Italian for Advanced: B2 | Master advanced Italian grammar, reading and listening

1. Introduzione: Dow immuno may be new to me of course. So intermediate, the Italiano, welcome to my Intermediate Italian courts have been teaching Italian life of five years, mostly to English speaking students. And I say to collect all the material that I had and put it together. This course is for Italian students. Can understand some Italian already. Padlet whole body Italiano. I will speak some Italian throughout the course. Always translate. But there are going to be some topics that are not super simple and I need you to understand what the present is. If we're talking about the subjective. You should already be familiar with the basic tendencies such as presented in perfect condition early in the indicative. If familiar with what adjectives and adverbs are, gender and number, basic pronouns. On screen, you will see an image of what will not be included in this course. This isn't the previous one. Multimorbidity, you will learn many new topics. The subjunctive, the rest of indicative tenses, many more pronouns. You learn how to form complex structures, such as if clauses, the use of C, passive forms, and the uses of the infinitive with Scratch. One of the most interesting topics of all, because he could see how verbs interact with each other in complex structures. And most importantly, you will know what's going on in a sentence. Throughout the course, I will share with you many resources and exercises that will let you practice what you learned. Listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Which I will, I will see you in class. 2. Risorse: In quest of video, partly as a resource. And you can see in this video, let's talk about the resources that I recommend you. First of all, everyone has different needs. So this is a long list including many different things. Do not need to do everything but try all of them. All of them except one are free and warning, I'm not making any money. These are not my businesses and affiliate. This is just what I think genuinely can be very helpful for you to speak Italian back. The first thing that I always recommend to everybody is pen and paper. Get a notebook, notepad of sorts, and try to write, take notes when you learn the more that you didn't know, write it down, whether it's something that you didn't understand it. Now you do write it down. This is so helpful in my opinion to kind of cement what you're learning. So first of all, try to have that ready. You will then have the slide deck. You'll find it attached to the course. It includes everything you see on screen. And basically after each single unit or almost you will find exercises you can practice. This solution is on the next page. Please do the exercises as we proceed as we improve. You do not need to study as fast anymore. Because the topics you do when you study a language says, as you progress, the topics are less and less useful. You'll learn what you really need, the present tense and future tense at the very beginning. Then, sure, it's good to know the subjunctive, subtle, but if you do not have a lot of experience using the present indicative tells it not need this objective capacitor. So do not rush through the course. It's going to be here. I'm not going to take it anywhere. Just try to do it slowly and try to do a lot of exercises, find more. I tried to put as many as I can, but try to find more if it's not enough, especially for the topics you know, you have a hard time with. Another resource that I always recommend is the app Duolingo, which is entirely free. It will allow you to learn a lot of vocabulary. Discourse is not focusing too much on vocabulary because it's beyond the point of focus on grammar and their words. You can learn a few words every day. That would be a very good exercise. If you want to practice conjugations or to look up a specific word or verb. There's a lot of different resources. I personally like word reference. I think it's more intuitive than other websites, but any of these websites will do just have something bookmarked. Because it can be useful to understand how to do some irregular verbs tense. Very importantly, read, read, read newspapers. Suddenly, Italian newspapers have a lot of paywalls. If you compare it to e.g. American outlets, they can be very annoying to read. Five suggestions. The first one is called easy Italian news. This is not a mainstream media to small projects. Some people do this right, about news in a very simplified Italian. It's entirely free, no paywalls as far as I can tell. It's good because the Italian news, but they avoid complicated forms. It can make it a little bit easier. Usually newspapers are not super easy to read. So that's a good first step. When you feel confident with that, you can try move to mainstream media. In Italy, we have three different big newspapers like replica, which is left-leaning. Generic, which is right-leaning, is created the La Sierra, which is center. Then we have sodium, which is about business and economy news. So these are the four websites they recommended checkout. They have a lot of tables. What a warning, but maybe see what's good for you. I don't recommend you paid for them. If you want free news, you will find them. But this newspapers and the most famous ones, I think that's where you should start. And then you can just easily look on Wikipedia list of Italian newspapers and go check them out. Well, that I like is in latino from Naples, I believe. And it's a lot easier to read because lesbians now, very important, tried to speak Italian as much as you can. This is so important. I know it's hard if you live in New York, okay, grant and you will find some Italian wants to speak with you. But if you live in, I don't know, brazil, odds are there's not gonna be many times around. So try to speak Italian as much as you can if you have a pen and write to them. And people ask, should I take classes online? Consider that there is a lot of different websites I personally have used as a teacher, as a tutor, I've used reply and I talkie. You can find knowledgeable teachers for $10 or less per hour. That may or may not be a lot of money for you. I don't know up to you. But if you can, you can afford it. And if you have no other way to speak to Italians in your area, that's definitely a good place to start. Going back to free resources as you get a little bit better, watch Italian YouTube. Now, reading in another language is easier than listening. My opinion, there's no contest. But when you get a little bit better than definitely check out YouTube. We have a lot of different YouTubers in Italian, speak Italian, different parts of Italy, different topics. Do you like cinema, you like video games, you like. Whatever you like, you will find something for you. Definitely give it a go. Definitely find what some famous Italian YouTubers are and try to understand what they're saying. It's not going to be easy also because self-generated caption in Italian, it's pretty bad. So it's usually not going to be very helpful, but definitely check that out. And finally, Mark and Juanita grammar book. The idea of this course is to replace granite block, is to be a grammar book, videos. So I personally don't think you need one, but if you'd like to have a grammar book, I do not have a personal favorite yet. I have not found something I really like. And the problem is, if you live in the US, if you live in France, who live in