example? We want information about someone's profession. What time does the train leaves? And in this example, we want information about the train's departure time. What does he eat at night? What does this machine do? What do they think about us? Now, let's look at the structure of yes or no questions using auxiliary verb do and does. We start with auxiliary verb do or does plus the subject. Close the word urban-based form. And lastly, the complement. For example, do you drink? And the answer could be yes. I do know I don't we can use the contracted form of do not as don't, don't. And the contraction of does notice doesn't doesn't does he work late? Yes, he does know. He doesn't. Do we buy vegetables at the local market? Yes, we do know we don't do people like him. Yes, they do know they don't. Do I call her now? Yes, you do? No. You don't? 28. Present continuous tense: We use present continuous tense to talk about an action that is happening all continuous in or around the moment of speaking. Before we continue, let's take a look at some examples and explore this a little bit more. I'm eating at the moment. You are reading this example right now. They are watching a movie. He is washing his car outside. All these examples reflect that each action, for example, eating, reading, watching, and washing, is taking place in present or around this moment and is continuous action. When we use present continuous tense, we use phrases like At the moment and right now when we use this tends. To construct any type of sentence in present continuous tense, we use three different auxiliary verbs. And these auxiliary verbs are present simple form of verb to be, which are is, M and R. And these auxiliary verbs are paired with following subject pronouns. Pronoun it takes auxiliary verb M. Pronouns, he, she, it, a name or singular noun. Take auxiliary verb is, and pronouns. You, we, they, and plural nouns take auxiliary verb are. Now that we know what auxiliary verbs to use, Let's take a look at the structure to construct a positive sentence. We started off with subject followed by auxiliary verb plus verb in its base form with I-N-G plus the complement. Let's go back to the examples that we saw in the beginning of this lesson and see if we understand them better. Now. In the first example, I am eating at the moment. Our subject pronoun is I. Therefore, we use auxiliary verb M, and then we use I-N-G with the verb eat. And finally, we are using the phrase at the moment. In the next example, you are reading this example right now. You is the subject pronoun, which calls for auxiliary verb are, and the main work with ING. And we are using the phrase at the end right now. They are watching a movie. Once again, in this example, our subject is day, which calls for auxiliary verb are, and then the word with I-N-G. And lastly, he is washing his car outside. Our subject pronoun is he, which calls for auxiliary verb, is in the world with I-N-G. And finally, the compliment. Let's look at some more examples. I'm writing an email to my friend. People are waiting at the bus stop. We are reading books to understand English grammar. He's fighting with his brother. Kids are playing in the garden. Are there any rules we need to follow when we use I-N-G with a base form of a verb, for example, call, eat, dance, clap, and traffic. The answer is yes. There are few, and we must change the order of the world to add i-n-g structure to it. Let's see how to do it. One syllable, verbs or syllable is part of a word that has single wobble sound. And if the verb has just one syllable and the verb ends with a short war well, plus consonant. For example, bagged, set, map, jam, bid, run, and jog, double the last consonant and add i-n-g. For example, begging, setting, mapping, jamming, bidding, running, and jogging. The next rule is if a verb ends with consonant, see, for example, frolic, traffic, panic, mimic, and have a ed consonant K At the end of the water before adding I-N-G. For example, frolicking, trafficking, panicking, mimicking, and Have working. The next type of verbs are verbs that end with silent E. For example, abuse, amuse, become, dans, ways, have, and leave. In this case, remove the quadruple E and add i-n-g at the end of the world. As in abusing, amusing, becoming, dancing, facing, having, and leaving. Let's run through some examples and see how we use these verbs and how we apply the rules that we just looked at. I'm typing an email. I am meditating right now. We're laughing because she just told me a joke. We are running together. I'm walking towards my dog. They are exercising together. To ask a WH word question in present continuous tense, just follow this structure. We start with W-H word, followed by auxiliary verb is M or R plus the subject plus the verb in base form with I-N-G. And finally, the complement. For example, what are you doing? Where are you going? Why is she crying? Who is paying for the food? When are we meeting again? And here is the structure to ask a yes or no question. In present continuous tense, we started with auxiliary verb is M, or are, followed by subject plus the word urban-based form with I-N-G. And finally, the compliment. For example, is he drinking my drink? Yes, he is. No, he isn't. We can use the contracted form of is not, as in, isn't, isn't. And when we use the contraction with R-naught, it becomes aren't, aren't. But when we use contraction with M naught, we generally use the subject pronoun I in the contraction as well, is because you can only use auxiliary verb M with subject pronoun I. Therefore, if you want to say I am naught, it is contracted as I'm naught. Naught. The next example is, am I paying for your meal? Yes, you are. No, you aren't. Are you buying vegetables? Yes, I am. No, I'm not. Is James sitting outside? Yes, he is. No, he isn't. Are they waiting for us? Yes, they are. No. They aren't 29. Present perfect simple tense: Present perfect tense packs a lot of information and it can be used to describe different situations. For example, we can use this tends to describe an action that started in the past but has a connection with present. We can also use this tends to find out if an action is or isn't completed in present or at the moment of speaking. And finally, we use this tense to talk about our experiences, all repeated activities in the past that are connected with present. Before we dive deeper with some examples, Let's look at the structure first. To create an active sentence, we'd start with subject plus. We use has an have as auxiliary verbs. Plus we use the third form, all the past participle form of the verb plus the complement. Just like some other tenses, when we have more than one auxiliary verb to use, there must be a division of subject pronouns. In this case, auxiliary verb has is used with third person singular subject pronouns. For example, he, she, it, name, or a singular noun. For example, john, Maria, max as names or chair, London house as singular noun, on the other hand, have issues with subject pronouns. I, we, you, they, and plural nouns. Now that we know the structure and how to use the auxiliary verbs with different subject pronouns. Let's go back to our first definition and understand it better. As I said in the beginning of this lesson, that we use this tense to describe an action that started in the past but has a connection with present. So what does it really mean? Let's find out with an example here. Bet looks really happy why she has completed her project. Clearly, she started working on her projects sometime in the past. But the important point is that she finished this project in present and she's enjoying that moment in present. Therefore, we can establish a connection between past and present timeline and say that she has completed her project. It is also important to point out that the exact time in the past isn't relevant to this discussion or it isn't known, which means the time when the action began in the past. It isn't important or relevant to the discussion. Let's understand it with an example. We have come back from a holiday in Spain. In this example, Kelly and Peter just returned from their holidays. We don't really know when they went on holidays. It could be last week, two weeks ago, or perhaps more than two weeks ago. But the important thing is that right now they are back from their holidays and they are talking about their holidays in present. So the time of their departure in the past is not relevant here. The only relevant point is that they have returned from their holidays and completed that action in present. Therefore, they can use present perfect tense and say, we have come back from a holiday in Spain. Consider this arrow as the timeline. And let's say the action a is completed in present. To be able to be completed in present, this action had to be started sometime before, which is the past time. But that past-time is not relevant when we use present perfect simple. Hence, our example. We have gone back from a holiday in Spain. It is clear that Kelly and Peter went on holiday sometime in the past, which we don't know, but we do know that they have returned in present, which signifies both are connection between past and present, and also a completed action in present. We also use present perfect simple when the focus is also on the number of times an action has been completed up to the time of speaking. For example, Richard and bam work in an office and they probably do something diamond dime again. And right now they are preparing some reports which they prepared in the past as well. Therefore, both of them are thinking that we have prepared the same reports so many times. Let's review all the examples one more time. She has completed her project. We have come back from a holiday in Spain. We have prepared the same reports so many times. All these examples tell us about an action that started sometime in the past. But because they have connection with present, or perhaps they are completed in present, we are using present perfect simple tense to describe them And here are some examples using auxiliary verb has. He has been to Europe three times this year. She has sent me an invitation. Maria has spoken to her parents about her new job. Internet has become one of the main source of learning. My phone has stopped working. And now some examples with auxiliary verb have, I have been to Europe three times this year. They have sent me an invitation. We have spoken to her parents. A lot of people have bought her concert tickets. I know that you have broken my phone. To ask a WH word question, we start with WHY world, followed by auxiliary verb has or have plus the subject plus the verb in third form, all the past participle form. And finally, the complement. For example, where have you been for the past hour? What have you done to my laptop? Why has she sent you the invitation and note me? When have you apologize to me? Which books have you read? Here is something important to remember. Normally the past participle of work goal is gone. But when we want to use the word go in present perfect simple tense, instead, we use the past participle of the world to be, which is been. Therefore, instead of saying she has gone to Canada many times, we say she has been to Canada many times, which tells us about a person's presence at a location, which is in a way also related to their experiences. But when a person leaves the location, we use the past participle of the verb goal. For example, if someone visits your house and after some time they leave the house, We say She has gone. This means the departure of a person from a location. Or we can also use the word leave and say she has left. Another example could be, we have been to can cone many times. I have been too cold place concert three times this year. He has been to our house couple of times. To ask a yes or no question. We follow this structure. We start with auxiliary verb has, all have followed by subject pronoun plus verb in third or past participle form. And finally the complement. For example. Have you seen my wallet? Yes, I have no, I haven't. The contracted form of have notice haven't have one. And the contracted form of has noticed hasn't hasn't. Has James told you about the problem? Yes, he has. No, he hasn't. Have we lost our luggage. Yes, we have. No, We haven't. Has the dough been sick for long? Yes, it has. No. It hasn't. Have they finalize the contract? Yes, they have. No, they haven't. We can also use the words ever and never when we ask a yes or no question. And when we use them, we often use them with present perfect simple when we are talking about experiences. For example, when we use ever in a question, it means we want to know about an experience at any point up until now. For example, have you ever eaten spicy food? So in this question we are asking if the subject, you had an experience of eating spicy food at any point up until now. Please also pay attention to the position of the world ever, which is just before the main verb eat. Here's another example. Have you ever been to Canada? Once again, we are asking if the subject you had an experience of being in Canada up until now. Has she ever done anything for you? Have they ever prepared the dinner for you? And when we use never in a sentence, which basically means that the subject has never had that experience in their life. For example, I have never eaten spicy food, which means the subject hasn't had this experience throughout their life up until now. And when we talk about the position of never is the same as when we use the word error, which is just before the main verb. We have never been to Europe. She has never done anything for me. They have never sent me an email. When we use never to answer a question, we always use the auxiliary verb in positive form or example. She hasn't never been to any musical concerts. They sentence is incorrect because we are using adverb of negation never and not in the same sentence. Therefore, we can either use adverbs of negation, not with auxiliary verb. All we can use adverbs of negation never. Therefore, the correct answer would be, she has never been to any musical concerts. Or we can say she hasn't been to any musical concerts. 