How to reference sources

1. Welcome!: So I'm sure you've heard the word plagiarism before and have been warned about how easy it is to fall into this trap. Let me assure you that this is something that is easily avoided if you know how. Referencing your sources plays a very important part in this process and is the focus of this class. Hello, I'm Wendy. In addition to numerous essays and assignments over the years. I've also written a full length research report, a master's dissertation, and a PhD thesis. I've presented numerous academic writing workshops and have consulted with thousands of under and post graduate college and university students seeking assistance with their academic writing. Whether you're a learner who wants to improve your grades, a college or university student, who wants to excel in your academic essays and assignments, a teacher in need of a refresher. Or an academic scholar who simply wants to improve the quality of your writing. This class is for you. This class offers you step by step guidelines on how to reference your sources in order to avoid plagiarism. During this class, I'll explain both Harvard and APA referencing and show you how to style your in text citations and reference list entries appropriately. For your class project, you'll be given a range of sources and asked to create both in text citations for them and to put together a list of references using all of the knowledge and skills gained throughout this course. You'll also have the opportunity to share your work with me and to gain feedback if you so wish. I'm really excited to show you how easy it is to reference your sources in order to avoid plagiarism. So what are you waiting for? Click that next video and let's get started. 2. Harvard referencing - in-text citations: In this video, we take a look at in text citations when done according to the Harvard referencing system. This is basically the most common form of referencing and is used in most fields, but is especially popular in the humanities. However, before including in cs in your text, it is advisable to check with your particular faculty or department as to which referencing style they use and to ask them for an up to date style guide or referencing guidelines so that you can reference your sources according to their preferences. It's also important to note that there are many variations in terms of the way in which the Harvard referencing style is used and interpreted, of which this is but one interpretation. In text citations are used to acknowledge a particular source or sources of information and to prevent plagiarism. These appear in the main text. In other words, within sentences or paragraphs. They usually appear either partly or entirely in parentheses or round brackets, depending on how they are used within the sentence or paragraph. In text citations consist of the author's surname or surnames, if there is more than one author, as well as the year of publication. When quoting directly from the source, the page number or page numbers are also included. It's important to be aware that the author's surname appears outside the round brackets when read as part of the sentence. Alternatively, the author's surname appears inside the round brackets, when not read as part of the sentence. Either way, the year of publication and page numbers always appear within round brackets, whether or not the author's surname is read as part of the rest of the sentence. In order to check that you have styleed your in text citation correctly, I would advise temporarily covering the part in round brackets and then reading your sentence aloud. If the sentence makes sense while covering the part in round brackets, you have most likely formatted your in text citation correctly. Let's take a look at how this is done in practice. When the author's surname or surnames form part of the sentence itself, they usually appear outside the round brackets. This is then followed directly by the year of publication of the source inside the brackets. Here, I have included examples of one author, two authors, and multiple authors with in a sentence. In the case of multiple authors, we use the first author's surname, followed by the phrase L, which means and others, followed by a full stop. Now, when using the phrase SL, it's important to bear in mind that different educational institutions follow different rules. Whereas some might specify that you need to use SL when referring to three or more authors, others prefer the use of SL with four or more authors. Remember to check what your faculty or department requires, as far as the use of SL is concerned. It's also a good idea to find out whether your specific faculty or department prefers the use of italics for L or not, as this can differ depending on their preferred style. Let's take a look at some examples of sentences that contain in text citations. Here, I have an example of a sentence that refers to a source that only has one author and which was published in the year 2005. To ensure that you've included the in text citation correctly, I would advise reading aloud only that part of the sentence that falls outside of the round brackets. It should be a full sentence and make complete sense. In this case, if I had to read the sentence aloud, I would say, Smith asserts that people who exercise live longer. I can see the part in brackets, but I wouldn't necessarily read it aloud. And that is how you can check that you've done it correctly. Let's look at another example using two authors. When referring to two authors, it's important that you write out the word and instead of using the ampersand or the end symbol. Here, I would once again check whether I've done this correctly by only reading allud the part outside the round brackets. I would say, Flint and Jones state that steroids are deadlier than we think. Now, that makes sense. I've done it correctly. Lastly, let's take a look at how this is done using multiple authors in a sentence. Here, I would include only the first author's surname, followed by the words, L, which means and others, followed by a full stop before placing the year of publication in brackets. Again, reading only the part outside of the brackets, I have the following sentence. Do gov, el, argue that the body consists of 75% water. That's a full sentence, and it makes sense. This has been done correctly. On the other