Transcripts
1. Introduction to the Dell Hymes Speaking Model Framework: Welcome to this course. Do you ever wonder how to communicate so that
people will listen? How do you speak, so that you increase
the chances of getting the outcome
that you desire. How do you speak so that your communication partner is receptive to what you're saying. We answer all of these
questions and more. In this Dell hims speaking
model web course. In this course, you'll
learn the ins and outs of this amazing
communication framework. To improve your
communication skills, you'll be able to apply it to different communication
settings and two different
cultural contexts for both business interactions as well as casual communication. The speaking model,
which is a pneumonic, meaning each letter
stands for a word, was developed by the
sociolinguist del hims to analyze speech events
in social interaction, the speaking model is part of
an ethnography of speaking. We can utilize this
tool to communicate better, understand
interpersonal relationships, decode power dynamics in
groups and speech communities, and discover important
insights on cultural values. The beauty of this model
is its versatility. It can be applied in any communication settings
so that you can speak as efficiently and
effectively as possible. We will be doing a
deep dive with each of the eight components that comprise the speaking framework. And to solidify the concepts, I'll be giving you concrete
examples of each component, drawing both from business
and casual contexts. In a nutshell, the
speaking model teaches us how to communicate. By mastering the eight components
of the speaking model, we can maximize the
effectiveness of our interactions with
other human beings. This is a framework
for everyone. It helps both the
native speakers and non-native speakers alike. While most native
speakers might know intuitively how to communicate
based on the situation, there are still a number of people who would
benefit from knowing this model and applying it to their own social interactions. With that said, you will
find this web course valuable if any of
the following apply. You want to become sharper, more effective
communicators socially and in the workplace. You want to think and
speak on your feet. You sometimes feel
socially awkward in social situations
and conversation. And you want to
remedy that you are a non native English speaker who wants to communicate smoother, more fluently and native-like, whether it be for
work or for fun. If any of these skills
are important to you, you found the right course.
What are you waiting for? Jump into the next lesson
to get started with your mastery of the Dell
hims speaking model.
2. Module 1: Scene & Setting: Module One, S for
scene and setting. The first component of the
Dell Heim speaking model is about the scene and setting
of the speech event. You can think of this as the actual physical location
of where you find herself, but scene and setting can also
refer to virtual settings. Think about an online
video call where you are engaging in a
professional activity, such as a business
meeting or interview. The setting would be
the virtual realm regardless of your
physical location. Whether it's
physical or virtual, think about the following. In what setting are
you communicating? What's the context? Try to engage the
five senses for the location the interaction
is taking place in. Even if you aren't
physically there. How does it smell? At a bakery? It could smell of
pastries and butter. At a coffee shop, there might be a strong
sense of coffee. Are your taste buds
engaged in any way? Are you eating or
drinking something? Are you holding a warm beverage? How does the mug
feel in your hand? How does eating and
drinking affect your ability to communicate? Do a body scan. What emotions are running through you at a
cafe with friends, you might be nibbling
on a croissant and drinking a warm matcha
green tea latte. In this setting,
you are at ease, feeling calm and relaxed as you catch up
with your friends. But now, let's
change the setting. Let's instead say you're
having an interview at a cafe. You order a coffee, but you are so nervous
that you barely touch it. In this context, you're
not really at a cafe. Instead, in your mind, your location is an interview. The fact that the interview
is taking place in a cafe is secondary because you are so focused on acing the interview. So as you can see in some ways, scene and setting can
even be a state of mind. The things we do in a
setting, for instance, eating a pastry at a cafe, anchor us to our location. It reminds us of the
environment that we're in. This is important because it
helps us understand how to communicate in a way that's
appropriate for the context. For example, are you
in a business setting, a casual setting,
a neutral setting? A business setting could be
an office or a boardroom. There, you know, the communication protocol
will be more reserved, professional, and polished,
perhaps even distant. In a casual setting, you might be in a T salon, your home, or at
a friend's house. Those settings would set a more casual tone where
you feel more relaxed, friendly, and at ease. Then there is a neutral setting. It could be either
business-like or casual, depending on your intention. For instance, we
tend to think of a coffee shop as
being more casual. However, if you're doing an interview there or
have a business lunch, then it immediately sets
a more professional tone. So to wrap this
section up, remember, scene and setting provide
important information for how you will be communicating
during that interaction. This is particularly important
in virtual settings, where the setting is dictated more by the
context or purpose of the online interaction
rather than the physical location
of your computer.
3. Module 2: Participants: Module two, P for participants. The second component
of the Dell hi, I'm speaking model
is participants. The participants are
the individuals who are engaged in the conversation when you're speaking to someone, you and that other person
are the participants. We can also refer to
participants as interlocutors, conversation partners,
and listeners. In a business meeting, the participants
usually tend to be clients, colleagues,
potential clients, shareholders, employers,
employees, HR professionals, work friends, mentors, people you meet
at networking events. People you do business with, venture capitalists, et cetera. In casual settings. Participants can
include friends, family, acquaintances,
comrades, etc. Generally speaking, they're
people you already know well and share a
close bond with. Importantly, participants
can also refer to potential future
communication partners, meaning people with whom you are about to engage in
conversation but have not yet. For example, at a
networking event, there are many potential
communication participants that you might interact with. While potential participants aren't technically participants. Until you interact with them, you can proactively incorporate them into your speaking model to ensure a better
conversation when you do eventually
interact accordingly, this component of
the speaking model requires that you carefully
think about the people with whom you are
speaking before engaging in conversation or during
social interaction, tried to learn as
much information about the participants
as possible. This will help
establish rapport. And rapport is in
fact central to the participants component
of the speaking model. Rapport is what creates
familiarity and enables us to have a good
opinion of the person. And they, us, it is
what encourages us to keep cultivating that
relationship or friendship. Rapport is the sense
of fondness that you have for the person
and they have for you. Just think of how
much more enjoyable it is to have a
conversation with someone you like rather than someone you don't
like very much. The former can make
it challenging to find what to talk
about the ladder, facilitate smooth communication that's effortless and flowing. So similar to setting, participants is
critical for setting the appropriate tone for a
successful conversation.
