Latvian language intermediate

1. Latvian lesson introduction: My name is x1, and this is my course, Latvian language intermediate. In this course I'm going to teach about lateral language in the intermediate level, meaning it's going to be focused a lot on grammar. But I will also include some dialogues with new vocabulary as examples of this course is if you have already started or you have some knowledge of basic Latin language to get into more advanced level. And this is meant for students who are specifically interested in learning math and language are improved. Language, kill or Andy. Thank you. I'll see you in a course. 2. Vocabulary : Sveiki! So this is lesson number one, and in this lesson I will just give some vocabulary, and a short dialogue at the end of the lesson. The vocabulary is basically the words you usually use while you study either in school or university, maybe in a course. So let's start! So in this lesson I'll use these two dolls Mārtiņš and Ritma, and the first word is teacher. And as you know in Latvian language to say teacher, you must be correct with the endings, because the word can vary depending on the feminine or masculine, plural or singular form. So, if she's a teacher, she's ,skolotāja'. And, if he's a teacher, he's ,skolotājs'. And, if there's two female teachers, you have to to say ,skolotājas'. And, if it's two male teachers, you have to say ,skolotāji'. The synonym of teacher is ,pasniedzējs'. Usually they are teachers, who teach in the universities, so he's ,pasniedzējs' and plural- ,pasniedzēji''. She's ,pasniedzēja', and in plural- ,pasniedzējas'. Well the other word for a teacher is lecturer. It's also mostly associated with universities, where teachers are appearing in lectures. So, if he's a lecturer, he's ,lektors', and in plural ,lektori'. And, if she's a lecturer, she's ,lektore', and in plural ,lektores'. So the next word is ,,example''. In Latvian it's ,piemērs', and in plural ,piemēri' Then while you're learning, you probably get exercises or tasks. In Latvian an exercise is ,uzdevums', and in plural- ,uzdevumi'. During a lesson you probably get examples, and in Latvian it's ,piemērs' or in plural ,piemēri'. And a lesson, where you attend studies, is called ,mācību stunda' or in plural - ,mācību stundas'. Next word is a lecturer, and in Latvian it's ,lekcija', and plural- ,lekcijas'. And next word is studies, and in Latvian you say ,mācības'. Well in singular you say ,mācība', but that word can also be associated, meaning you get of wisdom during your life, not just the educational way. So usually at the end of the term you get exams, and in Latvian it's ,eksāmens', and in plural ,eksāmeni'. So the materials usually you get- theories, and in singular it's ,teorija' ego and plural ,teorijas'. So during studies you probably get quizzes or tests, and in Latvian its ,kontroldarbs' or some say also ,tests'. And in plural it's ,kontroldarbs' or ,testi'. Another word for quiz is a test, and test can be translated as ,pārbaudījums', and in plural- ,pārbaudījumi' So some books or materials you use can be translations from other languages. So in Latvian translation is ,tulkojums', and in plural- ,tulkojumi'. So in Latvian a note is ,pieraksts', and in plural- ,pieraksti'. And you also probably carry around with you a textbook. Full of theories and materials for the studies. So in Latvian a textbook is ,mācību grāmata', and in plural- ,mācību grāmatas'. aAnd usually at the end of the book you get sources, and a source in Latvian is ,avots', and in plural- ,avoti'. I must add that the word ,avots' is a little bit tricky in Latvian language, because it's a homonym to the water spring as well. So, if you say ,avots', you have to put it in the right context. Like you're not in the nature looking at the spring. You are associating the word with the studies or books. While you study your theories or lessons can be categorized in different levels like in languages- it's intermediate, advanced or beginner. So in Latvian a level is ,līmenis', and in plural- ,līmeņi'. While we're learning the language, you probably have to remember all the tenses the sentences and words come in. The first one is the past, and in Latvian it's ,pagātne'. Then there's present, and in Latvian it's ,tagadne'. And the last one is the future, and in Latvian it's ,nākotne'. So, while you're learning the language, you also have to learn how to spell different words, either in singular or plural way. So singular in Latvian is ,vienskaitlis', and plural- ,daudzskaitlis'. So while learning a language you get single and continuous sentences. So a sentence in Latvian is ,teikums', in plural- ,teikumi'. So a simple sentence is ,vienkāršs teikums', and plural- ,vienkārši teikumi'. And a continuous sentence is ,salikts teikums', and in plural- ,salikti teikumi'. Now let's learn all the categories. Well the word you get in sentences. First one is a noun, and in Latvian it's ,lietvārds', and plural- ,lietvārdi'. Then a verb. In Latvian it's ,darbības vārds', and in plural- ,darbības vārdi'. And then there's a pronoun. In Latvian it's ,vietniekvārds'. And in plural- ,vietniekvārdi'. Then there's an adverb. In Latvian it's ,apstākļa vārds', and plural- ,apstākļa vārdi'. Then an article, and in Latvian it's ,artikuls', and in plural- ,artikuli'. Then a preposition. In Latvian it's ,prievārds', and plural- ,prievārdi'. Then you a pronunciation(the way you spell words), and in Latvian it's ,izruna, and in plural- ,izrunas'. Now let's have a short dialogue with Mārtiņš and Ritma. -,Ko skolotājs rīt undoes klasē?' What will the teacher ask tomorrow in a class? Ko(what) skolotājs(teacher) rīt(tomorrow) uzdos will ask klasē(in class)? -,Man liekas, ka būs uzdevumi, lai mēs varētu sagatavoties eksāmeniem.' It seems to me that there will be tasks so we can prepare for the exams. Man likes (it seems to me) ka(that) būs(there will be) uzdevumi(tasks), lai(so) mēs(we) varētu(can) sagatavoties(prepare) eksāmeniem(for the exams). -,Cerams, ka varēsim izmantot mācību grāmatas.' Hopefully that we will be able to use textbooks. Cerams(hopefully), ka(that) mēs(we) varēsim (will be able to) izmantot(use) mācību grāmatas(textbooks). -,Es gan paļaujos uz pierakstiem.' I do rely on notes. Es(I) gan paļaujos (do rely) uz(on) (notes) pierakstiem. That's it for this lesson. Atā! 3. Consonants and Vowels: Sveiki! So this is lesson number two. And in this lesson we're just going to repeat the alphabet and the grammatical cases, but I'm going to split the alphabet into two categories. The first one is going to be with consonants or ,līdzskaņi', and the other one with vowels or ,patskaņi'. And you know consonants are usually with rougher sounds, but the vowels are more like high pitch softer sounds. So let's start! So I'm going to use these letter templates. And what I'm going to do, I'm going to name each consonant letter and add a Latvian word as an example like a is for apple, but in Latvian. The first letter is letter B, and B is for ,biete' or beetroot. Next letter is letter C, and C is for ,citrons' or lemon. Next letter is letter Č, and Č is for ,čiekurs' or a pine cone. And the next one is letter D. D is for ,diegs'. ,Diegs' can mean a yarn or a string. Next is letter F, and F is for ,frizieris', and ,frizieris' means a hairdresser. Next one is letter G. G is for ,galds', and ,galds' is a table. Next one is letter Ģ. Ģ is for ,ģints'. So ,ģints' basically means like a family or a group of species of animals or insects, or plants in biology. Next one is letter H. H is for ,haizivs', and ,haizivs' is a shark. Next one is letter J. J is for ,jahta', and in english it's a yacht. Next one is letter K. K is for ,kadiķis', and ,kadiķis' is a juniper. It's a type of tree. Next one is letter Č. Ķ is for ,ķieģelis', and ,ķieģelis' is a brick that you use to build a house or some type of building. Next one is letter L. L is for ,liepa' or linden. Linden is a type of three. Next one is letter Ļ, and Ļ is for ,ļaudis', and ,ļaudis' means people. Next one is letter M. M is for ,muca', and ,muca' means a barrel. Next one is letter N. N is for ,nams', and ,nams' means a house. Next one is letter Ņ. Ņ is for ,ņieburs'. ,Ņieburs' can mean some type of vest or corsage, or a bodice. Next one is letter P. P is for ,paklājs', and ,paklājs' is a carpet. Next one is letter R. R is for ,riepa', and ,riepa' means a tire. Next one is letter S. S is for ,smiltis', and ,smiltis' is sand. Next one is letter Š. Š is for ,šūpoles', and ,šūpoles' is a swing. Next one is letter T. T is for ,tārps', and ,tārps' is a worm. V is for ,vīnoga', and ,vīnoga' is a grape. Z is for ,zapte', and ,zapte' is a jam. The last one is Ž. Ž is for ,žurka', and ,žurka' is a rat. Now let's start with the vowels. The first one is A, and A is for ,avene', and ,avene' is a raspberry. Next one is letter Ā. Ā is for ,āda', and ,āda' is skin. This is letter E. E is for ,eņģelis', and ,eņģelis' means an angel. Next letter is Ē. Ē is for ,ērģele' meaning an organ. Next one is letter I. I is for ,ieskats' or insight. Next letter is Ī. Ī is for ,īpašums'. ,Īpašums' means a property. Next one is letter O. O is for ,ola'. ,Ola' means an egg. I can say O is tricky, because in Latvian it's sometimes spelled as o, o or o depending on the word. Next one is letter U. U is for ,uguns', and ,uguns' is fire. Last one is letter Ū. Ū is for ,ūdele', and ,ūdele' is a mink. So now we will just start with the grammatical cases or ,gramatiskie locījumi'. In comparison to English language in Latvian we have seven types of them. As we go through all the grammatical cases, I'll mention all the questions they represent, and use two words- one masculine, one feminine. So you can see how the ends are changing depending on the grammatical case. So the words I'm gonna use is ,kaķis' and ,pele'. So ,kaķis' is the masculine one, and it means a cat, and ,pele' is the feminine one meaning a mouse. So first one is nominative or ,nominatīvs', and the question is ,Kas?' or what. And it's ,kaķis'(cat), and ,pele'(mouse). Next one is Genitive or ,ģenitīvs', and the question is ,Kā?' or how. And the cat is ,kaķa' and the mouse- ,peles'. The next one is Dative or ,datīvs', and the question is ,Kam?' or who. And the cat is ,kaķim', and the mouse- ,pelei'. Next one is accusative or ,akuzatīvs', and the question is ,Ko?' or what. And the cat is ,kaķi', and the mouse- ,peli'. Next one is instrumental or ,instrumentāls', and the question is ,Ar ko?' or with who. The cat is ,ar kaķi', and the mouse- ,ar peli'. The next one is locative or ,lokatīvs'. The question is ,Kur?' or where. The cat is ,kaķī', and the mouse- ,pelē'. And the last one is vocative. It's basically with no questions is stated. It's basically like a state when you call out some person or object. And the cat is ,Kaķi!', and the mouse- ,Pele!'. So now let's have a short dialogue using the words we just learned. So I'll use these two dolls. So his name is Ritvars and hers Anda, and they're talking about the gardens. -,Es šodien dārzā iestādīju bietes.' I planted beets in the garden today. Es(I) šodien (today) dārzā(in the garden) iestādīju(planted) bites(beets). -,Kur zied liepas?' Where lindens bloom? Kur(where) died(bloom) liepas(lindens)? -,Nē, pier kadiķa?' No, at the Juniper. Nē(no), pie(at the) kadiķa(juniper). -,Man labāk iestādīt avenes.' I'd rather plant raspberries. Man (I'd) labāk(would rather) iestādīt(plant) avenes(raspberries). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 4. Noun: Sveiki! So this is lesson number three. So in this lesson I'll start with the grammatical lessons about different types of words you use in sentences. So now I'll start the grammatical lessons, where I talk about each type of words you use in sentences. Like the first word is a noun or in Latvian ,lietvārds'. Nouns are independent and flexible words, and they can describe different things. So I'll name different type of things they can describe, and give two word examples for each. So the first thing they describe are objects, and the examples are a box or ,kaste'. Then a bucket or ,spainis' Living beings can be a hyena or ,hiēna'. It can also be a falcon or ,piekūns'. Then a noun can describe a natural phenomena like light or ,gaisma', and as an example is a dew you usually get in the mornings, and in Latvian it's ,rasa'. Then a noun can describe activities like speaking or talking, and in Latvian it's ,runāšana'. The next example is running or jogging. And in Latvian it's ,skriešana'. Next thing a noun can describe is... signs. Like first example is a volume or in Latvian ,skaļums'. The next example is humidity, and in Latvian- ,mitrums'. And the last one is an abstract concept. Usually the first two different emotions a person can feel. And the first example is passion for ,kaislība'. And the next one is hatred or ,naids'. Nouns from other word classes can be distinguished by the word composition. Meaning, if you look at, maybe, a noun or a verb, or adjective, you can spot. There is some differences like endings or the way or the context the word is in. And usually the nouns have endings, for example, like -ums, -ība, -šana and -šanās. So now I'm going to use these endings I just mentioned, and take verb and an adjective to create a noun. And the first example is the word beautiful or ,skaists'. It's just usually describes an object or a person, so I'm adding the ending -ums meaning ,skaistums'. So it transitions from the word beautiful to beauty. Next example is to clean or ,tīrīt'. So it's an action, which someone does. Then I'm adding an ending -ība making it ,tīrība' or cleanliness. So the next example is to tend or ,kopt'. Meaning someone is tending to, maybe, some area or a room, and then I'm adding an ending -šana to create the word ,kopšana' meaning care. And the last example is to play or ,spēlēt', and I'm adding an ending -šanās, and I'm creating a word ,spēlēšanās' meaning playing. So a noun can consist of about four parts. The first one is a prefix or ,priedēklis'. The second one- route or ,sakne'. The third one suffix or ,piedēklis'. And the last part ending or ,galotne'. Well usually, if it's a simple noun, it's just with the root and an ending. To look at all the possible parts of a noun I'm going to give you two examples. The word ,mīļums' and ,atelpa'. So the first one ,mīļums'... it usually means love or sweety. Usually this word is... means you're talking to a pet or something that is dear to you. So the first part is the route, which is ,mīļ', and then next one is ,um', which is suffix, and -s is the ending. So the next example is ,atelpa', which means respite. So ,at' is a prefix. The next part is ,elp', which is the root, and the last one is ,a', which is the ending. So now I'm just going to give a short dialogue using these dolls, and I'll name them Edgars and Linda. ,Kas tas par skaļumu?' What is that noise? Kas(what) tas(that) par... Okay, the letter... ,Par'. It can be translated as ,,is'', but it also can mean ,,for''. It's just in this translation it goes as ,,is''. skaļumu(noise)? ,Es skates dokumentālo film par hiēnām.' I'm watching a documentary about hyenas. Es(I) skatos(am watching) dokumentālo filmu(documentary) par(about) hiēnām(hyenas). ,Tur ir pārsvarā mazuļu kopšana.' There is mostly cub care. Tur(there) ir(is) pārsvarā(mostly) mazuļu(cub) kopšana(care). ,Tā ir mātes mīlestība.' It is motherly love. Tā(it) ir(is) mātes(motherly) mīlestība(love). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 5. Division of nouns: Sveiki! So this is lesson number four, and in this lesson I'm going to start explaining different types of nouns, meaning, how are they divided. As in previous lesson I explained some nouns explain objects, some abstract meanings, but I'm starting to get into more detailed about those types with more examples. Meaning nouns are divided into species names. Like species names means ,sugasvārds', and they can also be divided in proper names or ,īpašvārds'. The species names are nouns, which name everyone from known group objects or live beings. Like... Examples are a cat or ,kaķis', meaning a cat is a living being. And the proper names are nouns, which name only a certain object or living being. For example, ,Rudais' meaning red haired one. It can be like a nickname you say to, maybe, your pet or a friend, or even a toy. So the proper names are written with the capital letter at the start of the word, and I'm going to give you different examples on what type of nouns they are. The first example is people's name. For example, it can be Reinis and Maija. And the next one can be your surnames like Sprūdze and Dzelzītis. The next one is a pseudonym, meaning, it's like a nickname or a stage name for a person. An example is Vitas, who is a Russian singer, but he was born in Latvia. The next one can be a nickname, like you can give it to a friend or a pet. An example is ,Spalvainais' meaning, the hairy one. Next one is animal names, meaning, how you call your pet or animal in the farm, maybe. An example is sheep Dolly or ,aita Dollijas'. The next one is religious and mythological beings. And the example is Dēkla, and in Latvian mythology she's one of the three goddesses of destiny. Next one is Cosmos objects, and an example is planet Saturn or in Latvian ,Saturns'. And the last one is names of celebration days. An example is ,Līgo diena', which is a summer solstice day or also called Midsummer day. The next category is place names or ,vietvārdi', basically describing a place, when talking about specific location. The first one is continents like Europe, and in Latvian it's ,Eiropa'. Next one is parts of the world like Middle East, and in Latvian it's ,Vidējie Austrumi'. Next one is oceans. An example is Atlantic Ocean or ,Atlantijas okeāns'. Next one is seas. An example is Coral Sea, and in Latvian ,Koraļļu jūra'. Next one is lakes. An example is Lake Lubana, which is a lake in Latvia, and in Latvian you have to say ,Lubānas ezers'. Next one is mountains, and the example is Himalayas, and in Latvian it's ,Himalaji'. Next one is islands. An example is Galapagos Islands, and in Latvian ,Galapagu salas'. The next one is countries. An example is Latvia, and in Latvian ,Latvija'. And the last one is cities, and the example is Riga or in Latvian ,Rīga'. So now we're going to have a short dialogue, and I'm going to use words I used in this lesson. So I'll name the characters Maija, Reinis and ,Spalvainais'. -,Kurp šogad domā doties ar savu kaķi Spalvaino?' Where are you thinking of going with your cat Hairy this year? Kurp (where) šogad(this year) domā(are you thinking) ar(with) savu(your) kaķi(cat) Spalvaino(Hairy)? -,Mēs izlēmām apskatīt Lubānas ezeru.' We decided to look at lake Lubana. Mēs(we) izlēmām(decided) apskatīt( to look at) Lubānas(Lubana) ezeru(lake). -,Vai brauksi Līgo dienā?' Will you drive on Midsummer's Day? Vai(will) brauksi(you drive) Līgo dienā(on Midsummer's Day)? -,Nē, jo tad ceļi ir pārpildīti.' No, because then the roads are crowded. Nē(no), jo (because) tad(then) ceļi(the roads) ir(are) pārpildīti(crowded). So this is it for this lesson. So in the next one I'll continue of talking about different types of nouns. Atā! 6. Nouns and Compound names: Sveiki! So this is lesson number five, and in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about nouns. And the topic of this lesson is compound names or ,salikti nosaukumi'. So now I'll start with a different type of compound names you have as nouns, and give each one an example. A noun alone or with a different word class words can make compound names, which must be written with a capital letter and quotation marks or ,pēdiņas ,,'' '. The first one is newspapers and magazines, and the example is ,Brīvā Daugava' or free Daugava. Daugava is one of the rivers in Latvia. Next one is books and other work of art names. An example is ,Pūt, vējiņi', and ,Pūt, vējiņi' is a play or ,luga' that you can usually watch in theatre. If I translate ,Pūt, vējiņi', it means ,Pūt(blow), vējiņi(means winds). The next one is company name, and example is ,Latvijas Gāze' or Latvia's gas. So this is one of the companies in Latvia that provides gas. Next one is fellowship or society name. And the example is ,Rīgas Latviešu biedrība' or Riga Latvian society. The next one is shop name, and example I can give ,Lāčuks', means a teddy bear or just a bear. It's a popular toy shop in Latvia. The next one is political party name, and the example is ,Zaļo un Zemnieku Savienība' or Union of Greens and farmers. The next example is different products and goods name, and the example is chocolate ,Laima'. Laima is also one of the goddesses in Latvian mythology that brings good luck, and it's similar to the word ,laime' meaning happiness. And the last one is transport brand name. An example is Opel car or ,Opel mašīna'. Now I will name all the compound name types, where all the words are written in capital letters. The first one is country names, and example is ,Dienvidāfrikas Republika' or South African Republic. The next one is names of the highest authorities. An example is ,Izglītības un zinātnes ministrija' or ministry or Ministry of Education and Science. Next one is names of international organizations. The example is ,Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācija' or World Trade Organization. Next one is geographical names, where all names are proper names. Example is Middle East or ,Vidējie Austrumi'. The last one is Constellation Names, and the example is ,Auna zvaigznājs' or Aries Constellation. Now I'll name the compound names, where only the first word is with the capital letter. The first type is holiday and Remembrance Day names. Example is ,Jaungada diena' or New Year's Day. Next one is geographical names, if they contain not just proper name, but also generic species name, and example is Silk Road or ,Zīda ceļš'. The next one is historical event names, and example is ,Krusta kari' or Crusades. Next one is honor and award names. An example is ,Akadēmijas balva' or ,Oskars'. In English it's Academy Awards or an Oscar. The next one is the highest authorities and officials of the country, and the example is ,Saeimas priekšsēdētājs'. In English its parliament chairman. The last one is document names, and example is ,Zinātniskās darbības likums' or law of scientific activity. You can also get compound names, where only the two words are with capital letters, but others aren't. It's usually for authority and organisation names, and the first word in the name of the country or city. Like an example is ,Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka' or National Library of Latvia. If the day of remembrance or celebration has a number name, then the next word after that doesn't need a capital letter. Number names can be written in two ways. ,Ar cipariem' or with numbers. Like ,1. maija Darba svētki' or Labor Day, which is celebrated on the first of May. Or you can also write it ,ar vārdiem' or with words. ,Pirmā maija Darba svētki'. Similar principal can be also seen in street names. Like there's a street in Riga called ,13. Janvāra iela' or the 13th January Street. In turn, if the sequence number or ,kārtas skaitlis', or another attribute has been added to another existing street name, then the capital letter stays. Example is ,Brīvības iela'. It can be translated as Freedom Street. And, if I add the number 3 or the third, and it becomes ,trešā Brīvības iela' or the third Freedom street. As you can see the capital B stays. The other example is ,Elizabetes iela' or Elizabeth Street. And, if I add the word ,jaunā', meaning the new one, then the name becomes ,Jaunā Elizabetes iela' (the new Elizabeth Street). As you can see the name Elizabeth, it still has a capital letter in it. The same thing also happens, if you put, maybe, a number or a word in constitution or organisation names. For example, there's a high school in Riga called Riga's 6th high school. If I write it with words, it sounds like ,Rīgas Sestā vidusskola'. Number, it's like ,Rīgas 6. vidusskola', meaning only the first two words are in capital letter. But, if I write the sixth with a word ,Rīgas' has a capital in it. So now we'll have a small dialogue with the words we learned today, and I'll use these two dolls as characters, and I'll name them Mārcis and Vivita. -,Es beidzot samaksāju ,,Latvijas Gāzes''rēķinu. Man tagad ir jābrauc uz satikšanos.' I finally paid Latvian Gas bill. I have to go to a meeting now. Es(I) beidzot(finally) samaksāju(paid) Latvijas Gāzes(Latvia's Gas) rēķinu(bill). Man (I) tagad (now) ir jābrauc(have to go) uz(to) (a meeting) satikšanos. -,Ja tava satikšanās vieta ir uz Brīvības ielas, tad vari mani aizvest?' If you're meeting place is on Brivibas street, then can you take me away? Ja (if) Tava(your) satikšanās(meeting) vieta(place) ir(is) uz(on) Brīvības ielas(Brivibas street or Freedom street). Tad (then) vari(can you) mani(me) aizvest (take away). -,Kāds tam ir iemesls? Kāpēc Tu gribi staigāt Jaungada dienā?' What is the reason? Why do you want to walk on New Year's Day? Kāds(what) tam... The word ,tam' isn't really included in the English translation, but, if I translated directly, it's that ,ir (is) iemesls (the reason)'. Kāpēc(why) Tu(you) gribi(want) staigāt(to walk) Jaungada dienā(on New Year's Day? -,Man vajag attract grāmatu par Zīda ceļu manai vēstures klasei.' I need to find a book on the Silk Road for my history class. Man(I) vajag(need) atrast(to find) grāmatu(a book) par(on) Zīda ceļu(the Silk Road) manai (my) vēstures(history) klasei(for class). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 7. Noun making: Sveiki! So this is lesson number six, and in this lesson I'll continue teaching about nouns, and we can talk about noun making or ,lietvārdu darināšana'. Words are made by deriving them from prefixes, endings, sounds and making compounds. Now let's look at noun making with prefixes. Prefix is a part of the word, which is before the ending. By identifying the word contents, the prefix is underlined with a wavy line. So now I'll give a list of prefixes in the Latvian language and one word example with the prefix in them. First one is aiz-, and the example is ,aizkrāsne'(oven). So from the word ,aizkrāsne' the original noun is ,krāsns', meaning oven an well. Next one is ap-, and example is ,apkārtne', and in English it's surroundings. The word without the prefix is ,kārtne'. I can't really translate it. Next one is at-, and example is ,atrauga', meaning a burp. The word without the prefix is ,raugs', meaning yeast. So it's kind of interesting. Next one is bez-, and the example is ,bezatbildība', meaning irresponsibility. And without the prefix the word is ,atbildība', meaning responsibility. Next one is caur-, and example is ,caurvējš', and in English it's like a draught or a type of wind, meaning the wind that goes into the house, something like that. And without the prefix the word is just ,vējš', meaning wind. Next one is ie-, and the word is ,ievads', meaning introduction like in the books or, if you do like a some study or tasks in school. So without the prefix the word is just ,vads', it just means wire. And the next one is iz-, and example is ,izeja'. And in English it's exit. Without the prefix it's just ,eja'. ,Eja' just means like a gateway or a road, where you go. Next one is ne-, and the example is ,nelabums', meaning nausea or you are feeling ill. Without the prefix it's just ,labums'. ,Labums' just means goodness. Next one is no-, and example is ,nostāja', and in English its attitude. Well, if I take the prefix out, it's just ,stāja', meaning like a statuture. Next one is pa-, and example is ,paliktnis', and in English it's pallet. Well without a prefix it is just ,liktnis'. It's not really a word in language. Next one is pār-, and example is ,pārnākšana', meaning coming. And without the prefix its just ,nākšana', meaning just ,nākt' or just walking or going somewhere. Next one is pēc-, and the example is ,pēctecis'. In English it's a descendant, meaning a descendant of a family line, well without the prefix its just ,tecis', and it's not really a word in the language. Next one is pie-, and the example is ,piebilde', and in English it's a note. So without the prefix its just ,bilde', and ,bilde' just means a picture or an image. Next one is pret-, and the example is ,pretstats', and in English it's opposite. Or without the prefix it's just ,stats'. It's not really a word. Next one is sa-, and the example is ,sanāksme', and in English it's a meeting. Without a prefix and the word is ,nāksme', it's not really a Latvian word. And the last one is uz-, and the example is ,uzraksts', meaning inscription, that you, maybe, get in manuals. And without the prefix is just means ,raksts', and ,raksts' in Latvian is an article. In Latvian language nouns are usually with one prefix, but you get some exceptions. And the exceptions are negations, where the prefix is ne-, and for expressing a need you use prefix jā-, but you only use it for verb word form. An example is ,necaurspīdīgais', in English it's opaque. The other example is ,jāsaņem', meaning must receive, so it must be received. Now let's look at different endings that nouns have, and endings is the words last suffix with the ending. Now let's look at noun making with endings. So ending is like one of the last suffixes in the word, and I'll give you a list of it. And each of them an example as well. The first one is -ājs and -āja, and the examples are ,skolotājs'(male teacher) and ,skolotāja'(female teacher). Next one is -ējs and -ēja. So the examples are ,skrējējs', meaning male runner, and ,skrējēja'(female runner). Next one is -ene, -ēns and -iene. So the first example is ,pienene', meaning a dandeloin. Next one is ,skolēns' or a male pupil. And the last one is ,karaliene', meaning a queen. So the next one is -ēknis and -ēkne. So the examples are ,audzēknis', meaning a male pupil or student, and other one is ,audzēkne'. It's a female pupil or student. Next one is -ietis and -iete. And examples are ,jaunieties', a male youngster, and ,jauniete'(female youngster). Next one is -iķis and -iķe. And examples are ,ķīmiķis' (male chemist) and ,ķīmiķe'(female chemist). Next one is -(i)nieks and -(i)niece. Well the ,i' in the brackets means that you get few noun words, where the ,i' isincluded, but it's very specific. So the examples are ,rakstnieks' (male writer) and ,rakstniece'(female writer). Next one is -onis, -one and -oņa. So the examples are ,vadonis' (a leader), ,vadone'(a female leader), and ,plēsoņa'( a predator). So the next one is -tājs and -tāja, and the examples are ,skaitītājs'( a male counter), ,skaitītāja' (a female counter). And the last one is -ulis and -ule. And examples are ,skaistulis'. ,Skaistulis' means a beautiful one for a man. And ,skaistule'... it is the same word, but just referring to a female. And about the endings... Endings like -ājs and -āja indicate a doer, someone that does something, who makes an action regularly, always, but endings -ējs and -ēja is for a doer, or someone, who does something, who makes an action in a specific moment. An example is ,dziedātājs', meaning a singer, and it's someone, who does an action like singing regularly. But then someone like ,skrējējs' or a runner is someone, who is at the moment performing an action like running. He doesn't do it all the time. There is something also about ending -gale in the Latvian language. Like Latvia has four regions- Kurzeme, Zemgale, Vidzeme and Latgale. And, if a region's name ends with -gale, then people's names living there are called with ending -ietis or -iete. An example, if a person comes from Zemgale region, he's zemgalietis(the male one) and zemgaliete( the female one). If a person comes from Latgale region, he's ,latgalietis', and the female is ,latgaliete'. But, if the regions name ends with -zeme, then people's names living there are called with endings -nieks and -niece. And the other two regions like Vidzeme and Kurzeme ends with that ending. So, if a person comes from Vidzeme region, he's vidzemnieks, and the female one is ,vidzemniece'. And, if a person comes from Kurzeme, then he's ,kurzemnieksd', and the female one is ,kurzemniece'. Things like objects or animals, or plants in Latvian language have different endings to each other. So I'll give a list and examples as well. So animal names are derived by endings like -enis. An example is ,rubenis'. It's a blackcock. Then there's an ending -ene, and an example is ,vilcene'. It's a she wolf or a female wolf. The last one is -ulis. And example is ,zvirbulis', meaning a sparrow. Then you get plant names, and they are derived with endings like -ājs, and example is ,krūmājs' or a shrub. And the other one is -ene, and example is ,pienene', meaning a dandelion. Now I'll name the object names and their endings, and I'll give one example to each of them. First one is -eklis and -ēklis. An example is ,spridzeklis', meaning an explosive. Next one is -īkla, -īklis and -klis o -kls depending on the word. And example is ,skuveklis', meaning a razor. Next one is -nīca and -nieks. And example is ,burtnīca', meaning a notebook. Next one is -slis or -lis, and example is ,penālis', meaning a pencil case. Next one is. -tava, and the example is ,skatītava', and in English it's a spectator, a place, where you stand to look, to observe, maybe, a festival on a play Next one is -tuve, and example is ,skatuve', meaning a stage. Like you get in theatres or operas. The last one is -ulis, and example is ,zīmulis', meaning a pencil. Now let's look at the endings that some places have. So the first one is -aine, and example is Priedaine, which is a residential area in Jurmala. Next one is -ājs, and example is ,purvājs', which is a marshland or a swamp. The next one is -iene, -iena and -iens, and example is Druviena, which is a village in Gulbene district. Next one is -ija, and example is ,picērija', meaning the pizza place or pizzeria. The next one is -nīca, and example is ,kafejnīca', meaning cafe or cafeteria. Next one is -tava, meaning a ,barotava' or a feeding place for animals. Last one is -tuve, and example is ,virtuve', meaning a kitchen. With an ending -tava place names are derived from primitive words( with a root and the least one suffix). An example is ,mazgāt'(to wash), and with an ending it becomes ,mazgātuve'( a laundry place) With an ending -tuve place names are derived from original words( pirmatnīgi vārdi) with just a root and ending. An example is ,braukt'(to drive), and with an ending it becomes ,brauktuve'(carriage way). Now let's look at the abstract concepts and the different type of endings they have. The first one is -atne, and example is ,izpratne' or comprehension. Next one is -enis, and example is ,liktenis', meaning a destiny. Next one is -ība, in English it's ,skaudība', meaning an envy. Next one is -klis, and example is ,sauklis', meaning a slogan. Next one is -tne, and example is ,sapratne', meaning an understanding. The last one is -ums, and example is ,lepnums', meaning a pride. Now I will give a list of names that describe activity and the endings. The first example is -ieks, and example is ,prieks', meaning joy. The next one is -iens, and example is ,brauciens', meaning a trip. Next one is -oņa, and example is ,muldoņa', meaning gabbling or someone keeps talking nonsense. Next one is -šana, an example is ,teikšana', meaning saying. Next one is -šana, an example is ,skriešana', and in English it's a rush. Last one is -ums, an example is ,salidojums', meaning gathering, like dancing of people in some place. And property names are derived with endings like -ums and -ība. And examples are ,uztūkums' or swelling, and ,uzticība' or trust. It's possible to show the attitude( positive or negative) towards the word with endings. Ending can have a lovable, reducing or despisable meaning. The first one is -elis and -ele. An example is ,gudrelis'( the wise one) and ,gudrele', it's the same, just a female one. Next one is -ene and -ēns. An example is ,lācene', meaning a female bear, and ,lācēns', it's like a bear child or a cub. Next one is -iņš and -iņa. First example is ,gariņš', its like a spirit or a ghost. The next example is ,pirtiņa', meaning a sauna. Next one is -ītis and -īte. And the first example is ,gailītis', meaning a rooster, and the next one is ,saulīte', meaning the sun. Next one is -sniņa, and example is is ,sirsniņa', meaning a heart. The last one is -tiņš and -tiņa, and examples are ,lietutiņš' , meaning rain, and ,otiņa'(brush). Nouns can be derived also with endings. By changing the ending and using other word deriving tools it is possible to get different words by meaning from original words. Like... endings like -s and -e. And example is ,laimīgs', meaning someone is happy. And, if I put an ending -e in the word, it becomes ,laime', meaning happiness. From two different meaning words it's possible to make a third meaning word. Making compounds the first word can lose or keep its ending. Example is. ,vieslektors', meaning a guest lecturer. But, if I break it into two words, it becomes like ,viesis', meaning a guest, and ,lektors', meaning a lecture. And the other example is ,asinsspiediens', meaning blood pressure. If I break it into two words, it's like... It becomes ,asinis', meaning blood, and ,spiediens', meaning pressure. Not let's have a small dialogue by using these two dolls, and I'll name them Mārcis and Vivita. Mārci! Ko Tu skaties uz to krūmāju? Marci! What are you looking at in that bush? Mārci! Ko(what) Tu(you) skates (are looking) uz(to) to(that) krūmāju(bush)? ,Es skatos kā zvirbulis ēd no barotavas.' I'm looking at a sparrow eating from a feeder. Es(I) skatos(am looking at) kā(how) zvirbulis(sparrow) ēd(eating) no (from) barotavas(a feeder). The thing is, when I translated the sentence, the word ,kā' doesn't really fit into English translation. It does sometimes happen, when you try to translate the sentences into English grammar ways. Es labāk apbrīnoju pienenes, kuras tagad zied. I better admire the dandelions that are now blooming. Es(I) labāk(better) apbrīnoju(admire) pienenes (the dandeloins), kuras(that) tagad (now) zied(are blooming). ,Kad sāks līt lietutiņš, tad Tu vairs nevarēsi te palikt. When it starts to rain, you won't be able to stay here. Kad(when) sāks(it starts) līt lietutiņš(to rain), you(tu) won't(nevarēsi) palikt(be able to stay) te(here). So this second lesson I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 8. Noun gender: Sveiki! So this is lesson number seven. And in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about nouns and... So the topic is ,lietvārdu dzimte' or noun gender. So ,dzimte' is basically how the noun is splited into feminine and masculine. In Latvian it's ,sievišķā dzimte' and ,vīrišķā dzimte'. In Latvian language... Gender can be indicated by words meaning or ending. The noun must be in singular nominative grammatical case, because it's the basic word form, and because from it the declination and gender is indicated. So from the basic noun form, which is in nominative grammatical case, you can look at the nouns ending, and you can indicate is it a masculine or a feminine word. The way you determine, if the word is masculine or feminine, you can look at the endings and in Latvian it's ,galotne'. Feminine noun examples or ,sievišķo lietvārdu piemēri' ir(is) ,aita'(sheep), because the ending is -a. Next one ,puķe' or a flower, because the ending is -e. The last one ,zivs', and the ending is -s. ,Vīriešu dzimtes piemēri' or masculine examples are ,kalns'(mountain), and the ending is -s. The next one is ,mežš' or forest, and the ending is -š. The next example is ,kaķis' or a cat, and the ending is -is. The last one is ,vidus', meaning a middle, and ending is -us. I have to mention ,norādāmie vietniekvārdi' or indicative pronouns. Like in Latvian language it's ,tas' and ,tā'. ,Tas' is for ,vīriešu dzimte', and ,tā' for ,sieviešu dzimte'. And examples or ,piemēri' are ,tas gliemezis' (that snail), un(and) ,sievišķais piemērs'(feminine example) is ,tā pils'(that castle). As you know the ending -a is usually referred to a feminine noun, but sometimes you get like a masculine word with that ending as well. Like example word ,muļļa'. It usually means someone, who's quite foolish. And the other ending is -e, and example is ,miegamice', it means someone that is sleepy all the time, or like to take long naps. And it can also be referred to feminine, masculine words. Like, for example, if I call Krišs or Zaiga ,muļļa', it's correct, since it's unisex type of word. And words like ,muļļa' are called ,kopdzimtes lietvārdi'. ,Kopdzimte' basically means like a commonsex or unisex type of nouns, and their gender can only be determined by the use of the word in a specific text. For example, if you put the word ,muļļa' in Dative grammatical case, the endings can be be different depending on the feminine and the masculine form. For example, in masculine it's ,muļļam', and feminine- ,muļļai'. And for ,miegamice' it's ,miegamicei' and ,miegamicem'. Now let's have a short dialogue with Ritma and Krišs. ,Tu nu gan esi muļļa! Izdomāji staigāt pa mežu nezinot ceļu.' You're a fool! You imagined to walk through the woods without knowing the path. Tu(you) nu gan... Well the word ,nu gan' is translated as ,,well though'', but it doesn't really fit the English translation. esi (are) muļļa(a fool)! izdomāji (you imagined) staigāt(to walk) pa(through) menu(woods) nezinot(not knowing) ceļu(the path). ,Tas kilns mums palīdzēs neapmaldīties.' This mountain will help us not to get lost. Tas(this) kalns(mountain) mums(us) palīdzēs(will help) neapmaldīties(not get lost). ,Vai kalns atrodas meža vidū?' Is the mountain in the middle of the forest? Vai(is) kalns(the mountain) atrodas Is... well the word ,atrodas' is translated as ,,is located'', but it doesn't fit the English translation. meža (forest) vidū(in the middle)? ,Netālu no kalna ir pils, kur varam paprasīt ceļu.' Near the hill is a castle, where we can ask for a pass or a direction. Well the ,,path'' can also be said as ,,a direction''. Netālu(near) no kalna(the hill/ from hill) ir(is) pils(a castle), kur(where) varam(we can) paprasīt(ask) ceļu(for a path or a direction). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 9. Noun number : Sveiki! So this is lesson number eight. So in this lesson I'm going to continue about ,lietvārds' or a noun. And the topic of this lesson is ,lietvārda skaitlis' or a noun number. Meaning, in Latvian language noun comes in singular and plural, or ,vienskaitlis un daudzskaitlis'. In the Latvian language most words can be singular and plural. It can be indicated with word endings. Masculine plural words in nominative cases have an ending. -i. Feminine plural words in Nominative cases have endings -as, -es and -is. And examples or ,piemēri' are ,šķīvis', meaning a plate, and in plural it's ,šķīvji'. Next one is ,ezers' or a lake, and in plural it's ,ezeri'. Next one is ,logs' or a window, and in plural it's ,logi'. And now I'll start with the feminine words. First one is ,dakša' or a fork, and in plural it's dakšas'. Next one is ,upe' or a river, and in plural it's ,upes'. And last one is ,debess', meaning a sky, and in plural, it's ,debesis'. But there are some exceptions, where a noun doesn't really blend into singular or plural. There are exceptions, where a word is only used in single form. It's called ,vienskaitlinieks' or singular one, and it's used for words describing a substance, abstract concept, personality trait or a place name. Examples are ,kārtība' or an order. Next one is ,slinkums' or laziness. And besides ,vienskaitlinieks', you get nouns that are only in plural form. A word only used in plural form is called ,daudzskaitlinieks' or the plural one. Those type of words are usually place names, house names, crops, celebration and event names. Also feeling designation. They can also be tool and object names, which are used in a pair names. And examples are ,smadzenes' or brain, then ,bažas' or concerns. Now let's have a short dialogue with Ģirts and Emīlija. ,Vai Tev ir kaut kādas bažas?' Do you have any concerns? Vai(do) Tev(you) ir(have) kaut kādas (any) bažas(concerns)? ,Es domāju par kārtību virtuvē.' I think about the order in the kitchen. Es(I) domāju(think) par(about) kārtību (the order) virtuvē(in the kitchen). ,Laikam dakšas un šķīvji ir izmētāti.' Probably forks and plates are scattered. Laikam(probably) dakšas(forks) un(and) šķīvji(plates) ir(are) izmētāti(scattered). ,Jā, tie ir saluki kaudzē pie loga.' Yes, they are stacked in a pile at the window. Jā (yes), tie(they) ir(are) salikti(stacked) kaudzē(in a pile) pie(at the) loga(window). Alright, that's it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 10. Reverse noun: Sveiki! So this is lesson number nine. And in this lesson I'll continue talking about nouns. So I'm going to talk about what's a reverse noun or ,atgriezeniskais lietvārds'. So these nouns are made from reverse verbs ending -ties. Reverse nouns have endings like -tājies, -ējies, -umies and -šanās. But nouns with endings like -tājies, -ējis and -umies are used rarely. And reverse nouns with endings -šanās are female gender, and usually describe a process and that's why they are usually used in singular form, but sometimes in plural. And the examples are... The first example is a verb ,klausīties' or to listen. And in the reverse noun it sounds like ,klausītājies' and ,klausītājās'. Basically the meaning is still the same, just sounds a little bit different. Next example is a,smieties' or to laugh, and in the reverse noun it sounds like ,smiešanās', meaning, just laughing, and ,smējējies', and ,smējējās'. Well ,smējējās' it's in the past tense. Next one is ,vēlēšanās' or a wish, and the reverse form its ,vēlējumies'. And it's the same form you use in singular and plural cases. The thing is about these nouns they don't bend in all grammatical cases, and have no declination. That means that sometimes they ... They have a nominative case or genitive case, but dative or locative, or vocative, they can't bend. That's why these type of nouns are very tricky, and people don't really use them often while they speak. I made two examples of grammatical cases for two of these nouns, so you can see. So the first example is ,smiešanās' or laugh. So in nominative its ,smiešanās' or ,smiešanās'. Basically singular and plural- it's the same. Next one is genitive, and in genitive and singular its ,smiešanās', and plural- ,smiešanos'. In dative they don't bend, in accusative singular is ,smiešanos' and ,smiešanās'. And in plural ,smiešanās'. In instrumental ,ar smiešanos'. Basically it's singular and plural are the same. Locative and vocative... They don't bend. So the next example is ,vēlējums'. So ,vēlējums' is basically like a wish. And in nominative singular its ,vēlējumies', and plural- ,vēlējumies'. So they're both the same. In genitive it's ,vēlējumās' and ,vēlējumos'. ,Vēlējumās' is in singular, ,vēlējumos' in plural. In dative they don't bend, in accusative singular is ,vēlējumos' and plural ,vēlējumos' So they're both the same. In instrumental just ,ar vēlējumos'. So fplural and singular is the same. And it doesn't have locative or vocative grammatical cases. So now we'll have a short dialogue with Krišjānis and Baiba. -,Tu ar smiešanos skaties šo filmu.' You laugh while watching this movie. Tu(you) ar smiešanos (laugh) You can also say with laughing. skaties (watching) šo filmu(this movie). ,Ar smiešanos' I just... You have to say laugh, because in English grammar with laughing it doesn't really fit in the sentence. -,Šī filmas skatīšanās mani garlaiko.' Watching this movie is boring to me. Šī(this) filmas(movie) skatīšanās(watching) mani(to me) garlaiko(is boring). -,Vai Tu nosmējies par filmas žanru?' Did you laugh about the movie genre? Vai(did) Tu (you) nosmējies(laugh) par(about) filmas (the movie) žanru(genre)? -,Nē, par filmas tērpiem.' No, about movie costumes. Nē(no), par(about) filmas (movie) tērpiem(costumes). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 11. Noun declination: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 10, and in this lesson, I'm going to continue talking about nouns. And in this lesson I'm going to talk about the noun declinations or ,lietvārda deklinācijas'. Its also called grammatical cases. Flexible nouns are categorized in six declinations from their endings and gender. To declinate means to flex. In one declination are words, which belong to the same gender with the same ending, are being bent in the same way. So now I'm going to give you examples of grammatical cases, where a noun is being bent into different type of ways based on its ending. Now I'm going to give you examples of nouns and all their forms, and grammatical cases. So I'm gonna mentioned the first example and ending. And the example will be in the singular and plural. So the first grammatical case is about nouns with endings like -s, -š in singular and -i in a plural form. And the noun example is ,katls' or a pot. And in plural it's ,katli'. Those words are in a nominative case. In genitive the endings are -a and -u, and examples are ,katla' and ,katlu'. In dative the endings are -am and -iem. ,Katlam, katliem.' In accusative -u and -us. ,Katlu, katlus.' So in instrumental the endings are the same as an acquisitive -u and -us, but in plural it's -iem. In locative the endings are -ā and -os. And examples are- ,katlā, katlos'. In vocative the endings are -s and -i. ,Katls! Katli!' So that was the first declanation example. Next one is the second declination. And the example is ,zīmulis' or a pencil. In nominative the endings are -is and -i. ,Zīmulis, zīmuļi'. Genitive: -a and -u. ,Zīmuļa, zīmuļu'. In dative: -im, -iem. ,Zīmulim, zīmuļiem'. Acquisitive: -i, -us. ,Zīmuli, zīmuļus'. Instrumental: -i, -iem. ,Ar zīmuli, ar zīmuļiem'. Locative: -ī and -os. ,Zīmulī, zīmuļos'. Vocative: -i, -i. ,Zīmuli! Zīmuļi!' So the next example is 3rd Declination, and I chose a noun ,lietus' meaning rain. In nominative the ending are -us and -i. ,Lietus, lieti'. And next one is genitive: -us and -u. ,Lietus, lietu'. Next one is dative, and endings are -um, -iem. And the examples are ,lietum, lietiem'. In accusative the endings are -u and -us. ,Lietu, lietus'. In instrumental: -,ar lietu, ar lietiem'. Next one is locative. Endings are -ū and -os. ,Lietū, lietos'. In vocative -us and -i. ,Lietus! Lieti!' Next month is the 4th declination, and I chose a noun ,aka' meaning a well. In nominative the endings are -a, -as. ,Aka, akas'. In genitive: -as and -u ,Akas, aku'. In dative: -ai, -ām. ,Akai, akām'. In accusative -u and -as. ,Aku, akas'. In instrumental: ,ar aku, ar akām'. In locative -ā and -ās. ,Akā, akās'. In vocative: -a, -as. ,Aka! Akas!' The next one is the fifth declination, and I chose a noun ,pūce', meaning an owl. In nominative the endings are -e, -es. ,Pūce, pūces'. In Genitive: -es and -i. ,Pūces, pūci'. In dative: -ei and -ēm. ,Pūcei, pūcēm'. In accusative: -i and -es. ,Pūci, pūcēs'. In instrumental: ,ar pūci, ar pūcēm'. Locative: -ē, -ēs. ,Pūcē, pūcēs'. Vocative: -e, -es. ,Pūce! Pūces!' Next one is the sixth declination and the last one. And I chose a noun ,nakts' or night. In nominative the endings are -s and -is. ,Nakts, naktis'. In genitive -s and -u. ,Nakts, nakšu'. In dative endings are -ij, -īm. ,Naktij, naktīm'. In accusative the endings are -i and -is. ,Nakti, naktis'. In instrumental the form is ,ar nakti, ar naktīm'. So endings are -i and -īm. In locative the endings are -ī, -īs. ,Naktī, naktīs'. And in vocative endings are -s and -is. ,Nakts! Naktis!' 1-3 declination nouns are male gender, but 4-6 ones are female. 1 and 6 declinations have a name an -s ending in nominative case, but 1st one is a male and 6th female gender (katas, nakts). The four declination nouns can be referred to both genders. For example, he's Mārcis and Ritma. So, for example, if Mārcis is a male character and Ritma is a female one, in nominative it's ,ēdāja Mārcis' and ,ēdāja Ritma'. ,Ēdāja' means an eater. But in dative singular form the endings are different. For example, ,ēdājam Mārcim', but for feminine ,ēdājai Ritmai'. There are some words, which are borrowed from other languages. They don't fit any declination, for example, like ,kanoe' or canoe boat. Or ,asorti' or assorted. Well ,asorti', it usually refers to food. Like you go, maybe, to some buffet. So now let's have a short dialogue with Ritma and Mārcis. -,Šajās naktīs pūce turpina ķert peles.' These nights the owl continues to catch mice. Šajās naktīs(these nights) pūce(the owl) turpina(continues) ķert(to catch) peles(mice). -,Viņa to dara pat lietū.' She does it even in the rain. Viņa(she) to (it) dara(does) pat(even) lietū(in the rain). -,Vai viņa nelido garām aka?' Doesn't she fly passed the well? Vai(does) viņa (she) nelido(not fly) garām(past) akai(the well)? -,Viņa nebaidās pat no lielajiem katliem blaklus akām.' She's not even afraid from large pots next to wells. Viņa(she) nebaidās(is not afraid) pat(even) no(from) lielajiem(large) katliem(pots) blakus(next to) akām (wells). Labi! So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 12. Noun spelling: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 11, and in this lesson I'll continue talking about nouns. And now I'm going to talk about nouns spelling or ,lietvārdu pareizrakstība'. 