hand, when the author's surname and the date of publication don't form a direct part of the sentence itself, these should appear within round brackets at the end of the sentence or at the end of the paragraph, if more than one sentence pertains to the same author. Let's take a look at some examples. Again, I need to ensure that the part outside of the brackets makes sense. In my first example, I can see that the author I Smith published in 2005, but I would only read out the part that says, people who exercise live longer. We can see that this is a full sentence and that it makes complete sense without the part in brackets. When referring to two authors, their surnames are placed in brackets and joined by the word and. Again, it's important to write out the word and in full. Also, remember to put a comma after the second surname and to include the year of publication. When referring to multiple authors, put the first author's surname in brackets, followed by the phrase, a full stop and a comma before including the year of publication. Again, remember to check with your faculty or department about their rules surrounding the use of L, and whether to use this for three or more authors or for four or more authors. When including the in text citation at the end of the sentence, remember to place the full stop after the closing bracket as seen in these examples. Also check whether or not your faculty or department prefers the words L to appear in italics. Including a direct quote that consists of fewer than 40 words. This works in very much the same way, except that the page number or page numbers are also included so that the reader can look it up if they wish to do so. When quoting, incorporate the author's original words into your sentence using single quotation marks, if you are using British spelling and punctuation, and double quotation marks if you are using American spelling and punctuation. Now, here, it's important to note that there are two different ways in which the page numbers can be included, depending on what is preferred by your specific department or faculty. Be sure to check which format you are required to use. The first way entails inserting the date of publication in brackets, followed by a colon followed by the page number. Where the quote extends over two pages, include an end dh, which is longer than a hyphen between the two page numbers. Remember to ensure that there is no space before or after the end dh. The second way of doing this involves inserting the date of publication followed by a com, the letter P, a full stop and a space followed by the page number. If the quote is taken from two consecutive pages, insert a double P followed by a full stop, followed by the page numbers. Remember to use an n dah between the page numbers. Alternatively, where the direct quote exceeds 40 words, it would need to be displayed separately from the rest of the paragraph and without quotation marks or inverted commas, as seen in this example. It would also need to be indented so that it stands out rather than simply look like another paragraph. The in text citation would then appear directly after the displayed quote and consist of the author's surname or surnames, the year of publication, the letter P, a full stop, and the page number in round brackets as seen in this example. When acknowledging more than one source for a particular piece of information, these should be listed in either chronological order or reverse chronological order, depending on the specifications of your specific department or faculty. The different sources should also be separated by semi colons. Let's take a look at an example that uses chronological order. Here, you can see that Bodine was published in 2003 and therefore appears first in the list, followed by Smith published in 2018 and Cheti, published in 2022. You can also see that I've used semiclons to separate the three sources. Now let's take a look at in text citations that appear in reverse chronological order. Here, you can see that Cheti, published in 2022 is the most recent publication and is therefore listed first. This is followed by Smith in 2018 and Bodine, which was published first back in 2003. Sometimes, authors publish more than one work in the same year. If you are using more than one source by the same author published in the same year, you would need to differentiate between these in your in text citations, using the letters A, B, C, et cetera. For instance, imagine that Chetti published three works in 2022, and that I'm referring to the first and second ones here. I would then add the letters A and B to the year 2022 as seen in this particular example. Use a comma to separate works by the same author and a sem colon to separate different authors. It helps to think about the in text citations as the shortened version of the full reference. It's important to note that in text citations work in tandem or together with the full list of references that should appear separately at the end of your academic essay or assignment. Therefore, for each in text citation that appears within the main text, there must be an equivalent full reference in the separate list of references at the end of your paper. In the next video, we turn our attention to this list of references. 3. Harvard referencing - reference list: In this video, we take a look at the list of references when done according to the Harvard referencing system. The reference list is a detailed list of all the sources cited in your text, and the Harvard referencing style is probably the most commonly used system, particularly in the humanities. However, it is advisable to check with your particular faculty or department which referencing style they prefer and to ask them for an up to date style guide or referencing guidelines so that you can reference your sources according to their preferences. It's also important to note that there are many variations in terms of the way in which the Harvard referencing style is both interpreted and used of which this is but one interpretation. There are many different types of sources, of which these listed here are only a few. For example, when engaging in academic writing, we may make use of videos, newspaper or magazine articles, books, podcasts, theses, or dissertations, journal articles, blogs, legislation, book chapters, websites, government publications, and