4. Module 3: Ends: Module three, e Firenze. The third component
of the Dell hi, I'm speaking model is ends. What are the ends with
regard to a conversation? Ends refers to the goals or objectives of the conversation. Why are you having this
conversation in the first place? What do you hope
to get out of it? What outcome do you
want after having that conversation or
exchange of information? What is the main point
you'd like to get across? What do you hope to learn from the participant or the speech
act that you're engaged in. For example, if
you're in a lecture, the end is to learn from the professor who is imparting
their knowledge to you. If you're in a business
meeting about arrays, the end could be
that you convince your boss to give you a raise. If you're giving a sales
pitch for a potential client, the end could be securing the client because they
loved your sales pitch. Put simply to understand ends. Think about the
reason you're having this conversation or engaging
someone in an exchange. The reason or purpose of the communication is the
outcome you hope to achieve. This is the overarching goal of that specific
social interaction. Sometimes ends are
stated clearly. For example, at a meeting, someone might hand you
a piece of paper with the agenda written
in bullet points. This is when the purpose of the meeting or conversation
is implicitly stated. In most other cases, it's less obvious
and you'll need to decode the ends by paying attention to the other elements of the speaking model framework. Or if you're delivering
the message, you need to be crystal clear about what you
want to communicate. This is why having a mental
outline in your head enabling you to think before you
speak is so powerful. It forces you to
have a goal in mind, the end, and build your
case for that argument. Points by points. In a meeting that you
have every week for work, it's rather obvious
that the ends are to stay informed about the
team's progress on projects, to learn about any
issues that week, and to cover any other
business that has to do with a team or
projects being worked on. Essentially, it's a
team wide check-in, but in a meeting
that gets called out of the blue with no agenda, circulate it ahead of time. It might not be as clear
what the ends are. And that can be problematic
because you end up with a disorganized meeting that
waste everyone's time. Just think about
how many meetings you've attended where you leave, scratching your head, thinking. Now, what was that all about? Or mid meeting you contemplate, what's the point
of this meeting. The ends might be also
clear when you send a calendar invite and share
the subject of the meeting. Otherwise, if non
specified than people might have to derive the
ends for themselves, which would be less ideal. There are different
ways of learning the purpose behind the
communication exchange. You can be explicitly
told what the purpose is, either directly through
spoken words or indirectly through a calendar invitation or email Slack notification. But you could also implicitly
understand the ends. When the ends are implicit during or after engaging
in the conversation, you will deduce the outcome of the meeting or communication
based on what is being said, how it's being communicated, and by whom the message
is being relayed. As we discussed though, this can be sub-optimal given that it could
lead to confusion. So as a savvy communicators, you know the importance of defining the ends
in communication. When you speak, share a
message, hold a meeting, and anytime you want to
get your point across, you can be explicit
about the ends. If you're not sure
how to address the ends in a
specific situation, try answering the question. Why are we taking the
time to interact here? That will help guide
you towards getting to the overall point
of the interaction. To further illustrate ends, Let's run through a
few more examples in both business and
casual settings. In an interview, when you share your elevator pitch and answer, tell me about yourself. The purpose is to get hired. Your goal is to come
across as professional, likable and as a good
fit for the company. So the ends in this situation is to
pass the interview with flying colors and ultimately get offered a job
at that company. If your boss calls
you into their office unexpectedly and you're
not sure what they want. The end of this communication
situation is to discover what your
boss needs from you based on their
tone of voice, body language, and word choice, you can quickly decipher
what the end is. Note though, that in
this case the end could be different for
the other participant. After all, your end is to figure out what your boss needs. Whereas your boss's end could
be a specific task like preparing a client pitch or analyze the performance of
a recent product launch. So the ends of the participants could be slightly
different at the outset. But often, once the participants had a chance to interact, the n's converge on a single purpose or
shared understanding. Now, let's look at an example. In a casual setting, you call a friend
up out of the blue. For you. The purpose
of that call is to invite them to your
house warming party. When they picked up. Their purpose was to hear
how things were going and to see if you got settled
into your new apartment. So in this instance, the purpose of the
conversation is different for each participant. Though it's worth
noting that the ends do probably converge on
catching up with each other. Let's now say that you
and your friend meet in-person for no specific
reason other than to hang out. In this scenario, you implicitly have shared ends with the
purpose of catching up. While you might not have particular news that
you want to share with each other during the
course of the conversation, you will share information organically as one
does with friends. And thus, even though it
was not explicitly stated, the purpose could
be to cultivate the bond between you
and your friend. Another informal example
for ends is when a friend or sibling calls you to vent about something
that happened at work, the end for them is to get what bothers them
off their chest. The end for you is to calm them down and remind them
how great life is. In both of these casual cases, the agenda is implicit
rather than explicit. And that's okay in
a casual setting. After all, the goal in most cases is really just
to spend time with one another and enjoy
each other's company which don't require
a specific agenda.
5. Module 4: Act Sequence: Module for a, for Act sequence. The fourth component
of the Dell hi, I'm speaking, model
is act sequence. The sequence is the order or
flow of the conversation. In clear communication, there is a sequential order to how
we convey our thoughts. If our message is out-of-order, then it can cause miscommunication,
confusion, or chaos. By contrast, when communication respects the rules of the
sequence, it runs smoothly. Have you ever heard of the
phrase complement sandwich? This is a structure
for providing constructive feedback
or criticism, where you could send which a criticism
between two compliments. So in this sequence of
a compliment sandwich, we would first deliver a
complement to the person, followed by the criticism, and then end with another complement so that the exchange can
end on a high note, that flow is act sequence. What if we didn't follow
the ACK sequence here? Suppose we started right out of the gate
with a criticism. We could hurt the recipients
feelings and cause them to not properly
internalize our feedback. After all, when people
become defensive, they become much less receptive
to conflicting ideas. It is important to
respect the act sequence. But the sequence often isn't as explicit as it is in a
compliment sandwich. More often, there is an
unwritten rule about the logical and sensical
flow to the conversation. People who seem to magically be better communicators
typically have a very good feel for this, whereas people who struggle
with communication generally have trouble creating
a logical act sequence. Interestingly, your
state of mind can have a big impact on your ability to form a proper Act sequence. In particular, if you listen to someone who loses their temper, you might find their words
stopped making sense. This is because their anger is disrupting their ability
to think clearly, produce the correct
ordering of thoughts. If you've heard the phrase, to lose your train of thought, that's exactly what
is happening here. The train represents
the act sequence. On the other hand, if you listen to an
expert discuss a topic that they are intimately familiar with and
passionate about. You might find they can produce a beautifully crafted
explanation of complicated concepts
with crystal clarity simply because they have such a deep understanding
of what it is they're talking about
if we are unaware of the acts sequence in
a given scenario. And effective strategy
is to follow the lead of the person who is the authority
figure or main speaker. This authority figure could be a boss who's leading a meeting, or a hiring manager who's
conducting the interview, the professor holding a lecture or a moderator
running the panel. If you are the one speaking
and you find you are losing control of
the act sequence. Don't be afraid to
pause and reorient yourself and the people
listening to you. You might also
periodically check for comprehension to ensure
everyone is on the same page. If something is out-of-order, it might not be a big deal
provided that the person in charge is able to get
things back on track. But if they are unable to, then chaos and
confusion can ensue, which often results
in miscommunication and in worst-case
scenarios, conflict. Let's now have a look
at a few examples of Acts sequence in action. In a business meeting, you first start with
greeting everyone, then you move on to handing out the agenda or stating the
purpose of the meeting. So people know why
there's a meeting, then the person who
called the meeting will share their remarks or concerns. Afterwards, they open
the floor to questions, feedback, or other