India, in Brazil, you're not going to have the same brands everywhere. So I'm not really sure that I know of a globally good book, but just go on Amazon or any other platform or in bookshop and try to get one with good references. And if you need, if you want to buy a book, go get something in the b1 b2 area. Usually it's got to be two separate books. And check out the syllabus of this course to make sure that there is somewhat of an overlap. Because obviously different people have different ideas of what b1 b2 is. So it's gonna be similar, but some things that are included are not going to be included as the things that they include, not gonna be included here. But generally speaking, intermediate B1 and B2. That's roughly what you should look at. 3. Il Futuro Anteriore: If we total delivery and tempo case premier, subtle, then footwall. So we use this to express something that happened in the past, posterior the future. I will make an example in a second. I'm not able to communicate, meaning laser will be something like I will have eaten. So after I will have eaten, usually don't really use it. I mean, you can technically, although you probably would just say something different nations such as I will eat and then I will sleep, e.g. but in Italian, we are a lot more concerned, as we said in English, about what we call consequences. So that would be the order that things happen over time in the past and in the future as well. So in this case, we want to be very specific. E.g. sometimes you want to be very specific that first we will eat and then later we will sleep. So we could say as an English man, general torpedo, using two simple futures. More precisely, for it to be very, very precise, we could say something like dot bouquet of Roman gelato, domino. The difference would be basically they're in this second case, which is the petroleum periodic, were being very clear as to the second action happens after the first action is over. Whereas with the two futures, tuple futures, That's not really, I mean, it's obvious, but there could be some overlapping, which in this case the reasons it's built the very same way as any other variable is seen so far. It's a composite tense. So it puts together a simple future of a variable. Depending on whatever the auxiliaries that verb a party should be plus Saddam Hussein will be there in variable cantata. Your data to a right-hand data, data. Data, data. Around looking at that. Again, we often see it after a after or in general adverbs of time such as tomorrow. The money are often need to elaborate on. Tomorrow. By tomorrow we will have finished my work. Going to the movies to duplicate data. After I will have some weather will be done. Singing. Again. Very good to know, although not super common to use. 4. Verbi e Preposizioni: Whenever we talked about potato validity and the way we saw something that they are always followed by another verb. And that verb in the infinitive, e.g. I. Can eat my job, I must sleep the volt meter. This is very common, and it does not only happen with ci sono, multi-attribute, key, a u-turn on the list. Presuming, we have many more verbs that we can use to create more complex expressions. Be a movie star request as light, there is a list in this slide. I'm obviously not exhaustive list. There's probably hundreds of those, but it's good enough. Acquisitive entropy, solo, security, purpose it sooner. Infinitum. These verbs are followed by a preposition and the infinitive. There are a few things to be said here about this construction. It's a very common one and it's akin to the English e.g. I. Accept to go. And in general, whenever we have a construction and expression with a main verb and another one that helps the main verb. If I say, I accept to go, I can just say I go. It's the same idea, although I accept to go. It tells a much longer story. There was a point in which I was not sure if I wanted to go or it was something that was holding me up whenever we accept it now I will go. So this variable, a CIC data to accept, help us tell a much longer, much more complex story. What usually we express in English with to plus infinitive or the gerund. So I accept to go, or in this case, you would have said probably, but I accept going, then you can say that I guess Italian is always going to be preposition plus infinitive form of the other verb. Now, in order to do this, we have to remember a few things. First of all, we can only do this if these two things have the same subject. To verbs have the same subject, which looks scary, but think about it. If I say I accept to go, I am accepting and I am going. If I say I accept that you go in English as well, I cannot say I accept to go because me it's not you. If you say you accept that I go, it needs to be clear about who's accepted and who's going if it's the same person, the same subject. I just say it was I accept to go. It's me that I accept. I accept and I go. It turns the same thing, a check to the data. You are charged to the data. But I have to say something like you are Chet took it to why I accept that, Hugo. To check the data. You accept to go to a check the carryover. Do you bother if want to use a subjective there which we may or may not in this situation, I wouldn't necessarily use the subjunctive. Say do a there be no, none of those tests are subject to the AMO. Now, if the two verbs do not have the same subject, we will use a different construction, as we said, your chat tool kit to vi, except that you go or we just altogether change verb or use it differently, just make it different. This very, this is kind of a very quick, synthetic, elegant expression, but only works if the subject is the same. Because we're skipping completely the subject of the second verb. We're not conjugating the second verb, so easier. But at the same time that limits our flexibility. You probably know, a key type repository only in one channel regular, there is basically three preposition some would argue for and dot is nothing here that is not very common in this specific structure. And there isn't a clear rule. And you can think in English of something somewhat similar in what we call phrasal verbs. For learners, I'm not sure if you call them that for English, native speakers, which are those expressions such as e.g. Stand up, stand down, or help up. Help out completely changes the meaning of the verb and you have to use that one if I want to say e.g. stand-up, but if I say I say just stand down or anything else, it's just not going to work the same way. It may mean something quite different. So this is kinda the same thing. You have to remember which preposition you need with that verb if you want to use that construction. Let's see a few examples. And again, whenever you're learning something like this, always think how it will be in English. And the problem is this prepositions do not necessarily translate to English easily, but we'll see examples. So at a very general level, we have three different prepositions, the impaired. These sort of looks like in English in this specific context, is like two and pair is like Pare is like inorder, two or four. So this is kind of how you look at them, although not all verbs behave the same way. And I'm not going to read all of them, but just to make a few examples. We've seen a check, a check to the data, except to go. Here we have the first example, but I checked the key and the RTO. Can we accept that you all go. We cannot use the same infinitive construction