more. All entries in the list of references should appear in alphabetical order. Usually, the first line appears against the left hand margin of the page and all subsequent lines are then indented. You can use the hanging indent function on your computer for this. While there are slight variations in terms of the use of the Harvard referencing system. Always remember that consistency is key. When referencing a book that only has one author, start with the author's surname, followed by a, a space, and their initial or initials. Don't forget to include a full stop after each initial. There is no need to insert a space between the initials unless the guidance given to you by your faculty or department requires a space. Place the year of publication in parentheses or round brackets after the initials. Then insert the title of the book in italics, in either sentence case or title case, depending on your faculties or departments specifications. If you are using sentence case, capitalize the first letter only and the first letter of any names or proper nouns. On the other hand, if you are using Title case, capitalize the start of each main word in the title. Thus, leaving words like, N and the in lower case. Then include the place of publication. Here, it is Oxford, followed by a colon, a space, and the name of the publisher. Here, it is y and Sons. Don't forget to end with a full stop. Your reference includes two authors, use the same format as before. But include the word and after the last initial of the first author as seen here. When referencing a book that has three or more authors, use the same style. But after the first author's last initial, add a comma directly after the full stop as seen in this example. Now let's take a look at how to reference a chapter from a book written by different authors and which should have an editor or editors. In this case, you would list your author or authors and the date of publication as before followed by the chapter title. The title of the chapter should not appear in italics. You could, however, insert quotation marks or inverted commas around the chapter title, depending on your faculties or department's preferences. After the chapter title, include a full stop, a space, and the word in, followed by a colon. Then insert the surname of the editor followed by their initials. Remember to include full stops after their initials. If there is only one editor, you would insert the abbreviation and a full stop in brackets. However, if there is more than one editor, you would then insert the abbreviation eds without a full stop in brackets. After this, you would include the title of the book as a whole in either sentence case or title case, depending on your faculties or department specifications, and in italics, followed by a full stop. Then you would include the place of publication, followed by a colon, a space, and the name of the publisher, followed by a comma a space, and the page numbers of the chapter that you are referencing. Alternatively, some departments or faculties prefer the use of P P, a full stop and a space before the page numbers, as you can see in this example. Be sure to check with your teacher or tutor, which style is preferred. When referencing a thesis or a dissertation, start with the author's surname, their initials, punctuated with full stops, of course, and the year of publication in parentheses or round brackets. Then insert the title of the thesis in sentence case and in italics. Next, include the type of degree. Whether it is a master's dissertation or a PhD thesis, followed by a a space, and the name of the institution, a space, the name of the town or city where the institution is situated, a, a space, and the name of the country. If the source is available online. You can also add in the words available at or available from followed by a colon, a space, and the full URL. If you've included the URL, you would also need to insert the date on which you accessed it. Do this by inserting the word accessed, followed by a colon, a space, the day, the month, and the year in round brackets, as seen here, followed by a full stop. As with books and book chapters, when referencing a journal article, always begin with the surname of the author, followed by a comma, a space, and the initials punctuated with full stops. As you already know, the year of publication always appears within round brackets after the author's initials. Next, you have the title of the article in Roman rather than italics, followed by a full stop. Some departments or faculties prefer the article title to be presented in inverted comers or quotation marks. Check with your tutor or lecturer which style is preferred. Then you have the title of the journal in italics and in title case. This means that all of the main words in the journal title need to start with a capital letter. This is then followed by a the volume number and the issue number. The volume number appears outside of the brackets and precedes the issue number, which appears inside round brackets and is placed directly after the volume number. There is no space between the volume number and the opening bracket. Now, as far as the page numbers are concerned, there are two ways of presenting these. Firstly, they could appear after a colon, as seen in example one here, or after a coma, and the letters, P P, followed by a full stop, as seen in example two here. Again, check with your faculty or department which style is preferred. Online only journal articles are referenced in exactly the same way, but also include a DOI number at the end. Include the letters DOI in lower case, followed by a colon and the number directly after the colon. There is no space between the colon and the DOI number. Lastly, insert a full stop after the number. When referencing a website or web page, you would once again start by inserting the author's surname, followed by a comma, followed by their initials, punctuated with full stops. The year in which the website was last updated appears in round brackets. This is followed by the title of the web page in sentence case and in italics. If you are unsure about the title of the web page, it helps to look at what appears in the tab at the top of the page as this often contains the title. Next, you need to insert the words available at or available from, depending on your department or faculty's