comments people may have. Once everyone's voice is heard, you can allocate some time
to any other business or a. B if a topic needs to be discussed but wasn't
on the meeting agenda, there a chance for people
to voice those concerns, then end with a final wrap-up. You remind people that the meeting minutes
will be emailed and they can follow up with any additional
questions or concerns. Finally, you close the
meeting up by giving a positive word
of encouragement. Do you see how nicely
this meeting flows? It's structured, yet it
also leaves some room for spontaneity because when you open the floor to
the other members, they can speak
their mind freely. You don't know what
they're going to say, but the majority of the time
people will stay on topic. However, with
spontaneous speaking, there is always a chance that people will veer
away from the topic. If anyone gets off track, the person in charge
of the meeting can gently remind people
the purpose of this meeting and ask them
to hold off on that topic until the any other business
portion of the meeting. Since in this scenario we have a clear act sequence to
enforce smooth interactions, we ensure a high likelihood
of a productive meeting. Of course, there can be some variance within how
one holds a meeting, but the key to success is a well-thought-out act sequence that is properly enforced. Now, let's take a
look at an example of Acts sequence. In an interview. During an interview, the hiring manager might start
off with some small talk. This is designed to warm
up the conversation. It sets both parties at ease. It also begins building rapport between the hiring
manager and the interviewee. Then the hiring
manager will move on to asking questions
about the candidate. This is often some form of
tell me about yourself. Then they'll proceed to assess the skills that qualify
you for the job. When they've run through
all of their questions, they'll ask you if you have
any questions for them. Of course, it would be wise
for you to come prepared with questions and you'd
pose them at that time. Finally, there is a moment where you thank them
for their time. And after your interview, you send a thank you email and allude to next steps
or a follow-up. This is a typical act
sequence of an interview. In this case, breaching
the act sequence could be disruptive
to the interview. For example, you wouldn't typically ask your questions at the beginning
of the interview. After all, it is you who
is being interviewed. And they have specific territory that they want to cover in
a limited amount of time, disregarding that might come
across as inconsiderate. Now, let's look at a
more casual example. When you haven't seen a
friend for several months, you probably would not start by telling them
something upsetting or emotional that could come across as too abrupt and unpleasant. Instead, you would probably start by asking how the
other person is and proceed to give a recap of the last few months since
last seeing each other. Then you might talk about
something more recent or some exciting news like a
promotion and engagement, a baby on its way, or some other happy news. After all of that, you might finally drift into something sad or frustrating. Now that the conversation is sufficiently fluid and
the participants are fully engaged and ready to discuss heavier subjects
with casual conversations, the order of the acts
sequence might not be as strict or structured as a
business meeting or interview. However, there should still be a clear beginning,
middle, and end. Most of the best
conversations tend to have a distinct
ACK sequence to them. Speaking of stories,
you can think of successful storytelling
as another example of sequence in a story. We've got a very clear
picture of the beginning, middle, climax,
denouement, and end. If a story is told out of order or the punchline is
given away too soon, the story loses its effect
on listeners and doesn't properly convey the message
or moral of the story. A good story that follows the act sequence rule also
incorporates small tangents or comedic asides that
provide a brief rest for the listeners and help recenter
them on what comes next. A natural storyteller
knows when and how to pepper those
gems into the story.
6. Module 5: Key: Module five, K for key. The fifth component
of the Dell hi, I'm speaking model is key, like the key and music key in the speaking model refers to the tonality of
a conversation. What kind of vibes are you
getting from the conversation? What vibes or you, yourself imbuing in
the conversation? Are they pleasant vibes
or not so pleasant vibes? And when we dive
a little deeper, key has three
distinct components. First, we have the tone of
the conversation as a whole, which represents the general overall
sentiment of the discussion. Then we have the tone of the
individual participants, which might be noticeably
different from each other. And finally, we have the
spirit of the conversation, which refers to the
intended feel of the conversation
that the speakers aspire for it to strike. All of this combined together makes the key as
social creatures, we pick up on the
key rather quickly. Humans are intuitive with
social interactions, especially if we
open our intent and allow ourselves to tap into
this ancient software. Remember, we once
lived in tribes with only grunts and body
language to communicate. So we needed to be really attuned to the tone and
intention of others. Not every instance of
communication has a unique key. For example, expressing sympathy and apologizing will
have a similar key. Tones of voice, spirit and manner will be similar
in both speech acts. That said, apologizing and complementing will have
very different keys. What would complementing
be similar to? Probably congratulating someone? So if you think of the general nature and
vibe of the speech act, you'll know what key to use. Again, we'll be able to do this naturally if we're
paying attention. If you are not sure what key is required in that
particular speech act, then follow the speakers, lead. If they are joyful, be joyful. If they're subdued, be subdued. If they've turned serious, suddenly, you turn
serious with them. Match their tone. Use similar pacing and
use similar volume. Pay attention to
their nonverbal cues. Mirror their body language, facial expressions and gestures. If you don't know what key is appropriate for the
given speech act, you'll find your answers
and how the speaker, as well as other participants
are behaving or reacting. There is something
important to note here. However, there could
be an outlier. For example, if there
is a meeting and people tend to be mellow
and professional, but one person is enraged
and has an outburst. Be sensible about whose
key you're going to match. Are you going to
match the outliers key or the rest of the group? Probably the rest of the group. Of course, every
situation merits its own examination
and treatment. But if you are uncertain
how to behave, look for the leader and
subsequently the group. If your goal is to strengthen the existing vibe of
the conversation, just try to match the key
of the other participants. Or conversely, if your goal
is to disrupt the vibe, which is sometimes important, if you find others
are being complacent, you can adopt a
distinctly different key than the group to
catch their attention. Now, let's take a look at a
few examples of key inaction. Your boss tells you
solemnly that they have some unfortunate
news to share. You immediately adopt
a more concern tone and slow your pace of speech and quiet your body language. You're picking up on what key to adopt based on the
behavior of your boss. Or imagine you're
in an interview. The hiring manager speaks with
excitement in their voice. Using big animated gestures
and appears jovial. You want to match that
tone to indicate that you feel their excitement
and are on the same page. Or imagine you're in a meeting and it's your
first day on the job, you haven't had
the opportunity to meet anyone other
than your supervisor. You observe how the
others are behaving, reacting, speaking, How were
they comport themselves? What body language are
they using to enhance their verbal communication
or they goofy or serious? Are there any
outliers in the room? Why is there an outlier? How do the others
treat that outlier? Before you know
the personalities of each communication
participant, there is still a lot of
information that you can glean from the situation. Your job is to remain alert, ears and eyes open, be receptive to changes
in key and follow up with the key that feels most
appropriate at that given moment. And of course, whatever key
you choose always remained respectful to all participants,
even the outliers. Now, let's look at
a casual example. If you noticed you're
usually Pepe friend, seems to be speaking slower and in deeper
tones than usual. That sets you on alert. You notice they're
nonverbal communication also looks off kilter. At this point. You know that there's
something wrong. You can tell all of this without them even
saying a word to you. This is because you are a
tuning yourself to their key, which in this case is nonverbal. This example is testament to the fact in social interaction. So much can be
conveyed through tone of voice and nonverbal
communication. We must not overlook
how much information we can glean from body
language and gestures. Now let's look at a
completely different example where a friend who's
usually rather subdued and quiet is extremely expressive
using big gestures, you even notice there's
a PEP in their step. They are speaking louder than usual and also using
a quicker pace. You know that this red is
excited about something. And that's just what you've
gathered from the key, the key of the conversation. And their key is also what's
going to make you stop and think and decide how you'll proceed with the rest
of the conversation. In both business and
casual contexts. A good general rule
of thumb is to try to match the
other person's k0. Through this type of mirroring, we can fortify our
connection and rapport with the
other participants.