because it doesn't work. Material materially. Being challenged, I made 30 admit to lose. This probably makes more sense. I'm sure Kennedy, to try to look e.g. cercariae the cell tower to try to jump, to attempt to jump k that we've seen this many times. K the 3D underpinned by new to ask to go to a restaurant, e.g. we can look at a couple of our RB2. Rc is a reflexive verb, a bit to RC, or maybe mere V2 or V2 or Presto. I get used to sleeping early. You started to help. Are you today? I'm jumping to have to jump on data. We know that probably ready to go to sleep. Then a couple of examples with pair, pair we can use after many verbs whenever we want to use to give this feeling of in order to e.g. manage your pair Nunavut epiphany, I eat in order not to be hungry anymore, or also e.g. GRU top pair. Primo, I help you in order to have you arrive, are finished first. So again, we can use sometimes more than one proposition for the same verb. Generally speaking, remember, d is somewhat, that is somewhat too at Bear is in order to, we have also done, which is not in here, but it's not very common practice with these verbs a little bit because this is a way for you to be more specific about what you want to say is not anymore necessarily subject verb, object, but you can create a more complex things. And again, saying something like, I accept you go, is quite a bit more complex than seeing e.g. I. Go. So it kind of gives you more depth and allows you to express yourself more freely and more naturally. 5. Chiedere e Dare Consigli: So as I speak a lot about grandma or sometimes a question pops in my head and is, okay, I'm talking about all these complex tenses, but what things maybe not be as clear and as thorough about that, maybe very useful. And what are the things I believe happened most often in most directions that you're likely to have an Italian is to ask and to give questions or advice. So let's say you are in Rome and you're looking for good pizzeria, you have to ask somebody, how do you do it? Or let's say that someone asks you, how do you answer? How do you give advice? What do you suggest? How do you say that you do not know? I think that these are fairly straightforward topics. This is not a B2 like the topic, but I think it's a good refresher of how to ask questions and how to answer questions. If you feel like you're confident with what you see on the screen, you can skip this, but it's a good refresher. And again, something that is going to happen fairly often as you speak Italian. First and foremost, whenever we ask a question we remember the w's in Italian. We have key, who? Casa dove it, where? Combi, how? Cuando, when k, y, m, because, and quality, which these words are super important and you should always remember them at all times because whenever you want to ask a question, usually you're going to want to use one of these words and if you choose the wrong one, obviously it's got to be a clear. Second, if you're asking for advice, specifically, something nice that you can do, that you also do an English. You could add conditional as opposed to a present tense. So e.g. instead of asking, where must I go? Where should I go? Instead of saying table and die? You can ask Ray and die, which makes sense because well, the most common uses of the conditional is to ask for advice that would, that could, that short is very useful and it makes the question so nicer and less like me asking you what you ordered me to do, but rather, what should I do? So here we have a few questions, a few things that you might want to ask. This is mostly centered around you being somewhere, not knowing who you are, but obviously there's 1 million different questions and I really recommend you try and practice this as much as you can with different words, birds, and situations. So this is a very good situation in which you can, if you have someone else you learned in Italian with, or if you have a group you are part of role-play. This role-play this because this is kind of situation in which two people even they're both learning. It's easy to create a situation in which you can ask each other questions and kind of understand what's up. So the easiest obviously is cosine. So Jerry, she'll cosine concealing, define what do you recommend or suggest that I do that d Phi. We get to talk about it later. Whites di for two. Keep that in mind. We're going to talk about it a little bit. Do we portray, we'll dove into re die or as we said before, do it parcel table and that conditional whenever you ask, when you should do what it could do, think what it would be in English, right? If it makes sense in English that could be shared with you also use it in Italian at this point, the conditional should not be. A big problem. Is to consider your toes with germane to what's your suggestion? What's your advice? Record that k in Italiano one sensor chain. Remember that Italian while is without the accent because it's not quiet. Quiet. They both exist in Italian is a very common mistake when you spell lawsuit suny New York. What is the best solution? Quality bacteria in the urine, which are what is the best bacteria. Remember dining Italian, bit more precise in English you can say what, which doesn't matter in this case in Italian you cannot see because it's area York City, New York were rather say lawsuits a pizzeria your though they portray on that image again that we're couldn't go to eat. And again, and I can see the fatty talk about that in a second for now. Where should I go to eat? Because aphoristic to suppose she met. What would you do if you were me? We talked about that, that fossae is subjunctive, conjunctive way perfect to the variable S. And Beanstalk request status is a nice touch. I think that this sentence is a very nice touch. That phosphate in, especially, it sounds very nice situation in which you want to ask, what would you do if you were to use that Syngenta? This sounds really, really cool. What is someone is asking for advice instead? How do we reply? So first of all, remember, use something, either a verb or a tense. There is not too harsh sounding. So we don't necessarily want to say go to this pizzeria as opposed to I think you should go or you could go. Or I recommend that you go with the unknown variable coming in. So Crandall and new operator, in my opinion, or second domain. According to me, in my opinion, consider your GRE score. I recommend. Commando recommend. Let's try to make it to where it's not too harsh. I think you should go as opposed to go because obviously, it may in some situations be fine if you're talking to a friend of yours is not going to be a problem. But in other situations you may come across as a little bit too strong. So just in case always err on the side of caution as opposed to going to harsh. There is NPO, settle syntax, Joffre, un re, human, j, u, parallel ray. You don't use any other verb. If I were you, I would. Shannon Cuesta, tutor with the plaza and periodic pathetic. This is an if clause textbook. This gyroscope will be continued di, di, di, di, di. Talk about this later again. But tasty or two rest, rest intermediate potassium, enjoy the rest of the Western diet. Nucleus senior meal. So Jeremy and the dotted demand jotted. Lawsuit suing your best solution, a new operator. Optional. You could add it or not. In my opinion, that whatever your solutions. So again, this is some very simple blueprint for you to create your sentences around. Trying to practice this. Because