FreeCAD in 25 Days: Create CAD Models, Assemblies & Drawings

1. Introduction: Are you ready to turn your creative ideas into detailed TD models? Whether you are an aspiring engineer, a designer, or a hobbyist, this free cad modeling course is designed just for you. Free CAD is a powerful, open source and totally free tool that gives you the freedom to design without limits. However, like any other tool, it requires the right guidance to unlock its full potential. In this course, you will learn how to create precise three D models. You will learn how to create sketches, choose those sketches to create physical bodies, then create technical drawings of those parts, and you will also learn how to conduct FM analysis in Free Cat. I'll walk you through each step making show you understand how to carry out every action. This is going to be a project based course, where instead of going over what each tool in free CAT does, you will learn these tools by working on CAD models of actual objects in a hands on approach with one project every day. However, you can do it faster if you have time, It is totally up to you. So why should we use Free cat? Be free cat is user friendly. It is customizable, and best of all, it is completely free. There are no expensive licenses required and no hidden costs like other CAD packages, just pure creativity. So whether you're looking to enhance your career, you are starting a new hobby or just want to bring your ideas to life. This course is the perfect starting point in computer ded design for you. So join us and let's create something amazing together. Sign up today and start your journey into the world of TD CAD modeling, choosing free cat. See you in the course. 2. Downloading & Installation: In this lecture, you will learn how to download and install Free Care. The first thing that you have to do is to go to Free website. You can do that by searching it on Google or bing whatever search engine you want. Just type Free here address int and you will see this link. WW. Click to open the website, and here you can see download now. Depending on which operating systems you're using or what device you're using, you can download it for Windows Mac or Linux. You can also for Linux, sorry for windows, you can also download the Freket software in portable format, or you can direct download, it's installer. The minimum requirements for windows is that it requires windows salmon. For MAC, it is MCO SX, Sierra, and for Linux, it depends on the distros. If you are trying to use Freec on a Linux platform, the recommended is ub two. However, it will work on other distros as well. Do your research before downloading the software for Linux. I'm on Windows, as you can see, I will just click download installer. So here the downloading starts. I have Internet download manager. If you don't have this installed, this downloading will be started in the browser. So I have already downloaded this software, so I will not download the installer, and I will download it once again, so I will click cancel. Here, if you want to, since this is free software, you don't have to pay anything. However, you can donate the money to its creators if you want to. Okay? So it totally depends on you. If you download and doesn't start, you can click here two, start the downloading one again. Once it has been downloaded, you can go to your download folder. I will go here and here it is. You double click to open then staler. You click next next. If you're install it for other users or just for yourself, I'll select this. Install just for me. Click next again. Check the path which you want to install. That is okay for me. Next, and you can also select whether to create a desktop shortcut, and you can also set file associations for Free Care free files. If it is advisable and recommended to have both of these checked, and the space required is 2 gigabytes. Let's click next and install. And it will take a couple of seconds to install. It has installed. If you directly want to launch free cad, you can just check this and click finish, or you can leave this unchecked and click finished. Then you go to desktop and the icon should be over here. You can just double click on free to run the software. Or if you didn't create the shortcut on the desktop, you can go to the installation folder you install this and open it from there. Thank you. 3. User Interface of FreeCAD: In this lecture, we will go over the user interface of Free C. The first time you launch FreCKD, you will be created by this screen. This is the opening screen for Freak. Here, you have this region. You can see it over here. This is the VO. Now, obviously we're not in any project, it will show you the recent files. If you have worked on previously Card files, all of your CD projects will be shown here. Okay. Below this, we have example section. Here you have different kinds of examples which you can work in, which you can use or look over in free cat. So you have simple modeling, example, engine block, a model of engine block, a cant liver beam, et cetera. This is the user interface of Fric. This region, as you can see here, recent files and examples. This is currently taking over the viewboard of FreCad. Here currently we are in document tep. You can change it to Help tap. Here you will get all the documentation like user Hub developers Hub, et cetera. As you know, FreCaD is an open source software, so you can contribute to its development if you know a bit about computer programming. Apart from these, you will have work benches documentation. We will go over individual workbenches of Frec and what they are in a separate lecture. Here you can see the documentation or help or help guidelines for all of your work benches. You can also access the Frec forum here and guidelines, you can read guidelines, et cetera, as well. This side, if we start a project, when we start a project, this side, it will become the model view. Here you will see all of the features or the steps you have taken in creating a certain model. Okay. The top here, this region, this is the tool bar. This tool bar, it is a contextual tool bar. For example, what does that mean? Let's say we create a new free card document. Click on the new, and then we are transported to this section, this view. Now that previous screen has changed, and now we have our view par. Here down here, you can see this was the start page, and by clicking this create new create new button, we've created a document called unnamed. And if we click it over here, we open that document. The right right bottom side here, you will see C. These are navigation settings. We will go over the navigation settings in further lecture. Let's say we want to create a three D model, a three D a part. We want to create a model a part. For that, you will have to go you will have to launch the part modeler or part design workbench. You click here, start and here you can see all of its workbenches. This work pinches there provides you with a set of tools to do a certain task. For example, if you want to use Frec architectural visualization project, you will select this arch workbench. If you only want to do drafting, you will select this draft. If you want to do finite element method and structural analysis, et cetera, you will select FEM, and for meshing will select mesh, and so on and so forth. The most of the time in this course, the work pinch which will be used is going to be part design because we are going to be designing or CAD modeling parts. The most work pinch in this course is going to be part design. We will also go over finite element method, sketcher, and architectural projects as well. For example, if I select, let's say I select design, and now as you can see here, we have some new tools. These tools or these features, they are contextual to the part design work Bench. If I change it to, let's say finite element method, see, these features or tools that have been changed. This tool bar is contextual to the work bench you are using. On top of here, you will see other icons such as file or ribbons, you can call them or drop down menus, doesn't really matter. Here you can see so many other things. For example, you have file. Under files, you will have options such as close the document, close, all documents, save, exit, export, import, et cetera. Under added, you will have all these options, s box selection, et cetera copy pas these, and most importantly, you will have your preferences, and you will have tools. You have some certain tools, then macro then model, and so on and so forth. Let's look over the preferences. If we open the preferences, we are greeted by this screen. Here you have general settings. For example, here you can change the theme of your The theme of the software free K. You can change the number systems from standard, which are millimeter kilogram, second and degrees to any other M Ks custom imperial decimal, whatever you like. You can change your unit systems over here. You can change the number format. Currently, it is to operating system, meaning it depends on the operating system that you're using. You can also change to other formats as well. You can check the documents document settings, selection, and so on and so forth. Under display, you will see the display options, such as you can use software GL rendering or pen GL VPO vertex buffer rendering. If you have a good graphic card or good GP, you should turn on these options. It depends on your liking. You can change your render cache. It is ideal to set it as auto. You can choose NT LS. Talcing is the smoothing of the lines or edges of a certain of objects. Currently, it is set to none because I don't like an ts. It simply depends on your choice, okay? You can also set it to MSA two X MSA four X. If you have played video games, you will be familiar with these options. Okay. You will get all other options here as well. For example, you have camera type, perspective rendering and orthographic rendering. Currently, it is set to orthographic rendering. However, you don't actually need to go to preferences to change this. You can do so during the project during working on a project as well. Here you will have your settings for various workbenches. Okay. You will say settings for Python. You can also do Python scripting in Free C as well. It is not essential, but it certainly helps if you are able to do that. You can add some add ons to your software as well. You can change import export settings, start settings and so on. Software. Let's click. This was the introduction to the user interface of Free. Thank you. 4. Navigation in FreeCAD: In this lecture, we will go over the navigation in freak. Once you've started Free, so let's go open this engine block example, and we will use that to learn how we can navigate in F. Okay. So we are here in FreC, O document has been opened. This is the model of an engine block. As you can see here in this section, you are seeing all of the construction different body. You have one body, gran case, the other party