1st declination nouns, which has -s ending a vowel consonant... In Latvian it's ,balsīgs līdzskanis'. before ending, are written and spelled differently. So example is ,miegs' or slumber, and it's spelled like /mieks/, meaning, when I say it the letter /g/ sounds like letter /k/. To check spelling or similar words the word must be transformed in a form, where the ending consonant spelling can be clearly heard. For example, I say a word ,miegs' in a different grammatical case, and it's ,miegā', meaning asleep. Nouns, which are made with an ending -iņš, and many other have an ending -š in nominative singular case. For example, ,kumeļš', which means a foal or a baby horse, and with the ending -iņš, it's ,kumeliņš'. Majority of second declination nouns in singular genitive case and all plural cases consonant before the ending changes. So, for example, a noun ,kartupelis', meaning, a potato, and in genitive it's ,kartupeļa'. So the /l/ turns to /ļ/. There are nouns in second declination, where next to the ending consonant in singular genitive case and all plural cases, stands consonant ,j'. So example is ,kāmis' or a hamster. In genitive it's ,kāmja'. So as you see I inserted the consonant. ,j'. Also 6th declamation noun spelling have to be checked in singular nominative by making them in plural cases. Example is ,nakts', which means night in a singular case, and in plural it's ,naktis'. The next example is ,zivs', meaning a fish, and in plural it's ,zivis'(fishes). You can see in both words letter ,i' is inserted. So now we can have a small dialogue on the new vocabulary. So he is Markuss, and she is Kristīne. -,Kādi Tev ir mājdzīvnieki?' What kind of pets do you have? Kādi(what kind of) Tev(you) ir(do have) mājdzīvnieki(pets)? -,Man ir kāmis un zivis.' I have a hamster and fishes. Man (I) ir(have) kāmis(a hamster) un(and) zivis(fishes). -,Vai Tu negribētu kumeļu kā mājdzīvnieku?' Wouldn't you want a foal as a pet? Vai(would) Tu (you) negribētu(not want) kumeļu (a foal) kā(as) mājdzīvnieku(a pet)? -,Nē, viņš ir pārāk liels, lai dzīvotu manā istabā. Manam kāmim vietas pietiek.' No, he is too big to live in my room. There is enough space for my hamster. Nē(no), viņš (he) ir(is) pārāk(too) liels(big), lai(to) dzīvotu(live) manā(in my) istabā(room). Manam (my) kāmim(hamster) vietas(space) pietiek(is enough). So this is it for this lesson, I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 13. Verb: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 12, and I'm going to start lessons about verbs or ,darbības vārdi'. The topic of this lesson is expressions or ,izteiksmes'. And to do that I'm going to use pronouns. So the pronouns I need to use... They are personal pronouns or ,personvārdi'. And they are ,es' or I, ,mēs(we), Tu(you), jūs(you), viņš(he), viņa(her), viņi, viņas (they). I'm also going to add tas(that), tie(they). The difference is with ,tas' and ,tie', they can also be used for objects that are not live beings. And verbs... They can be conjugated by mood(indicates the attitude), person(it's referring to), number(plural or singular), tense(present, past, future) and voice(passive or active). So I chose the verb ,lasīt' or to read, and the first expression is indicative or ,īstenības izteiksme'. The first one is Past simple. The Past simple is ,vienkāršā pagātne'. And in singular it's- ,Es lasīju, Tu lasīji, tas lasīja, viņš/ viņa lasīja'. And in plural- ,Mēs lasījām, jūs lasījāt, tie lasīja, viņi/ viņas lasīja'. Next one is Past continuous. Past continues is ,saliktā pagātne', and in singular it's- ,Es esmu lasījis (that's in masculine), es esmu lasījusi(that's in feminine), Tu esi lasījis, viņš bija lasījis, viņa bija lasījusi, tas bija lasījis, tā bija lasījusi'. And in plural- ,Mēs esam lasījuši, jūs esat lasījušas' or ,jūs esat lasījuši'. ,Lasījušas' is the feminine and ,lasījuši(the masculine). ,Viņi bija lasījuši, viņas bija lasījušas, tie bija lasījuši, tās bija lasījušas'. Next one is Present simple or ,vienkāršā tagadne'. Singular is- ,Es lasu (I am reading), Tu lasi (you are reading), tas lasa(that is reading), viņš/ viņa lasa (he/she is reading). OK. In plural- ,Mēs lasam(we are reading), jūs lasat (you are reading), tie lasa(they are reading), viņi/ viņas lasa(they are reading). Next one is Present continuous or ,saliktā tagadne'. In singular- ,Es esmu lasījis (I have been reading/in masculine), es esmu lasījusi(I have been reading/ in feminine), Tu esi lasījis (you have been reading/ in masculine), Tu esi lasījusi(you have been reading/ in feminine), viņš ir lasījis, viņa ir lasījusi, tas ir lasījis(that has been reading), Now... And I can also say ,tā ir lasījusi', it's ,,that has been reading'', but in feminine. In plural it's- ,Mēs esam lasījuši, jūs esat lasījuši' (you have been reading) or ,jūs esat lasījušas' (you have been reading). Well ,lasījuši' is the masculine, ,lasījušas'- feminine. ,Viņi ir lasījuši, viņas ir lasījušas, tie ir lasījuši, tās ir lasījušas'. Next one is Future simple- ,vienkāršā nākotne'. ,Es lasīšu (I will be reading), Tu lasīsi (you will read), viņš/ viņa lasīs(he or she will read), tas lasīs' or ,tā lasīs' (that will read). And in plural it's- ,Mēs lasīsim (we will be reading), jūs lasīsiet(you will read), viņi/ viņas lasīs (they will read), tie' or ,tās lasīs' (they will read). And the last one is Future continuous. And first one is singular- ,Es būšu lasījis(I will be reading). And ,lasījusi' is the feminine version. ,Tu būsi lasījis' or ,lasījusi'. ,Lasījis' is the masculine, ,lasījusi'- the feminine. ,Tas' or ,tā'. ,Tas būs lasījis(that will be reading), tā būs lasījusi'(that will be reading, but in feminine). ,Viņš būs lasījis(he will be reading), viņa būs lasījusi' (she will be reading), In the plural it's- ,Mēs būsim lasījuši'(we will be reading), or ,lasījušas'(the feminine version), jūs būsiet' or ,būsit lasījuši(the masculine version), lasījušas (feminine), tie' or ,tās'. ,Tie būs lasījuši(they will be reading), tās būs lasījušas (they will be reading, but the feminine version), viņi būs lasījuši (they will be a reading or read/ the masculine), viņas būs lasījušas (they will be reading). The next one is imperative or ,pavēles izteiksme'. Verb in indicative expresses order, encouragement, summoning and request. In imperative the verb can't be conjugated in the first person ,es' or I. ,Tu- Lasi!; viņš, viņa- Lai lasa!; tas, tā- Lai lasa!' ,Mēs- Lasīsim!; jūs- Lasiet!; viņi, viņas- Lai lasa!; tie, tās- Lai lasa!' If the purpose is to give a strict order, then the verb is in infinitive form ,lasīt'. Next one is ,atstāstījuma izteikme' or narrative expression. Narrative expression is formed from indicative stock. An expression index must be added to the relevant time or ending -ot and -oties. Ending -ot is used for direct words, but -oties for reverse verbs. It also has only four tenses- Past simple, Future simple, Present continues and future continues. Now I'm going to start with the verb examples. Past simple- ,lasot'. Futures simple- ,lasīšot'. Present continuous- ,Esot lasījis(the masculine), esot lasījusi (the feminine), esot lasījuši, esot lasījušas'. Future continuous- ,būšot lasījis, būšot lasījusi, būtu lasījuši, būtu lasījušas'. Next one areverbs from infinitive form to present simple to future simple. ,Lasīt- lasot- lasīšoties'. ,Lasīties- lasoties- lasīšoties'. No Past tenses in narrative expression, but, if the verb is in indicate, then instead of narrative expression Past continuous is used. Example: ,Pagājušā nedēļā es lasīju grāmatu.'' I read a book last week. ,Pagājušā nedēļā viņš esot lasījis grāmatu'. He allegedly read a book last week. Composite time forms are being formed as an indicative, but auxiliary word ,būt'(to be) gets the narrative expression form- ,esot, būšot'. Examples: indicative to narrative expression. ,Es esmu lasījies- es esot lasījies'. ,Es būšu lasījies- es būšot lasījies'. Verbs doesn't change in person forms in narrative expression. For example, ,lasoties'. If I read it with examples ,Es lasoties, mēs lasoties, Tu lasoties, jūs lasoties'. As you can see the verb doesn't really change, while added to the personal pronouns. Narrative expression is used: for fairy tales, legends, anecdotes or when you're saying a joke, and direct speech by others. To direct speech by others direct speech is made into auxiliary sentences, verbs are changed into negative expressions, and one and second personal pronoun names are replaced by third ones. For example, direct speech to narration. ,Ginta lasīja grāmatu(Ginta was reading a book)- Ginta esot lasījusi grāmatu'(Ginta has read the book). ,Vai jūs lasījāt grāmatu?- Kāpēc viņa neesot lasījusi grāmatu?' Did you read the book? Why didn't she read the book? So now let's have a short dialogue with these dolls. I'll call them Ivo and Liene. -,Vai Tu izlasīji manas grāmatas?' Did you read my books? Vai(did) Tu(you) izlasīji (read) manas(my) grāmatas(books)? ,Vai Tev viņas tagad ir nepieciešamas?' Do you need them now? Vai(do) Tev(you) viņas(them) tagad (now) ir nepieciešamas(need)? -,Ne visas, jo es grub beidzot izlasīt vienu noveli'. Not all, because I want to finally read one novel. Ne visas(not all), jo(because) es(I) gribu(want) beidzot(to finally) izlasīt(read) vienu(one) noveli(novel). -,Kuru noveli Tu nepabeidzi izlasīt'? Which novel you didn't finish to read? Kuru(which) noveli(novel) Tu(you) nepabeidzi(didn't finish) izlasīt(to read)? -, ,,Purva bridējs''. Tās autors ir Rūdolfs Blaumanis. ,,Swamp wader''. Its author is Rudolf Blauman. ,,Purva(swamp) bridējs(wader)''. Tās(it's) auto's(author) ir(is) Rūdolfs Blaumanis(Rudolph Blauman). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 14. Verb expressions: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 13, and in this lesson nI'm going to continue talking about verbs. And the topic of this lesson is ,vajadzības izteiksme' or expression of need. Expression of need is made by adding prefix jā- to the indicative Present simple 3rd person's verb form. So the examples are from indicative to expression of need. ,Viņš/ viņa: domā (thinks)- jādomā(must think); māca(teaches)- jāmāca(must be taught); prasa(asks)- jāprasa(must ask)'. The operator in expression of need is in the Dative Grammatical Case. ,Man jādomā par darbu'. I have to think about work. ,Mātei jāmāca mazbērni.' The mother must teach the grandchildren. ,Tēvocim jāprasa par mācību maksu'. The uncle must charge a tuition fee. The noun after verb in expression of need must be in the Nominative grammatical case. ,Tev ir jāmāca literatūra'. You have to teach literature. ,Tam ir jādomā labas domas'. That one has to think good thoughts. If the first and second personal pronoun is after the verb in expression of need, then a pronoun must be in the Accusative grammatical case. ,Tev jāatdod tavu grāmatu'. You must return your book. Usually simple tenses are used- Past simple, Present simple, Future simple. Auxiliary verb ,būt'(to be) time form indicates time. Past simple- ,bija jādomā'. Present simple- ,ir jādomā'. Future simple- ,būs jādomā'. Now the next example is the word ,jāmāca' or must be taught. Past simple- ,bija jāmāca'. Present simple- ,ir jāmāca'. Future simple- ,būs jāmāca'. Past continuous- ,bija bijis jāmāca'. President continuous- ,ir bijis jāmāca'. Future continuous- ,būs bijis jāmāca'. Auxiliary verbs ,ir'(is) gets skipped often in sentences, where the auxiliary verb isn't mentioned, and Simple present is used. ,Man ir jāmāca bērni'. I have to teach kids. ,Man jāmāca bērni'. As you can see in the last sentence that I removed ,ir', but the meaning of the sentence haven't really changed. So now let's have a dialogue with Arnis and Paula. -,Man ir jādomā par rītdienu'. I have to think about tomorrow. Man(I) ir(have) jādomā(to think) par(about) rītdienu(tomorrow). -,Tev būs jāmāca literatūras nodarbība?' You will have to teach a literature lesson? Tev(you) būs(have to) jāmāca(teach) literatūras(a literature) nodarbība(lesson)? ,Jā, par lugām, jo perms tam man bija jāmāca par dzeju.' Yes, about plays, because before that I had to teach about poetry. Jā (yes), par lugām(about plays), jo (because) firms tam(before that) man(I) bija(had) jāmāca(teach) par dzeju(about poetry). ,Labi, man ir jādomā par savām nodarbībām, jo man emot jāmāca ģeogrāfija'. Good, I have to think about my classes, because I have to teach geography. Labi(good), man (I) ir(have to) jādomā(think) par(about) savām(mine) nodarbībām(classes), jo(because) man(I) esot(have to) jāmāca(teach) ģeogrāfija (geography). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 15. Expression of desire: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 14, and in this lesson, I'm going to continue talking about expressions. So in this lesson I'm going to talk about expression of desire or ,vēlējuma izteiksme'. So in the last lesson we talked about expression of need. And the thing is it can go into two types or subgroups. The first one is ,atstāstījuma paveids' or type of narration, where a verb expresses a need in the form of narration. And the other type or subtype is ,vēlējuma paveids' or ,vēlējuma izteiksme', where verb expresses a need in the form of wish. A verb in expression of desire expresses action, which might happen. It needs the right circumstances to happen. It has only two tenses- Present simple and Present continuous. Present single is made from verb's indefinite, and have endings -tu and -tos as expression index. Ending -tu is used in place of -t, and -tos instead of a reversible ending -ties. In Present simple all persons have the same form. So the first example is a verb ,dejot' or to dance. So let's start with the Present simple. In singular- ,Es dejotu, Tu dejotu, viņš/ viņa dejotu, tas/ tā dejotu'. Plural- ,Mēs dejotu, jūs dejotu, viņi/ viņas dejotu, tie/ tās dejotu. The next one is Present continuous. In singular- ,Es būtu dejojis(masculine), būtu dejojusi (feminine), Tu būtu dejojis(masculine), būtu dejojusi(feminine), viņš būtu dejojis, viņa būtu dejojusi, tas būtu dejojis, tā būtu dejojusi'. In plural- ,Mēs būtu dejojuši(masculine), būtu dejojušas(feminine), jūs būtu dejojuši(masculine), jūs būtu dejojušas(feminine), viņi būtu dejojuši, viņas būtu dejojušas, tie būtu dejojuši, tās būtu dejojušas'. Next verb is ,vēlēties' or to wish. Present simple singular- ,Es vēlētos, Tu vēlētos, viņš/ viņa vēlētos, tas/ tā vēlētos'. Plural- ,Mēs vēlētos, jūs vēlētos, viņi/ viņas vēlētos, tie/ tās vēlētos'. Present continuous singular- ,Es būtu vēlējies(masculine), būtu vēlējusies(feminine), Tu būtu vēlējies(masculine), būtu vēlējusies(feminine), viņš būtu vēlējies, viņa būtu vēlējusies, tas būtu vēlējies' or sometimes it's ,vēlējis'. ,Tā būtu vēlējusies'. Plural- ,Mēs būtu vēlējušies(masculine), būtu vēlējušās(feminine), jūs būtu vēlējušies (masculine), būtu vēlējušās(feminine), viņi būtu vēlējušies, viņas būtu vēlējušās, tie būtu vēlējušies, tās būtu vēlējušās'. Since the verb doesn't indicate operator, then this task goes to the corresponding pronoun or noun. ,Lai draugs dejotu baletu!' To a friend to be able to dance ballet. In expression of desire before expressing index -tu and -tos the letter is the same as indefinite. ,Pirkt(to buy)- pirktu. Mesties(rush)- mestos'. Present continuous in expression of desire is made of auxiliary verb ,būt'(to be) in expression of desire form ,būtu' and flexible active voice past participle with -is, -ies, and -us, -usies. ,Viņš būtu atradis savu kasti, ja migla būtu izgaisusi.' He would have found his box, if the mist has faded. Present continuous in expression of desire auxiliary verb form is the same in all persons, but participle is different. It changes according to the perpetrator's gender and number. ,Viņš būtu atradis kasti'. (masculine) He would have found the box. ,Viņa būtu atradusi kasti'.(feminine) She would have found a box. Wish/ desire sentences, which express action, which is desirable, but can't be fulfilled, often start with words ,kaut(if only), lai(to), kad'(when). ,Kad zvaigznes spīdētu!' If the stars could shine! Expression of desire are often used for making a request, because it is more delicate than imperative. Imperative- ,Meklējiet balonus!' Look for balloons! Expression of desire- ,Vai jūs varat meklēt balonus?' Can you search for balloons? So now let's have a dialogue with Mairis and Madara. -,Es būtu dejojusi tautas dejas.' I would have danced in folk dances. Es(I) būtu(would have) dejojusi(danced) tautas dejas(folk dances). As you can see in the English translation there's a word ,,in'', it's just in Latvian translation it doesn't really fit. -,Vai Tu gribētu iemācīties jaunu deju?' Would you like to learn a new dance? Vai(would) Tu (you) gribētu(like) iemācīties(to learn) jaunt(a new) deja(dance)? -,Es vēlētos dejot baletu.' I would like to dance ballet. Es(I) vēlētos(would like) dejot(to dance) baletu ballet. -,Lai Tu atrastu savu hobiju! Es būtu vēlējies iemācīties jaunu valodu.' Lai (so) Tu(you) atrastu(find) savu(your) hobiju(hobby)! Es(I) būtu(would) vēlējies(have wished) iemācīties(to learn) jaunu(a new) valodu(language). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 16. Active and Passive voice: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 15, and in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about verbs. And the topic of this lesson is active and passive voice. In Latvian it's ,darāmā kārta un ciešamā kārta'. In Latvian language there are active and passive voices. Depending on words lexical meaning it can be used in both voices, If the verb is transient or ,pārejošs', or if it isn't then just active voice. There are few exceptions, when a non-transient verb can be made into passive voice. Verbs in the active voice show relation between action and operator(one doing an action). Operator is in nominative. ,Taurenis apbrīno dārzu.' A butterfly admires the garden. The verb is ,apbrīno' or admires. Verbs in passive voice show relation between action and activity receiver. Activity receiver is in nominative, operator isn't mentioned. ,Dārzs tiek apbrīnots.' The garden is admired. As you can see the verb ,apbrīnot' or to admire has become ,apbrīnots'. And ,apbrīnots'... it's more like an adjective. Verbs are usually transient, and can answer the question ,Ko?' (what) even in indefinite form. ,Dārzi tiek apbrīnoti.' The gardens are admired. ,Tiek apbrīnoti', and the verb is ,apbrīnot'. It answered the question ,Ko?' or what. And the answer is ,dārzus' or gardens. In Latvian language passive voice isn't used as often as active one. Active voice sentences should not be mixed up with passive sentences, where a doer or object isn't mentioned. In passive voice sentences the object of activity answers the question ,Was?'(what), but in active voice a doer answers the question ,Was?'(what). Active voice: ,Tevi māca(you are taught); Ko māca?(what is thought)- tevi'(you). Passive voice: ,Tu tie mācīts(you are taught); Kas tiek mācīts?(what is thought)- Tu tiec mācīts'(you are taught). So now let's have a dialogue with Jēkabs and Dace. ,Kas šogad tiek mācīts universitātē?' What is being taught at university this year? Kas(what) šogad (this year) tiek(is being) mācīts(taught) universitātē(at university). ,Šogad mani un devi mācīs ķīmijas pasniedzējs.' This year me and you will be taught by a chemistry teacher. Šogad(this year) mani(me) un (and) tevi(you) mācīs(will be taught) ķīmijas (a chemistry) pasniedzējs(teacher). ,Ko viņš māca bet ķīmijas?' What does he teach without chemistry? Ko(what) viņš(he) māca (does teach) bez(without) ķīmijas(chemistry)? ,Arī bioloģiju.' Also biology. Arī(also) bioloģiju(biology). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 17. Participle: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 16, and in this lesson, I'm going to continue talking about verbs. To continue talking about active and passive voice, I must first mentioned participles or ,divdabji'. Participle is a verb, which can have traits of a verb and an adjective or ,īpašības vārds', or a verb and an adverb(apstākļa vārds). Now I'll start with the sentence examples. Ceļojošie lāči ir noguruši. Travelling bears are tired. Word ,ceļojošie' base is a verb ,ceļot' or to travel. The word expresses the feature ,Kādi lāči?' (What bears?). Word ,ceļojošie' has verb ,ceļot' root, and it can bend like an adjective. Nominative: ,Kas?' or what- ,ceļojošie lāči'. Genitive: ,Kā?' or how- ,ceļojošu lāču'. ,Spogulis atspguļojot parādīja atspulgus.' The mirror reflected the reflections. Word ,atspoguļojot' base is a verb ,atspoguļot'(to reflect), it express type of activity. ,Kādā veidā parādīja atspulgus?' In what way showed reflections? -,atspoguļojot'. And is indeclinable like an adverb. In Latvian language there are quite a few participle groups, and each of them have a specific end and endings. Participles themselves are made of verb stem. Stan in Latvian is ,celms'. It's a word peace without ending. And ,celms' in Latvian language also means a stem(part of the tree with only a root). Usually it happens, when tree cutters cut to the top of the tree and leave the root in the ground. Next one is end or ,izskaņa'. Words suffix and ending.In case a word has a couple of suffixes, then the last one with an ending, or the last suffix with an ending. There are about threefold or three types of stock or stem: I'll use the verb ,vadīt'(to lead) as an example. First one is indefinite- ,vadīt'; root- vad; suffix -ī; ending -t; indefinite stem- vadī. Participle examples: ,vadīts(managed), vadīdams'(leading). Next one is present. Indefinite- ,vadīt'; present- ,es vadu'(I lead); root- vadas; ending -u; present stem- vad. And participle examples: ,vadošs(leading) vadāms(manaegable), vadām(we run), vadot'(leading). The last one- past. Indefinite- ,vadīt'; past- ,es vadīju' (I drove or I was leading); root- vad; suffix- ī, j; ending -u; past stem- ,vadīj'(led). Participle examples: ,vadījis(led), vadījusi(led by ,but it's also the feminine form). An appropriate participle end and ending must be added to the verb stem. If a participle is made from a reversible verb, then a participle end or ending are also reversed. ,Skatīties(to look)- skatīdamies'(watching). Participles can be made from all verbs, but not every verb can make all participles. Now let's have some participle examples. First one is flexible participles or ,lokāmie divdabji'. Active voice. Present- ,lasošs, lasoša(feminine), viņi lasoši, viņas lasošas.' Past- ,lasījis, lasījusi(the feminine), viņi lasījuši, viņas lasījušas'. Passive voice. Present- lasams, lasama(feminine), viņi lasami, viņas lasamas'. Past- ,viņš lasīts, viņa lasīta, viņi lasīti, viņas lasītas'. Next one is indeterminacy or ,nenoteiksme', and it's semi flexible participle. ,Viņš lasīdams, viņa lasīdama, viņi lasīdami, viņas lasīdamas'. And the last one is steadfast participle(nelokāms divdabis). Present- ,es/ Tu/ viņš/ viņa lasot', and other form is ,lasam', and it's in plural. And you can use it like ,mēs lasam'. Now let's have a dialogue with Ervīns and Astrīda. -,Esmu lasījusi par interesantu filmu ,,Agrā rūsa''.' I've read about an interesting movie ,,Early rust''. Esmu lasījusi (I've read) par(about) interesantu(an interesting) filmu (movie),,Agrā(early) rūsa''(rust). -,Neesmu lasījis par šo filmu. Kāds ir tās žanrs?' I haven't read about this movie. What is its genre? Neesmu (I haven't) lasījis (read) par (about) šo (this) filmu(movie). Kāds(what) ir(is) tās(it's) žanrs(genre)?-,Tā ir melodrāma. To grāmatu uzrakstīja Elīna Zālīte. It is a melodrama. That book is written by Elina Zalite. Tā(it) Ir(is) melodrāma(a melodrama). To(that) grāmatu(book) uzrakstīja(is written) Elīna Zālīte(by Elina Zalite). -,Vai Tev patika filma?' Did you like the movie? Vai(did) Tev(you) patika(like) filma(the movie)? -,Jā, jo tās norise ir 20. gadsimta 30. gadi.' Yes, because its course is in the 20th century in the 30s. Jā (yes), jo (because) tās(it's) norise(course) ir(is) 20. gadsimta(the 20th century) 30. gad(in the 30s). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 18. Participle grammatical cases: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 17. And in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about participles. And the topic of this lesson is ,divdabja locīšana' or participle grammatical cases. So in this lesson I categorized all participles and each of them has a verb or participle example, and we're going to go through different grammatical cases. The first one is flexible active voice present participle or ,lokāmais darāmās kārtas tagadnes divdabis'. It has ends -ošs, -oša, -ošais, -ošā. It is made from the verb present stem, instead of ending a participle end added. And it usually is an adjective. The example ,spīdēt(to shine)- spīdošs(shiny), spīdoša, spīdošais, spīdošā'. In grammatical cases each gender has ,nenoteiktā dzimte' or unspecified gender and ,noteiktā dzimte'(specific gender). So what I'm going to do in grammatical case examples, I'm going to split each example into unspecified gender and after that specific gender. So the first one is singular. ,Nominatīvs- spīdošs, spīdošais'. Then the specific gender. ,Spīdoša, spīdošā'. ,Ģenitīvs- spīdoša, spīdošā/ spīdoša, spīdošā'. ,Datīvs- spīdošam, spīdošajam/ spīdošai, spīdošajai.' ,Akuzatīvs- spīdošu, spīdošo/ spīdošu, spīdošo'. ,Instrumentālis- ar spīdošu, ar spīdošo/ ar spīdošu, ar spīdošo.' ,Lokatīvs- spīdošā, spīdošajā/ spīdošā, spīdošajā.' And vocative... Unspecified gender doesn't really have a vocative. So it's only a specific gender one or ,noteiktā dzimte'. ,Spīdošais! Spīdošā!' Plural. ,Nominatīvs- spīdoši, spīdošie(masculine)/ spīdošas, spīdošās(feminine). ,Ģenitīvs- spīdošu, spīdošo/ spīdošu, spīdošo'. ,Datīvs- spīdošiem, spīdošajiem/ spīdošām, spīdošajām.' ,Akuzatīvs- spīdošus, spīdošos/ spīdošas, spīdošās.' ,Instrumentālis- ar spīdošiem, ar spīdošajiem/ ar spīdošām, ar spīdošajām.' ,Lokatīvs- spīdošos, spīdošajos/ spīdošās, spīdošajās.' And ,Vokatīvs'... It's the same that the unspecified gender doesn't really have a vocative. ,Spīdošie! Spīdošās!' Next one active voice past participle or ,darāmās kārtas pagātnes divdabis'. Has endings -is, -ies, and ends -usi, -usies. It is made from past stem adding to the participle proper ends and endings. ,Raudāju(I cried)- raudājusies (I have cried), raudājis, raudājusi, raudājusies.' In the sentence there can be adjectives, expresors and participles saying creators. Each gender has ,nenoteiktā dzimte' and ,noteiktā dzimte' like other participles. Singular. ,Nominatīvs- raudājis, raudājušais (masculine)/ raudājusi, raudājusī'(feminine). ,Ģenitīvs- raudājuša, raudājušā/ raudājušas, raudājušās'. ,Datīvs- raudājušam, raudājušajam/ raudājušai, raudājušajai.' ,Akuzatīvs- raudājušu, raudājušo/ raudājušu, raudājušo'. ,Instrumentālis- ar raudājušu, ar raudājušo/ ar raudājušu, ar raudājušo'. ,Lokatīvs- raudājušā, raudājušajā/ raudājušā, raudājušajā.' And vocative... ,Raudājušais! Raudājusī!' Plural. ,Nominatīvs- raudājuši, raudājušie/ raudājušas, raudājušās.' ,Ģenitīvs- raudājušu, raudājušo/ raudājušu, raudājušo'. ,Datīvs- raudājušiem, raudājušajiem/ raudājušām, raudājušajām.' ,Akuzatīvs- raudājušus, raudājušos/ raudājušas, raudājušās.' ,Instrumentālis- ar raudājušiem, ar raudājušajiem/ ar raudājušām, ar raudājušajām.' ,Lokatīvs- raudājušos, raudāju- šajos/ raudājušās, raudājušajās.' ,Vokatīvs- Raudājušie! Raudājušie!' Next one is flexible passive voice, present participle or ,lokāmais ciešamās kārtas tagadnes divdabis'. Has ends and endings -ams, -ama, -āms, -āma. It is made from present stem adding to the participle proper ends. ,Zinu(I know)- zinams (known), zinama, zināms, zināma'. With ends -āms, -āma are participles made of verbs, which are 3rd conjugation 1. group, which has ends -īt, -ināt in indefinite. In the sentence they can be adjectives and expressors. Each gender has ,nenoteiktā dzimte'(unspecified gender) and ,noteiktā dzimte'(specific gender). Singular. ,Nominatīvs- zināms, zināmais(masculine)/ zināma, zināmā'(feminine). ,Ģenitīvs- zināma, zināmā/ zināmas, zināmās.' ,Datīvs- zināmam, zināmajam/ zināmai, zināmajai'. ,Akuzatīvs- zināmu, zināmo/ zināmu, zināmo.' ,Instrumentālis- ar zināmu, ar zināmo/ ar zināmu, ar zināmo'. Lokatīvs- zināmā, zināmajā/ zināmā, zināmajā.' And ,Vokatīvs- Zināmais! Zināmā!' Plural. ,Nominatīvs- zināmi, zināmie/ zināmas, zināmās.' ,Ģenitīvs- zināmu, zināmo/ zināmu, zināmo.' ,Datīvs- zināmiem, zināmajiem/ zināmām, zināmajām.' ,Akuzatīvs- zināmus, zināmos/ zināmas, zināmās.' ,Instrumentālis- ar zināmiem, ar zināmajiem/ ar zināmām, ar zināmajām.' ,Lokatīvs- zināmos, zināmajos/ zināmās, zināmajās.' ,Vokatīvs- Zināmie! Zināmās!' Next one is flexible passive voice past participle (lokāmais ciešamās kārtas pagātnes divdabis). Has ends -ts, -ta, -tais, -tā. Is made from indefinite stem, adding participle proper ends instead of indefinite endings. ,Zināt(to know)- zināts(known), zināta, zinātais'. In the sentence they can be expressors, adverbs and participle sayings. Each gender has ,nenoteiktā dzimte'(unspecified gender) and ,noteiktā dzimte'(specific gender). Singular. ,Nominatīvs- zināts, zinātais/ zināta, zinātā'. ,Ģenitīvs- zināta, zinātā/ zinātas, zinātās.' ,Datīvs- zinātam, zinātajam/ zinātai, zinātajai'. ,Akuzatīvs- zinātu, zināto/ zinātu, zināto.' ,Instrumentālis- ar zinātu, ar zināto/ ar zinātu, ar zināto.' Lokatīvs- zinātā, zinātajā/ zinātā, zinātajā.' And ,Vokatīvs- Zinātais! Zinātā!' Plural. ,Nominatīvs- zināti, zinātie/ zinātas, zinātās.' ,Ģenitīvs- zinātu, zināto/ zinātu, zināto.' ,Datīvs- zinātiem, zinātajiem/ zinātām, zinātajām.' ,Akuzatīvs- zinātus, zinātos/ zinātas, zinātās.' ,Instrumentālis- ar zinātiem, ar zinātajiem/ ar zinātām, ar zinātajām.' ,Lokatīvs- zinātos, zinātajos/ zinātās, zinātajās'. ,Vokatīvs- Zinātie! Zinātās!' Flexible participles with fixed endings have expanded endings in singular dative and locative, in plural- dative, instrumental and locative. Last one is semi-flexible participle or ,daļēji lokāmais divdabis'. It has ends -dams, -dama, -damies, -damās. Is created in place of indefinite ending, by adding the participle proper ends. ,Vest(to carry)- vesdams, vesdama'. ,Mesties(rush)- Mesdames, mesdamās'. It's semi-flexible, because it doesn't have a verb and adverb(which is fixed name class) nature. It only has nominative grammatical case in singular and plural. In the sentences they can be adverbs or participle saying creators. So now let's have a dialogue with Juris and Laura. -,No maniem zināmajiem tekstem esmu atlasījis pašus svarīgākos.' I have selected the most important ones from my texts I know. No(from) maniem(my) zināmajiem (known)... But in the sentence is. made as ,,I know''. tekstiem(texts) esmu (have) atlasījis(selected) pašus(the most) svarīgākos(important ones). -,Vai viņi ir tie plauktā blakus spīdošajām glāzēm?' Are they the ones on the shelf next to the shining glasses? Vai(are) viņi(they) ir(is) tie (the ones)... Well ,ir' can't really be translated directly as is. plauktā (on the shelf) blakus(next to) spīdošajās( the shining) glāzēm(glasses)? -,Jā, un tur ir daudz par zināmajiem zinātnes atklājumiem. Es nevaru izlemt , vai man vajadzētu nopirkt jaunts tekstus.' Yes, and there is much to be known about scientific discoveries. I can't decide, if I should buy new texts. Jā(yes), un(and) tur(there) ir(is) daudz(much) par(about) zināmajiem (known) zinātnes(scientific) atklājumiem(discoveries). Es(I) nevaru(can't) izlemt(decide), vai(if) man(I) vajadzētu(should) nopirkt(buy) jaunus(new) tekstus(texts). -,Šaubos, ka Tavu raudošo sievu iepriecinās šis jaunums' I doubt that your crying wife will be pleased with this news. Šaubos(I doubt), ka(that) Tavu(your) raudājušo(crying) sievu(wife) iepriecinās(will be pleased with) šis(this) jaunums(news). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 19. Messy or unusual verbs: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 18, and topic of this lesson is ,nekārtnie darbības vārdi'. The only way I could translate is unusual or messy verbs. And in Latvian language those verbs are ,būt(to be), iet(to walk), dot(to give). So the thing about these verbs, they are kind of unique in the Latvian language that in the grammatical cases they bend quite differently to other ones. That's why they are considered like the exceptions. So I'm going to give each of them a grammatical case examples with singular and plural, so you can see how they bend and then a dialogue at the end. The first one is ,būt'(to be). So in the examples I'll make it like this past, present and future. First one is singular. So it's... ,Es biju, (I was/ past), es esmu(I am/ present), es būšu(I will be/ future). Tu biji, Tu esi, Tu būsi. Viņš/viņa... Viņš/ viņa bija, ir' or ,esot, būs. Tas/ tā bija, ir' or ,esot, būšot.' Plural. ,Mēs bijām, esam būsim. Jūs bijāt, esat, būsit. Viņi/ viņas bija, esot' or ,ir, būšot.' ,Tie/ tās bija, esot' or ,ir, būšot.' ,Tie/ tās bija, esot/ ir, būšot.' ,Iet'(to walk). Singular. ,Es gāju (I walked/ past), es eju(I'm walking/ present), es iešu(I will walk or I'm going to walk/ future). Tu gāji, ej, iesi. Viņš/ viņa gāja, iet, iešot. Tas/ tā gāja, iet' or ,ejot, iešot.' Plural. ,Mēs gājām, ejam, resin. Jūs gājat, ejat, iesit. Viņi/ viņas gāja, iet' or ,ejot, iešot. Tie/ tās gāja, iet/ ejot, iešot/ ies.' Next one ,dot'(to give). Singular. ,Es devu(I gave), es dodu(I give), es došu (I will give or I'm going to give). Tu devi, dod, dosi. Viņš/viņa deva, dod, dos. Tas/ tā deva, dod, dos.' Plural. ,Mēs devām (we gave), mēs dodam (we give), mēs dosim(we will give or we are going to give). Jūs devāt, dodat, dosiet. Viņi/ viņas deva, dod, dos. Tie/ tās deva, dod, dos.' So now let's have a dialogue with Mārcis and Gundega. -,Mēs iesim uz jauno puķu veikalu.' We will go to the new flower shop. Mēs(we) iesim(will go) uz(to) jauno (the new) puķu(flower) veikalu(shop). -,Kāpēc Tu biji izlēmis apmeklēt šo puķu veikalu?' Why did you decide to visit this flower shop? Kāpēc (why) Tu(you) biji (did) izlēmis(decide) apmeklēt(to visit) šo (this) puķu(flower) veikalu(shop)? -,Es devu solījumu nopirkt puķes savai tanti.' I gave a promise to buy flowers to my aunt. Es(I) devu(gave) solījumu(a promise) nopirkt(to buy) puķes(flowers) savai (my) tantei(aunt). -,Labi, tad Tu dosi puķu pušķi, kamēr es iešu uz parku.' Good, then you will give flower bouquet, while I walk to the park. Labi (good), tad(then) Tu(you) dosi(will give) puķu(flower) pušķi(bouquet), kamēr(while) es(I) iešu(walk) uz(to) parku(the park). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 20. Pronouns: Sveiki! So this is Lesson number 19. And in this lesson I'm going to start talking about pronouns or ,vietniekvārdi'. So the first type of pronouns are personal pronouns or ,personas vietniekvārdi'. They indicate persons, who are speaking or being spoken about. Es(I)- mēs(we); Tu(you)- jūs(you); Viņš(he)- viņi(they)(masculine); Viņa(she)(singular)- viņas(they)(plural in feminine). Now let's go through declinations of ,es, mēs, tu, jūs.' Nominatīvs- es/ mēs/ tu/ jūs; Ģenitīvs- manis/ tevis/ mūsu/ jūsu; Datīvs- man/ tev/ mums/ jums; Akuzatīvs- mani/ devi/ mūs/ jūs; Instrumentālis- ar mani/ ar tevi/ ar mums/ ar jums; Lokatīvs- manī/ tevī/ mūsos/ jūsos; Well there isn't any Vocative with the pronouns. Well they don't really have a vocative grammatical case. Pronouns ,Tu, Jūs' have to written in a capital letter like in letters & documents. In business papers other pronouns must be written in capital letter. ,Vai Tu meklē maku?' Are you looking for a wallet? Next one is reverse pronoun or ,atgriezeniskais vietniekvārds'. ,Sevis' can be applicable to all 3 persons (es, Tu, viņš) in singular & masculine. They don't change in gender or numbers. They only have 5 grammatical cases. Nominatīvs. Doesn't have a nominative. Ģenitīvs- semis; Datīvs- sev; Akuzatīvs- sevi; Instrumentālis- ar sevi; Lokatīvs- sevī; And Vokatīvs... Well there's no vocative. Examples: ,Es pērku sev grāmatu.' I'm buying a book for myself. ,Jūs par sevi rūpējaties.' You take care of yourself. ,Viņas nevar atrast trūkumus sevī.' They cannot find flaws in themselves. ,Man sevis nav žēl.' I'm not sorry for myself. ,Tu ar sevi netiec galā.' You can't deal with yourself. So now let's have a dialogue with Maikls and Diāna. ,Vai Tev manis pietrūka?' Did you miss me? Vai(did) Tev(you) manis(me) pietrūka(miss)? ,Maikl! Es Levi neesmu satikusi jau mēnesi Tas nav pārāk ilgi.' Michael! I haven't met you for a month. It'n not too long. Maikl(Michael)! Es(I) Levi(you) neesmu(haven't) satikusi(met) jau mēnesi(for a month). Tas(it's) nav(not) pārāk(too) ilgi(long). ,Man vajadzēja apciemot radiniekus. Viņi vēlas nopirkt jaunt māju.' I needed to visit my family. They want to buy a new house. Man(I) vajadzēja(needed) apciemot(to visit) radiniekus(my family) Well ,radinieki' can also be translated as relatives, and family as ,ģimene'. Viņi(they) vēlas(want) nopirkt(to buy) jaunu(a new) māju(house). ,Es biju aizņemta ar sevi. Mūsu darba vietu plāno pārcelt uz citu pilsētu.' Es(I) biju(was) aizņemta(busy) ar(with) sevi(myself). mūsu(we) darba vietu(workplace) plāno(to plan) pārcelt(to move) uz(to) citu(another) pilsētu(city). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 21. Pronoun types: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 20. And in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about pronouns or ,vietniekvārdi'. So I'm going to start with possessive pronouns or ,piederības vietniekvārdi'. They indicate belonging to someone. Like ,mans'(mine), which is in masculine. ,Mana'(mine/ feminine). It indicates belonging to singular or 1 person. ,Tavs(masculine/ yours), tava(feminine)- indicates belonging to singular 2nd person. ,Mūsu'(ours)- indicates belonging to plural 1 person. And plural 1 person... it means that you are talking to 2 or 3 people directly. Maybe it's a couple or a group of people. ,Jūsu'(yours)- indicates belonging to plural 2nd person. ,Viņa, viņas'(his, hers). That's singular. ,Viņu, viņas'(theirs/ plural)- indicates belonging to singular and plural 3rd person. ,Savs(masculine), sava(feminine/ own)- indicates belonging to any singular or plural person. In plural it would be ,savi' and ,savas'. Pronouns can also have ends -ējs, and you get ,manējs, tavējs, savējs, mūsējs, jūsējs, viņējs'. They are bent like adjectives with definite ends. In singular Dative & Locative, and plural Dative, Instrumental & Locative extended endings do not form. Examples: ,Tas ir mans grozs'. This is my basket. ,Uz galda stāv tava pildspalva'. Your pen is on the table. ,Mūsu māja ir tuvu ezeram'. Our house is close to the lake. ,Kastē strodas jūsu lelle'. Your doll is in the box. ,Viņas kurpes ir zem gultas'. Her shoes are under the bead. ,Man ir savs dators, kur es raskt noveles'. I have my own computer, where I write short stories. Next one is indicative pronouns or ,norādāmie vietniekvārdi'. They indicate objects, live beings or on their features. ,Šis, šī, šāds, šāda'- indicates to closest objector live beings or their features. ,Tas, tā'- indicates further objects or live beings, or their features. ,Viņš, viņa'- indicates the most further objects or live beings, or their features. ,Šis, šī' inflect or bend specifically. I'm going to split grammatical cases like this. First I'm going to name the masculine, feminine in singular, then masculine, feminine in plural. Nominatīvs- ,šis(this/ masculine), šī(this in feminine)/ (plural) tie(they/masculine), šīs(they/ feminine); Ģenit;ivs- šā, šī/šās, šīs šos, šo. Alright, this one is little bit hard to understand. So it's like this... ,Šā' is masculine, singular. ,Šī, šās'- they're both feminine and singular. You can use both of them. The next ones are plural- ,šīs, šos, šo'. Datīvs- him, said/ diem, šīm. Akuzatīvs- šo, šo/šos, šīs. Instrumentālis- ar šo, ar šo/ ar šiem, ar šīm. Lokatīvs- šajā, šai, šinī/ šajā, šai, šinī, šajos, šais, šinīs/ šajās, šais, šinīs. Let us brake it down. ,Šajā'- it's in singular, but it can be masculine, feminine. ,Šai'- this is also unisex in singular. ,Šinī' is singular and masculine. ,Šajā'- feminine, singular. ,Šai' is feminine, singular. ,Šinī' and ,šajos' they are both singular and masculine. ,Šais' is singular and masculine. ,Šinīs'- plural, masculine. ,Šajās'- plural, feminine. ,Šais' and ,šinīs'- they are both unisex words in plural. And Vocative... They don't really have Vocative. ,Tas, tā'. Nominatīvs- tas(that in masculine), tā(that in feminine)/ tie(or they in masculine), tās(they in feminine). Ģenitīvs- tā, tās/ to, to. Datīvs- tam, tai/ tiem, tām. Akuzatīvs- to, to/ tos, tās. Instrumentālis- ar to, ar to/ ar tiem, ar tām. Lokatīvs- tajā, tai, tanīs/ tajā, tai, tanī/ tajos, tais, tanīs, tajās, tais, tanīs. It's a lot of them so let's brake it down. ,Tajā'- it's a unisex in singular. Tanī... ,Tanī' or ,tajā'- they're both unisex in singular. ,Tai' is a feminine singular. ,Tanī' and ,tajos'- they're both masculine. Singular... ,Tais'- it's singular and masculine. ,Tanīs'- plural, masculine. ,Tajās'- plural, feminine. ,Tais'. The thing about ,tais' it's a unisex, but it can also be in singular and plural at the same time. Depends obviously on the sentence you're using it. And ,tanīs'... ,Tanīs' is plural in feminine. And Vocative... It doesn't have a Vocative. Examples: ,Šīm zivīm vajag lielāku akvāriju'. These fish need a bigger aquarium. ,Šajā istabā ir liels paklājs.' This room has a large carpet. ,Šie zīmuļi ir jāsakārto'. These pencils need to be arranged. ,Tās grāmatas atrodas bibliotēkā'. Those books are in the library. Viņa burtnīca ir uz sola'. His notebook is on the bench. ,Viņā mega vidū dzīvo lāči.' Bears live in the middle of the forest. So now let's have a dialogue with Rodžers and Lauma. ,Šajā pludmalē var attract skaistus gliemežvākus.' You can find beautiful shells on this beach. Šajā(this) pludmalē(beach) var(can) atrast(find) skaistus(beautiful) gliemežvākus(shells). As you can see in the english translation there's a word ,,you'' that I could translate as ,Tu', but in Latvian sentence it's not really added, because it doesn't change the context. ,Tava māja ir piebāzta ar mantām. Jaunām lietām nav vistas.' Your house is stuffed with belongings. There is no room for new things. Tava(your) māja(house) ir(is) piebāzta(stuffed) ar(with) mantām(belongings). Jaunām(new) lietām(things) nav(there is no) vietas(room). ,Es daudz ko no tām mantām atdodu labdarībai.' I give a lot of those things to charity. Es(I) daudz ko(a lot of) no tām(those) mantām(things) atdodu(give) labdarībai(to charity). ,Nu, tavējs hobbits aizņem pārāk daudz vietas. Daļa no tām mantām atstāj trampus uz mēbelēm.' Well, your hobby takes up too much space. Some of those things leave stains on the furniture. Nu(well), tavējs(your) hobbies(hobby) aizņem(takes up) pārāk(too much) vietas(space). Daļa(some) no tām(of those) mantām(things) atstāj(leave) traps(stains) uz(on) mēbelēm(the furniture). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 22. Questionable and Attitude pronouns: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 21. And in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about pronouns. So the first one is questionable pronouns or ,jautājamie vietniekvārdi'. They are an introduction to a question. Kas- if the question is about an object or living being, which or who is nothing known about. Kurš, kura- if the question is about an object or living being, which or who is already included in a group. Kāds, kāda- if the question is about an object or living beings feature. Pronouns ,kas' doesn't have grammatical case in Locative & Vocative. All the grammatical case questions are pronouns ,kas' cases. Locative one ,kur' is an adverb'. Pronouns ,kurš, kurz, kāds, kāda' are flexed like adjectives with indefinite endings. So now let's look at grammatical case example. Nominatīvs- Kas? Ģenitīvs- Kā? Datīvs- Kam? Akuzatīvs- Ko? Instrumentālis- Ar ko? And there's no Lokatīvs or Vokatīvs. Examples. ,Kas atrodas tajā kastē?' What's in that box? ,Kurš Telefons wieder Pēterim?' Which telephone belongs to Peter? ,Kura viesmīle apkalpo šo galdu?' Which waitress serves this table? ,Kāds pazaudēja šo kaķi?' Anyone lost this cat? ,Kāda krāsa piestāv šim dīvānam?' What colour suits this sofa? Next one is attitude pronouns or ,attieksmes vietniekvārdi'. Kas, kurš, kurz, kāds, kāda. To distinguish asked pronouns from attitude ones the pronouns action to be taken needs to be determined. If a pronoun is introduced with a question sentence then it's an asked pronoun. If a pronoun is introduced with an auxiliary sentence then it's an attitude pronoun. Examples. ,Kurš dzīvo tajā mājā?' Who lives in that house? Asked pronoun. ,Viņa nezin, kurš dzīvo tajā mājā.' That's an attitude pronoun. ,Kaķis nezin, kas atrodas kastē.' The cat does not know what is in the box. ,Policisti prāto, kura kaimiņiene nozaga mašīnu.' The police or cops wonder whose neighbour stole the car. ,Florists prāto, kāds zied der pušķim.' The florist wonders what flower fits the bouquet. ,Mākslinieks domā, kāda krāsa piestāv šij gleznai.' The artist thinks what colour suits this painting. So now let's have a dialogue with Mārcis and Sofija. ,Kāda dāvana Tev patiktu?' What gift would you like? Kāda(what) dāvana(gift) Tev(you) patiktu(would like)? ,Man gribētos jaunu telefonu. Kādu viedtālruni Tu vari ieteikt?' I'd like a new phone. What kind of smart phone can you recommend? Man(I) gribētos(like) jaunu(new) telefonica(phone). Kādu(what kind of) viedtālruni(smartphone) Tu(you) vari(can) ieteikt(recommend)? ,Atkarīgs no operētājsistēmas, kura ir vispiemērotākā. Kādas aplikācijas Tu ielādēsi?' Depends on the operating system, which is the most suitable. What applications will you download? Atkarīgs(depends) no(on) operētājsistēmas(operating system), kura(which) ir(is) vispiemērotākā(the most suitable). Kādas(what) aplikācijas(applications) Tu(you) ielādēsi(will download)? ,Es ielādēšu e-pasta un bankas aplikācijas.' I will download e-mail and bank applications. Es(I) ielādēšu(will download?) e-pasta(email) un(and) bankas(bank) aplikācijas(applications). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 23. Indefinite pronouns: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 22. And in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about pronouns. So in this lesson we are going to look at indefinite pronouns or ,nenoteiktie vietniekvārdi'. ,Kas, kurš, kurz, kāds, kāda.' They point out unknown, indefinite objects or their features. Sometimes words are added to them to enhance indefinite significance- ,kaut, diezin, diez, nezin, nez'. They are called multi word or compound pronouns (,vairākvārdu' or ,saliktie vietniekvārdi'), and the words must be written seperately. ,Kaut kas, kaut kāds, kaut kāda, kaut kurš, kaut kura. Diezin kas, diezin kāds, diezin kāda, diezin kurš, diezin kura. Diez kas, diez kāds, diez kāda, diez kurš, diez kura. Nezin kas, gezin kāds, nezin kāda, nezin kurš, nezin kura. Nez kas, nez kāds, nez kāda, nez kurš, nez kura.' Other pronouns are ,cits, cita, dažs, daža, kurš katrs, kura katra, dažs labs, daža laba, viens otrs, viena otra'. Pronouns ,viens otrs, viena otra' are used, while talking about two living beings or objects. Pronouns ,cits, cita' repeat is used, while talking about many living beings or objects. If jeb- is added to pronouns ,kas, kurš, kāds, kāda', then they become ,jebkas, jebkurš, jebkura, jebkāds, jebkāda', which are meant to be written together. Examples... ,Kaut kāds svešinieks staigā pa parku.' Some stranger is walking through the park. ,Diezin kurš atcerās šīs statujas nosaukumu.' Hardly anyone, who remembers the name of this statue. ,Es šaubos, ka diez kāds ir aizmirsis pavasara svētkus.' I doubt hardly anyone has forgotten the spring festival. ,Nezin kāda meitene meklē lietussargu.' Somewhat or some girl is looking for an umbrella. The thing about ,nezin kāda'. It's quite hard to properly translate it, because ,nezin' also means ,,don't know''. But in this sentence, in this context it's ,,put in''. It changes the meaning. ,Vakar nez kas savandīja dārza piederumus.' Yesterday someone or something tamed the garden accessories. As you can see in this sentence ,nez kas'... As you know ,kas' means ,,what'', but in this context, in this sentence ,nez kas' usually means someone or something unknown did something. ,Dārznieki viens tram dod padomus par augsni.' Gardeners give each other advice on the soil. ,Šajā teātrī aktieri iestudē lugas, kuras citiem var nepatikt.' In this theatre actors stage plays that others may not like. ,Tajā veikalā pārdodas jebkas priekš santehnikas.' Everything for plumbing is sold in that store. So now let's have a dialogue with Varis and Rūta. ,Nez kura skolotāja man mācīs ekonomiku.' I don't know which teacher will teach me economics. ,Nez kura' in english translation I just put ,,I don't know'' or ,es nezinu', but ,nez kura' can also be translated as some unknown person or thing. So the reason why the sentence in english looks so different is because the context. In english language it can't be like a word to word from Latvian to english, otherwise the context won't be understandable. skolotāja(teacher) man(me) mācīs(teach) ekonomiku(economics). ,Šajā koledžā ir daža laba pasniedzēja, kura labi pasniedz priekšmetus.' There is some good teacher in the college, which serves or teaches subjects well. The reason why I put the word ,pasniedz' two translations, is because ,pasniedz' means also, if you serving someone. But in this sentence the best translation is teaching, because it's the context. In the sentence we are talking about a teacher, who teaches. In case you see that word you have to careful of the translation. So that's why with this word you have to be careful, when you try to translate it from Latvian to english. And you also have to understand in which translation of this word is correct for the context. šajā koledžā(in the college) ir(is) daža laba(some good) pasniedzēja(teacher), kura(which) labs(well) pasniedz(teaches) priekšmetus(subjects). ,Nevar jau jebkurai pasniedzējai ļaut mācīt finanses.' It is not possible to allow any teacher to teach finanse. Nevar(it is not possible) jau(to) jebkurai(any) pasniedzējai(teacher) ļaut(allow) mācīt(to teach) finanses(finances). ,Gan jau kaut kāds lektors viņu aizvietos.' Some lecturer will probably replace her. Gan jau(probably) kaut kāds(some) lektors(lecturer) viņu(her) aizvietos(replace). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 24. Set and Negation pronouns: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 23, and in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about pronouns. So the next pronoun type is ,noteiktie vietniekvārdi' or set pronouns. ,Pats, pati, viss, visa, katrs, katra, ikkatrs, ikkurš, ikkura, ikviens, ikviena, abi, abas.' They indicate known of certain objects or living beings. Pronouns, which start with ik- are written in one word, and they are being blended in grammatical case as adjectives with indefinite ending. Some pronouns have consonant letters (līdzskaņa burti) in them. ,Viss, ikkatrs, ikkatra, ikkurš, ikkura.' Examples... ,Es pats uzbūvēju šo pirti.' I've built this sauna myself. ,Tajā pašā pilsētā, kur aug ūdensrozes, atrodas takas.' There are trails in the same city, where water lilies grow. ,Viss galds ir pilns ar traukiem.' The whole table is full of dishes. ,Virtuvē visa grīda ir no flīzēm.' In the kitchen the whole floor is made of tiles. ,Katram krēslam ir savs spilvens.' Each chair has its own cushion. ,Dārzā katra puķe ir sarkanā krāsā.' In the garden each flower is red. ,Teātrī ikkatram tika iedota izrādes programma.' In the theater everyone has given a show program. ,Viesnīcā ikkurš views zina, kur atrodas restorāns.' At the hotel every guest knows, where the restaurant is. ,Birojā ikkura pildspalva ir ar melno tint.' In the office every pen is in black ink. ,Šajā pavasarī ikviens gājējs var redzēt krokusus.' This spring every walker can see the crocuses. ,Veikalā ikviena prece ir ar cenu.' In the store each item comes with a price. ,Abi zirgi ir tuvu pie ever.' Both horses are close to the lake. ,Blakus sulas krūkai atrodas abas glāzes.' Next to the jug of juice are both glasses. The last one is negation pronouns or ,noliegtie vietniekvārdi'. They state a negation. ,Nekas, nekāds, nekāda, neviens, neviena.' All of them are derived or ,atvasināti' with prefix or ,priedēklis' ne-, and they are written together. Examples... ,Ledusskapī nav nekā.' There's nothing in the refrigerator. ,Mēs nevaram atrast gliemežvākus.' We can't find any shells. ,Šajā kūkā nav nekādas zemenes.' There are no strawberries in this cake. ,Es neredzu nevienu pasažieri tramvajā.' I don't see any passengers on the tram. ,Grāmatā nav nevienas tildes.' There are no pictures in the book. So now let's have a dialogue with Krišjānis and Viktorija. ,Ikkatrs dzijas kamols tiks izmantots mājturībā.' Every ball of yarn will be used in the household. Ikkatrs(every) dzijas(of yarn) kamols(ball) tips(will be) izmantots (used) mājturībā(in the household). ,Ko Tu domā notamborēt? Man neviena paziņa nemāk ne adīt, ne tamborēt.' What are you thinking of crocheting? None of my acquaintances know how to knit or crochet. Ko(what) Tu(you) domā(thinking) notamborēt(crotcheting)? Man(my) neviena(none) paziņa(acquaintances) nemāk (none of or no) Basically, the direct translation would be ,nemāk' to ,,don't know''. But, because in English translation in this sentence, the words got little bit swapped, because the grammar is slightly different. ne adīt, ne tamborēt(how to knit or crochet). But the other translation I could also put is ,ne adīt'(not knowing how to knit) or ,ne tamborēt'(not knowing how to crochet). It's just it's one of those things that you can't translate directly from Latvian to English. ,Es gribu notamborēt sev džemperi, kurā ikkuram būs silti.' I want to crochet a sweater for myself, in which everyone will be warm. Es(I) gribu(want) notamborēt (to crochet) sev(for myself) džemperi(sweater), kurā(in which) ikkuram(everyone) būs(will be) silti(warm). ,Vai Tu māki notamborēt apģērbus lellēm? Mana māsīca pati mēģināja uztaisīt drēbes savām lellēm, bet nesanāca.' Can you crochet clothes for dolls? My cousin tried to make clothes for her dolls herself, but did not meet. Vai(can) Tu(you) notamborēt(crochet) apģērbus(clothes) lellēm(for dolls)? Mana(my) māsīca(cousin) As you see ,pati' isn't really in the English translation. ,Pati' would be ,,herself''. mēģināja(tried) uztaisīt(to make) drēbes(clothes) savām(for her) lellēm(dolls), bet(but) nesanāca(did not meet or you can also say did not happen). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 25. Adjective: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 24, and in this lesson I'm going to start talking about adjectives or ,īpašības vārdi'. They are independently flexible words, which describe objects and living being features. Can come in masculine and feminine, singular and plural form depending on the noun. So in this lesson we're just going to look at some grammatical cases of adjectives. The first example is feminine, singular, and I chose a ,sarkanā roze' or red rose. ,Nominatīvs- sarkana roze. Ģenitīvs- sarkanās rozes. Datīvs- sarkanai rozei. Akuzatīvs- sarkano rozi. Instrumentālis- ar sarkano rozi. Lokatīvs- sarkanā rozē. Vokatīvs- Sarkanā roze!' Next one is feminine, plural, and I chose the example ,biers grāmatas', meaning, thick books. ,Nominatīvs- biezas grāmatas. Ģenitīvs- biezās grāmatas. Datīvs- biezām grāmatām. Akuzatīvs- biezās grāmatas. Instrumentālis- ar biezām grāmatām. Lokatīvs- biezās grāmatās. Vokatīvs- Biezās grāmatas!' Next one is masculine, singular, and I chose the example ,liels spainis' or big bucket. ,Nominatīvs- liels spainis. Ģenitīvs- liela spaiņa. Datīvs- lielam spainim. Akuzatīvs- lielu spaini. Instrumentālis- ar lielu spaini. Lokatīvs- lielā spainī. Vokatīvs- Liels spainis!' The last one is masculine, plural, and I chose the example ,asi naži' or sharp knives. ,Nominatīvs- asi naži. Ģenitīvs- aso nažu. Datīvs- asiem nagiem. Akuzatīvs- asos nažus. Instrumentālis- ar asiem nažiem. Lokatīvs- asajos nažos. Vokatīvs- Asi naži!' So now let's have a dialogue with Nauris and Evija. ,Vai Tu redzēji sarkanās rozes manā birojā?' Did you see the red roses in my office? Vai(did) Tu (you) redzēji(see) sarkanās (the red) rozes(roses) manā(in my) birojā (office)? ,Es tās redzēju un nesaprotu, kurš viņas nevis vāzē, bet lielā spainī. I saw them and didn't understand who put them not in the vase, but in a large bucket. Es(I) tās(them) redzēju(saw) un(and) nesaprotu(didn't understand), kurš(who) viņas(them) ielika(put) nevis(not in) vāzē(vase), bet(but) lielā(in a large) spainī(bucket). ,Laikam tas, kurš ar asiem nagiem nogrieza puķes.' Probably that, who cut the flowers with sharp knives. Laikam(probably) tas(that), kurš(who) ar(with) asiem(sharp) nažiem (knives) nogrieza(cut) puķes(the flowers). ,Cerams, ka ar tiem nažiem tas negriež biezas grāmatas.' Hopefully, with those knives it doesn't cut thick books. Cerams(hopefully), ka... Well as you saying in the sentence ,ka' or ,,that'' isn't really included. It's one of those cases, when grammatically it's not possible to directly translate it from Latvian to English word by word. ar(with) tiem(those) nažiem(knives) tas(it) negriež(doesn't cut) biezas(thick) grāmatas (books). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 26. Indefinite and Definite adjective: Sveiki! So this is lesson number twenty five, and in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about adjectives. Adjectives have definite and indefinite endings. The first one is indefinite ending or ,nenoteiktā galotne'. The endings are -s, -i, -a, -as. And the example in masculine singular is ,pelēks akmens' or grey rock. And in masculine plural ,pelēki akmeņi' or grey stones. Next example is feminine singular ,dzeltena pienene' (a yellow dandelion). And in feminine plural it's ,dzeltenas pienenes'. The reason why you have to use indefinite ending is, if an adjective is describing an object or a living being as an unfamiliar, seen for the first time. Example. ,Es tikka ieraudzīju sarkanu balonu.' I just saw a red balloon. And the other one is adjectives after words like ,kāds, dažs, visāds, dažāds.' Example. ,Uz galda stāv dažādas krāsainas krūzes.' On the table stand various colored mugs. The other one is this definite ending or ,noteiktā galotne'. And endings are -ais, -ie, -ā, -ās. Example in masculine singular is ,pelēkais akmens'(gray rock), and masculine plural- ,pelēkie akmeņi'. And in feminine singular ,dzeltena pienene' (yellow dandelion), and in feminine plural- -dzeltenās pienenes'. So the reasons why you have to use definite endings are, if an adjective is describing a known or familiar object or a living being. Example. ,Pagalma ābelē karājas lielie āboli.' Big apples hang in the yard apple tree. Other one is adjectives after words like ,šis, tas, pats, viss, mans, tavs, savs, mūsu, jūsu, viņu, viņa, viņas'. Example. ,Šodien viņas raibā šalle tiks izmantota fotosesijā.' Today her variegated scarf will be used in a photo shoot. Next one is superlative or ,vispārākā pakāpe'. Example. ,Vissaldākais auglis veikalā, manuprāt, ir melone.' The sweetest fruit in the store, in my opinion, is melon. And the last one is adjectives, which become a proper name or ,īpašvārds'. Example. ,Šī tumšmatainā ir no manas leļļu kolekcjas.' This dark haired one is from my doll collection. ,Tumšmatainā' also means ,brūnmatainā'. Basically someone, who has dark or brown hair. I can add that ,īpašvārds' is a noun or a noun phrase that in its primary application refers to a unique entity or instance. Or a name of a particular person, organization, place or other individual entity. So now let's have a dialogue with Murunva and Ieva. ,Es ieliku pelēkos akmeņus mūsu mazajā dārzā kā dekorāciju.' I put gravestones in our small garden as a decoration. Es(I) ieliku (put) pelēkos(gray) akmeņus(stones) mūsu(in our) mazajā(small) dārzā(garden) kā(as) dekorāciju(a decoration). ,Murunva! Vismaz dzeltenās pienenes un dažādās vāzes padara dārzu krāsaināku.' Murunwa! At least yellow dandelions and various vases make the garden more colourful. Vismaz(at least) dzeltenās(yellow) pienenes(dandelions) un(and) dažādās(various) vāzes (vases) padara(make) dārzu (the garden) krāsaināku (more colorful). ,Kādus noderīgus zaļumus Tu plāno iestādīt.' What useful greens do you plan to plant? Kādus(what) noderīgus(useful) zaļumus(greens) Tu(you) plāno(plan) iestādīt(to plant)? ,Atceries manu vectēvu? Es pārstādīšu viņa dilles manā dārzā.' Remember my grandfather? I will transplant his dill in my garden. Atceries(remember) manu(my) vectēvu(grandfather)? Es(I) pārstādīšu(transplant) viņa(his) dilles(dill) manā(in my) dārzā(garden). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one after. Atā! 27. Adjective conjugation: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 26, and in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about adjectives. And topic of this lesson is conjugation. It's basic form is the nominative singular form. It's endings(indefinite and definite) do vary in grammatical cases. There should be attention to adjectives with definite endings in feminine and masculine form. Specifically in singular(dative, locative) and plural(dative, instrumental, locative). The reason is that in those cases that adjective has an extended ending(paplašinātā galotne). Examples. Feminine. ,Nominatīvs- zilā kleita (or blue dress in singular), zilās kleitas(plural). Datīvs- zilajai kleitai, zilajām kleitām. Instrumentālis- ar zilo kleitu, ar zilajām kleitām. Lokatīvs- zilajā kleitā, zilajās kleitās.' Masculine. ,Nominatīvs- brūnais čiekurs(brown cone in singular), brūnie čiekuri (plural). Datīvs- brūnajam čiekuram, brūnajiem čiekuriem. Instrumentālis- ar brūno čiekuru, ar brūnajiem čiekuriem. Lokatīvs- brūnajā čiekurā, brūnajos čiekuros.' To properly indicate word composition you have to remember that only ending changes, and basic forms of adjectives with definite endings. Adjectives with definite endings (-ējais, -ējā) don't have extended endings. Examples in feminine. ,Nominatīvs- vidējā sega(middle blanket), vidējās segas. Datīvs- vidējai segai, vidējām segām. Instrumentālis- ar vidējo segu, ar vidējām segām. Lokatīvs- vidējā segā, vidējās segās.' Masculine. ,Nominatīvs- smagnējais spainis (heavy bucket in singular), smagnējie spaiņi(in plural). Datīvs- smagnējam spainim, smagnējiem spaiņiem. Instrumentālis- ar smagnēju spaini, ar smagnējiem spaiņiem. Lokatīvs- smagnējā spainī, smagnējos spaiņos.' Now we will look at full grammatical cases. First one is ,melba soma' or a black bag, which is in feminine, but has an indefinite ending. ,Nominatīvs- melna soma(singular), melnas somas(plural). Ģenitīvs- melnas somas, menu somu. Datīvs- melnai somai, melnām somām. Akuzatīvs- melnu somu, melnas somas. Instrumentālis- ar melnu somu, ar melnām somām. Lokatīvs- melnā somā, melnās somās.' There's no Vocative in this one. Next one is a feminine indefinite ending. ,Nominatīvs- melnā soma, melnās somas. Ģenitīvs- melnās somas, melno somu. Datīvs- melnajai somai, melnajām somām. Akuzatīvs- melno somu, melnās somas. Instrumentālis- ar melno somu, ar melnajām somām. Lokatīvs- melnajā somā, melnajās somās. Vokatīvs- Melnā soma!, Melnās somas!' Next example is ,brūns lācis' or a brown bear. It's in masculine with, indefinite ending. ,Nominatīvs- brūns lācis(in singular), brūni lāči(in plural). Ģenitīvs- brūna lāča, brūnu lāču. Datīvs- brūnam lācim, brūniem lāčiem. Akuzatīvs- brūnu lāci, brūnus lāčus. Instrumentālis- ar brūnu lāci, ar brūniem lāčiem. Lokatīvs- brūnā lācī, brūnos lāčos. There's no vocative in this one. Next one is masculine with definite endings. ,Nominātīvs- brūnais lācis, brūnie lāči. Ģenitīvs- brūnā lāča, brūno lāču. Datīvs- brūnajam lācim, brūnajiem lāčiem. Akuzatīvs- brūno lāci, brūnos lāčus. Instrumentālis- ar brūno lāci, ar brūnajim lāčiem. Lokatīvs- brūnajā lācī, brūnajos lāčos. Vokatīvs- Brūnais lācis!, Brūnie lāči!' So now let's have a dialogue with Aivis and Airita. ,Šī priede ir pilna ar brūnajiem čiekuriem.' This pine is full of brown cones. Šī(this) priede(pine) ir(is) pilna(full) ar(of) brūnajiem(brown) čiekuriem(cones). ,Tā kā atrodamies mežā, es uztraucos par brūnajiem lāčiem.' Because we are in the woods, I'm worried about brown bears. Tā kā(because) atrodamies(we are) mežā(in the woods race), es(I) uztraucos(am worried) par(about) brūnajiem(brown) lāčiem(bears). ,Ja tavā melnajā somā ir uzkodas, tad varam novērst lāču uzmanību ar tām.' If you have snacks in your black bag, then we can distract the bears with them. Ja (if) tavā(you or your) melnajā (black) somā(bag) ir(is) uzkodas(snacks), tad(then) varam(we can) novērst(distract) lāču(the bears) uzmanību... ,Uzmanība' can be translated as attention, but it's not included in the English translation. ar(with) tām (them). ,Varbūt mūsu mīkstās segas viņiem patiks labāk par čiekuriem?' Maybe they will like our soft blankets better than cones? Varbūt(maybe) mūsu(our) mīkstās(soft) segas(blankets) viņiem(they) patiks(will like) labāk(better) par(then) čiekuriem(cones). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 28. Adjective grinding : Sveiki! So this is lesson number twenty seven, and in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about adjectives. So the topic of this lesson is adjective grinding or ,īpašības vārda darīšana'. According to the word compositions adjectives are primitive or ,pirmatnīgi', derived... In Latvian we just say ,atvasināti'. ...and compounded. In Latvian it's ,salikteņi'. Adjectives are made by deriving with prefixes. or endings. Adjectives derived with prefixes. ,At- atsaldēts(defrosted). Bez- bezatbildīgs(irresponsible). Ie- iekarsis(heated up). Ne- nepatīkams(unpleasant). Pa- pašaurs(a little narrow). Pār- pāraudzis(overgrown). Adjectives derived with endings. I can add that the endings, the one on the left is the masculine and one on the right is the feminine one. *-īgs, -īga labestīgs, labestīga(it means benevolent or someone that is good hearted). *-isks, -iska dabisks, dabiska (natural). *-ējs, -ēja racējs, racēja(digger). *-išķs, -išķa lietišķs, lietišķa(business like). *-ains, -aina dīvains, dīvaina(strange). *-ens, -ena ļengens, ļengena(sluggish). *-gans, -gana zilgans, zilgana(blueish). *iņš, -iņa maziņš, maziņa(teeny or little). *-ans, -ana brūngans, brūngana(brownish). *-āds, -āda savāds, savāda (bizarre). *-ots, -ota apgaismots, apgaismota'(illuminated). Every end has its own meaning, which changes the derivative word meaning. Adjectives with prefixes and endings are made from... *noun migla(mist)- miglaina(misty). *other adjective vēss(cool)- vēsīgs(sort of cool). *numeral or ,skaitļa vārds' Nine or ,deviņi'- deviņgadīgs(9 year old). *A verb ,strādāt' to work- ,strādīgs'(hard working). *pronoun nekas(nothing)- nekāds(none).' Adectives by structure can be compounds, and can be made by two words from two different main classes. Name class in Latvian is ,vārdšķira'. *two adjectives zils(blue)+zaļš(green)= zilzaļš(blue greenish color). *adjective and noun pārāks(superior)+gudrais(the wise or smart one)= pārgudrais (someone that is over the top in being smart). *numeral and adjective piece(5)+stāvīgs(something with levels, stories)= ... ,Stāvīgs' it means some object that has many levels. ... piecstāvīgs(five-story or with five levels). So now let's have a dialogue with Kaspars and Olga. ,Mūsu zilzaļā istaba ir pašaura.' Our blue-green room is narrow. Mūsu(our) zilzaļā(blue green) istaba(room) ir(is) pašaura(narrow). ,Vismaz labāk apgaismota nekā mūsu deviņgadīgā dēla istaba.' At least better lit than our nine year old son's room. Vismaz(at least) labāk(better) apgaismota (lit) nekā(than) mūsu(our) deviņgadīgā(nine year old) dēla(son's) istaba(room). ,Varbūt labāk pārceļamies uz piecstāvīgo dzīvokļu māju, kur ir plašāki dzīvokļi?' ... Maybe we should move to a five-storey apartment house with spacious apartments. Varbūt(maybe) labāk... Well ,labāk' isn't really mentioned in the English sentence, but in translation it means ,,better''. pārceļamies(we should move) uz(to) piecstāvīgo(five-storey) dzīvokļu(apartment) māju(house), kur ir... Also the translation here is a little bit different. ,Kur ir' is translated as ,,where it is'', but in English translation it's ,,with'' or ,ar' in Latvian. It's because of the grammar indifference in the language. dzīvokļi(apartments). ,Nē, tur vienmēr ir miglains un vēsīgs.' No, it's always foggy and cool. Nē (no), tur(it) vienmēr(always) ir(is) miglains(foggy) un(and) vēsīgs(cool). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 29. Comparable degrees: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 28. And in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about adjectives. And the topic of this lesson is comparable degrees or ,salīdzināmās pakāpes' like superlative. Comparing different traits of object and living beings by using adjective compatible degrees. Compatible degrees are adjective forms, which indicate feature or attribute intensity, quality and quantity. Examples. Gari(tall in masculine plural). ,Viņam ir gari mati.' He has long hair. ,Šajā parkā ir garāki koki nekā pilsētas centrā.' There are taller trees in this park than in the city center. ,Visgarākie ceļi ir grūti šķērsojami.' The longest roads are difficult to cross. So in superlative there are three degrees. Basic degree. Adjective only names object and living being features, doesn't compare with inheriting features of other objects or living beings. Superior degree. It names an object or living being feature, which possesses the feature in a large scale then other objects or living beings. Adjectives can have definite and indefinite endings. Superlative. Names an object or living being feature, which is in the highest degree that other objects and living beings. Adjectives can have only definite endings. Superior degree formation. It is made of adjective basic degree stump( or ,celms') and adds a corresponding ending. In definite or ,nenoteiktā' endings. *-āks for masculine words. cie- ts (hard)- cietāks(harder). *-āka for feminine words. smaga (heavy)- smagāka (heavier). Definite or ,noteiktā' endings. *-ākais for masculine words. viegls (light)- vieglā- kais (most lightest). *-ākā for feminine words. mīksta(soft)- mīkstākā(most softest). Superlative formation. It is made of superior degree stump with adding vis- and definite ending. Examples. Spožs(bright)- spožāks- visspožākais. Spožais- spožākais- visspožākais. Spoža- spožāka- visspožākā. Spoža- spožākā- visspožākā. If a word starts with a letter ,s', then in superlative form it must be written with two ,ss', for example, ,visspožakais'. As you see there's two ,ss' after b and i. Besides using vis- it's also possible to use words ,pats, pati'(yourself). For example, ,pats spožākais' or ,pati spožākā'. There are some adjectives, which don't have a superlative form, if they describe features or properties, which can't expand or shrink. Adjectives with endings -ējs, -ējais, -ēja, -ējā. Most adjectives with endings -īgs, -īgais, -īga, -īgā. Most adjectives with endings -isks, -iskais, -iska, -iskā. Foreign words(or,svešvārdi'), which already expresses superlative degree. Some Latvian names of origin( or ,climes vārdi'). Examples. Smagnējais(heavy), smacīgs(stuffy), aristokrātiska (aristocratic), efektīvs(effective or ,iedarbīgs), akls (blind). Stump is a part of the word without and ending. Making a comparison. It can be made by using superlative form with a preposition ,par', superior form with ,nekā'(to make a statement), ,kā'(to make a negation). Examples. ,Okeāns ir lielāks par ups.' The ocean is bigger than the river. ,Gepards ir ātrāks nekā čūska.' Cheetah is faster than the snake. ,Dīvāns ir neērtāks kā gulta.' A sofa is more uncomfortable than a bed. So now let's have a dialogue with Miks and Ligita. ,Šajā naktī zvaigznes ir spožas.' The stars are bright tonight. Šajā naktī(tonight) zvaigznes(the stars) ir(are) spožas(bright). ,Manuprāt, mēness ir spožāks.' I think the moon is brighter. Manuprāt (I think) mēness(the moon) ir(is) spožāks(brighter). ,Bet saule ir visspožākā no vision.' The sun is the brightest of them all. Bet(but) saule(the sun) ir(is) this visspožakā(the brightest) no(of) visiem(them all). ,Varbūt komēta tomēr ir gaišāka?' Maybe that comment is brighter? Varbūt(maybe) komēta made(the comet) ir(is) gaišāka(brighter)? So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 30. Adjective spelling: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 29, and in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about adjectives. So the topic of this lesson is adjective spelling or ,īpašības vārdu pareizrakstība'. There are many adjectives, where pronunciation of them in masculine singular nominative form is tricky, since it doesn't determine which letter to be written in the word. To get the right spelling they need to be in the right grammatical case to determine, which consonant is clearly heard before the ending. Since only the ending changes, if the word is being folded. Folded or changed depending on a grammatical case. Adjectives in masculine singular nominative form have two endings: -s and -š. In case the ending consonant gets another consonant next to it and sound changes can make a pronunciation, which is different from the spelling. In those cases the adjective must be put in a different case, where the ending consonant is heard accurately. Examples. From singular to plural. ,Dumjšs (it means someone that is silly or dumb)- dumji. Skaļš (noisy)- skaļi. Tumšs (dark)- tumši.' There are many adjectives, which end with sound sets or endings -s and -ds. Both sound sets or ,skaņu kopas' are pronounced as ,c', which isn't written in the word. Examples. Singular- plural. ,Balts (white)- balti. Gluds (smooth)- gludi.' There are adjectives, where before the ending consonant -s there's a sniff type of sound -š- or -ž-. But they never read the next to each other. Examples. ,Spožs'(bright), not ,spožš'. ,Mirdzošs'(shining), not ,mirdzošš'. Adjectives can be derived by adding prefixes. In these cases often two consonants are next to each other, which are prefixes last letter and derived adjective first letter, but because of the sound changes can be pronounced differently from the writing. To avoid grammar mistakes while typing derived adjectives. Must remember prefix is used in Latvian language, which end with consonant: aiz-, ap-, at-, bez-, caur-, iz-, pār-, pēc-, pret-, uz-. Examples: ,uzticīgs(faithful), caurspīdīgs(transparent), pārticīgs' (prosperous). Changes happen, if prefixes and derived adjective consonants are different in vocality. Vocality means ,balsīgums' in Latvian. Meaning, one is vocal and other- aphonic. So it's necessary to know the consonants vocality. Vocal consonants: b, d, dz, dž, g, ģ, v, j, z, ž. Aphonic consonants: c, č, f, h, k, ķ, p, s, š, t. There are adjectives, which talk two the same consonants in them. Making the superlative form must remember, if they start with s- then there's two ,s' in the word. Examples. ,Skumjš(sad)- visskumjākais'(the saddest). Also when making a compound, then it must contain two same letters, if the compound's first word ends with the same consonant as the other one begins with. Example. ,Sirds(heart)+silts(warm)= sirdssilts'(heart warming) . There are words which grammar must be remembered, because even with the word the grammatical case changes or the word composition determination, it will not help to determine, if the word pronunciation is the same as spelling. They are name of origin or ,climes vārdi'. Example for Latvian are of origin I can give the word ,žirgts'. It means vivacious or someone that is, how to say, in a good mood or has a lot of energy to move around. And foreign name of origin I can give example ,tolerants' or tolerant. Basically the word that people use internationally. So now let's have a dialogue with Ansis and Sarma. ,Šis sudraba gredzens ir tik mirdzošs.' This silver ring is so shiny! Šis(this) sudraba(silver) gredzens(ring) ir(is) tik(so) mirdzošs(shiny)! ,Visskumjākais ir tas, ka man vajadzēja ņemt kredītu.' The saddest thing is that I had to take out a loan. Visskumjākais (the saddest thing) ir(is) tas(that) ka... As you can see ,,that'' is not in the English version, and the word ,ka' is also ,,that'' as ,tas', but it's not reflected in the English translation, because of the grammatical differences. It's also it doesn't fit the context, because you can't say ,,that'' twice in a sentence. man(I) vajadzēja(had to) ņemt(take out) kredītu(a loan). ,Kāpēc Tu esi tik tolerants uz parādiem? Neesi taču dumjš!' Why are you so tolerant of debt? Don't be silly! Kāpēc (why) Tu(you) esi(are) tik(so) tolerants(tolerant) uz(of) parādiem(debt)? Neesi taču (don't be) dumjš(silly)! ,Nerunā tik skaļi! Esau pārticīgs cilvēks, un varu ātri nomaksāt savus parādus.' Don't speak so loud! I am a wealthy person, and I can pay my debts quickly. Nerunā (don't speak) tik(so) skaļi(loud)! Esmu(I am) pārticīgs(wealthy) cilvēks(person), un (and) varu(I can) ātri(quickly) nomaksāt(pay) saves(my) parādus (debts). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 31. Adjective usage: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 30. And in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about adjectives. And the topic of this lesson is adjective usage or ,īpašības vārda lietojums'. Adjectives are often used in phraseology or ,frazeoloģisms', proverbs or ,sakāmvārdi', sayings or ,parunas', or riddles (,mīklas'). I can say the riddles... The translation is a little bit tricky because riddle is ,mīkla' in Latvian, but ,mīkla' means a dough. Like when you're cooking a pancake or cookies. Obviously depends on context, you're saying it. Examples. Phraseology. ,Skābs ģīmis(sour face), meaning, facial expression with dissatisfaction. ,Noraut masku'(pull off the mask). To reveal someone's real intentions. Proverbs. ,Tukša galva lielās, pilna cieš klusu.' It means an empty head brags, a full one suffers in quiet. Sayings. ,Viltīgs kā lapsa.' Sly as a fox. Riddles. ,Mazi, balti putniņi, kur skrien, tur metas.' Small, white birds, where it runs, it throws. And the answer to this riddle is ,sniegpārslas' or snowflakes. Especially in sayings and riddles, comparisons are used. While creating comparisons it is important to remember that before words ,kā, nekā, it kā' coma isn't used. Examples. ,Salds kā medus.' Sweet as honey. ,Avots ir dzidrāks nekā upe.' Spring is clearer than the river. ,Mirdzošas zvaigznes it kā sudraba apklātas.' Shining stars as if covered with silver. In Proverbs and sayings adjective superior form is used. Example. ,Jo auglīgāka zeme, jo lielāka raža.' The more fertile the land, the higher the yield. Well ,raža' can also be translated as harvest. So now let's have a dialogue with Kārlis and Vija. ,Šajā naktī mirdzošas zvaigznes ir kā sudraba apklātas.' The stars that shine tonight are like covered in silver. Šajā naktī(tonight) mirdzošas(shine or the shining) zvaigznes(the stars) ir(are) kā(like) sudraba(silver) apklātas(covered in). ,Zinot, ka Tu esi viltīgs kā lapsa, man liekas, ka vienkārši vēlējies pavadīt ar mani laiku.' Knowing that you are sly as a fox, I think that you just wanted to spend time with me. Zinot(knowing), ka(that) Tu(you) esi(are) viltīgs (sly) kā(as) lapsa(fox), man(I) liekas(think), ka(that) vienkārši(just) vēlējies(you wanted) pavadīt(spend) ar(with) mani(me) laiku(time). ,Kāpēc Tev ir skābs ģīmis? Es padomāju, ka Tev ir pārāk garlaicīgi tupēt mājās visu laiku.' Why do you have a sour face? I thought you were too bored squatting at home all the time. Kāpēc (why) Tev(you) ir(have) skābs (a sour) ģīmis(face)? Es(I) padomāju(thought), ka ,Ka' isn't translated into English because that word doesn't really change the context in the English sentence. Tev(you) ir(were) pārāk(too) garlaicīgi(bored) tupēt(squatting) mājās(at home) visu(all) laiku(the time). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 32. Adverbs: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 31. And in this lesson I'm going to talk about adverbs or ,apstākļa vārdi'. Adverbs are independent, stiff or don't fold, which name action, attribute and circumstance features. They usually explain a verb (darbības vārds). Example. ,Bite ātri atria ziedu.' The bee quickly found a flower. .