Transcripts
1. Introduction: Hello everybody and welcome to the English grammar,
pre-intermediate, A2, B1, cos, by me,
my Cambridge teacher. This course is designed for
English language learners who have a pre-intermediate
level of English. In this course, you will
improve your grandma without clear and
simple grammar lessons. The course has been divided into five to ten minute lessons, each focusing on a
different grammar point. You can study the topics
in any order you want. By the end of the course, you'll be ready
to start studying intermediate level
English grammar. Remember to do the course
at your own speed, but don't rush through it. If you didn't quite understand
one of the lessons, go back and do it again and have another go at the
practice exercise at the end of the lesson. When you're ready, let's go.
2. Lesson 1 - word order in questions: In this lesson, we're
going to be learning about the word
order in questions, which can actually be
quite tricky in English. So let's start with a warm-up. Can you choose the
correct answer? Is it a or B? It's P. Is Chloe a teacher?
Have a go at this one. It's a, How old is he? Have a go at the next one? It's a where did you
go last Saturday. So have a go at the next one. You should have a do
they live in Canada? Try this one. You should have a Who are
you going to the party with? So how did you get on? Well now we're going to go
through a few grammar rules. Let's see if this will help you. Now in English, word ordering questions
will go like this. Auxiliary subject, infinitive. Look at these examples. Do you live in the city? Do is an auxiliary verb. The subject is you. The infinitive is live.
Look at the next one. Does your brother study English? Does your brother's
study English? Now the first two questions
are in the present simple. Look at the third question. How is that one difference? This one is in the past, simple. Did you go to university? Notice though, that
the structure is the same auxiliary
subject infinitive. When we use a question
word in the question, it will always go before
the auxiliary verb. Look at these examples. Where do you work? Why does she live there? What did you study
at University? Here you can see when
we use the verb be, it will go after the question
word, before the subjects. Where are they from? What is your name? When was his graduation? You can make questions
with the verb be by inverting the verb
and the subject. In a sentence, we would
say she is happy. The question would
be, is she happy? Okay, so now it's time to test yourself and see how
much you have learned. Put the words in
the right order. Where do you live? Number two. Is your sister younger
than you? Three. How often do they speak to her? For? What time does the film finish? Five. Did you come to work by car?
3. Lesson 2 - present simple: In lesson two, we're going to be reviewing the present
simple tense. So let's start with a warm up. Can you complete the sentences? Every day? I watch the news. Try this one. She often walks to school. Next one. The shop doesn't open until ten. So how did you get
on with the warm-up? Let's go through the
grammar rules and review the present simple tense. Present simple is used to
express habits, general truths, repeated actions, or unchanging situations, emotions,
and wishes. Let's look at some
examples of those. I smoke. This is a habit. I live in Manchester. This is an unchanging situation. London is a large city. This is an example
of a general truth. The quotes are few
rules that we have when making the
present simple tense. Have a look here
at these examples. I live for the affirmative. You live. He, she, it lives. Notice that we need to add an S for the third
person singular. He lives, she lives. It lives. For the third person plural. We don't need to add an s. We live, you live. They live. In the negative. We use the word
don't or doesn't. Don't is a contraction
of do not? I do not live in Manchester. You do not live in Manchester? I don't live in Manchester. You don't live in Manchester. Notice that in the
third person singular, we don't use, don't. We use doesn't. Does not. Again, the auxiliary
verb has an S. Does. He does not live in Manchester? He doesn't live in Manchester. And again, when we're using
the third person plural, we don't add an s. We
don't live in Manchester. You don't live in Manchester? They don't live in Manchester. We also need the auxiliary verb do to make the question form. Do I live? Do I live in Manchester? Do you live in Manchester? Notice again that does. We'll take the plural form in the third person singular tense. Does he live in Manchester? Here you can see
some spelling rules. We often use the present simple with adverbs
of frequency. Here you can see a list of the most common
adverbs of frequency. I always come to work on time. Always being a 100%. Sometimes I'm alone. Sometimes being 50%. I never drink alcohol. Never being 0 per cent. What sentences can you make with these adverbs of frequency? Remember, the adverbs of frequency go before
the main verb. We often go out on
Saturday night. Often is the adverb
of frequency. Go out is the main verb. I'm never late for school. Never is the adverb
of frequency. Late is the main verb. Expressions of frequency,
such as every day, once a week, usually go
at the end of a sentence. Look at these examples. I eat fruit every day. We go to the cinema every week. Okay, so now it's time to test yourself and see how
much you learned. Can you write sentences and questions with the
present simple? Look at this example. He usually gets up early. Now it's your turn. You should have. Does Rachel like
pizza? Try this one? You should have. I don't get on with my boss. Next one? The answer is, when
does the party starts? Try this one. I don't see my
parents very often.