preference, and a colon followed by a space. Then insert the URL in full, followed by the date on which you access this page in round brackets. You would need to insert the word accessed, followed by a colon, a space, the day, the month, and the year within round brackets and followed by a full stop. As far as the URL is concerned, remember to check whether your department or faculty prefers the use of plain text or hyperlinks. Where no author is specified, insert the corporate author, followed by the year in round brackets. Next, insert the title of the web page in italics and in sentence case, followed by a full stop and a space. The words available at or available from come next, followed by a colon, a space, and the URL. In round brackets, add the word accessed, followed by a colon, a space, and the day, month, and year on which the page was accessed. Looking at this example, you can see that the corporate author is the Department of Education, as it appears on their website. In order to see when the website was last updated, you may need to scroll down to the bottom of the page where it should tell you when this last occurred. When it comes to referencing a printed newspaper article, start with the author's surname, their initials, and the year of publication, using the same format as before. Next, include the title of the newspaper article, in sentence case, followed by a full stop. The article title does not appear in italics. Next, insert the name of the newspaper in title case and in italics, followed by a a space, the day and the month on which the article was published, followed by a space, the letter P, a full stop, and the page number. I've included an example here so that you can see exactly how this should be done in practice. Note that some faculties or departments prefer the use of inverted commas or quotation marks around the article title. If you are unsure about which style is preferred, remember to check this with your tutor or lecturer. When no author has been specified, use the name of the newspaper in the place of the author. Remember that the name of the newspaper should always appear in italics. There is no need to repeat the name of the newspaper later on after the title of the article. You can simply leave this out and go straight to the day and month on which the article was published as seen in this example. Now, you might be wondering where to place this entry in your reference list if it starts with the word. In this particular example where the guardian is used, although you should keep the as part of the newspaper's name, you would insert this under G in your reference list as the word is ignored. Referencing an online newspaper article follows a similar format. However, the difference here is that you don't need to include a page number, and you would need to include the URL and the date on which you access the article. Let's take a look at how this is done in practice. Once again, if you have the name of the author, you would start with this in the usual format, followed by the year of publication. The title of the article in sentence case, not in italics, followed by a full stop. The name of the newspaper appears in title case and in italics, followed by a, a space, the day and month on which it was published, and a full stop. Next, you would insert the words available at or available from, followed by a colon, a space, and the URL in full. Then insert a space and within round brackets, insert the word accessed, followed by a colon, a space, the day, the month, and the year on which you accessed the article, followed by a full stop. Take a look at the example here to see how it should be done. Note once again, that you would need to check whether to include the URL in plain text or as a hyperink in accordance with your faculties or departments specifications. When no author has been specified for an online newspaper article, the format used is exactly the same as that of the format used where the author is specified, except that you would insert the name of the newspaper in italics at the beginning where the name of the author would usually go. In this case, remember not to repeat the name of the newspaper after the title of the article as this is unnecessary. Let's take a look at how to reference a magazine article where the volume and issue numbers have been specified. As always, start with the author's surname initials and the year of publication in the usual format. Next, insert the title of the magazine article in sentence case, not in italics, followed by a full stop. Remember that some departments or faculties might prefer the use of inverted commas or quotation marks around the article title. Be sure to check which is preferred by your department or faculty. Next, insert a space, the name of the magazine in title case and in italics, a comma and a space. Then insert the volume number followed directly by an opening round bracket, the issue number, and a closing round bracket. Note that there should be no space between the volume number and the opening bracket. After the closing bracket, insert a a space, the letter P, a full stop, and the page number. If the article extends over more than one page, insert two ps followed by a full stop before including the page range, which should also include an n, which is longer than a hyphen as seen in the example here. In cases where there are no volume or issue numbers available, insert the day and month of publication instead. When referencing an online magazine article, this works in exactly the same way. Except that you would now insert the URL and the date on which you access the article as well as seen in this example. Remember to check whether to include the URL as plain text or as a hyperlink. Next, let's consider how to reference a blog. Here, you would begin with the author or in some cases, the owner of the blog's surname, their initials, and the year of publication, using the usual format. Next, you would insert the blog title in sentence case, not in italics, followed by a full stop. Remember to check whether your faculty or department prefers the use of inverted commas or quotation marks around the blog title. Next, insert the name of the blog in title case and in italics, followed by a, a space, and the day and month on which the blog was posted, followed by a full stop. Then you would insert the words available at