Ātri' (quickly) explains ,atrada'(found). Adjective(īpašības vārds). ,Cik biezs ir šis sniegs.' How thick is this snow. ,Cik'(how) explains ,biezs'(thick). Adverb(apstākļa vārds). ,Visur lēnām novīst ziedi.' Flowers slowly wither everywhere. ,Visur'(everywhere) explains ,lēnām'(slowly). In my basic course I mentioned types of adverbs, and now will categorize them in more categories. Adverbs have about 5 to 6 types of meanings or categories. Place (vietas)- Examples. apakšā(underneath), kaut kur (somewhere), tepat(here), mājup(at home), visur(everywhere). Time (laika)- arvien(always), šodien (today), pašreiz (currently), drīz (soon). Manner or ,veida'. tāpat(likewise), dabiski (naturally), ātri(fast), šķērsām(across). Frequency(mēra)- man (few), drusku(a little), diezgan (quite so), pilnīgi(completely). Cause(cēloņa vai nolūka)- tādēļ(therefore), tāpēc (that's why), tālabad (for that reason), kālab (how). Condition (stāvokļa)- bail(afraid), žēl (sad), vienalga (whatever), brīv (free). Adverb emergence(apstākļu vārdu rašanās). Majority of adverts have emerged from other name class name forms and word combinations. Some adverbs are primitive types like ,kad (when), tad(then), kur (where). Almost all adjective adverbs can be made by putting -i(in most cases), -u, -ām endings in the adjective stump. Example: stingrs (strict), stingri, stingru, stimgrām. Adverbs, which were created from adjectives, have superlative forms. By creating comparable grades of adjectives, it must be noted, it must be noted that adjectives are stiff or don't change form. Example: plaši(widely), plašāk (wider), visplašāk(the widest). Word ,daudz'(many) folds specifically... ,daudz, vairāk, visvairāk'. Basic number names adding ending -atā adjectives can be created. Example: piecratā(five wheeled). Other adverbs created from number names like ,otrreiz'(second time). Adverts created from nouns like ,rītam'(in the morning) from ,rīts'(morning). Adverbs made from verbs like ,redzus' from ,redzēt'(to see). There are adverbs, which lost its link with other name classes have disappeared. Example: atkal(again), drīz(soon). So now let's have a dialogue with Ansis and Baiba. ,Es vēlos atrast mērķauditoriju savam jaunajam kursam.' I want to find an audience for my new course. Es(I) vēlos(want) atrast(to find) mērķauditoriju(an audience) savam(for my) jaunajam(new) kursam(course). ,Ko Tu māci savā kursā?' What do you teach in your course? Ko(what) Tu(you) māci(teach) savā(in your) kursā (course)? Well in English translation you could see there's a word ,,do'', but it doesn't really fit into Latvian version of the sentence. ,Es mācu grafisko dizainu, kā tiek veidots drukas dizains, piemēram, baneri.' I teach graphic design, how print design such as banners are created. Es(I) mācu(teach) grafisko(graphic) dizainu(design), kā (how) tiek veidots (are created) drukas (print) dizains(design), piemēram(as)... As as you can see there's little nuance. ,Piemēram' in English translation is ,,for example'', but in this sentence it's ,,as''. Well the meaning doesn't really change in both sentences. It's just the translation as you see it's not really direct. baneri(banners). ,Tas izklausās interesanti! Es tagad mācos vizuālos komunikācijas elementus.' That sounds interesting! I am now learning the visual elements of communication. Tas(that) izklausās (sounds) interesanti (interesting)! Es(I) tagad (now) mācos(learning) vizuālos(the visual) komunikācijas(communication) elementus(elements of). As you can see there's a small nuance.. In the English translation it's ,,I am'', which would be ,es esmu' in Latvian, but I just put ,es', because the meaning doesn't change, and ,esmu' doesn't fit into the Latvian sentence. So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 33. Adverb structure: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 32. And in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about adverbs. And the topic of this lesson is adverb structure or ,apstākļu vārdu sastāvs'. From the structure they are simple(vienkārši). Example- ,jau'(already). Compounds(salikteņi). Example- ,mazdrusku(maz'(few) and ,drusku' (some)). Word combinations (vārdu savienojumi). Example- ,diezmaz'(hardly a little). Next one is adverb spelling or ,apstākļa vārdu pareizrakstība'. Two the same consonant letters are written in adverb compounds, where the first word ends with the same letter the other starts. Example- ,četrreiz'(four times). In Latvian you can also write it as ,četras reizes'. ,Četrreiz'- it's the same meaning. It's just two words are put together into one. Together written and adverbs, which start with jeb-, ik-, ne-, pa- or ends with -pat. Example- ,jebkad'(ever). Adverbs are written separately if the first words are ,kaut, diezin, diez, nez, nezin'. Example- ,nez kā'(I wonder how). Adverbs ,papriekšu' and ,neparko' are written together. Word compounds ,pa priekšu' and ,ne par ko' aren't adverbs, and have a different meaning than adverbs. Example. ,Ir nepieciešams papriekšu saklāt galdu pirms vakariņām.' It is necessary to set the table in advance before dinner. ,Pīlēm ir jāļauj papriekšu šķērsot ielu pirms mašīnas'. The ducks must be allowed to cross the street in front of the car. ,Varde neparko nepametīs dīķi.' The frog will no way leave the pound. ,Tā pūce ne par ko neuztraucas.' The owl is not worried about anything. Use of adverbs in sentences or ,apstākļu vārdu lietojums teikumā'. In a sentence the adverb is an auxiliary member, and it can also be a noun as well. It is a word class. After adverbs ,daudz(many), vairāk(more), visvairāk(the most), maz(little), mazāk(less), vismazāk(the least), cik (how much), tik' (this much) nouns are in a genitive grammatical case. Adverb ,pašreiz'(currently) comes from words ,šo pašu reizi'(the same time), and the word ,patreiz' is incorrect to use. So now let's have a dialogue with Mairis and Liene. ,Es nekur never atrast informāciju par Piegalu, un es jau piecreiz aizgāju uz bibliotēku. Masku balle būs piektdien.' I can't find information about Piegals anywhere, and I went to the library five times already. The masquerade ball will be on Friday. Es(I) nekur(anywhere) nevaru(can't) atrast(find) informāciju(information) par(about) Piegalu(Piegals), un(and) es (I) jau(already) piecreiz(five times) aizgāju (went) uz(to) bibliotēku (the library). Masku balle(the masquerade ball) būs(will be) piektdien(on Friday). ,Kāpēc Tu gribi izskatīties pēc kalna dieva? Mēs pašreiz esam tā aizņemti ar tērpu izvēli ballei.' Why do you want to look like a mountain God? We are currently so busy choosing costumes for the ball. Kāpēc (why) gribi (do you want) izskatīties(to look) pēc(like) kalna(a mountain) dieva(god)? Mēs (we) pašreiz(are currently) tā(so) aizņemti(busy) ar tērpu izvēli(choosing costumes) ballei(for the ball). ,Es gribu papriekšu zināt viņa īpašības, lai atstātu uz pārējiem dalībniekiem iespaidu, jo tad viņi mani atcerēsies.' I want to know his qualities first to impress the other participants, because then they shall remember me. Es(I) gribu (want) papriekšu... Well in the sentence ,papriekšu' isn't directly translated, but in Latvian it would be something like the first. zināt(to know) viņa (his) īpašības(qualities), lai(to) atstātu iespaidu(to impress) uz pārējiem dalībniekiem(the other participants), tad(because) viņi(they) mani(me) atcerēsies(shall remember). ,Pašreiz es esmu atradusi nāras tērpu, jo dievības kostīmus ir neiespējami atraso tik īsā laikā.' At the moment I have found a mermaid costume, because the costumes of deities are impossible to find in such a short time. Pašreiz(at the moment) es(I) esmu(have) atradusi(found) nāras(mermaid) tērpu(costume), jo (because) dievības(deities) kostīmus (the costumes of) ir(are) neiespējami(impossible) atrast(to find) tie īsā(in such a short) laikā (time). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 34. Number names: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 33. And in this lesson I'm going to start talking about number names or ,skaitļa vārdi'. Number names name a number of items or order, in which they follow each other in census. Number- ,četras bumbas(four balls), desmit baloni (balloons). Order- ,piektais stāvs(fifth floor), sestā kaste'(sixth box). ,Pamata skaitļa vārdi'(basic number words). Neither names describe objects or living beings amount. Answer the question: How much or ,cik'? Examples. ,Tev ir pieci apelsīni.' You have five oranges. ,Dārzā zied astoņas peonijas.' Eight peonies bloom in the garden. ,Kārtas skaitļa vārdi'(sequence number words). Number names, which indicate order or sequence the object or living beings follow each other, answer questions: Who/ which(kurš/ kura)? Which(kurš/ kuras)? Examples. ,Māra ir ceturtā pēc eksāmenu rezultātiem.' Mara is forth after the exam results. ,Šie āboli ir pēdējie, kuri tiks izlikti pārdošanā.' These apples are the last to be put up for sale. Number names are the only name class, which can be recorded in two ways- with words and numbers. Example- ,desmit neļķes'(10 carnations). As you can see, you can write the word ,,ten'' in words or in numbers. Numbers for recording can be Arabic or Roman. Aram numbers are zero, one, two, three. They are casually used everywhere, and they are used for basic number of words and sequence number words, but most put a dot after them. Example: ,3. vieta' or 3rd place. So Roman numbers are... Well they look like capital letters like I, V, X, L, C, D, M, and and are only used for sequence number words. There's no dot after them. Example: ,V līmenis' or fifth level. Ways to write dates. Example: 2022. gada 1. aprīlis. You can see there is variations how you can write it using Arabic or Roman numbers. It's important to know how to spell rigid form of word ,tūkstoš', wich means thousand or millennia. When writing a year 2022(divtūkstoš divdesmit otrais gads) the rigid form is used. ,Skaitļa vārdu sastāvs'(number word composition). By composition number names can be divided into three groups. ,Vienkārši skaitļa vārdi' (simple number words)- word has one root. Examples: ,trīs, nulle'. ,Salikteņi(composites)- word has at least two roots. Examples: ,četrpadsmit, piecdesmit'. ,Vārdu savienojumi'(word combinations)- number name can only be fully written with many words. Examples: ,trīs simt pieci, tūkstoš piecsimt trīspadsmit'. Number names from 11 till 19 are specific and are composites. Their syllables must be remembered in order to transfer from the old to a new line part of that word. ,Vien- padsmit, divpadsmit, trīspadsmit, četrpadsmit, piecpadsmit, sešpadsmit, septiņ- padsmit, astoņpadsmit, deviņpadsmit'. Names including hundreds and thousands can be written as composites and word combinations. Both versions are correct. Compositions- ,piecsimt, seštūkstoš'. Word combinations- ,pieci simti, seši tūkstoši'. There are two ways to name a thousand. ,Tūkstoš'- rigid form. Example: ,tūkstoš grāmatu(a thousand books), tūkstoš grāmatās'(in thousands of books). ,Tūkstotis'- flexible form. Example: ,tūkstošiem taureņu (thousands of butterflies), tūkstotajā taurenī'(in the thousandth butterfly). So now let's have a dialogue with Mairis and Liene. ,Es trenējos maratonam. Tas būs vismaz trīsdesmit kilometrus garb.' I'm training for a marathon. It will be at least 30 kilometres long. Es(I) trenējos(am training) maratonam(for a marathon). Tas(it) būs (will be) vismaz (at least) trīsdesmit(30) kilometrus(kilometers) garš(long). ,Tev padodas skriešana labāk nekā man. Es varu knapi noskriet piecus kilometrus bez pārtraukuma.' You run better than I do. I can barely run five kilometres without a break. Tev(you) padodas (do) skriešana(run) labāk(better) nekā (than) man(I). Es(I) varu(can) knapi(barely) noskriet(run) piecus(five) kilometrus(kilometres) bez(without) pārtraukuma(a break). ,Maratons būs tikai pēc divdesmit piecām dienām. Tev vēl ir laiks dabūt sevi labā formā.' The marathon will be in just 25 days. You still have a time to get in good shape. Maratons (the marathon) būs(will be) tikai(just) pēc(in) divdesmit piecām(25) dienām(days). Tev(you) vēl(still) ir(have) laiks(time) dabūt(to get in) sevi... Well ,sevi' isn't translated into English sentence, but it would be ,,yourself''. labāk(good) formā (shape). ,Es labāk nodarbojos ar aerobiku, jo man tā padodas labāk. Man pietiek ar piecpadsmit minūšu treniņu, lai izjustu pilnīgu nogurumu.' I rather do aerobics, because I'm better at it. 15 minutes of training is enough for me to experience complete fatigue. Es (I) labāk(rather) nodarbojos(do) ar aerobiku(aerobics), jo (because) man(I) tā(it) padodas (am better at) man (me) pietiek(is enough) ar(of) piecpadsmit(15) minūšu (minutes) treniņu(of training), lai(to) izjustu (to experience) pilnīgu (complete) nogurumu(fatigue). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 35. Number name folding: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 34. And in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about number names. And the topic of this lesson is ,skaitļa vārdu locīšana' or number word folding. Basically how they change in grammatical cases, and number names can be flexible and steadfast. First let's look at flexible number names or ,lokāmie skaitļa vārdi'. ,Pamata skaitļa vārdi' or basic number of words. They are ,viens, divi, trīs', and word ,trīs' flexes specifically. Examples. Masculine- ,3 vilki' or three wolves. Nominatīvs- trīs vilki. Ģenitīvs- triju/ trīs vilku. Datīvs- trim/ trijiem/ trīs vilkiem. Akuzatīvs- trīs vilkus. Instrumentālis- ar trim/ trijiem/ trīs vilkiem. Lokatīvs- trīs/ trijos vilkos. Vokatīvs. Well, there isn't really specific vocative. Next one is feminine. Truth tellers today Martens nominate these three Thomas dualities to be you three tone dog thieves today 3 saunas(3 martens). Nominatīvs- trīs caunas. Ģenitīvs- triju/ trīs caunas. Akuzatīvs- trīs caunas. Instrumentālis- ar trim/ trijām/ trīs caunām. Lokatīvs- trīs/ trijās caunās. Vokatīvs. Well, there isn't a specific vocative. Other number names are folded like adjectives. Masculine example- ,1 ezis' or one hedgehog. Nominatīvs- viens ezis. Ģenitīvs- viena eža. Datīvs- vienam ezim. Akuzatīvs- vienu ezi. Instrumentālis- ar vienu ezi. Lokatīvs- vienā ezī. Vokatīvs. Well, there isn't really a specific vocative. Feminine- 6 spāres (six dragonflies). Nominatīvs- sešas spāres. Ģenitīvs- sešu spāru. Datīvs- sešām spārēm. Akuzatīvs- sešas spāres. Instrumentālis- ar sešām spārēm. Lokatīvs- sešās spārēs. Vokatīvs. Well, there isn't really a specific vocative. Number names like ,desmits, simts, tūkstotis, miljons, milliards' are flexed as nouns. They are flexed as first declension nouns. Example: ,miljards' or a billion. Nominatīvs- miljards. Ģenitīvs- miljarda. Datīvs- miljardam. Akuzatīvs- miljardu. Instrumentālis- ar miljardu. Lokatīvs- miljardā. Well, there isn't really a vocative. But ,tūkstotis' or a thousand is flexed as a second declension noun. Nominatīvs- tūkstotis. Ģenitīvs- tūkstoša. Datīvs- tūkstotim. Akuzatīvs- tūkstoti. Instrumentālis- ar tūkstoti. Lokatīvs- tūkstotī. Well, there isn't really a specific vocative. ,Kārtas skaitļa vārdi' or sequence number of words. They like adjectives have specified endings. They are flexed as adjectives with specified endings. Example. Masculine- trellis pelikānis(3rd pelican). Nominatīvs- trešais pelikānis. Ģenitīvs- trešā pelikāna. Datīvs- trešajam pelikānam. Akuzatīvs- trešo pelikānu. Instrumentālis- ar trešo pelikānu. Lokatīvs- trešajā pelikānā. Well, there really isn't a vocative. Feminine- ,piektā zebiekste' or the 5th weasel. Nominatīvs- piektā zebiekste. Ģenitīvs- piektās zebiekstes. Datīvs- piektajai zebiekstei. Akuzatīvs- piekto zebieksti. Instrumentālis- ar piekto zebieksti. Lokatīvs- piektajā zebiekstē. Well, there isn't a vocative. ,Kārtas skaitļa vārdu savienojumi'(sequential number word combinations). Only the last word is being flexed in sequential number word combinations and basic number word combinations. Sequential number word combination. ,Piecdesmit divas otas' or 52 brushes. Nominatīvs- piecdesmit divas otas. Ģenitīvs- piecdesmit divu otu. Datīvs- piecdesmit divām otām. Akuzatīvs- piecdesmit divu otu. Instrumentālis- ar piecdesmit divām otām. Lokatīvs- piecdesmit divās otās. There isn't really a vocative. Basic number word combination. ,Septiņdesmit ceturtais disks'( 74th disc). Nominatīvs- septiņdesmit ceturtais disks. Ģenitīvs- septiņdesmit ceturtā diska. Datīvs- septiņdesmit ceturtajam diskam. Akuzatīvs- septiņdesmit centurto disku. Instrumentālis- ar septiņdesmit ceturto disku. Lokatīvs- septiņdesmit ceturtajā diskā. Vokatīvs. Well, there isn't a vocative. Steadfast number names or ,nelokāmie skaitļa vārdi'. The steadfast number names are ,desmit, simt' and ,tūkstoš', which correspond to this mix seems to ,desmits, simti, tūkstotis'. Examples. Desmits vaboļu(10 beetles)- desmit vaboļu. Simts trušu(100 rabbits)- simt trušu. Tūkstotis lapseņu(1000 wasps)- tūkstoš lapseņu. Basically it indicates that the both ways you say the number the meaning doesn't really change. The steadfast number names are used more, and the nouns after then can be in the nominative and genitive grammatical case. Example: ,simts kameņu'(a hundred bumblebee)- simt kameņu, simt kamenes. . Steadfast number names have endings -desmit, -padsmit and -simt. Masculine- sešsimt piekūni(600 falcons). Nominatīvs- sešsimt piekūni. Ģenitīvs- sešsimt piekūnu. Datīvs- sešsimt piekūniem. Akuzatīvs- sešsimt piekūnus. Instrumentālis- ar sešsimt piekūniem. Lokatīvs- sešsimt piekūnos. There isn't a vocative. Feminine- astoņpadsmit dzērves (18 cranes). Nominatīvs- astoņpadsmit dzērves. Ģenitīvs- astoņpadsmit dzērvju. Datīvs- astoņpadsmit dzērvēm. Akuzatīvs- astoņpadsmit dzērves. Instrumentālis- ar astoņpadsmit dzērvēm. Lokatīvs- astoņpadsmit dzērvēs. Vokatīvs. Well, there isn't a vocative. So now let's have a dialogue with Ģirts and Emīlija. ,Kāpēc Tu šodien gribi doties uz zoodārzu? Vai tas ir tavs dabaszinības mājas darbs?' Why do you want to go to the zoo today? Is this your natural sciences homework? Kāpēc (why) Tu(you) gribi(do you want) šodien(today) doties (go) uz(to) zoodārzu(zoo)? Vai ir(is) tas(this) tavs (your) dabaszinības(natural sciences) mājasdarbs (homework)? ,Jā, man ir jāizveido saraksts ar dzīvniekiem. Man, protams, nesanāktu ieraudzīt astoņpadsmit dzērvju vienā sētā.' Yes, I need to make a list of animals. Of course, I would not be able to see 18 cranes in one fence. Jā (yes), man(I) ir (need) jāizveido(to make) saraksts(a list) ar(of) dzīvniekiem(animals). Man (I), protams (of course), nesanāktu (will not be able to) ieraudzīt(see) astoņpadsmit(18) dzērvju(cranes) vienā(in one) sētā(fence). ,Tas izklausās tik nereāli kā novērot sešsimt piekūnus lidojot debesīs.' It sounds as unreal as observing 600 falcons flying in the sky. Tas(it) izklausās(sounds) tik(as) nereāli(unreal) kā(as) novērot(observing) sešsimt(600) piekūnus(falcons) lidojot(flying) debesīs(in the sky). ,Vismaz šonedēl es pamanīju piekto zebieksti savā pagalmā.' At least this week I noticed a fifth weasel in my yard. Vismaz(at least) šonedēļ(this week) es(I) pamanīju(noticed) piekto(a fifth) zebieksti(weasel) savā(in my) pagalmā(yard). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 36. Expression of Parts with Number names: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 35. And in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about number names. And topic of this lesson is ,Daļu izteikšana ar skaitļa vārdiem' or expression of parts with number names. Fractions names are word combinations. Example: ,trīs ceturtdaļas' or three quarters. Word combination second name is formed out of a compound from a number name and noun ,daļa'(part). Example: ,ceturtā daļa- ceturtdaļa' or a quarter. All words in fraction names are flexed. So example is ,viena ceturtdaļa kūkas' or one quarter of the cake. ,Nominatīvs- viena ceturtdaļa kūkas. Ģenitīvs- vienu ceturtdaļu kūkas. Datīvs- vienai ceturtdaļai kūkas. Aku- zatīvs- vienu ceturtdaļu kūkas. Instrumentālis- ar vienu ceturtdaļu kūkas. Lokatīvs- vienā ceturtdaļā kūkas.' And ,vokatīvs'... There isn't really a vocative. Fractions are used with a noun in the genitive grammatical case. Decimal numbers or ,decimāl- skaitļi'. Parts can also be indicated with decimal numbers. Decimal numbers are usually written down with numbers, but with words more rare. Only the decimal number last word is flexed. ,Nominatīvs- četri, komats, seši litri' or 4,6 liters. ,Ģenitīvs- četri, komats, sešu litru. Datīvs- četri, komats, sešiem litriem. Akuzatīvs- četri, komats, sešus litrus. Instrumentālis- ar četri, komats, sešiem litriem. Lokatīvs- četri, komats, sešos litros.' And ,vokatīvs'... There isn't really a vocative. If the decimal number last word is steadfast, then all decimal words are steadfast. Example: septiņi, komats, sešdesmit (7,60). When writing decimal numbers with words, the word ,komats'(comma) must be written in commas. Example: divdesmit, komats, pieci centimetri auduma(20,5 centimetres of textile). A noun with decimal number names is used in the genitive grammatical case. Example: deviņas divdesmitdaļas graudu(nine out of 20 grains). So now let's have a dialogue with Normunds and Violeta. ,Manam dārzam vajag četri, komats, sešus litrus mēslojuma.' My garden needs 4.6 litres of fertiliser. Manam(my) dārzam(garden) vajag(needs) četri (four), komats (comma or point), sešus (six) litrus(liters) mēslojuma(of fertilizer). ,Vai tad Tavs dārzs nav vismaz trīs ceturtdaļas auglīgs? Tā kā pārējo daļu aizņem akmeņi un nezāles.' Isn't your garden at least three quarters fertile? As the rest is occupied by stones and weeds. Vai tad(isn't) Tavs(your) dārzs(garden) Well there is a word ,nav'. In the English translation there isn't really a translation for ,vai tad', because ,vai tad' and ,nav'- they're both can be translated as ''isn't''. But in english translation it is shorten, so all these words are blended into ''isn't''. Tavs(your) dārzs(garden) vismaz(at least) trīs ceturtdaļas(three quarters) auglīgs (fertile)? Tā kā(as) pārējo (the rest) Well, there's also a word ,daļu', which is translated as a ''part'', but it's not really reflected in the English translation, because, if it's not included, it doesn't change the meaning. aizņem(is occupied by) akmeņi(stones) un(and) nezāles(weeds). ,Augsne manā dārzā ir palikusi pārāk skāba, un augiem trūkst minerālvielas.' The soil in my garden is too acidic and the plants lack minerals. Augsne(the soil) manā(in my) dārzā(garden) ir(is) As you see in English translation the word ,palikusi' isn't really translated, but in Latvian it would be ''has become''. pārāk(too) skāba(acidic), un(and) augiem (the plants) trūkst (lack) minerālvielas(minerals). ,Pirms domā par augsnes nomaiņu Tev vajag izravēt visas nezāles. Manā dārzā divas trešdaļas bija ganu plikstiņi.' Before thinking about changing the soil, you need to weed out all the weeds. In my garden two-thirds were Shepherd's purse. Pirms(before) domā(thinking) par(about) augsnes(the soil) nomaiņu(changing) Tev(you) vajag(need) izravēt(to weed out) visas(all) nezāles(the weeds). Manā(in my) dārzā(garden) divas trešdaļas(two thirds) bija(were) ganu plikstiņi (shepherd's purse). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 37. Particle: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 36. And in this lesson I'm going to start talking about particles. And in Latvian a particle is 'partikula'. Particles are auxiliary, words which indicate how the talker assesses reality. They can do different things with word meanings. Intensify- 'zvaigznes mirdz pat ļoti'(the stars shine very much). ,Ļoti' can also be translated as ''a lot''. Weaken- ,zvaigznes laikam mirdz'. The stars probably shine. Restrict- ,vienīgi zvaigznes mirdz'(only the stars shine). Highlight- ,zvaigznes taču mirdz'. The stars are shining though. They are not sentence members, not binding any words and can't be folded in grammatical cases. Most often used particles: diemžēl(unfortunately), droši (surely), gan (though), ik (every), it(it), jā (yes), jau(already), kaut (if only), lai(that), laikam (probably), ne(not), nē (no), nu (well), pat(even), arī(also), taču (however), tātad (so then), tikai(only), vai (or), vēl(yet), vien(alone), vienīgi(solely), vis(the most). Particle sections (partikulu iedalījums). Particles can be simple or single word types. The other way is there can be multiple word or 'vairākvārdu', for example, 'pat ja' (even though). Restriction(ierobežojums)- tikai(only), vien(alone), vienīgi(solely). Examples. ,Tikai Mārai piederēja kaktuss.' Only Mara owned the cactus. ,Dagmārai vien gribējās jaunu gleznu.' Dagmara just wanted a new painting. ,Vienīgi Liene parādīja savu curse darbu.' Only Liene showed her course work. Particle 'vien' is always located behind the word, which it explains. Reinforcement(pastiprinājums)- pat(even), ar(with), arī(also), ir(is), jau(already), gan(though), taču(however), tak(so), vēl(yet), vis(the most or at all, which means 'pavisam'). Examples. ,Pēc miglas pat zeme ir mitra.' After the fog even the ground is wet. ,Ar to visu var uztaisīt mākslas darbu.' It can all be used to make a work of art. ,Šonakt es redzu arī mēnesi.' Tonight I also see the moon. Bez kokiem peonies arī ir dārzā.' Wthout trees peonies are also in the garden. ,Šī puķe ir jau novītuse.' This flower has already withered. ,Tas gan ir sarūsējis.' It is rusty though. ,Tu taču esi pārāk noguris, lai šķērsotu šo title.' You are too tired though to cross this bridge. ,Tas galds takes never svinībām.' this table is so not suitable for celebrations. ,Šī torte vēl nav gatava.' This cake is not ready yet. ,Šī puķe nav vis tik smaržīga.' This flower is not at all so fragrant. Practicle 'vis' is written with one consonant 's', but pronoun 'viss'(all) with two 'ss'. Statement (apgal- vojums)- jā (yes). Example. ,Jā, tā kleita Tev piestāv.' Yes, that dress suits you. ,Jā! Šis plaukts ir par mazu.' Yes! The shelf is too small. Particle must be separated from other sentence parts with a comma, dot, question mark or exclamation mark. Negation(noliegums)- ne(not), nē (no). Example. ,Viņš nespēja ne ogas nolasīt dārzā.' He could not pick berries in the garden. ,Nē, viņai negaršo apelsīni.' No, she does not like oranges. ,Nē! Viņi nemācās ģeogrāfiju.' No! They do not study geography. Particle 'ne' denies one word in a sentence, but particle 'nē' all sentences. Particle 'ne' is also used in place of skipped expressors. Particle 'nē' must be separated by a coma from other sentence parts. Besides a coma also with a dot, exclamation and question mark. Generalization (vispārinājums)- ik(every). Example. ,Ik pasniedzējs apzinās universitātes prasības.' Every lecturer is aware of the requirements of the university. Comparison (salīdzināšana)- kā(as), nekā(than), it kā(as if), tā kā(since). Example. ,Rozes ir smaržīgas kā peonijas.' Roses are as fragrant as peonies. ,Arbūzi ir saldāki nekā āboli.' Watermelons are sweeter than apples. ,Šīs upenes ir it kā skābākas par jāņogām.' These black currants are supposed to be more acidic then red currants. ,Viņa gatavo pusdienas tā kā šefpavārs.' She is preparing lunch as a chef. Sentence entry(teikuma ievadīšana)- vai(or), kaut(if only), lai(so that). Example. ,Vai viņai patīk ziedi?' Does she like flowers? ,Kaut Ledas nokustu!' If only the ice wouldn't melt! ,Lai uzzied sniegpulkstenīšiI' That snowdrops bloom! 'Vai' introducing question sentences. The answers to these questions usually are yes and no. 'Kaut' introduces which sentences. The verb is an expression of wish or desire in the sentence. 