4. Lesson 3 - present continuous: In lesson three, we're going to be learning about the
present continuous. Let's start with a warm-up. Look at the picture. What is he doing? Remember to use the present
continuous in your answer. He is walking. He is walking a dog. What is he wearing? He is wearing a shirt,
jeans, and trainers. What does he look like? You should have noticed that this question does not use
the present continuous. This question is in
the present simple. Your answer could be
something like this. He's tall, he has
short blonde hair. Okay, It's grandmother time. The present continuous is used for things
that are happening. Now. At this moment. Look
at the example. What are you doing? I'm reading a book. It's also used for
temporary situations. Look at the example. I'm doing a six month
internship in Spain. We also use the
present continuous to describe a picture
or a photograph. In the photograph, she's
wearing a long black dress. We can understand the
present continuous better if we compare it
to the present simple, look at this question. What do you do? I work in a hospital. We use the present simple for things that are generally true. What are you doing? This question means,
what are you doing? Now? At this moment? I'm walking to work. Use the present continuous
for an action happening now. Are at this moment. Do you know how to use
stative verbs like think, love, smell, and have? Stative verbs describe a
state rather than an action. They are not usually
used in the present continuous for
knowing the answer. This is wrong. You should say, I know the answer because
NO is a state verb. He's really liking you. This is also wrong. You should say, he
really likes you. Again, like is a state verb. I'm wanting a drink. You should say, I want a drink. Let's have a look at how to make the present continuous tense
and positive sentences. I am working. You can see we have a subject, the verb be and the
verb with the ink form. He, she, it is working. You, we, you, they are working. Let's look at how
to make the present continuous and the
negative sentences. I am not working. Here. We're going to
use a contraction. I'm I'm not working. He she it is not working. Isn't working. You we you they are not
working aren't working. Practice saying these
sentences after me. I'm not working. She isn't working. They aren't working. Make sure that you use the contraction when
you're speaking English. Now the question
form, am I working? Is he working? Are you working? Remember to answer
the short form. Yes. I am working. Yes, I am. No. He is not working. No, he isn't. Now it's time to test yourself and see how
much you have learned. Complete the sentence
with the present simple or present continuous. The man in the picture
is playing the piano. You can turn off the TV. I am not watching it. I often drink tea, but I want a coffee today. Remember, want is a state verb. I want a coffee today. Not I'm wanting a coffee today. I work every weekend, but I am not working right now. I need to go to the shop. We don't have any milk.