especially in a situation in which you might need help, It's good to know how to ask for that. Even though you think you know this maybe makes sure you do. 6. Il Congiuntivo Passato: And congenital. A man cannot wait tempi, they've conjunctival movies toy presented to you. In perfect. You said before that there are four different tenses within the subjunctive mode, and these are the other two from Turkey to put them side-by-side if a can or kind of allow you to see them. Because if you see them side-by-side, they're not too scary. It's really We've seen it too hard was snow. The other ones are very similar to e.g. we've just seen the footer, Ontario. It's composite tensors. If you know the symbol tells the composite test is very easy to do. And we'll speak more in detail about which some Jonathan you want to use in a specific situation. But for now, we'll just start to talk about one of the big topics, my opinion to be actually fluid with Italian verbs, which is a good seal. The way that we choose Tennessee's a specific way so that it's very clear the order of things. So let's just leave it at that for now. And to say that we need for subjunctive. Because sometimes you want to be very, very precise about what happened before reaction finished before the next one began. Presumably they share a variable. We can just choose randomly the verb about it, and can see community will pass subtle up there. What is that? That is very simple. There is the conjuctiva presented of the verb, which is the auxiliary of America. And Amato obviously is a potato, particularly per sample. So as you can tell, it's very simple. If you know the codon table presented to metacognitive, open up the Amato Till we can all be above motto. Motto, killer, app, the arrow. We know already the way we made the committee will present them, but just to remind you up there. And then knowing is the same as the present subjunctive, in this case a biotic. And then if we want to do the, never did anything but pretty similar if the passive for so say that I have loved this case, we could say that I M or be loved. We just use the verb essay. Can you see Amato? Amato. Can we see a motto or a matter to Kaohsiung matter, matter, matter. Can we cinematic Walmart it? We set the amount, the automatic, automatic, automatic. Remember that there is no such thing as inclusive language for now in Italian. So we do need to be very specific with the agenda of the religious theory, Meta theory as a variable and Latino infinity scope. But in this case obviously we don't. We just need one because if we know a mighty one verb with SRA as auxiliary, you know everything, because there's no difference. Composite tenses tend to be simpler than simple test is. Because they are more, You just need to know accelerator, which usually an irregular but just to verbs to use them. 7. Il Congiuntivo Trapassato: They were quickly also look at the codon table trappers subtle or some older textbooks might call it. You keep effector, which is a different type of past. And it's made with conjunctival impact factor plus S plus the partnership. You're a subtle queen. You see Amato, Amato kill. We can only Amato, Amato kilo get if you know the quadratic factor, which should, this is going to be very simple. Then we have the same centimeters, then we can just look at Emory in the passive form. Can you foresee a motto or matter? To foresee a motto, motto for somato. Samantha, can you wait for a multi or Mattie giveaway for chlorophyll. So Almaty. For now we will not use much these two tenses, although we will see again if clause and the last one that we have not seen yet. We'll use one of them. But it's good to know that they exist. Now we make them. And if you see it, now you know what it is. If you, if you read something in a series, now you know where it is. 8. Il Periodo Ipotetico: When you do a hypothetical, let's go back to the if clause and a little refresher in Italiana of the TP, the periodic table. Top. The lecture itself, which usually we use indicative for presented, presented, presented with two row, two of the three most common ways to do it. So you pause. So are you today refraction? Present the present indicative. See your patrol uterine Pharaoh. Beautiful to see your post. So you present the foo2. We use the indicative or because it's something that is just a fact, is something that we are stating as absolutely objective, not dependent on context, on the condition or anything else. It's effect. Almost scientific. We would say that we see the second type of various hypothetical which uses subjunctive for the first time. You see a UTI. And this is something that is possible. Um, I might or might not be able to help if I can. And will. It is not as objective anymore as the first type. And we've said before, first and second type. If clause, they might differ very similar. And sometimes the second type, it looks like the first type are looks very impossible. The second is the weird one. The third one, the one we're going to see right now is very, very similar, simple, logically speaking, because it's impossible. It's just not true. We're talking about something that happened usually in the past. And therefore, there is no way that I could do anything about it anymore. E.g. again, we're using the sentence if we've just seen this super tool to go very far. So we know all these tests is now, let's look at the services people to toe is conjunctival shadow of the potato. Using a very ciliary services equal to two. If I had been able or if I could have tRNA or re-factor contra-causal, I would have done something. Could be synodic month. If I could have done something. But I cannot anymore. This isn't the past. This is something that is either impossible or just unreal, not true. It could be made believe it can be storing novel, but it's not a fact. It's either impossible or is not true. So again, some uses of this is something that happened in the past, e.g. Timmy. Or it can be something about history, e.g. if that general knew that they were attacking, it would have defended. But I didn't know. Therefore it didn't defend, were just talking about something that could have happened, but didn't say a basis of Bhutto. He stumbled on a calendar. Every different type of cancer, you would have done something. But you could just continue the sentence and say, but it didn't. So it couldn't do anything. It's just again, something that cannot happen anymore, but could have. 9. Preposizioni Improprie e Locuzioni Prepositive: The store do-it DPD prerequisites hearing, simply chee, complex social equality. Seen two types of proposition that was long time ago. Simple propositions, the Incan super composite or complex propositions, or basically a simple preposition plus an article. So e.g. then they loved the 2 h. And there is actually some additional words that we can use for the same reason. This is similar to English. You can say something like inside. I'm kind of preposition, but it's not quite what we call them in two different possible ways in Italian. Preposition, in Procreate. So kind of weird prepositions, not proper prepositions. And look at suny proposal sounds very complex. They just mean sentences that behave like a preposition. And I think it's just easier to look at them than to try and define what each of them is. But if you want to try and find them, we have prerequisites selling property, which is kind of just adverbs and we're borrowing to use these prepositions. And local