'Lai' introduces call sentences, if the verb is in third person. It's important to remember which particles must be written together and separate. Examples. Together- varbūt (maybe), diezin(hardly), vienīgi(only). Separate- drop vien(probably). vai ne(isn't it so), it kā(as if). So now let's have a dialogue with Toms and Zaiga. ,Iedomājies! Zirneklis novija zirnekļa tīklu manā dārzā tā kā logs bija aizvērts.' Imagine! The spider swept the spider's web into my garden as the window was closed. Iedomājies (imagine)! Zirneklis (the spider) novija(swept) zirnekļa(spiders) tīklu (web) manā (into my) dārzā(garden) tā kā(as) logs(the window) bija(was) aizvērts(closed). ,Tas pat nav trakākais gadījums. Manā dārzā pat ķirzakas sāka asmesties pie sētas.' This is not even the craziest case. In my garden even the lizards started settling near the yard. Tas(this) pat nav(is not) trakākais(the craziest) gadījums(case). Manā (in my) dārzā( garden) pat(even) ķirzakas(lizards) sāka(started) apmesties(settling) pie(near) sētas (the yard). ,Kaut visas šīs mazās radības apmestos pie mūsu kaimiņiem!' May all these little creatures settle near our neighbors! Kaut(may) visas(all) šīs(these) mazās(little) radības(creatures) apmestos(settle) pie Alright. The translation here is little bit different. 'Pie' is literally translated as at, but in English translation it's 'near'. And the thing is 'near' is directly translated 'tuvu'. So that's the small nuance in the sentence. kaimiņiem(neighbors)! ,Viņām laikam patīk tavs dārzs Kaut pie manis apmestos zirnekļi un izķertu tās mušas.' They probably like your garden. Let the spiders come to me and catch those flies. Viņām (they) laikam (probably) patīk(like) tavs (your) dārzs (garden). Kaut (let) pie manis (to me) apmestos (come) zirnekļi(spiders) un (and) izķertu(catch) tās(those) mušas(flies). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 38. Particle categories: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 37. And in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about particles. Particles are auxiliary words, which indicate how the speaker evaluates reality. Particles can enhance, weaken, restrict or intensify some word meaning by changing the whole sentence content. They aren't sentence members and do not bind anything. Particle categories. Statement particles or 'apgalvojuma partikulas'- jā (yes), jā gan (yes though). Example. 'Vai lillā ceriņi zied vasarā? Jā.' Does purple lilac bloom in summer? Yes. 'Vai šodien kaķis atrada savu bumbu? Jā gan.' Did the cat find his ball today? Yes, though. Negation particles(nolieguma partikulas)- nē(no), ne(not), nebūt(not to be). Example. 'Vai Tu atradi savu grāmatu? Nē.' Did you find your book? No. 'Šodien kāmis negribēja ēst ne riekstu.' Today the hamster did not want to eat any nuts. 'Māsas nebūt nezināja uzdevuma atbildes.' The sisters did not know the answers to the task at all. And the last one is amplification particles(pastiprinājuma partikulas)- ar(with), arī(also), diemžēl (unfortunately), gan(already), ir(is), jau(already, yet), jel (oh, well), jo (because), pat (even), tad (then), taču(however), takes(though), tik(so), tikai(only), vien(alone), vienīgi (solely), vis (the most), nu gan (well though), jau nu gan(already). Example. 'Vai viņš lasīja ar skolas doto literatūru?' Did he read with the literature given by the school? 'Lācis arī meklē pajumti.' The bear is also looking for shelter. 'Šī kaste diemžēl neder.' This box is unfortunately not valid. 'Viņš gan ir paaudzies.' He has already grown up. 'Māja ir labā stāvoklī.' The house is in good condition. 'Viņi ir jau visu aizmirsuši.' They have already forgotten everything. 'Esi jel saprātīgs!' Be well sensible. ... Well. The word 'well' can and be included or excluded. It doesn't change the meaning. 'Jo labāk Tev!' The better for you! 'tie truši pat kāpostus neēd.' These rabbits do not even eat cabbage. 'Rīt tad jau izlemsim par ceļošanu.' Tomorrow we will decide on travel. 'Viņš taču izlēma dories uz purvu.' He, however, decided to go to the swamp. 'Tas augs tak neaug siltumnīcā.' This plant will not grow in a greenhouse. 'Šī rotaļlieta liekas tik viegla.' This toy seems so light. 'Šī jūrascūciņa guļ tikai sienā.' This guinea pig sleeps only on hay. 'Zīlīte ligzdo vien mežos.' The tit nests only in the woods. 'Sniegpulkstenīte zied vienīgi pavasarī.' Snowdrops bloom only in spring. 'Loris ir viens no vis lēnākajiem dzīvniekiem.' Loris is one of the slowest animals. 'Ābeles stāds nu gan ir pastiepies.' Apple tree seedling is now stretched. 'Šis kumeļš jau nu gan ir paaudzies.' This foal has already grown. So now let's have a dialogue with Pēteris and Una. 'Vai Tu šodien dosies iepirkties?' Will you go shopping today? Vai(will) Tu(you) šodien(today) dosies(go) iepirkties(shopping)? 'Jā, mans ledusskapis ir palicis pavisam tukšs, un mana māsa negribēja iet uz veikalu.' Yes. My fridge is completely empty and my sister didn't want to go to the store. Jā (yes). Mans (my) ledusskapis(fridge) ir(is) palicis... Well, the word 'palicis' would be translated as 'have become', but it's not included in the English translation, because it doesn't change the meaning. ... pavisam(completely) tucks(empty), un (and) mana(my) māsa(sister) negribēja (didn't want) iet(to go) uz(to) veikalu(the store). 'Veikals tak atrodas tuvu jūsu dzīvoklim, un tur produkti nav tik dārgi.' The shop is close to your apartment, and their products are not so expensive. Veikals(the shop) tak (is) atrodas... Well, the word 'atrodas' could be translated as 'located somewhere', but it's not included in the English translation, since it does not change the meaning. ... tuvu(close) jūsu(to your) dzīvoklim(apartment), un (and) tur(there) produkti(products) nav (are not) tik(so) dārgi (expensive). 'Vienīgi es iepērkos ģimenē, jo pārējie radinieki ir pārāk aizņemti, lai to izdarītu.' Only I shop in the family, because the other relatives are too busy to do so. Vienīgi(only) es(I) iepērkos(shop) ģimenē(in the family), jo(because) pārējie(the other) radinieki (relatives) ir(are) pārāk(too) aizņemti(busy), lai(to) izdarītu (do so). The word 'to', which would be translated as 'that', isn't included in the English translation, because it does not change the meaning, if it's excluded. So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 39. Particle categories continued: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 38. And in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about particles. So I'm going to continue talking about the particle categories. Well, the first part was in the previous lesson, so this is the continuation. The first one is restriction particles or 'ierobežojuma partikulas'. Tikai(only), vien(alone), vienīgi(only). Example. 'Vāvere spēja panest tikai vienu zīli.' The squirrel was able to tolerate only one acorn. 'Šajā dārzā zied vienīgi orhidejas.' Only orchids bloom in this garden. 'Tas maksā vien piecus euro.' It only costs €5. Generalization particle(vispārinājuma particulate)-ik(every). Example. 'Ik nakti šī stirna nāk ēst ābolus.' Every night this deer comes to eat apples. Particles of doubt(apšaubāmības partikulas)- diezin(hardly), droši vien(probably), nezin (don't know), varbūt(maybe). Example. 'Šīs atslēgas var piederēt diezin kam.' These keys can hardly belong to anyone. 'Dīķī droši vien mīt vardes.' The pond is probably home to frogs. 'Tie makšķernieki noķēra nezin cik zivis.' Those anglers caught knowing how many fish. 'Varbūt šis zirnekļa tīkls spēs noķert kukaiņus.' Maybe this spider web will be able to catch insects. Question particle(jautājuma partikula)- vai(or, if). 'Vai Tu vēlies parīt doties pastaigā?' Do you want to go for a walk the day after tomorrow? Wish particles (vēlējuma partikulas)- kaut (if only), kaut jel(just a sign, even if), lai(so that). Example. 'Kaut šajā nedēļā šī tveice pārietu!' If only this week the swelter would go away! 'Kaut jel katram izdotos piepildīt savus sapņus!' Even if everyone managed to fulfill their dreams! 'Lai šonakt pilnmēness mirdzētu kā sudrabs!' So that the full moon shines like silver tonight. Comparison particles(salīdzinājuma partikulas)- kā(like), nekā(than), it kā(as if). Example. 'Saule spīd kā zelts.' The sun shines like gold. 'Vīksnas ziedi ir ar kātiņu nekā gobas ziedi.' The flowers of ulmus laevis have a stalk more than the flowers of elm. 'Šis telefons ir it kā labāks par planšetu.' This phone seems to be better than a tablet. So now let's have a dialogue with Adisa and Signe. 'Es joprojām nevaru atrast mana brālēna mīļāko dinozauru. Viņš savā skapī tur visas savas rotaļlietas.' I still can't find my cousin's favorite dinosaur. He keeps all his toys in a closet. Es(I) joprojām(still) nevaru(can't) atrast(find) mana(my) brālēna(cousins) mīļāko (favorite) dinozauru(dinosaur). Viņš (he) savā(his) skapī (a closet) tur(keeps) visas(all) savas(his) rotaļlietas(toys). As you see the words 'savā 'and 'savas' they both are translated as 'his'. That's why in english translation the word 'his' is only once, because it doesn't change the meaning. 'Varbūt Tev ir labāk to nopirkt internetā? Toties manai māsasmeitai ir jau tāda leļļu kolekcija, ka man jāizmeklē ik visi plakti veikalā, lai atrastu kādu jaunu lelli.' Maybe you better buy it online? However, my sister's daughter already has such a doll collection that I have to search every shelf in the store to find a new doll. Varbūt(maybe) Tev (you) ir labāk (better) to(it) nopirkt(buy) internetā(online)? Toties(however), manai(my) māsasmeitai(sister's daughter) ir (has) jau(already) tāda(such) leļļu (a doll) kolekcija(collection), ka(that) man (I) jāizmeklē(have to search) ik (every) plaukti(shelf) veikalā(in the store), lai(to) atrastu(find) kādu jaunu(a new) lelli(doll). As you can see, the word 'kādu' would be translated as something or somewhat. The thing is I didn't include it in the English translation because it wouldn't fit the context. 'Vai viņa dod priekšroku lellēm tikai ar lokano ķermeni?' Does she prefers dolls with only a flexible body? Vai(does) viņa(she) dod priekšroku(prefer) lellēm(dolls) tikai (only) ar (with) lokanu(a flexible) ķermeni (body)? 'Jā, jo parastās lelles viņai mazāk patīk nekā lokanās. Kaut man izdotos atrast lokanu puiša lelli!' Yes, because she likes ordinary dolls less than flexible ones. I wish I could find a flexible guy doll. Jā (yes), jo(because) parastās(ordinary) lelles(dolls) viņai(she) patīk(likes) mazāk(less) nekā(than) lokanās(flexible ones). Kaut Well the word 'kaut' would be translated as 'if', but it's not included in the English translation. Man(I) izdotos Well, 'izdotos' could be translated as 'succeed', but it's not included in the English translation. atrast (find) lokanu(a flexible) puiša (guy) lelli (doll). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 40. Particle spelling: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 39. And in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about particles. So the topic of this lesson is particle spelling or 'partikulu pareizrakstība'. Particle 'vis' must be written with one 's' letter. Shouldn't it be confused with the pronoun 'viss', which is written with two 'ss'. Example. 'Šo dzērveņu krūmāju nelasīšu vis.' I won't pick this cranberry bush anyway. Together must be written 'tātad (so then), varbūt (maybe), diemžēl(unfortunately), nezin (don't know), diezin'(hardly) particles. Examples. 'Tātad krusas dēļ nevaram iet ārā.' So we can't go out because of the hail. 'Varbūt šie telpaugi ir jāpārstāda?' Maybe these houseplants need to be replanted? 'Vakar dubļu dēļ es diemžēl nevarēju tikt uz pļavu.' Yesterday, due to mud, unfortunately I could not get to the meadow. 'Šūpoles nezin vai ietilps pagalmā.' The swing might hardly fit in the yard. 'Ezis diezin var izskaitīt savas adatas.' The hedgehog can hardly count his needles. Particles 'jā' (yes) and 'nē'(no) must be separated with a comma from the sentence. They can also be separated with a dot, exclamation mark or question mark. Examples. 'Nē, šī cepure man nepiestāv.' No, this hat doesn't suit me. 'Jā. Man tas patīk.' Yes, I like it. 'Nē! Es to nepirkšu!' No! I won't buy it! 'Jā? Tu tiešām gribi šo vāzi?' Yes? You really want this vase? If particles 'lai ne' are at the end of the sentence, then they must be separated by a comma. Example. 'Šī krūze ir mazlietota, lai ne?' This mug slightly used or not? Particle 'vien' is always located behind the word, which it describes. Example. 'Tu tikai strādā vien.' You just work alone. Particles 'ik, it... Basically they're both the same, it means 'every'. ...,jo(because), kaut(if only), kā(like), it kā(as if), ne(not)' are always located in front of the word they describe. Examples. 'Baltais stārķis migrē ik vasaras beigās.' The white stork migrates every late summer. 'Šie saldumi ir itin reti.' These sweets are extremely rare. 'Glezna bija izkrāsota jo krāsaini.' The painting was painted in color. 'Kaķis grib staigāt kaut naktī.' The cat wants to walk even at night. 'Šīs konfektes ir salsas kā medius.' These candies are as sweet as honey. 'Šie ķirši ir it kā saldāki par zemenēm.' These cherries are supposedly sweeter than strawberries. 'Āpšu raktās alas ir ne mazāk par metru garas.' Badger dug caves are not less than a meter long. So now let's have a dialogue with Pāvels and Marija. 'Diezin mana mīļākā mašīna ietilps manā mugursomā.' Hardly my favorite car will fit in my backpack. Diezin(hardly) mana(my) mīļākā(favorite) mašīna(car) ietilps(will fit) manā(in my) mugursomā(backpack). 'Šī mašīna bija tava dzimšanas dienas dāvana, vai ne? Varbūt man Tev nopirkt jaunu mašīnu?' Wasn't this card your birthday present? Maybe I'll buy you a new car? Šī (this) mašīna (car) bija(was) tava(your) dzimšanas dienas(birthday) dāvana(present), vai ne(isn't it)? As you see the word 'wasn't' it's basically a combination of the words 'bija' and 'lai ne'. They're just put in together. Varbūt (maybe) man (I) Tev(you) nopirkt(will buy) jaunu(a new) mašīnu(car)? 'Jā, man tā it kā patika labāk par citām dāvanām. Es nedomāju, ka man pietiks vietas jaunai mašīnai.' Yes, I seem to like it better than other gifts. I don't think that I'll have enough space for a new car. Jā (yes), man (I) tā (it) it kā(seem) patika(to like) labāk(better) par(than) citām(other) dāvanām(gifts). Es(I) nedomāju (don't think), ka(that) man (I) pietiks(will have enough) vietas(space) jaunai(for a new) mašīnai(car). 'Labi, es nemaz negribēju Te vis pirkt jaunu mašīnu, jo, manuprāt, mašīnai vajag vadītāju.' ... Good, I don't want to buy you a new car at all, because, in my opinion, the car needs a driver. Labi (good), es(I) nemaz (at all) negribēju(didn't want) Tev(you) vis (at all) pirkt(buy) jau- nu (a new) mašīnu(car), jo(because), manuprāt(in my opinion), mašīnai(the car) vajag(needs) vadītāju(a driver). As you see the words 'nemaz' and 'vis' they both can be translated as 'at all', but the thing is 'at all' just needs to be once in the sentence. So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one after. Atā! 41. Links or Connectives: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 40, and in this lesson I'm going to start talking about links or connectives, which are 'saikļi' in Latvian. They are auxiliary words, which connect equal sentence members or 'vienlīdzīgi teikuma locekļi'. Then it's compound sentence parts or 'salikta sakārtota teikuma daļas' has two independent sentences combined in one sentence. And the last one is auxiliary sentence. It's 'salikts sakārtots teikums' or 'palīgteikums'. Examples. 'Un'(and) connects two equal sentence members. 'Gliemezis grauza bietes un pārgāja uz gurķiem.' Snail gnawed beets and switched to cucumbers. 'Turpretī'(whereas) connects two arranged compound sentence parts. 'Dzenis ligzdo koka dobumā, turpretī zīlīte ligzdo dažādās vietās.' The woodpecker nests in a wooden cavity, whereas the tit nests in different places. 'Tomēr' (however) connect the auxiliary sentence with the main sentence or 'virsteikums'. 'Akvārījā zits skatījās uz koraļļiem, tomēr citām zivīm patika krāsainie akmeņi.' In the aquarium the fish looked at the coral, however, other fish liked the colored stones. 'Tikko'(just) includes a sentence in the text. 'Tikko atvērās puķu veikals.' A flower shop just opened. There are two linked types. First one is 'vienvārda'(one word). They are-'un(and), bet(but), jo(because), ka(that), lai(to), vai(or), arī (also), kamēr(while), nekš(than), tomēr(however), kolīdz(as soon as), tikko(just), turpretī(whereas). And the next one is 'vairākvārda' or more than one word, or multiword type- 'tāpēc ka (because or, maybe, I can also say because that), tādēļ ka(because or because that), lai arī(although), lai gan(although or as), kaut arī(although), tā kā(since), tā ka(since). As you can see they can look different, but most of them have a similar meaning. Now let's have a dialogue with Mareks and Antra. 'Man šodien ir brīvdiena, bet man vajag aizbraukt uz Preiļiem apciemot manu tēvoci.' I have a holiday today, but I need to go to Preili to visit my uncle. Man(I) šodien(today) ir(have) brīvdiena (a holiday), bet(but) man(I) vajag(need) aizbraukt(to go) uz(to) Preiļiem(Preili) apciemot(to visit) manu tēvoci(my uncle). 'Toties man nav sanācis apciemot savus vecvecākus, lai gan viņi dzīvo divdesmit minūšu attālumā.' However, I have not had time to visit my grandparents, even though they live 20 minutes away. Toties(however) man(I) nav(not) sanācis(had time) apciemot(to visit) savus(my) vecvecākus (grandparents), lai gan(even though) viņi(they) dzīvo(live) divdesmit(twenty) minūšu(minutes) attālumā(away). 'Es arī gribu apciemot savu māsīcu, kolīdz viņa atgriezīsies no Lietuvas.' I also want to visit my cousin soon as she returns from Lithuania. Es(I) arī(also) gribu(want) apciemot (to visit) savu(my) māsīcu(cousin), kolīdz(soon as) viņa (she) atgriezīsies (returns) no(from) Lietuvas(Lithuania). 'Tas ir labi, jo benzīna cenas dēļ es nevaré atļauties braukāt ar savu mašīnu.' That's good, because I can't afford to drive my car because of the price of gasoline. Tas(that) ir(is) labi (good), jo (because) benzīna(gasoline) cenas(the price of) dēļ(because) es(I) nevaru(can't) atļauties(afford) braukāt(to drive) ar savu(my) mašīnu(car). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 42. Link types: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 41. And in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about links. In multiword links group also couple links or 'pāru saikļi' are included. In couple links both parts make up one link, and they both are connected in meaningless. Examples. 'Ne vien- bet arī(not only- but also). Ne tikvien- bet arī(not only- but also). Nevis- bet(not- but). Ne tikai- bet arī(not only- but also). Kā- tā(as- so). Tiklab- kā arī(so good- -as well as). Vai nu- vai'(either- or). Comma must be put before the links in the second part. Repetitive links or 'atkārtotie saikļi'. 'Ir- ir(is- is). Gan- gan (both- both). Ne- ne(not- not). Nedz- nedz (nor- nor). Drīz- drīz (soon- soon). Tik- tik (so- so). Te- te'(there- there). So now let's have a dialogue with Guntars and Iveta. 'Kāpēc Tu šodien esi ratiņkrēslā?' Why are you in a wheelchair today? Kāpēc (why) Tu(you) šodien (today) esi(are) ratiņkrēslā(in a wheelchair)? 'Es gribu atrast tādu ērtu modeli. Ne tikai savam tēvocim, bet arī mana drauga paziņai.' I want to find such a comfortable model. Not only for my uncle, but also for my friends friend. Es (I) gribu(want) atrast(to find) tādu(such) ērtu(a comfortable) modeli (model). Ne(not) tikai(only) savam(for my) tēvocim(uncle), bet(but) arī(also) mana(my) drauga(friends) paziņai(for a friend). 'Vai nu Tev izdosies atrast vislabāko modeli, vai būs jāmeklē internetā.' You will either be able to find the best model or you will have to search the internet. Vai nu(will) Tev(you) izdosies(be able to) atrast(find) vislabāko(the best) modeli(model), vai(or) būs(will have to) jāmeklē(search) internetā(the internet). 'Ne tikai man izdosies atrast pašu piemērotāko modeli, bet arī atrast jaunu spieķi.' Not only will I be able to find the most suitable model, but I will also be able to find a new cane. Ne tikai (not only) man(I) izdosies(will be able to) atrast(find) pašu(the most) piemērotāko(suitable) modeli (model), bet(but) arī(also) atrast(to find) jaunu(a new) spieķi(cane). As you can see in English translation the word I is used twice, but in the Latvian language the word 'man' only once. Well, they both have the same meaning, it's just in Latvian sentence it doesn't change the meaning, if I only use it once. So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 43. Links spelling: Sveiki! And in this lesson I'm going to continue talking about links. And in this lesson I'm going to talk about 'saikļu pareizrakstība' or links spelling. Multiword (vairākvārdu) links and couple links(pāru saikļi) are spelled separately. Links written together:'turpretī(whereas), turpretim (on the other hand), tiklīdz(as soon as), līdzko (as soon as), nevis' (not). 'Saikļu iedalījums pēc uzdevuma teikumā' or links division by task in a sentence. First one will look at 'sakārtojuma saikļi' or arrangement links. They connect equal sentence members and independent parts of the sentence. Examples: 'un(and), bet(but), arī (also), tomēr(however), turpretī(whereas), turpretim(on the other hand), nevis(not), vai(or), jeb(or), gan- gan (both- both), ne- ne(not- not), drīz- drīz (soon- soon), ir- ir(is- is), nevis- bet(not- but), ne vien- bet arī(not only- but also), ne tikai- bet arī (not only- but also), ne tikvien- bet arī (not only- but also), tiklab- kā arī(so good- as well as), kā- tā'(as- so). Next one is 'pakārtojuma saikļi' or subordinate links introduces auxiliary sentences connecting them with other sentence parts. Examples:'ka(that), lai(to), ja (if), tāpēc ka (because), tādēļ ka (because), tā kā (since), tā ka (since), lai gan (although), lai arī (although), kaut gan(although), kaut arī(although), kamēr(while), līdz(until), līdzko(as soon as), tiklīdz(as soon as), kā (as), kopš (since), iekām(before), pirms'(before). Besides links, adverbs(for example, 'kad(when), kur'(where) etc.) and pronouns (for example, 'kurš(who), kāds(someone)) also introduces auxiliary sentences. Unlike links they are sentence members. So now let's have a dialogue with Lauris and Līga. 'Es šodien gatavošu pašmāju picu un mana tante sarīvēs sieru.' Today I am making homemade pizza and my aunt will grate the cheese. Es(I) šodien(today) gatavošu(am making) pašmāju(homemade) picu(pizza) un(and) mana (my) tante(aunt) sarīvēs(will grate) sieru(the cheese). 'Tāpēc man vajag nopirkt nepieciešamās garšvielas un atrast piemērotākos miltus un raugu.' So I need to buy the necessary spices and find the most suitable flour and yeast. Tāpēc(so) man(I) vajag(need) nopirkt(to buy) nepieciešamās(the necessary) garšvielas(spices) un(and) atrast(find) piemērotākos(the most suitable) miltus(flour) un(and) raugu(yeast). 'Es nekad neesmu gatavojusi picu, lai arī man tā garšo' I never made pizza even though I like it. Es(I) nekad neesmu (have never) gatavojusi(made) picu (pizza), lai arī(even though) man(I) tā(it) garšo(like). 'Tad jau Tee sanāks iemācīties kaut ko jaunu, turpretim man būs palīgs virtuvē.' Then you will learn something new while I will have an assistant in the kitchen. Tad jau (then) Tev(you) sanāks(will) iemācīties(learn) kaut ko(something) jaunu (new), turpretim(while) man(I) būs(will have) palīgs(an assistant) virtuvē(in the kitchen). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 44. Types of sentences: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 43. And in this lesson we're going to look at types of sentences. The types of sentences we're going to look at are 'vienkārš un salients teikums', meaning, simple and compound sentences. 'Vienkārš teikums' or simple sentence... They are usually short and consist of 'teikuma priekšmets' or subject, and 'izteicējs'(predicate). Examples. 'Pīle peld pa ezeru.' Duck swims in the lake. 'Pēc brokastīm bērni spēlēja spēles.' After breakfast kids play games. Now let's look at 'salients teikums' or a compound sentence. Besides having a subject and predicate, they can have moderators or 'saikļi'. They have at least two simple sentences united with a comma. Examples. 'Ausma audzēja rozes, un Zenta cepa kūku.' Ausma was growing roses, and Zenta baked a cake. 'Namejs, kurš uzcēla māju, stāda kartupeļus.' Namej, who built the house, is planting potatoes. And sentences can also be categorized in active voice(darāmā kārta) and passive voice (ciešamā kārta). So first let's look at Active Voice. Relation between action maker and action. Example. 'Suns sper bumbu.' Dog kicks the ball. That is present. 'Suns spers bumbu.' Future. 'Suns spēra bumbu.' Past. Now let's look at 'ciešamā kārta' or passive voice. Relation between action and action receiver. Can have auxiliary verbs like 'tikt, būt'... Examples. 'Bumba tiek sport.' Ball get kicked. Present. 'Bumba tiks sperta.' Future. 'Bumba tika sperta.' Past. So now let's have a dialogue with Armands and Megana. 'Es esme šodien tik nogurusi, un grubu tikai skatīties televīzijas pārraides.' I'm so tired today, and just want to watch TV shows. Es(I) esmu(am) šodien(today) tik(so) nogurusi(tired), un (and) gribu(want) tikai(just) skatīties (to watch) televīzijas(TV) pārraides(shows). 'Varbūt Tev labāk nosnausties? Tajā filmā papagailis tikai ēd sēklas.' Maybe your... Maybe you better take a nap? In that movie the parrot just eat seeds. Varbūt(maybe) Tev(you) labāk(better) nosnausties(take a nap)? Tajā(in that) filmā(movie) papagailis(the parrot) tikai (just) ēd(eats) sēklas(seeds). 'Sēklas tiek ēstas, bet pēc tam papagailis sāks dziedāt.' The seeds are eaten, but then the parrot will start singing. Sēklas(the seeds) tiek ēstas(are eaten), bet (but) pēc tam (then) papagailis(the parrot) sāks (will start) dziedāt(singing). 'Labi, man tagad ir jāsāk cepa pankūkas bērniem.' Okay, now I have to start making pancakes for the kids. Labi (okay), man(I) tagad(now) ir (have to) jāsāk(start) cept (making)... Well, the translation can be... vary, because 'cept'... it can also mean bake or cook some dish. But an English translation it can also be ''make'', meaning, you make something like a food or a puzzle. pankūkas(pancakes) bērniem(for the kids). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 45. Semicolon and Colon sentences: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 44. And in this lesson we're going to look at sentences, where you use punctuation marks like semicolon or 'semikols' and colon(kols), and also other punctuation marks like brackets. So semicolon is used between two independent sentences or to extend sentences. Example. 'Es saņēmu grāmatas; grāmatplauktā samazinājās vietas.' I received books; there are less space on the bookshelf. And colon... For references, to extend a sentence before quotation. Example. 