7. Module 6: Instruments: Module six, I instruments. The sixth component
of the Dell hi, I'm speaking model
is instruments. Instruments refers to
our communication style and language forms that
we use to communicate. It also includes the registers, meaning the level of formality
in the conversation. In linguistics, the
register we use is inextricably linked
to the setting and location we
find ourselves in, as well as to the participants. For example, if we are at Buckingham Palace taking an
audience with the queen, we will be using a
formal register. It would be very different
from being at home, watching movies with
our best friends. According to Martin juice, there are five kinds of registers used in
social interaction. Frozen and static
register, formal register, consultative register, casual register, and
intimate register. Let's take a closer look at each the frozen or static register. The frozen or static
register refers to language that is not
intended to change. Think of the language
of holy texts, prayers, constitutions, historical
texts, and documents. The wording and verbiage of these texts will
remain the same. Throughout time. It will not be altered and
it will not be changed. For example, the Bible, the Torah, the Koran,
the Bhagavad, Gita, the Constitution of the
United States of America, Shakespearian plays and so forth are in the
frozen register. You can think of this
text being frozen in time and note how these
are formal texts. We do not speak this way. We may quote phrases
from the Bible site, amendments from the
US Constitution, or recite verses from
Shakespeare's The Tempest. But when we do,
it's intended for rhetorical or dramatic effect. We're making a point. We're not altering the words of the register when
we quote these texts. And we're not speaking in Shakespearian pros during
social interaction, though. I admit that would
be pretty cool if we could the formal register. The formal register is
what we use an academic, professional and legal contexts. Because in such settings, communication is
done respectfully. It is expected that
people will not be interrupted when they speak
as a sign of respect. Communication is also
meant to be a bit restrained in the
formal register. This means that we err on the side of being
slightly more subdued, Perhaps even on
emotional or stoic. We're moderate with her body
language and tone of voice. We try to be more understated with our communication
in this register. We tend to avoid the use of
contractions and adhere to rules of prescriptive grammar
versus descriptive grammar. Examples of this would be
a business presentation, a hearing at a courtroom, a lecture at a university,
and academic conference, or a conference call with shareholders, the
consultative register. The consultative register is used when speaking
with an expert. This is someone who has highly
specialized knowledge in a particular field
or industry and is providing feedback
or offering advice. When we interface with
experts or consultants, we adopt a respectful
tone of voice. Take extra care not to
interrupt or overstep. Listen more than we speak, and use courtesy titles such
as doctor or professor. This might change slightly. If this is a longtime mentor, close friend, family
member, or relative. In which case you might
adopt a consultative style, but more of a casual register. In this situation, you
might use slang or Argo. There might be overlapping
speech and interruptions. But again, that's if the consultant or expert
is also a good friend. Well, this is more of a
unique social situation. It's important to be
aware of how it might change the interaction, albeit. A slightly examples of the consultative
register can be seen when TV news anchors deliver the news or news like program, a meeting with a realtor, helping you find
your dream house, a conversation with
a service providers such as a mechanic and engineer, a plumber, et cetera. And it's also the
register you would use when speaking to
your physician during a check-up or a lawyer advising you on a
business decision. The casual register. In the casual register, we are more relaxed. We might use slang,
contractions, and vernacular. We would also probably use descriptive grammar rather
than prescriptive grammar, meaning we use a
grammar that it's technically not
perfectly correct, yet it is understandable and
it is what most people use. Think of descriptive
grammar as the grammar and the grammar mistakes that
native English speakers make. It's the grammar of the people, as opposed to the grammar
of the grammar book rules, or institution of the language
under the casual register, it would be socially
acceptable to use expletives or abrasive
language in some settings. For example, we could use
the casual register at a sports game and
outdoor barbecue. Asleep over with friends, a catch-up chat with your
best friend in a cafe, a birthday party, et cetera. We would use this register
when speaking with friends and other people
in casual group settings, which can also be public venues like
parks and restaurants. The intimate register. The intimate register is
what we use in private with our closest friend or a
spouse or significant other. Our parents, our siblings, our children, and
our confidence. Intimate language
is private and only reserved for your
inner circle of trust. It refers to what could be an inside joke that only you and your
friend are privy to. It could also be shared
memories that you have with your best friend from
special times in your lives, like college or the formative
years of your twenties. It could be funny
moments you express with your closest childhood friend as you reminisce about growing
up in your hometown. It might also include the
conversations you have with your partner in the
privacy of your home. Usually, this intimate register takes place between two people. It's interpersonal
communication, and it's cozy, warm, special, and intimate. Interestingly, we
often use a blend of all registers in both formal
and informal contexts. Let's first take a look at
a few business contexts. In meetings with a new boss, you'd probably be using the consultative register
in a sales pitch. You'd use a formal register in a phone conversation
with a business associate. You might use the casual
register as you can see, the proximity to the person, meaning how well we know that individual can determine
whether we use a formal, consultative, or casual register for our social interactions. Now, in a group setting, say in a team meeting, even if you are on
very close terms with a fellow supervisor
because they happen to also be a co-founder
in your company. When addressing them
in a group setting where other employees
are present, you would be using a formal
or consultative register y. Well, that's predominantly due to the presence of
the other people who use the formal register while interacting
with this person. And it's also a
product of being in a professional or
business setting. Now, in a group setting, say in a team meeting, even if you're on very close terms with
a fellow supervisor because they happen to also be a co-founder in your company. When addressing them in a group setting where other
employees are present, you would be using a formal
or consultative register. Why? Well, that's predominantly
due to the presence of the other people who use the formal register while
interacting with this person. And it's also a product of being in a professional or
business setting. In casual settings,
you will typically use fewer of the
stiffer registers. For example, you would use slang when texting
your best friend, when chatting with your
college roommate on the phone, you might hear them
use explicit language. You're at a family
barbecue and everyone's relaxed and using
descriptive grammar, making grammatical errors and not thinking twice about it. And that's fine. In those situations. We have less to prove. We're not as worried
about being judged. Here's a quick note on grammar that I'd like to raise
awareness about. We differentiate between prescriptive grammar and
descriptive grammar. You can think of
prescriptive grammar as the grammar rules that
govern the language. These are the grammar rules
that are learned in school, in literature and taught to non native English speakers
in their English classes. Descriptive grammar
is the kind of grammar that actually
gets used by people. Descriptive grammar
is the way language is actually spoken,
mistakes and all. It's the grammar that is used
by native English speakers. This is why, even though a native English speaker
might say something that is grammatically
incorrect or different from what you learned
in a textbook, according to descriptive
grammar rules, it is correct.
