Learn Hindi Language | Hindi Course for Absolute Beginners | Speak Hindi from Day 1

1. Preview of the class: Sp. Thank you for checking out our course or as you say, in Hindi Banevad. Whether you're starting out or already tried learning Hindi, there are unlimited resources online. The challenges most lack a methodical, step by step approach. It can be frustrating to learn only scattered words and phrases amidst the chaos of unstructured information out there. If this is your challenge, you've come to the right place. We're a team of passionate language enthusiasts, where each of us speaks at least five languages. So we know what it's like to learn a new language from scratch. We've designed this course, keeping in mind structure and immersion. Every concept is explained methodically followed by immersing you into delightful stories and examples in Hindu. We also place a lot of emphasis on visual input. So we have a visually immersive and interactive course that's both effective and enjoyable. By the end of this course, you should be able to have simple conversations in Hindi, a vocabulary of around 1,000 words and understand the nuances of the culture behind the language as well, because what is language, if not a vessel for the culture. So we have fun examples ranging from Bollywood to traveling in India, shopping, and much more. Most importantly, we love the process of learning a new language and hope we can help you enjoy the journey of learning Hindi as well. So come join us and let's learn the beautiful language of Hindi. Danawa 2. Day 0 - Overview and Introduction to the Hindi Language: Must and welcome to the course. Hindi is spoken by over 500 million people in India and in communities across the world. It also serves as an important link language in a diverse region like the Indian subcontinent. Congratulations on choosing to learn Hindi as it can potentially connect you with a tenth of the world's population. Now if you're an English speaker, you'll observe that Hindi has a few significant differences compared to English, namely in the word order, genders, the sounds, and the formality levels. First, the word order. English follows a subject verb object word order, whereas Hindi follows a subject object verb word order. What this means is that in English, a sentence like I play cricket starts with the subject, then has the verb play, and finally, what you're playing, that's the object cricket. In Hindi, this would be M, cricket, alta, whom. Directly translated, this is like saying I cricket play, where the sentence starts with the subject and object and ends with the verb. In essence, English has a linear order of A performs an action on B. Whereas in Hindi, we announce the characters first and then talk about the verb or the action that is being performed. The next big difference and probably the biggest one is gender. Hindi is a gender language. That means every noun in Hindi is either masculine or feminine. A door is masculine and a window is feminine, a home is masculine, and a car is feminine, and so on. But don't worry. Thankfully, there are a few simple tricks we can use to guess the gender of a noun in Hindi. We learn more of that in day three when we speak about genders. Next, we need to understand the unique sounds in Hindi. The most noticeable feature of Hindi are its aspirated sounds or aspirated consonants. Aspirtd means there's a puff of air released when you pronounce these consonants. Most consonants in Hindi have an aspirated pair. We have K and the aspirated, B and the aspirated B. These are usually represented in English spelling within H. They almost sound like there's a sound at the end of the consonant. Depending on your English accent and dialect, you two may be using a few aspirated sounds here and there. Try placing your palm in front of your mouth and say the word Pi. If you feel a puff of air at your palm, that means you're using an aspirated per sound. Whereas in some other words, you may be using an unaspirated per sound like an apple. If you don't feel a puff of air when you say the sound, that is the unaspirated variant. If you're still confused, think Draco malpa in the Harry Potter movies saying Potter, famous Harry Potter. Now that's an aspirated per sound. Now apply the same logic to all the other consonants like, p, and so on, and you're good to go. Now each of these sounds has a distinct letter in the Hindi Alphabet. Now, for this course, it is not mandatory to learn the Hindi script. We'll be using the English alphabet in all the videos, but these have to be pronounced phonetically. The only letter where we use a special character is the N with a dot on top of it to represent nasal sounds, which are in abundance in Hindi. We have lessons on the Hindi script at the end of the course. We suggest that a students first learn the basics of speaking the language and then dive into the script at the end. However, if you do want to practice the script simultaneously, every lesson has a corresponding downloadable PDF, which has all the examples in both the Hindi script as well as the English alphabet, so you can choose which one to follow. The last major difference are the levels of formality. English has a single word for U. However, H indi has three levels of formality. We have the highest level of formality. Then we have the informal level, which is Tum. And then we have the most casual or slang level, which is two. All three levels are very commonly used in everyday speech. In order to declutter this and give a name to each formality level, we have a cast of characters that repeat in every lesson. We have Sharma and Sunita, who are older and wiser. So we use the highest level of formality and respect to address them. We also end their names with an honorific G. So Sharma G and Sunita G. Then we have Raj and Geta who are young adults and use the informal version of the pronouns we're referring to each other. Finally, we have Chandu and Bindu, who are a pair of naughty kids who deserve no formality when speaking to each other in the playground. They use the most informal or slang version of the word, which is two to refer to each other. However, they too will refer to the older characters using a higher level of formality depending on their relationship. If you're a speaker of English, did you know that you already have a vocabulary of a few dozen Hindi words? That's right. Many English words ranging from Jungle, pajama, Athar, bungalow, Lut, shampoo, Guru, Mantra, all come from the Hindi language. There you go, you already know some Hindi. Jokes aside, come join us in the first lesson where we talk about personal pronouns. Thank you, Danvad. 3. Day 1 - Basic Pronouns & Sentence Structure: No Mt. Today, we'll go through the basic sentence structure in Hindi and learn to form simple sentences of the form, I am, U R, he is and so on. To do this, we will learn the personal pronouns in Hindi, such as I U, he, et cetera, and helping verbs or auxiliary verbs such as is R and so on. Now, let's first learn the words for personal pronounce. The word for I is M. Note that the dot or N indicates a nasal sound. It is not men, it is M. I repeat the pronunciation is M. The word for is hum. I repeat the pronunciation. It is hum. There are three ways to say u, um, and two. The formal way to say U is p. This is reserved when speaking with elders or when speaking with respect. Tom is an informal version of saying. This is used when speaking with people of the same age or younger. Another informal way of saying you is two. This is used only when speaking with close friends. In the wrong circumstances, using two can come across as rode or impolite. When in doubt, it is always advisable to use the formal version and say p. The third person pronoun, H, Shi it them works a bit differently in Hindi when compared to English. We have two words, Wo and Ye. Wo is used when the subject is far away from the speaker, similar to how we use that in English. Ye is used when the subject is closer to the speaker, similar to how we use this in English. Note that in the written form to say that we use for pleural and her for singular. But in spoken form, we always say W. Similarly, the written form for this is Y for pleural and Yeh for singular. But in spoken form, we always say Ye. We'll be sticking with the spoken form for all the basic examples. Now let's look at auxiary verbs or helping verbs. The word for A is. Note that the dot over the n indicates a nasal sound. It is not who. It is whom. I repeat again, the pronunciation is whom. The word for is hair. I repeat, the pronunciation is hair. This is used when talking about the singular. The word for r is an. Note here, it is again a nasal sound and pronounced hand. This is used for talking about the plural. There's another auxilary word who. This is used only in special case when using Tm. Using what you've learned so far, we can begin to form simple sentences in Hindi. But before we go ahead, it's important to understand the sentence structure in Hindi. The sentence structure in English is subject verb object form, where the verb is between the subject and the object. But in Hindi, the verb comes at the end of the sentence. It takes the subject object verb form. L et's take a simple example, I Raj. As you can see, in English, which is the auxiliary verb comes between I and aj. The Hindi word for I is M. The auxiliary verb in Hi ism. The sentences, M aj, Hm, where the auxiliary verb who comes at the end of the sentence. This is equivalent to saying I Raj. You can see that the structure in Hini is a bit different than English. But as we go through more and more examples, you'll begin to get more comfortable with it. Since we are all students of Hindi, let's learn to say I am a student, we are students, and so on. The Hindi word for student is a ti. For students, the plural form is hating. I repeat with the Hart and with the Har thing. Let's learn to say I am a student. The Hindi word for I is M. The Hindi word for is whom, which will come at the end of a sentence. The Hindi word for the article A is A, which also means one. The word for student is hat. The Hindi sentence will B, M A hart, whom. In Hindi, it is not mandatory to use the article A, as it is already implied. You can skip ac and simply say M hat, whom. Both the sentences M hati or M ac hati whom are correct. Now, let's learn to talk about a third person. Raj is a student. Here, we use the auxiliary verb hair, which means is. We say Rach with the hearth hair. Ipt Raj with the arth hair. Similarly, for Geeta is a student, we say Geta with the arth hair. I repeat, it is Geta with art hair. Here we're assuming that ah and Geeta are of similar age to us, and hence we use the singular form of the auxiary verb and say hair. But if you were speaking about someone older and want to convey respect, we would use the plural auxiliary form a, which has a nasal sound. In the next example, we will speak about somebody older and speak about them with respect. Shermaji is a student. Here, we use a plural form of the auxiary verb and say, which has a nasal sound. Han indicates respect. We say Sharma g with the hearth and. I repeat, it is Sharma g with the hearth and. Sunita G is a student. Again, here, since we're speaking about someone with respect, we will use an. We say Sunita g with the hearth and. I repeat Sunita g with the hearth and. Note that adding G after the name indicates respect. It is similar to how you use Sir or Madam in English. So Sharma becomes Sharmaj, and Sunita become Sunita j. It is a very common way to show respect in India. Now, let's learn to talk about a third person without using their name. Let's say there is someone of your age group standing far away from you and you want to say he's a student or she's a student. Here you would use a pro noun o and use a singular auxiary verb hair. Since we're talking about someone of your own age group, we use a singular auxiary verb and not the plural auxiary verb. You would say o with T air. In case you're talking about someone standing closer to you who's of your same age group, to say he's a student or she's a student, you would use the pronoun Y and auxilary verb air. You would say student air. In this example, using Bo is similar to that and Y is similar to this. Now let's take an example where we're talking about somebody much older than us, and we want to convey respect. In this case, we would use the plural form of the auxiliary verb Hen. If you're talking about someone standing far away from us and want to convey respect when speaking about them, we will say o with hearty Han. When speaking about someone standing closer to us, we would say Ye with ar thi Han. I repeat it is o with hearty or ye with arty. Now let's learn to say V are students. The pronoun for V is hum. The auxiliary w for r is an. The plural form for art is diaria. We say um with daria. I repeat. Um with harta hair. By now, it would be clear that we use hair when talking about singular and hair when talking about plural, as well as when we convey respect. It is not like how we use R for only plural in English. In Hindi, hair is used for both plural, as well as when we want to convey respect. Now let's learn to say you are a student. Here we need to choose which form of U we want to use. Let's first look at the formal version. To say you are a student formally, we use and say up with art hair. Here, we use the plural form of the auxiliary verb and say he to convey respect. Next, when speaking informally, we use thumb and say thumb with the art. Note here that when using thumb, we use the auxiliary verb who. When speaking casually or to a close friend, we say two with the Harthy hair. When we speak casually or without respect, we do not need to use hair and we use a singular auxiary word hair. I repeat all the sentences up with the arthy, a, Tum with the arthy, who or two with the Harthy hair. Now, let's recap all the pronouns and auxiliary verbs that we've learned so far. To say I, we use M, and it is used with auxiliary verb whom. To say I am, we use M, whom. The word for is um and is used with auxiary verb. To say, we say um. To say, we can say, um or two. To say, when using, we end the sentence with hair. When using um, we end the sentence with who, and when using two, we end the sentence with hair. When using H, S or them, and the subject is far away from the speaker, we use W. We pair it with hair when talking about singular and hair when speaking about plu. And when saying he, S it or them, when the subject is close to the speaker, we use Y. We pair it with hair when speaking about singular and hair when speaking about plural or when speaking with respect. Today, you've learned all the personal pronouns and understood how to pair them with auxiliary verbs to form simple sentences. In the next lesson, we will focus on I or M and learn to introduce ourselves. But before we go to the next lesson, let's look at a simple practice exercise. In this practice exercise, fill in the blanks for the sentences given below. Pause the video and try to answer them. The answer will be revealed in 5 seconds. Let's go through them one by one. I M Raj, M Raj, whom. The word for A is whom. The correct answer is who. Um aj, H. The auxiliary verb used here is, which is only paired when using thumb. The correct answer is thumb, u Sota G, A Sontag, Han. Here, the auxiliary verb used is, which is used when speaking respectfully. We would use the respectful version of u, which is p. The answer is p. This is the Taj Mehl, Taj Mahal, a. The word for this is. The correct answer is. 4. Day 2.1 - Introduce Yourself Part 1: Must be. Today, we learn to introduce ourselves in Hindi. To do that, we learn basic Hindi words for I and M and cover the basic sentence structures required. Let's start with a word for I, which is me. Note here that there's a dot on the letter n, which indicates a nasal sound. It is M and not mean. One of the most basic ways in which you might describe yourself is by saying, I'm a boy or I'm a girl, or I'm a man or I'm a woman. To say am a boy, we say M Ladaka, whom. May means I, Ladaka means boy, and who refers to the auxiary verb am. There are two things to note here which are different than in English. Firstly, the auxiary verb whom comes at the end of the sentence, unlike English where am comes in the middle of the sentence. Secondly, the article A is not necessary in Hindi. Next, the word for girl in Hindi is Lurki. To say, I'm a girl, we say Me, Lurki Hm. If you're older, you can replace Laka with admi and Lurki with Oreth. Ami means man and Oreth means woman. To say, I'm a man, we say M Admi Hm. To say, I'm a woman, we say M Oreth, whom. Or if you want to simply say I'm a person, you say M in San, who, where Isan means person or human. Using the M who format, we can also describe our profession or what we do. The word for student is with the Hart. To say, I'm a student, we say My with the Hart, who. The word for teacher is Schick shuck. To say, I'm a teacher, we say My Shak shuck, whom. The word for lawyer is Vakil. To say, I'm a lawyer, we say My Vakil whom. Similarly, we can fit any profession using the same M whom format. There are many professions where it is more common to use the English word. For example, engineer, and so on. To say, I'm a doctor, you can simply say, Mm. Alternatively, you can use a Hindi word for doctor, which is chick it Suck, but it is more common to simply say doctor. To say, I'm an engineer, you can simply say M engineer whom. Similarly to say, I'm a content creator, you would simply say M content creator who. In most cases, you can directly use the English word to describe the profession that you're in. While introducing yourself, you would also talk about where you come from. The word for F is S. For example, if you want to say I'm from India, you will say M Bharat say who. Bharat is the Hindi word for India. Note here that in English, the proposition from comes before the object, India. But in Hindi, S comes after Bharat. This is the case for all propositions in Hindi, such as F two on, all of them would come after the object. The word for Indian is Bhatir. To say I'm Indian, you will say M Bharat, who. Let's see how to describe yourself if you're from another country. For most countries, the Hindi name remains the same as the English name. To say I'm from the US or I'm from America, we say My America say whom, or if you want to say, I'm American, M American whom. Alternatively, we also use the word Amica for America and Amriki for American. However, off late, it is more common to use America or American. To say I'm from the UK, we say Me UK say whom. If you want to say I'm English, it is a bit different. The word for English is ngrazi. We would say Me ngs whom. Angrisi is also the Hindi word for the English language. There are some countries like Greece, China, Egypt, where the English names and Hindi names are different. These tend to be countries which had ancient ties with India. The Hindi word for Greece is Yanan. To say I'm from Greece, we say M Yanan say whom. The Hindi word for Greek is Yanani. To say I'm Greek, we say M Yanani, whom. The Hindi word for Egypt is Ms. To say I'm from Egypt, we say MR say whom. The Hindi word for Egyptian is misery. To say, I'm Egyptian, we say M, misery whom. The Hindi word for China is chin. To say, I'm from China, we say M, Chin say whom. The Hindi word for Chinese is Chini. To say I'm Chinese, we say M Chini, whom. Using the same M format, we can also describe our emotional state. The word for happy is Kush. To say, I'm happy, we say may Kush hom. The word for fine or k is teak. To say, I'm fine, we say may teak hom. The word for sad is Dui. To say I'm sad, we say M Duke Hm. The word for worried is parishan. To say, I'm worried, we say My Parishan, Hm. If you want to say very happy, you would say Boho Kush, Boho means very, so you can say M Bot Kush or Mabo Duke hu, and so on. So far we've focused on the word for I. In the next part, we will focus on the word for M and learn to introduce ourselves. 5. Day 2.2 - Introduce Yourself Part 2 (with Examples): T. Let's learn how to say M in Hindi. There are three words for this. Ma, M and M. Mira is used when talking about a masculine object. Me is used when talking about masculine plural, mixed plural, or when talking about a man respectfully. If you're talking about a feminine object singular or plural, or when talking about a woman respectfully, in all these cases, we use Me. Let's understand this with some examples. To say my brother, we say Mira Bhai. Bahai means brother. Since Bai is masculine, we use Ma. To say my sister, we say Mary Behan. Behan means sister. Since Behan is feminine, we use Mary. To say my children, we say My Bach. Since children is plural, we use M. To say my father, we say Mire Page. Pitaji means father. In Hindi, when you're talking about someone older or with respect, we consider the word as plural and use Me. This indicates respect. So far, we were talking about people, where the gender is very clear. But in Hindi, objects also have gender. For example, the word for whom is h. G is a masculine object, and hence to say my home, we would say Mira ger. Similarly, the Hindi word for name is Nam, which is a masculine object. Hence to say my name, we would say Mira Nam. The word for car is Gadi. Gadi is a feminine object. Hence, to say my car, we use a feminine form of the pronoun, My and say My Gadi. You might wonder how to figure out if something is male or something is female. Don't worry. We'll cover this in detail the next lesson. Let's say you want to say my brother. The Hindi word for brother is Bahai. Take a moment and guess what the Hindi words would be. Since Bahai is masculine, we use Mira and say Mira Bai. My sister. The Hindi word for sister is Behan. Since Behan is feminine, we use Merri and say Miri Behan. My son. The word for son is Beta. Since Beta is masculine, we use Mira and say Mira Beta. My daughter. The word for daughter is Beti. Since Batty is feminine, we use M and say My Batty. My children. The word for children is butch. Since Bach is plural, we use M and say Me Bach. My father. The word for father is Pitage. Since we're talking about father respectfully, we consider pthage as a plural object and use M and say M pthage. My mother. The word for mother is M. Since mother is feminine, p use My, and say Mima. My husband. The word for husband is Paty. Since Patty is masculine, we can use both Mira or Me. Traditionally, Me is used more commonly with Paty, but in modern times, both can be used, Mira or My, depending on the individual relationship. My wife. The word for wife is Path. Since Putne is feminine, we use Mi and say Miri Patni. Now that we're clear how to use Mira Miri and Me, let's form some sentences. My brother is a doctor. Mirabh, doctor air. We know that the word for brother is Bahai, and since Bai is masculine, we say Miraba for my brother. Hair refers to the auxiliary verb is, and we know that in Hindi, the auxiliary verb always comes at the end of the sentence. We get Mirabi doctor air. My sister is a teacher. My Behan Shikhak Hair. Since Behan is feminine, we use My and say Mary Behan for my sister. Sheik shek means teacher. My friend is from Mumbai. The Hindi word for friend is. Those can be both male or female. When we're talking about a male friend, we say Mads, and when talking about a female friend, we say Mids to refer to my friend. You already know that the Hindi word for F is C. F Mumbai is Mumbai C. When talking about a male friend, we say Mads Mumbai hair. When talking about a female friend, we say Mids Mumbai S hair. Note that in all these examples, we're talking about singular and hence use hair. My father is American. Mere Pitagi, American ay. Pitagi means father. Since talking about pitagi with respect, we would consider Pitagi as plural and say mere pitage, and similarly, we would use hay as the auxilary verb, which is similar to saying R. My mother is American. My Ma American hair. The word for mother is M. Since Mother is feminine, we use Mary Ma to say my mother. Since we're talking about mother respectfully, we would use the plural form of the auxiliary verb and say hair. My children are American. My Bach, American hair. Butch means children. Since children is plural, we say My Bach to say my children and end the sentence with hair. Note here that all these examples, we use hair, which is used when talking about plural objects or when talking about someone respectfully. Now that you've learned how to say M in Hindi, let's get to the most important sentence when introducing yourself. That is telling your name. The Hindi word for name is Nam. Since Nam is masculine, we