30. Present perfect tense & time: Present perfect simple tense can also be used when we want to talk about dine in relation to an action. Sometimes we want to say how long we have done something, whether to describe the total period of time, All perhaps the length of time of that action. In this lesson, we will learn how we use some specific time words such as or and since, when we want to talk about time using present perfect simple tense. Before we dive deeper with some examples, Let's look at the exact meaning of time words for and since we use for when we talk about the total period of time. And we use since when we are talking about a specific point of time in past. Here we have a timeline and Harry is telling us how long he has known Kevin. Let's say they met in 2011 and now it's 2023. So the total period of time is 12 years. Therefore, hurricane say, I have known given for 12 years because up until now this time is complete. We use present perfect simple. We'd time expression for to describe the total period of time. But what if Harry wants to give us information about the specific point of time when he met Kevin. Again, let's say that specific point of time is 2011. Therefore, he can use present perfect simple to give us that information. As in, I have known Gavin since 2011. Because in this example we are talking about the specific point of time in past, which is the ER 2011. Therefore, we need to use the time expression world since in this example. Here are some more examples. I have worked in this office for ten years. Once again, we are using present perfect simple tense with time expression word for to describe the total period of time the subject has worked in this office. I have lived in Europe for five years. She has studied physics for eight years. He hasn't seen his family for two years. As mentioned before, we use since when we tell someone about specific point of time in past. For example, I have worked in this office since January 2015. Here the subject is telling us about the specific point of time in past when they started working in this office using present perfect simple tense. He hasn't seen a movie in cinema since May. They have worked together since second October 2018. We haven't met each other since March. When we use seems to express time. We can also use certain expressions to pinpoint the exact time in the past. For example, I have played basketball since I was a kid. Here, since I was a kid gives us exact time detail when the person was a child. Generally, these expressions are in past simple form. And there could be constructed using past simple form of work to be, for example, wires or war, or by changing other type of verbs in past simple form. Here's another example. I have never liked him since I met him. Here, the subject is telling us that they didn't like someone from the moment they met using the expression. Since I met him, he hasn't found a job since his graduation. We haven't spoken to him since we saw him at the party 31. Present perfect continuous tense: The present perfect continuous tense, also known as the present perfect progressive tense, is used to describe an ongoing action that started in the past, is still happening in the present and may continue into the future. It emphasizes the duration of the action and its relevance to the present moment. Before we understand these points in more detail, let's take a look at the positive sentence structure first. To construct a positive sentence, we start off with subject, followed by auxiliary verbs, have or has, plus been. The verb in is based form with I-N-G. And finally the compliment. Before we dive deeper with some examples and definition, let's break down the pronoun pairing with auxiliary verbs, have and has. With subject pronouns, I, we, you, they, and plural nouns. The auxiliary verb have is used, whereas with subject pronouns, he, she, it, a name and singular noun. Auxiliary verb has, is used. Now with that out of the way, let's go back to the definition again and break it down with some examples. So let's go back to the first part of the definition where it says that we use present perfect continuous tense to describe an action that started in the past is still ongoing and has a connection or relevance to the present moment. For example, I have been studying for 3 h. In this sentence, the action began 3 h ago, which is the past timeline, and it is still ongoing or continuous tense. And finally, because we are talking about this action in present to create a link between the past and the present timeline, it still has a connection or relevance in present. The second point that I mentioned was we use this tense to talk about an action that began in the past and is still happening, emphasizing the duration of the activity. For example, she has been working on that project all day. Once again, this action began in the past and it is still happening in present. And we are using time expression all day to tell the listener about the duration of the action. And finally, we use this tense to discuss an ongoing action that is expected to continue into the future. For example, they have been saving money for their trip around the world. Here, we're simply telling the listener that the ongoing action, which is saving money in present, is expected to continue into the future as well. Just like present perfect simple tense, the present perfect continuous tense is often used with time expressions that indicate a period of time up to the present moment, such as for since all day, recently, lately this week and so on. For example, he has been practicing the piano for 2 h. They have been watching TV all day. I have started doing yoga recently. She has been working really hard this week. And here is the structure to make negative sentences using present perfect continuous tense. We start with subject followed by auxiliary verb have or has, with adverbs of negation, naught plus been plus verb in its base form with I-N-G. And finally, the complement. For example. I haven't been exercising regularly lately. The contracted form of have notice haven't haven't and the contracted form of has noticed hasn't hasn't they haven't been studying for that long. People haven't been waiting in the queue all day. She hasn't been cooking for 2 h. He hasn't been texting her since this afternoon. To ask a yes or no question, we start with auxiliary verb have or has, followed by subject plus been plus the verb in base form with I-N-G. And finally, the complement. For example, have you been sitting here all day? And the short answer can be yes, I have no, I haven't. Had she been cleaning her room since this morning? Yes, she has. No. She hasn't. Has David been talking to her for long? Yes, he has. No. He hasn't. Have there been reading books all week? Yes, they have. No. They haven't. Heavy been watching the same movie again. Yes, we have. No, We haven't. And finally, here is the structure to ask a WH word question. We start with W-H word followed by auxiliary verb have or has, plus the subject, followed by been, plus the word urban-based form with I-N-G. And finally, the complement. For example. Where have you been hiding all day? What have you been doing for last hour? Why has she been crying lately? Which movie have you been watching since this morning? Who has she been talking to over the phone all day? 32. Past simple tense: Past simple tense proves to be one of the most difficult tenses to master. The reason being, it asks you to change verbs in past simple form, which at times could be frustrating. But don't panic as we will be looking at these tense from all possible angles to understand it. So in this lesson, we will be talking about when to use past simple tense. Learn its structure. How to use verb to be, foams, was, and water. Then we will be looking at how to form questions. And finally, how do form negative sentences? So without further ado, let's get started. We use bonds, simple tense to talk about actions, all situations that we're finished, all completed in the past. In this tense, we use second form of the verb for both regular and irregular verbs. Before going any further, let's take a look at the structure first. To make an active sentence, simply follow this rule. We start off with subject followed by verb in second, all past simple form plus the complement. For example, I went to the concert last week. Here, the main verb, when is the past simple form of the world goal. And this action took place in past, and it was completed in the past. Also, this action has no connection with present. Another example could be they help a poor man. He broke my phone. We left the party orally. In all these examples, we are using the second form, all the past simple form of the main work. But we must remember that in past simple tense, the verb behaves the same when using with different subject pronouns. For example, let's say we have this irregular verb, cook. It doesn't matter if you use First-person, Second-person, all Third-person pronoun, the past simple form of the verb, cook will remain the same. For example, I coped, he cooked, they cooked, you cooked. So we can see that the water remains the same, even though different subject pronouns are being used. And this is true when we use both regular and irregular verbs structures. Here are some examples to consider. I clean my house yesterday. I meditated for an hour last night. He ran very fast to get to the school. I was sick yesterday and Mary gave me some medicine yesterday. She talked to me for the first time. So how do we change regular verbs in past simple form? Well, there are certain rules that we can follow to do so. Let's take a look at these rules quickly. If a verb ends in E, we simply add D at the end of the verb. For example, live becomes lived, change becomes changed, smile becomes smiled, and bag becomes baked. If a verb ends in consonant followed by Y, we remove Y and add IED at the end of the world. Or example, Gary becomes carried, study, becomes studied. Mary becomes married, and finally, cry becomes cried. The next rule is if a verb ends in vowel followed by Y, we just add ed at the end of the verb. For example, delay becomes delayed. Stay becomes stayed, destroy becomes destroyed, and finally, play becomes played. Lastly, if the verb ends in one, followed by a consonant, repeat the consonant and add ed at the end of the verb. For example, blond becomes planned, stop becomes stopped, hard, becomes hugged, and prefer becomes preferred. There are many irregular verbs in English. For example, the verb have changes into past simple form. Had the verb eat changes into eight, take, changes into, took, break, changes into Brock, and see, changes into saw. So are there any rules that can be followed to change an irregular verb in past simple form. Unfortunately, no, there are no general rules when we change irregular verbs in past simple form. You simply have to memorize them Now that we have basic understanding of this tense, Let's go ahead and look at the pairing of work to be with different pronouns. For example, when we use pronouns, I, he, she, it, a name or singular noun, we use the past simple form, was off work to be. On the other hand, when we use pronouns, you, we, they end plural noun. We use verb to be past simple form were to construct a positive sentence with verb to be used the following structure. We start off with subject pronoun followed by verb to be form was all war. And finally, the complement. For example, I was at the concert last week. They were really drunk at the party. He was really tired last night. We were outside of his house. Once a yes or no question with verb to be, just use the inversion method. Here is the structure to follow. We start with ones or were followed by subject and complement. Sometimes we also use adjectives when we ask yes or no questions using verb to be. And here is the structure to follow was or were, followed by subject plus an adjective, followed by complement. Let's take a look at some examples and see how we use these two structures. Was he happy? In this example subject, he is followed by adjective happy. The answer can be yes, he was, no, he wasn't. The contracted form of was not ease wasn't wasn't. And the contracted form of war naught is Warren. Warren. Were you with him last night? Yes. I was. No, I wasn't. Was it expensive? Yes. It was no. It wasn't. Where we do loud at the party. Yes. We know we weren't worthy. Hungry. Yes, they were. No, they weren't. Now let's talk about past simple auxiliary verb did. Auxiliary verb did is used with all types of worms except verb to be. We use it to ask yes or no questions and to construct negative sentences. Here is the structure to ask a yes or no question using auxiliary verb did. We start with Dade, followed by subject pronoun plus the verb in its base form. And finally, the complement. As we know in English, each word has two plus verbs structure. So when we talk about the base form or for verb, we are referring to this part of the structure without too. Let's look at some examples to see how we use this base form structure of a verb when we ask a question or make negative sentences. Did you call me? One of the common mistakes made by early learners is that they tried to use the past simple form of the world when they ask a question. For example, instead of saying, Did you call me, they say, Did you call me? Here? They tried to change the world, call in its past simple form as well. But remember, because we start the question with auxiliary verb, did we don't change the main verb in past simple form as we are using past simple auxiliary verb. Did so the correct way to ask this question would be, Did you call me? And the answer could be yes, I did. No, I didn't. The contracted form of did not Is didn't didn't deci shout at you? Yes, she did. No. Shade didn't. Did they go to the party? Yes, they did. No, they didn't. Did it hurt? Yes, it did. No, it didn't. Did you give her a gift? Yes, I did. No, I didn't. To ask WH questions in past simple tense. We start with W-H word, followed by auxiliary verb did plus subject plus verb in its base form. And finally, the complement. For example. Why did they leave? So what did you buy at the mall? Where did you go after the party? Which laptop did you use before? When did you arrive? All WH words follow this structure when we ask a question, except the world. Who? When we ask a question using WH, world who, we don't use the auxiliary verb did, as is the case with other WH words. For example, why did you call me? Here? We are using auxiliary verb did, as it is required to complete the question with W-H word, who? We simply change the world in past simple form using this structure. Who were being second or past simple form plus compliment. The reason being because we are asking a question about a subject. Grammatically, it's not possible to use auxiliary verb did, when we ask a question using that WHO world. For example, who broke the window? Looking at this example, if we try to say who did break the window, that is incorrect structure to ask a question when you use W-H word, who? Therefore, the correct question would be who broke the window? Another example could be who gave her the information? Who called you at night? Who cleaned my room? 33. Past continuous test: We use past continuous tense to talk about an action that was happening or continuous at a particular time in the past. We can also use past continuous tense for two actions in progress at the same time. Let's take a look at few examples. I was watching a horror movie last night. They were walking down the street. We were talking about you last night. People were dancing and singing all night. He was shouting and screaming at everyone. The boy was crossing the street when the car hit him. It may not be quite clear right now. But let's take a look at the structure first to get a more clear picture. So to construct a positive sentence followed this rule. We start with subject followed by auxiliary verb was or were, plus verbing based form with I-N-G. And lastly, complement if there is any. When we use past continuous tense to make sentences, we use was and were as auxiliary verbs. And if we remember from past simple lesson, they are past simple form of verb to be. Here's the breakdown of pronouns that use these auxiliary verbs. Pronoun I, he, she, it, any name and singular noun use was as auxiliary verb, whereas pronoun you, WE, Day. And plural nouns use water as auxiliary verb. So if we go back to the examples again, we can see the subject pronoun pairing with auxiliary verbs. I was watching a horror movie last night. They were walking down the street. We were talking about you last night. People were dancing and singing all night. He was shouting and screaming at every one. The boy was crossing the street when the car hit him. Here's the further breakdown of these tense. We can use past continuous tense to describe an ongoing action which forms the background or setting of past events. We often use the past simple tense for an action that happened against this background. Let's look