'Zenta teica:,,Es meklēju pildspsalvu.'' Zenta said:,,I'm looking for a pen.'' 'Jaunajā gadā es plānoju (in the next year I'm planning): apceļot Āziju(travelling around Asia); apgūt jaunts prasmes(acquire new skills); dekorēt savu istabu'(decorate my room). 'Jums ir jāatrod labi dārznieki šim dārzam: es nevaru tikt vaļā no sūnām.' You'll have to find good gardener for this garden: I can't get rid of moss. 'Mana valodas kursa uzdevumi bija: pareizrakstība, izruna, lasīšana un dialogi.' My language course assignments were: spelling, pronunciation, reading and dialogues. Now let's look at brackets or 'iekavas'. They are used to separate words which are inserts giving an extra description to words, but it's insignificant. And now I took a different type of brackets. First one is round brackets. Mostly used in business texts. Then a halfbracket. They are put after numbers or letters to specify the sequence. Then square brackets. They are put in quotated texts, clarifications or explanations. Braces- not really used in texts, but rather in mathematical equations. Language phenomenon or laws in sheets. Slashes. They are used for phonemes or book references. So usually you see these slashes, if you look at dictionaries, for example. Meaning, you look at the specific language, how they spell a specific letter or a sound, or a word. Examples. 'Es(pasniedzēja) dodu mājasdarbus.' I(teacher) give homework. 'Man esot dažādas kaklarotas(zelta un sudraba).' I have different necklaces (gold and silver). 'Senās Ķīnas domātājs Jans Džu(ap 440.-360.g. pr.Kr.) radīja materiālistisku mācību par pasauli un cilvēku.' Ancient chinese thinker Yan Ju(around 440.- 360 b.c.e.) created a materialistic teaching about the world and the human. Un tāpēc par nāvi nav jādomā (pirmais paragrāfs/ 1., trīsdesmi ceturtā lapaspuse/ 34 lpp). And that's why there's no point of thinking about death. Sentences from 'Lielā pāriešana' or Big Transition written by Vitaly Tihoplav. 'Mīlestība, ticība un meklējums pēc atlīdzības ir tiecošās tēmas no [šīs] epikas.' Love, faith and a quest for atonement are the driving themes of [this] epic. Sentence from ,,Laurus'' novel by Eugene Vodolazkin. Now let's have a dialogue with Rolands and Paula. 'Paula teica:,,Man ir jāuzraksta iepirkšanās saraksts.'' Paula said:,, I have to write a shopping list.'' Paula teica(Paula said):,,Man ir (I have to) jāuzraksta(write) iepirkšanās(a shopping) saraksts(list). 'Es(plānotājs) varu Tek palīdzēt ar sarakstu.' I(the planner) can help you with the list. Es(I) plānotājs(the planner) varu (can) Tev(you) palīdzēt(help) ar(with) sarakstu (the list). 'Mans saraksts: piens, maize, auras, kanēlis.' My list: milk, bread, oats, cinnamon. Mans saraksts(my list): piens(milk), maize(bread), auzas(oats), kanēlis(cinnamon). 'Tev ir jāsaprot saraksta izveidi: es vadu konsultācijas.' Your need to understand how to create a list: I run consultations. Tev(you) ir jāsaprot(need to understand) saraksta(list) izveidi(how to create): es(I) vadu(run) konsultācijas(consultations). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 46. Exclamation words: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 45. And in this lesson we're going to talk about 'izsauksmes vārdi' or exclamation words. Exclamation words are indeclinable, and express experiences, draw attention to something or imitate sounds. With exclamation words you can express joy, surprise, amazement, pain, sadness, fear and dislikes. They are also used in courtesy phrases. For example 'lūdzu'(please). They are separated by commas. They are often used in direct speech sentences and allocations. exclamation word types: First one is express feelings or 'izsaka jūtas'- a, ā, ahā, ai (oi), ak(oh), au(ouch), brr(cold), eh, ek, fē, fu, and pē- it's a negative expression, ū(curiosity), ui (oh). Next one is express will or 'izsaka gribu'. Encouragement exclamation words or 'rosinājuma izsauksmes vārdi'- āre (look), edz, lūk(there), paskat (look here), palūk(touch or inspect), rau(ei), raug(look), re(here), skat (look), škic(shoo), cst (silence), tiš(shoo). Convocation and allocution exclamation words or 'sasaukšanās un uzrunas izsauksmes vārdi'- dzi(encourage to listen), e, ei, hallo, hei, klau(listen), nu (well), oho, ū, vadzi(to attract attention). Then you get courtesy phrases or 'pieklājības frāzes'- vesels(healthy), sveiks (hello), labrīt (good morning), labdien (good day), labvakar (good evening), paldies (thank you), lūdzu (please). The last one is imitate sounds (izsaka skaņas)- ņau (cat), vau(dog), kikirigū (rooster), krā (crow), čiv(bird), mū (cow), dzin(bell or phone), pakš (rain drops), šņiku- šņaku(eating sounds), tfū (ew, nasty), bliukš(when objects drop), briku braku(scrambling sound), klak(chicken), ruk(oink/pig), bladāc(when someone or something falls down), klunk(when drinking water), apčī(sneezing), tuk(woodpecker or knocking on the door). From other languages adapted- bravo(superīgi), okei(labi). Sometimes exclamation words with other words can make phrases and expressions, which are separated by commas, but the exclamation word isn't separated alone. Exclamation words: re (look), rau ('pull' depends on the context), palūk(to look), skat (look), paklau (listen) aren't separated from particle 'nu' with commas. Example. 'Nu skat, kā šīs pienenes ir uzziedējušas!' Well, see how these dandelions have bloomed! Exclamation words- ak (oh), ai (oh) don't get separated by commas in expressions: ak tu(oh you), ak tu dieniņ (oh you day), ak tu dievs (oh my god), ak tu kungs(oh my lord), ak mūžš (oh life), ak tu tētīt(oh my father), ai tu (oh you), ak vai (oh my). Example. 'Ak vai, kā var nolasīt cidonijas no šī krūma!' Oh my, how to pick up quinches from this bush! Now let's have a dialogue with Krišs and Krista. 'Beidzot, es dabūju jaunāko šausmu filmu!' Finally, I got the newest horror movie! Beidzot (finally), es(I) dabūju(got) jaunāko(the newest) šausmu (horror) filmu(movie). 'Tiš! Es tagad lasu enciklopēdiju par astoņkājiem.' Shoo! I am now reading an encyclopedia about octopuses. Tiš(shoo)! Es(I) tagad(now) lasu(am reading) enciklopēdiju(an encyclopedia) par(about) astoņkājiem(octopuses). 'Ā, nu skaidrs! Tu palīdzi savai mazajai māsai ar viņas mājasdarbu.' Oh, I see( or well understood)! You are helping your little sister with her homework. Ā (oh), nu skaidrs (I see or well understood)! Because ''I see'' in Latvian language could be translated as 'es redzu'. Well the context is a little bit different than in the English translation. Tu(you) palīdzi(are helping) savai (your) mazajai(little) māsai(sister) ar(with (her)) viņas mājasdarbu(her homework). 'Paklau! Viņai tagad ir sliktas sekmes , un es viņai gribu palīdzēt tikt līdzi klasesbiedriem.' Listen! She has bad grades now, and I want to help her keep up with her classmates. Paklau(listen)! Viņai(she) tagad (now) ir(has) sliktas(bad) sekmes(grades), un (and) es(I) viņai(her) gribu(want) palīdzēt(help) tikt līdzi(keep up with) klasesbiedriem(classmates). Well, the word ''her'' can be translated as 'viņas', but in the Latvian language you just have to use it once, but the English language grammar is slightly different in the translation. So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 47. Quotation marks: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 46. And in this lesson we're going to talk about 'pēdiņas' or quotation marks. They highlight direct speech, citation and specific names with proper meaning. They can be used on words, word combinations, sentence, sentence groups. Only, when used in direct speech separation cases, can it show sentence parts grammatical connection. Can't be used for animal, geographical and personal names. Now let's look at different quotation mark types. First one is 'atvērējpēdiņas' or opening quotation marks. For the example I chose the word 'ābols', which means an apple in Latvian. Next one is 'aizvērējpēdiņas' or closing quotes. And the last one is 'parastās'(simple) and 'vienpēdiņas' (single quotes). Basically 'aizvērējpēdiņas un parastās'... it's the same. In quotation marks you put a quote or 'citāts'. Direct speech or 'tiešā runa'. Definable word(definējams vārds). Expression (izteiciens). Names with proper name meaning (nosaukums ar īpašvārdisku nozīmi). Names of decision, order, meaning, if a generic name is in front(lēmuma, ordeņa, nozīmes nosaukums, ja sugasvārds ir priekšā). Words used in opposite meaning( vārdi, kas lietoti pretējā nozīmē). Words used in ironic meaning( vārdi, kas lietoti ironiskā nozīmē). Words used metaphorically(vārdi, kas lietoti metaforiskajā nozīmē). Metaphorical phrases( metaforiskas vārdkopas). Phraseological phrases( frazeoloģiskas vārdkopas). Uncoordinated phrases( nesaskaņotas vārdkopas). Word combinations used by a writer the first time(vārdu savienojums, ko rakstītājs izmanto vienu reizi). Words, who used to be in straight meaning, but in later texts not anymore( vārdi, kuri sākumā tika izmantoti tiešajā nozīmē, bet vēlāk vairs ne). Single quotes are used: word translation(vārdu tulkojums), explanation of meaning(nozīmes paskaidrojums), name of the plant variety(augu šķirņu nosaukums). Now let's look at examples. ,Žurnāls ''Ieva'' ir par slavenībām.' Magazine ''Ieva'' is about celebrities. ,Šogad es noskatīšos operu ,,Parīzes Dievmātes katedrāle''. This year I will watch the opera ,,Notre Dame de Paris''. Kaņepju šķirne ,Loja' ir reģistrēta Lattvijā. Hemp varietu ,Loja' has been registered in Latvia. Raiņa citāds ir ,,Domas ir spēki: ko Tu domā, tas Tu esi''. Rainis quote is ,,Thoughts are powers: what you are thinking, that you are''. Līgo- 'vasaras saulgrieži'- tiek svinēti Jūnijā. Ligo- summer solstice- are being celebrated in June. ,,Man ir jāplāno mācības stundas struktūra un uzdevumi'', teica skolotājs. ,,I have to plan lessons structure and exercises'', said the teacher. Šodien vajag prezentēt sacerējumu,, ,,Zvaigžņu kari'' paredz nākotni''. The essay,, ,,Star Wars'' predicts future'' needs to be presented today. ''Ein hund'' no vācu valodas nozīmē ''suns''. '''Ein hund'' from german language means a dog. So now let's have a dialogue with Rihards and Lāsma. ,,Es nolēmu atrast lielu laukakmeni savam pagalmam.'', teica Lāsma. ,,I decided to find a large boulder for my yard.'', said Lasma. ,,Es(I) nolēmu(decided) atrast(to find) lielu (a large) laukakmeni (boulder) savam(for my) pagalmam(yard).'', teica(said) Lasma. ,Es par viņiem dzirdēju ''Vides Fakti'' raidījumā.' I heard about them in the 'Environmental Facts'' program. Es(I) par viņiem(about them) dzirdēju (heard) ''Vides(Environmental) Fakti(Facts)'' raidījumā (in the program). ,Angliski viņus sauc par ''boulder''. Man ieteica nemeklēt tos Pokaiņos.' In English they are called ''boulder''. I was advised not to look for them in Pokaini. Angliski (in English) viņus(they) sauce par (are called) ''boulder''. Man(I) ieteica(was advised) nemeklēt (not to look for) tos(them) Pokaiņos (in Pokaini). ,Pokaiņi- 'svētvieta'- atrodas Dobeles rajonā. Daudzi tic, ka akmeņi no turienes var pārnēsāt lāstus un enerģiju.' Pokaini- holy place- located in Dobele district. Many believe that stones can carry curses and energy from there. Pokaiņi(Pokaini)- ... 'svētvieta (holy place)'- atrodas(located) Dobeles (in Dobele) rajonā district. Daudzi(many) tic(believe), ka(that) akmeņi(stones) no turienes (from there) var(can) pārnēsāt (carry) lāstus (curses) un(and) enerģiju(energy) So this is it for this for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 48. Dash, hyphen and slash: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 47, and in this lesson we're going to talk about punctuation marks like dash, hyphen and slash. First let's look at dash or 'domuzīme'. It is used in business texts to replace omitted words or just words. To separate seclusions and inserts, if they are in the middle of the sentence. In business texts, where the dash connects two words, where in the connection they express special meaning, and there's no space there. Well no space between both words. Examples. Šie līgumi tika izdrukāti, bet atskaites- nokopētas. These contracts were printed, but reports- copied. Šajā mapē atrodas nepieciešamie dokumenti- īres līgums, atskaites- advokātam. This folder the necessary documents- lease agreement, report- for the lawyer. Mana ofisa stundas ir deviņi trtīsdesmit līdz četri. My office hours are nine thirty till four. Next one is 'defise' or hyphen. It appears the same as dash, but usually it's smaller or shorter. It's used as a connection sign or punctuation mark, and is often used in business articles. It's used in double last names, but not between the name and surname. Example: Biruta Ecētāja- Briede. Some abbrevations. Example: 'e-pasts' or e-mail. In brand, standard, chemical compound names. Example: 'p- toluolsulfonāts' or p- toluen... sulfonate. And Fisher- Price, which is a known toy brand. In compound term names. Example: ,akrilo... nitrila-butadiēna kopolimērs' or acrylic... nitrile-butadiene copolymer. In technical ... articles, encyclopedias, dictionaries, to replace the basic part of compound, if next to it several similar compound names are mentioned. Example: vien- un daudzkrāsaini džemperi(one- and multi colored sweaters. To connect a letter or a number used in symbol meaning with the basic part of the compound, which is not used independently. Example: '2- krāsains' meaning dichromatic or something that has two colours. Sometimes used instead of a connective dash without spaces. Example: 'Fantāzijas- biogrāfijas grāmatplaukts'(fantasy- biography bookshelf). And the last one is ''slīpsvītra' or slash. Used in address record, if the same number is used for many buildings. Example: 'Lāčplēša iela trīsdesmit/ septiņi' (bearslayer street thirty/ seven). Address record, if the building has two adjacent numbers. Example: ,Bruņinieku iela trīsdesmit/ trīsdesmit viens' (Knights street thirty/ thirty one). To connect conjunctions (un, vai) in the sentences, where it is possible to use each of these conjunctions between equal members of the sentence. Example: ,Šo lelli un/vai kleitu es uzdāvināšu māsai.' I will give this doll and/ or dress to my sister. For variably used words. Example: ,Šī bedre tiks aizrakta ātri/ steigā.' This hole will be dug quickly/ in a rush. As division sign in mathematics. Example: ,astoņdesmit dalīts ar astoņi ir vienāds ar desmit' (eighty divided by eight equals ten). Coding and pressmark. Example: ,Bv/ četri simti deviņdesmit septiņi' (Bv/ four hundred ninety seven). So now let's have a dialogue with Uģis and Dace. ,Man ir jāizveido referāts ,,Cirslis- mazākais zīdītājs Latvijā'' dabaszinībās.' I have to create a report ,,Shrew- the smallest mammal in Latvia'' in natural sciences. Man(I) ir(have to) jāizveido (create) referāts (a report) ,,Cirslis (shrew)- mazākais (the smallest) zīdītājs(mammal) Latvijā(in Latvia)'' dabaszinībās (in natural sciences). ,Bibliotēka ir atvērta sestdienās no desmitiem līdz diviem, ja Tev ir nepieciešami materiāli.' The library is open on Saturdays from ten till two, if you need materials. Bibliotēka (the library) ir(is) atvērta (open) sestdienās (on Saturdays) no desmit(from ten) līdz diviem/divi(two), ja(if) Tev(you) ir nepieciešami(need) materiāli(materials). ,Referātam man ir nepieciešamas enciklopēdijas, bet prezentācijai- bildes.' I need encyclopedias for the report, but for the presentation- pictures. Referātam(for the report) man(I) ir nepieciešamas(need) enciklopēdijas (encyclopedias), bet(but) prezentācijai (for the presentation) bildes (pictures). ,Tu var izmantot šo datoru/planšetu informācijas meklēšanai.' You can use this computer/tablet to search for information. Tu(you) vari (can) izmantot (use) šo (this) datoru (computer)/planšetu (tablet) informācijas(for information) meklēšanai (to search). So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 49. Asterisk: Sveiki! This is lesson number 48, and in this lesson we're going to talk about punctuation marks like star or asterisk, which means 'zvaigznīte', and other punctuation marks like ellipsis and two points. First let's look at asterisk or 'zvaigznīte'. It's used to indicate an omission or a reference. To indicate a multiplication in maths. And notes under the stripe. Usually in books. Is used in books, articles and scientific articles. They are extra commentary, where the author puts them at the bottom of the page or paragraph. It can also be used with a number. Example. 'Astoņpadsmit reizināts ar deviņi ir vienāds ar simt sešdesmit divi.' Eighteen multiplied by nine equals one hundred sixty two. 'Šeit mēs sastopamies nevis ar tiešo egoismu, bet gan ar mīkstinātu egoismu.' Here we are not dealing with outright selfishness, but with a softened selfishness. 'Pārspīlēts viedoklis par savu personību.' An exaggerated opinion of one's personality. Sentence example from ,Ugunīgais varoņdarbs. Esības elkas.' or ,,Fiery deed. Cravings for being.'' by Nikolay Uranov. Next punctuation marks are ellipsis (daudzpunkte) and two points or 'divpunkte'. Ellipsis... it's for narrative sentences with unfinished thought. Example. , ,,Šajā zilajā ezerā...'', stāstīja vecmāmiņa.' Or... ,,In this blue lake...'', told by granny. Is used for reflect excitement, emotional experience. Example. ,Tas nu gan ir... negaidīti.' Well, that's... unexpected. To highlight a pause, when the speaker can't instantly say what he wants. Example. ,Pēc šī skrējiena es jutos tik... pārguris.' After that run I felt so... exhausted. Indicates something unexpected to happen. Example. ,Šis kaķis pēkšņi... uzleca uz jumta.' This cat suddenly... jumped onto the roof. Shows a rapid change or gradual sequence. Example. ,Varavīksne ir zila...zaļa... daudzkrāsaina.' A rainbow is blue... green...multicolored. Incorrect usage. Example. ,Es saprotu... ne mazdrusciņ!' I get it/ understand... not one bit! Next one let's look at two points. It is meant to make the written text easier to understand. It's an additional punctuation mark, to show vocabulary, part of a sentence, omitted sentence or omissions from a quote. If there's supposed to be a punctuation mark before or after the omitted words, then it should be put before the two points as well. Example. ,Šī kleita izskatās dz.., tomēr man tā liekas zaļgana.' This dress looks y.., however, it seems greenish to me. If the quotation sentence had an exclamation or question mark at the end, then after the two points it also must be put in to show sentence modality. Example. ,Skolotāja teica: ,,Apklustiet..! Jūs traucējat saves klases biedriem mācīties.'' ' Teacher said:,,Shut up..! You are disrupting your classmates studies. If a whole sentence or text is missing, then two points must be in brackets. Like round or square brackets. ,Uz šīs zemes līdz pašām debesīm izgaismojas milzīgs krusts, šai zemei ir saturs, tā silda, kamēr citeer pasaulē jūtat vien tukšumu.(..) Daudzviet pasaulē cilvēki neskatās viens otram acīs, jo to spēj tikai garīgi spēcīgi cilvēki.' On this earth a huge cross shines up to the very sky, this earth has content, it warms, while elsewhere in the world you feel nothing but emptiness.(..) In many parts of the world people do not look in each other in the eye, because only mentally strong people can do that. Sentence example from ,Dvēseļu likteņi' (Fate of souls) by Jānis Arvīds Plaudis. So now let's have a dialogue with Kristaps and Evelīna. ,,Rītdien es lēkāšu pa...'', teica Evelīna. ,,Tomorrow I will jump around...''', said Evelina. ,,Rītdien(tomorrow) es(I) lēkāšu(will jump) pa(around)...'', ... Well 'pa' can also be translated as 'on'. teica (said) Evelīna. ,Tas izklausās ne.., bet Tev laikam daudz enerģijas.' It sounds not.., but you must have a lot of energy. Tas(it) izklausās(sounds) ne(not).., bet(but) Tev(you) laikam (must have) daudz (a lot of) enerģijas(energy). ,Kāpēc? Pļavā zied asteres...godēcijas... viengadīgas puķes.' Why? Asters...godetias... annual flowers bloom in the meadow. Kāpēc(why)? Pļavā(in the meadow) zied(bloom) asteres (asters)... godēcijas(godetias)... viengadīgas (annual) puķes(flowers). ,Es izprotu... nepavisam šo floristiku!' I understand... not at all this floristry! Es(I) izprotu(understand)... nepavisam (not at all) šo(this) floristiku (floristry)! So this is it for this lesson. I'll see you in the next one. Atā! 50. Dot: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 49. And in this lesson we're going to talk about a dot. So first let's look a dot, when to put a dot. First one is after numbers, if our ordinal numbers are written with them. Example: divtūkstoš divdesmit pirmā gada septītais marts (year 2021 7. march). Sometimes in longer numerals written with Arabic numerals, to distinguish classes of numbers. Example. Varbūt him robot vajag četrpadsmit punkts nulle pieci voltu elektrības? Maybe this robot needs 14.05 volt electricity? In the time markings of the clock between the hour and minute numbers. Example, Mans treniņš sākas deviņos un beidzas desmitos. (My training starts at nine and ends at ten.) A period is used after Roman numerals only, if they have the meaning of an independent narrative sentence, or if the number is at the end of a narrative sentence. Example. Piektais zinātniskais darbs(fifth scientific work); Es izlasīju grāmatu par Ramzesu otro. I read a book about Ramsey's second. Behind bound writings. Example. Prof., which means ,profesors' or a professor. Next one will look at, when to not put a dot or 'punk neliek'. Designations of metric system. 'Metrs' or a meter, 'kilometrs' or a kilometer, 'grams' or gram, 'tonna' or tonne, 'miligrams' or miligram, 'hektārs' or hectare, 'sekunde' or a second. Abbreviated names like organizations, institutions, countries. For example. AAE or ,Apvienotie Arābu Emirāti'( United Arab Emirates) and UNICEF. After capital letters (or letter combinations with small letters), which symbolically denotes known concepts like chemical elements or directions like you've seen in compass. Examples. Skābeklis (oxygen), svins(led), ūdens(water), volts or volt. Celsius or ogleklis, (celsius or carbon). Next one are directions you see in a compass. Ziemeļi(north) or dienvidrietumi(southwest) Examples. Ķīmijas stundā mēs mācījāmies par alumīniju un citiem metāliem. In chemistry class we learned about aluminium and other metals. Avīzē ir aprakstīta Sarkanā Krusta organizācija. The newspaper describes the Red Cross organization. Šai mīklai vajag simts gramu milt. This dough needs 100 grams flour. So now let's have a dialogue with Mike and Agnese. ,Es piedzimu 1992. gada 20. aprīlī.' I was born on April 20th, 1992. Es(I) piedzimu(was born) tūkstoš deviņsimt deviņdesmit otrā gada (1992) Well 'gads' means ''year'' in Latvian, but in this sentence it's not included, because it doesn't change the context. divdesmitajā aprīlī (on April 20th). ,Vai Tu piedzimi no rīta vai vakarpusē? Es piedzimu septiņos vakarā.' Were you born in the morning or in the evening? I was born at seven in the evening. Vai (were) Tu(you) piedzimi(born) no rīta(in the morning) vai(or) vakarpusē(in the evening)? Es(I) piedzimu(was born) septiņos(at 7:00) vakarā(in the evening). Vai Tu mani tagad izprašņā? Tas bija A(austrumos) no Ventspils. Are you inquiring with me now? It was east from Ventspils. Vai(are) Tu(you) tagad(now) mani(me) izprašņā (inquiring with)? Tas(it) bija(was) austrumos(east) no(from) Ventspils. Man tas vienkārši interesē, jo gribu pievienot maniem dzimtrakstiem 5g jaunās informācijas. I'm just interested, because I want to add five grams of new information to my family articles. Man (I) tas... Well 'tas' in English can be translated as ''that'', but it's not reflecting on the English translation, because it doesn't change the context. vienkārši(just) interesē (interested), jo(because) gribu(I want) pievienot(to add) maniem (my) dzimtrakstiem (family articles) piecus gramus(five grams) jaunās(new) informācijas(information). So this is it for this lesson. Atā! 51. Apostrophe: Sveiki! So this is lesson number 50. And in this lesson we are going to talk about an apostrophe. So in Latvian an apostrophe is 'apostrofs'. So it's... not much difference. It's a graphic sign that does not really show the grammatical, conceptual or international division of the text, but helps to highlight, mark a text unit and thus make it easier to perceive and understand the written text. An apostrophe indicates a letter or the omission9 in recent times also numbers) or discarding of alphanumeric characters. An apostrophe indicates a letter or a set of letters (lately also digital or in numbers) omission or abandonment. An apostrophe is used. due to rhythm in the related language in the discard of inflectional endings of different word classes. In poetry and colloquial representation in the discard of verb person endings. In the discard of adverb endings. For nouns(most of often in the nominative of the second declension and in the genitive of the fourth and fifth declension) in the omission of a vowel in the stem or ending of the word. In discard of individual consonants or whole syllables. In colloquial representation in abbreviations of some particles. I didn't really include examples, because an apostrophe isn't really used often in the language. Usually, maybe, if it's a novel or something specific. It makes sense, if you want to learn Latvian language in advanced level to look deeper into it. So now let's read a sentence example. 'Kas i'? Vai tad nezināji? Stabules ar laiku pieput, tās jātīra un jāskaņo.' What is it? Didn't you know? Panpipes swell with time, they must be cleaned and tuned. Sentence example from 'Belašs' or Belas by TR Notārs. So now let's have a dialogue with Agris and Agrita. ,Kādu balli draudzene gribēj' plānot?' What kind of party does your friend wanted to plan? Kādu (what kind of) balli(party) draudzene(your friend)... Well, you can also translate a ''your'' as 'tava', but I didn't include in the sentence, because it really doesn't change the context. gribēj'(wanted to) plānot(plan)? ,Tās tēma bija 'Vēsturiskie Tērpi'. Vai jūs nezināj't par to?' Its theme was 'Historical Costumes'. Didn't you know about it? Tās(it) tēma (theme) bija(was) 'Vēsturiskie(historical) Tērpi'(costumes). Vai(didn't) jūs(you) nezināj't (not no) par(about) to(it)? 'Labāk pasties tu' or 'turp'. Tagad viņa mūs ielūdz uz jaunu balli, kur mums ir jāietērpjas vissavādākās profesijās. Better look there. Now she invites us to a new ball, where we have to dress up in the most unusual professions. Labāk(better) paskaties (look) tu' or turp(there). Tagad (now) viņa(she) mūs(us) ielūdz(invites) uz(to) jaunu(a new) balli (ball), kur(where) mums (we) ir(have to) jāietērpjas(dress up) vissavādākās(in the most unusual) profesijās(professions). ,Ta' iešu kā astronaute, kura ceļo pa kosmosu.' Then I will go as an astronaut, who travels through space. Ta'(then) iešu(I will go) kā(as) astronaute (an astronaut), kura(who) ceļo(travels) pa(through) kosmosu(space). So this is it for this lesson. Atā!