say Mira nam to say my name. If your name is Raj and you were to say, my name is Raj, you would say Mira nam Raj. Note here that we say Mira nam because Nam is masculine, not because Raj is masculine. Whether you're a man or a woman, you would always say Mira nam to say my name. If you're a woman and your name was Geta, you would still say Mira Nam Geeta hair. I hope you're clear about how to introduce your name. Now let's go on to talking about the objects that you possess. Now, let me test your memory. Do you remember if these are masculine or feminine? Let's start with Gadi, which is the word for car. To say my car, do you say Mira Gadi or Miri Gadi? Gadi is feminine. We say My Gadi. What about my home? The word for whom is ger. Is it Mager or Miri ghr? Ger is masculine, we say Mager. Lastly, this is an easy one. Is it Ma nam or Miri Nam to say my name? We just learned it. Of course, it is Ma nam as Nam is a masculine word. Now let's look at some examples of full sentences. My home is in New Dh. Mag, Nai deli Me hair. GR means home. Since GR is masculine, we say Mager. New Dh is called Nai deli in Hindi. To say in New Dhi, we would say Na deli Me. My means in. Unlike English where in comes before New Dhi in Hindi My comes after New deh. Since we're talking about GR, which is singular, we would end the sentence with hair, which is equivalent to is. My car is in the basement. My Gadi, basement may hair. Since Gadi is a female object, we say My Gadi. Basement may means in the basement. When introducing ourselves, we often talk about our loved ones. We might say things like my brother's name, my wife's name and so on. Let's learn the equivalent for F or apostophe, S in Hindi. This can be said using three words, car, K, and key. Car is used for masculine singular. K is used for masculine plural or mixed plural or when talking about a male respectfully. K is used when talking about e feminine singular or plural. Let's look at some examples. To say Ra's brother, we say Raj ahi. Since Bahai, which means brother is singular, masculine, we use car. Rat's whom, Rajka Gah, Gh means, Since Ga is masculine, we use car. Ra's name, Raj Ka Nam. Since Nam is masculine, again, we use car. Rats sister, Raj Ki Behan. Behan means sister and is a feminine word. Since Behan is feminine, we use key. Rask, Rajk Gadi. Since Gadi is feminine, we use key. Raj's children, Raj K Bach. Bach means children, and since Bach is plural, we use K. Rats father, Raj K Pitag. Pitagi means father, and since we're talking about someone older, we consider Pitaji to be plural and use K. Now that we've learned how to use K and K, let's look at some full sentences. My sister's name is Nta. Take a moment and guess what the Hindi words would be. Mary Behen kaam Nita air. Behan means sister, Mary Behan means my sister. Since Nam is masculine, to say sister's name, we say Behin kanam. My brother's name is Raj. Me Hai kanam Raj air. Bahai means brother. You might wonder why we are saying Myi to say my brother instead of Maha. This is an exception. Whenever we use preposition in Hindi, such as a Ki or K, we always use My when talking about a male and not Ma. My father's name is James. Me petagi anam James hair. Pitagi means father. Me petagi means my father. Since nam is masculine, to say father's name, we use Ca and say Pitagi kanam. When introducing ourselves, we'd also talk about our age. In Hindi, we use a slightly different format when compared to English. We don't say I am these many years old. The format is a stt different where we say, I am of these many years. Sal means years. If you want to say these many years old, if you're a boy, you would say Sal ka, and if you're a girl, you would say Sal Ki. A Sal ka or a Sal Ki means of one year. L et's look at some examples. I'm 10-years-old. The Hindi word for ten is. If you're a boy, you would say Myth Salka Hm. If you're a girl, you would say M Salk who. The Salka or a Sal ki means of ten years. Who is equivalent of A. The sentence roughly translates to Im of ten years. I am 20-years-old. The Hindi word for 20 is Bs. If you're a man, you would say may be Salka whom. If you're a woman, you would say M B Salki, who. Let's learn to form sentences of the structure, I have. In Hindi, there is no separate word for half, we simply use Mira mere or Me. This is quite different from the structure that we have in English. Let's understand this with some examples. I have two children. Me, though Bach, he. We don't have a separate word to say I half. We simply say M, which means M. But in this context, it means I have. Tough means two and butch means children. Since we're talking about plural, we end a sentence with H, which means R. I have a son. Ma, ech Beta hair. Beta means son, Ach Beta means a son. Here we're talking about singular masculine, so we use Ma to say I have. I have a daughter. Mary ech Bt hair. Bt means daughter, ech Bt means a daughter or one daughter. Since Bt is feminine, we use My to say I have. Since Brat is singular, we end the sentence with hair. If you followed me till now, I think you're ready for a simple introduction. Two of the most famous Bollywood celebrities are going to reduce themselves to you. Hope you follow along and understand them all. Namaste. Mira Nam Shau Khan H. Me actor Ho. Me Bollywood Me, superstar Ho. My Stavan Sal kha Hu. My ils Ho. Mira ger Mumbai Meh. My Patnika nam Gori hair, Woche designer hair. Mire Tin butch hair. Humber Kush hair. Now, let's take a look at a female celebrity introducing herself. Namaste, Mira nam Brianca Chopra hair. My actress Ho. My Bharti Ho. My Ach Miss World Vigeta Ho. My Paik ana, Nick Jun air. Wo Sangha air. My A Bt air. Mirag Los Angeles May Hair. For today's practice exercise, you to introduce yourself similar to Shau khan and Prien ka upra using the format shown on the screen. 6. Day 3.1 - Vocabulary Builder | Basic Phrases & Greetings in Hindi: Most commonly used greeting in the Hindi language is Namaste, which means hello. Just like how we would say hello by weaving your hands, Namaste is said by bringing your palms together and your finger pointing upwards. So Namaste, let's learn some common greetings and phrases in Hindi today. Swag welcome. Alveda By Da Neva or Sukria. Thank you. Tika. Okay. Baia. Excellent. Huh? Yes. G. This also means yes, but in a more respectful or formal manner. Nah, no. Ge. This also means no, but in a formal or respectful manner. Wah. Wow. Ma KG. Sorry, ripa please. Fir Malene. See you again. Chale Let's go. Kobani. No problem. Smich Neha didn't understand. Such means understand, Nahi means no. A means to come. This literary would translate to the understanding didn't come, which actually means didn't understand. Moje Hindi, Nahi. This means I don't know Hindi. Do you speak English? This can be asked in two ways. In an informal way, you can ask English bulto. In a formal way, you can ask, Kia ngs Bulte he. Ngrasi means English. Sabah, well done. 7. Day 3.2 - Vocabulary Builder | Family Kinship Names in Hindi: I must say. Today we will learn family names or kinship names in Hindi. Family plays a really important role in India. Every language, there are different specific names for every relationship. For example, The names for your maternal grandparents are different from the names for your paternal grandparents. The names for your mother's siblings would be different from the names of your father's siblings. Every relationship has a specific different name. Let's get started with the closest family unit, starting with your parents and your siblings. The person in the pink circle indicates you and we have the parents and your siblings. The word for mother is M. The word for father is Papa or Peach. Elder sister is called Didi, while younger sister is called Behan. Elder brother is called Baya. While younger brother is called Bahai. Sometimes an elder brother could also be called Baabai, and elder sister could also be called Bodi Behin. The word bada or body means big. If your sister is married, her husband, that is your brother in law, would be called hija. If your brother is married, his wife, that is your sister in law would be called Babi. L et's zoom out a little and look at one generation above. That is your grandparents. The maternal grandmother is called Nani. The maternal grandfather is called Nana. They could also be called Nanima or Nanaji. The word for paternal grandmother is Dadi and paternal grandfather is Dada. They could also be called Dadima or Dadaji. Now let's look at the names for your uncles and aunties on your mother's side and your father's side. The terms for uncle and aunt vary depending on whether they're on your mother's side or whether they are on your father's side. Your mother's brother is called Mama, and his wife is called Mammy. Your mother's sister is called Masi and her husband is called Masa. Your father's elder brother is called Taji, and his wife is called Thai. Your father's younger brother is called Chacha, and his wife, Chachi. You father's sister is called Bua and her husband is called Fufa. Now, let's look at the relationship names for a married couple and their family. The word for wife is BV or Putne. The word for husband is Path. Mother in law is called Sas. Father in law is called Sasur. The word for children is Bach, daughter is called Beti. Son is called Beta. If your daughter is married, your son in law would be called Damat. If your son is married, your daughter in law would be called Bahu. If your daughter has children, your granddaughter from your daughter would be called Natin, and your grandson from your daughter would be called Nati. If your son has children, your granddaughter from your son would be called Pote and your grandson from your son would be called Puta. These are not the only family names. As you enter into the Indian joint family system, there are many more relationship names. If you're interested, you can download the PDF attached to this lesson and learn more. Remembering all these kinship names in Hindi can be a really daunting task. For today's practice exercise, I would like you to start with your closest family members, such as your parents, siblings, or children, and assign family names to each of these relationships. Assigning these names to these individuals can help you memorize the names faster. Kinship names are heavily used in pop culture such as Hindi movies or Hindi TV shows. If that is something that interests you, then remembering these names could really help you. 8. Day 4.1 - Tips on Genders in Hindi: Stay and welcome to the lesson. Today we're going to talk about genders in Hindi. What would you say is the gender of a home? Is it male or is it female? What about a car? Is it a male, or is it a female? Well, if you're a speaker of Hindi, a home, which is called her is male. So to say my home, you would say Maga and not Mig. Similarly, a car, which is called Gadi is female, which means to say my car, you would say MyGadi, and not Magadi. Hindi is a gendered language, which means that all nouns in Hindi are either masculine or feminine. This begs the obvious question. How do we identify the gender of an inanimate object in Hindi? We're lucky for us, there are some patterns and tips and tricks that we can learn to identify the gender of an object in Hindi? Let's take a look at a few feminine and masculine nouns and see if we can spot a pattern. Let's start with a few examples of feminine nouns. The word for car is garde, Wedding is Shadi, chair is Kursi, cat, is Billy, River is nudi. Do you spot the pattern at the end of each word? Every word on this list ends with an e sound. Now let's take a look at a few masculine words. The word for home is Gur. The word for city is Sha. The word for name is Nam. Dog is Kuta, and mountain is Pahad. Observe that none of these words end with an e sound. Moreover, they end with either a consonant or an sound. Most feminine nouns in Hindi end with an e sound, and most masculine nouns in Hindi end with either a consonant or an r sound. This is a pattern that is repeated across words in the Hindi language. Now, there are exceptions to this rule. A few notable exceptions are the word for wind, which is Hawa. It ends with an R sound, but is still feminine. The word for book is Kitab, which ends with a consonant, but is feminine. The word for language is Basha. Again, it ends with an R sound, but is considered feminine. Similarly, there are exceptions in masculine words which end with an E sound. The word for water is pane, and the word for pearl is moti. Both of these end with an E sound, but are still masculine. These exceptions are few and far in between, so the gender of most nouns in Hindi can be identified using two simple rules. Rule number one, if a noun ends with an E sound, it is most likely a feminine noun. Rule number two, if a noun does not end with an E sound, it is most likely a masculine noun. Now, this rule does not apply 100% of the time just as we have seen. However, it's a great starting point to understand the genders of most of the nouns in Hindi. We've looked at the genders of nouns. But what about adjectives that describe the noun? In Hindi, these two change according to the gender of the noun that they're describing. As a rule, if an adjective describes a masculine noun, it takes an r ending. If an adjective describes a feminine noun, then it takes an e ending. If the adjective is describing a plural noun, it takes an A ending. L et's take a look at a few commonly used adjectives and see this rule in action. The first adjective is good. In the feminine form, it is a chi, and in the masculine form, it is a char. To describe a girl, you might use the adjective a chi. However, to describe a boy, you'll use the adjective a char. To say bad, the feminine form is buri and the masculine form is bura. To say tall, the feminine form is umbi and the masculine form is Lamba. To say big, the feminine form is body, and the masculine form is Bada. To say small, the feminine form is hot, and the masculine form is hot. To say new, the feminine form is Nai, and the masculine form is Naya. To say old, the feminine form is Purani and the masculine form is Purana. These forms are used when we're describing a singular object. When the object being described as plural, there is a slight change. The feminine plural does not change. It stays the same. However, the masculine plural changes to an A ending, and this also applies to a mixed plural. The way this works is a boy would be called aca, a girl would be called chi. A group of girls would still be called chi and a group of boys or a mixed group of both boys and girls would be described using ache. Let's demystify this a a few simple examples. The first example is my brother is tall. The word for brother is Bi. Be Bi is a masculine noun, we use mera bi to say my brother. The word for tall takes the R ending, which is lumba. The word hair means is. We can put it together as Ma Bi Lumba hair. My sister is tall. The word for sister is Behan because it's a feminine noun to say my sister, we use My Behan, and the word for tall takes the E ending. It is umbi. Again, we use hair to say is. We can put it all together and we get My Behan lumb hair. Now let's look at a couple of inanimate objects. My school is very big. The word for school stays the same in Hindi. Observe that school ends with a consonant. Is it likely to be a masculine noun or a feminine noun? According to our rule, it's supposed to be a masculine noun, and yes, it is a masculine noun. To say my school, we use Mera school, and to say big, we use the ending, which is bada. The word Bahut means. Bahu bada is very big. We put it all together and get Ma school bhut Bada hair. My chair is very small. The word for chair is Kursi, Kursi ends with an E sound and it follows our rules, so it's feminine. Because the word for chair, Kursi is a feminine noun, my chair becomes My Kursi, and the word for small takes the e ending, so we get hot. As we saw earlier, the word for is Bahut. Boho chotte means very small. We can put it all together and get My Kursi, Bhu choti hair. Note that if the object being described as big was female, we would say body, and if the object being described as small was male, we would say hota. My dog is thin. The word for dog is Kuta. As it ends with an R sound, it is masculine. To say my dog, we say Ma Kuta. The word for thin is Pat, and we use the R ending because it's a masculine noun, so we get mera Kuta Patla hair. My cat is fat. The word for cat is Bili. It ends with an e sound, so it's a feminine noun. To say my cat, we say My Bili and the word for fat takes the e sound, so we get Mt. We can put it all together as My Bili Moti hair. Do note how the rules for genders makes all the word endings align in a sentence. In the first sentence, the words Ma Kuta, Patla all end with an sound, and the second sentence, My Bili Moti, all end with an e sound. This is a pattern that repeats across the Hindi language. No Let's try a longer example. My son is a good boy. The word for son is Beta, and the word for boy is dka. Because we're talking about a masculine subject, my son becomes Mira Beta, and the word for good takes the R ending, which is a cha. We can put it together as Mira Beta, A cha ka. My daughter is a good girl. The word for daughter is Batty, and the word for girl is Luke. Because we're talking about a feminine noun, my daughter becomes Mary Betty. Again, because girl is a feminine noun, good girl becomes a chi luke. We put it together to get My Betty a chi uki hair. You can clearly observe how the sentence about the boy has all endings, and the sentence about the girl has all e endings. Now let's take a look at a sentence describing plural. My friends are nice, or my friends are good. The word for friends is dose, and because this is pleural and it's a mixed group consisting of both boys and girls, we use mere dose. Now the adjective now takes an A ending because we're describing a plural, so it becomes a cha. The auxiliary verb is no longer, It is r, we use the Hindi equivalent han with the nasal sound here. We put it together as mera ch. My father is good or my father is nice. My Pitagi a che Han. The word for father is pitagi. Pitagi, is a masculine noun, and it's also a person you want to convey respect to. We use mere Pitagi to say my father. Again, the word for good takes the plural form a ch which indicates respect. Finally, the auxiliary verb becomes H again to indicate respect. My mother is good or my mother is nice. My M, a che han. The word for mother is M. Be ma is a feminine noun, we say My M. Similarly, the word for good takes the e ending and becomes a che. Since a mother is someone you want to convey respect to, we end the sentence with, which is the plural form and is also used to convey respect. Til now we've seen adjectives that end with a vowel sound. They take an ending for male and e ending for female. However, there are many adjectives that end with a consonant. These do not change form whether you're talking about a masculine or a feminine noun. My city is very beautiful. The word for city is Sher, and the adjective beautiful is Sunder. Shahir, as you can observe, ends with a consonant and hence is a masculine noun. To say my city, we say Ma Sheer. The adjective Sunder ends with a consonant. We don't have to worry about whether it takes an ending or an E ending. It just stays Sunder. To say very beautiful, we say Bhusunder. As a city is singular, we end it with the auxiliary verb hair. We put it together as Ma Share, Bhusunder, hair. My car is very fast. The word for car is gaudy and the adjective fast is these. Gadi, as we've observed before, is a feminine noun. To say my car, we say My Gadi. To say very fast, we say Boho tase. We get My Gadi bhut tase hair. My friends are mischievous. The word for friends is dos. Because it's a plural noun, we say mere dosed to say my friends. The word for mischievous is Badmas. Finally, the auxiliary word takes the form of because we're talking about plural. We put it together as Me dose bad maash Han. Now this works when your friends are either a group of boys or a mixed group of boys and girls. But what if you're describing a group of girls? My sisters are mischievous. The word for sister is Behan and the plural sisters is Behane. Words in the feminine in Hindi continue to have an e ending even when plural. You get My Behan to say my sisters, and we end with an auxiliary verb H which indicates that it's plural. We get My Behan Badmas. Today's practice exercise is to use the adjectives and the rules we learned today and form two sentences describing your brother or a male friend and two sentences describing your sister or a female friend. 9. Day 4.2 - Tips on Plurals in Hindi: Knowing how to differentiate between a singular and plural noun is a foundational step of learning any new language. In English, we simply add an S at the end of the word to indicate that it's plural. Hindi has similar rules. However, the rules differ based on whether the word is a masculine noun or if it's a feminine noun. Let's look at masculine nouns. The first category of nouns are those that end with an R sound. Here, we replace the R ending with an A to indicate that it's plural. For example, the word for boy is d R. However, to say boys, we replace the R ending with A to get d K, which means boys. The word for horse is GDA to say horses. We add an A at the end and we get GDA. The second category of masculine nouns are those that end with a consonant. Here, they don't change their form when you convert them to a plural. The word for friend is dost. It ends the consonant. Those stays the same, whether it's singular or pleural. Similarly, the word for house is g. GR stays the same, even when it's a plural. The word for city is share. Again, even when you're talking about multiple cities, you would say share. Now let's talk about feminine nouns. The first category of feminine nouns are those that end with an E sound. As we've seen in previous lessons, these form the majority of feminine nouns in Hindi. The rule here is to add an EA sound at the end to make it plural. For example, the word for girl is Lad Ki, to say girls, we say kang, that is we add an EA sound at the end of dk. Note that it ends with a nasal sound. The word for car is gaudy. To say cars, we add an e sound and get gad an. The second category of feminine nouns are the exceptions which do not end with an E sound. These end either with an r sound or a consonant. Here, we add an e to the end of the word to make it a pleural. For example, the word for book is Kitab. This is a feminine word, even though it ends with a consonant. To make it plural, that is, to say books, we add an E sound at the end and we get Kita B. Similarly, the word for language is Basha. To say languages. We add an A sound at the end to get Basha. The word for bus in Hindi is the same as in English, it's bus, and it's a feminine word that ends with a consonant. To make it buses, we add an A sound at the end and we get base. Finally, we have a special case where a plural word is followed by a preposition like of f. In Hindi, it would be something like car key K, M, and so on. Here, we add an O sound at the end of the word to make it plural. For example, to say the car of the boys or the boys car, we say ud comb key garde. You would have observed that the plural form of ud car is Ld K. However, here we use come because it is followed by key garde or the car off. Similarly, to say the home of the girls or the girls home, we'll say Lake a er. Now, the plural form of er ki, as we've seen is Kian. But here, since it's followed by ager, we say kong ager. Similarly to say the prizes of homes, we say Gorome kikema. Again, you've observed Gur usually doesn't change in form when you turn it into a plural. However, because it is followed by key kemath or prices of, it takes the form Garo ki quema. Now let's go through a few examples of common everyday nouns and plural forms, starting with nouns that end with an e sound. Remember that words that end with an E sound change to an an ending to make it plural. The word for girl is Lurki. The plural of Lurki is Lurkia. The word for a car is gaudy. The plural of Gadi is gada. The word for student is date. The plural of date is diaria. Sadi is a traditional draped clothing worn by Indian women. The plural of Sadi is Sadia. The word for watch is gaudy. The plural of Gaudi is guardian. The word for chair is cursi. The plural of cursi is cursia. The word for river is Nadi, and the plural of Nadi is Nadia. The word for cap or hat is topi, and the plural of topi is topia. The word for vegetable is subs, and the plural of subs is subzan. The traditional Indian flatbread is called rote. The plural of rote is rota. The word for street is gal, and the plural of gale is gala. The word for a minister or a political representative is Mntri, and the plural of manti is mantra. Let's look at a few r ending words. These are mostly masculine words and take an A ending when changed to a plural. The word for boy is laka. The plural of ka is k. The word for Rum is Kamara. The plural of Kamara is amare. The word for spectacles or eye glasses is Cheshma. The plural of Chesma is esm. The word for clothes is pida. The plural of pida is pie. The word for plant is pada. The plural of pada is pad. The word for child is ba. The plural of Bacha is butch. The word for garden is baga. The plural of bagia is baggie. Horse is gota, the plural of da is god. Dog is ta, the plural of Kuta is ue. The Hindi word of pi is pea, and the plural of pea is rupee. 