construction, and then the engine block. If you drop this down, you can see various other bodies and features as well. We will learn. You will be familiarized with this very easily once we start modeling our own objects. So this is the viewport, as we know. So in Free cad, you can use various types of navigation styles. If you go down here, you will see here to the bottom right screen, you will see here looking it said CD. However, if we click on this, here you have other type of navigation styles. If you are coming from blender, and you're very familiar with Blender and you know it's navigation style, you can simply click blender, and then Free Cad will use Blenders navigation style. Meaning scroll wheel for zooming in and out, pressing the scroll wheel and then moving up and down will rotate, pressing the shift key, and then while also pressing the middle mouse pattern and then moving around wheel pan. Okay. If you are coming from you have used open sca or rabbit or tinker, et cetera, you can use those navigation styles as well. I'm more familiar with AD, so I will leave it at that. With CAD, you have the same options for Zooming, which is using the middle mouse pattern. For rotating, you need to click. You need to press the middle mouse pattern, press the right mouse button. Middle mouse pattern and the right mouse pattern needs to be pressed for rotation. If you only press the middle mouse pattern, then you will do panning. You can look at the detail of every navigation style in this document. It is available at vote or mouse navigations or you can simply se free navigation on Bing or Google and you will get this. You will get to this page. This page details every key and every button used for navigation in all of its navigation styles. For example, you have blender navigation where left mouse button is selection. Shift plus middle mouse pattern is panning, or you can also pan using by pressing both of these buttons, left mouse pattern and right mouse pattern. By scrolling the wheel, you can zoom in and zoom out and by pressing the middle mouse button and holding it, and then moving the pointer, by doing that, you can rotate. This is CAD options. You can also use gestures. Gesture navigation style, if you want to do that, if you have a touch pad, et cetera, or you're using free cad on a touch screen. For example, you can use tab to select, drag with two fingers to pan. Choose two fingers and pinch by doing pinching gesture, you can zoom in and zoom out. You can also use Maya navigation or rat or tinker care or ever like. These were the navigation styles. Apart from that, irrespective of which navigation style you're using, you also have this navigation cube. If you click on this top here, you will go directly into the top view. If you click on this face over here, you will go into the view from that particular face. Front view, you can rotate, go this way and click the left view. You can also change the views or directly go to a specific view using this navigation. Let's go back to the top view. Here we have the top view. The other thing is that when you are in these views, top views, left side, bottom view or front views, you can also change to view that space, to view that side in a perspective view or orthographic view or even isometrically. To access those, you have to click on this small little cube here. Left click. Once you left click, you can select autographic view. Currently, this is orthographic view. We can change this to perspective view. Now this is perspective view, and if you zoom in and zoom out, free will zoom in to the location of your mouse pointer. Let's say I want to zoom in on this hole. I'll move the mouse pointer over there, and then rotate the mouse pattern to zoom over there. If I want to zoom in over here, I can do so by moving the mouse pointer to that location and then using the scroll wheel on my mouse. O you can move to isometric. Let's go back to orthographic. This is how you do navigation in free ca. Basically, you can have any style you want, blender, or whichever styles you're familiar with. So I recommend you to use the styles you're most familiar with. If you're coming from blender, use blender navigation style, if you're coming from Free Cade, if you have used Free ka use that, if you are on a touchscreen device use gesture, or if you are totally new to D and have never used any of these methodologies or these softwares or navigation styles, I suggest you used the CD because if you further move on to other bigger softwares like solid verse, inventor, et cetera, they will be using this D navigation system. As a beginner, to CD or computer ed design, I recommend CAD style. However, this is not such a big deal and you can use whichever styles you want. Okay. Thank you. 5. Modelling a Razor Blade: Starting with this lecture and this section and the sections. After this, we will be working on actual care projects. Section three, which is this section is going to be about part modeling. What does that means we will be modeling individual parts of any product or individual mechanical parts or any kind of parts. In this section, we will work on 20 different products or 20 different parts. We will model 20 different parts. Instead of going through each feature or each tool in Frick what does the pad feature or what does the other revolve feature do or any other feature does. Instead of going through them one by one of each of these features, it is better to learn these things, learn these tools, by actually working on actual products. Instead of learning what this feature does and what this feature does, it is better to try to model actual products or actual parts. By doing that, you will also learn what these features actually do and also when to use these features. So to maximize the output from this course, I suggest that you set up using learn the scores, you experience the scores using two screens. You can have an iPad, a cell phone, a laptop, or any kind of device. You can call it the first device and on that first device, you view the course. On the second device, whatever that is, on the second device, you try to follow what is being taught in the course and try to copy what is being taught in the course and try to model the product self. You can do this by two devices. That is the methodology I recommend. Or you can also do this using two monitors, course, videos on one monitor and the actual free cad modeling on the second monitor. However, if you cannot afford two devices or two monitors, then you can simply do the both thing on one on a same device and minimize to go to the course, then pass the course and then go back to the free ca software itself. It totally depends on s choice. That is enough talking. Now let's start our first project. I will close this and I will go to free. Here it is. Okay. The first part or product that we are going to model in Free CAD, it is going to be a ser pled, but you can also call it a shaving plad. Let's first create a new project. And you can create a new project or FreeCa document, as it is called by clicking here, Create nee or you can go to file and click New over here as well. I'll just click this, create New. Once I do that, an unnamed project here, as you can see, has been created. The way as we know, we are going to create a part or we're going to model apart or design a part in this project. It is appropriate that we select the contextual or appropriate workbench. So We click start here in the work Benches drop down menu. Now here we have two options. Now two options or which two methodologies we can use here to understand that, let's go back to learn some concepts. In CAD software, the three D geometry is created using a sketch. First, you create a sketch, and then that sketch is two d. Then you convert that sketch into three D part. This process of converting a sketch into a part or converting two d to three D, you do that by using features. Or tools, whatever you want to call them. This can be pad feature in other softwares in Frequ it is called pad. In other softwares, it is usually referred to as extrude. You can do revolve. We will learn all these features in this course. You can do Laft and so on and sofa. For example, if you want to create a cube, let's say, first, you will have to create a rectangle or a square. Which is going to be two. Then you will use the pad or extrude feature, extruded feature to lift this up in the third dimension. This is like this, this is x, this is y, and this is. This original rectangle was only in plan. To convert it into a cue, we need a third dimension in z axis, and we get that z axis by padding or extruding this two d c to d square or rectangle, whatever it is. Then it goes up, and then we get a Q. For creating or creation of every three dimensional geometry. First, you need to create sketch, and that sketch is going to be two dimensional. Let's go back to F here. First thing that we need to do, we need to create that sketch. For that, we can either go to sketcher, since we need to create a sketch. L et's do that. Let's go to sketcher. We can go to sketcher. Then if we click over here, currently, it is in combo view. It is under model. If you select tasks, I will show here or task. You can either go to sketcher and create a sketch and then convert it into a part. Or you can choose the other option, which is the most recommended and most intuitive option is the part design workmen. It is some over here. If we click, now we are in part design workmen. So the more intuitive pens to use for creating parts is to use part design. And part design pen basically combines the pot sketcher and the part work pinch to create the actual parts itself. If you click here on the models, you have here unnamed, we have not yet named our project. Let's name it, name it or we can name it. We can name the document bike saving it. We will do that later. Let's first create our geometry or PD for the reservoir. Under the tasks, to start, it says to start modeling apart. First, we need to create a body. We require a body. Obviously, our three D part is going to have a body. Let's click that. Then it says the part design work says over here, that in order to start creating a body in order to start the creation of a body, we need to create a sketch. And just like that, first, we will be needing a sketch. Let's click over here to create a sketch. Once you click that, you will get this screen. In the V port now, we have our three plans visible to us. We have the X Y plan, we have the y Z plan, and we have X that plan and thirdly, we have the y plan. Here you can also see these plans as well. X Y x and y. Basically, we need to select a plan on which to create our geometry. We need to select a plan on which to create a two dimensional sketch. Okay. So which plan should you pick? That depends entirely on what product you are modeling. Okay. If we go back to here, you board, for example, for example, you are modeling a block. Okay. You can slick whatever plans you like. It depends on your methodology, your