training for positive is just different words that we put together. It often includes repositioning, a preposition, same ******, know me, just different things that together behaves as a preposition of good. Let's see examples and kind of thinking English and it will make sense. Repetition in procreate, we can see something like dental, just means inside. The intro is not. But it behaves like one. So you could say e.g. the intro scapula, that looks awfully similar to say, Sulla scapula, which would be a preposition article author. Since soup is a preposition which ventral reasons, but it's the same thing. We have double, as in e.g. dopamine Italian. We have exclusive, excluded or excluding screws automatically be Montana. Someone new title. I am far from you. We have e.g. Bremer remedied or mirror respect, which means compared to, so I'm tall compared to you. So Alto respect to C condo according to e.g. Sacramento, according to me. Sensor without which is the exact opposite of corn, which is a proprietary temperature sensor is not the same pitches based, although it can be used as property selling property. Again, sopra, synonymously, so synonym with of Sue. She is below. So liberalized, so click Download or liberal Soto tabula. Again, we just see noontime will be close to you far from you as an English be chill out, goes too far from it. We can see some local tsunami positive it lists them are longer. Lists, can be very, very long because you can just put words together and they behave as prepositions. But we have just a selection here. We can see something like a casa de because of reserve accounts at me. The back of your throat. I can't have it binding site in this case by the sine of somewhere around me. If you have a binding site, again, very similar to a counter in Italian, would be often users. Hip. The hip improperly is called medical term, but it's what people usually say. Different. They are in front of my kasa, different telephone mature houses in front of or opposite the pharmacy, 40 e.g. for either side of me. In consequence, the consequence of because of our Besides that is NPO shown a personnel committee. So there is a person besides me. Again, these businesses longer. Both Lazar lists are longer and it doesn't really matter, it doesn't matter what they're called. Most Italians probably wouldn't care what they're called. But it's good to see these sentences because their account, these are sentences that I think you will not very commonly see in a list. So we'll make it, I will put together a few exercises for you. Is this because they're very common. So kind of look at them, understand why I put them together, why they're similar in English logic, we'd done better what are called or what the grammar topic is kinda free to practice. Because again, these are things that you will find news very, very frequently. 10. Avverbi (again): Available per lateral, the OB, we have spoken already about adverbs. Krista, slide, sono, nel e star. These two slides are a list of many adverts, many more than we've seen so far. And you will see them that I divided them in categories. That'd be the model has to be the log of the quantity detail. Don't really worry about those. It's just the way we organize them in Italian or any other language. But you don't need to remember them is just kind of they make sense. So it's easier to look at them. And if you want to memorize, I think it's easier. But generally speaking, you don't really care about those. These are very common words. They will be still kill your VRB, Spiegel, be valuable. We've seen that verbs explain the verb. Each of these categories answer to a specific question, so defies the verbena specific direction. A very BD model sort of answer to the question how something is happening. But he's NPO Camino village. I mean, I walk fast or I will quickly that village them into the model and answers to the question, how Camino? I walk here that I've had the logo here, query answers to the question where each of these categories is basically answering to your question. But in general, just remember that adverbs answer to some more additional, more specific question about the verb. In English, often they will end with L-Y, e.g. quickly. Although in English very often, you do not really differentiate between the adverb adjective as much. So e.g. you could say a walk quickly, which is probably the correct way to say it, but it goes to say a walk quick. And most especially I know this is done in some area. Some part of I'm summing we're speaking countries, not necessarily everywhere. And this is going to be okay. Insulin is not. If you say you Camino vulture, it's clear what you mean, but it's always going to be a mistake and is not used at least yet in normal conversation. That LY, which is not always the ending in English, we made the example here, which is not here, Lee here. But these LY in Italian is usually maintained. So the lacI, the adjective below. Chairman. Quick, quickly, it's kinda the same idea for the YAML Queenie. I'll cuny asap. I've ever be the model. How come it? The Lucentio, gentle maintain lane, slowly fade them into coldly. We have been well Molly, poorly or badly. We have insulin or sealants user mentor, Fred, Fred to lose them in a casual, casual mean. So you will see often we have two forms. So it's kind of up to you, whichever you want to remember, learn. You can use both in either in most situations, e.g. instead of saying volute Gmail or you could just say in Model Village in a quick way, that's the same as saying, but legitimate, that sounds absolutely acceptable if fine. That'd be the logo. Dove it where kind of define where something is happening. Examples would be aqua here, Viola, their womb quit everywhere or anywhere. Then it sooner part it nowhere. Sopra up. So top down, then throw inside 40 outside, in front. Behind. That'd be the quanta answer to the question how much? Generally we're talking about unspecified amount, it's unclear modes, multiple code, much little. Tropical tropopause, too much, too little. But Stan sabotage too. Again, very long list. You can go and look them up if you want. A variability input. Cuando. When I'd asked soap or subito immediate, I mean, the only now or very soon prima dog **** for after press too soon or early, late. My same, but it never, always space so often. Again, jot already ultrasonic kind of a judgement, often talking about whether something is possible or not, likely or not, so forth. The most important ones in my opinion would be for separately maintain the chair. Maybe perhaps infinite, be interrogative, exclamatory, average of interrogation or an exclamation. Dmo ultra category. I think their overall usually considered to be nine categories of adverbs. But in my opinion, again, categories that don't really matter as much. It mostly matters that you understand what a verb is, how to use it, and when to use it. And here's kind of a list. Again, check it now and keep it handy because these words are gonna be very commonly used by speakers. And you are going to be finding yourself wanting to use them more and more as you improve your Italian. 