10. Day 5 - Command Verbs in Hindi: Namaste, welcome to Day five. Today, we're going to familiarize ourselves with Hindi verbs. Using these Hindi verbs, we will learn to give orders or requests such as come, go, eat, drink, et cetera. Now, let's get started and understand the basic structure of a Hindi verb. Hindi verbs in the infinitive form consists of two parts. The root verb followed by Na. The Na is similar to the word two in English. For example, the infinitive form of do is two do. The same is said in Hindi as Kerna where K is a root word for do and NA refers to the two part of two du. Similarly, to eat is Kana where A is a root verb. To say et, you can simply say A. T is Ana, to just say, you can say. To go is Jana, to simply say go, you can say Ja. In English, we wouldn't simply give out an order such as sit or C as it might come across as impolite. We would generally say, please come in or please have a seat. In Hindi, the politeness is in built into the word through the usage of suffixes. There are three levels of formality when you're giving out an order, similar to how we use three levels of formality when we use U two, um, and. Let's take an example to understand this better. The root verb for C is. When we simply say without any suffixes, it is a most casual or informal version. This is used when speaking to a person you would otherwise refer to as T. For example, like a very close friend or somebody much younger. This needs to be used with caution because in the wrong situation, it can come across as very impolite. The next level of formality is the informal version where we add the suffix. We get the word. This is when speaking to somebody you would refer to as Tum. This is used for somebody the same age as you or younger. For the highest level of formality, we add the suffix E and say E. This is used for someone you would refer to as. This is used when you're speaking to somebody older than you or when you want to convey respect. This is similar to politely saying, please come. The root verb for go is j. The casual form is simply ja. For the informal form, we add the suffix O and say J. For the formal or polite form, we add the suffix E and say. This is similar to saying, please go. The root verb for st is bet. The casual form or the most informal form is to simply say bet. The informal form is when you add a suffix O and say bet. The formal or the most polite form is when you add the suffix E, and say B t, which is similar to saying, please have a seat. The root verb for eat is C. Casually, you can simply say C. In the informal form, you would say a. In the formal form, you would say a. Kai is similar to saying, please eat. The word kuch means something. Kucha means please have something to eat. The root verb for drink is P. In a casual or most informal form, you can simply say P. In the informal version, you would say PO. To say, please drink. In a formal version, you would say PGA. Observe here that the suffix is not EA, but it's GA. That is simply done to make the pronunciation easier. Ch PGA. It means please have something to drink. Couch here means something. India is known for its hospitality. In fact, there's a Sanskrit saying which goes A Tite Bevo Bhava, which means a guest is equivalent to God. Whenever you enter an Indian household, you would be welcomed in and asked to sit down, eat or drink something. A typical conversation would be like A, Bt, which means, please come in, please have a seat. Cuch Kai, u Pig, which means please have something to eat, please have something to drink. Kuchak ja, u Pika, which means please leave only after you eat or drink something. Next time you enter an Indian household, watch out for these sentences. Now let's learn some more command verbs. The root verb for do is. The casual form is just to say. The informal form is when you add the suffix and say O. The formal form, that is when you want to say, please do is K. Note that this is an exception. You can also say Carrie, but K is more commonly used. To say do doesn't have any meaning unless you're specifying what you're doing. To say, please do the work, you would say calm K, where calm means work. To say, please forgive me or Sy, you would say M, where Mf means forgiveness. This might sound odd when you directly translate into English because it means do the forgiveness. But it actually means, please forgive me or when you're saying Sy. The root verb for give is the. The casual form is to simply say the. The informal form is the, the formal form is DGA. Note that this is also an exception to make the pronunciation easier, where we don't say the A, but say DGA. A simple example of this would be, please give me the bill. Bill DGA. The root verb for take is. The casual form is to simply say L. The informal form is low. The formal form is LG. Note here, again, it is not Lee, but to make the pronunciation easier, it is LG. For example, to say, please take this or here you go, you would say g, where Y means this, and Leg means please take. This is very commonly used, similar to how in English, we would say, here you go while handing over something. The root verb for learn is SC. The casual form is to simply say SC. The informal form is CCO. The formal form is CCA. The root verb for teach is seca. The casual form is to say seca. Informal is seca. Formal is seca. The root verb for read is pud. The casual form is to simply say pud. The informal form is Pad. The formal form is Pa. The root verb for write is lick. The casual form is lick. The informal form is lick. The formal form is L like A. The root verb for play is baja. This is used when you're referring to playing music. This is not the same as playing a sport. The casual form is baja. The informal form is baja. The formal form is baja. The root verb for play when referring to playing a sport is kale. The casual form is scale. The informal form is K. The formal form is KA. The root verb for singh is Ga. The casual form is to simply say GA. The informal form is Gao. The formal form is gai. The root b for dance is nuch. The casual form is to simply say n. The informal form is Nacho. The formal form is Nate. The root or for speak is bool. The casual form is bool. The informal form is Bolo. The formal form is B. The root or for tell is bata. The casual form is to simply say bata. The informal form is bata. The formal form is bata. Root verb for listen is sun. The casual form is Sun. The informal form is so. The formal form is Suni. The root verb for sleep is so. The casual form is so. We can also add ja, which means go and say so ja to say, go to sleep. The informal form is so or so ja. The formal form is S, and so ja to say, please go to sleep. The root verb for rise or waking up is Out. The casual form is t. Similar to so ja, we can also say ut ja, where ja means go. The informal form is t, or you can also say ut ja. The formal form to say, please wake up is tie or tj. Today, we have covered the most commonly used Hindi verbs used in our day to day lives. Using this, you can give out orders or requests. In the next lesson, we will use these verbs to form complete sentences to describe the actions that you do. 11. Day 6 - Simple Present Tense in Hindi: Must stay and welcome to day six. Today, we'll learn how to use verbs in complete sentences in this simple present tense. We'll do so by talking about our daily routines and habits. Why daily routine, you may ask. This is because when we speak about our daily routines and habits, we use the simple present tense, and we also use the most common words that are applicable to our day to day lives. We describe our habits using simple basic sentences like I walk, I run, I sleep, and so on. So let's start and familiarize ourselves with the verb conjugations in the simple present tense. We use the simple present tense when we talk about our habits or general truisms. For example, I eat or V eat. In Hindi, we take the root verb and add Ta for masculine. We add T for feminine, we add T for male plural or mixed plural. Let's understand this with a simple example. The root verb of eat in Hindi is car. When we're talking about something that is masculine, we add a to car to get Kata. When we're talking about something that's feminine, we add t to car, so we get a T. And when we're talking about pleural, we add T to car and we get a T. So to say, I eat. If you're a man, you'd say, My Kata, whom. If you're a woman, you'd say Me, at, who, of course, M is I, and who is am. And Kata and Kati are the two conjugations based on your gender. To say, we eat, we say Hm, Kate, hey. Here, we're assuming that a group is a mix of genders. So we use the plural conjugation, Kate, and the auxiliary verb, which means, which is y. For English speakers, it might seem strange that we're using who and H, which are equivalent to the English and R. This is like saying, I am eat or we eat. However, in Hindi, it is mandatory to end the sentence with the auxiliary verb based on the tens. Now, let us use the structure that you've just learned and go through many examples of a person's daily routine and habits. So we'll go through a person's habits from the time they wake up till the time they sleep, using commonly used verbs. The way we'll go about this is the Hindi sentences will first appear on the screen, and all the vocabulary and the root verb for the sentence will be given on the screen. I'd like you to pause the video during each example and try to guess the meaning of the Hindi sentences given. Let's go to the first example. The root verb we'll use is ut, which means rise or wake up. If you're a man, you would say, M u ta, whom. If you're a woman, you would say. Me uti, who. Pause the video, if necessary and try to guess the meaning of the sentence. Me means I. The verb t is conjugated as ut ta if the speaker is a man, and as ut if the speaker is a woman, the word who is equivalent to the English am. This means I, wake up. Now, let's add some more detail to this sentence. The word for morning is Sube. So if you're a man, you'd say, Me Sube ta whom. And if you're a woman, you'd say. Me Sube uti whom. This means I wake up in the morning. O bserve here that the verb in English comes in the middle of the sentence, whereas the verb Uta Hu or uti Hu comes at the end of the sentence in Hindi. Let's add a bit more color to the sentence. To say, o'clock, we say bug. The word for six is ch, to say 6:00, we say he bug. Me Sube he Bug u tau. Me Sube the Buge uti Hum. This means I wake up at 6:00 in the morning. As we start forming full sentences in Hindi, it's important to understand the word order. In English, the verb comes between the subject and object, which is why 6:00 in the morning comes at the end of the sentence. In Hindi, the subject and object come at the start and the verb is at the end, which is why the object sube che baje comes in the middle, and the verb Tahu or uti Hu comes at the end. Next, the root verb for drink is P. The word for T in Hindi, as many of you might know is hai. In fact, the word chai t used by many cafes sounds quite funny to Hindi speakers because hai means T. P means next. Guess the meaning of this sentence. P, M hai Pam. P M chai. This means next, I drink tea or then I drink tea. The root verb for D is C. Again, to say, o'clock, we use bug. The word for seven is SAT. 7:00 is Sath Budge. The sentences are M Sat Bug Yoga Kurta, Hm. May South bug, Yoga Kurt. This means I do yoga at 7:00. The root word for drink is P, and Pane is the word for water. Per M Pane Pita H. Per Mpani Pi Ho. Root word for D is K. The word for breakfast is Nashta, and the word for next is P, as you've seen. Both English and Hindi have this oddity where you don't eat breakfast. In English, you have breakfast. In Hindi, you do breakfast. So to have breakfast, we say Nasta K. The sentences are P Mashta Karta Hm. P Mashta arte Hm. Which means next, I have breakfast or literally translate it, it's next, I do breakfast, because that's how you say it in Hindi. T The root for read is Pad and the word for newspaper is Akbar. P M Akbar Perta Hm. P M Akbar Pert. This means next, I read the newspaper, or then I read the newspaper. The root wp for go is Ja. The word for nine is N. So 9:00 is baje. M N baje office Jata Hm. Me baje office Jati Hm. This means at 9:00, I go to the office. The word for work in Hindi is alm. However, work is not used as a word by itself. You need to say alm Kur or do work. The word for in or inside is M. My office M Kal hurta whom. May, Office M, alm Kurt, whom. This means I work in the office. Note that the English word in comes before office, so you say in the office, but the Hindi word M comes after office, so you say office M. The root word for eat is Ka, and the word for food is Kana. Me Kana kata Hom. Me Kana kat Hom. This means I eat food, or depending on the context, it could also mean I eat lunch. Let's add some more detail to this sentence. The word for afternoon is D peer. To say in the afternoon, you say D Peerme, Medo Perm Kana kata Hom. Medo Peherm, Kana kat Hom. This means I eat lunch in the afternoon. Note that the word Khana generally means food. Based on the context, it's clear that it means lunch here. The root verb for K is Ah. The word for evening is sham. To say in the evening, we say sham O. The word O actually means two in Hindi, but sham CO is an exception where it means in the evening. The word gar means home. Me Sham Ko g har Ata Hm. Me Sham Ko g her at Hm. This means I come home in the evening. Another way to say the sentence is to use the root verb for return, which is Lt. Me Sham Ko Gert Ta Hm. Me Sham Ku harlot T Hm. This translates to I return home in the evening, and is a common way to express this. The Hindi verb for play is Kal. This is used only when talking about sports and not while playing music. Let's see the sentences My Sa Baje Batminton, Kal Ta Hm. May Sat Page Badminton, Kalt Hom. This means I play Badminton at 7:00. The Hindi verb for watch or C is dk. The word for night is Rath, and to say at night, we say Rath KO. The sentences are M Rak TV Dk Ta H. May Rath K, PV Dig T H. This means I watch TV at night. The Hindi word for TV is actually Dur Drsin, but it is far more common to directly use the English word TV. The verb for read is Pad. The word for book is tab. P Makita, Patau. P, M Kitab Pert who. Next, I read a book, or then I read a book. The root b for sleep is so. The root for go is Ja. When we combine the two, it means good sleep. P, Ms ja Tam. P M soja Ti, whoo. Next, I go to sleep. The sentence form we've learned today is not just used for habits, but it's also used for existential statements, like to talk about where you live or where you work. So let's see a couple of examples covering these verbs. The verb for live or reside is rare. If you're a man, you'd say, My London Me eta, whom. If you're a woman, you'd say. My London Me et whom. This means I live in London. Of course, you can change London to any city, place or country. The verb work in Hindi, as we've seen is Kam Kur, which is a combination of the word for work, Kam and the word for D Kur M Akm Me Kam Karta whom. Me Akm Me, Kam Kurt whom. This means I work at Achme. You can use this sentence formation to talk about where you work. These are a couple of foundational sentences to describe yourself in a new language. So I'd like you to take a moment and try these sentences out to describe your own life. That is the city or country where you live and where you work. So for today's practice exercise, I'd like you to use the verbs and the sentence structure we learned today to describe your daily routine or habits. You can divide it up by the time of the day so you can use Sube to say in the morning, D Perm to say in the afternoon, Sham Co to say in the evening, and Rathke to say at night. You can also form basic sentences introducing yourself. For example, by using a Tahu or at Hu to talk about where you live, Kam hurtau or Kam Kurtiu, to talk about where you work, Partha Hu or Pertu to talk about where you study. By relating the sentences that you learn in this course to your own life, you'll be able to internalize the language better and have a ready set of vocabulary and sentences that are more relevant to your own life. 12. Day 7 - Present Continuous Tense in Hindi: Let's look at how to use verbs in the present continuous tents in Hindi. That is to describe actions that are happening right now. In English, we use the ING form of a verb to describe what's happening at the moment. So for example, I am eating, we are eating, I am running, and so on. Hindi has its own verb conjugations to express present continuous tents. Let's take a look at them right now. In the present continuous tents, the word aha follows the root verb when talking in the masculine. We use ahi for feminine and Rahi for masculine and mixed plural. As an example, let's take the root verb of eat, which is car. To say eating, we say car ha for a male, car Ahi for a female, and car Ahi for plural. The sentence, I am eating would be expressed by a man as M arraha, whom. If the speaker is a woman, she would say Mari, whom. If you're describing a group to say, we are eating, you'd say, um a hey. We use the auxiliary verb, which is equivalent to in English, and we use the auxiliary verb, which is equivalent to R in English. Now, we'll go through a number of examples that use the present continuous tense. As usual, the Hindi sentence and all the necessary vocabulary will be given on the screen. For every example, pause the video and take a moment to try and guess what the meaning of the sentence is. I will then reveal the English sentence and explain it. For the first example, the verb is learn, which in Hindi is Sikh. If the speaker is male, the sentence would be Me, Hindi, Sik aha, whoo. If the speaker is female, the sentence would be Me Hindi, Sikh Rahi, whoo. Take a moment to guess the meaning of the sentence. I'll give you a hint. It's what we're doing right now. The meaning of the sentence is I am learning Hindi. We follow the orb Sikh with aha to get Sikh Rahahu, if you're a man, we add Rahihu to the orb Sikh to get Sik ahhu, if you're a woman. The next verb is drink, which in Hindi is P. The word for water is Pane. The example sentences are Me Pane P Rahau. Me Pane, P ahi Hu. I am drinking water. To say drinking, you would add aha to the word P to get P aha, if you're male, and you would add ah to the wor P to get P ahi if you're female. The root word for eat in Hindi is Ka. The word for food is Kana. Mel Khana, aha. Mel Khana, Ka Dah whoo. I am eating food. The verb do in Hindi is Kur. Yoga is also called yog in Hindi, and in recent times, it's called yoga. The word for now or right now is Abi. Me Abhi, yoga, Kur aha Hu. Me, Abi, Yoga, Kur ahi Hu. This means I am doing yoga now or I'm doing yoga right now. The word for work is calm, and to say the verb work, you need to add to it and get calm, which is equivalent to saying do work. The word for today is g. Mg Kaka. Mag Kam Kur rah. I am working today. To say go, the root verb in Hindi is ja. My office jaaha Hum. May office jarahi, Hu. I am going to the office. You can also use the Hindi word Dafur for office, but it's far more common to directly use the English word office. The work for return is Lot, and the word for home is G. Me got aha Hm. Meg Lot ahi, Ho. I am returning home or I'm coming back home. The Work for play when used for sports is Ke Me Badminton, Kal aha Hm. Me Batminton, K Rahi Ho. I am playing Batminton. The orb for Watch or C is D. My TV de Kaha May TV De krahi Hu. I am watching TV. The verb read is Pd. The word for book is Kitab. Ma Kitab Padra Makab Padrah, Hu. I am reading a book. The root b for sleep is so M So aha, whom? Me So ahi, whom? I am sleeping. Today, we've learned the basic verb conjugations for the present tense in Hindi and learned to form simple sentences with it. We focus primarily on using it with M, which is I, so that you can form sentences describing yourself and your own life. In the next lesson, we'll learn to use these verb conjugations with other pronouns. For example, second person pronouns like you and third person pronouns like he or she. 13. Day 8.1 - Present Tense with all Conjugations: No must stay and welcome to today's lesson. Today, we're going to talk a bit more in detail about verbs in the present tense. In the last lesson, we learn to use verbs in the first person that is to describe yourself. Today, we learn to use verbs in the second and third person. Let's first start with a simple present tense that is sentences like, you do, she eats, she eats, they eat, et cetera. The rules for the verb conjugation stay the same as in the previous lesson. Let me do a quick recap. We add TA to the root verb for a male. We add T to the root verb for female, and we add T to the root verb for a masculine plural or a mixed plural. For example, if the root verb is cur or do, it would be carta for male, Kurt, for female, and Kurt for plural. Now let's take a look at an example. The verb for live or reside is rare. Let's say we want to form a sentence saying that So and Soul lives in New D. Let me introduce you to our cast of characters for today. We have Sharma, who is an older man. We have Sunita who is an older woman. We have Chandu, who is a young boy, and Bindu, who is a young girl. You would have seen in previous lessons that we call Sharma and Sunita as Sharma G and Sunita G. This is a sign of respect and it is similar to saying Sir or Mam and is commonly used in Hindi. For Shermagi, we use the masculine plural form of the verb hate. The word for new deli in Hindi is Naidli, and to say in new deli, we say Nadli Me. So we get Shermag, Nadl Me hate hay. Observe that we use the plural auxiliary verb hay to indicate respect, and we don't use hair. Dnita G is a woman, so we use the verb conjugation, t by adding T at the end of the verb. And to convey respect, the auxiliary verb becomes plural, so we use. The sentence becomes Sunita ji Nae del Me ht. Now Chandu is a young boy, so we can choose to speak informally to him, so we conjugate the verb with the singular masculine form, that is by adding Ta at the end of the verb to get hta. So we get Chandu, Nadal Me eta. For Bindu as well, we can use the informal forms of the words. As she is a girl, we use the feminine form of the verb, which is ti, and we simply use, which is the singular form of the auxiliary verb. Bindu, N de lime, ti. Now, let's take the example you live in New Dh. If you're addressing Sarmaji, you would use the respectful form of U, which is p. All the other components remain similar to the previous example. So we have ap Nae deme at. When speaking to Sontag, again, we use the respectful pronoun to say U. The sentence is p Nae deme ate. Chandu and Bindu are assumed to be kids much younger than us for the sake of this example. As you know, there are two informal varieties of U that we can use. Tum is the more polite version of U, and two is the more casual or friendly version. If we choose to use the pronoun two, the work gets conjugated with this singular masculine, Reta hair. So we get two N d Lime eta hair. However, if we choose to use the pronoun Tum, then we need to use the plural form, the, and the auxiliary verb becomes ho. Remember from the previous lessons, the Tumb is always used with ho, not ha or hair. So we get Tum Nai de lime the ho. Similarly, for Bindu, if we choose to use the pronoun T, we will conjugate the verb as ti followed by hair. So we get two Nae de Lm ti hair. If we choose to use the pronoun Tum, the verb conjugation stays the same as ti, and as always, because we're using Tum, we end the sentence with H. So we get Tum Nai de Lime et. Let's take the next example. The word for speak is bool. Now, if we want to say that someone speaks Hindi. For Sharmaji, we'll conjugate the word bool as bolte