approach. For example, you want to model at boid, like this structure. Let's say this is two meter. This is also two meter, and this is ten meter. This is x y and z. You can create this geometry in two approaches. You can either select this plan, which in software is going to be this plan, in software is going to be this plan. Or the front plan. You can also call it the front len. You can either select the front plan, create this rectangle. Let me create over here. You can create this rectangle with dimensions 10 meters and 2 meters. Then extrude it in the third dimension 22 meter. You will get this geometry. Or you can use the top plane plan and create this two D sketch. Two meter 2 meters and then extrude it upward up to ten meter, and you would still get the same geometry. Which plan should you select? It totally depends on your approach and the geometry you are modeling. There is no one correct to model any part. Let's go back to Free ca. I will select the ser plan for creation of our ser plan. What I can do, I can select it over here. If I click on that, which I just did, I click on it, and now the plan has been selected. Since I selected the top plan, as you can see over here from the VQ, you can see that our view has automatically shifted to top V. Now, let's start creating our sketch for reser plate. This is going to be the dimensions or the sketch of our reserpla. It is going to be 43 millimeters in length and 22 millimeter or 11 by 11 by 16 " and seven by 8 ". First, since we will be working in millimeters here, first set or check verify or confirm that our units of length are in millimeters. We can do that by clicking here. Next to. We click this. You can get all of the units over here, or you can go to the preferences and change units over there too. It is in standard millimeters for length, kilogram per mass, second for time and degrees for ankles. Let's keep. Now let's create a sketch, and for that, we will be creating this rectangle firstly. We can create rectangle by two ways. Since we are in the sketcher, all of these options, since these are contextual and there are sketching options. We have We have point. We have line, we have our circle, spine or curve. We have polyline, we can create a rectangle directly. We can create polygons and so on and so forth. Slot fill that. We will use these when we need them. We need a rectangle. We can create a rectangle by creating lines. Or since we directly require a rectangle, it's better to just choose the rectangle. So we can click the rectangle tool, and if you notice, if you look closely, you can see that there is a drop do menu next to. You click it, and then there you have three different options for rectangle. First is a rectangle, or it can also be called as corner to corner rectangle. Let's select that and here it is the origin. Now as you can see our cursor changes to a rectangle, and it shows it is a corner to corner rectangle. What does corner to corner rectangle means? The corner to corner rectangle means that a single point, the point where we are going to click. Is going to be one corner, and then we will drag to another corner. For example, if I click here on the origin, left click here on the origin, left click, and then move outwards, you can see that one corner of the rectangle has been snapped to that origin. The next I can set now, I can move it up, I can move it to the right, I can move it to the left, down to the right and upward right again. Wherever I click once again, I will confirm that point to be its second corner. Let's say somewhere over here. And now we have our rectangle. We can create a rectangle in this way. Or we can also create a rectangle using center to center rectangle tool as well. Let's let's see how that works. Let's press control Z. To remove that rectangle. Control C is undo as in all other softwares. Let's create a centered tran. Now, if I click here in the center now and move outward, you can see instead of a corner, the center point has been fixed to the origin of the point which I selected previously. Then I can move in all other directions to select a corner as well to complete the rectangle. Let's say somewhere over. You can create rectangle with these two methodologies. The third option is rounded triangle whose corners are rounded. Since we don't need that, we will not be using that tool. Here we have our rectangle. A rectangle has been created. However, one thing which is missing is that we have not set the dimensions. We don't know how long this line is or how long this line is. We need to put our dimensions, which are these for this tine. In order to put dimensions, we can use in free, we can use constraints. Constraints are over here. You have coinciden point on to object vertical, horizontal, parallel, perpendicular, equal symmetrical block, and if you click this, you can see these other constraints over here as well, such as L horizontal distance, and son and sofa. What are constraints? Constraints in in sketching are basically set of conditions that you put on your lines, curves, or anything in the sketch. For example, since we created this But if we create a line over here. Let's say we create this line. Then we create over here this line. Since we are still in the line tool, we can press scar to deselect the line tool and go to selection more. Now we have these two lines. Now we want this line to be equal in length to this line. We can do that by either inserting the dimensions to these both lines. The same dimension line, or we can also set equal constraint. We can also set the constraint of equal to both of these lines, which will ensure that these lines, as long as that has been constraint has been set has been established, these lines will always be equal in length. Let's do that. Let's press the control button and while holding it, let's select both of these lines. Now both of these lines have been selected, and then go over here. This is contin equal. It's hot key is E. You can press the E button K e for directly constraining or you can select this constraint key tool over here, const equal to over here. When once you click that, both of these will have equal length. They have been constrained two equal. Now, if you can see if we select this line and then click on this edge of this line and try to extend it, you will see that the other line is also changing its length as well. The other line will also adjust itself to stay in equal dimension to this line. You can change its orientation, you can move it there here. However, the length will be of both of these lines will be same. Okay. Apart from this, you can set other constraints as well. For example, you want this line to be horizontal, perfectly horizontal. Select this line and you can choose horizontal constraint. There you see, that line is horizontal. That's if you want this line to be vertical, you can choose the vertical constraint. Now it is vertical. You can use all of these constraints as well. To basically tell that basically create relationship between lines or put certain limitations or conditions on line. Here, if you drop this down, if you have a very large monitor, these will be visible to you without the drop down menu. Here you have constrained horizontal distance. This is basically the tool or constraint we use to put horizontal dimension. Next to that, we have a vertical distance, which is used to put vertical dimensions. Also, you have constrained distance. You can basically set distance between line and other circle, et cetera, you can use these five dimensioning as well. Then you have contran R or a circle tool, which is basically used to insert radiuses, et c circles. We will use this momentarily. Let's delete these lines. We will select these and delete key and they are deleted. Now since we created a rectangle and as we know, rectangle, the opposite sides are equal, When we use the rectangle tool, free k automatically constrain these two lines to be vertical, and these two lines to be horizontal. You can see these constraints over here, here, here, here, and it also put some other required constraints as well. It also put the equal constraint that this line will always stay equal to this line, and this will be always in equal in dimension to this line. Let's put our dimensions. L et's select First select constrain horizontal distance. Let's select that and click on this line. Then this pop up will appear. Here you can insert your length. You can also name this dimension as well if you want to. The length here, as you can see the unit is a millimeter and the length is three millimeter. I will just type for three and click. Now this dimension here, as you can see over here, it is written 43 millimeters. Now, also let's select the vertical dimension. For vertical dimension, you will choose this tool. Constrain vertical distance whose heart is. We will select this and then click on this line or this line doesn't really matter. Let's click on this line. This distance is 22 millimeter. 22 millimeter. I will type 22 and click. Now we have provided the dimensions for our sketch. Other thing that we should also remember that there are three circles over here. There is a circle. This is not a circle, but a circle with the straight line and here over here as well. Let's create those. Now since there are no available dimensions, we will just create those circle based on our intuition. The circle here, as you can see is in the center of this geometry. Let's create a circle and for circle, we will use this circle tool. Just like the rectangle tool, it also has other options. It has center and rain point, which is basically the tool where we select the center point of a circle and then a point on its circumference. Or you can choose three rain points, meaning three points on the circumference, and it will create the circle from there. Since we already know the center of the circle, we will use this center and rim point, which is the basically default option. We'll cliect this circle, circle tool over here. Since this circle is on the origin, we will select origin to be its center. Once you move over the origin, you will see it turns yellow, which means we are directly on origin. I will click over there, left click and then move to the left. Now we can select a point on its circum files. Right now we can just select arbitrarily and then insert the dimensions, required dimensions. Let's select over here, and this is our circle. Now, we need to insert our dimension, which is not provided to us in the sketch, but let's provide a dimension anywhere. We will select this, constrain or circle, and then we will click this on this circle, and it says insert diameter. Okay. What we did, we went up here, we choose this tool, which is constrain or circle, which is used for dimensioning of circles. We selected this and then click on this circle. Now it is asking for the diameter of this circle. We can choose it whatever we like. Let six seems appropriate. Let's select 6 millimeters. That seems perfectly fine. Next, we