or available from, followed by a colon, a space, and the URL. Next, include the date on which you accessed the blog in round brackets. Here, as before, you would need to insert the word accessed, followed by a colon, a space, the day, the month, and the year. Don't forget to add a full stop at the end of your reference. Now let's explore how to reference a podcast. First, you would start with the author or presenter's surname, their initials, and the year of transmission. Next, you would insert the title of the podcast in sentence case and in italics. After this, you would need to insert the word podcast in square brackets followed by a space, the day and the month of transmission, and a full stop. Then simply insert the words available at or available from, followed by a colon, a space, and the full URL. Next, include the date on which you access the podcast by inserting the word accessed, followed by a colon, a space, the day, the month, and the year between round brackets. Don't forget to include a full stop at the end of your reference. As far as YouTube videos are concerned, start with the name of the person or organization that posted the video and insert the year in which it was posted online. Then add the video title in sentence case and in italics, followed by a com, a space and the day and month on which it was uploaded, followed by a full stop. Next, include the words available at or available from, followed by a colon, a space, and the full URL. Lastly, include the date on which you access the video within round brackets as shown in the example here. If you need to reference government publications, use the following format. Start by specifying the name of the country, followed by a full stop and a space. Next, insert the name of the government department followed by a space and the year of publication in round brackets. Then insert the title of the publication in sentence case, and in italics, followed by a full stop and a space. Then insert the type of document. In this example, it is government gazette, and the number, if this is available, followed by a comma, a space, and a reference number. Here, it is notice 678. Then include a, a space, and the day and months on which it was published. Lastly, include the place of publication, followed by a colon, a space, and the name of the publisher, followed by a full stop. When referencing legislation, start with the title of the Act in title case and in italics. Also in italics, include the year and section number as seen in this example. Next, include the words available at or available from, followed by a colon and the full URL. Then include the date on which you accessed the web page by inserting the word accessed, followed by a colon, a space, and the day, the month, and the year on which you accessed it in round brackets, as seen in this example. End your reference with a full stop. When referencing conference papers, you'll find that these may be either published or unpublished. Let's start by taking a look at how to reference unpublished conference papers. Again, you would start with the surname of the author, followed by their initials and the year of publication, using the usual format. Next, you would include the title of the conference paper in sentence case, not in italics. Remember to check whether your faculty or department prefers the use of inverted commas or quotation marks around the title of the paper. The title of the paper is followed by a full stop, a space, and the words paper presented at. You then need to insert the name or the title of the conference in italics and using title case. All of the main words in the conference title should start with a capital letter. This is followed by a space and the date on which the conference took place. Now, this would usually include the day or days and the month. If you're including a date range, use an end dh instead of a hyphen to join the days with no spaces before or after the end dh as seen in this example. This is followed by a space, the letters P, a full stop, a space, and the page numbers. When referencing a published and or edited conference paper, this looks pretty much the same, except that you would also insert the word in after the title of the paper, followed by a colon and the surname of the editor, their initials, and Ed, full stop in brackets. Because it is a published paper, you would also need to insert the place of publication followed by a colon, a space, and the name of the publisher directly after the place where the conference was held and just before the page numbers at the end. 4. APA referencing - in-text citations: In this video, we take a look at in text citations when done according to the APA referencing system. This form of referencing is most commonly used in the social sciences, particularly in fields such as psychology, sociology, criminology, and anthropology. However, before including in text citations in your text, it is advisable to check with your particular faculty or department as to which referencing style they use and to ask them for an up to date style guide or referencing guidelines so that you can reference your sources according to their preferences. In text citations are used to acknowledge a particular source or sources of information and to prevent plagiarism. In text citations appear in the main text. In other words, within sentences or paragraphs. They usually appear either partly or entirely in parentheses or round brackets, depending on how they are used within the sentence or paragraph. In text citations consist of the author's surname or surnames, if there is more than one author, as well as the year of publication. When quoting directly from the source, the page number is also included. It's important to be aware that the author's surname appears outside the round brackets when read as part of the actual sentence. Alternatively, the author's surname appears inside the round brackets when not read as part of the sentence. Either way, the year of publication and page numbers always appear within round brackets, whether or not the author's surname is read as part of the rest of the sentence. In order to check that you have styled your in text citation correctly, I would recommend temporarily covering the part that appears within round brackets and reading your sentence aloud. If the sentence makes sense while covering the part in