and say bolte ha. Sharmagi, Hindi bolte. Shermagi speaks Hindi. For Sunita, we use bolt and end the sentence with a to indicate respect. We get Sunita ji Hindi Bolte ha, or Sunita ji speaks Hindi. Chandu being a young boy, we conjugate the verb as bta. So we get Chandu Hindi Bolta hair. And for Bindu, we conjugate the verb as bolt. We get Bindu, Hindi Bolte hair. Again, for the two kids, we end the sentence with hair, which is the singular and informal variety, and for the older adults, we end the sentence with hair. To say you speak Hindi, again, we have three forms up two anthm. For Shermaji, to indicate respect we will use up. We get up Hindi bolte. For Sunitaji, we say up Hindi, bolte. For Chandu, if we're using the two form, we get two Hindi bolta hair, and for Bindu with the two form, it is two Hindi bolte hair. When we're choosing to use the pronoun, for Chandu, we say Tum Hindi bolte ho, and for Bindu, we use Tum Hindi bolte ho. Remember, if Tum is at the start of the sentence, it is always paired with ho at the end of the sentence. Next, let's talk about using verbs in the present continuous tense. This is the ING form of verbs. For example, he is eating, she is walking, you are doing, et cetera. A quick recap, again, we follow the root w by Raja for male, Rahi for female, and Rahe for masculine and mixed plural. Let's use the example where a person is learning Hindi. The verb for learn is Sikh. In the case of Sarmaji, to indicate respect, we use the masculine plural forms of the verb. So we get Sikh ahi, Sarmagi, Hindi Sikh ahi, which means Sharmaji is learning Hindi. For Sunitaji, we use the feminine conjugation to get Si kahi. The sentences, Sunaji Hindi Skrahi. For Chandu, we can use the singular masculine form. We get Chandu, Hindi Sikaha hair. For Bindu, we use the feminine singular form. We get Bindu Hindi, Si kahi hai. Now, to say you are learning Hindi, when we're addressing Shamaji, we address him by using p because presumably in this example, he is older. We get a Hindi, Sikahi. For Sunitaji, again, you would respectfully use p. The sentence becomes p Hindi Sikh ahi. For Chandu and Bindu, you can choose to use either two or Tum. When addressing Chandu as two, the verb takes the masculine singular form, Sikh raha. When we choose to use the pronoun Tum, the verb takes the masculine plural form Sikh ahi. We get two Hindi Sikh Raha he or Tum Hindi Sikh rah H. In the case of Bindu, if we choose to use the pronoun T, the verb conjugates to Schahi, and we end the sentence with hair. And if we choose to use the pronoun Tum, the verb again conjugates to Skrahi, but we end the sentence with ho. So we get two Hindi Skrahi H or Tum Hindi Skrahi, H. The next example is where a person is eating food. The word for eat is Ka, and the word for food is Kana. When we're speaking about hermagi, we conjugate the verb in the plural form as kah and end of sentence with hay. So we get hermagi, Kana ah ha, which means Shermagi is eating food. For Sunita, we conjugate the verb as aahi and end the sentence with hair. So we get Sunita ji, Kana Kahi ha, or Sunita ji is eating food. For Chandu, we simply use the singular masculine form and conjugate the verb as aaha and end it with the singular hair, which means is. So we get Chandu, Kana aaha hair. For Bindu, we conjugate the verb as Kahi. So we get Bindu, Kana Kahi hair. To say, you are eating food, we have three forms as usual, p, two, and Tm. For Sherma g, we use the p form and conjugate the word similar to the previous example. We get a Kana car. For Sunita G two, we use p. We form the sentence as p Kana. For Chandu, if we choose to use the pronoun two, the sentence becomes two Kana karahah. If we choose to use the pronoun um, we get Tum Khana karahe H. For Bindu, if we choose to use the pronoun two, we get two Khana karahi heir, and if we choose to use the pronoun um, we get Tum khana karahi Ho. As you can see, the work conjugations stay quite similar, whether you're talking about first person, second person, or third person. Just remember that in Hindi, the R endings are always reserved for the singular masculine. The E endings are always reserved for the singular and plural feminine, and the A endings are always reserved for plural masculine or a mixed plural, and this pattern repeats across the Hindi language. Further, remember that the auxiliary verb hair is used for singular, and the verb hair is used for plural, as well as to denote respect. Before we wrap up this lesson, let me briefly how to use two verbs together in a sentence. There are many instances where you use two verbs together. For example, Raj is learning to speak Hindi. Here, the primary verb is learning, but we use another verb speak. In English, we use the infinite form of the verb to speak, and this comes after the primary verb. The usage in Hindi is identical, only the order of the verbs changes. The primary verb, which is learning over here, the Hindi words for it is Sik rahahe, and that comes at the end. To speak comes before Sikh, which is the infinite form of bool, which is Bool nah. We get aj Hindi, Bool Nah, Sik hahaha. Similarly, to say Geta is learning to speak Hindi. We get Geta Hindi, Bool Nah, Sikh ahh. The best way to solify these concepts is by one listening to a lot of Hindi, and two by relating it to your own life and trying to form sentences. In the next couple of videos, we have a few fun short stories based on our characters, Sherma, Sunita, Raj, and Geeta, where we explore all of these concepts in action. Once you go through these stories, you can also pen down actions that you are doing or actions that people around you are doing in simple Hindi sentences using the verbs and structures that we've learnt in the last couple of lessons. 14. Day 8.2 - Short Story | A Day in the Life of Raj: Raj Keven Me gin, a day in the life of Raj, Raj ek with hat air. Wish. Wo Hindi Sah me Bekah, the University Me Partha. Raj Rs he Baje utah. Sub exercise harta hair. P u Metros call it Jata Wu no Bugi Kasha Pata He, Raj Sham Ku he Baje harlot Tahir. Per Raj basketball alta, u at ku Kita Ptah, P Baje Sujata. You can pause the video here and look at the English sentences and check if you understood all of the sentences correctly. I. 15. Day 8.3 - Short Story | A Day in the Life of Geeta: Gea K M ac in. Gach software engineer air. Gita Agra Sha Abi Mumbai Mati hair. U software company Me Kan Kurth air. Gas Sat Baje air, Gea Sube Yuga Kurti Karis off at air. Or no Baje office Pati hair. Wo O M software T hair. P D Peer Me tennis il T hair. Gita Shampoo her Lotti hair, P Ratko baje Soja hair. You can pause the video here and look at the English sentences and check if you understood all the sentences correctly. 16. Day 9.1 - Possessive Forms of Pronouns: Namaste. Today we will learn possesses in Hindi. In English to indicate possession, we add apostrophe S, for example, Andy Scar or Geta's home. Similarly, we have possessive forms of pronouns, such as M for I, H for H, and so on. Let's get started and learn possessive forms for Hindi pronouns. We have already learned that there are three ways to say M, Mira, M, and My. Let's take a quick recap. When the position is a male singular object, we use Mira, When the possession is a male pleural object or mixed pleural objects, we use may. When the possession is a female, both singular or plural, we use may. As you know, the word for is am. The possessive form of that is R takes three forms. Amara, amare, and Hamari, similar to Mira, Me and Me. When the possession is a masculine object, we use amara. When it is a masculine and pleural object, we use amare. When it is a feminine object with a singular o plural, we use ama. Let's look at some examples and understand this better. Brother. To say our brother, we say amara Bahai, Bai is the word for brother. Since Bahai is a masculine singular object, we say amara. A whom, amara Ger, Gur is the word for whom. Since Gur is a masculine singular object, we use amara. Our sister Hamari Behan. Behan means sister. Since Behan is a feminine object, we say Hamari. A as, Hamari Gaia. Guardian means s. Since Guardian represents feminine objects, we use Hamari. Our children, amare Bach. Bach means children. Since we're talking about plural objects and we can assume both boys and girls, we use amare. Our father, amare Page, Pita g means father. Since here we're talking about somebody older, we use the plural form amare instead of amara. Remember, to say U, there are three forms, Ap um and T. When using ap, when you want to say r, we would say apka, apk or apki. Apca is used for male singular. Apke is used for male plural and apk is used for female. Similarly, when using Tum, to say R, there are three forms, Thuma Thum and Thum following the same rules. When we use two, to say, we have three forms, Thera, theory, and theory. Again, using the same rules. Let's look at some examples and understand them better. Your son, Beta means son. Since it is a masculine singular object, we would use the pronoun with the R ending. To say your son, if we use the p form of U, we will say Apca Beta. When using the Tum form, we say uma Beta. In speaking to somebody close to you, you would say Thera Beta. Your father, Pitagi is a Hindi word for father. Since this is somebody elder and we want to convey respect, we would use the A ending form of the pronounce. We would say apke Pitage or Tumare Pitage or there pitage, depending on the form of that you use. Your children. Since Bach is a plural word, we would again use the A ending form of the pronounce. We can say apke Bach, uma Bach, or Tere Bach. Your daughter. Beti is a Hindi word for daughter. Since it is a female word, we would use e ending form of the pronounce. We can say Ake beti, uhi beti or Tri beti. Let's take another example and you try to guess the Hindi sentence for this. Your name is Ram. The Hindi word for name is Nam. Take a few seconds and think about what would be the Hindi sentence. We would say apka nam am hair or Tumara nam, am hair or ira nam am hair, depending on the formality level you're giving to the listener. Note here that nam is a masculine word, and that is the reason we use apka humara or ira. It does not matter if the person is a male or female. What matters here is a word following apka Tumara or ira. Your name is Geta, Ab ka nam Geta hair or Tumhar nam Geta hair or Tira nam Geta hair, depending on the formality level that you're using. Let's build on this example and learn one of the most important sentences when meeting a new person. That is asking, what is your name? The word for what in Hindi is Kia. You can ask Akhaam Kiah when talking to somebody older and when you want to convey respect or Tumhar nam Kiah when speaking to somebody informally, or when you're speaking to somebody clue or much younger, you can ask Tira nam Kiah. Your car is nice. The word for ar in Hindi is Gadi. Since Gadi is a female object, we would use the e form ending of the pronounce. We would say apki Gadi a chi hair or Tumai gadi, a chi hair, or hire gadi a chi hair. Since Gadi is a female word, we use a chi. If we were talking about a male object being nice, we would say a cha. Your friends is. The Hinri word for friends is those. Since we're talking about plural objects, we use the A ending form of the pronouns. We use apk, Thuma or there. The word for nis is cha. But since we're talking about plural objects, we would use the A ending form of the adjective and say ache. We say ache dosed ache or Thum dosed a ch, or there dosed a ch. He refers to the auxiliary verb r. Since we're talking about plural objects here, we use ha instead of hair. In English, the possessive forms of he or she is his or her. But in Hindi, we don't have separate words based on gender. What we have is a difference based on formality level when talking about a third person. When talking about a third person with respect, we say Uka nk or unki When talking about a third person without respect or in an informal manner, we use ka, uske or Uki. It is easy to get confused that Uka means his and Uki means her, but that is not true. Uka refers to the masculine object that is in possession of the person, and Uki refers to the feminine object that is in the possession of the person, whereas in English, his and her refer about the person's gender we're talking about, not the gender of the possession. When the third person we're talking about is closer in proximity, we use n instead of n and is instead of. In the formal version, we would say ICA K and in K, and in the informal version, we would say is is K, and is K. Let's look at some example to understand this better. His, her or their car is very fast. When the third person you're talking about is somebody older or you want to give them respect, you would say, Uki gaudy, Bahu T's hair. When the third person you're talking about is somebody closer to you or somebody younger, you would say, Uki gaudy, Bahu, T's hair. Gadi means car, and Gadi is a female word. So we would use the e ending form of the pronoun and say unki or uske. What is his or her name? When talking about somebody respectfully, we would say Ukaam Kia hair. When talking about somebody much younger or informally, we would say kaam ia hair. Since Nam, which means name is a masculine object, we use the R ending form of the pronoun. We use Uka or ka. Remember that it does not depend on the gender of the person you're talking about, but instead, on what they are possessing, which is name over here. His her, their father is nice. When talking about somebody formally, we would say Unke Pitage a che hair. When talking about somebody informally, we would say ska pthage a che hair. Pitage means father. We use the A ending form of the pronoun, and hence we'll use Uk or uske. Similarly, we use the plural form of the auxilary verb hair. Note here that when you're saying Uk pthage, you're talking about your close friend's father, because you're using U version of the pronoun. But since you're using k instead of Uka, it means that you're conveying respect to the father of your close friend. His her or their mother is very nice. When speaking formally, we would say, Unki M, Bhat a chi hair. When speaking about someone closer or younger, we say ki ma, Bahat a chi hair. Ma means mother. Since we're speaking about a feminine object, we use the words unki or ki. And since we want to convey respect to the mother, we use the plural form of the auxilary verb and use hair instead of hair. His her or their friends are very nice. Formally, we say ke dose Bhat ache hair. Or informally, we say uske dosed Bhat ache hair. Since dose is a plural word, we use the A ending form of the pronoun using nk or uske and use hair as the auxilary word. That can seem like a lot of pronouns to remember. But in reality, they all follow the same three forms and have the same exact rules. Let's look at all of them together in a single table to make it easy to remember. You can see in the table here that possessive forms end with R when we're talking about male singular. A when we're talking about male pleural or mixed pleural, and E when we're talking about female singular or plural. 17. Day 9.2 - Short Story | Sharma's two avatars: Shermaj K D Avatar, Shermas, two avatars. Shermaj, school Me Shikhak. Wu, Hindi Parat. Please note here that the spoken form is Wu while the written form is. We will stick with the spoken form and use Wu. Uka school Lakn Meh. Uk Du avatar. School Me Sher Magi, Baha S H. Garp hermaji, Phat Nah. School Me, shek Shak, Garp Star adage. School Me, uk dad, Mashu. Garp ka Sanghi Masur. You can pause the video here and check if you understood all the sentences correctly. 18. Day 10 - Asking Questions in Hindi | Question words in Hindi: Now, today we will learn to ask questions. When you meet someone new, you'd always start by asking questions such as, how are you? What is your name? What do you do or where do you work, and so on. Let's learn to ask these basic questions. Let's start by learning some question words. To ask what we say, a to ask how, there are three forms, Kesa Ks, or Ks, which is used based on whether the object you're talking about is male or female or singular or plural. Where is aha, W is kiss? How much is again asked in three ways? Kina, kidney, and kidney? Why is Q? Who is C? We'll go through each of these words one by one with some examples. How can be asked in three ways? KSA, Ks, and Ks? I'm sure by now, you would have figured out which ending is used for what? As we know, KSA is used for masculine singular. Ks is used for masculine plural, and Ks is used for feminine singular or plural. Now let's look at one of the most important sentences that you would use when you meet someone. That is, how are you? When you're asking someone respectfully and when speaking to a man, you would use K a. When speaking to a woman, you would say Ks. Since you're speaking to an older man, we would use the masculine plural form Ks and use the plural form of the verb H. Similarly, when speaking to a woman respectfully, we would use Ks and use the plural form of the verb. Note here that in most cases in Hindi, the question word comes right before the verb. If you're speaking to somebody your own age, you would use the Tum form for you and say Tum Ks or Tum s. When you're speaking to a male, you would say Ks and when you're speaking to a female, you would use Ks. As you already know, Tum is always paired with who at the end of the sentence when you're using presentence. When you're speaking to a close friend, you would say Kesha when speaking to a boy and two Ks hair when speaking to a girl. Generally, when you meet someone, you would also quire about the well being of their family. Let's learn to ask, how is your father or how's your mother and so on. How is your father? Pitage means father. Since Pitage is an older man, we use the masculine plural and say Ks. Similarly for seeing your father, we would say Aka Pitage. We say apk Pitage, Ks H. Note here that we're using the ap form because you're speaking to somebody respectfully. But if you're speaking to your close friend and asking about their father, you could also say there Pitage or Tua Pitage. How is your mother? The word for mother is M. Since M is a feminine word, we use Ks and Ap Kim. We say Ap Kim, as a. Note here that we end both these sentences with hair to denote respect. How is your son? The word for son is Beta. Since Beta is masculine, we would use esa and Aka apka Beta, ssa hair. How is your daughter? The word for daughter is Betty. Since beti is a feminine word, we use Ks and apk. We say Ake Bt Ks hair. How are your children? The word for children in Hindi is Bach. Since Bache indicates both boys and girls, we would use a plutal form and use Ks and Ake. We say apk Bach Ks. Since Bache is a plual word, we end the sentence with. How is your new home? The Hindi word for whom is Gher. The word for new is Naya. Since her is a masculine word, we use Kesa and Aka. We say apka Naya gher Kea air. Note here that since Gur is a masculine word, all words Aka Naya esa, all end with sound. How is your new car? The word for R is Gadi. Since Gadi is a feminine word, we use Ks and Ap ki, and the word for new also takes an E ending and becomes Nae. We say apk Nai Gadi, Ks. So far, we've been using the form for you because we're speaking to somebody older or somebody with respect. But what if you're speaking to your friend who's your age? And inquiring about his or her family? In this case, you would use a Tum form for referring to you and in case of very close friends, you would use a T form. In the case of Tum to say your, we would say Tumhaa, Tumi or Thumha, depending on the gender of the person you're inquiring about, let's go through the sentences. How is your father? Tumare petagi Kase air. How is your mother? Tumhai Ma Kasi Hair? How is your son? Tomara Beta esa Hair. How is your daughter? Tumhai Bite Kasia. How are your kids? Tomhar, Bach Kase? How was your new house? Tumhara, Naya Gh Kea Hair? How was a new car? Tumhai Nai Gadi Kasi Hair. When you're talking to a close friend, you would use the two form for you and Thera there or there to say to ask, how is your father? You say there Pythag s. Note here that you're using there because you're talking to a close friend, but to give respect to pethagy, we say there and not Thea. How is your mother Therem es? How is your son? Pera Beta esa hair. How's your daughter? There Bt Kes hair. How are your children? There Bach Kes. How's your new house? Tra Naya her esa air. How is a new car? There Nai Gadi Kes hair. By now, you'd have observed that in a sentence depending on male or female, all endings have a similar sound. For example, when you're speaking about Ger, that is whom, all the words have the same ending, Thera Naya esa. When you're speaking about Gadi, which is a feminine word, all the words end with E sound, They Nai Ks. By now, you'd have understood how to ask how using the words, Kes, Ks, and Ks. Now let's look at the word for what, which is Kia. When meeting someone new, you would definitely start by asking this question. What is your name? When asking someone older, you say apka, Nam, Kia hair, Nam means name. Since Nam is masculine, we use apka to say. When speaking to someone your age in an informal manner, you say Tumanam, Kia air. When speaking to a close friend and when being very informal, you can ask Tira Nam, Kiah. Note that we say aka Tomara Tira, taking the R ending for this question because nam is a masculine word. It does not matter if you're asking a girl or a boy. What do you do? Or what do you do for a living? When speaking to someone older, you say ap a alm curt when speaking to a man, and ap ka Calm curte he when speaking to a woman. Calm means work. For an older man, we use the masculine plural form of the word and say Curt m. When speaking to an older woman to convey respect, we would use the feminine form Kurth and the plural form of the auxiliary verb. When speaking to someone of your age in an informal manner, you say Tum Kia kam Kurt Hu when speaking to a boy, and Tum kiakam Kurti Hu when speaking to a good. When speaking to a close friend, you would use a two form for you and say two kia kam Karta hair while speaking to a boy, and two kiakam Kurti air when speaking to a girl. For a boy, we use a singular masculine form, Kartah, and for a girl, we use a singular feminine form Karth. Similar to how in English, she would sometimes just say, what do you do to imply what do you do for a living? Similarly, in Hindi, you can simply ask Aka Kurth and with context, it is implied you're asking, what work do you do? To ask someone what they're doing right now, you say, what are you doing? You might remember the equivalent of ING form of a verb in Hindi is to add aha ahi or ahi after the verb. To ask what are you doing, you say Akaka ahi he when speaking to a man respectfully, and Akyaka ahi he when speaking to a woman respectfully. Observe that even here, the question Kia comes before the verb. When asking someone informally who's of your age, you could use Tum. You say Tum Kaka Rahe H when speaking to a boy, and Tum Kaka ahi H when speaking to a girl. Similarly, when speaking to a close friend, you say T kia karahah, or two kia karahi hair, depending on the gender of the person you're asking. Let's see another example. What are you eating? The word for eat is a. When asking a man respectfully, you would say apka aah hea, and when asking a woman, you say Ap kia ahi. When using Tum and speaking to a boy, you say Tum Kia karahi Hu, and in speaking to a girl, Tum Kia karahhu. Similarly with close friends, Tu kia karaha hair or Tu kia karahi hair. We can use the word KA even to ask yes or no questions. This is equivalent to do you or are you questions in English. The differences, the word KA comes at the beginning of the sentence. Let's see an example. Are you a doctor? If you were to say you're a doctor respectfully, you would say a doctor Ha. To turn it into a question, you add the word K at the beginning of the sentence and say, doctor H. Similarly, while using Tum, you say Kia Tum doctor who and when using T, Kath doctor Hair. You can also add Kia at the end of a sentence to turn into a question. However, this is used when speaking casually. For example, when you're speaking to a close friend, you could ask to doctor Haka, Now let's learn the word for where, which is Kahan. Where are you going? Hindi word for the verb go is a. When using ap and talking to a man, you say Ap aha, jaahi, a to a woman, Ap aha Jadahi, a. Note here that Kahan is pronounced with a nasal sound. It is not Kahan, it's Kahan. When using Tum and talking to a boy, you say Tum aha Jaahi, H. When speaking to a girl, you