need to create these two geometries, which are basically a fusion of a circle and and a rectangle these two lines are straight. Let's do that. Let's create a circle over here. Here seems fine. We will need two circles, one here and one to this side. On here and one over here. Let's create the first on this side. Here, and let's just create a circle and we want the circle to be equal to this circle. Once again, we can either go to either go here, here, use this tool and then select the radius diameter of the circle to be six millimeter just equated with the previous circle. Or we can use the constraint equal to ensure that both of the circles will be equal dimensions. Let's press. Select this circle, then select this circle. You don't actually need to keep pressing the control key. You can just select one, and then click on the next to select the other. Now, both of these two circles have been selected, as you can see over here. With both of these circles selected, we can go here and choose this equal constraint. And when we pressed on it, we can see both of these circles are equal. Okay. When you use this equal constrain, it will change the dimension of the circle or any other sketch, whose dimensions have not been provided to the geometry whose dimensions have been provided. We said that this circle has the diameter of six millimeter. I change the second circle to move down its diameter to six centimeter. Now both of these will be equal. However, as you can see over here, this is not a circle. We have this region, which are this line, which is totiny strep. Let's create that. For that, we will use the line two. Et's create and now the line tool has been selected. Let's create a line b. Let's select the starting point of a line arbitrarily, and let's put it somewhere over here. It is this point. We are selecting it arbitrarily and select this. Let's join it to the next side. Somewhere over. Here. We can we have to join it to the other side. However, before clicking on selecting the second point of this line, the end point of this line, We need to ensure that this is a straight line, perfectly horizontal line. That we can do that by just creating the line and then using the horizontal this constraint. Or we have also another way which is more quick. That is, we have selected this one point. Let's do that again. Let's select the line tool and click over here, and then we will press the control key. Right now I'm pressing the control key and I'm holding the control key. If you press and control the press and ld the control key. What that will do, it will by doing that, the free will try to snap the line at certain angles, which each difference of five degrees. For example, currently, as you can see, it is 2.2 millimeter and its angle is 35 degree. And if you move upward, it will move 35-30, then 25, 20, 15, ten, five and zero. Once it is at zero, I will move the cursor in I will move the mouse pointer in horizontal direction to the right and when the circle becomes highlighted, it means the end point has been selected to be on the circum fs, and I will just click there. In the next lecture, I will try to have my keys shown on the screen as well. So now we have our horizontal line. We also need a line over here. We can create another line. However, we cannot ensure that a distance from this circle or the length of that line if we create a line over here arbitrarily, let's say we create this line. Now, we have two lines, but we have no way of knowing that these two lines are equal in dimension. To ensure that we can once again, go to this distance tool either go here, select the dimensions. Let's say three. Now it is three, and then we can also change the dimensions of this line to three as well. Or we can say this line is equal in dimension to, this line we can use, the equal constrain over here. I select this to three millimeter, and I will again select both of these lines and e the equal const. Now, both of these lines will be of three millimeter length, which also ensures that the distance from this point to this line is also sent. Now, what we need this portion removed and this portion between this point and this point of the circle to be removed so that we can get this kind of geometry. Basically what we need, we need to trim this portion. From this point to this point on this circle. For that, we have a tool in free cd and it is called trim edge. It is this tool. We will simply select this tool. It has been selected now, as you can see from the cursor, it is no longer an arrow, it has changed, and the tool selected is trim edge. And with that tool selected, if we move over here, as you can see, it highlights the entire circles, but it also highlights these two points, this point and this point. As you can see, it is highlighting those two points. Which basically means it will trim this circle up to those two points. I will click and when I click it, it trimmed or it cut that portion. Let's move downward and we need to do the same thing over here once again. Let's click and it's the We have this kind of geometry that we need. However, we want the same geometry over here as well. We can create this geometry once again over here as well. However, that is going to be very time consuming. Instead of creating an entire body like this here once again, what we can do, we can create a symmetric copy or a mirror image over here. Okay. In order to create this mirror image, the methodology is something like this. For example, we have for example, we have this geometry over here, and we want this geometry to be copied over here as in this plus as well. We will have to create a mirror image. For creating a mirror image, you need two things, mirror image or symmetric image, you need two things. You need the actual geometry itself, which is this one, and you need a reference point, or reference line, a reference point, or any other thing to be used to around which the mirror is going to be created. For that, first, you will select this geometry, and then you will select this reference point around which you want to be mirror. After both of these have been selected, the geometry and the point has been selected. The, the reference point or reference line, whatever it is, it is to be selected last. Once it has been selected, you can then choose the mirror command and it will copy that geometry to the other side. If you select the mirror point somewhere over here, it will create a mirror geometry to in response to that point. That's how mirroring or symmetric copy, symmetric copy works. Let's go back to freak. This is the geometry that we want to be mirrored, or we want to have a symmetric copy made, and this center of the circle, which is also the center of this rectangle is what we want to be or axis of symmetry or reference point. We will select this circle. Then we will select the center. When it becomes yellow, we will click on it and it has been selected. Now, both of these geometry or geometry and the center selected. We will go over here. It currently says next to this select associated constraints. We have this drop down menu. Let's expand that and here you have select associated geometry. We don't need that show and hide internal geometry, and next, we have symmetry. In other software such as solid works, et cetera, it is as mirror option. It's as mirror. Here it is symmetry, but it is the same thing. As you can see it says, it creates asymmetric geometry. With respect to the last selected line or point. We have our geometry selected, and we have a reference point selected. Let's left click on this tool. Once you do that, as you can see, in an instant it created the same sketch over here as well. Now, if we look at our reference sketch, Now our sketch has been created. Our two D sketch has been created. We need to convert this into a three D object. To do that, let's first over here. Let's close the sketch work pinch. Let's close. Now we're back in our part design work pinch, and we have our two D sketch. Then we can do so many things. We can pocket, we can hide, et cetera, and these options are available under tasks. We can also create other sketches as well. Let's go to the model and in model, it will show everything step by step, which you have done. Under the body, you have this sketch. You have origins and under the origins or your reference plan. Origin is actually the reference plan. Next to that, you have your sketch, and we need to extude this or pad this to convert it into a three dimensional object. We will select this sketch. As you can see, these settings, these features or tools have been changed from the sketch tools to part design tools. They are contextual to the work pens that you are using. Here, we just want to move this upward in z axis to create a three dimensional party. For that, you will use this pad tool. Okay. Pad a selected sketch. We have our sketch selected, and then you will simply click on pad. Once we select the pad option, it or it converts our two D sketch into a three D object. However, as you can see, there is a problem, and that problem is that it did not or it failed to create these holes here that we needed initially. We'll fix that momentarily, but first over here under pad parameters, let's select the dimension. It is going to be the dimension of padding or how much to the set direction or in the third axis, it is going to be elevated or lifted. Currently, it is 6 millimeters. I will change it to 1 millimeter. After typing 1 millimeter, if I left click over here anywhere over here like this. Then as you can see, it changes it updates its view to the new the added dimension. That will only happen if this update view box over here is checked. Make sure it is checked. 1 millimeter thickness of the blade is what I want, or you can also go down to a 0.5 millimeter. Let's 0.5 millimeter. Then we can click Okay, to exit out of this tad two. Now we have a three D dimensional party or three dimensional geometry. Now let's once again try to create these holes that we original originally tried to create, but was not created by Free this kind of issue can happen to you occasionally in Freak. First, let's go down to that sketch. This is the original sketch that we created. Let's click right click on it to open this portion, and let's click here added sketch. Now here, what we will do, we will delete these portions. Because they are only going to create conflict for us in future if we want to change or improve or do other modification to this card model. I will select this, select this pres. Then let's close. Now we want holes to be created over here and over here on this surface. For that, just like this three D body, we will be required to create a sketch. For sketch, we need a plan. However, now that we have a three dimensional body, we are not required to use those basic x y z x t plans. But also now we can also use any of these flat surfaces of this three D body, as our reference plan. We can create sketch on this surface. This surface, we can create sketch on this surface, this surface, and any of these flat surfaces can be used as our reference plans. Since we want to create holes over here and over here, we will select this surface. It has been selected. We will go to tasks over here, and then we will create sketch. Then it will go back to sketcher and it will move view, I will change the view to the one, which is rightly in front of or looking at that top surface, which is the top view. Once again, let's that sketch. Since we have already done this, so I will just speed up this portion of the lure. Now, our new sketch has been created and I have exited out of that sketch. I fast forwarded it because we've already done that and you just have to do that once again. Now we have here, if you see under model, we have our new sketch. 