11. Verbi Passivi: One of the first things that we learned about verbs is that first I have an auxiliary, which is usually most verbs, sometimes for verbs of movement, changing of evolution. So the normal variable would be your gelato. Whereas if you have Verbal Icon data to go, you would say your sort of data store. Then we'll get to K. Verbal cues. One caveat. A verb using a buret can also have SM. And when that's the case, it becomes a passive form. So instead of saying, I did something, I'm saying that something happened to me. Now, example, I eat the apple would be the active form. And the apple is eaten by me, would be the passive for Infineon. We could say your manager, lamella, lamina image data domain. Now, in English, we deal with in life passive force, lot, especially when we're right. In Italian, I generally would say it's not considered a bad thing to use a passive form even when writing even informal contexts. English is the more formal than we are, the specific regard. So feel free to use passive alive. It's fine. Again, non confirmed the ammo and passive cooling variable. Cuz I say let's not confuse a passive verb using asset. And if you think of all the first that we know that use SRA, They don't really have a tacit. If you say you're sort of data, it cannot pass him to be a passive. How do you suffer? The action of going doesn't make any sense. You're sort of subito, went up, you some shares went down. It cannot be passive. These verbs do not really have a passive, so it's usually fairly self-explanatory. The cuneus AMP, the AMP K column, shallow query variable called Peter. You could be scope, would be the active form. I hit, I hit. So in this case, for the passive form, could veto almost becomes like an adjective, behaves like one, changes you so-called Beta BT competing. And the number n, it just means that someone has hit us obviously as opposed to I hit someone. But it becomes more clear. We'll look at composite test this we will see in a second. In perfect though you could, people TO your arrow could be too acidic at the imperfecta and then the partnership assault. Salary motto, you couldn't be your frequent B2. To look at TiVo, your setup on P2, placebo will be hit. Setup process. You will, you veto a table, your startup called Peter pursue. We see that sort of startle is nothing but the positive of the verb S is nothing but the simple future of the verb S is nothing but the story mountain in general will want to use a passive for what we do is we restate, subject to Louis late so forth that we used in that specific testing. Want to use then the participle of the verb. Obviously, in this case, necessarily, but it can be family, can be similar, it can be plural. So somewhat similar to what we see, e.g. with how we made countless it works. This is why it can be a little bit tricky, because it's a similar idea. How do we make, we just saw cognitive capacity as opposed to cognitive or imperfecta seventh year. So it's very easy to get them confused. Although these are passive forms, that composite force of simple for us. Accordion three, TMP, MOD, cognitive or presented to your biscuit. You see equal P2. Where do people into effector? T or B, C, D loci or full secret veto. Continuity with a subtle cue. Sequence, beta. Okay, you foresee startled when P2 infinitum veto, veto placebo condition only present. It could be a circle p to pursue. Eternally pasado your record, peter, you're suddenly start to compete. I think what we just did here, it's a very good exercise to try and quickly be able to tell, first of all, what the passive form of specific tense is for Verbit, whatever you want to study. And also the opposite thing, read one of these and tell quickly whether it's active or passive and roughly what tests we're talking about. Be also aware. If you want to use a verb, you need to use a test that makes sense. That is right. If you just want to understand it. As far as your understanding, it's a past and instead verb and it's a passive. Your K Edo care whether it's personal or imperfecta. So kind of think about what you want to be able to do. And remember that if you do not want to learn the passive, to actively use a passive, just flip the sentence as opposed to say that Apple is eaten by me. You can just make it into an active form and you say, I eat the apple, which again, when you speak, makes a lot more sense, but you need to understand and the verb is passive if you hear something because it completely changes the meaning of the whole sentence. 12. Indicativo Trapassato: If you've ever looked at a table of the categories, you've seen a different tenses. So we said indicative of a model is a mode. It has eight tensors. Knowing their BMI obesity same, presented in perfect to Mato Grosso. Ambition. For simple tensors to composite tenses obviously means that there is two more composite tenses that we've not seen. One that is the composite tense of the perfect. One that is the composite tells of the past Saturday model became a capacitor process. You remoter. Christie, Tim P in Italiana should totally non quasi. You delay male nor the pseudo. It's very old something it's not commonly used. Although since you've seen the whole thing, maybe you want to know what the last two tenses of indicative are. If you don't care about how you can skip this, it's probably not going to be important. Who's talking to psi Comey firing at this point, if you understood how we make copies it tenses, you could easily understand how we make capacitor is the capacitance of the vector. What we do is we will use the imperfecta auxiliary verb, the participle of a sudden. They say for a capacitor remote repository motto of reverb and bacteria. Do I say epidemic procedure to remote to my journey. Your enrollment data available in perfect. But it should be positive. We are developing G2, G2, G2, G2, G2 to obesity Magento, we add bit congenital. A moment. G2, we have esteem and G2, M Biro. Why do we need this? We will see in a second a little bit more about how we put sentences together. We said Italians and very specific different tenses mean slightly different things as to what happened before and what happened after. 13. Uso dell'Infinito: Let's see only are there more parallel to do novel studied infinity. We mentioned more than once the infinitive, even saying that we could have passive for the infinitive, which kind of weird. And the point is that in Italian we use infinitive a lot more than we do in English. Infinitive replaces in English Something like to eat, which is the actual infinity English, but also something like eating. Whereas in English you would say eating often that in a few situations that eating becomes majority in Italian and not my job. Churn is not as common in Italian as it, as it is in English. So in this kind of a non-exhaustive list of ways we can use the infinitive. We can find the infinitive, the protocols. And if you need to know the first thing, if fictive carry place and now often that now does not really exist. So you can say something in English like eating is important. In Italy would say majority important. That is because we do not quite have a null for the action of eating. You cannot really say mine just C1A over my job. Anything like that. It does not exist. So to replace nouns that we do not really have are not common. We can use an infinitive in Italian and either adherence or an infinitive in English. Again, replacing anomalies can also be the subject or the object of the sentence. Another example here can be cantata, Jakarta. For me, this case is we use a verb as a subject before the verb is unknown substance. And again, in English it could be the same, or singing to play or playing. Usually, I think I would already, you use a gerund in English, but I guess both work. We've seen in imperative or