5. Lesson 4 - past simple: In the next lesson,
we're going to be learning about the path simple, which is a really important
tense in English. And why is it so important? Well, we use it all the time. We can use it to talk
about any action that happened at
anytime in the past. So let's start with
a warm-up and test what you already know
about the past simple. So what is the past
simple of these verbs? Okay, Let's check your answers. The past simple of go is went. Past simple of stay. Is stayed. The past simple
of leave is left. The past simple of
want is warranted. The past simple of
spend is spent. The past simple of the verb be, is, was, or what. The past simple of
think is thought. The past simple of NO is new. And the past simple
of take is took. Okay, so let's get started with learning about this
past simple tense. So you can see here that
I've drawn a timeline and everything before
now is in the past. So when we're talking
about the past simple, we're talking about
anytime that is before. Now, it's important
to remember that the past simple is used
with finished actions. That will be really
important to know for later on when you're learning
other past tenses. So let's have a look at when we use the past simple tense. So it can be used with or
without a time expression. What do I mean by that? Let's have a look
at the example. I cooked dinner yesterday. So yesterday is the
time expression. Another example of a time
expression is last week, last year, last
month, and so on. Or we can use it without
the time expression. I cooked dinner. What's the past simple
parts of the sentence? Cooked? We can also
use the past simple to talk about the recent past
and the distance past. What do we mean by this? Recent past will refer to things that happened
a short time ago. While the distant past, we'll talk about things that
happened long time ago. He called last night. Last night is the recent
past. Is the past. Simple parts of this sentence
called the distant past. I lived in Australia
along time ago. Lift is the past simple
part of this example. We can use it with one
action or many actions. Look at the example. She opened the door. Here. We've just got one action. She got home, she made
dinner and watch the film. Here we've got a few actions or which happened in the past. So making the past
simple is really easy because the form is the
same for all persons. Look at some examples using
the regular verb to work, which in the past
simple is worked. I worked. He she it worked. You worked? We worked. You worked? They worked. So doesn't matter
what the subject is. The past simple, the verb
form is always the same. Okay, so let's have
a look at how to use the regular and irregular
verbs in the past, simple, and affirmative and
negative and question forms. Let's start with
the regular verb. I visited my friends. Remember, as we said before, the form is the same
for all subjects. In the irregular verb form. We went to Spain on holiday. So here we are using the verb to go in the past simple,
which is went. Let's have a look at
the negative sentence. I didn't visit my family. What do you notice
about this sentence? Well, here we need
a helping verb. And that's helping verb is due, which in the past
simple is, did. The negative is did not. Didn't. Notice that we use the infinitive verb form
after the negative. I didn't visit my family. We didn't go to Madrid. Now let's look at the questions. Did you stay for the week? Did you go to Barcelona? So again, we need
that helping verb. Did remember, like
I said before, the form is the same
for all subjects. Did you, did He, did, she, did we, and so on. Now, if you want to use a question word
such as where, why, how, when, Remember, that will go
before the helping verb. Did, where did you stay? Why did you go to Barcelona? Let's have a look at
the spelling rules for regular verbs in
the past simple. So we usually just
need to add ED to the infinitive or to the
verb that ends with a Y. If the verb ends in
a consonant and a y, we need to change the y
to an i before we add ED. For one syllable words with
one vowel and one consonant, we need to double the
consonant before adding ED. If you look at some
examples, Stop, stopped. But batted. Two syllables with stress on the second syllable and ending
with a single consonant. We need to double the
consonant and add ED. Permanent. Permitted,
commit, permitted. Now, the past simple
is quite an easy tense until we get to
the pronunciation. So let's first think
about the rules. So we're talking about the past simple verbs
that are regular. So if the verb ends in a, t or d, Then the past simple
ending is pronounced ID. For example, wanted ended. If the verb ends in
a voiceless sound. The past simple
ending is pronounced. For example, stopped. Washed. If the verb ends in
another voice sound, the past simple
ending is pronounced. For example, played aloud. Okay, so now it's
time to test yourself and see how much you have
learned on the past simple. Put the verb in the brackets
in the past simple. Last summer, we had
a holiday in Wales. The verb to have is irregular. And in the past simple. It is hat. We flew there from Scotland. So again, the verb
to fly is irregular, and in the past
simple, it is flu. We flew there from Scotland. And here you can see
that this sentence is not using a time expression. Next one. When we got to Cardiff, we couldn't find our hotel. Here. You'll notice
that we're using can in the past, which is good. And we've got the
negative, could not. Couldnt. The verb to
get is also irregular, and in the past
simple, it is got. And you'll see here that we've
not just got one action, but we've got many actions. So many actions, or in the past. Next one, the weather was very good and it
didn't rain all week. So notice now we are using the verb be
and the past simple, which is was, and
also the verb rain. And this sentence
is in the negative. So instead of saying rained, we need to use the helping
verb, did not, didn't. And the verb in the infinitive. So now see if you can complete the question in the past simple. So did you identify what
question why do you need here? Where did you go on
holiday last summer. So because we're
talking about a place, we need the question word where? Remember the verb in
the question is in the infinitive because we're
using the helping verb, do in the past simple, which is did, did you go? Where did you go? Next one? This time we're
talking about a person. So we need the question word, who, who did you go with? Who? And then the helping verb did. The subject. And the verb
in the infinitive, go. Who did you go with? Next one. What was the weather like? So here we're using the verb
be and we're not using did. It was very hot. What was the weather like? Notice that this question
the answer starts with yes. So we know that there is
no question word here. So we'll start it with
the helping verb. Did, did you have a good time?