at an example to understand these two points. Here. James was working when suddenly and came to the door. So in this example, James was working is past continuous structure and and came to the door is past simple structure. Therefore, James was working, will act as the background and N coming to the door will act as interruption. This is very common occurrence in past continuous tense, where past simple action interrupts the continuous action. Here's another example. James was sleeping when suddenly N started crying. Once again. James was sleeping is past continuous structure and it is acting as background of the sentence. Whereas and started crying is a past simple structure which acts as an interruption. Let's look at some more examples. They were working and suddenly they heard someone screaming. People saw a snake when they were crossing the street. He left the party because everyone was talking about his choice of clothes. James was watering his garden when maria called him from the kitchen. So how do we ask a WH word question, impasse continuous tense. Let's look at the structure first. We start with W-H word, followed by auxiliary verb was or were, plus the subject. And after the subject, we use the word urban-based form with I-N-G. And finally, the complement. Here are some examples. What were you doing last night? Where were you going with him? Why was she crying? Who was paying for the food? When will the watching the movie? And here is the structure to ask a yes or no question. In past continuous. We start with auxiliary verb was or were, followed by subject plus verb in base form with I-N-G, and finally, the complement. And here are some examples of yes-no questions. Was he drinking my drink? Yes, he was. No, he wasn't. We can also use contraction when we are using was known or we're not. Where was not, becomes wasn't. Wasn't. And word node becomes warrant. Warrant. Was I talking to her for too long? Yes, you were? No. You weren't. Were you buying vegetables? Yes, we were. No, we weren't. Was he sitting outside? Yes, he was. No. He wasn't worthy waiting for us. Yes. They were. No, they weren't 34. Past perfect simple tense: We use pounds perfect simple tense to talk about past events that happened up to a certain point in the past. We also use bonds, perfect simple for an action or actions that happened before another action in the past. Before we look at this tense more closely, Let's take a look at the active structure first. We start with subject, followed by auxiliary verb head plus the verb in past participle, or the third form. And finally, the complement. Something I would like to point out here is that the auxiliary verb head is used with all the subject pronouns and nouns alike. Whether that pronoun belongs to First-person category, Second-person category, or third person category. As we saw before, the first reason we use bonds perfect simple tense to talk about past events that happen up to a certain point in the past. Now consider this timeline. Here. The timeline depicts Harris age from five-years old to 15 years old. So to talk about any of the events that took place between the ages five to 15. We will use past perfect simple tense to talk about a particular event at anytime in the past. For example, Harry had learned how to swim by the time he was eight. Clearly, before he turned eight, the walls and event that was part of his life, which was learning how to swim. And by the time he was eight, that event cease to exist because he had learned how to swim. I would also like to point out that the past participle form of the world learn can be changed into regular form. Learned, which is more common in American English. Or it can be changed into irregular form learnt, which is more common in British English. But both forms are acceptable in English when we are using the past participle form of the verb learn. Here's another example. He had also learned how to use a computer when he was 12. Therefore, by the time he was 12, this event of learning computers in general had also been completed. And finally, he had been to USA before he was 15. We also learned in past simple lesson that we use bonds, simple tense to talk about actions, all situations that we're finished, all completed in the past. So what is the difference between these two tenses and how do we use them when we talk about two completed actions in the past? Let's find out with an example. Here we have past timeline where different events took place. For example, action a, calling my family at 09:00 A.M. action be eating my lunch at 1PM. Actions see finishing my report at 04:00 P.M. and lastly, action D, watching a movie at 08:00 P.M. for the sake of this example, let's say all these actions were completed in the past. And to describe these actions using past perfect simple, and past simple, we must line up these events as they took place. As we learned in the definition that when there are more than two events, whether completed or not or the first event, we use pounds perfect simple. And for the later events we use past simple. So in this example out of four events, the very first event that happened was calling my family. Therefore, for this section we will use past perfect. And for rest of the events, we will use past simple. Here's how we can do it. Yesterday, I had called my family in the morning. Later in the afternoon, I had my lunch at 01:00 P.M. and I finished my reports around 04:00 P.M. after a busy day, I watched a movie at 08:00 P.M. so from this explanation, we can see that if there are more than one completed actions in the past, the first completed action uses past perfect simple, and the rest of the actions are described using past simple tense, which lines up with our definition that we saw earlier that bonds perfect simple is used for an action or actions that happened before another action in the past. Generally, when we talk about to past actions, we commonly use preposition before or after to talk about these actions, which gives us an idea which action took place first and which action took place second. Or example. Before I left the house, I had switched off the cooker. So in this example, the first action was switching off the cooker, for which we are using past perfect simple tense. And the second action was leaving the house, for which we are using past simple tense. Here's another example. After I had visited, can go on our decided to move there. So in this example, the first action was visiting can Kuhn? For which we are using past perfect simple tense. And the second event was deciding to move there for which we are using past simple tense. Another common usage of past perfect simple is when we use verbs of saying or thinking. For example, I told her that we had bought the tickets. Here we are using past simple form of the word Dell, which signifies the second action that took place after the first action, which was buying tickets. Another example could be, I thought I had given him some money. I realized that I had met him before. I said that we hadn't received the payments. Past perfect simple also works well with WH board when, for example, he turned the TV on when he had finished washing dishes. Once again, in this example, the first completed action was washing dishes. And then the second action was turning on the TV, for which we are using past simple tense. When you had left the party, everyone talked about you. When they had seen her on the road, they decided to help her. I didn't talk to her. When you had told me the truth. To ask a WH word question using past perfect simple tense, use the following structure. We'd start with W-H word followed by auxiliary verb had, and the subject plus the verb in third or past participle form. And finally, the complement. For example, where had you left your bag before you arrived at the party? Which books had you read in the library? What have you eaten before you started feeling sick? How much had they spend on the wedding? Why had he decided to cancel his living party? To ask a yes or no question using past perfect tense, use the following structure. We start with auxiliary verb head, followed by subject plus the verb in parallel or past participle form. And finally the complement. For example, had he been there before? Yes, he had. No, he hadn't the contraction of head notice hadn't hadn't had the party already started by the time you arrived? Yes, it had no, It hadn't. Had you studied for exam before you took it? Yes, I had no, I hadn't. Had she completed her report before she sent it to you? Yes, she had no. She hadn't had reordered something online for the kids? Yes, we had no, We had and we can also use contraction when we are using head with different subject pronouns in active sentences. For example, I had changes into I add IAD, which is quite similar to the contraction that we use with modal verb word, where I would changes into odd, odd. But of course, when it's past perfect simple, we use the verb in past participle form. So there shouldn't be any confusion when you see or hear this contraction. For example, I'd seen her in the park with them. Let's move on to the next one. We had changes in to wade. Wade. We'd had a great holiday last month. You had changes in two. You'd you'd you'd bought me the same gift last time as well. She had changes in to shade. Shade. Shade visited you in the hospital. He had changes into hD. Hd. Hd sent him all the details. It had changes into it did it did there is a dog in the park and I think it had been sick for many days. And finally they had changes into Dade. Dade. They didn't. Why did you do the party but you didn't want to go? 35. Future simple tense: The future simple tense, also known as the simple future tense, is used to talk about actions or events that will happen at a later time from the present moment. We use this tends to make predictions or express future certainty, to express uncertainty or probability about future events, two-state intentions, or make promises to offer assistance, all to make offers to express spontaneous decisions or actions. Finally, we use this tends to talk about future events or actions in general. Before we go any further, let's take a look at the structure to construct positive sentences using these tense. We start with subject followed by will plus base form of the verb. And finally the complement. One thing I would like to point out here is that in the future simple tense, the use of auxiliary verb will remains the same for all subjects alike. For example, she will definitely win the competition. Does sentence shows that we are making a prediction or expressing future certainty by using the future simple tense. Here's another example. I will carry your bags for you. And in this sentence, subject I is offering the assistance to do something. I will help you with your project. Here, subject is stating its intention or making a promise to do something. I'm hungry, so I think I will order a pizza. And in this example subject I is making a spontaneous decision of ordering pizza using future simple tense. They will arrive tomorrow. And in this sentence we're simply talking about a future event or action in general, using future simple tense. To make negative sentences using future simple tense, we start off with subject plus will not. All the contracted form of will not, which is one plus verb in its base form. And finally, the complement. For example, he will not or he won't go to the wedding. They will or won't call you later. I will note or won't see you at the party. You will note or won't send him a message. Often the future simple tense is used with time expressions that indicate future timeframes, such as tomorrow, next week in a year, and so on. For example, they will start their holidays next month. She will meet them next week. He will call me tomorrow. You will be there next year. To ask a yes or no question using future simple tense, we start with, we'll followed by subject plus verb in its base form. And finally, the complement. For example. Will you be there on time? And the short answer can be yes. I will know. I want will she be able to do it? Yes, she will. No. Shave won't. Will they arrive next week? Yes, they will know they want will we spend all day at the wedding? Yes, we will know we won't. Will he come to the party? Yes, he will know. He want to ask a WH word question using future simple tense. We'd start with WHY world, followed by will plus subject plus the water been its base form. And finally, the complement. For example. Where will you buy a new computer? When will they arrive? Why will he spent all his money on computer games? Which form will you by tomorrow? How much will you spend on your holidays? It is important to point out that the future tense can also be expressed using other auxiliary verbs or phrases, such as Be going to all, be about two depending on the context and the intentions of the speaker. For example, he is going to start a new job next month. In this example subject he uses Be going to make a prediction based on the information he received. Here's another example. We are about to leave for the airport. And this sentence tells us about a future action that is going to take place in near future. Where we are using be about to talk about future event or action. They are going to get more information tomorrow. He is about to meet his future in-laws next week. Additionally, modal verbs such as may, might, code, and should, can also be used to express future possibilities, obligations or permissions. For example, they may visit us next weekend, which describes a future possibility by using modal verb may, you should start preparing for the exam, which ties up speakers suggestion with that action taking place in future. They might meet us later. He could call you next week. 36. Future continuous tense: The future continuous tense, also known as the future progressive tense, is used to describe ongoing actions or events that will be happening at a specific time in the future. We use this tense to talk about ongoing actions or events in the future to describe actions that will be in progress at a specific future time, to indicate future plans or arrangements. And finally, to make polite inquiries, All Requests about someone's plans. Before we see some examples with details, Let's look at the structure to make positive sentences. The positive structure starts with subject, followed by will plus verb to be plus the verb in its base form with I-N-G. And finally, the complement. For example, I will be studying all day tomorrow. This example shows that a particular action which is studying in this case will be an ongoing action or event in the future. Here's another example. They will be traveling to Paris at this time next week. This example indicates that an action will be in progress at a specific time in the future. We will be meeting with all the clients later this afternoon. And this example indicates a future plan or arrangement. Will you be attending the conference? As I mentioned before, that we use future continuous tense to make polite inquiries or requests. Therefore, in this example, we can see that a polite inquiry is being made to find out if the listener will be attending the conference or not. We can also use time expressions with this tense that specify future timeframes, such as At this time tomorrow, by next month in a year's time and so on. For example, she will be working on her presentation during the evening. Here, during the evening is the time expression that indicates when this action will be continued in the future. I will be traveling by road at this time tomorrow. They will be celebrating their 25th wedding anniversary in a year's time. You will be living in Tokyo by next month. The negative form of future continuous tense can be contracted by combining will end node into bond. Bond. For example. They won't be attending the party. He won't be talking to them at the wedding. They won't be spending a lot of time watching TV. I won't be meeting them next week. The future continuous tense emphasizes the duration of an action or event in the future. And sometimes it allows for the possibility of interruption. For example, I will be working on the project until you arrive. Which means that subject, I will keep on working on the project until the interruption of another person's arrival. And once that person arrives, the continuation of the action will stop. This rule applies to both positive and negative sentences. For example, she won't be cooking for us unless we bring something to drink, which means subject, she will only Coke if there is an interruption where someone brings her something to drink. And if this interruption takes place, the action of cooking will also take place and will be in progress. They will be celebrating his birthday once they finished moving to the new house. To ask a yes or no question using future continuous tense, we start with, we'll followed by subject plus verb to be followed by verb in its base form with I-N-G. And finally, the complement. For example, will you be meeting us at the airport? And the short answer can be yes, I will know I want will she be playing tennis this evening? Yes, she will. No. Shave won't. Will they be preparing for their exam? Yes, they will know they want. Will we be spending all week on this project? Yes, we will know we won't. Will he be buying a present for her? Yes, he will know. He won't. To ask a WH word question. We start with W-H word, followed by will plus subject plus verb to be, plus the verb in base form with I-N-G. Finally, the compliment, for example. Where will you be buying a new computer? When will they be arriving? Why will he be spending all his money on computer games? Which house will we be living in? How much will you be spending on your holidays? 