0001. Now, if we select the pad option, which is over here, it will create a three di gometr upward. And we don't want that. We want this new sketch to drive holes or to remove geometry according to this new sketch from this previous body. We will cancel it. And instead of instead of pad, we will use this option pocket. As you see over here, there are some options are yellow color, and then there are some over here which are in red color. The yellow color ones are additive options, and these are subtractive options. Meaning, this one will add geometry on the basis of sue sketch, and this one will remove geometry on the basis of e sketch. They are basically the opposite of these options. So the opposite of pad over here is pocket. While the sketch has been selected, new sketch has been selected. We will select this pocket option. As you can see, We have its dimension, it has created holes in there. Once again, you will select its dimensions. So you have many options here for creation of a hole. Firstly, you have dimension, which is 5 millimeters. Here, when designing or when modeling models or cad parts, you will need to use something called CD intent. Okay. Intent of design or design intent or card intent, which is basically, we want these holes to be there forever. For example, if we say right now, the length of these holes is the dimension we select is 5 millimeters. However, we select that, and then someday we go back to this design and we change the dimension of that. Let's do that. Let's say we enter this dimension over here to be 2 millimeters. As you can see, up to 2 millimeters, it creates a full on hole. Let's click. Okay. However, if we go back to this pad, we double click on it, which we initially we selected the thickness of this pled to be 0.50 millimeter. Let's say, we change it to 4 millimeters. Let's select this click. Okay. Now, as you can see, here, it is no longer a hole. That is because now this dimension, this line, this selected line. It is four millimeter. However, we only allowed this sketch to cut gumetry up to two millimeter. It will not create all. However, if we go back to this pocket and instead of using a dimension, we change the type of this pocket to be th. We select rough, as you can see, a hole has been created. Next. Here, as you can see, H has been created over here. Let's click. Once through all has been selected, it doesn't matter what dimensions you change further. Change or do. The hall will be created every time. It will cut everything. You can now ten millimeter, the all will still be there. Here as you can see. So let's go back to 0.50 and click. This is something called design intent, which means the intent of design over here is to have a hole over here no matter the dimension or the thickness of this. Of this blade. Then the intent dictates that the option for the pocket should be through all, instead of selecting a dimension. Let's click. Okay. Now, only one thing is remaining, and that is creating a sharpness. Currently, as you can see, this is very plant. It will not cut. We need to create a sharp edge over here and over here. For that, what we can do, we can do two things to create that sharp edge. We can create a sketch on this surface. Something like we can do We can do two things. We can create a sketch on this surface, something like this, a sketch like this, and then use the pocket tool to cut umetry in this direction and it will create a sharp edge. However, we will not do that because that is going to be very tedious. Instead, we will use a new tool, which is two. Let's do that. Instead, we will use chamfer too and it is somewhere over here chamfer. This is additive primitive. Here. It is chamfer. We will select this. We will select this edge for chamfering, you need to select edges. We will select this edge, and we will also select this edge. And it is going to be easier for us to look at this temper if we are looking from this side, which is going to be the right view. We can change our view by going here to this view cube and click right. Then just zoom in. Currently, as you can see, we are not seeing anything. That is because That is, let me just open this once again. Hamper works like this. I don't want to. What Jamf will do, it will cut gumetr in this manner over here. It will cut gumetr. For example, this is the edge. Let's erase this. For example, it will cut tumetry in this direction and also in this direction, and in this fashion, it will cut gumetry, to create edge, sharp edges. Currently, as you can see, currently, as you can see, as we know, the thickness here is zero point T thickness here is 0.5 millimeter, half of a millimeter. And the size here selected is 1 millimeter and the type here selected is equal distance, meaning equal distance in this direction, and direction to the right and equal distance in vertical direction downwards. Cutting geometry of 1 millimeter to the downward direction is not possible here because the thickness, the total thickness over here is 0.5 millimeter. So we will we will change this from equal distance to two distances. Now we can select individual distances for both sides. Here it is one distance, and then it is second distance size, and then size two. Let's say we change the size two to be 0.25 millimeter. I selected inter, and once again, it was not possible. It gave me an error. That means the size two is this horizontal distance, not the vertical distance. I will change the size 120.25. Click over here anywhere in this blue dialog box. And as you can see now, it has created a champer. This means this size here, it is the vertical distance, and size two is the horizontal distance. Okay? So if we select size two to be 1 millimeter and click here, as you can see, it, it changes the distance in horizontal side to be 1 millimeter. We will say this is actually three millimeter, and we want this side to be the material to be removed up to this edge edge. So that it is a total sharp edge. This would be 0.50. 6. Modelling a Lego Block: In this lecture, we will be creating a CAD model of a lego break. I'm here in Frec on the dashboard of Frec First thing that we need to do is to create a new Frec document. We can do that by clicking create new over here. Our document has been created. The next step is to select a proper work Bench, and O workbench is going to be part design, and I will select part design. Our next task, as you know, is creation of a body. I will click here, create body over here, and for that body, what we need to do, we need to create sketch. I will select Create sketch. Next, we need to select a plan for that sketch, and we will be going to creating this sketch on the X Y plan. We can select the X Y plan from this menu over here, or we can simply select on the X Y plan, which is this one. And I will hover over it one s t yellow, I can click. I can use the left mouse button to click on it and then select this plan. I will do that and now our plan has been selected. So for our lego break, the first thing that we need to be creating, the sketch. The first sketch we will be creating is going to be rectangle. Before creating this rectangle, I want you to make sure that you are in standard Mm system. You can change your mem systems by clicking here in the bottom right side of the screen. Here it is saying millimeter. M sure you are in standard. System of Myrmids, because the unit for memds we are going to be choosing is going to be milli meters. I will select that. Now I can go to select my rectangle tool, any type of rectangle tools. You can choose the scented one or corner to corner, and I will click on the origin, drag it outward, and click once again to create a rectangle. Next, we need to what we need to be doing. And one more thing. I'm in blender. I'm in blender navigation system because I was opting for D. However, most of the people are familiar with this one. And it is also comparatively easier or intuitive navigation system. I'm in blender navigation system. Man, which means for panning, you need to press shift and hold it, and then move around with the middle mouse button, also pressed for panning. Middle mouse pattern pressed and then move if you press the middle mouse pattern and move around, you can rotate, and that is how the navigation system in blender style works. Anyways. We have our rectangle. The next task is to assign dimensions. We need to assign the horizontal dimension and vertical dimensions. For horizontal dimensions, we have this tool, which is horizontal distance constraint, or we can simply press L, which is it sort key. I will press L, and now that tool has been selected. Can assign this horizontal dimension to this side or this side, any of these two lines. Let's say, let's this line. This dimension is going to be 320 millimeters. I will type 320 and click. Okay. Once it increases, it is taking the view. It is stretching or extending that line out of our view. We simply have to zoom out and then pan to bring it back into view. Also just like that, we can also select the vertical dimensions, which is this tool or with the heart key I. Once it is selected, we can either apply this to this line or this line, Let's say this line, and this is going to be 160 millimeter. I will type 160, and then we can simply click to assign it. Now, our basic sketch or our sketch for the base of the go go brick or lego block, whatever you want to call it, is ready. So now what we need to do. We need to close out of this sketch tool since our sketch has been completed. I will click here close. Let's zoom out a bit to fit to bring it into our proper view. Next, we need to take this two third dimension, which is axis, and we can do that by using the pad tool. We can do this in other tools as well. We will be using these in further lectures, but PAD tool is the most appropriate, and it is going to be the mostly used tool. For extruding a two d sketch in third dimension or z axis, two d sketch into three dimensional body. I will select pad. As you can see, it has a converted into a three dimensional body. Next, in here, we need to select the dimension of this padding. That is going to be 96 millimeters. I will type 96 and before clicking or pressing the interkey. You can click somewhere over here in this blue