say Tum Kaha jaahi H. When speaking to a close friend, you say two Kaha jaaha are when speaking to a boy, and two Kaha jaahi hair when speaking to a girl. Where are you coming from? The Hindi word for the verb is A Kahan means where? S means from. Kahase means where from. When speaking to an older man, you say Ap ahas Ahh. When speaking to a woman, Ap Kahase Ahh. When using Tum, you say Tum ahas hu when speaking to a boy, and Thum ahas hu when speaking to a girl. When speaking to a close friend, you say T ahas A Ahaha when speaking to a boy, and T Kahase, ahh when speaking to a girl. Now, let's say you're traveling and you want to ask, where is the Tajmhil? You say Taj Mahal, Kahan heir, or you might ask, which way is the Taj Mahal? Taj Mahal, kis of hair. The word kiss means which Tov is w or direction. Kiss of means which way. Let's look at some more examples using the word kiss. If you want to ask, whose is this? You say Ye, Kiska. Ye means this, Kiss Ka means whose hair means is. Which company do you work for Ap, Kiss company My Kam Kurt H or you say A kiss company M Kam Kurth when speaking to a woman. Kiss company means which company. The Hindi word M is used for in. It means in which company. Now let's look at the word kina, which is used a lot while shopping to ask how much we say kina Kina is how much u is the past tense form of the two B verb. Let's say you finish shopping and you want to ask the cashier how much? You say Kina. How much is this for? Ye Ke. Ye means this. Kidney means how much. Let's say you're shopping and you like something. You can point at the thing and ask the shopkeeper, kidney. Now let's learn the word for y. The Hindi word for y is Q. Note here that when pronouncing Q, you use a nasal sound. It is not Q, it's Q. Why are you learning Hindi? When asking a man, you say, Hindi, Q S rah air. When asking a woman, Hindi, Q Skrahi air. The Hindi word for the verb learn is Sikh. Note here again that the question Q comes before the verb Sikh. Why is the sky blue? Asman, Nil Qu Hair, Asman is Sky. N means blue. Asman, Na Qu Hair means why is the sky blue? Now let's learn the word for who, which is C. Who is he or who is she? W, Chair. Who are you? A Chair. You can also use thumb or two C hair to ask who are you. But the question implies that you're asking a stranger and hence it might come across a root to use thumb or two. You would stick to using. Note here again that unlike English, where the question word comes at the beginning of the sentence, in Hindi, the question word comes before the verb. C comes before hair or had. B. 19. Day 11 - Oblique Cases in Hindi: I must stay and welcome to today's lesson. Today, we're going to talk about a unique feature of Hindi called an oblique case. In simple terms, the closest equivalent in English are the object pronouns, where an I becomes a me or the word they becomes them and so on. For example, in Hindi, the word M becomes Muje in the oblique form, which means something like to me or by me. Further, there are a few categories of sentences such as I like or I W or I love, which can be only said in Hindi in the oblique form. So to say, I like this. In Hindi, you might say something like, to me, this is liked, or to say, I want this. You might say something like to me, this is wanted. Let's first learn the first person pronoun to talk about yourself. In English, the word I when in the object form becomes me. The equivalent in Hindi is the word Muji, which means to me. Let's take a simple example. I like cricket. In Hindi, we say Muje cricket, Pasan H, where Pasan is the word for like. Directly translated, this might sound something like to me, Cricket is like. In English, this might sound awkward, and I'm only providing the English translation as a reference point for a first time learner. However, it is better to focus on the Hindi sentence independently. Let's add some more color to this example. I like to play cricket. In Hindi, this is Muje cricket, Kana pasan air. You already know the root wor for play is Kale. Cricket Kna is to play cricket, and Pasan hair is like. So it comes together as I like to play cricket. To say, I like, we can choose the formality level of as p or Tum, and we get Muje Ap pasan he or Muje Tum pasan H. We also use the oblique case in Hindi to talk about things you want to say, I want this or I want that. Let's take an example. I want water. The word for want is hahie, and the word for water is pane. So we get Muje Pani Chahe. When we break it down, it is to me, water is wanted or simply, I want water. Let's add more color into this sentence. I want a glass of water. A glass of water is a glass pane in Hindi, and want is hahie. So we put it together as Muje a glass pane hahie. The oblique case applies even when you want to say, I love something. So the next example is, I love India or I am in love with India. This is Moje Barres Par. PR is the word for love, and Parets means with India. When you say Mug, Paas, PR hair, it means I am in love with India, or I love India. The next example is, I love you or I am in love with you. To say with you, you can choose the level of formality and say apse or Tums. Using apse, it would be something like Mug, apse, PR hair. Using Tums, it'll be Mug Tums PR hair. Next, we look at the oblique pro noun for the first person plural. H am in the oblique form becomes ame. The closest equivalent to this in English is how we becomes z. However, ame means more like two or by us. Let's look at an example. We like India. In Hindi, this is ame Bharat pasan hair. Note that the rules stay exactly the same. Only Muje has now become ame. Let's add a bit more color to this sentence. We like traveling in India. The word ame means to us, Bharat, M is in India. To say to travel, we use the infinite form of the verb Gum, and we get gumna. So Baathm gumna is to travel in India. And Pasan hair is, of course, like. So we put it together as ame, Bharat Me gumna, pasan hair. We use oblique pronouns in conjunction with command verbs. To say something like give it to me or show it to me or speak to me. We use the oblique form of the pronouns like Muje or me. Let's look at a few examples. The first example is, give me. We've seen in the command verbs lesson that the command verb give can be expressed in three levels of formality. Dig Dug and D. Depending on the level of formality, you would say Moje DG. In the next level, you'd say Moje, D, and in the most casual way, you would say Mug, D. The next example is tell me. In Hindi, the verb for Teel is bata. We say Muje bata or Muji Batau or Muji bata. You may observe that this translates to tell to me because we're using the word Muje. But in Hindi, we always use Muji in this situation. Show it to us. The verb for show is Dika. We get the three forms, Hami Kaye, Hami Dikau, or ame Dika So we've looked at the rules for oblique case when speaking about ourselves, so to say, I like or I want, or we want and so on. What about when talking about others? When we talk about others, to say the word two, we use the Hindi word CO. So to say two John, we say John C, to say two Raj, we say Raj, C or to say two geta, we say Geta. Let's take a look at a few examples and understand this clearly. Geta likes the Taj Mahal. The same rules as before apply. We say to Geta, the Taj Mahal is d. So we get Geta co Taj Mahal person hair. Sharma likes to play cricket. In Hindi, this is Sharma ji Co, Cricket Kilna, Pasand Hare. Remember, in all our examples, Mr. Sharma is an older person, so we respectfully call him Sherma gi. Sunita likes to travel. Sunita Ji Co Gumna, Pasand hair. The word Guna is to travel, and Sunita ik is two Sunita. Again, we add a G at the end of Sunita's name to show her that we're being respectful to her. So Sunita ji Co means two Sunita. Let's look at examples where people want something. We use the word hahie to mean want. Again, this formed the same oblique case pattern. Raj wants water. In Hindi, this is Raj C Pani hahie. Geeta wants a cup of tea. In Hindi, this is Geta C a cup hai hahi. In the previous examples, we use the names of the people. But what if we want to use pronouns like he likes or she likes? In Hindi, there are two ways to say this depending on the respect or formality level. To say to him, to her, or to them in the formal or respectful or plural form, we say ko. In the informal or casual form, we say Uk. There's another way to say these two words, which is he and use. Note that these ages dialect variations and both are acceptable. Let's revisit the same examples that we saw before, which are Gea tag Mahal pasan hair, hermajko cricket Kilna Pasanha, and untagko umna Pasanh. If we replace the names with pronouns, we get the following sentences. In all our examples, Geeta is assumed to be the same age as us, so we can speak casually to her and use the pronoun UCO. To say she likes the Taj Mahal, we say Uco Taj Mahal pasan hair. For the sake of our examples, Shermaji and Sunitaji are always assumed to be older than us. To say, he likes to play cricket. We use the formal version of the pronoun unco and say Uku cricket Kilna Pasand air. Similarly, to talk about Sunitaji and say, she likes to travel, we say Unco guna pasan air. In the respectful sentences, you might catch the fact that we always use hair with a nasal sound for Sontag and hermagi. But here we're using the singular hair to say is. That's because the hair doesn't refer to hermagi or Sontagi. The hair refers to cricket in the first sentence, and the hair refers to gumna or to travel in the second sentence. If the thing that is liked is a plural, for example, co guardia person hair, or he likes cars, we would use the hair form. But here the things that are liked are all singular. Finally, let's talk about the forms of the second person oblique pronouns. That is to say two u. As you know, there are three levels of formality, p, Tung, and two. We add the word two, which is at the end of each of these words. We get Apco, Tumco, and Tuck. However, there is another form to say Tumco, which is Tumhe, and there is another form to say Tuck, which is tug. Tumhe and Tug are more commonly used than Tumko and Tumhe. We get the three pronouns as Apco, Tumhe and Tuj. Let's take the first example where you're speaking to somebody older, like Sharmagi, for example. You like to play cricket. To say two U, we use Apco because we're talking to somebody older. The sentence becomes Apco cricket Kilna person hair. Next, let's assume we're talking to somebody younger or the same age as us. For example, Geta. You like the Taj Mahal. If you refer to her usually by the Tum form of U, we can say Tumhe, Taj Mahal person hair, where Tumhe is to you. If Geta or the listener here is a close friend to you, you'll use the two form of the pro noun, which is tug to say to you. The sentence becomes Tj Taj Mahal pasan hair. Do you want water? The word for w, as you know, is hah. We can colloquially say Apco Pancha or more properly, we can say Kia Apco Panchah. Of course, the same sentence can also be expressed in the Tum or two form by using Tumhe or Tuj instead of Apco. Do you want T Apco hai cha or Kia Apco hai chai? Apco is usually the appropriate pro when you're inquiring if a guest wants T. However, depending on the relation you have with the listener, you can use T um or T j. We've gone through many new pronouns today and learned a way to say, I like I love or I want in Hindi. Let's take a look at all the pronouns together to understand them clearly. We have the subject pro on the left, and the object pro or oblique pro on the right. The word for I, which is M becomes Muji, which means to me. H am becomes ame, which means to us. The three forms of u, ap, um, and two become ap co, um He and two j, when you want to say two u. The distant third person pronoun becomes uh or depending on the formality level. And the pronoun for close proximity, which is Ye becomes h or say depending on the formality level. We've also learned that the word C is added to a name when we want to express a name in oblique form. We say Raj C to say two Raj or Geta co to say two geta. Similarly, the co form can also be attached to the pronouns, and we get Muko mk, Tum Co, and so on. However, the ones we've used in the examples today are the more commonly used variants of the proo used in standard modern Hindi. That's it for today and see you in the next video where we have a few stories which use all the concepts that we've learned today. 20. Day 12.1 - Numbers in Hindi: Numbers ache D ten char bunch chair St Art No us B Peace Charles Pachas Sat Sater Asi Nabi S azar Lach Karo 21. Day 12.2 - Short Story | Shopping in Hindi: Baya Sh deka. Acosta ash cha, My pass Pasha Shale or Kulh. Yih ahas. Aha Shahira in ahmed a Pasha Panhaz pea. Kaa silk Sadia. Mi Nadia kee. Aa, a disc. Mazara A Panza Pike, Yi. Sukaki Sai. 22. Day 12.3 - Short Story | Ordering at a Restaurant: Namaste Kia Brian Miltia Do plate Brian D. Z Capco Pepsia Coca. G N e Bolan dig. Cana. Canasa dish. Capco co cha. G N, Bile d, aa Dope. A, credit card. Ha Aa card. Y. Y Aka Bill. Sukria. 23. Day 13.1 - Vocabulary | Colors in Hindi: Safed white, a black, Nila blue, Hara green, al, red, Gulab, pink, Pla, yellow, Nargi orange. 24. Day 13.2 - Vocabulary | Food Items in Hindi: Sabe apple. Am mango. Santra orange, Kayla banana. Gor grapes. Nimbo lemon. Alu potato, tomato, tomato. Pas onion. Las garlic, garder carrot. Bangan, Bril or egg plant. Bindi, Lady finger or krake bottle guard, Karla, bitter guard, a pumpkin, Adra ginger. Aipata Curry leaf. Dania Coriander, Michi chili, Pane water, Do milk. Javl, rice. Tur dal, Pigeon pea lentil. Chana dal, split chickpeas lentil. Dah curd or yogurt. Papa, wafers made of rice, anda egg. Murga chicken, tail oil. 25. Day 13.3 - Vocabulary | Animal Names in Hindi: Kuta dog, Billy, cat, guy cow, Bell bull, Sewer pig, Bess buffalo. Hathi elephant, Sher lion, Bucky goat, owned camel, abutter pigeon, Kawa crow, ha mouse, Mutley fish. 26. Day 13.4 - Vocabulary | Names of parts of the body in Hindi: Ehera face. Sir, head Bal hair. Nk I Hunt lips. Dant teeth. Ear, Hart hand, Bare leg, Chatti chest, Munch mustache, dart beard, garden neck, Pate stomach. P back. 27. Day 13.5 - Vocabulary | Adjectives in Hindi: Aha. Good. Buda bad, under, beautiful, but urat ugly. Buddhi Man, intelligent, Chau cunning, Hoshi smart, hat, clever, h Buddha, fragrant. Bad Buddhar, smelly, Bada, big, Cota, small, Lamba tall, Muta fat, Pla thin, garam hot. Tunda, cold, SF clean, Ganda dirty, Amir rich, Gharib poor, cha i, Gehera deep, Pawtre, holy, A Para unholy, Pat T, Bra chin ancient, Naya New. Mahenga, expensive, Casta cheap, Tika spicy, Meta sweet. Kata tangy, Swat, delicious, Baia great Teak, da, strong or potent, Pika, weak or diluted. 28. Day 13.6 - Vocabulary | Verbs in Hindi: K D. KA, eat, P, drink, the C. Sun here, Sung smell. A sing, nach dance. Stand or rise. Bt, sit. Ja, go. Ah, come. So sleep. Lick write, Bud, read, hull, walk. Bag run, Kale play. Jump. Pang throw Mar it Bana M. Pucker, hold, Sk, learn, Sika teach, Bowl, speak, Bata tell, Khe S L take they give ha drive. Kia feed, Go, stroll. 29. Day 14.1 - Past Tense in Hindi: Must. Today we will learn to speak in the past tense. Similar to English how the auxiliary work changes from is to was or R to. In Hindi two, we change the auxiliary works to a different form. Let's take a look at how they change. The auxiary verbs, a change to a the or the. Tha is used for masculine. They is used for masculine plural or when speaking with respect. T is used for feminine. The is used for feminine plural or when speaking with respect. Note here that when saying the, we use a nasal sound. The is used while speaking about mixed groups consisting of masculine and feminine objects. Let's take an example. In present tense, Raj is happy. While in past tens, we would change the is to and say Raj was happy. In Hindi, in present tense, we would say Raj Kush air. While in past tens, we would say aj Kush Ta. The auxiliary verb changes from hair to tha to indicate past tens. Let's take a look at some more examples to understand this better. C han Du chart tha. Chandu was a student. We know that quart means a student. To say, we use tha because we're speaking about a boy. Bindu, ach quart, the, Bindu was a student. Here, we use the because Bindu is a girl. Shermaji, acquit the. Hermaji was a student. We use the to give respect to Chermaji. Unitag chart the. Sonitag was a student. We use them to give respect to Sunitag. Now let's learn to speak about ourselves in the past tens. If you were a boy, you would say, may ache with the hearth. If you're a girl, you would say, may ache with the hearth the. This means I was a student. If you're a group of boys, you would say, um with the arthan they. If you're a group of girls, you would say, um with the Hartan the. This means we were students. With the Hartea is a plural form of the hearth. We use the when speaking about a group of boys or a mixed group of boys and girls. We use the when speaking about a group of girls. If you're speaking to a man and want to use a respectful form for you, which is p, you would say p ache with the art the. If you're speaking to a woman, you would say p ache with the art the. This means you were a student. If you're using um, you would say, thumb ache with the heart the when speaking to a man, and thumb ache with the art the when speaking to a woman. Note here that um is an informal way of saying. When using thumb in pastins, we use the auxiary word the for a man and the for a woman. If you were using the casual form for u, which is, you would say two ache with the heart the when speaking to a boy, and two ache with the heart the when speaking to a girl. This is the casual form of saying you are a student. Now, let's learn to use verbs in the pastens. Let's start with using ING form of verbs in the past ins. For example, sentences like, I was eating, we were eating, and so on. The rules for the past continuous remains the same as the present continuous tens, where we use ha a he or a hey after the verb. Instead of using or hey, we use a H or T. To say I was eating, if you're a man, you would say, M ha ta. If you're a woman, you would say M arhat for e, to indicate continuous tens, we use aha or Ahi after the verb, and to indicate past tense, we use a or based on the gender. We were eating. If you're a group of men or a mixed group of both men and women, you would say, um, a Ah. If you're a group of only women, you would say, um, rah. If you're a man or a boy, you would say, My cu, match the rahaha. If you're a woman or a girl, you would say, My cu, match the rah. This means I was watching the match yesterday. Cull means yesterday. The Krahat or the rah T means was watching. If you're a group of men or a mixed group of men and women, you would say, um cu match the rah. If you're a group of only women, you would say, Hum Ku, match the rah. This means we were watching the match yesterday. Now, let's learn to talk about habits we used to do in the past. For example, sentences like I used to do or we used to play, and so on. The structure is very similar to the simple present tense where we add T T or T to the verb. Let's take an example and understand this better. I used to play. The word play in Hindi is Kale. If you're a man or a boy, you would say, My Kal ta Ha. If you're a woman or a girl, you would say, M Kalt T. Note here for a man, we add a to the root Kale and say Kalta, and end the sentence with a to indicate pastins. Alta Ta means used to play. Similarly, Kt for a woman. We used to play. If you're a group of men or mixed group of men and women, you would say, um Kalte the. If you're a group of only women, you would say, um Kalt the. Let's look at some more examples. If you're a man, you would say M, the made Hatha. If you're a woman, you would say, M, the made Hete T. Rehe is a root verb for live or stay. To say used to live, we say eta Ta for a man and hte T for a woman. The Lm means in dehi. The sentence means I used to live in Dh. If you're a group of men or a mixed group of men and women, you would say am Dili Met. If you're a group of only women, you would say Ham Dilm. This means we used to live in Dh. For today's practice exercise, think about three things you used to do in the past and form sentences using the structures you've learned today. In the next lesson, we will go through an elaborate example where Raj and Geta explain to us what they used to do in their previous jobs. 30. Day 14.2 - Short Story | Raj & Geeta talk about their last job: Today, Raj and Gita will talk to us about what they used to do in their previous job. The Hindi sentences will appear on the screen along with the required vocabulary. As we go through the examples, pause the video and try to guess the meaning of the sentences. Me Chi Baja. Me Suh he Baje titi. P, My yuga tata. P, My yuga art. May art bag chap tata. May art bag, chap. Manobg of a tata. Manobag, off. Ma Basha fame Cam Karta May Basha fame, am Kurt. Tub Miri internship Child. Tub Miri internship, Child. Mesha Chiba Kam Karta Mesha cheat a ti. Marked ada a tat. Marked ada a hotaa. Mesha ku G Tata. Mesha ku gerd tit he. Mera ko TV di tat. Mato TV d t. P, Matt. P, Mat he. For today's practice exercise, you can write a sentence each talking about where you used to live, work, or study using the format given below. Also, you can talk about your habits or routine that you used to follow during your school days. What you used to do in the morning, afternoon, evening, and night. For morning, you would say so here, for afternoon, pre, for evening, sham and for night, a. 31. Day 15.1 - Past Perfect Tense in Hindi: Nu must and welcome to today's lesson. Today, we speak about the past tense in Hindi. We'll cover three tenses, one, the simple past tens, two the present perfect tense, and thirdly the past perfect tense. In simple terms, this is like saying, I ate, I have eaten, and I had eaten. Now, two things change when you're using these types of sentences. One, we add a subject marker N at the end of the subject. So instead of saying M, which means I, you would say MN, or instead of saying Raj, you would say, Raj Ne or Emma nee, or John Ne, and so on. Secondly, the verb takes a past tense form or a past participle. For example, the verb for eight is A, but in its past tense form, it is Ka. To say I eight, you would combine the two and say, Mane Ka, Mane Kaia means I eight. You can add an auxiliary verb for the present tense, which would be hair, and say mane Kaia hair, which becomes I have eaten. You can add the auxiliary verb for the past tense, which is Ta, and say mane Kaia Ta, which becomes I had eaten. So there you have it, the simple past tense, I eight, which is Mane aa. The present perfect tense, which is, I have eaten, and it still has relevance to me today, which is mane aa hair. Thirdly, the past perfect tense, which is I had eaten, and it may not have relevance for me today, which is mane Kaya Ta. Now, of course, as with everything in Hindi, the forms change slightly based on whether you're talking about masculine or feminine and singular or plural. So let's delve into this a little deeper. To arrive at the past participle or the past tense form of a verb, we add R at the end of the verb, if it's a masculine object, E at the end of the verb, if it's a feminine object, A at the end of the verb, if it's a masculine plural or mixed plural. In the example of e, the root verb is A. So when we're talking about a masculine object, it becomes a. When we're talking about a feminine object, we add E, and it becomes K, and when we're talking about a pleural object, we add A, and it becomes K. To say en, you would say Kaia, K, or Ka. Let's look at a few more pastens forms of common verbs. The root verb of learn is SC, so it becomes CCA, C K, or C K in the past tens. The root verb for do is K. To say De, you say A, c or C. This also has another form as an exception, which is used in some dialects, which is Ka, key or KA. The verb for two B or B is H. To say bean in the past tense, you say, who, or who. The root verb of red is pad. We get Pad ha, pa, pa hee. The root verb of here or listen is soon. In the past tens, we get Sona, Si sue. The root verb for C is D to say sen or so, it becomes deka, deke or deke. Let's take a simple example for the simple past tense. These are sentences like I ate or I did and so on. We'll take one example each for a masculine object, a feminine object, and a masculine plural object. I ate the apple. The word for apple is Sab and it's masculine. We say Mane Sab Kaia. I ate the vegetable. The word for vegetable is subze and it's a feminine word. So we say mane, sub Z, Kai, using the feminine form of