37. Future perfect tense: Future perfect tense. We use future perfect tense to express an action that will be completed before a specific point in the future. We also use this tense to describe an action that will happen before another action in the future. And lastly, we use this tense to talk about expectations or predictions about future event that will be finished. Before we look at some examples, let's check out how to make positive sentences using these tense. We started off with subject followed by will have plus the verb in past participle, All the third form. And finally the compliment. For example, by the time they arrive, I will have finished cooking dinner. As I said in the introduction, we use this tense to talk about a completed action in future before a specific point. In this example, that specific point is the arrival of subject they, by which point the action of cooking dinner will be completed. Here's another example. She will have completed her studies before she starts her new job. And this example shows how one action takes place before another action. In this sentence, the subject, she will complete her studies before the second action, which is starting a new job. I think they will have reached their destination by tomorrow morning. And these sentence shows the completion of an expectation or prediction about a future event which is reaching their destination. And that prediction is by tomorrow morning. Just like future simple and future continuous tense, the future perfect tense is often used with time expressions that indicate a specific point or duration in the future. Such as by, by the time before, by next week in a year and so on. For example, they will have completed the project by the end of the month. She will have learnt Spanish before her exam. They will have given her the news by next week. I will have bought a house by the time I turned 30. To ask a yes or no question using future perfect tense, we start with, we'll followed by subject plus have plus verbing past participle, or the third form. And finally the complement. For example. Will you have passed your test by this time next month? And the short answer can be yes, I will have. No, I won't have. Will she have done her homework before you arrive? Yes, she will have. No shave, won't have will they have met her family by the next week? Yes, they will have. No, They won't have will we have read all the reports in a month? Yes. We will have. No We won't have will he have sent all the reports by the time he goes on holidays? Yes, he will have no he won't have. To ask a WH word question using future perfect tense, we start off with W-H word, followed by will plus the subject, plus have plus the verb in past participle, or the third form, and finally the complement. For example. How will you have paid for your trip? Why will he have left the house before we arrive? Where will you have traveled to by the time you turn 40? How long will you have spent in the city by next month. When will they have bought the new house? 38. Future perfect continuous tense: Future perfect continuous tense. We use this tense to express an ongoing action that will continue up until a specific time or event in the future. We also use this tense to describe an action that started in the past, is ongoing in present and will continue until a specified point in the future. And finally, we use this tends to talk about an action that is expected to be in progress, highlighting its duration and completion. Here's how we make positive sentences using these tense. We start with subject followed by will, plus have been plus verb in its base form with I-N-G. And finally, the complement. For example. By the time they arrive, I will have been waiting for 2 h. In this sentence, we have two actions. One is the arrival of someone and the second one, which is to wait, will be in progress for a specific time, which is 2 h in this example. Here's another example. She will have been studying for six months by the time she takes the exam next month. As I mentioned before, we also use this tense to talk about an action that started in the past, is continuing present and is believed to be continuing future as well to a specific point of time. Here, the action or event of studying started sometime in the past because the predicted time of completion of this exam is in one month. Therefore, we can say that they section started around five months ago and it's still in progress in present. And the expectation is that it will continue for another month in future before it's completion. I will have been working on this project for a year. By the end of this month. We will have been living in Spain for five years. By the end of this year. The time expressions that we use with future perfect continuous tense are quite similar to that. Doze off all other future tenses. The future perfect continuous tense is often used with time expressions that indicate a specific point or duration in the future. Such as by, by the time before, by next week in a year and so on. For example, they will have been traveling for three days when they reach their destination. He will have been working here for five years before he turns 30. We will have been talking to them for almost a week. By the time they make a decision, you will have been living with us for a year by next month. To ask a yes or no question using future perfect continuous tense, we start with, we'll followed by subject plus have been, plus the verb in its base form with I-N-G. And finally, the complement. For example, will you have been waiting for me for 2 h? Will they have been working on this project all day? Will she have been studying for the exam for two months? Will he have been traveling for a month by the time he returns? Will it have been raining for days? When we arrive? To ask a WH word question, we start with W-H word, followed by will, plus subject, plus have been plus the wardrobe in is based form with I-N-G. And finally the complement. For example. How long will she have been studying for the exam? Why will they have been waiting in the line for so long? Where will she have been staying during her visit to the city? What will you have been doing during your summer holidays? Whose house will they have been living in next year? 39. Future plans & predictions: To talk about future plans and to make predictions, we use modal verb will be going to. Of course, there is a slight difference when we use them. Before we take a look at that difference, Let's see how we use the structure to make positive sentences. We start off with subject followed by modal verb will all be going to plus the verb in its base form. And finally, the complement. Since we use the verb to be when we use be going to. Here's how we change that were based on different subject pronouns. If the subject pronoun is I, we use present form of work to be M. With subject pronouns, we, you, they all plural nouns. We use verb to be formed. Our. And lastly, with subject pronouns, he, she, it, a name or singular noun. We use the present form of work to be, is. And remember will can be used with any subject pronoun, whether it's First-person, Second-person, or Third-person. Now, with that out of the way, let's move on and see how to use will end Be going to for future plans and predictions. When we are talking about plans, will is used when the decision is made at the moment of speaking. Which means our speaker doesn't make a decision before talking about his or her future plans. Whereas be going to is used when the decision is made before the moment of speaking. Which means our speaker already knows The plan is because they made this plan in the past or before they talk about it. Let's understand these two statements with some examples. In this example, Harry and Camila are talking about some of their future plans. Let's follow along these examples and understand why they use will end Be going to, during their exchange. Have you seen the new James Bond movie? No, I haven't, but I'm going to watch it tomorrow with my wife. In this example, harried decided in the past towards this movie with his wife, even before Camila asked him this question. Let's move on to the second question now. Do you want tea or coffee? I will have coffee tanks. Now, look at this answer. I will have coffee. Camila didn't know what Harry was going to offer her. Harry gave her two options in present and she has to make a decision in that moment. Hence, she uses will To answer the question. As we move forward, please use that logic to understand a sentence. Do you work on Saturdays? Not usually, but I'm going to meet some clients this Saturday. Do you like doing yoga? Yes, I do. My mom is also going to join the classes from next week. Where will you go on holidays this year? I think I will go to Spain because my brother lives there. Here is the final part, will reflect the decision that we make while we are talking. Whereas be going to reflect the decision that we have made before speaking. We also use we'll and B going to, to make predictions. And once again, there is a slight difference how to use them. Will is used when the prediction is made based on personal opinion. Which means that the prediction is purely based on what you know about the topic or the issue. Whereas be going to is used when the prediction is made based on something that you saw or heard through the different mediums, whether it was radio, from a friend, from TV, or on the Internet. Once again, we can break these statements down with some examples. What do you think about the elections? I think James will win the elections easily. In this example, Harry, Thanks, James will win the election. And that prediction is solely based on his personal opinion, something he believes in. Do you think the same? No. I think Peter is going to win the election. He has more support. In this example, Camila makes a prediction based on what she probably heard from other people, or perhaps saw some facts related to elections on TV or newspapers. Do you like your job? Yes, I do. More so because I heard they are going to promote me soon. Are you going out with someone? Not really, but Pete asked me out last week and I think I will accept his offer. From all these examples we could see clearly that will is used to make predictions based on personal opinion. Whereas be going to use when the prediction is made based on what you see or hear Another common usage of modal verb will is to talk about promises, to refuse an offer, to make an offer old when we present someone with a threat. For example, I need to get to the airport early in the morning. Don't worry, I will take you there. In this sentence, hurry makes a promise to take her to the airport using modal verb, will. What else do you need? Will you bring me some traveling bags? Here? Camila makes a request using modal verb, will. No problem. I have bought big and small, so I will bring both of them. And in this example, harry makes an offer to bring both types of bags. Do you have some extra cash? I don't. But you should ask your mom if you need any. No, I don't want to bother her. I will manage. Know if you need it. Asked her or I will tell her that you are traveling without enough cash. And finally, in this example, harry makes a threat that he will tell her mom about her situation. Now that we know how to make positive sentences, Let's take a look at the structure to make yes or no questions with both will end Be going to. And here is the structure with modal verb will. Modal we're will followed by subject plus verb in base form. And finally, complement for be going to the structure is little bit different. We start off with the verb to be forming present, followed by subject plus going to, plus the verb in base form and finally, the complement. And here are some examples. Will you buy something to wheat? Yes, I will know I want the contracted form of will notice Bond. Want are you going to Peter's party tonight? Yes, I am. No, I'm not. Is he going to buy the new phone? Usc's? No, he isn't. Will they understand the problem? He has? They will know they want will he call you later? Yes, he will know. He want to make a WH word question with will be start off with W-H word, followed by will plus subject plus urban-based form, and finally, complement. And the structure using Be going to be W-H word is W-H word followed by water to be plus subject, followed by going to plus verbing based form, and finally, complement. For example, what will you eat tonight? What time will they arrive? Where are you going to buy the book? Why is he going to meet her tonight? When will he understand? 