check mark, here, here, wherever you like. Left click and doing that will update the view according to your newly added dimensions. That is perfect, and we are happy with it. Let's click to exit out of this Pad two. Our base block for this lego brick is ready. Next, we need to create bumps on top of this. On this top surface on the top surface of this lego break. Which means we will be using this top surface as the reference plan for our new sketch, and that sketch is going to be for creation of bumps. I will select this sketch. This surface by using the left mouse button, and then over here, you have create sketch. I will click on it. Then it goes back into sketcher workbench, and we have all these sketching tools available once again. Also the view has shifted to the surface that we selected. Now, we want to create circles over here. We will have one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, d circles. At circles in two rows and four columns. Let's create the first circle. Let's select the surface tool and let's create a circle basically somewhere over. Here. That is our circle. Next, let's assign some dimension to this circle. We can do that by using this tool, which is constrain and or circle. By this, basically we can assign diameter to a circle. I will select this tool. It is over here, and then select the circle. It is asking for its diameter. This diameter is going to be 50 millimeter. Okay. I will tie 50 and click, now our circle is of 50 millimeter diameter. Next, we need to assign the distance from this top line, this line, top line to this center of the circle, and also the distance from this vertical line, which is this line to the center of this circle. Now, to reference that, as we know, we have two create external geometries. Meaning, we will extract these lines. Which we have previously created for another sketch, and we want to use them as references for our new sketch, which is this circle. For that, we first need to extract these lines to our new sketch as external geometries. So we will use this tool, which is create external geometries. Let's select it, and now we can select these lines. I will select this line. It has been extracted and then this vertical line here. It has been extracted as well. Okay. So let's close it and now let's assign dimensions. First, we will assign horizontal dimension. We will assign this horizontal dimension between the center of the circle and this point over here. Basically, in free, you cannot assign dimension between two different type of profiles. For example, you cannot assign dimension between this arc or this line between this arc and this line because one is an arc and other is a straight line. Similarly, you can also not assign constraints between Once again, between a point and a line as well. We cannot define the distance between this point, which is the center of the circle and this line directly. However, what we can do is assign constraint dimensions between two similar type of objects or profiles, and we'll use that over here. So we will instead of assigning the horizontal distance between this point, the center of the circle, and this line. What we will do, we will select this point and instead of selecting this line, which as you can see when you hover over it, it is showing that it is not possible. We cannot select this line. Instead, we will select this point over here, this top point. Let's select that and here it is. Currently, it is at 35. Let's change it to 20 millimeter. I'm sorry 20 is not going to work because the radius of the circle is 25 millimeters since the diameter is 50. We will change it to somewhere, let's say. Let's change it to 40 40 is even better. Similarly, we will also assign the vertical distance, you'll select this tool, the vertical distance or vertical distance tool, constrain vertical distance tool, and once again, we will select this center and this point. Once again, this is going to be 40. Now, We have our first circle. Now we want similar circles, just like this, but we want total of t circles in two rows and four columns. For that, we have a tool called rectangular array. First, press scap to exit out of the dimension tool, which we were just choosing. Let's select this circle. Now it has been selected. We can go to this rectangular array tool, which is this one. And let's click on it. So It is asking how many rows and columns do we want? We want four columns. Let's type four over here, and we want two rows. Let's type two over here. Also, let's keep these two boxes checked. On. One of them is that equal horizontal spacing, meaning the distance between individual circles in horizontal and vertical direction is going to be similar. It is going to ensure that. Also, the second check box, it is going to ensure that the constraints between all of these, a total of circles which we are going to be creating are also carried from one circle to another. That is also better. It is better to keep the clone check pox unchecked because we are not cloning. If we want to clone, then we will check that as well. Cloning is basically creating a duplicate profile, which is actually a different sketch. We're not doing that, we're creating a copy of this. We're creating similar circles inside this individual inside the sam sketch, so we will not be using this clone feature. Let's click, and as you can see over here, it is showing a line, and we can place the point basically, we can assign that distance between the two circle, the center to center distance of the circle, and the angle of that line. We want the rows to be in perfectly straight line, meaning zero degrees angle. Okay. To ensure that we can do, we can press and then hold the control key, and doing that will snap or profile on specific angles. For example, it is currently snapped to five degrees. If we move it downward, it is snapping to ten, 15, and increasing. We want zero, so I will move it upward while the control key is pressed, and here it is zero degrees. Let's just place it somewhere here or bitterly, let's say The distance to be, let's say 90. Once we are happy, we can simply click the left mouse button to create our pattern. The d circles or at circles have been created, but as you can see, there is an issue. And issue or the problem is that the fourth circle is out of the bas geometry. We need to bring it into the geometry. For that, what we need to do, we need to reduce the center to center distance. That dimension, if I zoom in over here, it is this one. 90.72 23 millimeter. We need to reduce it. Let's double click on it and we can just enter or desired value. Let's say 75 millimeter. Let's type 75 and press and then zoom out 75 seems. Our new sketch for the bumps has been created. Now we need to pad it in Z axis to create a three dimensional body. For that, first, let's close this sketch tool. Here, as you can see your sketch and just click on this pad tool to pad it upwards. The dimension of the padding is going to be 15 millimeter, so I'll type 15, click to update the view, and then. Now, only one thing is remaining, and that is to create bumps over on this bottom surface so that this lego break can be placed and connected with other lego breaks. For that, first, we need to remove material from this bottom surface, and then once we do that, we will have to create once again, hollow bumps on this surface as well. You will understand once it is done. Let's click on this bottom surface and once again, click create Sketch. It will change the view to fit that to the view facing directly that surface which we selected, and here we will create a rectangle. This rectangle is going to be inside or rectangle which we created previously for pairs of the lego brake. Let's say somewhere over here. Next, we want to assign dimensions from this to the horizontal and vertical dimensions. Of this point in reference to this point. Previously, we did that by creating an external geometry. For the circles. However, we don't need to do that because we have our origin point available to us. And we can simply use that. We will select the I'll select the vertical distance tool, and I will select this point and I will select the origin. This distance is going to be ten milli. Similarly the horizontal distance between these two points is also going to be 10 millimeters. Let's press sca. And then let's move it ahead. Now, we need to assign dimensions to this vertical line and this horizontal line. Once again, we can do that using these two tools, vertical vertical distance and horizontal distance. Let's select the horizontal distance, select this one, and this is going to be This is going to be 300 and press. Similarly, let's select the vertical distance tool and select this line, you can also select this line as well. Let's select this line, and this is going to be 140 millimeters. Press and sk and our sketch is ready. Press close. As you can see, our sketch is over here on the bottom surface of this lego bro. Now, we don't need this sketch to add geometry to our to our body. Instead, we want this to remove geometry from this bottom surface. Instead of using the pad tool, we will be using this tool, the pocket tool. Let's click it as you can see it is removing geometry from this bottom side. The dimensions for this is going to be 150 millimeters. I'll type here, 150, and then click somewhere over here so that it updates its view. 150 is not working, sorry, because this entire dimension was 96, obviously 150 is going to basically cut the material throughout the body. So instead, it is e f. I e four. Now as you can see the pumps have been returned and it has created what we deside So 84 84 millimeters is perfect, and let's click. Okay. Now, the material has been removed. However, the last thing that is remaining is creation of bumps over here. I will select this phase. Once again, create a sketch. Move it here, and it is also going to be a circle. Let's create a circle somewhere over here. We also need to reference assign the distance between this point and this point as well, this line, the vertical line. Once again, we will have to currently we can use this origin point as well, but let's not use that. Let's use the external geometry tool and this line so that here a point over here becomes available, which we can reference. Let's close, and let's select the vertical distance tool and collect the center of the circle and this line. Currently, this distance is 65 millimeters. Let's look and I will return to it, let's change the view. This distance is 65 right now, however, we know that this line, this line, this vertical line from this point to this point, it is 140 millimeters. That means if we want this circle to be at the center at the center, of this line, then this distance should be half of 140 millimeters, and that is 70 millimeters. I will change it to 70 millimeters and click. Okay. Now our circle is directly in the middle. When we're talking about the vertical distance. Now let's also assign diameter to this circle and diameter is going to