the verb ai. I ate the eggs. The word for eggs is unde. And here we use the plural form of the verb. So we get many unde. Now to express this in the present perfect tense, we say, I have eaten. In a way, this means that you have eaten and it still has an effect today. That's where we use the present perfect tense. Here you add the relevant helping verb like hair or ha. To say, I have eaten an apple, we say Mne Saba hair. To say, I have eaten a vegetable. You say Menes Kai. In both of these cases, we're talking about a singular object, so we use hair. Lastly, I have eaten the eggs. Here, the object is pleural, so the verb takes the pleural form K, and the auxiliary verb at the end also takes the pleural form, which is with the nasal sound. So we get mane and K. Of course, it's needless to say that in all these examples, the subject always ends with a n, which is the subject marker that we always have to use in these tenses. Finally, in the past perfect tense, so to say things like I had eaten or I had done, which means that you had done something in the past, and it's not specially relevant in the present right now. So I had eaten an apple. Here you add the auxiliary verbs in the past tense, like a T or T, depending on the situation. So I had eaten an apple becomes many sabe Kata. Observe that the gender and number of the auxiliary verb Ta follows that of the object. So you get Kaia Ta. I had eaten a vegetable. Many subs t. Here, you use Ka and T ending with an e sound because sub Z is feminine. I had eaten the eggs. Many de a T. Again, here, we use Ka and T in the plural form because the object unde or egg is plural. Let's take another example. This time we use the verb learn, which is Sk. To say, I learned chess, we say Mane chess Sha. The rule still applies chess ends with a consonant, so we treat it as a masculine noun. Next, I learned Hindi. Many Hindi ski. Here we use a feminine form for the verb Ski because Hindi ends with an e sound and is feminine. I learn the rules. Here the object rules is a plural, so we say Mane rules CK. To express this in the present perfect tense, so to say, I have learned, we end the sentence with a or ha. So I've learned chess is Mane chess Sikh a. I have learned indi, Mane Hindi S k a. I have learned the rules. Mane rules seek a. Lastly, the past perfect tense, so to say something like I had learned. I had learned chess Manches Si Kata. I had learned Hindi. Many Hindi S K. I had learned the rules. Mane rules K. Observe that as always, Ta, T, and T, follow the gender and number of the object. Now let's look at a few simple examples. As always, I'll speak the Hindi sentence first, and all the relevant vocabulary and context will be on the screen. Try to guess the meaning of the sentence as we move through the examples. First verb is here, which is Sun. We'll use its past tense form Sunna here. Many Ye gana Sunna. This is a simple sentence without an auxiliary verb like hair or Ta at the end. This simply means I heard the song. Many gana Sunnah, because we're using hair at the end of the sentence, this is an I have kind of sentence. This is, I have heard this song. Many Yegana, Sunna Ta. We're using the past tense auxiliary verb Ta. It is similar to saying I had. The sentence means I had heard this song. The next verb is red, which in Hindi is Pad. The pastins form that we'll use for red is Pa hi. Many Kita Pad. This means I read the book. Observe that Kitab is a feminine noun, which is why the word for red takes the feminine form perdi. Many Kita perdi. I have read the book. Many ita Pad three. I had read the book. The work for D is KR in Hindi. To say De, there are two forms, Kia and KA. Let's use the Kia form. Many Hindi M M Kia. The word M means in. Hindi M means in Hindi. The word Kia means Dad over here, so this sentence means I did an MA in Hindi. Many Hindi M M Kia. Because we're using hair at the end of the sentence, the sentence turns to a present perfect tense, which means it is I have done MA in Hindi. Many Hindi M, M Kia Ta. Because we're using the word Ta, it becomes a past perfect tense. This means I had done an MA in Hindi. Next, the root verb for eight is KA in Hindi, to say eight, we'll use the Kaia and the Kai form, Rajin samosa Kaia. This means Raj, eight, the samosa. Observe that because we're using the past participle form of the verb, we have to add the subject marker N even to names. We don't say Raj, we say aj N. Rajin Samos Kai. Here, Samos takes the plural form, and hence the verb two takes the plural form Kai. This means Raj ate the samosas. Samza, of course, is a delicious Indian snack. If you haven't tried it, I encourage you to try it out. To say C in Hindi, we say dk. We'll use the pastins form D Ki, to say sen or saw in this example. Apne movie, de ki, or Tumne, o movie de ki hee or Tune movie de que hee. I hope it's clear that these are the three forms of saying U in the context of a past ten sentence, it takes the subject marker N. So Ap becomes apne, Tum becomes Tum nee, and T becomes tune, and is the Hindi pro noun for that. We have used at the end of the word. This is equivalent to saying you have. So we get you have seen that movie. Apne o Movie deke or Tumne o Movi Deke or Tune o Movi de ki. This means you saw that movie. Hindi, like many languages of the world, loves exceptions. Til now we've spoken mostly about transitive verbs. These are verbs that act directly on an object. However, there are intransitive verbs that do not need an object to act on. These are verbs like go, come, sit, stand, et cetera. The rules vary slightly for these. Let's look at a few examples of these and see what changes. When talking about intransitive verbs in the past tense, the main change that happens is we do not use the subject marker N. My remains M and does not change to many. Similarly, p does not change to pn, and so on. Let's look at a few intransitive verbs and their past tense forms. The word in Hindi is A. It's three past participles are A, A, and I. The word for go is ja. The past participles for ja are a bit of an exception. They don't form the same pattern. Funnily enough, even in English, the past participle of GO is an exception and becomes a vent. In Hindi, Ja becomes gaa, gay, and gay, and it does not take any form of the ja verb. The verb sit is bet in Hindi, and to say Sat, we have Beta, beti and Bt. To be in Hindi is Hona The past tense form, which has been or became is Hua, Hi, or hue. The verb for stand is Kata. The word for stood combines the verbs for stand and two B, and we get Kara a Kade or Kade He. Let's look at a few examples. I went to Paris. Went is an intransitive verb where the subject themselves is doing the action. Here, you don't use N at the end of the subject, so M remains M. And the past participle, which is Gaya Gai and gae takes the form of the speaker or the subject. To say, I went to Paris, if you're a male speaker, you would say, My Paris Gaya. If you're a female speaker, you would use the feminine form of the verb, gay and say, My Paris gay. We went to Paris. Assuming this is a mixed group, we use the plural form gay, and we say, um, Paris ga. If it is a female plural form, we again use the feminine form gay and say, um, Paris gay. To say, I've gone to Paris or I've been to Paris. We say, My Paris Gaya Hu, if you're a male speaker, My Paris Gay Hu. If you're a female speaker, and if you're a mixed group, you would say, um Paris gay. To say, I had gone to Paris or I had been to Paris. If you're a male speaker, you would say My Paris Gata. If you're a female speaker, you would say My Paris Gati, if you're a mixed group, to say we had gone to Paris, or we had been to Paris, you'd say Hum Paris Gate. For today's practice exercise, I'd like you to form four sentences based on your own life experiences. These four sentences will be based on four verbs. The first being Kia, which means what you have done. The second is Deka, what you have seen. The third is Sika, which is what you have learned, and the fourth is Gaia, which is where you have traveled. You can form sentences like mane Kia air. Or mane da Di ka, and so on. Remember that for Kia, deka, or Sika, you will use the mane form because these are transitive verbs. And to talk about your travels, when you're using the verb Gaya or Gai, you will use me and not mane because these are intransitive verbs. That's it for today, Skia and see you in the next list. 32. Day 15.2 - Short Story | Sharmaji's love for Lucknow: Cermak Lakos Prem, Moka, amara Baht Serta, Gere Bah Amka Peta, Ma Rose Swadesana Bat. Mira Bap Baht Costa. P call it ke M Dg Me Dm Paki. Me Dmiki. Bank of Di Me Kam Kata. S Tikta Per Mug Ape erkada Titi. Tome Lakoga Abe Boho kosho. 33. Day 15.3 - Short Story | Raj's Interview: A Mika. Mira Raj, M, M Hindi Bia. Me Dil University degree K P M digital marketing Mesa. A Panama. Maya Kamm cricket tau or Mu indiana pasan Mana Blog Bk Ta Mbaaach kk.com. Ta a Akok. Me content writer K Aka ad Akaik Mu content writing pas. M llegaba. M is Shuba Pana chat. Baia Raj Shaka. I Aka Jewish Pasan. A HR manager, Gita Simile. Aka Ag interview, Ukiah. Good luck. Shaka, ma'am. 34. Day 16 - Future Tense in Hindi: N must stay and welcome to today's lesson on the future tense. Today, we'll learn sentences like, I will do this, or we will eat, or they will come, and so on. In Hindi, for the future tense, verbs take different conjugations for every pronoun. We'll go through these conjugations one by one, starting from the first person pronouns Min and Hum. We'll start by saying, I will, and we will. Let's take a look at the structure. Let's start with the first person when using Min, we add Uga to the root verb, if you're a man, and ungi to the root verb, if you're a woman. Similarly, when using m or V. We add Age to the root verb, if you're talking about a masculine plural or a mixed plural. That is if you're talking about a group of boys or a mixed group of boys and girls, and we add Age to the root verb when we're referring to a group of girls. I will eat. If you're a boy, you would add mga to the verb and say Ming aunga. If you're a girl, you would add ungi to the root verb and say Min Kange In the plural, to say we will eat. If you're a group of boys or if you're referring to a mixed group of both boys and girls, you would add Ange to the root verb car and say um Kang. And if you're referring to a group of only girls, we add gi to the root verb car to say um Kange Now, let's go through a few examples. These example sentences are mostly concerned with what you will do tomorrow. As always, I will start with the Hindi sentences. We have the verb and all necessary vocabulary on the screen. Try to pause the video and guess the meaning of the sentences. Listen to the Hindi sentence and take in the context and input, try to guess what the sentence means. Now, let's look at the example. The verb for rise or wake up is OT. To say tomorrow, we say cull. Now you might be confused that we use the word cull for both tomorrow and yesterday. In Hindi, both tomorrow and yesterday are referred to by the same word cull, but we understand which one it is by the tens of the sentence. For example, if you say cull Kia Ta, since you're using Tha, we know that it's a past tens, so there u would mean yesterday. Here we're talking in the context of the future and we use conjugations like Uga or ungi, which make it clear that a sentence is talking about the future. Here using the context, we know that cull means tomorrow. The Baje is 6:00. Let's look at the sentence. My cull he Bug tunga. Mac Chebge, utughi. M means I. Cull here is tomorrow. Che Bug is 6:00. And to say W wake up, if you're a boy, you say tunga, and if you're a girl, you say tung. This sentence means I'll wake up at 6:00 tomorrow. The next verb we have is drink, which in Hindi is P. The word hai, as you know, means T, and the word P means next or then or later. P Mechi Ponga. P, Mecha Pugi. We add nga or ungi to the root P to get Pi nga for a boy and Pi ungi for a girl. This sentence means then I'll drink t. The word for D is K. Sat Baje means 7:00. Mesa bug yoga Karuga. Mesa bug, Yoga, arugi. This means I'll do yoga at 7:00. The word for work is calm and clubbed with the verb. Calm means to do work. May is in. D per is afternoon. D per M is in the afternoon. My D perm alm Karuga. Me D perm, al Karugi. This means I will work in the afternoon. The word play when referring specifically to sport or games is Kale. The word for evening is sham and Sham ko means in the evening. Me Sham ko cricket Kuga. Me Sham ko, cricket Kung. This means I'll play cricket in the evening. The root verb for sleep is so, and the root verb for go is ja. So ja is equivalent to saying, go to sleep. Ratko means at night. Mako, so jonga. Mako, so jungi. This means I will go to sleep at night. Observe that there are two verbs over here, but we conjugate the second verb, which is ja as Janga or Junge. Now, let's look at future tense conjugations for the second person, that is when you're using the pronoun, U and speaking to a person in front of you. As always, there are three forms of U and direct conjugations for each. We have p in the formal form, um for informal and two for casual. With p, the root verb is conjugated with Age or Age. Observe that this is similar to the conjugations for um, so you will eat when speaking in a formal manner is p age when speaking to a man and ap Kaye when speaking to a woman. When using T um, we conjugate the verb with the suffix Oge for a boy and gi for a girl. To say you will eat in an informal manner. To a boy, we say Tum age, and to a girl, we say Tum age. Finally, in the most casual form or when speaking to close friends, we use the pro noun two as you. Here we conjugate the verb with Aga for a boy and Age for a girl. To say you will eat in the most casual form to a boy, we say two kaga, to a girl, we say two kg. Lastly, let us look at the third person conjugations. These are situations like saying he will do, or she will do, or they will do this, and so on. When you're speaking about somebody respectfully, formally, or when you're speaking about plural, the verb takes the conjugations ge or Age. Again, observe that this is similar to the conjugation for um, which is plural form, and also p, which is again a formal form. When the object is masculine, to say, he will eat, or they will eat, we say o age. When the object is feminine, to say, she will eat, or they will eat, we say o Kane. In the informal form, the root verb takes the conjugations Aga or Age. To say, he will eat, we say o aga. And to say she will eat, we say o age. Observe here again that these are not new conjugations. We've already seen the same conjugations for two. Let's look at all of the conjugations in one single table for better understanding. We have the pronouns on the left, and we have a column each for the masculine conjugations and the feminine conjugations. With M or I, we suffix the verb with ga for a boy and gi, if for a girl, with most plural or formal forms like um p and the plural and formal forms of o. We use Age for male and Age for female. This remains the same for um p and the formal form of o or A. For Tum, the conjugations are g for male and gi for female. When we're speaking informally or casually, both for two and for a third person or, we use Aga for a boy and Age for a girl. Now let's look at the same examples as we did before, but now in the second person and third person, Apube he Bug ge or Ap Sube che Bug teng. Tum Sube Chebge tog or Tum Sube Che bug tog, Tube heb Uteg or Tube Che bug Uteg. As you can see, all of the above mean, you'll wake up at 6:00 in the morning. When you're speaking to somebody respectfully, we use the pronoun up, and the root verb ut becomes tenge for a man and tengi for a woman. When speaking to somebody informally or of your same age, we use the pronoun um and the verb takes the form toge for a boy and toge for a girl. When you're speaking to a close friend or very casually, we use the pronoun and the verb takes the form tega for a boy and tegi, for a girl. Let's look at a few third person examples when we're speaking about somebody else, hermaji, Sube he Bug tenge, Sunita ji, sube, he Buge tangi Chandu sube he Bug tega Bindu sube he Bug tegi. In the first example, we're referring to Shermaji respectfully, and hence we're using the Age form to say teng, which means Cermaji will wake up at 6:00 in the morning. In the second sentence, Sunaji is a woman who we want to convey respect to. We use the engi suffix to say teng, to say Sunita ji will wake up at 6:00 in the morning. Finally, Chandu and Bindu, for the sake of our example, are a young boy and girl who we speak very casually to. Hence we use the informal forms Utga or Utegi, to say Chandu will wake up at 6:00 in the morning or Bindu will wake up at 6:00 in the morning. The next example, we use the word P, P A chai Pene or P a chai, P. P, T um chai pig or P Tum chai Piog P two chai Pega, or P two chai Pg. In all these forms, this means then you'll drink t. We use apt and two based on the formality, and we conjugate the orbs the same way as before. When speaking about somebody else, the examples are as follows. P Sharma gi hai Peng. P Sunita gi hai Peng, P Chandu, hai Pega. Per Bindu, hai Pig. Each one of these examples again means, then the person will drink tea. Let's look at a quick practice exercise. Pause the video here and try to fill in the blanks. I will reveal the answers in a few seconds. In the first example, we have Raj America aga. America is the word for the US. Ja means go, and Jaga is will go. This means Raj will go to the US. In the second example, we have a younger girl talking about presumably an older woman, Sunitaj. The verb for is A. B Sunitaj is an older woman, we can use the respectful conjugations, which is Angi. We get Sunita gi dlis Angi. Will you teach me Hindi? We have Raj asking the older man. Hence he uses the pronoun A, the verb for teach is Sika, and we conjugate this with the masculine plural form Ainge to say Sikang. A Muji Hindi skange, The last example is, I will learn Hindi. The verb for learn is Sikh, the answer to this question depends on what your gender is. If you're a boy, you would conjugate the verb Sikh with unga and say Si kunga, and if you're a girl, you would conjugate the verb with ungi to say Si kungi. That is a lot of verb conjugations. But if you look into it, many of them actually repeat. For today's practice exercise, I'd like you to write a few simple sentences talking about your plan for tomorrow. You can structure them as is shown in the screen. You can talk about your plan for the morning, by using Sube. Talk about your plan for the afternoon, by using Do Perm and talk about your plan for the evening, using Samko, and talk about your plan for the night using Rako. Since in this exercise, you'll be talking about yourself, you'll use the conjugations, Uga, if you're a boy, and Ugi, if you're a girl. That's it for today. Thank you. 35. Day 17.1 - Talk about your dreams & aspirations using Modal Verbs in Hindi: Must. Today, we'll learn to say some new types of sentences in the future tense, such as, I want, I can, and I will. Each of these sentences has a different format. We will go through them one by one and look at the structure. The first sentence structure that we'll go through is I want. Want can be said in three ways. Hahata, haath, and haath. Haata is for masculine, haath, for feminine, and hahat, for plural or for respect. When you want to say you want to do something, we use the infinite form of the verb. For example, the root verb for do is. To say two do, that is the infinite form, we will say RNA. Let's look at another example. If you want to say, I want to eat. Here, the root word for eat is a to say to eat, we say Kana. A man would say M Kana ata Hum. A woman would say M Kana haath Hum. If you want to say, we want to eat, it would be Ham Kana hahate, here. L et's look at some more examples. Me Hindi, Sikhna chat. Me Hindi, Sikhna chat Hm. I want to learn hindi. The root verb for learn is Sikh. To say to learn, we use the infinite form of Sikh and say Sikhna. To say want, if you're a man, you would say hahata, and if you're a woman, you would say haath. Let's look at another example. Ma cricketer Bana tata. May cricketer Banna taati, who, I want to become a cricketer. The root verb for become is bun. We use the infinite form of bun and say bana to mean to become. Raj Nathna hahata are. Raj wants to dance. Nach means dance, and Nachna means to dance. Because Raj is a boy, we use hahata. Geeta engineering Pana chat here. Geeta wants to study engineering. To say to study, we say Padna. Since Geta is a girl, we say haha. Shermaji, retire una hat he. Shermaji wants to retire. The Hindi word for two B is una. To convey respect to Shermaji, we use a masculine plural form hat. Hamhut, Lena chat he. We want to take a vacation. Chute means vacation. The root verb for take is, and to say to take, we say Lena. Here, since we're talking about plural, we use a plural form and say chat. Now, let's say you want to say sentences which involve I'm going to do something. Going two can be said in three ways, ala, ali and val. Vala is used for masculine. Val is used for feminine, and val is used for pleural or for respect. When using this sentence structure, we add nee to the root verb. Let's understand this with an example. I am going to eat. The root for eat is to say I'm going to eat, we add e to the root verb and say Kane. If you're a man, you would say Me Kane ala Hum. If you're a woman, you would say M Kane Vali Hum. If you want to say, we want to eat, you would say um Kane vale here. L et's look at some more examples. The first example is. Me Hindi Sikhne vala Hu. Me Hindi, Sikhne valium. I'm going to learn Hindi. The root verb for learn is Sikh. To say going to learn, we say Sikhne valahu for a man and Sikhne vale Hu for a woman. Let's look at the next example. Ma cricketer Bane val a Hu. Ma cricketer, Bane Vali Hu. The root verb to become is ban. To say going to become, we say Bane vala Hu or bane vale Hu. Geta, engineering Padne vale hair. Geta is going to study engineering. The root verb for study is Pad. To say going to study, s Padn and since Geta is a girl, we say Padne vale hair. Sunita gi Gana Gane vale hair. Sunita g is going to sing a song. Gana is song. Ga is a root verb for sing. To say going to sing, we say Gane vale air. Here, we say vale air, since Sunita G is a woman, and we also use the plural form of the auxiliary verb and say hair to give her respect. Armagi, retire une valet hair. Charmai is going to retire. The root verb for being is who. To say going to retire, we say retire une valet hair. Here we use a plural form and say valet hair to give respect to hermagi. Hm hut ene valet hair. We are going to take a holiday. Chute is holiday. Root verb for take is e. To say going to take, we say ene valet hair. We use a plural form valet hair because we're talking about plural. Now let's look at the sentence structures involving the word can. We can say can in three ways. Sta, St and sucte. Sata is for masculine, St is for feminine, and Sacte is for plural of for respect. Let's look at an example. To say I can do, a man would say M scam. A woman would say, M, Kurst to say we can do, it is um erste. Now let's look at some more examples. The first example is. Me Hindi, Sikh Suk Tahu. Me Hindi, Sikh Sati Hum. I can learn Hindi. The root verb for learn is Sikh. To say can, a man would say Shakta and a woman would say Sati. The next example is. Ma cricketer Sa Tahu. May cricketer, Bun Sati. I can become a cricketer. Raj Nat Suk Tah. Raj Kin dance. Nah means dance. Since Raj is a boy, we say Sakta for C. Geeta engineering, put St here. Geta can study engineering. Put means study, and since Geta is a girl, we use Ste for C. Shermagi retire ste. Shermagi can retire. The root verb for being is who. To convey respect to Chermagi, we use a plural form and use Ste for can. Huh Ste. We can take a vacation. Chute is vacation or a holiday. The root b for take is. Since we're talking about plural, we use Ste for C. For today's practice exercise, talk about your dreams and aspirations. Form three sentences describing what you can do, what you want to do, and what you're going to do. 36. Day 18 - Conjunctions in Hindi: Namaste. Today, we're going to learn conjunctions in Hindi. Words like A or, but which are used to connect two sentences together. Let's go through them one by one. The word for A is O. The word for English or is Ya. To say but it's per or Muger. To form if then sentences, we use ger and two where ger means if and two means then. The word for that is key. The Hindi word for that's y is is