6. Lesson 5 - past continuous : In our next lesson, we'll be looking at
another past-tense, and this one is called
the path continuous. We use this tense a lot
and we use it to say what we were doing at a particular
moment in the past. Okay, let's start
with a warm-up. Have a look at this text. When I took the photo, he was looking at the TV. His mother and sister
was sitting quietly next to him and they
were reading a magazine. Look at the highlighted
verbs in the text. Do they describe actions
that happened after he took the photo or be at the same
time as he took the photo? It's B at the same time
as he took the photo. This is why we use
the past continuous. Okay, grammar time. Let's study the past continuous. We use the past
continuous to describe an action that is in progress at a specific moment in
the past and which was still going on when
another event occurred. Look at this example. The children were
watching television. When I got home. The children were
watching television. This is the action
that is in progress. The other event that's
occurred was when I got home. When I got home, the children was still
watching television. They were watching television
before I got home. We also use the past continuous to describe the
background in a story. For example, the sun was shining and the
birds were singing. It's also used to describe
an unfinished action that was interrupted by
another event or action. Look at this example. I was having a shower. When the phone rang. I was having a shower. This is the continuous action. The action that interrupted
it was the phone rang. So we write this in
the past simple. Use the past simple for a
completed action in the past. Use the past continuous for an action that was in progress. I was walking down the street when I saw my friend
at the bus stop. So what was the continuous
action in this sentence? Walking down the street? I was walking down the street. What was the completed action? The parts in the past simple. I saw my friend. Remember that just like in
the present continuous, we do not normally
use stative verbs. We use the past simple instead. Look at this example. When I got home, I really needed a shower. The verb need is a state verb. It's not an action verb. I can't say I really
was needing a shower. So I need to say it in the past. Simple, needed, I
really needed a shower. Here are some more
state verbs that we do not use in continuous tenses. So let's have a look at that past continuous structure
and positive sentences. I was working he
she it was working. You we you they were
working the negative. I wasn't working. I was not working. So we put was a knot together. And we usually do this
when we're speaking. If you separate it, that's normally use if you're
writing something formal, it's more common
to hear the verb conjugated when we're speaking. So it will sound very fast. I wasn't working. He she it wasn't working. You we you they
were not working. You we you they weren't working. In the question form. It goes like this. Was I working? Was he she it working? Were you working? Okay. And now it's time to test
yourself and see how much you have learned
about the past continuous. Complete the sentences
with a verb. In the past continuous. I was eating lunch, so I couldn't answer the phone. Next one. It wasn't raining when I left the
house this morning. Number three, they were watching TV when I got home. Try this one. You should have. She met her partner when
she was living in France. Okay, so let's make it a
little bit more difficult. Now, you've got to put
the verbs into the past simple or the past continuous. Try this one. You should have. He arrived when we were
leaving the house. The continuous action
is we were leaving. This was happening in
progress as he arrived. Have a go at this one. It was raining when we
left the restaurant. Trying to get this one. I was studying in Manchester. When we meant study is
the continuous action. This was happening at
the time that we met.