8. Module 7: Norms: Module seven, N for norms. The seventh component of the Dell hims speaking
model is norms. Norms in the speaking model or the social norms or rules that govern the
communication events. These include the
appropriate ways to behave, conduct yourself, and speak in a specific type of
social situation. In the field of
conversation analysis, this is called preference. Preferred responses are
those that are expected. For example, if someone
says, How are you, the preferred response
could be, fine, thanks and you, or not bad, thanks for asking
something along those lines would be
socially acceptable. However, were you to reply? I've never felt more excited and all my life or I don't feel like sharing
that information with you. You'd get some strange looks. Why? Because those responses
are out of the ordinary. They are not the
expected responses. They are incongruent and thus they are not
preferred responses. So if preference isn't met, it will only raise eyebrows, and thus, they are not
preferred responses. So if preference isn't met, it will not only
raised eyebrows, but also some red flags. People will notice that this person's behavior
is out of the norm. You're flouting convention
and confusing people. Now, there's nothing
necessarily wrong with doing something
out of the ordinary, ignoring the social
norms that govern conversation and humans
social interaction. But just don't be surprised
when people get turned off by that abnormal behavior. With that in mind,
generally speaking, if your goal is to get
a stranger to like you or make a good
first impression. The safest bet is to start by sticking to
preferred responses. After that, you can always
gauge the situation and deviate from the
preferred behavior. If you think your
audience will be receptive to something
new or unexpected. Now let's take a look at a few examples of
norms in practice. An example of obeying
social norms in the business world would be
when your boss greets you. You greet them back and
look them in the eye. Say for instance, you didn't make eye contact and
just proceeded to scroll a social media
app on your phone that would be considered a
breach of social contract. And they would perceive
that behavior as rude and disrespectful
in American culture, we look into the eyes of the people that
we're speaking to, whether we addressed
them or they us. When you evade eye contact, the other participants
might consider this to be a sign of untrustworthiness. Moreover, if more socially unacceptable
behavior follows suit, then you can expect a
call into their office to discuss this in an
informal setting. Let's say you're
hanging out with your best friend at a cafe and you put your feet
up on the table, your friend might feel
perturbed by this and even feel embarrassed for you as
you're in a public place. They might also be
embarrassed to be seen with you as you do something
so discourteous. Putting your feet on a table in a public setting
is an example of defiant behavior where you're disregarding the social norms. What about when we're
obeying the social norms? Your friend tells
you that they have something upsetting to tell you, their tone of voice lowers, their eyes, water,
their head droops. They're pacing is very slow and everything about
them turns serious. As a concerned and
caring friend, you match their tone and adopt a more serious
communicative behavior. This is mirroring and it is important to show
alignment and empathy. You listen intently,
passing no judgment, but hearing them out, this would be the socially
acceptable reaction.
9. Module 8: Genre: Module eight, g, genre. The eighth and final component of the speaking model is genre. Genre is the type of speech
act being performed, as well as the style
it's being performed in. It can also be the kind of communication event taking
place at any given time. Just like we read books
from various genres, we also communicate
in different genres. When you file a complaint, there's a specific
way you want to communicate that
when you apologize, you do so in a certain way. When you're making a commitment
to someone you love, there's a way you do that too. When you're keeping a promise. There's a specific
way to do that. Every speech act will have its own way of
communicating a message. While there might
be some overlap in terms of speech acts,
and there's genres. We know intuitively what
speech acts require. What genre? For example, storytelling can have
different genres depending on what
type of story it is. If it's a happy story, it's from a happy genre. If it's a scary story, it'll have an eerie genre. We can draw from the five
major genres of literature. Fiction, non-fiction, drama,
poetry, and folktale. Fiction would be situations that are fun and lighthearted. They could include telling your friend about
a dream you had. It could be a joke. It could be your own
hopes and desires. Nonfiction would be
sharing facts, data, statistics in a
meeting, for example, you'd probably be drawing
from the non-fiction genre. Drama would be, anytime
you re-enact something, tell a story in a dramatic way, or showcase any other kind
of theatrical genre of poetry would translate
to something that is expressed in a
succinct, pithy way. The words expressed though few, pack a punch and a lot
of business settings you might notice more
succinctness with people getting to the
point faster than in casual relaxed conversation. And certain speech acts call for this more
succinct expression, but more often than not, it comes down to stylistic preference on
behalf of the speaker. It's important to note
that genre has to do both with the
type of speech act, as well as the stylistic
choices the speaker makes. A story is its own speech act. A meeting is its own speech act, apologizing it's
its own speech act. But based on the other factors
in the speaking model, these speech acts are stylistically
different and as such, they will be performed
differently. Let's look at a few examples
of genre in formal contexts. A meeting with your
boss is a speech act. However, the type
of meeting matters. For example, a meeting with
your boss when you're getting a big promotion is performed in a happy, delighted,
excited way. Contrast that with a
meeting with your boss. If you're getting fired, that meeting will be
much more serious. Solon and upsetting. They are the same speech
act meeting with the bus, but these are two very
different genres. Not all meetings are created
equal in social interaction. Or let's use the example
of a medical consultation. If the doctor is sharing
your blood work and you've got healthy blood
with no medical conditions. Everything is peachy. Time to celebrate good health. The doctor will share this
with you in an upbeat, positive, and relaxed way. They'll even smile
and commend you on your excellent work of looking after your health and fitness. But now let's look
at the flip side. The doctor has found a strange bump and
needs to take a biopsy. The way they tell you
this is going to be tenths terse and a
bit distant perhaps. Of course it comes down to the doctors communication
style and personality. And not all doctors
speak the same way. But you can see how
even though we've got the same speech act on our
hands of medical consultation, it's very different when
the doctors delivering good news compared to a situation when the
prognosis is uncertain. Now, let's look at some
examples in casual contexts, consider storytelling the
way a cautionary tale is told is conveyed with
gravity and sobriety, whereas a funny story is
performed with levity and cheer. For example, when a
grandmother wants, emphasize the importance
of being aware of your surroundings and
shares a frightening story. To illustrate this life lesson, Jill, tell it in a serious tone. By contrast, when a best
friend wants to share the most hysterical
experience she's ever had, she'll share it in a joyful, funny, theatrical,
over-the-top way. The style is determined by
not only the speech act, but the specific kind of
speech act being performed in another informal example,
let's consider apologizing. When someone is apologizing to a friend for forgetting
to call them after work. That's very different from apologizing to them for losing their dog while on
a walk in the park. In the first topology, it'll be quicker to say
and quicker to forgive. In this second topology, it'll be a lot harder
to say and there will be serious consequences. It might even cost
them their friendship. Apologizing can look different depending on the circumstances. Finally, let's also
not forget that everyone has their
own personal flair and their personality will shine through regardless of the genre.