lie. The word for is K Ki. Now let's look at some examples that use all these conjunctions. Raj hel rahata, Raj was walking. Chandu, Bhagrahata, Chandu is running. Now we connect both these sentences using or, which means and. Raj Chel rahata or handu Bhagrahata. Raj was walking and Chandu is running. Now let's use Magar which means but to connect the same two sentences. Raj halrahata, Maga handu Bhagrahata. This means Raj was walking, but Chandu was running. Now, let's connect the sentences using Ya which means or Raj halrahata, Raj is walking, Raj Bhagrahata, Raj is running. Raj Sheldrahata, Ya Bagrahata. This means was Raj walking or running. L et's look at one more example using Ako chai chai, do you want tea? Akufee ahi? Do you want coffee? A ko chai chai, fee chai. This means, do you want tea or coffee? Now let's join sentences using if then structure. Ag means I and two means then. To Mk chai. Do you need anything? Mujiaa? Tell me. Now, we'll join these two sentences using if and then Agar Tome ku chai to Mujib Tau. This means, if you need anything, then tell me or let me know. Agar means if T means then. Let's look at another example. Tome fresh Kana chai. Do you want fresh food? Jala? Come soon. The sentences can be joined as Agar Tome fresh Khana chai to aldo. If you want fresh food, then come soon. Raj eharahaa, Raj was saying Raj Rs jogging Jane ala hair. Raj is going to jog every day. Ros means every day. Now we can join both these sentences using key, which means that Raj Kaharaa, Keys jogging Jane ala hair. This means Raj was saying that he is going to jog every day. Geta, gharah. Geta is coming home. Rajin coffee bana, aj mate coffee. We can connect these sentences using I lie, which means that's why Geta, Ghara is jn Coffee banya. This means Geta is coming home. That's why Raj made coffee. Note here that the translation might sound awkward in English, but in Hindi, this is a common way of speaking. Let's look at another example. Rajine coffee bana, aj mate coffee, Geta, Ghar Ae ale. Geta is going to come home. We can join these sentences using Kunke, which means because achine coffee Baya, Kunke ga, gerne vale here. Raj meat coffee because Geeta is about to come home. Similar to if then, there are some sentence structures which involve a pair of words, such as Job and Tub. Job means when and Tub means then. Let's take a look at an example. My student a. I was a student. Mose Partha. I used to study every day. We can use Job and Tub to join these sentences as Job Me student a Tub M Rose Ptah. When I was a student, I used to study every day. Let's look at another example. Tunesa Kolkata, when you had called me, Tab Me Sahata. I was sleeping at that time. We can join these sentences as Jab Tune Kolkata Tab Me Sahata. I was sleeping when you had called me. Another pair of words, which is commonly used in a sentence is Jahan and aha. Jahan means where or from where and aha means there. There is a famous Bollywood dialogue by Amata Batchin which uses this pair of words. Ham Jahan Kade Hut Hair, where I stand, Line ahas Shi Hohe air. Line or the Q starts from there. The sentences are joined as Ham Jahan Kae Hut, line Baha Se Shi uti air. This means from where I stand, the line starts from there. In the original dialogue, ahi is used, which is a form of aha, which means right there. Jessa and esa are another pair of words used commonly in a sentence. Jessa means like that or as that, esa means that way or similar to. Jessa is the first reference point, and esa is the final reference point. Let's understand this with an example. My Jessa Ta, the way I was. My esa he who? I'm still the same way. He means still. The sentences can be joined as Me gesata, Mesa, he whom. This means the I was is still the same I am. 37. Day 19 - Ask for Directions in Hindi | Trip to the Taj Mahal: Nummer stay. We've learned a lot of Hindi tell now in this course. Let's use all of that to travel to the Taj Mahal in Agra. Now before we go to the example sentences, we need to learn some important vocabulary related to directions. A Very important word when it comes to directions in Hindi is the word for side or way, which is thug. To say this side, we say tharof. To say that side, we say tav to ask which way or which side, it is Kitof. To say left or right, we say left kauv or right kauv. The proper Hindi word for left side or on the left is by uf, and for right side or on the right is Di of. However, left and right are universally understood. The word for far in Hindi is D and the word for near is pass. The word for more is yada, and for less, it is sum to say straight, it is da. Ahead is Age, and behind is Piche and front or in front of is Samni. Now, let's use these words and all the di we've learned till now and make a visit to the Taj Mal. Namaste A Agra esa. Am Agra pasan Agra bosun Shah. As Kahan java. Aja Taj Mahal Dene jan vale. Tajima Kish. Hotels a left laker, main root Kia, Baha, right g. Taj Mahal Kani Dor. Ahas pin kilometer dura. Pl Cel Nike Bodur, Kia Hamari Taxi bookers Tia. Zur My only call Karuna bay. Supe. Under seate entrance gate Tora, Di Toro ticket counter. Suka Tm ticket Dg Eight ticket Sube Tina D. Ye Suga. A Tahoma. 38. Day 20.1 - Cultural Immersion | Proverbs in Hindi: Mast, Hindi is colored with one liners and proverbs called Muhare, which make the language beautiful and give you an insight into the culture. These are frequently used and your Hindi learning would be incomplete without learning a few of the most common ones. Let's get started Dalm Koka hair. This literally translates to, there is something black in the lentils. The English equivalent for this would be something is fishy. This phrase is commonly used in detective shows in Hindi. Adani attune archapa. This translates to income of half a rupee and expense of one rupee. The Indian currency rupee is called paa in Hindi, and Attune is an old word used for half a rupee, though half a rupee is not in use anymore. This talks about spending more than what you actually earn. This one is a funny one. Ski at, kis. This translates to, owner of the stick owns a buffalo. Lat means stick or baton, which is used by Pols. In this proverb, Lat refers to power or might, and also in the Indian culture, Bes, which means buffalo is often handled with a stick. The play of words over here is similar to the meaning of the English proverb, Mit is right. Bandar ka jane Adraka Sad. Bandar means monkey, Adra means ginger, Swat means taste. The proverb translates to. How would a monkey know the taste of ginger? This is a funny way of telling that someone doesn't appreciate or know the value of something valuable. Bake Vala Kuta artanh. This is exactly the proverb in English, barking dogs seldom bite. Ana Bala T sub Bala. Ant means end, Bala means good. Sub means everything. It translates to. If ending is good, then everything is good. Similar to the English proverb, all swell, that ends well. The next proverb is about Karma, Jessa arrog esa Barge. This translates to the way you do will be the way you fill. It is like the English proverb, as you sow, so shall you reap. This proverb is used when you're stuck between two options which are equally bad. Age Kuan, Phe Kai. Kua means well, and Kai means ditch. Age means in front, and Phe means behind. This translates to a well in the front, a ditch behind. This is similar to the English proverb between the devil and the deep blue sea. This proverb is an inspirational one, haha cha aha ah. Ca is desire, and a is way. This means where there is a will, there is a way. Jessa Dash, esa Besh. Dash means country and Besh means attire. The proverb translates to the way the country, the way the attire. This is similar to the English proverb when in Rome, do as the Romans do. This Muha is used for celebration. Mu Mita Karna Mu means mouth and Mita means sweet. The proverb translates to to sweeten the mouth. This is used to celebrate an occasion or good news with sweets. In Indian culture, a good event or a good news is celebrated with sweets. Congratulations on finishing this course, Abhi Ana Mu Maki. You too should celebrate this event with some sweets. Don't stop your Hindi learning over here. Immerse yourself in the language and keep learning. 39. Day 20.2 - Cultural Immersion | Bollywood Songs & Dialogues: Must say Bollywood or Hindi films is one of the biggest film industries in the world. Bollywood movie dialogues or songs are entrenched into the culture. Let's look at some of the most iconic lines from Bollywood films and understand them. This is an iconic dialogue from the movie Bazger set by Shao khan. Kabi Kabi ene Ke, kuch Harabi Partha. Harker Jen auko Baziger, Keth. This translates to, sometimes to win something, some things also need to be lost. Those who win after losing are called Baziger. Bazer is like a gambler or a daredevil. This is one of my favorite Shao khan movies called Om Shanti Om, where the heroin says, ek Shulki Sindur Kikima, Tum kia gano Ramesh Babu. This means the worth of one pinch of vermin. What would you know, Ramesh Babu? In Indian culture, Sindur, which is of vermilion color, is worn by married women on their forehead. Here the heroin is talking about the value of marriage. Another inspiring famous dialogue from this movie is Khe, Agar Keshisko, Dil Shah, Topuri, Kainate Tums Melani i koshism, L chat. This means it is said that if you desire something from your heart, then the whole universe gets into the effort of bringing it to you. This dialogue uses very poetic and flowery words like Kainat for Universe, which makes it very beautiful to listen to it in Hindi. This is another famous dialogue from the movie Dawn, spoken by Amita Batchin, Don Ka tesarto, Kiara Mukoki Polis Kaahih, L akin ek bath Smaglu, Don ko Pagana Mukilinh, Namum Kinh. This means the police of 11 countries are waiting for the dawn, but understand one thing. Catching the dawn is not only difficult, it is impossible. Now let's look at a famous song lyric. This is from the movie shoe. Yes T amnehi Toding, Toding, dumb Muger, Trastna, hoding. This means this friendship, we won't break, we'll break our breath, but won't leave your company. This song lyrics is from the movie Luxure, where the protagonist is confused about what to do in life and wonders why he's so clueless. The lyrics are My Essa Qm, My Jessa, My esa Q Hom. This means, why am I like this? Why am I the way that I am? It's a play of words using Essa Jessa and esa, which sounds great in the song, given the context of the story. It's a playful use of Essa Jessa and esa, which means like this, like what, like that. If you're a fan of Bollywood dance, should definitely check out the music video for this one. 40. Day 21.1 - Introduction to the Hindi Script: Stay and welcome to P one on the Hindi Script, more technically known as the Dave Nagri Script. The De vnagri script is used by Hindi, of course, and also dozens of languages in India and its neighboring countries. Hindi is natively used in the North, but you'll find the script being used across India in signboards and for communication. If you're traveling in India, it's really useful to learn this script. Now, this script is used by Hindi and also many other languages, chiefly Marathi, Nepali, Sanskrit, Kon kini and dozens of other languages. This script is distinctly recognizable by the horizontal line on top of all the letters. This is called a Shiro reka, and we'll speak more about this in a bit. Some important points to note before we dive into the script. Firstly, it's written from left to right. Next, there are 49 letters in Hindi. You'll find that there are significantly more letters in Hindi than in English, as well as it's a phonetic script. Every individual quirk of pronunciation is captured in the script. Next, there's no stroke order like many East Asian languages. You can pretty much draw it anyway you find comfortable just like English or Latin alphabet. Last and most importantly, it's an Abogia script and not an alphabet. Here, the consonant is at the center. The vowel is written as a diacritic mark and modifies the consonant. These vowel diacritic marks are called Mtras. If we try to visualize the Mtra system using familiar English words, it'll be something like this. Let's take a simple English word like go with a consonant, G and a vowel, O. Now if we were to use the Hindi or Devanagri logic to this, it'll be something like the attaching itself to the G above it below it or beside it to modify the G to produce the go sound. Let's look at this with an actual Hindi letter. The first letter of the Hindi Alphabet, or rather the first consonant of the Hindi Alphabet is K. It's like a K sound, but in Hindi, when we write a consonant, it inherently has the sound attached to it. We don't call it something like K, we say K. Now, if you want to modify the sound with different vowels and make, K, K, and so on, we add these diacritic marks or the Mtra to the consonant either beside it above it in the forms that you see on the screen. For example, A has a line next to it. Key has another curved line next to it, and so on. We'll go through the individual Mtra subsequently. But this is essentially the fundamental logic of the Hindi script, where the consonant is at the center and the vowel in the form of a Mtra, attaches itself to the consonant to modify it. Once we've understood the inherent logic of Hindi or the Devinagre script, We can proceed to the actual script or the alphabet itself. Now, as I said, we have a total of 49 letters with 13 vowels and 36 consonants. A few of the letters are less commonly used, so that reduces the number further. Now you'll observe that each of the letters has a horizontal line on top. This is called the hiroca. Now when you're learning these letters, I'd like you to pay attention to the letter below the horizontal line because the horizontal line is anyway an inherent feature of every letter and every word in Hindi. There are many theories about why this horizontal line is used. Some say it's stylistic. Some say that in ancient times when Hindi or the Devinagr script was written on leaves, the letters would be written as though falling from the stem in the middle of the leaf. Eventually, as the writing system got transferred to different formats, the horizontal line that represented the stem of the leaf remained. Now when we look at the alphabet, you can see that it's arranged in a pre peculiar manner. You have vowels on one side and the consonants arranged in distinct rows. This is not a coincidence. The Hindi letters can be divided into many logical groupings. The first grouping is of course the vowels, and amongst the consonants, the consonants are divided into six distinct groupings and a seventh set of compound letters. Each of these rows corresponds to the place in your mouth where the sound is produced. Now we'll go through this in further detail in the next video when we go through each of the groupings exploring the sounds and the shapes of the letters. That's it for this video. I hope you got a fair idea of the overall structure of the Hindi script. In the next video, we'll go through each of these groupings letter by letter and explore the script in further detail. Thank you and see you in the next video. 41. Day 21.2 - Learn the Hindi Script & form simple words: Hello and Namaste, and welcome to part two of our series on the Hindi script. In the first video, we covered the overall layout of the vowels and consonants in Hindi. The Hindi Alphabet is divided into groupings of 13 vowels and six groups of related consonants, as well as a couple of compound letters. In this video, we'll go through each of these groupings, starting with the vowels. There are 13 vowels arranged in pairs, except for the last three letters. Let's begin with the first pair of vowels, that is, and R. Now in Hindi, the letter's name is also its pronunciation. The first letter is, as in the English word. The second letter is, the long form of the vowel, as in the English word. You can observe that the long is identical to the short r, except for the vertical line on the right of the letter. The letter itself is pretty straightforward. It looks like a three with a small horizontal and a vertical line. I'm ignoring the horizontal line on top because that's the hiroca and that is present in all of the letters. I repeat the letters and try pronouncing them after me. A, All the subsequent pairs have the same pattern of a short vowel followed by a long vowel. Let's look at the second pair of vowels. This is E and E, E as in l, and E as in eel. If you ignore the horizontal line, which is present by default, this letter is similar to an English S with small extensions on the top and bottom. Again, the short and long form of the vowels look identical, except for a line on top of the long vowel. I repeat the sounds, E, E The following pair of vowels is O and O, the short as in pull and the long as in pull. This letter is similar to the number three. As always, the two letters look identical with the long form having a tail on the right to differentiate itself. Now we have A and A. The A is pronounced exactly like the first letter of the English alphabet, A, or as in the English word men. The A is pronounced as in the word men. The long form, as you can see, has a small inclined line on the top of the letter to differentiate it from the short form. Repeat the letters. A A. The next pair is O and O. The first letter as an and the second letter, as an. You can observe that these two letters are identical to the first letter, except for the lines on the right of the letter. O is just like the letter with a vertical line and an inclined line on the right, and O has a vertical line and two inclined lines on the right. Now with this, we've covered the vowels that are in pairs. Let's move on to the next three vowels, which are not in pairs, starting with m. Now this letter is less frequently used in writing. However, the most important takeaway over here is the dot on top of the letter, which indicates a nasal sound. It's also written as a half moon in some words, that is a dot and a small semicircle. The dot is very commonly used in Hindi because there is an abundance of nasal sounds in Hindi. This can be pronounced either m or the nasal mg. Next, we have Aha and. These two letters are very rarely used. First, we have aha, which is again like the letter, but with two dots on the side. This is only ever used for representing some ancient Sanskrit words. Finally, we have R, which is essentially a special case of the r or the R sound. There are only a handful of words that use it. Some of the very few common words that actually use this letter are Rishi, which means a sage or Guru, and Krishna, who is a Hindu god. I repeat the pronunciation of the two letters, A and R. Now, let us go through all the 11 common vowels one by one. I suggest you to listen to the entire series and then pause the video and try to pronounce it yourself. E, E, A, A, O, You might be wondering that in the last video, we spoke about vowel matras or diacritic marks that attach themselves to a consonant. However, these are complete letters by themselves. Now these vowels are actually full letters which are used at the beginning of words or at the beginning of a syllable. When used in the middle of the word, we use the Mata marks or the diacritic marks that we spoke about in the last video. When a vowel follows a consonant, the Mtra attaches itself to the consonant that is preceding it. Every vowel in the alphabet has its respective Mtra version, which is represented here with the dotted circle representing where a consonant would come. The only way to understand the Mtra system is by seeing it in the context of a consonant. Let's look at an example to see how this works with an actual consonant. We'll start with a letter, K, which is the first consonant in the Hindi Alphabet. K is like the K sound in English, but with the inherent vowel added to it. K is not pronounced something like the English K. Instead, we say K as in. As always in Hindi, the name of the letter is also its pronunciation. In Hindi, all consonants have an inherent vowel attached to them. Coming back to our vowel matras, you can see that there is no special matra or vowel diacritic mark for the first sound, which is, because it already has an inherent vowel sound. We see that there are matra forms only from the second vowel onwards. If we go through it one by one, the first sound is K plus the sound. There is no special matra for it. The next sound is the consonant K plus the vowel r, which is the long vowel. K plus r gives us, which is represented by a line on the right of the consonant. It is called the R K matra, or translated the matra of r. The third form is K plus the short E, giving us k. Here, you have a line curving to the left and coming down as a straight line on the left of. This is k. Next, we have the long form, which is plus E. Here the line curves and falls to the right of the consonant. Following this, we have K plus the short, which gives us Q. You can see the mata below the consonant bending towards the left. The next form is the long Q, which is K plus. Here, the mara is at the bottom again, but curving towards the right. Then we have K plus A, which gives us k. Here you can see the matra on the top as an inclined line. Next, we have plus A to give us k. Here we have two inclined lines on the top of K. Then we have K plus O, which gives us K. You can see that the matra form that attaches to K is very similar to the shape on top, where O is like an letter with a similar kind of mata on its right. Then we have K, where the matra again resembles the shape on top, which is. This is essentially K plus, giving us K. Finally, we have K plus the nasal sound. This is or sometimes pronounced as K depending on the context. If I say it in the order of the vowels, this would be K, K K, K. K, K C, C, C. These are all the vowel forms that we use. We have the full letters on top, which are used at the beginning of a word, and then we have the Mata forms of the vowel, which are used when they follow a consonant. Now with the vowels and math forms covered, let's move on to the consonants. The consonants are arranged in six groups, and there's a seventh grouping of compound letters. Each of these rows corresponds to the place in your mouth where the sound is produced. On a cursory glance, you can observe that the sounds in each grouping seem related. For example, the first row consists of K and G sounds that all form at the back of your mouth, like, g, and so on. The second row has CH and J sounds, like ch and j that form by the tongue touching the top of the mouth. Each row has a central logic to why it is grouped together. Now let's go through this row by row. The first row of five letters are called alar consonants. These are sounds that are produced from the back of your mouth. The letters are K. You may observe that these letters are arranged in pairs. The first pair is K and it's aspirated version. Both these consonants are similar to the K sound in English and sometimes the C sound. Now I can share a few equivalent sounds in English, but bear in mind that this is completely dependent on your native accent. Typically for native speakers of British or American English, the aspirated version is like the first syllable of cake or cut. You can check this by placing the palm of your hand in front of your mouth and observe if there's a puff of air hitting your palm when you say the c syllable or the first syllable in cut or cake. If it's aspirated, that is if there's a palpable puff of air that hits your palm, that means you're pronouncing the aspirated. The unaspirated c would be more similar to the unstressed second syllable of cake. Here, you don't have a puff of air released from your mouth. Now, this depends on your native accent, and it would be completely different for Indian English speakers or learners who are native speakers of Indian languages like Tamil or Maalum. The ultimate litmus test is to place your hand in front of your mouth and check for the puff of air. In an unaspirated sound, you should pronounce it unstressed, so you don't feel a puff of air when you say. With an aspirated sound that is, you need to stress it and expel a puff of air that you can feel on the palm of your hand. Let me repeat both these letters and try to repeat after me. C. C. C, C. Next, we have the pair, G and G. These correspond to the letter G in English. G is pronounced like the first syllable of gun. The aspirated version, G does not have an equivalent in English. Just make sure that you're stressing it to expel a puff of air. G. G is used in the Hindi word for home, G. I