the cathedral, not too long ago. You could say non jarring. When it's talking to one person, you to eat, you, one-person. Infinity to persevere. Really help us to make specific instructions. In English, we certainly can show want and so forth in Italian. Here of this, some of them can be debated. They may spit on in Saudi, and these can be followed by an infinitive. Seen in a previous slide that a lot of verbs can become severely and can help to make more complex structures. And we set those verbs can be followed by an infinitive verbs. Is it exactly the same? Here's a milliliter of vertices can behave the same way, but usually we've seen this with two very generic. They don't always have to be three, which are the most common types of suddenly, we have an infinitive. In this case, with firms that are not too terrible, elevator or any other of these verbs that can behave to help other verbs. Patella, the variable area. We do not need to worry about what I'm about to say. But the other verbs, yes. Let's be careful because you can see something like Soviet very. That means I know that I, IT side every month jar to euro that you have eaten. It needs to be, to use the infinitive image to be the same subject. Two sentences you saw kidney or Magento equals soviet that image2. And you want to say something like shock a two-way ANOVA, you eight, I cannot do this anymore because otherwise it's not clear what I'm referring to. But this is not a problem. Put oedema, appointment, Jarrod, your customer journey poem and Java doesn't change. But these other verbs, such as superior, e.g. being silent, sporadic, that's a problem. Then there are some other random forms in which we can use this. You can think in English, imagine parlor before eating. Eating is the same thing again, Invitrogen that instead of going, basically whenever we use the I-N-G form in English, the present continuous for except what we're saying, I am going to store that. In which case we do not use infinitive, we use the German, Italian as well. So your store, Dundalk, pretty muddy in English would be the same. I am going but before speaking would be the same for it isn't. 14. Concordanza dei Tempi (Indicativo): Topic is something that we have discussed before in this course. Consequences in Latin, concordance at the Tempe in Italian. So this is the way we connect two different sentences. And we use verbs that tell us something more about what happened before, when they happen at the same time. Now, this is a more important topic in Italian, is in English, we are more specific and precise about that. Obviously, it's to speak proper, correct Italian. If you do not use this perfectly, people will understand you so to speak correctly. This is the way we usually use them. Now, this is obviously simplifying. The topic is a lot longer and they just put a third sentence in the present tense. You saw. In a sentence in the past tense, use appeal. Generally speaking, for the future, we don't really worry too much about this. There are a few rules that will spit a lot of different tenses and things happened with death, e.g. we have a conditional present condition, pass conditional. Things happen. But generally speaking, this is what you need to know at the beginning and then later you can go ahead and we'll talk more about this, maybe in a future course for now, this is enough to start with the present. Let's make an example first of all, in English. So let's say that you want to say, I know that you are here, e.g. what we want to say, I know that you were here or I know that you will be here. E.g. you have two sentences. I know that you are here and we'll connect in this case, we have that integration, as we said before, you don't really care too much. As long as it's clear what happened. When. Instead we tend to be more specific and more precise. So let's say that the main sentence, so the first one, the one on which the second one depends. This case, you saw is the present tense. Your socks appear present tense indicative. Let's see about the subjunctive in a second because it's slightly different indicative for now. So far to say that I know something that happened in the past. I could say you saw Kayla Giotto or you're talking about jargon. If it's at the same time, you socket to managing your socket to stay on Jamendo. If it's in the future, is the future tense. Simple future use document generally, this, this is the most straightforward case possible, and we have a present tense indicative. And then it just, it makes sense. Everything is just related to today. So it's straightforward, It's what you would expect. But let's look at the case in which the main sentence is in the past tense. So think in English, use a table or you're also Pluto. Still use. It's just more common to say that you also put them. So if you say I knew that, then what you knew could be something that was before, during or after. So how would you do in that case? Before? So thinking English, what would you say? I knew that you had eaten e.g. what do you do that same thing in Italian. We would say use a table to RAM and Java will put to my job. But in this case we prefer the first one. We get two other images of capacity crossing, which is so this is the most common use. My opinion of the capacitor. What is the difference? Tells me that that action eating happened before the knowing. So I knew that you had eaten that second action, the eating happened before. I state something in the past. Kind of confusing, is the past of the past that makes sense, then we can do something that happened at the same time. I knew that you were eating e.g. some people get to Punjabi. We can do in perfecting, perfect in this case, okay, to start in on John, in this case, to show something that is even more. At the same time, it exactly as I speak, it was happening. Then we have something like I knew that you would have fit. So I'm talking about knowing in the past, but something that already happened. But it happened after I knew that it will happen. When I knew it, it didn't happen. It hadn't happened yet, but it was going to happen before. But for right now, so is the future of the past, but it's still the past compared to today. Kind of gets complicated, but the test is fairly straightforward. To estimate Java and English. I know you would have eaten. It's the same tense. It's computationally subtle. Stephen gelato would have eaten is the same thing. In this case anytime English and in Italian, we say in any other way, this is the way we know that both actions or in the past, but this will happen before the 18th. 15. Concordanza dei Tempi (Congiuntivo): Foreseeable continuity, cornea, conjunctiva, color concordance or the DMP, quadruped deal with these two equilibrium TiVo. Most of all, for now, at least, corn beans. So credo and other verbs that express hypotheses, uncertainty, doubt. So these are the data and decide to use the verb inside as the main sentence. Again, just like for the in-degree zero, we have two main centers. I think in this case. And that some secondary sentence, which is what we think. I think that and that's something else. We'll do the same thing that we did before. So we will try to do this in present tense. I think in the past is I thought for things that happened before, during or after. So again, these rules can be broken, can be bent. But let's say that if you want to make sure that you speaking properly, you can follow them. And it's never mistake basically to do