10. Module 9: Putting it All Together: Module nine, putting it
all together, Dell hi, I'm speaking model is
a wonderful tool to use during social interaction. It can help us understand how
to interact appropriately. It gives us a
framework for how to communicate given this
situation and people involved. And it can also help us analyze language
and conversation. Every successful
conversation has all of these components. The other hand,
if a component of the speaking model is
missing or out of place, that could cause a
communication breakdown or create a misunderstanding. With that in mind, let's have a look at what
communication issues arise when a component of this
speaking model is not properly incorporated.
11. Module 9: When Scene is Missing: When scene is missing, if scene is missing, then it would be difficult
to discern how to communicate for the rest
of the conversation. Of course, it would
be unlikely to not know the environment someone
finds themselves in. But for the sake of this
thought experiment, imagine someone blindfolds you and takes you to an
unknown location. When they remove the blindfold, you're now in a
completely white room. You can barely
tell up from down. Very disorienting. What is the scene or setting? How would you communicate
in such a place? There's no telling if
it's a business setting, a film studio, a school, and avant-garde cafe, etc. Remember that the
scene and setting establish the tone
of the conversation. They are our first signal into what kind of
conversation or speech act will be performing
when we're at university. There's a specific way we expect to communicate when we're
at home with family. There's a specific way
or going to communicate when we're in an office will communicate
in a specific way. And when we're in a
museum viewing art, we're communicating
in yet another way. But if we're missing out on the cue of what our scene
and setting our than it makes it challenging to
strike the right tone we need for the rest of
the social interaction. Circling back to
our example, now, in the white room
you hear a click and a virtual image of the New York Public Library
flashes before you. First you see an image
of it from the outside. When standing
outside the library, the whale be communicating with, say your friend will be loud because you're competing with the sounds of New
York City traffic. And your gestures will be
animated because you're excited to spend the day at
this world renowned library, back to the white room. And the click noise
appears again, this time, projecting an image
of the rose Reading Room, grand and luxurious
with gilded curlicues and cornucopia is and flute
playing angels and cherubs, flying and celestial murals
of soft pastel pink clouds and cerulean blue sky suffice to say it's
rather beautiful, breathtaking even now
you're inside the library. So in this scene
and setting, now, you're not talking as much because you're in a library
and we all know that libraries are quiet places
when you do speak in hushed whispers so as to be respectful to the
other library goers. Your gestures are more reserved, you're more quiet and calm. Then you were outside
of the library. Quite the contrast. So as you can see, we need the input from
our environment to help us set the tone for what our
communication will be like. Without this information, it'll take us longer to
figure out how to behave and act in a
socially acceptable manner.
12. Module 9: When Participants are Missing: When participants are missing, when participants are missing, you will struggle to tailor your message to your audience. There are two salient
examples of this that have a real-world
application. The first is in a
public speaking event where you might not
know who your audience is. You might know that they're attending the conference
that you're presenting at. But beyond that, you really
don't know the demographics, their interests, why
they're attending for fun, was it forced upon them? And so there are a lot of question marks you need
to know who you're addressing to make a greater
impact with your audience. If you don't know who
your audience is, you won't be able to tailor
your message to them. It will be more generic
and less impactful. To remedy this, what
you can do is gather as much information
about the audience as possible ahead of
the presentation. Where would you collect
such information? Go to the organizer of the event if it's a
school run event, go to the coordinators and find out the general
age of the students, whether this event is
open to the public, What's the reason they're
attending this event and so on. In other words, is
this a career fair? Is it an English
teachers colloquium? Is it a knitting
conference, et cetera? Let's say you're giving a
presentation on fitness, the content will change slightly to tailor
it to your audience, you will need to make changes to your presentation for
each of those audiences. For example, in the career fair, you might discuss
job opportunities in the fitness industry. What credentials you would
need for such a job, you can tie in your personal
training experience, having gotten a degree as a
registered dietitian, etc. You can think about the
roles of fit flu answers and fitness professionals
and their impact on the fitness industry. But if you're talking to a
group of English teachers, then you might discuss
fitness in terms of the most efficient exercises
to do as a busy teacher. Or maybe you provide a fitness program and
plan for people who work from the hours of
eight to 04:00 PM and need to find time to
squeeze in a workout. And lastly, if you're talking
to a group of knitters, you might discuss
fitness apparel and talk about the best fabrics
for athletic clothing. Or you could give a presentation on athletic apparel
and knitwear. So you see how based
on the audience, we have very different
types of presentations, even though you're
there to speak about the topic of fitness, there are so many different
perspectives you can take. There are different
avenues you could go down based on who will be participating in order
for the presentation and overall message
to have impact, it needs to be relevant. This is why it is so important to take your audience
into consideration. If you know your audience, you can tailor the conversation
to best meet their needs. The audience needs to feel invested in the
presentation in order to retain important information that they'll apply
to their own life. Let's look at another example
of problems that arise when participants are missing from
the equation. Ready for it? Youtube, when you're starting
out on YouTube and you're making videos about whatever the topic of your channel is. You don't know who your
audiences think about, how extremely
challenging that is. You're making videos for
an audience that you know absolutely nothing about. You don't know their interests, what problems they need
to solve in their life, what pain points they have an any other demographic
information, even when you're
a bigger channel, unless you have clear
analytics from YouTube or you have the same people commenting
on each of your videos. You might say,
still have no clue about who you're making these
videos for to remedy this, there are two things
that you can do. If you're just starting out, then you can make
videos for yourself. Meaning, imagine
that the audience is a group of people who liked
the same things you like, who are similar to you in
terms of demographics, speak the same language
as you, et cetera. And over time, your videos will attract people who are like you. Another way you can remedy
this issue of not knowing your participants is to
imagine your audience, create an entire description of who they are,
their interests, there are pain points, their demographics, and any
other salient information. Use this information to
then tailor your message to this audience,
albeit imaginary, over time, you'll manifest
the audience you have been creating these types
of videos for all along. But again, you see how much thought needs
to be put into this when we simply don't have enough information
about participants.
13. Module 9: When End is Missing: When ends are missing. The simplest way to understand
the concept of n's missing is when someone talks just
for the sake of talking, meaning they have no purpose in saying what they're saying. There's no goal for
their communication. They have no outcomes for
this social interaction. In other words, they're
prattling on about something non consequential,
maybe the rambling. They could even be
talking in circles around themselves to an
audience that is zoned out when ends are missing, it's problematic
because you're going to lose your audience. You'll also run the risk of
alienating yourself because people will be afraid to get into a conversation with you, thinking they'll never be
able to get out of it. In fact, they may
not even know how to jump in because it's not
clear what you're getting at. Think of it this way. A conversation without ends is the opposite of
getting to the point. So if you want people
to take you seriously, it is crucial that you incorporate ends into
your interactions. Especially formal
interactions, have an agenda, even if it's just a few
bullet points outlining the content or issues
you'd like to address. If the conversation drifts
away from the topic, take the reins and steer
it back to the center. The key is to show you respect the other participants time, show up, prepared,
and get to the point. The participants will
know instantly that you are someone to
be taken seriously.