40. Modal verb introduction: In English, modal verbs play an important role when we want to communicate. They can be used to talk about permission, obligation, opinion, and so on. There are many modal verbs in English, and one particular modal verb can be used in different situations. Here, we are going to get an overview of some common modal verbs during this conversation between three people as they use different modal verbs to perhaps give their opinion, talk about and obligation, or give some kind of permission. Haley, I have a big project due next week. Ruby, I can help you with that. In this example, Ruby is using modal verb gain to talk about her ability to do something. Harry, Can I join you as well? Now, hurries using the same modal verb, can to ask permission. Haley? Yes, you can. That would be great. And now Haley's using modal verb gain to give permission. Ruby, should I bring my laptop? Now Ruby's using modal verb showed, which is commonly used when we talk about our opinions. Hurry. I think you should. I make them with my girlfriend? Here? Harry's using modal verb may to talk about possibility. Haley. Then you have to bring a bottle of wine as well. And now we can see that Haley's using modal verb have to impose and obligation. From all the examples that we saw, we can conclude that modal verbs can be used as auxiliary verbs when we want to talk about permission, possibility, obligation, ability, and so on. And as we saw with modal verb can example, it can be used in different situations. For example, asking or giving permission and to talk about abilities as well. Generally, it depends on the speaker's point of view or the context of the conversation, how these modal verbs are used. So in the next few lessons, we are going to explore these different areas and how each modal we're behaves differently based on speaker's point of view. 41. Modals of ability & permission: The two common modal verbs used to express ability or permission are gain and good. There are more ways where these modal verbs can be used. But in this lesson, we will only focus on the two areas of ability and permission. Modal verb can. Gain is used to talk about general ability in present or sometimes projecting future. For example, I can sing and dance, which gives us an idea of general ability to do these two activities. He can run faster than Maria. All we can meet again next week. In all these examples, we are using modal verb can to talk about general ability of a subject. In this example, harry is talking about general abilities of his co-workers. Harry, James can die 100 words per minute. James? Yes, I can hurry. Married can type faster than James. She can also speak three different languages, but James can run faster than anyone in this office. Youngs to marry if she can come to the office on this Saturday. And she said that yes, she can. Once again, we are using modal verb gain in all these examples to talk about general ability of each and every subject. Gain is also used to ask permission or give permission in present tense. If you want to refuse permission, we can use negative of gain, which is cannot, cannot, which can be contracted as Kant gone. For example, you can come to the party on Saturday. In this example, the subject you has the permission to come to the party. They can bring their kids for a play date. Once again, the subject pronoun day has the permission to bring their kids to do so. You can't be here on Sunday. And in this example, the subject, you doesn't have the permission to be in that place on Sunday. Here, in this example, the staff is thinking, if they can get permission to have a party. Bob, can I ask all of you a question? Rachel? Yes, you can. Here, Rachel is giving the permission to ask a question. Bob, can we have a staff party this Friday here? Bob is looking for permission, Haley, but we had 12 weeks ago. Rachael. Yes. She's right. We can't have two parties in a month. Here. Rachel is thinking whether it's possible to get the permission for the second time. We can if we in white, the manager as well. Rachel, we can talk to the manager. Haley. If he says that we can't, then we can do it next month. Once again, in all these dialogues, all the subjects are looking for permission or giving permission by using the modal verb can. What if you want to talk about general ability in the past? Well, the answer is code. Could is used to talk about general liabilities in the past. For example, I could sing and dance when I was a kid. We must remember that we are talking about general abilities in the past. And we generally use bonds, simple tense to give information about the period of time in past for which we can use W-H time world. When in this example, I could sing and dance when I was a kid. We are using past simple tense, but we can also use past, continuous, or past perfect if the sentence calls for it. For example, I could speak three languages when I was living in Mexico. Here we are using past continuous tense to talk about the time period in the past. Or we could also say, I could go dishes from different countries when I had taken a cooking course for two years. And in this example, we are using past perfect to give time period details in the past. We could also use code to start a question when we are asking about general liabilities in the past. For example, would you write easily when you were in the school? Could you speak to the foreign delegation when you were working in that company? In this example, ulcer and Alex are talking about their possibilities when they met after some time ulcer. Could you swim when you are located? Alex? I couldn't, but my brother code, he was really fast swimmer. Did you play any sports in the school? Ulcer? Not really, but I could paint very well when I was in the school. That's nice. Did you paint anything good? Actually, I did. I could always tell when someone bought my painting and if they were happy or not. In present, could, is used to give permission and ask for permission in more polite and formal manner. For example, could I use your phone, place the sentences per litre or formal than can I use your phone, please? Here is another example. Could we meet again? Once again, we're looking for someone's permission in more polite or formal manner. If the permission is given, we can also use good to respond. For example, yes, we could meet again. But if the permission is denied, we normally use count to refuse permission. Even if the question was asked using code. For example, could I watch a movie on your phone? Yes, you could or no, you can't. Could I come inside the house? Yes, you could but leave your shoes at the door or no, you can't come in 42. Modals of opinion & obligation: Should is used to give personal opinion, suggestion, or advice. For example, you shouldn't spend your money on frivolous things. Which means if you have money, it doesn't mean we should by pings that are unnecessary. Therefore, the sentence could act as opinion, a suggestion, or perhaps advice. We should go home now because it's too late. The car is broken down. We should call the mechanic as soon as possible. This example james, is giving us suggestion or his opinion. You shouldn't leave the water running when you are washing your hands. You should always use antibacterial gel when you go to the hospital. And in this example, Mary is advising and telling us that we should try to do yoga or meditate for a few minutes every day. Once again, this could be her advice or suggestion or personal opinion. Let's follow along this dialogue. Can I be outside with you? Here? We are using gain to ask permission, or should I wait here? And now we are using should to present an opinion. Halley, you should go and buy new mask. If you don't have any. Rachel, you shouldn't come outside without a mask. We should all go to the concert together. We should watch a movie together on Sunday. We can also use should to talk about opinions in the past, but we must follow a specific structure to do so. And that structure is, we'd start off with subject, followed by short with verb have together plus verb in past participle form to talk about an opinion in the past. Or example. I should have called you about this problem. Here. The right thing to do was to call you, in my opinion, we should have watched a movie at home. Once again, it was the right thing to do because if you are watching a movie in the theaters, maybe you are not enjoying their experience right now. So the right thing to do was we should have watched a movie at home. They shouldn't have left the party without saying goodbye. The contraction of should not is shouldn't shouldn't. He should have prepared the report himself and not ask others to help him. We can also use code when we make a suggestion in present tense. For example, you could order food if you don't want to cook tonight. Here, we are just making a general suggestion that if you do not want to cook tonight, maybe a good idea is to order from outside. We could watch a movie at home. Once again, we are making a suggestion where you are open to watch a movie at home. She could give you some money to help you out. They could buy the house if they liked the neighborhood. Now, let's see how we use must and have to for obligation. The difference between most and have to can be a fine line. What it means is that when we use have to express and obligation, we see it as an outside obligation or an obligation out of our control. For example, rules imposed by an authority. That authority can be, for example, government, the company where you work, the school, the university, or some kind of family rules. On the other hand, we often use masks to express and obligation that is imposed by the speaker. So what it means is if a speaker feels obligated to do something, they can impose an obligation on themselves. In this case, the modal verb that we use is must. Let's take a look at some examples to clear up any doubts. I have to find a better job. In this example, it's an obligation to find a better job. And perhaps that obligation is imposed by external factors. Those factors could be more expenses to cover. Or perhaps the speaker has some social or peer pressure to do so as well. Whatever the case may be, the obligation is driven by external factors. Whereas if we use the example, I must find a better job. Here. More than likely the obligation is imposed by the person himself. Perhaps he's unhappy with his work conditions, or the speaker just wants to advance their carrier. Another example could be you have to dress up for the party. Once again, perhaps it's an obligation imposed by the people who are organizing the party. I must call her as soon as possible. In this example, the speaker feels that it's an obligation for him or her to call someone as soon as possible. You have towards that new James Bond movie, It's fantastic. We must find a place to stay. Now that we have a little bit of clarity between have to end must. Here is another important point to consider. Both must and have to are only used in present. If we want to use most in past, we need to follow this structure. Subject, followed by must-have plus the water been past participle form. And when we use this structure, the focus changes from obligation to possibility, which means we are talking about the occurrence of an action based on the possibility rather than because of obligation. On the other hand, if you want to use have to in the past form, it changes into had to, had to. But in this case, the focus still remains on the obligation, which means you are still talking about and obligation. But now it's in the past. For example, then didn't pay his bills. Again, he must have lost his job because men didn't pay his bills. There is a strong possibility that he has lost his job. There must have been a storm because all the houses are damaged. Once again, we are talking with the possibility that perhaps a storm caused all the damage to their houses. Here is another example. People must have left early because there is no one at the party right now. On the other hand, when we use bonds form of have to, witches had to. It still implies obligation and had to can be used with all the subject pronouns are like, for example, I had to call her because she didn't call me. So in this example, the obligation presented itself for me to call her. People had to wait almost 20 h in line to get their concert tickets. He had to study hard to pass his English exam. Whenever we need to use have to with Third-person pronouns or a singular noun in present tense, the have part of have to change this into has to. For example, with subject pronouns, I, we, you, they, and plural nouns. We use have to. On the other hand, with subject pronouns, he, she, it, any name or singular noun we use has to in present tense. For example, we have to meet them tonight. In this example, our subject pronoun is we, therefore, we use have to, she has to learn English to pass her interview. And in this example, our subject pronoun is Shea, which is third person singular Female pronoun. Therefore, to express and obligation, we use has to. He has found a new house, but it has to be expensive because it's in a private colony. I have to make her believed that she can pass her exam. Joan has to come to my party or I won't talk to him anymore. To make negative or questions sentences with have to, we use auxiliary verbs, do and does in present tense and auxiliary verb Dade in past tense. And here is the structure. We'd start off with subject followed by auxiliary verb, don't or doesn't for actions in present tense. And auxiliary verb didn't for actions in past tense, plus have to followed by verb in its base form. And finally, the complement. We use the negative structure of have to talk about something that isn't or wasn't necessary. Also, when we make negative or questions sentences using auxiliary verb does in present tense do not change, have to, into, has to. For example, one of the biggest confusion for early English learners is that they tried to use auxiliary verb does and has to in the same sentence as in. He doesn't have to go to the class. Or perhaps a question with auxiliary verb does, does he has to go to the class in this case, both of these examples are incorrect. The reason for this mistake generally is the presence of Third-person singular noun, all pronoun, which in this case is he. And also, because we use has do with these pronouns when we make active sentences. But remember in negative or questions sentences, since auxiliary verb does, is used for third person singular pronoun, all singular noun. We must not use has two when we are asking a question or making a negative sentence. For example, I don't have to go to the school today. In this example, or subject pronoun is I, therefore, we are using the negative form of auxiliary verb do with Have to. What it means that It's not necessary for the speaker to do this activity today, as they would normally do it every day. He doesn't have to be here for the results. And in this example, our subject pronoun is he. Therefore, we are using the negative form of auxiliary verb does, and after that we are using have to. Again, it's not necessary for that person to be on that location to receive the results. She didn't have to change her car because her last car was working fine. And this example shows that it wasn't necessary for the subject to change her car as the car she was using before was also working well. Nowadays, people don't have to pay a lot of money to watch movies online. They didn't have to bring us all these gifts. To ask a yes or no question, we'd have to use the following structure. We started with auxiliary verbs, do or does in present tense, or use auxiliary verb did for past tense followed by subject plus have two plus verb in its base form. And finally, the complement. For example, do I have to go to the party? In this question, the subject is asking if it's necessary for him or her to go to the party. Does she have to spend all that money to be happy? Once again, this question is in present tense and we are asking, if the speaker needs to spend all that money to be happy. Did we have to watch a movie last night? In this question we're asking if it was necessary to watch a movie last night. Does Ana have to meet us later? Do people have to pay to get inside the club? Here is the final review of have to we use have to express and obligation we see as outside our control. Examples, rules imposed by an outside authority. The past form of have to is