repeat both the letters. G G. G, G. The last letter is ng. Now this is never actually used in writing and is a purely theoretical letter. It is a sound between an n and a G, like unger. In fact, the word English has the sound Unger has an nh and also many ING words in English. This letter is usually represented in actual writing by the nasal dot on top of the letter that it follows. We've seen this symbol in the vowel series because this is the Mtra form of the vowel. We don't have to worry about this consonant. Moving on to the second row, these are palatal consonants. Here, the tongue touches the top of the mouth. The letters are cha, a. You can observe that the tongue touches the top of the mouth. As you can observe with the first letter, h, which is identical to the English CH sound in words like chess or the Hindi word ha. The aspirated version on the right is pronounced ha. There's no equivalent in English, so it's used in the Hindi word for umbrella. That is Chata. The letters are cha and ha. The next pair of letters is J and J. J is similar to the J sound in jungle, which interestingly traces its origin to the Hindi word and so is the same in both languages. J is the aspirated version, and you would expel a puff of air when you pronounce it. It has no equivalent in English, so it's used in the Hindi word for waterfall, which is Jerna. Now, with Na, this is again a theoretical nasal sound and is not used in actual writing. This letter is also represented by the dot Mtra in actual writing, similar to the last letter of the previous row. We don't have to focus on this consonant by itself. Next, in the third row, we have the retroflex consonants, which are unique to Indian languages and give Indian pronunciations the distinct flavor. These consonants are produced by curling the tongue behind the ridge of your mouth. We have T D D and no. You can approximate the retroflex sounds by positioning your tongue back like a cured American r sound. If you're a native speaker of an Indian language, you'll recognize these sounds or at least the unaspirated versions and D for sure. The first pair of letters is T and T. You can approximate these sounds to the T sound in English words like tank, T or pot. But to make a pure retroflex sound, the tongue has to curl further back than in English and flap to produce an explosive sound. The aspirated sibling is T, which is the same motion, but with an added aspiration. The stressed T sound in English words like T and tank are similar to the aspirated ter. Whereas the unstressed T sounds like in part could be approximations for the unaspirated ter. However, these are not perfect equivalents. The Hindi word for tomato, that is Tamaar uses the sound, and the aspirated T sound is in the Hindi word for k, which is T. These letters are some of the easier ones to write and read. The ter consists of a short line continuing into a semicircle or a C shape, and the T consists of a short line following into a circle. The next pair of letters is D and D. The first letter is like the sound produced by the letter D in dot, and even closer approximation occurs in the flap D or t in an American accent, which occurs in words like D I or do I, where the tongue curls back and makes a small flapping motion. We have D, and it's aspirated sibling, D. Now there's no equivalent to the aspirated D, so we see it in the Hindi word for drum, that is dole. You can look at the shape of as a short line with an S under it, and you can look at the as a short line with a C under it with a small curl at the bottom. I repeat the sounds D and D. Lastly, we have n. This is like an n sound, but produced with a c tongue, almost like a cured American r. To pronounce this letter correctly, roll your tongue all the way back behind the ridge and say the N sound, so you get. This is used in the Hindi word for math, gun it. I repeat the No. Next, we move to row four, which contains the dental consonants. These sounds are produced when your tongue touches the back of your front teeth. The letters are the Nu. L et's look at the first pair, T and T. For Native speakers of English, you can approximate these sounds to the Tt sound as in T. But the difference is English speakers tend to produce the sounds with their tongue between the front teeth, which is also okay to approximate these sounds. But for a native pronunciation, the tongue should touch the back of the top front teeth. The version without aspiration is, and the version with aspiration is the. The English TH sound is closer to the aspirated. Since we have no equivalent for the aspirated I can share a Hindi example, which is the word for three, that is theme. A more exact example for the aspirated T is the Hindi word for, which is Ta. For this row, pay close attention to where your tongue is. For the best pronunciation, the tongue has to land behind the top front teeth. The letters are pronounced. T T. I repeat. T T. Next, we have the voiced variance of the same two letters, which is D and D. The unaspirated D is similar to the TH sound in the definite article D. Then you have the aspirated version, D, which is pronounced with more stress and puff of air as usual. Since there's no equivalent for the aspirated, it's used in the Hindi word for thank, which is Devad. I repeat the letters, D The last letter in this row is N, which is exactly identical to the English letter N as in name or the Hindi word for name Nam. Moving on to the fifth row, these consist of labial consonants. These are the sounds produced by a lips touching each other. These are per M. The first pair, P and P correspond to the P sound in English. The English equivalents may vary based on your accent, but a close enough approximation for native English speakers is the unstressed per sound in apple, you can see the aspirated version in Pi, where more air is expelled depending on your accent. Reminder to keep a palm in front of your mouth to practice the difference between an aspirated sound and an unaspirated sound. Because regardless of your native accent, that is the ultimate litmus test of pronouncing these letters correctly. The aspirated also sometimes doubles up as an F sound or a fur sound, depending on the context, not unlike how a pH sound is used in English also to represent an F sound sometimes. I repeat the pronunciation of the letters. P P. The next pair is B and B. This corresponds to the B sound in English. B as in ball and B, which doesn't have an exact English equivalent. It's used in the indi name for India, which is Baath. I repeat the pronunciation of the two letters. B, B. The last letter in this row is M, which is identical to the M sound in English as in mango. Now we come to the last row of consonants, which are the letters that do not neatly fit into the previous categories. These sounds are produced in different parts of the mouth and aren't arranged in pairs. They are S S. Although these are written as consonants, they're considered by many as being between vowels and consonants. Hence they have their own row. Because if you can observe in all of them, the tongue does not completely touch any part of the mouth, but instead keeps a very small gap for the air to rush through in different varied ways. Just by saying, and her, and you'll see that you don't really touch any part of the mouth physically. Trivia aside, let's go to the first letter. This is identical to the sound of the English letter, y as in yes. The next letter is R, similar to the English letter R, but it's a rolled or trilled R, not like the American curd R. It's used in the Hindi word Raja for king. The Hindi ra uncannily resembles an English R, and this is exploited in the symbol for the Indian rupee. This is a lovely design because it captures both the Hindi letter R, and you can also see a trace of the English capital R. Next time you see an Indian rupee note, look out for this symbol. The next letter is identical to the English sound as in learn or love. Next, we have the letter, which is identical to the V sound in van. Hindi does not differentiate between a W sound and a V sound. This can be pronounced as either or, it doesn't matter. But it's perhaps more commonly pronounced as a sound like a V. Moving on to a group of similar letters, we have Sha Sha and S. Now, the two essay sounds used to be different in the proper sense, but that distinction is pretty much lost in everyday Hindi today. Both are pronounced Sha as in sheep. Technically, the second s is pronounced as a retroflex with a cul term. But that distinction is pretty much lost today. You can pronounce both of them as S. However, it's important to differentiate them for the sake of spelling. As you can't interchange them, for example, the Hindi word for evening is Sham, which uses the first sh, the Hindi word for language is Basha, which uses the second sh. Interchanging the sh in these two words won't be correct for the sake of spelling. But in spoken Hindi and everyday conversations, both are pronounced like S in sheep. Finally, we have S, which is like the S sound in words like song or sing, and so on. The sounds are S S. Finally, we have the last letter, he, which is identical to the H sound as in hat. Now with this, we conclude all the consonants. There are a few extra letters, which are the compound letters. These are SG and T. These compound letters are formed when two consonants combine. Now consonants in Hindi can be combined in any way. All the consonants that we've learned till now can be combined by placing them next to each other like in English. However, these three letters are unique that they have their own letter for their particular combination. It's not that these combinations are more common. These three letters are fairly common, but so are many other consonant combinations. But for whatever historic reasons, these three combinations have their own unique letter. Now let's start with the first compound letter, that is S. S is the combined letter for K plus S. It doesn't resemble either letter that is combining. It looks more like an ampersand with a vertical line next to it. It's worth noting that compound letters aren't unique to Hindi. English two has the sound, which is quite similar to this. This letter is used in the Hindi word for mercy, which is Shama. Next, we have gear, which is the combination of ge and gear, as in gan, which in Hindi means knowledge. Finally, we have, which is the combination of T and R. The Hindi word for triangle, Tc uses this. Throw. This concludes our consonants. Let's pronounce them row by row, starting from the first row. C, G, G. H, h, er, er. T T, no. T T the no. P P Ba M. S H. A. That concludes all the consonants. Let's see how they interact with each other. Let's take two consonants, and e. When we put them together, you might think this becomes. However, in Hindi, the last letter of a word has its vowel removed. This is not. This is. Similarly, let's take two other letters. The two letters are Ga and R. When you put them together, it doesn't become Gara. It becomes Gur because the last vowel is not pronounced. It's not Gara. This becomes Ger. If you've already gone through the first few lessons of our course, you'll know that this is the word for home Ger. Now, we've seen how the consonants retain their sound when they're combined with another letter, except when it's the last letter of the word. But what about when we want to form compound sounds like sir as in station, clear, as in click and so on. Here in we have the concept of the half forms. Here we literally cut the consonant in half and this indicates that the consonant no longer has the inherent a vowel attached to them. You can observe as I toggle through the two forms that in most of the letters, the letter is literally cut in half to create the half form. Except for the letters marked in yellow, here we use a small line at the bottom of the letter called a ln, which indicates that the consonant no longer retains its inherent vowel form. Now, let's understand this with an example. We saw the word u, where the letters K and were put together, and we get u. Now, if we want to make the compound sound, basically remove the inherent sound of the letter, we use the half form of K, which is essentially the letter and half. The bottom sound is now and not u. With this, we have seen the pull letter forms of both the vowels and the consonants, and we have the half forms of the consonant and the vowel forms or the matra forms of the vowels. With this, we've explored the entire Hindi Alphabet. Now let's form some simple words with this, starting from one letter words. Now, when I say one letter in Hindi, this means that there is one consonant at the center of the word and it has at one vowel matra attached to it. It's a bit different than English one letter words, which are literally just one letter. In Hindi, only the full letter would count as a letter. Let's take the first example. The Hindi verb e is A. If you observe the sound, it is the letter K and a vowel r. We attach K plus the Mtra r to produce A. The casual form of U in Hindi is two. If you observe the sound, it is the consonant, very similar to the letter t, and the vowel. Since the vowel comes after the consonant, the vowel modifies the consonant using a mata. Here we use the mata. We get plus mata to get two. We have the Hindi auxiliary verb is, which is hair. Here, the sound is the her, which is similar to an H sound, her, followed by the vowel A. As the vowel follows a consonant, it attaches itself on the consonant as a matra, or a diacritic mark. Here he plus A gives. Now, the plural form of hay is han, which means r. Now here we have her as well as A as well as a nasal to make the sound hand. We have the consonant H, which is then modified by the long A vowel matra, and finally, the dot mat, which indicates he nasal sound. We attach all of them together, as you can see in the letter on the right, and we get the nasal hand. We have ha without the dot and the nasal hand with the dot. Then you have the word for I in Hindi. If you've gone through the lessons, this is the first word that we teach. Man consists of the letter M followed by the vowel A and the nasal sound, ng, which is represented by a dot. When you combine all of it, M plus A p n becomes M. Next, we look at two letter words that is two consonants and the respective Mtras wherever applicable. The first example is the word Ger, which is the word for home. This consists of two letters, G and R. When the consonant is at the start or a middle of the word, it retains its inherent or default vowel. The first letter is pronounced G. When we use the consonant R as the last letter of the word, it doesn't retain its inherent vowel anymore. These two letters combined to give us Ger. Next, we have the Hindi word for V, which is hum. This is formed by the two letters H and M. When we combine together, we get um. The first letter retains its vowel, and the last letter because it's the last letter becomes the consonant, we get. Now let's move beyond the inherent vowel and add Mtras where applicable. We have the informal version of U, which is Tom, which consists of the sound modified by the short to get two, and we end the word with the M sound, which loses its vowel as it's at the end of the word. T with the sound gives us two, and along with the Mr sound at the end, we get Tom. Then we have the formal version of U, which is. This consists of two letters, the vowel r, and the consonant P. Now, as the vowel comes at the start of the word, it has no other consonant to modify. Hence, we use the full vowel letter for R. We combine R and P to get R. Remember, where the vowel is in the middle of the word, it becomes a mata and attaches itself to the consonant preceding it. However, when the vowel is at the start of the word, we use the full letter, as in this case, where we use the letter r. Now let's look at a word where both consonants are modified by a mata, because neither syllable ends with a consonant. Word for A in Hindi is Gadi, which has two consonants, G and D. The g is modified by an Kimatra, to give us Ga. The D is modified by an E chimatra, which means the matra of E to give us D. Hence, we combine ga and d to get Gadi. Regardless of whatever letters we're using, we always have the distinct horizontal line or the herro echa on the top of the word. It this, I hope you've understood the logic of the letters. To practice reading Hindi. Each lesson in our video series has a downloadable PDF, which contains all our example sentences throughout the course in both the English Transteration, as well as the Dave Nagi or the Hindi script. You can go through the PDF and follow along with our video lessons to learn to read the Hindi script while listening to the audio from the lessons. This has been done for every single lesson, every single example in the entire 21 day course. Make sure you go through the PDF and try reading the Dave nagri and the English script next to each other, which will give you a lot of reading practice. Now, it depends on your goal, whether you want to learn just to read the Hindi script or to read and write the script or even read and type the script. If you want to write the script, you'll have to practice each letter on a piece of paper and practice the entire alphabet along with a lot of reading practice as well. However, in the digital world, you can also choose to just learn to recognize the letters and read the letters. Because in most cases in the modern world, we read and type. You can install a Google indi keyboard on your smartphones or check for the language settings on your respective keyboard to type in Hindi. Of course, you can read a lot of Hindi content to learn to read. It's your choice whether you want to go the full distance and learn to write or stick to reading and typing, which is also perfect in today's digital world. With this, I'll take my leave and wish you the best of luck on your Hindi learning journey. Thank you, Dana. 42. Day 21.3 - Learn Hindi Barahkhadi (Vowel plus consonant syllables): Namaste. Till now in our lessons of the Devinagre Script. We've looked at consonants, vowels and how to combine them to form words. As you know, the DevNagre script is an Abogia script where vowels are attached to the consonant as Mtras or vowel dacrtic marks. Today, let me deep dive into this concept of attaching vowels to consonants. Listing down a consonant with all the 12 vowel forms attached to it is called the Baraka. Bara means 12, and this is a list of the 12 forms, that is the 12 vowels attached to the consonant. Here on screen, there are only 11 forms because I've skipped the vowel aha. That's the 12th vowel because it's very rarely used, and I ever used, it is used for rare sunscrit terms. Otherwise, we commonly use these 11 vowel forms. Every consonant has its own Baraka. If you take the example of K, K transforms to ke ke, and so on with different vowels. Similarly, you would have the Baracd list for ch as ch ch, ch, ch, and so on. Today, we'll go through all the Baraka forms of all the consonants one by one. Let me first recap this concept of the vowel Mtra system with the help of the example of the letter, K. K is the first consonant in the DevNgre Alphabet. We start with the consonant itself, that is, as you know, when a consonant is written by itself in Dvagre, it has an inherent vowel. This requires no Mtra, and all consonants have this inherent vowel. This becomes K. K plus r gives us. The Mtra is a vertical line to the right of the consonant. Plus e gives us key. Here, there is a curve on top going towards the left, followed by a vertical line down. The long vowel is key. This is similar to key, but the long E Kimatra is on the right of the consonant. Next, we have plus the mat to give us. This is a short curve going towards the left at the bottom of the consonant. The long gives us. Here, the direction of the curve is towards the right. Plus A gives k. This is simply a diagonal line on top of the consonant, when you have two diagonal lines, it gives us K. K plus gives us C. This consists of a vertical line similar to c, but also a diagonal line on top. This is C. The next matra is which now consists of two diagonal lines on top along with the vertical line. When you attach to, it gives us. Finally, we have plus m, that's the Bindu or dot on top to give us. These are the 11 forms. There's also a 12th form that is plus Aha, gives aha, but I won't be covering that because that's rarely used. Now as you can see, this is the first row of consonants. K g. Each row is the barracd of the respective consonant, and the vowel matras are in the columns. We start with the Baracd for K. We've already looked at it, so this is a repetition. We get K, K, K, K, K, K, C. I'll be narrating the barraca for every consonant in the same fashion. As I just learners to pause the video at the end of each consonant Baraka and try to repeat it for yourself. The next consonant is K. K, K, K, K, K, K C. The next letter is G G Ga GiGi G, G gay, gay, go go gum. The next letter is GGG Gee, Ghee. Go, go Ghee, gay, go, go gum. This finishes the first row that is the velar consonants, Kirker Gerge. Next, we move on to the petal consonants, er. We start with her, her, G, G, J, h h h. Aspirated sibling, ha ha ha, h, h, h, hum. The next letter is J J, G, G, J, J, J J The next letter is the aspirated version, J. J J G, G J, J J J J. That concludes the palatal consonants, J. Next, we have the retroflex consonants, T, D, D. We start with T. T, T, T, t22tt, T T. Next, we have its aspirated siblings, T. T T T, t22 tt2tt. The next letter is d d d d d d d D D the aspirated sibling is D D D D D D D D D D D. Finally, we have the nasal consonant of this series, that is n. This is the retroflex ner and not the plane N sound like ne. N, n. A, A, n. Next, we have the dental consonants. This series consists of the the N. We start with tt22 t2tt. The aspirated version of this is T, T T, t22t, T two, T T. Next, we have the letter, the d d D D D D the The aspirated version is the D D D D D the D D Last in the series is Nu Nu, N, no, no, N, N no num. Next, we have the series of labial consonants. These are pronounced at your lips. This series consists of the letters P P B per M. We start with P P P P, P P, P, P P P P P. The aspirated sibling of P is P, P P P, P P P P, P P P P. The next letter is B. B B B, B Bu Bu B by Ba Ba Ba. Next, we have Ba Ba Ba B, B, Bu Bu B B B B Bam. Final letter of the series is M M M, M, M, M M May May, M M Mu. But this will finish the label consonants per per er rm. Now, as we've covered more than half the letters, let me remind you once again to pause the video and repeat after me. Depending on your learning goals, you might want to write the letters down as we go through each Barakay, or if your goal right now is to read the letters, then before I narrate the series, try to read the 11 letters. If your goal is to learn to speak or pronounce the letters clearly, another thing you can do is pronounce all the letters of a row before I narrate it and then play the video to check if you got it right. Now let's move on to the next series of letters, that is. We start with, Y, Y, Y, Y, Y. The next letter is R, R, R, R, R, R, R, R Rum. Next, we have. La La, L, L, L, L L, um. The next letter is V, u u, u. The last series of consonants is S S H. We start with S. S Sha. She, S S Shah Sam. The next letter is Sur. This is a retroflex version of Sur. If it's pronounced in the quote correct way, this would be S differentiated from the earlier S. However, most Hindi speakers today pronounce this the same as the earlier sh. I'm also going to stick to the pronunciation as it is spoken in real life. Hence, this letter is used not so much to address the pronunciation, but more for spelling, because the words that used to be pronounced S or are derived from Sanskrit still have this S letter in their spelling, even though the two ss sound exactly the same in modern Hindi. O So, Shah, S, Shu Shu S Shah Sha Sham the next letter is S S S S S. S S S S S. The last consonant in our series is H H, H H, H, H, H, H. This I've narrated the Barak adi of all the consonants in the DevNagri Alphabet. These combined consonant plus vowel clusters represent all the syllables of the Hindi language. By narrating all the Bakadi forms of all the consonants, you essentially narrated all the syllables that are possible in the Hindi language. Learning this will greatly help your pronunciation. Secondly, you can try to read each row and that will help your reading. Finally, if your goal is to write, then I would suggest you to write every syllable in this Barakadi form. I hope this was easy to understand and follow. Thank you, Dan ivad. F.