14. Module 9: When Act Sequence is Missing: When Act sequence is missing. When acts sequences missing, communication is disjointed
and disorganized. You may have a clear purpose, but if it's not conveyed in a logical and coherent manner, the participants won't
be able to follow your train of thought in
professional settings. A lack of Acts sequence is
highly problematic because it signals inefficiency and unprofessionalism
in casual contexts, a lack of ACK
sequence can lead to confusion and even frustration
among the participants. So we need to honor
the ACK sequence of the speech act in
professional settings, be sure to have a plan. As with ends. In meetings, you want a clear
agenda that ensures you are making the best use of everyone's time in
email correspondence. Be sure to provide sufficient
contexts and detail when you assign tasks or provide feedback in
casual settings, take the time to ease
into your conversation. It would be socially
unacceptable to start shouting at your friend as soon as you meet
them in a cafe, if you have a problem that you would like to discuss with them. There are steps that you need to take
before anything else. You need to first greet them. Once you've warmed up
the conversation a bit, then you can gradually
work your way into the contentious point
that you'd like to discuss.
15. Module 9: When Key is Missing: When he is missing, if key is missing, there's no feeling, no emotion or gravi
tasks behind your words. Your message is lackluster
and uninteresting. Even if the words
themselves are interesting. If the way you're communicating is emotionless and static, people will zone out and
not hear your message. Think of a time when you
interacted with someone extremely intelligent, sharing,
enlightening information. But because they delivered this message in a
monotone voice, you were dozing off not
hearing this amazing message. That's the danger
when tonality and animation are missing
from our communication. Likewise, you wouldn't deliver a joke in a somber tone with a sullen face like you would when delivering
bad news to someone. I mean, you could
but don't expect any laughs when it
comes to communication, we need to think about
more than just the words. We also have to factor
in and give weight to tones of voice and
non-verbal gestures, we must match the tone, manner, and spirit of our
tonality and body language, the context of our speech
and our audience's needs. When your key syncs up with every other part of
the speaking model, it can greatly enhance
the power of your words. Whereas if key is non-existent or inappropriate
for the message, expect confusion, frustration, or even anger
from the participants.
16. Module 9: When Instruments are Missing: When instrumentalities
are missing, if instrumentalities
are missing, then the stylistic register of our communication will
not match the context. It could result in a confusing or even
insulting instance of social interaction. For example, you
wouldn't want to use the casual register when
presenting before a judge. Likewise, when
instrumentalities are missing, it will be challenging to decide what forms and styles
of speech to use. For example, business
e-mails require a certain level of
formality and succinctness. Casual emails can be more verbose and in
formal, business, in-person interactions
will be more formal, but also have room for small
talk and rapport building. So you're not just
talking about business, but also catching up on each other's lives while
maintaining a bit of distance, as well as decorum. If we do not have a specific
mode of communication, it can be extremely challenging to gauge what register to use, how to behave, and what style to implement
in our communication. If a business executive
is speaking in a very casual way at a
high-stakes board meeting that might send a signal to
the shareholders that the executive doesn't
take their job seriously. Given the dynamic nature
of these interactions, it is important to use the correct instrumentalities at the appropriate points
during your interactions.
17. Module 9: When Norms are Missing: When norms are missing, when norms are missing, then we will not
know how to properly behave in a given
social situation. This is particularly
challenging when we're studying or living abroad if we're still learning the language and we're
new to the code lecture. But even in the context
of your native language, among other L1
speakers like you, if norms are missing, then it is still
very difficult to ascertain how to communicate, act, and behave in the context. Imagine you and your
friends are both native speakers from
the same language and from the same culture, but you are from different
speech communities. If you want to effectively engage with your friend from a different
speech community, you will need to know
the social rules governing the
social interaction. What language, phrases, styles, and behaviors are appropriate
for communication. If you do not know
the expected norms, you might face derision
in extreme situations, if social norms are absent
or simply disregarded, it might be considered
a significant insult. For this reason, it is
critical to be aware of and abide by norms
whenever possible. If you aren't sure about norms
in a specific situation, your best bet is to
mirror the behavior of the people around you who
you would consider peers.
18. Module 9: When Genre is Missing: When genre is missing. When genres missing,
you don't know the protocol for the
type of speech act. It would be as though
the speech act itself is not
determined or known. For example, you might walk into a room where
people are having a heated debate and you're
about to share news that aged. You didn't read the room. In this case, more specifically, you didn't know
what speech act you walked into the office
from your perspective, genres missing as such because people in the room
were too busy debating. They didn't congratulate you
on your recent engagement. Instead, had you read the room, you know, to hold off on the good news until the
heated debate had subsided. By biting your time and timing your communication
more appropriately, you would have elicited a very different
response from the crowd. So when genres missing, it can break communication in times where we lack context. We should pause to
assess our situation. Do not become a participant
until you know, what would be appropriate to say and what wouldn't be
appropriate to say. Ultimately, reading
the room gives us clues and insights into
something like genre, so that we know
how to behave and subsequently we know
how to communicate.
19. Module 10 : Communicating Across Cultures: Module ten, non-native speakers and cross-cultural,
intercultural communication. In cross-cultural and
intercultural settings. The Dell hi, I'm
speaking model shines. This framework
provides insights into language and culture known
as language culture, which might otherwise
be overlooked. In order to effectively communicate in another
language and culture, we must be privy to
the social norms and rules that govern
across social contexts. And what communication
nuances to be attuned to. This is not something that most language teachers
are aware of. So it's rarely taught
in language classrooms. It's not until you go abroad that you
actually learn about the culture and how people actually communicate
in the language. Have you had that experience? You might know all
the grammar rules and the exceptions to
those grammar rules. But when speaking to
a native speaker, you lose your words. You have no idea how to engage in something as
simple as Smalltalk. Why is that? Because some part
of the Dell hi, I'm speaking model is
missing from this situation. Awareness of the
speaking model helps us navigate across and
between cultures, which improves our
communicative competence in a specific language. The best way to learn these particularities and peculiarities of
each language or culture is to spend time in those places and interact with native speakers
of the language. This is not something you
learn from language textbooks. It requires you
to do self-study, read authentic materials and the language, listen to music, watch TV, movies and films, sitcoms and series, and consume media from that
language and culture. And during this self-guided
practice, take notes. Try on the language is I like to say and start to internalize it. Once you internalize it, begin to use it out
in the real-world. As you start to use
it in the real-world, you'll begin to get feedback. Your language use correct, is your cultural
etiquette on point. You'll receive feedback
mostly in a covert way, meaning people will
implicitly comment on your communication and
cultural awareness. But for the pro language
culture learners out there, you can actively
seek out feedback from native speaker
friends and colleagues, and ask for their explicit
feedback on your language. Use expressions, grammar,
social etiquette, and even non-verbal
communication. Was this the appropriate
gesture in this context? Was that the formal response in this professional setting? Was this too formal in
such a casual context? Was this the rate expression? Was that the appropriate gesture in this speech act of greetings. You get the idea. You can dial it up or down as
much as you are willing to. Understanding how you
use the language in the given cultural contexts is what will separate you from a mediocre communicator
and help you stand out as an exceptional communicator with cross-cultural awareness. This is important for not only casual
interactions with friends, but also in the business world, cross-cultural skills set you apart from your peers and helps you contribute to a global
society as a global citizen. How wonderful is that? In addition to all that, implementing the Dell hi, I'm speaking model enables
us to be more open and understanding of
cultures different from our own native
unknown cultures. Even if we might not know the native language of the person that we're
communicating with. We know that there are social norms that govern
the social interaction. We have the awareness to
know that we communicate differently in
different situation Given our native
language or culture. Because of this, we
are receptive to sensitivities and aware of potential barriers
to communication. We have the foresight
to ask them what is the correct protocol for
greeting and your culture? Or did I use the correct
formal honorific in this situation with the speaking model in
cross-cultural settings, We are all learners and
that is the beauty of it. No one knows how
every single culture, subculture, and speech communities
interact with each other. We couldn't possibly know all of the nuances of the
eight components. We have a framework to guide us. This framework equips us
with the tools that we can implement in settings where we might not know the protocol, just that a specific
protocol exists, then it may or may not be
different from our own. We can speak up in
any social situation, be it with native or non native
speakers of the language. And by leveraging
the speaking model, we can tackle any
communication event, any cultural obstacle
or speech act, and become more engaged and
effective communicators.