had two, which can be used with all the pronouns alike. When we use negative of have to, we are talking about something that isn't necessary to make negative and questions sentences with have to use auxiliary verb do and does in present tense, and auxiliary verb did in past tense. And finally, have two must be changed into has to. When we are using third person singular pronouns and singular noun in present inactive sentences. Here is the final review of must. Must is used to talk about obligations imposed by the speaker on himself or herself. Must is only used in present tense. But if you want to use most in the past, we follow this structure. Must have plus the verb in its third form or the past participle form. And when we use this structure in pounds, the focus shifts from obligation to possibility. And finally, here is the final review of modal verb should. We use showed when we present our personal opinion? Give any suggestion or advice to use showed in past, we use should have with third form or the past participle form of the verb. And finally, it's also possible to use code instead of showed when we make any suggestions 43. Modals of possibility: Modal verbs of possibility tell us about the possible scenarios in bars, present or future. And the most common modal verbs used for possibility are ME, might, and code. First, let's take a look at modal verbs may and might end when and how we use them. May and might are basically used to talk about possibilities in present, all possibilities projecting future. Even though both of these modal verbs have almost the same significance, there is a slight difference when we use them. For example, may is considered to be more formal than might. Therefore, if you find yourself in a more formal environment and you need to talk about degree of possibility. The best option would be to use May. But in informal situations, both options are valid. Another key differences that may represents a high degree of certainty than might. Therefore, if you are more certain about something taking place in present or future, use may to reflect that high-degree of possibility. Might is used when the degree of possibility is less. Now we know this information. Let's take a look at the structure to construct positive sentence. We started off with subject followed by modal verb, may or might, Plus the world been its base form, and finally, the complement. Once again, it's very important to point out here that when we use any type of modal verb, we always use the base form of the main verb. The reason for pointing that out is, I have heard people making this mistake when they tried to use modal verbs, they use the full infinity of the main verb. For example, if they want to talk about possibility, they tend to make the sentence as in I can to do it. Or I may to do it. Or I might to do it, which is the incorrect way to make the sentence. Therefore, it's important to remember that we always use the base form of the main verb. Here are some examples with may and might. I may use your computer to check my emails, which is more formal width, strong possibility he might come to the party. This example is less formal, width, less possibility. They may go to the concert next week. She might read my email when she comes home. We may go on holidays this year. In this example, hurry and Jessica are making a plan for the weekend. Jessica, do you want to go out for a drink at the weekend, Harry? We may, but I have to go shopping before Jessica. That's okay. I might be little busy until eight or 09:00 P.M. as well. Hurry. Okay. Could you bring my laptop with you? I might need it later on, Jessica. Okay. But you may not be able to use it right away because it's battery is dead. Harry, okay, In that case, I might use Helens laptop to do some work. In all these examples we use may and might, based on the formality and the degree of possibility. Could also indicates a possibility or potential for something to happen, but with less certainty than may or might. It suggests a very low probability or likelihood for something to happen. And here is the structure that we use to construct a positive sentence using code. We start off with subject, followed by modal verb good, plus the verb in its base form, and finally, the compliment. And here are some examples. I could see that movie tomorrow, which indicates that there is some possibility that the speaker could see the movie tomorrow. But if you say, I may see that movie tomorrow in this context, may holds more degree of possibility then good. Another example could be we have chosen a new TV and we could buy it next week. Again, there is a possibility of this happening next week. If you want, I could help you financially. Now that everyone has left, we could enjoy the party together. We can use the contracted form of might encode when we are making negative sentences. For example, might not becomes mightn't, mightn't, and could not becomes couldn't, couldn't. But it isn't common to say May and in English, even though it does exist, therefore, we always use may end node separately when we make negative sentences. For example, I may not visit my parents this week. We might watch the movie tonight. Don't worry. David couldn't be the winner of the game. She may not give me a call back. They might send you the invitation because you are here. The structure for asking a question using modal verbs may, might encode is also fairly simple. For example, we start with modal verb, followed by subject plus the verb in base form. And then finally, the complement. For example, may or use your phone, please. Could I see you later my day? See you at the party, maybe watch a movie together. Could they give you the money next week? Sometimes we also use gain four possibilities, but only when we are talking in general, a note about a specific occasion. For example, drinks can be expensive in restaurants. In this example, we are talking about this possibility in general, because generally speaking, restaurants charge a lot of money for beverages. Therefore, we are generalizing this information. Setting up a new business can be challenging. Once again, in general, we know that if you want to set up a business, possibly it is a challenging process. People can easily get lost in big cities. Cutting back on unnecessary expenses can help you save some money. People can learn any language if they practice every day. 44. Introduction prepositions: What are prepositions and why we use them. A preposition is basically a word, or sometimes a combination of words that we use to link nouns, noun phrases, or even pronouns when we make sentences. These words can be used to talk about time, direction, location, or position of an object. Here are some common prepositions of these categories. For example, sometime prepositions are in, on, at, for sins and during. And here are some examples of place prepositions. In on, at, Under, below, next two, between, and so on. And finally, some direction prepositions are up, down the word into, onto, and so on. As we saw earlier, some prepositions are part of more than one group. For example, you can use in for time. And you can also use in four position. This is quite common in English, and this may sometimes lead to confusion among early English learners. Moving forward, we will be looking at some of these categories and common prepositions that are part of these categories to get a better understanding. And hopefully at the end of these lessons, you will be able to understand them better and use them correctly to describe different scenarios. So with that said, let's begin right away. 45. Prepositions of place part I: Prepositions of place. Prepositions in on an ad can also be used as prepositions of place in English, which could lead to some confusion in the beginning. But in this lesson, we will learn how to use them correctly. With some examples. We use prepositions of place to talk about the position over noun, pronoun or even a noun phrase. Example, I am in the classroom. This example gives us a sense of an area. I'm at the cinema. This example gives us a sense of a specific point. The book is on the table. This example gives us a sense of surface. When we talk about an area, we could be talking about area that is enclosed. For example, a school, because our school has boundaries and can be considered an enclosed area. On the other hand, we can consider park as an open area which may or may not have physical boundaries, but it still represents a specific part or for city or town. For example, Harry is in the school. When we use preposition in like that, it tells us that the position of a noun or pronoun is within blows boundaries, which we can see clearly in this example. Here's another example. I am in the classroom. Here, prepositions in gives us an idea of the position of pronoun I that is within a specific boundary. Another example could be, I am in my apartment. Once again, this example gives us a sense of position of pronoun I within specific boundary. So all the examples, I am in the classroom, Harry is in the school, and I am in my apartment. Clearly indicate the presence over noun, all pronoun within some boundary. We must remember that the boundary could be a physical structure or a figurative one. For example, hurry is somewhere near his apartment building, which is a park. We can clearly see that there are no physical boundaries here. But in reality, every individual park or any other noun like Park always has some kind of boundary attached to it. So when we talk about Harrys or other nouns position, clearly we have to say that Harry is exercising in the park. Kids are playing in the park. She's cycling in the park. Prepositions own gives us a sense, oh, for surface. The surface itself can be flat, for example, or table, or it can be horizontal surface. For example, our wall. So here is Harry's apartment. Let's go through all the things and their position in his living room. First of all, the cat is on the floor. So in this example, floor is flat surface. The speaker is on the table. Once again, it's a flat surface. The flower pot is on the window sill. This is the flat surface near the window. The laptop is on my lap. In this example, his legs are acting as surface. The sofa is on the floor. Finally, the globe is on the wall, which is a horizontal surface. In the example, the laptop is on my lap, indicates that our body could also act as a surface for other objects. For example, his jacket looks good on you, which means that you are wearing someone else jacket and it fits you well. She has too much makeup on her, which means that person is using a lot of makeup. He used AS curve on his head. In all these examples, we can see that body can act as surface for other objects. Prepositions, and gives a sense of a point. If a noun is present in the general vicinity of a place, for example, a theater, or a specific point of place, for example, a bus stop. So to represent a nouns specific position, we use preposition at. In this example, some people are waiting for the bus, which is an exact point of location. Therefore, we can use prepositions at to talk about their location, as in they are standing at the bus stop. Jenna had ordered some food and now she's telling us that the delivery man is at the door, which is a specific point of location in the house. As I mentioned before, we also use at to talk about the general vicinity or for noun in relation to a place. For example, we are at the construction site. In this example, we are talking about the construction site as a general vicinity and node as a specific point of location within that place. Another example could be Martin is at the hospital. When we use this example, it tells us that Martin is present somewhere near the hospital and node inside. If he was inside the hospital, clearly, we would have used prepositions in to give that information. For example, Martin is in the hospital. In a nutshell, prepositions in talks about an area which can have physical or non-physical boundaries. Preposition own tells us about surface, which can be flat or horizontal. And lastly, prepositions at talks about a nouns specific position, or if the noun is in general vicinity of another noun. 46. Prepositions of place part II: Prepositions of spatial position. Another set of prepositions that tell us about the position of an object are called spatial prepositions. These prepositions help us find the position of an object in relation to another object or objects. Here are the examples of some of the most common prepositions of this category. Behind, in front of, between, under, next to, and near. In this lesson, we will learn how and when to use these prepositions with some examples. With that said, let's begin. So the first preposition of this category is under. We use preposition under when one object is below another object. That object could be in an enclosed area. For example, a bad as it has enclosed area here. Or it can be outside in an open area. For example, son being the other object, where there are no physical boundaries. Therefore, we can use a specific preposition to give information about the position of an object. In this example, here we have an office space and we can see this plant to position this plant in relation to another object which is a whiteboard. In this case, we can say the plant is under the whiteboard, which is more like an open space. Whereas the bins position is somewhat in enclosed space. Where the second objectives table, therefore, we can say the bin is under the table. Therefore, under is our spatial prepositions that we are using in this example. In this example, we are using under as spatial preposition again to describe Hannah's position, who is exercising in an open space in relation to the tree. So we can say Hannah is exercising under the tree. In this example, the books are in somewhat enclosed space and their position can be described as, there are some books under the BED using under as spatial prepositions. Spatial prepositions behind and in front of preposition behind is used when one object is at the back of another object. And prepositions in front of is used when one object is ahead of another object. Once again, that another object could be a person or a thing in general. For example, a table. Now let's look at some examples to see how to use them. In this example, both Peter and Jenna are sitting at the back of a guy who is sleeping. We are sitting behind us, Sleepy man, where preposition behind tells us about their position in relation to another object, which in this case is a person. But now we can change the subject of the sentence and talk about the sleepy man's position in relation to them by using prepositions in front of. For example, Sleepy man is sitting in front of us. As we can see now, our subject is Sleepy man, and our object pronoun is us. In this example, we will look at the chemists position in relation to another object, which is a counter desk. Therefore, by using the preposition behind, we can say the gametes is standing behind the desk. And if we want to talk about the position of all the patients in relation to the counter desk. We can say the patients are standing in front of the desk by using the preposition in front of. In this example, Tom is talking about his office by using spatial prepositions. Behind. There is a painting behind us on the wall. If we look closely in this example, we are using to prepositions of place. One is behind and the other one is on, which is being used. Because the object painting is on a horizontal surface wall. The next spatial prepositions that we are going to look at is next to. This