be 50 millimeter just like the bumps on the top surface. We will also want four circles. We also want four circles. Let's select this circle and once again, create a rectangular pattern. We do want four columns, but we don't want two rows right now. I will change this 2-1, and let's click. Once again, press the control key and hold it to snap it to zero degree and let's select the distance to be 70. That let's increase this distance a bit from 70 to say 75 and see how that looks. That looks a little bit better and Let's also move it to here. Okay. Now it seem perfect. What I did that, I clicked on this point. We can also click on any point and then move left to right to basically select the perfect arrangement for our bumps. Now, it is ready. Let's close. We have circles over here or sketch. Once again, we are going to use the pad too. The dimension for this is going to be millimeters. The bumps are going to be 30 millimeters on this inside face. Let's 30 millimeter and click. Okay. Now, the only thing remaining is to create to make these bumps hollow so that it may fit on another lego piece or lego break. Okay? Now, if it was solid works or any other tool, we could have just created a sketch. Let's go back to this sketch. We can go back to the sketch by going to model, and this was our final padding. It was for these bumps, and I dropped it down, and this is the final sketch that we created for these bumps. Let's double click on it and we can hear we can edit these sketches. What I was explaining that Let's close it. We basically we want holes in these bumps, H over here, a hole over here, over here and over here. Now, if it was solid works or other get tool, we can simply we can create a sketch, something like this. Something like this. Let's say, then we say and then during padding, we select this region between these two circles and then padded upward. That will ensure that the hole has been created. However, in free, that does not happen. We cannot do that. We cannot select these kind of region, only these regions to be extuted. Now, if I want only the distance, the region between these two circles to be extuted, I cannot directly do that because if I pad these two circles now, it will simply create the padding which has just been created. Instead, what we need to do in Free, what we need to do. We need to create these pumps first, and then on top of this surface, create another circles for creation of those holes. That is what I will do right now. I will select this surface and once again, go to tasks and create a sketch. Let's create. Before creation of this circle, we want the center of our new circle to be the same as these circles that we created previously for our previous sketch. Let's choose the external geometry tool and select this circle. That circle has been selected. And its center has also been highlighted. Press scap, and now we can go to the center tool, select the center tool and click on this green dart. And ensure that the diameter of this circle is somewhat smaller than the previous one. Okay. So now let's assign the dimension to this circle. And for that, we will be choosing once again, tan arc circle tool. Let's select that and click on this circle. Okay. Now, this bigger circle, we know has the diameter of 50 millimeter. So this diameter for the smaller circle is going to be 40 millimeter. Meaning the thickness of the bumps is going to be 10 millimeters. Let's press. Once again, we want similar circle over here, over here, over here. Once again, I will select this circle. Here it is selected and it is not selected. Now it is selected. Once again, we will be using this rectangular array tool. We want four columns, one to the four columns, obviously because we have four bumps and also one row. Once again, rest the control key to snap snap it two upper dimensions to snap it to zero degree angle, and let's press somewhere over. And use the left click to create r array. Now, as you can see, here, as you can see, this circle is not perfectly in the middle of this circle. It is because the distance between these circles for the bumps which previously created and or new distance is not the same. That was 75, but this is 75.68. I will select 75 sorry, I will type here 75. Click. Now they are perfectly in the middle of these circles. Basically, this dimension, the dimension for this rectangular array, which is 75 millimeter, has to be the same as the distance or the dimension for the array we created far creating these bumps. Okay. Now our circle or sketch is complete. Let's close, and as you can see, this sketch is visible over here. For the creation of hole, let's select the pocket tool, and it will remove material and will create holes. We know the length of the bumps is 30 millimeter. The length of these holes will also be 30 millimeter. I will type 30 over here, and we will click here so that view is updated. We are happy with it and let's click. Now our lego brick is three D model or D model of our lego brick is completed. This was all about this lecture or how to model lego block or lego brick in free. Now, if you run into any errors, in the message box or while creating this modeling this lego block. You can always consult me. However, if you follow the procedure just like I did, it is not likely that you will be experiencing any issues. In the next lecture, this was all about this lecture in the next lecture, we will be modeling a spinning top. Thank you. 7. Modelling a Spinning Top: Hi. In today's lecture, we will be modeling a spinning top. It is going to be this spinning top with these dimensions. We don't have the dimension from this point to this point. This dimension is not available. So we're just going to assume it. The rest of the dimensions will be used from this image. Let's go to F. I'm here in FC and the first thing that we always do is to create a new geometry. A free do Fri document. Now, once again, our path is going to be same. We will select the part design workbench from the workbench selection drop down menu, part design. Once again, for creating a part, first, we need to create a body, and for that body, what is required, it is a sketch. For this one, we will be selecting the x t plan or the front plan. Let's select the X t plan. The plan has been selected. Now, for this modeling, we will be using a new tool. Previously, what we have been doing, we have been creating like. We have been creating geometries, for example, this geometry, and we have been using the pad tool. Pad or pocket tool. These are the tools that we have been using moly. Using them, we translated or transformed this two dimensional sketch to a three dimensional body. However, we can theoretically create a spinning top using this methodology, using pad tool. However, it is not appropriate, and it is going to be very difficult. For that, we have a dedicated tool, which is called revolve. We are going to be using the revolve tool. What revolve will do for revolve, we will create the geometry of the spinning top. For example, our spinning top is going to look something like this. This. I'm not very good at drying, is going to look something like this and it is going to rotate like this. What we will do, we will create the half of this sketch. For example, we will create this thing. We'll create this body, like this. We will create this sketch that looks something like this. After that, using the revolve tool, we will use this line over here, this line as axis. We can use this line, we can use this line, we can use whatever line we want. We will be using this line, and what this tool is going to do, It is going to rotate this go two dimensional geometry around this axis to create a three dimensional object. By doing that, we will end up with our spinning top. Let's go back to free. Here, Let's create that sketch. Firstly, let's check if the units are still in millimeters. They are in millimeters, so that is okay. Let's start creating our sketch. The first thing we will be creating is going to be line. We will be firstly, we will be creating this line, this excess of rotation line. Okay. So Let's create this line and press the control key press and hold the control key, so the line is perfectly vertical. Then let's add all dimensions. Since it is a vertical line, we will be using the vertical distance constraint tool. Let's click on that tool by clicking on this line, we can insert its length. We know the length is millimeters. This is going to be millimeters. It 30 and press Next, we will create two lines. One over here at the top of this axis or central line and one at the bottom. As we can see from the image, this this distance is 1 millimeter. We can also assume that to the bottom side, it is the deth between these two this portion and this portion. The the diameter of this pointy end at the bottom side is also 1 millimeter. Since we are creating half of that sketch, so that these lines, which will be representing the bottom of the bottom and top, of these two point edges, p ns. The distance, O dimension will be the half of the actual dimension because we're creating half of the sketch. This is 1 millimeter or these lines will be 0.5 millimeters. We will create one line at the top, press control to make it perfectly horizontal and release. We will also create another line over here and let's make it perfectly horizontal. Okay. One thing that you might notice that these are not flat, and they are pointy, meaning that the ends are curved at the top, we will add this curve or pointiness later after creating the three dimensional geometry. The length, these are horizontal lines, so we will use the horizontal distance to and we will use it on this, and we will type 0.50 millimeters. Instead of adding 0.50 millimeter dimension to this one as well. What we can do, we can use the equal constraint. We will select this line, and we will also select this line. Here, you can see under elements, we have a total of three line. One is this line that we have selected, is another line which we have selected, and the third line, this line, two line which is here then. It is this vertical line. We have these two lines selected and we can simply use this equal constraint. Once we do that, S Let's do like this equal. Now. What I did, I selected this line. Then while holding the control key, I also selected this line. You can see here I'm holding the control key, and now both of these lines are selected. We will make them equal, and here it is equal. Once we click on this equal constraint tool, the dimension of both these lines has been changed to 0.5 millimeter and they are made to be equal. Now, once again, if I change the dimension of the top line, the other line, the bottom line over here will automatically update itself. Next, we will create this edge over here, this edge. This the dimension of that is 1 millimeter. So We will create a line since it is a flat edge, we will create a line, and let's create it somewhere over here. You can create it anywhere. Let's create it somewhere over here. Okay. The