brackets, you have most likely formatted your in text citation correctly. Let's take a look at how this is done in practice. When the author's surname or surnames form part of the sentence itself, they usually appear outside the round brackets. The year in which the source was published appears inside brackets directly after the author's surname. Here, I have included examples of one author, two authors, and multiple authors with inner sentence, where there are three or more authors for the same source. We use the first author's surname, followed by the phrase, L, which means and others, followed by a full stop. When citing according to the APA referencing system, it's important to remember that the phrase L should not appear in italics. Let's take a look at some examples of sentences that contain in text citations. Here, I have an example of a sentence that refers to a source that only has one author and which was published in the year 2005. To ensure that you've included the in text citation correctly, I would advise reading aloud only that part of the sentence that falls outside of the round brackets. It should be a full sentence and make complete sense. In this case, if I had to read this sentence aloud, I would say, Smith asserts that people who exercise live longer. I can see the part in brackets, but I wouldn't necessarily read it aloud, and that is how you can check that you've done it correctly. Let's look at another example using two authors. When referring to two authors, it's important that you write out the word and instead of using the ampersand or the symbol. Here, I would once again check whether you have done this correctly by only reading aloud the part that falls outside of the brackets. I would say flint and Jones state that steroids are deadlier than we think. That makes sense, so I've done it correctly. Lastly, let's take a look at how this is done using multiple authors in a sentence. Here, I would include only the first author's surname, followed by the words L, which, as you know, means and others, followed by a full stop before placing the year of publication in round brackets. Again, reading only the part outside of the brackets, I have the following sentence. Da Govea L argue that the body consists of 75% water. That's a full sentence and it makes sense. This has been formatted correctly. On the other hand, when the author's surname and the date of publication don't form a direct part of the sentence itself, these should appear within round brackets at the end of the sentence or at the end of the paragraph, if more than one sentence pertains to the same author. Let's take a look at some examples. Again, I need to ensure that the part that exists outside of the brackets makes sense. In my first example, I can see that the author E Smith, published in 2005, but I would only read out the part that says, people who exercise live longer. We can see that this is a full sentence and that it makes complete sense without the part in brackets, where the surnames of two authors appear inside the brackets. These should be joined using the ampersand or and symbol. Just to clarify, when the names of two authors appear outside of the brackets, they are joined using the word and written out in full. However, if they appear inside of the brackets, they are joined using the ampersand or and symbol. Remember that when the author's surnames appear within brackets, you need to place a coma after the second surname and to include the year of publication. When referring to multiple authors, put the first author surname in brackets, followed by the words, a full stop and a comma before including the year of publication. Remember that the phrase et does not appear in italics. When including the in text citation at the end of the sentence, remember to place the full stop after the closing bracket as seen in these examples. When including a direct quote that consists of fewer than 40 words, this works in very much the same way, except that the page number or page numbers are also included directly after the quote so that the reader can look it up if they wish to do so. When quoting, incorporate the author's original words into your sentence using double quotation marks or inverted commas. If your author's surname is read as part of the sentence, include the page number or numbers separately in round brackets directly after the quote as seen in the example here. Remember to include a lower case letter P and a full stop just before the page number or two ps followed by a full stop if the quote extends over two pages. Where the quote extends over two pages, include an n d, which is longer than a hyphen between the two page numbers. Remember to ensure that there is no space before or after the n dash. On the other hand, if the author's surname is not read as part of the sentence, you should place their surname followed by a, the year of publication, the letter P, a full stop, and the page number in brackets, as seen in the second example here. Alternatively, where the direct quote exceeds 40 words, it would need to be displayed separately from the rest of the paragraph and without quotation marks or inverted commas, as seen in this example. It would also need to be indented so that it stands out rather than simply look like another paragraph. The in text citation would then appear directly after the displayed quote and consist of the author's surname or surnames, the year of publication, the letter P, and the page number in round brackets, as seen here. When acknowledging more than one source for a particular piece of information, these should be listed in alphabetical order and separated by semi colons as seen in this example. You can pause the video here if you wish. Sometimes authors publish more than one work in the same year. If you are using more than one source by the same author published in the same year, you would need to differentiate between these in your in text citations, using the letters A B C, et. For instance, imagine that Jones published three works in 2020, and that I'm referring to the first and second ones here. I would then add the letters A and B to the year 2020, as seen in this example. Use com to separate works by the same author and a semiclon to separate different authors. It helps to think about the in text citations as the shortened version of the full reference. It's important to note that in text citations work in tandem or together with the full list of references that should appear separately at the end of your academic essay or assignment. Therefore, for each e c that appears within the main text, there must be an equivalent full reference in the separate list of references at the end of your paper. In the next video, we turn our attention to this list of references. 