preposition tells us about the position of an object that is close to the side of another object. Once again, that object could be a person or another noun, for example, a house or a car. Let's run through some examples. In this example, there are some employees that work together. They're working desks are side-by-side. Therefore, they can say we were next to each other by using spatial preposition next to In this example, Peter is telling us the position of his apartment building in relation to genos apartment building. My apartment building is next to genos apartment building because both apartment buildings are side-by-side. Here's one more example. The web server cabinet, which is this one, is next to e-mail server cabinet. And the database server cabinet, which is this one, is next to network servers cabinet. The next spatial preposition is near, which tells us if an object is closer to another object. And as mentioned before, that another object could be a person or once again, are paying, for example, a house, or are sharp. When we use the preposition near to describe the position of an object, the position can be varied, which means an object can be behind, in front, or on the side of another object. For example, let's say someone asks you about the general location of a hospital. If you don't know the exact location. But you know that it's not too far from the city. We can say the hospital is near the city. In this example, Hannah is sitting in server room because he needs access to the file server. So she is working near the file server cabinet. In this example, we can also say that there is a flowerpot near the table. And lastly, in this example, the ambulance is part near the emergency door and the Dr. is standing near the patient. The last preposition that we will talk about in this lesson is between, which tells us about the position of an object that is in the middle of two objects. Once again, that could be a person or combination of different objects, for example, boxes or chairs. In this example, the man is positioned in the middle of two women. So we can say the man with a briefcase is standing between two women and the distance between them is 6 ft on each side. Let's say if you ever go to a Dr. you must provide some kind of medical history which is confidential information. And this information you provide to a Dr. always stays between you and your Dr. in this example, we are using preposition between as figuratively and not poor physical position. And if you ever went to an eye, Dr. here is another common occurrence that an eye specialist asks you to repeat some letters written on a poster. In this example, Hannah is going through one such test where she was asked to do so. Which letter is between D and N? I hope you also got the correct answer here. The correct letter is F 47. Prepositions of movement part I: Prepositions of direction. As the name suggests, prepositions of directions are used to describe the movement of an object from one place to another. Some of the most common prepositions of this category are two, into, up, down, along, under, across, and the word. In this lesson and the following lesson, we will learn how and when to use these prepositions. So with that said, let's begin. Prepositions of direction too. We use prepositions to when an object moves from one specific point to another specific point. For example, I'm going to the shop to buy a drink. Here. The first specific point is the House, and the second one is the sharp. Two is also commonly used when you travel or go on holidays. For example, I'm going on holidays to can go next week. Once again, the first specific point could be your house. And the second one is obviously can cone. Here are some more examples. Asha will travel to Spain next week. They may go to the mall this evening. People can now travel to other countries without using masks. Harry has decided to go to the university this year. Prepositions of movement into, into is used when an object enters the interior of another object. Or the movement is from one space to another space. For example. When you go shopping and you are prompted to use your credit or debit card, the person behind the counter asks you, please insert the card into the machine. Clearly discard is moving from one space where the customer is standing into another space, which is the machine slot. Hence, we use the preposition into. In this example, Dave is walking into the station. Clearly, he's walking from open space outside to the interior of the station. Therefore, we use preposition into and say, he is walking into the station. In this example, to coworkers are entering the office. Therefore, we can say they walked into the office. Prepositions of movement up. We use preposition up when the movement is upwards. For example, he's walking up the stairs or they're climbing up the mountain. And finally, She's climbing up the wall. There are some common verbs that work well with this preposition. For example, walk up, as in, we are walking up the stairs, climb up. She climbed up the tree, run-up. He ran up to me. Jump up. People jumped up the fence, up to people walked up to the temple. The next prepositions of movement is down. As the name indicates, down is used when the movement is downwards. For example, He's walking down the stairs, or he's climbing down the hill. And finally, the plane is falling down to the ground 48. Prepositions of movement part II: In this lesson, we are going to talk about prepositions of movement, such as alone under, across the world or towards. Let's learn them one-by-one. Prepositions of direction along. Along is used when one object moves parallel to another object. For example, he's running along the road. Here. The man is running as the road goes on. He isn't changing his direction to left or right. He is just running straight, parallel to the road. People are selling things along the street. Once again, people are selling things on the side of the street and node in the middle of the street. But as the street goes on, the number of shops also increases. And lastly, a lot of cars are parked along the road and people are walking along the street. The next preposition of direction is across. Across is used when we talk about the movement of an object from one side of something to another side. For example, the post office is across the road where I work. Therefore, if I want to go to the post office, I need to move myself from my workplace, grows the road to reach the post office. So in this example, I have to cross one side of the road and go to the another side of the road to reach the post office. We walked across the park to save some time. In this example, we cross the middle of the part to reach the other end of the park. So we walked from one end of the park to the other end of the park, and therefore we are using preposition across. Lastly, people are walking across the street, which means they are walking from one end of the street to the other. Prepositions of movement under. We use preposition under when one object passes underneath another object. For example. We worked under the bridge. Here, the movement of two people isn't just underneath the object. Instead, they are passing underneath the bridge from one side to the other side. Yesterday, we were stuck in heavy traffic and we were moving slowly under a railway bridge as the trains spread over our heads. Once again, the movement is from one end of the bridge to the other end, but it's underneath the object bridge. Also, the opposite of under is over. And lastly, he is working under the street light. In this example, we are regarding street light as another object underneath which he is walking. The last prepositions of movement we are going to talk about is the word which is used when one object gets closer to another object or when one object moves in the same direction as another object. Or you also need to point out that in British English, it is more common to use the words, the words. Whereas in American English, it is more common to use the word without consonant S. But grammatically, both options are correct and they can be used interchangeably. We are walking towards the hills. Here. The subject is moving in the same direction as the hills and it is getting closer to that object. The dog is running towards me. In this example, the dog is running in the same direction as I am. He's driving towards the city. And in this example, domain is driving the car in the same direction as the city. 49. Prepositions of time: Prepositions of time. In simple words, prepositions of time is used to talk about an action or maybe a situation in relation to time. These prepositions can be used for a short period of time, a long period of time, or to talk about an exact moment of time. In this lesson, we will learn about three important time prepositions in on and at. So with that said, let's begin. Time prepositions in is used when we talk about long periods of time. For example, months, seasons, and years. It is also used to talk about the parts of a day in general. For example, in the morning, in the evening, or in the afternoon. Let's go through some examples and see how we use it correctly. Here, James and asha are talking about their holiday plans. Asha. When are you going on holidays? James? I'm going in July this year here because we are using the month, July. Therefore, we use the preposition in what about you? Asha? I'm not going in July, but perhaps I will go in winter here because we are using a season. Therefore, once again, we are using prepositions. In what time do you go to the office? James? I normally go around 08:00 A.M. in the morning. In this example, we are talking about the general part of the day. When James goes to his office. When did you buy your last car? Asha? I think I bought it in 2015 here because we are using ear, therefore, we use preposition in. Do you have any plans this weekend, James? Yes. On Saturday in the evening, we are going to the cinema to watch a movie. Preposition on one is used for specific days of the week. For example, on Monday, on Sunday, on Tuesday and so on. We also use on for specific dates. For example, July 17th, March 3, and second of January and so on. You might be wondering why we are using different date formats here. It's because both American and British date formats are different. The American format uses the name of the month first, and then a cardinal number to specify the date. Cardinal numbers are 123 and so on. Whereas in the British format, first, we use the day and then the month. There is one more thing to point out here, which is when writing dates, we generally use cardinal numbers, for example, 123 and so on. But while speaking, we generally use ordinal numbers. For example, first, second, third, and so on. In American format, we write the date like this, July 3, 2010, even though we are using the cardinal number three for the date. But when we speak, we use the ordinal number powered. Whereas in the British format, this date would be per July 2010. We can also use prepositions of if we want to write a date with ordinal numbers. For example, I was born on 2 April. In this example, it is also important to point out that when we use this format, we also use articles. Because if we just say on 3rd of July, we are losing the specificity of the day. Therefore, we should use articles to complete it. We also use on for parts of a specific day. For example, on Monday morning, on Friday evening, on Tuesday afternoon, and so on. If you remember, when we talk about general part of the day, we use preposition in, for example, in the morning, in the evening, and so on. Because here we are talking about a part of the day in general. On the other hand, if you talk about a part of a specific day, then we use preposition on, for example, on Monday morning, on Friday afternoon, on Sunday evening, and so on. Let's go back to James and ashes conversation and see how they use preposition on Asha. When are you going on holidays again, James? I'm going on holidays on July 3rd. What about you, Asha? I'm not going in July, but perhaps I will go on Valentine's Day with my boyfriend, even though we are not using the name of the day, for example, Monday or Tuesday or Wednesday. We are using ONE for Valentine's Day because it takes place on specific date. Are you going to Janice party on Friday, James? Nope. I'm going to the cinema on Friday to watch a movie with my wife. I have to go. So I will see you on Monday morning in the office. Harsha? Yes. See you on Monday morning. Time prepositions at at is used when we tell time using hours. For example, at 04:00 P.M. at lunchtime at 08:00 A.M. and so on. We also use at for spatial holiday periods, where holiday period lasts at least few days. For example, at Christmas, at new year, at Easter, and so on. All these holiday periods last at least few days, and therefore we use preposition add when we talk about a holiday period collectively. If you are talking about the specific day of holiday, you need to use preposition on, for example, on Christmas Day, on New Year's Day, or on Easter day and so on. Now we will see how James and Asha used prepositions and during their conversation. What time will you come to the office on Monday morning? I will be there at 09:00 A.M. I might see you there at lunchtime if we don't see each other in the morning. Any plans for Christmas holidays? My family is getting together at Christmas. Normally, we get together at Easter, but this year we didn't. What about you will use celebrate new year with your family? Yes. This year my family will go to Disneyland at new year to celebrate 50. Pronoun one & ones: We can use one and ones as pronouns. In English, we use these words to avoid repeating a noun, all plural nouns. Take a look at this example. I want to buy a black pen and a white band. In this example, there is a repetition of noun pen, which can be avoided by using pronoun one in this case. Here's how we can do it. I want to buy your black pen and a white one. Here, the pronoun one is being used to replace singular noun pen to avoid repetition. Here are some more examples with the same problem, where same noun is being repeated. Do you want to buy black curtains or brown curtains? This time we have repetition of noun curtain, which is plural. And to avoid that, we can use pronoun ones as in, do you want to buy black curtains, all brown ones? Here is another example. I want to buy an American car and a German car. Once again, we can change the singular noun, car with pronoun one as I want to buy an American car and a German one. We can also use these pronouns after noun determiners. As we know, pronoun one is used for singular noun. Therefore, we use it after noun determiners. This and that, which are singular noun determiners. On the other hand, ones is used after plural noun determiners. These and those. One and ones can also be used after an adjective. For example, Kevin and Kelly are meeting for a coffee. Let's see how they use one and ones while they are talking to each other. Do you like black coffee or white one. Here, one replaces singular, uncountable noun, coffee. Kelly says, I prefer black one. I like your new shoes. Which ones? The ones you bought last week? All those ones. Here we are using once after plural noun determiners, dose. Where did you buy these ones? These ones I bought in the city center. The coffee cup is really nice. Which one? This white one on my side. Here we are using noun determiners. This, that is followed by adjective wide and pronoun one for noun cup. And in this example, Jose is telling us about his favorite wristwatch. I have