20. Module 11: Communicating in Virtual Spaces ED: Module 11, online interactions. In our tech enabled world
where digital natives are now the majority of the
world's population. Suffice to say that technology
is here to stay with that. So too, are online interactions. As much of the world
experiences remote working and virtual
office spaces, interactions take
place online as much, if not more, than they do in in-person settings these days. And that's only going
to continue this. We need to know how to
apply the speaking model to our online interactions
just as we would to our in-person face-to-face
communication. While there is a tremendous
amount of overlap between in-person and
online social interactions. Using the speaking
model affords us the opportunity to
delve into the nuances. Let's take the
example of a scene we're familiar with
working from home. You have a business meeting
with your teammates and you're discussing a project
that you're working on. The trickiest part of
online interactions when it comes to
this speaking model is the first component. Scene and setting. While your physical
location is your home, you're not going
to interact with your colleagues as though you're in your
house hanging out. On the contrary, you're
going to engage with your colleagues as though
you're at the office. Thus, the ends and participants help you
treat the scene and setting as work
because you're talking to co-workers About work. So in this case, while your
physical setting is home, when we delve deeper, we see that your virtual
location is your virtual office. And if it helps to remind
yourself that you're in your home office, do that. This is why if we're
frequently working from home, we should optimize our
workspace so that we are more easily able to access the
zone of being at work. When we're able to
access this zone, we know exactly what the eighth speaking
model components are. Creating physical
parameters can be powerful for igniting the
speaking model intuitively, without even having to
consciously think about it. In fact, we can
actually activate the speaking model
by establishing the correct mental perimeters, even if you are
working remotely from a beach side Cafe in Bali, because you've created
certain mental cues. You are now in business mode, even though there
might be people around you in your physical space
who are on vacation, the people you're
interacting with online and over
e-mail are at work. So you'll be interacting with your colleagues
as someone who is working rather than as
someone who was on vacation. While physical
location for scene and setting is very powerful to help us gauge the way the other
speaking model components will enable us to communicate. We must also be cognizant
of our virtual location. Is our virtual location
in our virtual office? Or are we online but out of the virtual
office for guarding the other potentially
confusing components of virtual interaction. Who are your participants? When you're working
from home and engaged in online interaction, your participants are not the people who are
also at home with you. The participants
would be the people who have shown up to
the online meeting. So in this case, your colleagues are the
participants at the time of the meeting or
online interaction when you're working
from my cafe, the participants are not
those in your physical space, but the people who
are online with you at the time for
the speech act, meeting, interview,
check-in call, et cetera. As you can see in the situation
of virtual interactions. Scene, setting and
participants are the two components that might
pose a bit of a conundrum. Just remember that when
you're in a virtual setting, your physical space no longer has the same
weight as it would when interacting in
person with someone who is sharing your
physical space. In this way, we must
remember to treat our physical space as separate
from our virtual space, especially when
the virtual space is hosting a formal interaction
or business encounter. And even though at the time
you might still physically find yourself in a casual
setting like at home, a hotel room or a
beach side Cafe, remember to implement the physical parameters
and mental cues. If you're having trouble
differentiating between your physical and
virtual space at the time of the online
social interaction or business meeting, our mind is powerful, so make sure it's on board with scene setting and participants. These two components
will determine the other six components of the speaking model and thus make or break the communication. It's in our power to properly implement the framework
to allow us to excel in any online interaction regardless of our
physical location.
21. Dell Hymes Speaking Model Final Thoughts: Module 12, final thoughts. Well done. You've reached the
end of this course. We've done a deep dive into the Dell hi,
I'm speaking model. It's a powerful tool for
understanding how to approach any social situation and how to communicate in any
social interaction, however important or trivial, think about the
message, its purpose, the style of communication, who you are speaking to, and where you are. Remember that physical location
and virtual location are different in the context of online business interactions
or online interviews. The virtual reality will take precedence over your
physical location, scene. And participants are
the two main components that help us determine how the other six speaking
framework components will be treated in any conversation
and across cultures. We can leverage the power of this framework to
better communicate as L2 speakers of the
language when we find ourselves in a
different language culture. But also to better
understand and L2 Speaker who finds themselves
in your native culture. In fact, now that you've
completed this course, you can be there speaking
model guide into communicating correctly
in your language culture. Familiarity with
each component of the speaking model
will enable you to tailor your message
to your audience and communicate
more effectively. And if you stumble upon
certain social situations where you don't know what's
going on, Don't panic. Instead, read the room, glean as much information as you can before becoming
a participant. If you need to stay
as an observer until you've gathered
enough information. So be it when the speaking
model is top of mind, you're constantly
analyzing not only yourself in the
communication contexts, but others as well. And while you may think
this is exhausting, on the contrary, it's
engaging and exciting. It's a dynamic dance
that you do when you're engaged in
social interaction. And with this level
of engagement, you're more likely to have better communication outcomes,
like deeper rapport, building, Closing
important deals, landing valuable clients, and having heart-to-heart
conversations with loved ones. And you're likely to have fewer negative
communication outcomes that result in confusion, frustration,
and misunderstandings. With the speaking model. You have more power
than you think over the outcomes you desire. Let this model be your
go-to communication guide to unlock the full
potential of clear, concise, and targeted
social interaction.
22. Dell Hymes Speaking Model Conclusion: Module 13, closing. Wow, you made it all
the way to the end. Go you, I am so happy you set aside the time
to take this course. If you are happy with it, we would really appreciate hearing what you liked
about it in your review. If you have any feedback, please don't hesitate
to reach out to us. These courses are
living documents and we're always looking for ways to make them even better. If you want to learn
more about our work at explaining and advanced English, check us out at exploring.co
and advanced English.co. Finally, if you have
any suggestions for other new courses, let us know about that too. We structure all of our content around the needs
of our students. Thank you again
for your time and best of luck in all
of your endeavors.