5. APA referencing - reference list: In this video, we take a look at the list of references when done according to the APA referencing system. The reference list is a detailed list of all the sources cited in your text. The APA referencing style is most commonly used in the social sciences, particularly in fields such as psychology, sociology, criminology, and anthropology. However, it is advisable to check with your particular faculty or department which referencing style they prefer and to ask them for an up to date style guide or referencing guidelines so that you can reference your sources according to their preferences. There are many different types of sources of which the ones listed here are only a few. For example, when engaging in academic writing, we may make use of videos, newspaper or magazine articles, books, podcasts, thess or dissertations, journal articles, blogs, legislation, book chapters, websites, government publications, and more. All entries in the list of references should appear in alphabetical order. The first line of each reference should appear against the left hand margin of the page, and all subsequent lines in that reference should be indented as seen in this example. You can use the hanging indent function on your computer to do this. When referencing a book that only has one author, start with the author's surname, followed by a, a space, and their initial or initials. Don't forget to include a full stop and a space after each initial. Place the year of publication in parentheses or round brackets after the initials. Then insert a full stop after the closing bracket. Next, insert the title of the book in sentence case and in italics. Sentence case requires you to capitalize the first letter of the title only, as well as the first letter of any names or proper nouns. If the book has a subtitle, insert a colon after the main title and begin the subtitle with a capital letter. Then include the addition number, if there is one in round brackets. Abbreviate both the addition number as well as the word addition as seen in this example. Lastly, include the name of the publisher. Here, it is Sage. Don't forget to end with a full stop. When your reference includes two authors, include a comma after the first author's last initial and full stop and insert the d or ampersand symbol before the second author's surname as seen here. When referencing a book that has three or more authors, use the same style. But after the first author's last initial, add a coma directly after the full stop as seen here. You can pause the video here if you wish. Now let's take a look at how to reference a chapter from a book written by different authors and which should have an editor or editors. In this case, you would list your author or authors and the date of publication using the same style as before, followed by the chapter title. The title of the chapter should not appear in italics. After the chapter title, include a full stop, a space, and the word in, followed by the initial or initials of the editor. Include a full stop and a space after each initial. Then insert the editor's surname, followed by the abbreviation, Ed, full stop in round brackets. Use a capital letter E for the abbreviation. If there is more than one editor, use the abbreviation EDs without a full stop. After this, you would include the title of the book as a whole, in sentence case and in italics, followed by the first and last page numbers of the chapter you are referencing in round brackets. Insert the letters, P P and a full stop before the page numbers, which should then be joined using an n. A n d looks similar to a hyphen, but is slightly longer. There should be no space before or after the end. Place a full stop after the closing bracket. Lastly, insert the name of the publisher followed by a full stop. When referencing a thesis or a dissertation, start with the author's surname, their initials, and the year of publication in the same format as before. Then insert the title of the thesis in sentence case and in italics. Next, in square brackets, include the type of degree. Whether it is a master's dissertation or a PhD thesis, followed by a comma and the name of the educational institution. Add a full stop after the closing bracket. If the source is available online, add the full URL. Note, there is no full stop at the end. Also note that the URL should appear as plain text rather than as a hyperlink. As with other sources mentioned previously in this video, when referencing a journal article, always begin with the surname of the author, their initials, and the year of publication, styleed in the same way as before. Include the title of the article in sentence case and in Roman rather than italics, followed by a full stop. Then insert the title of the journal in italics and in title case. This means that all of the main words in the journal title need to start with a capital letter. This is then followed by a the volume number and the issue number. The issue number appears in round brackets or parentheses directly after the volume number. There is no space between the volume number and the brackets containing the issue number as seen here. Insert a com after the closing bracket and add the first and last page numbers of the article joined by an end with no spaces before or after the end d. Lastly, insert the URL containing the DOI number. There should be no full stop at the end. Note again, that the URL should appear as plain text rather than as a hyperlink as seen here. When referencing a website or a web page, you would once again start by inserting the author's surname and their initials formatted in the usual way. The year followed by a comma, as well as the month and day on which the website was last updated, appears in round brackets. Insert a full stop after the closing bracket. If no day or month have been specified, you may simply insert the year as usual. This is followed by the title of the web page in sentence case and