these things. Presented. Green channel can represent you pay. So if the action happened before being subject to IBM, and I think that you have eaten. At the same time, you're playing soccer to manage. Okay, to Stephen John Doe. And in the future, you're took it to my Jedi. So the feature is pretty simple now July, simple, future is the same as the previous class because we don't have a future and a substantive future intelligent as other languages do, we didn't do that, so it's fine, easy. When it's due before we use what we know as continuity, what pasado, and when it's at the same time, we use the conjuctiva, present it to our shadow. A subtle mind g. So again, where we have your pins. So the past is going to be 100% of the project is going to be a congenital present, and the future is going to be indicative of food tour. We can now look at the other case. So when the main centers is in the past or in this case it's an imperfect European cell. Again, we're going to use agentive. And we can have the same three situations before, during, after, before Europeans traveled to I thought that you had eaten when I started. You had eaten before. My thought is a passage way in the past. Your pencil to man, just see, okay, to specimen jar. I thought that you ate or we're eating. In this case, you could be eating, right? Right. Thought it or it doesn't really matter what happened before after It's just roughly roundabout at the same time. I'm not putting an effort in specify what happened before you meet thinking that you are eating or eating. Then for the future. In this case, we can now just use a simple same teacher, a simple future. We have to use something different that we're using, in this case, a conditional pass condition. You've been several key to average magenta. Now, in this case, if we said something like you've been selected to manage, it, sounds a little bit funny because I've seen that in the past I thought you will eat. But the future in which you eat happened right now when I talk about me thinking in the past. So it's kinda weird because I'm not really sure what you're referring to. Tell me why are you using these two tensors? Instead of saying something different. I mean, it makes sense in some situations, right? But usually you would rather say something different, which is the future in which you would have been eating. Also in English, it's getting a bit confusing. It wasn't the future of that passed in the majority far been subjected to average demand gelato. Two days ago, I thought that yesterday you would have eaten. If you think about it in English, it makes sense we would have eaten, which is roundabout, the same as I've read Steven Jobs to the conditional past personal issue in Italian. Again, if we're talking about the future, we're not as concerned about the future and what happens before and after in the future. So in this case, you could just say something like Europeans settle. Manager I basically in all three situations, if it's really important what happened before and what happened after, we can just use the plural anterior, e.g. your European Sarah. To override my job, I will know that you will have eaten. So by the time I know or think about that you will have eaten, you eat before. And I know about your eating later. Future, what things have not happened yet, but you eat before that. I know or think that you ate. Again, they can, this can get very confusing. So my strong recommendation restrict to do this. Try to stick to this as much as you can. Miss. A lot. Easier for people to understand what you're saying. And this is really powerful because it really allows you to express complex thoughts in Italian in a way that is clear. And you do not necessarily, always want to use these complex instructions. When you do, you want to be careful because otherwise again, very quickly gets confusing. What happened before, what happened after, or while you're putting your stress and attention on a specific test. And maybe it's not what you mean. You know, slightly changes the meaning or it's something that is useful to speak. Very, very good Italian tried to practice this as much as you can. But most important of all, try to think what would be in your own language. Try to think how you would say in your own language and try to connect. That tends to correct as entirely. Again, I have English examples here. If your native language is not English, I tried to think how he would be in your own native language. And that's going to make it a lot easier to kind of memorize where you should go. 16. Conclusione: I finito, Spiro get lab yet Roboto is called salt in it. I hope that you found the course to be useful. I thought for a long time to find a phrase with a suggestive that I could use there. So this is the end of this course. And I really hope it was helpful for you. I really hope it helped to understand better. Really at this point, you're learning new topics, but you can just straightening out what you already know and hopefully starting to be able to speak and write, and read and listen a little bit better. So what do we recommend now? Do not go ahead and learn a bunch of new stuff like what you know. Now. If you, if you really were a bit to level, which probably aren't. I mean, you can be grammar wise, but you're not going to be speaking wise because you're not speaking was probably taking a course online. If you are a B2 level, you could already get a job in Italy. This is how good your Italian is with, could be with the grammar that you know so far. Do not go ahead and learn new grammar. Make sure you understand what it is so far, read as much as you can speak, as much as you can, write, as much as you can. Listen, as much as you can. Try to practice, learn new vocabulary. You do not need new grabber as much as you need new vocabulary. So if you're in Duolingo and you stopped using it, I know you did go back to Duolingo and learn vocabulary. If you finish the tree with Duolingo, you will know about 2000 words. Respect to 1,000 words is pick Italian. Now, obviously going to be writing novels in Italian, but you're gonna be able to, again, work, function in Italian, which is absolutely insane. So do not jump into adding new stuff. Just make sure you understand the topics. So far this grammar is enough. So, so far there is not. At the time I'm recording this. There is not another course and you can take to learn yet new grammar. I will think of other things that I can add kind of on the side. But let me repeat. Do not make the mistake of wanting to learn new topics, learn words, and use them as much as you can, practice as much as you can. This is massively important according to our galaxy. Once again, thank you for sticking with me throughout this whole course. I know it's long. I enjoyed making it. I hope you enjoyed watching and learning from it. Please do me a favor, do yourself a favor. You made it this far. Do not stop style. Do not stop studying Italian, carve out a little bit of time every day. Can not every day. A few times a week, five-minutes, 10 min, do something, please do not stop learning Italian because at this point, the time energy, effort you put into this, it would be foolish not to be fluid. And please, if you have any feedback, get in touch with me. I love to talk with people that take this course and to be able to improve it. So I'm always a message away, send me a message, and I will be very happy to chat. Thanks a lot for being here. I will see you around.