many wristwatches, but this one is my favorite 51. Verbs of activity: Sometimes we use different verbs to talk about activities that we can do alone or in a team. And some of the most common verbs that we use to describe these activities are due, play, and go. We use where do plus a noun for activities that we do alone and not as part of a group. For example, aerobics, yoga, exercise, karate, or a crossword puzzle. All these activities can be done by an individual without needing any help from another person. For example, I do yoga every day. I do 60 crunches in the morning. You always do leg exercise in the gym. I love doing crossword puzzles. I did karate when I was in the school. We use verb, play plus noun for games or sports that are played in a team. For example, football, tennis, basketball, chess, or cricket. Let's take a look at some examples. I played tennis when I was in the school. My brother plays football. She plays basketball every day. They always play cricket every Sunday. I loved playing chess with my brother. We use, we're go with activity verbs that end in I-N-G. For example, shopping, running, dancing, sailing, and so on. For example, I go shopping with my family. I went skiing last week. He goes running every morning. We go bowling with my parents on Sundays. Sometimes people go fishing for Fun. 52. Verbs of likes & dislikes: We use verbs such as like, love, hate, prefer, and enjoy to talk about things that we like or enjoy doing. But there is a catch. Some of these worms can be followed by either a gerund or full Infinity War for verb. Before we continue with these verbs, Let's understand gerunds and full infinitive concepts. As we know, a gerund is a verb and sometime a noun as well. We tense with I-N-G, and it can act as a subject of a sentence. For example, the gerund form of C60 is skiing, Sharpies shopping, call is calling, and run is running. You may be wondering that this structure looks familiar because we also use verb plus I-N-G structure in all forms of the continuous tenses. So let's see the difference. In this example. James is exercising and some kids are playing in the park. So when James says that I'm exercising in the park, it is clearly a present continuous structure where we are conjugating verb exercise in progressive form and subject, it is followed by auxiliary verb M. On the other hand, if James says that exercising makes me happy, here we start the sentence with gerunds exercising followed by verb make. As we learned in Gerund lesson, that we always use singular form of auxiliary verb with gerunds. Therefore, in this example, exercising makes me happy. Exercising is acting as Third-person subject, which asks for Third-person conjugation with will make using S at the end. Now, let's go over to kids example. We are playing football. Once again, the sentence is constructed using proper structure of present continuous tense, where the subject we is followed by auxiliary verb are and where with ING. Now let's use gerunds playing as the subject. Playing football is always FUN. Now, the subject of the sentence is gerunds playing. That calls for singular form of auxiliary verb is. Sometimes we can also use gerunds with prepositions in English. For example, I can do everything without needing your help. Here, prepositions without 0s followed by gerunds needing he is laid and there is no point in waiting. Here we are using gerunds after prepositions in. He gave me the letter before leaving the house. They are coming over to watch a match. After meeting their parents. Know that we understand the basics of gerunds. Let's go back to our main topic at hand. In English, there is a set of verbs that is followed by gerunds and a set of verbs that is followed by a full Infinity War for verb, which is two plus verb structure. For example, in joy. This is one of the world's there is always followed by a gerund. For example, I enjoy cooking, I enjoy meeting my school friends. I enjoy watching football match. I enjoy reading Harry Potter books. In all these examples, it is clear that the verb enjoy can only be followed by gerunds and note the two plus worm structure. For example, if you say, I enjoyed to cook for my family, this is incorrect. And here are some more examples of such verbs that are followed by gerund. Avoid it, avoid talking to my ex girlfriend. Confess they confess. Giving her money. Admit he admitted calling her a liar. Capon. We kept on watching movies all night. Recommend she recommends going to the local theater. As I mentioned before, there is another set of words that only use two plus verb structure. And some of the common examples are agree. They agree to meet us outside the school. So we can see here that the verb agree always follows two plus verb structure. And if we use a gerund, for example, if we say they agreed meeting us outside the school, this would be incorrect. Another example is attempt. She attempted to give him money, but he refused. Decide At first we didn't agree, but then we decided to help her offer she offered to help us. One. I don't want to watch a movie right now. Interestingly, some verbs can be followed by boat or gerund, and two, verb structure with almost no difference in the meaning of the sentence. For example, verb like We can say like going to the cinema, or we can say, I like to go to the cinema. There isn't significant difference when we look at these two examples and solely the usage of one structure, all the other depends on personal preference. But if we were to break it down further, we can say that lie plus gerund is used when we enjoy doing something in general, or perhaps to talk about enjoyable experience. Whereas like with two plus verb is used to talk about a particular situation that you enjoy or like all to talk about preferences and habits. For example, I like going to the cinema. Here we are talking about this activity, going to the cinema in general. And the person enjoys doing this activity or experience of it in general. And if someone says, I like to go to the cinema to watch a movie, this is a personal preference or perhaps habit. And if you say, I like to go to the cinema when I visit other cities, here, the person is talking about a particular time or situation where they enjoy this activity. The same could be said for the word love, where this verb can also use both gerunds and two-plus verbs structure. For example, I love going to the cinema where I'm saying that I enjoy this activity or the experience of it in general. I love to go to the cinema to watch a movie here. More than likely I'm talking about my preference or perhaps my habit. I love to go to the cinema when I visit another city. Here, I'm talking about a particular time or situation where if I visit another city, this is something I enjoy doing. We can use the same idea with the wardrobe. Hate. For example, I hate going to the cinema. Once again, this is something in general where I do not like this activity or enjoy the experience of it. I hate to go to the cinema to watch a movie. Once again, this is perhaps my preference or my habit where I do not enjoy watching a movie in the cinema. And lastly, I hate to go to the cinema when I visit another city. Here. I'm just talking about a particular time or situation where I do not enjoy this activity if I go to another city. And finally, we can use the same principle with the word prefer. For example, I prefer going to the cinema here talking in general, I enjoy doing this activity or the experience of it. I prefer to go to the cinema to watch a movie. Once again, it's a preference or perhaps a habit. And lastly, I prefer to go to the cinema when I visit another city. Here, the idea is that I prefer to do this activity when I visit another city. So as we saw with all the previous examples, it doesn't matter if you use gerund all the fall infinity with the word like love or hate. The reason no much difference in the meaning and the structure can be interchanged based on your preference. It is also important to remember that when we use verbs like love, hate, prefer with word, we use to plus verb structure and node a gerund. So when we want to make an offer, requests something, all talk about our wishes and desires. We use modal, we're good with the verb like and two-plus verb. For example, I would like to watch the new Marvel movie. Here, I'm talking about one of my desires that I want to be fulfilled in future. We can also use contraction with good when we use it with subject pronouns. For example, I would contracts into, i'd, I'd, I'd like to watch the new Marvel movie. The pronunciation is very subtle and we only pronounce the letter D of wood. In the same way. We can also use the contraction with other subject pronouns. For example, he would becomes he'd, he'd, he'd like to meet you. She would becomes shade, shade, shade, light to go to the wedding as well. We would becomes we'd we'd we'd like to watch a movie together. They would becomes Dade. Dade. They'd like to have a party. You would becomes you'd you'd, you'd like to spend some time with them. And finally, it would becomes ITD. Itd. I think the dog is hungry and a delight to eat something. As I said before, we also use would like to make offers. For example, would you like to have a coffee? Yes, I would know I wouldn't the contraction of would notice wouldn't wouldn't would you like to go now? Yes, I would know I wouldn't. She liked to eat with us. Yes, she would know shave, wouldn't would they like to join us at the party? Yes, they would know. They wouldn't. Would he like to meet my family? Yes, he would know he wouldn't would love is often used to make requests all to say that you like something very much. For example, our love towards that movie. They'd love to meet us as soon as possible. People would love to see them together. She'd love to come to your party. He'd loved to go to the concert with you. We use would hate when you dislike something very much. For example, I'd hate to lose you as a friend. They'd hate to miss their train at this hour. We'd hate to give you the bad news. She'd hate to miss the dinner with you. And finally, we use wood and prefer to talk about our preferences. For example, we'd prefer to meet after lunch. Here, my preference would be to meet after the lunchtime. They'd prefer to make a deal later this month. Pablo would prefer to see you later. James would prefer to get together this weekend 53. There & IT: In English, we use diaries and there are when we want to introduce some ping or draw attention to it. We also use the raise and there are to talk about the existence, all presence of something. And in English, we call them dummy subjects. A dummy subject is basically a world that we need to complete a sentence, because grammatically it's not possible to form a sentence without a subject. So when we introduce or describe a noun, we must use some form of dummy subject to do so. For example, in the sentence, there are three apples on the table, the world, there is the dummy subject. It doesn't refer to anything in particular, but is instead used to help form the sentence grammatically, the real subject of the sentences, three apples. And for the subjects introduction, we are using their as the dummy subject. Generally, we use there is and there are to describe places, for example, a city or shopping mall and a house. And obviously to talk about any living or nonliving nouns. For example, people, as in, there are five girls in the classroom, or things in general, as in, there is a laptop and a printer on the table. Or even to talk about abstract nouns such as ideas, concepts, failings, and so on. For example, there is a lot of beauty in simplicity. We use the raise and there are based on the number of a noun. If the noun is singular, we use there is plus the noun. For example, in this picture, we can see a smart card that is perhaps reading a book. So to introduce this cat, we can say there is a cat reading the book. In this sentence, there is just acting as a dummy subject to complete that sentence without any real meaning to it. And because the main subject cat is singular, we are using, there is, on the other hand, for plural nouns we use, there are or example. There are three dogs in the part. In this sentence, the main subject dog is plural. Therefore, we use there are to start the sentence. As I mentioned before that we use there is an there are to talk about places. So let's say you want to describe your house to someone. Here's how you can use there is and there are to do so, I have bought a new house. There are three bedrooms, there are two bathrooms. There is a bag garden, and in the garden there is a swimming pool. There is a gay marriage, and there are four cars in the garage. We can also use contraction with there is, and there are when we use them in positive or negative forms. For example, there is becomes tears. There's, and there is not, becomes there isn't. There isn't. For example, there is a big dog outside. There isn't anyone who is looking for you. There's a sharp in the mall that sells computers. There isn't any hurry. You can be few minutes late. There isn't any good news in the newspaper. We can also use contraction with there are in both positive and negative sentences where there are becomes, there are, there are, and there are not, becomes, there aren't. There aren't. For example, there are many books to read in the library. There aren't many sharps in the mall. There are many problems in his life. There aren't any good movies to watch on TV. But remember, we use the raise instead of there are to introduce our list of singular objects. For example, there's a swimming pool, a bowling area, and the restaurant inside the leisure center. In this sentence, swimming pool, boiling area, and restaurant are all singular nouns. Therefore, we use there is to introduce them. Here's another example. There is a big bathroom and a wide pool at the back of the house. Once again, to introduce singular nouns, bathroom and pool, we are using. There is another dummy subject that we can use pour the same purposes it, which is used to begin a sentence. It does not relate to a specific noun or item, but rather acts as a placeholder to ensure that the statement is grammatically valid. It is popular in English to use it as a dummy subject, just like there is. And there are especially when addressing whether time and other impersonal matters. For example, it is raining outside and it is difficult to understand the instructions. Both sentences begin with it as a fake subject. Without the word ate, these statements would be incomplete or awkward. Let's look at some more examples. It is difficult to learn a new language. It seems that we have a problem. It is important to get enough sleep. We use the inversion method to ask a yes or no question using dummy subject there. And when we do that, we can either use present form of verb to be, is, or are to ask a question in present tense. Or we can use the past form of work to be or were to ask a question in past tense. Before we look at some examples, Let's go through the structure first, we started with auxiliary verb is or are, four questions in present tense, or was or were for past questions, followed by dummy's object there plus the main subject. And finally the complement. For example. Is there any milk in the fridge? The answer can be yes. There is. No, there isn't. Are there any chairs in the room? Yes, there are. No. There are. And what's there? A red car in the car park? Yes, there was no there wasn't. Were there many people at the party? Yes, there were. No there weren't. Is there any letter from the college? Yes, there is. No. The reason