in italics. If you are unsure about the title of the web page, it helps to look at what appears in the tab at the top of the page as this often contains the title. Next, you would need to insert the name of the website in Roman rather than italics, followed by a full stop. Lastly, include the URL in full with no full stop at the end. Note that the URL should appear in plain text, rather than as a hyperlink as seen here. Where no author has been specified, insert the name of the corporate author, followed by a full stop. Next, include the year a comma, and the month and day on which the website was last updated in round brackets, followed by a full stop. If no day or month is available, simply include the year in brackets as usual. Next, insert the title of the web page in italics and in sentence case, followed by a full stop and a space. Lastly, include the URL in full. Note that there is no full stop at the end and that the URL appears in plain text rather than as a hyperlink. In order to see when the website was last updated, you may need to scroll down to the bottom of the web page where it should tell you when this last occurred. When it comes to referencing a newspaper article, start with the author's surname, their initials, and the year, month, and day of publication, using the same format as before. Remember to include a comma after the year and a full stop after the closing bracket. Next, include the title of the newspaper article in sentence case, followed by a full stop. The title of the article does not appear in italics. Next, insert the name of the newspaper in title case and in italics, followed by a full stop. Lastly, insert the URL in full. There is no full stop at the end. I've included an example here so that you can see exactly how this should be done in practice. When no author has been specified, use the title of the article in place of the author followed by a full stop. Next, include the year a and the month and day on which the article was published in round brackets, followed by a full stop. Then insert the name of the newspaper in title case and in italics, followed by a comma and the page number or a full stop, followed by the URL in full as seen here. Let's take a look at how to reference a magazine article. As always, start with the author's surname, initials, and the year, month and day of publication in the usual format. Next, insert the title of the magazine article in sentence case, not in italics, followed by a full stop. Next, insert the name of the magazine in title case and in italics, a comma and a space followed by the volume number, followed directly by an opening round bracket, the issue number, and a closing round bracket. Note that there should be no space between the volume number and the opening bracket. After the closing bracket, insert a, a space, and the page number if this is available. If not, insert a full stop after the closing bracket and include the full URL. There is no full stop at the end. The URL should appear in plain text rather than as a hyperlink. Next, let's consider how to reference a blog. Here, you would begin with the author or in some cases, the owner of the blog's surname, their initials, and the year, month, and day of publication, using the usual format. Next, you would insert the blog title in sentence case and not in italics followed by a full stop. Next, insert the name of the blog in title case and in italics, followed by a full stop. Then insert the URL as plain text, not as a hyperlink. There is no full stop at the end. Now let's explore how to reference a podcast. First, you would start with the author or presenter's surname and their initials in the usual format. Then you would specify their role in round brackets, followed by a full stop. In this example, it is host. Next, you would include the year, a comma, and the month and day of the transmission in brackets, followed by a full stop. Next, you would insert the title of the podcast in sentence case and in italics. After this, you would need to specify the type of podcast in square brackets, followed by a full stop. Here it is audio podcast. Then insert the name of the broadcaster, followed by a full stop. Here, it is psychology Studio. Lastly, include the URL in full in plain text, rather than as a hyperlink. Remember that there is no full stop at the end. As far as YouTube videos are concerned, start with the name of the person or organization that posted the video, followed by a full stop. Next, insert the year, a, and the month and day on which it was posted or uploaded in round brackets, followed by a full stop. Then add the video title in sentence case and in italics, followed by the word video in square brackets, followed by a full stop. Next, include the name of the video platform. Here it is YouTube, followed by a full stop. Lastly, insert the URL in full in plain text rather than as a hyperlink. Again, remember that there is no full stop at the end. When referencing legislation, start with the title of the Act in title case, followed by the year in italics. If relevant, also include the section number by inserting a comma after the year and the letter S followed by a full stop, the section number, and another full stop. Lastly, include the URL in plain text rather than as a hyperlink. There is no full stop at the end. When referencing conference papers, start with the surname of the author and their initials using the usual format. Next, include the year, a comma, and the month and days on which the conference was held in round brackets, followed by a full stop. Now here, you'll need to include the first and last days on which the conference took place using an end dh to connect them. Remember that the end dh is slightly longer than a hyphen and that there is no space before or after it. Next, you would include the title of the conference paper in sentence case and in italics, followed by a full stop. Then include the type of paper in square brackets followed by a full stop. Here, it is paper presentation. But this could also be a poster presentation, for example. Next, you would need to include the name or of the conference in title case and in Roman, italics, followed by a and the name of the town or city where the conference took place, followed by the name of the country and a full stop. Lastly, include the URL or DOI number in plain text, not as a hyperlink. Oh