7. Lesson 6 - time sequencers: In lesson six,
we'll be looking at time sequences and connectors. These are words which
help you to tell a story in the past in a clear
and logical way. Students often make many
mistakes when using these words. So let's look at how
to use them correctly. Let's start with a warm-up
and see what you know about time sequences
and connectors. So see if you can
put these words into the correct place in
these three sentences. Number one, he was running
because he was late. Number two, although the
film wasn't very good, they had a great time. Three, she was very busy. So she said she'd call him back. Its grammar time. We use time sequences to say when or in what
order things happen. We use when as a time sequencer
and to join two actions. Look at this example. I was reading a book
when the phone rang. So here two verbs
are joined by when. Look at the other examples. We met at the park. After that, we went for
dinner in the city. On Tuesday. I had a job interview. Next day, I was
offered the role. She left the house
five-minutes later. It started to rain. The most common way of linking consecutive actions is
with then or after that, but not with after. For example, I got
up and got dressed. Then or after that, I made a cup of coffee. I can't say after I
made a cup of coffee. It needs to be after that. After that, I made
a cup of coffee. We use bought. And although to show contrast, although can go at the beginning or in the
middle of a sentence. For example, she
tried to catch it, but the foam fell to the ground. Although she tried to catch it, the phone fell to the ground. These sentences have
exactly the same meaning. We use because to
express a reason, we use so to express a result. Look at these examples. She was running because
she was in a hurry. Here. The reason she is running
is that she was in a hurry. We use because to
express a reason. The next example,
she was in a hurry, so she was running. So here is expressing
the results. Okay, now it's time
to test yourself. Let's see how much
you've learned. Complete the sentences with. So because or although. Ready, Try number one, we walked home because
we couldn't find a taxi. Remember we use because
to show the reason for something. Next one. I called her but her
phone was turned off. Remember, we use but
to show a contrast, number three, all the shops were closed because it
was a bank holiday. Next one. The Sunset was beautiful. So I took a photograph.
Try this one. Now, here you need
to remember what I said about which word that shows contrast can go at the
beginning of the sentence. Although, although
they played well, they didn't win the match.
8. Lesson 7 - present continuous (future arrangements): In the next few lessons, we're going to learn how to speak about the
future in English. You might not know this, but English does not
have a future tense. So does that mean that you cannot speak about the
future in English? Well, not quite. You can speak about the future, but there is no future tense. But it's usually called
the future tense. In English, There's
no special way to change the verbs themselves. For the future tense, we have a variety of grammatical and
lexical means for expressing future
related meanings. So in less than seven, we're going to look
at how to use, be going to, to talk
about the future. Okay, let's start
with a warm-up. So can you complete
the sentence with a form of be going
to plus a verb? Let's have a go. Okay, so you should have
something like this. Now you have, might have
chosen a different verb, but grammatically it
should still work. So number one, I'm
going to work abroad. Number two, I'm certain you are going to have
a wonderful trip. Look at these two sentences. Are they plans or are
they predictions? Sentence number one is a plan. Sentence number two
is a prediction. This structure works just
like the present continuous. We need the verb be in the correct form
depending on the subject. And then we use going to, we use be going to talk about future plans
and intentions. Look at these examples. He's going to work
in Spain for a year. She's going to meet him
at the train station. We also use the verb
be with going to for future purposes when we
are making a prediction. Now, that prediction
needs to have some kind of evidence
that we can see. For example, look
at those clouds, it is going to rain. I'm sure you're going to have a great time when we know or can see something
that is going to happen. So let's look at how to make
the going to sentences. So this structure
goes like this. Subject plus m is r pluss
going to plus infinitive. I am going to go. You are going to play. She is going to read. They are going to find, remember in the negative. I'm not going to go. You aren't going to play. She isn't going to find
we aren't going to tell the question forms using going to remember that the verb will come
before the subject. Are you going to go? Is he going to play? Are we going to leave? Okay, so now it's time to test yourself and see how
much you have learned. A, complete the sentence with B going to plus
one of the verbs. What are you going to
cook for dinner tomorrow? What are you going
to cook for dinner tomorrow? You should have. You can put the radio on, but I am not going
to listen to it. You can put the radio on, but I'm not going
to listen to it. Three, you should have. What is he going to do when
he graduates University? What's he going to do when
he graduates university? For we are going to stay in a hotel. We're going to stay in a hotel. Five. I have a lot of luggage. I'm going to get a taxi. I have a lot of luggage. I'm going to get a taxi.
Chloe, English Teacher