dimension is going to be 1 millimeter, and since this is vertical line, we will be using the vertical distance constraint tool. I will use that and select on this line, and I will make it 1 millimeter. And now the distance is 1 millimeter, and res is sca to exit out of the vertical dimension tool. Now this line line for this outer edge has been created. Now we need to assign its distance from this point, the horizontal distance, and the vertical distance. From the image, we can see the diameter is 26 millimeter, from this point to its center. Since we are creating half of the profile, meaning the distance from the distance from this point to this point will be 13 millimeters. We will select the horizontal distance tool. We will select this point the end of this line at the bottom edge. You can also choose this outer point of the top line as well, but it is also going to be SM, and we will select this point, s. Now, this point and this point has been selected, and it is asking us for the distance in millimeters between these two points, and it is going to be horizontal distance on the in this axis horizontally. We require it to be millimeters. Let's type a 13 and press. Now press scap to exit out of the dimension tool, and let's drag this somewhere down here. Now this distance is 13 millimeter. We also need to assign the vertical diameter as well. However, it is not provided to us. We are just going to assume it. Since this is 30 millimeter total height, so we are just going to assume it as ten millimeter. The vertical distance from this point to this point to be 10 millimeters. So we will select the vertical distance constraint. Select this point, and once again, select this point and we will type 10 millimeters. Ten and pres. Now the vertical and the horizontal distances have been selected. Next, what we need to do, we need to create this curved profile. This one and this one. Okay. For these for these curved profiles, we will be using a new tool called the B spline tool, and you can create a curve or a spine using control points, periodic control points or bins. The most intuitive and easiest way is to create a spin control points. We will select the control points. B plan by control points. Let's select that choosing our left click and let's start creating our curve. Let's create the bottom half first. Firstly, we need to select the starting point. The starting point is going to be this point here, this point, as you can see, starting point is going to be this point. I will click it and Next, what we are going to do, instead of going creating like this, then if we release now, it will be a line. It will not be a curve. That means instead, we need to create a control point over here somewhere over here. The point where the profile changes, right in the middle of this curve. We don't have the dimension, so we're just going to assume it to be somewhere over here. We can also change it later as well. Let's create it here. This, as you can see, it has blue circle, meaning this is going to be or control point. Next, we need to select the end point of this curve and it is going to be this point. The bottom point of this line. Once it snaps to it, let's click and it has been created. Now we can further extend this curve as well, but we are not going to do that. I will simply press a scare to exit out of this curve or to complete this spline. I press a scare, and as you can see, The curve has been created, and as you can see, it is not a straight line, it is a curve. Let's press scap again to exit out of this spline tool, and we can just left click on this control point and keep while the left click has been pressed, we need to hold the left mouse left mouse patter, and then we can move this control point up and down to control or change the profile of our curve. I will move it to this direction and something like this is pf. You can change. You can manipulate the curve to your likings, as well. Similarly, we will also create A spline or curve between these two points as well. I will once again select the B spline tool. By default, it is going to be through the control points, and I will select the starting point. Next, I will select the control point, it is going to be somewhere over here. Make sure that your control point is not below this point. The top edge of the top point of this line. Let's say somewhere here is okay, and then we need to select the end point. You don't necessarily have to have only one control points, you can add more than one control points. But for this case, one control point is all we require. I'll just create a one control point and then select the end point for this spline and like this. Once again, I will press the escape key, and as you can see, our curve has been created. Once again, press the scape key to exit out of the control sorry the spline tool, and then select this control point and move it to the left like something like this is fine. This is perfect. I'm happy with it. You can change or manipulate these two curves to your liking however you want. Now our sketch is complete. I will close out of this sketch by clicking this close button over here, and as you can see, our sketch is completed. Now, what we will do, we will use the revolve tool or the revolution tool to revolve this around this axis to create a three dimensional body. As we know, if we go to model over here, and as you can see, our sketch is selected. While this sketch is selected, we will go over here and here it is the revolve too or revolution. It basically means the same thing. I will select it, and as you can see, it rotated it. It revolved that geometry that we created, that sketch we created around that vertical line, and it created this body for us. Okay. In the revolve tool, if if you look at somewhere over here, you have a lot of options. The first thing is the angle. But before the angle, let's talk about xis. Currently, under xs, it says vertical sketch xis. What does that mean? Our sketch looks like this. This was z axis. This was x xis and something like this was y axis. According to Free C, the z axis is the vertical axis and x axis is the horizontal axis. We said here, we selected or axis to be the vertical sketch axis, which means that it automatically selected this axis as its vertical sketch axis. If we select the horizontal sketch axis, then it will select this point. This line because it is horizontal, and it will revolve around that like this. Let's see what that looks like. If I change this by clicking on it, I change this from vertical sketch axis to horizontal sketch axis, as you can see, or now geometry looks something like this. This is not what we need. I will change it back to vertical sketch axis. Apart from these sketch axis, you can also use the x y and z axis as well. If you select the x axis, that is the same as horizontal sketch axis. If we select the y axis. Now it will not do that because y axis does not exist in our sketch since we created or sketch on Z X plan. There is no line along the y axis, and therefore, it will not create anything. Or if we select the Z axis, which is the same as the sketch vertical sketch axis, we will also get or SAM geometry. Bas Z axis or vertical sketch axis in our case is going to be similar. The next thing is angle. Currently, it is complete revolution meaning 360 degrees. However, we can also pick whatever angle we require. For example, let's say if I send 90 degrees, I type 90 and click somewhere over here in this box. And then it will only create one fourth of a complete revolution, or it will only revolve around 90 degrees. If I let's say 180 and then click here once again, it creates half of that total geometry, and for complete geometry, or angle needs to be 360 degrees. Only degrees if it is only going to be in degrees if your selected system of units has the degrees unit for its angles. For example, if you are in some other Main system, where instead of degrees you are using Radigan or something else, then you will have to enter this angle in Radigan. Okay. So that is how you use the revolution tool or the revolve tool. I'm happy with that. Let's click Okay. And or or body of our for spinning top has been created. However, there are just two minor adjustments we need to create. That is we need to round out this top and also this bottom end as well. We are going to do that by using the and the f is here. It says, fill it, I will select this tool, and I will select this phase. Now you can select the phase or this edge, in this case, both are going to be same. However, if you select phase, then it means it is going to fill it out all of the edges that are constituting that specific phase. In, in this case, since it is a circular phase, Theoretically it has only one edge, so it is going to be same effect whether we select the edge or the face. Let let's delete this. Let's select the face. Currently, as you can see, it is not doing anything. That is because the radius for flat here it is selected to be 1 millimeter. That is not possible. Why? Because we selected We know that this entire diameter is of 1 millimeter. The flat radius needs to be at least less than half of the total diameter. For example, this diameter is 1 millimeter. The ft radius, since it is diameter, so this diameter is 1 millimeter, meaning its radius is 0.5 millimeter. So therefore, the fillet radius, which we can select over here, needs to be less than the radius of this phase. So we need to type something below 0.5 to make it work. For example, if f even types 0.5, It is doing that at 0.5. However, it is very, very extremely high filleting. Ideally, you should be putting something below the actual radius of that fs. Something like 0.4. If I go above 0.50 0.6 t, it's not possible. Even zero point let 0.51, that is possible. But ideally, what you should do is select some value below the actual radius. Let's say 0.45, and that is, that's perfectly fine. Let's click to exit out of that fill. Now we will be doing the same thing to the bottom side to the bottom face as well. Let's select that face and select the fill two. It says it cannot compute it, and that is because the dimension once again are not correct. I will enter 0.45. Click here and it updates. Once again, let's click, and with that, our spinning top is ready. Let's close this message box. And the three D model or the car model of our spinning top is ready. If you want to fill that out these edges as well, you can do that. However, we wanted to create this and we have perfectly created that spinning top. Thank you. 8. Modelling a Tuning Fork: In this lecture, we will be creating a CAD model of tuning fork. I'm here in FreCAT, and the first thing that we need to do is to create a new FreecD document. I will do that by clicking, Create new. Now our document has been created. The next thing I will do is to select the P Design workbench. In the part design workbench, obviously, we are going to be creating a body. I will select create body, and for that body, we will be required to create a sketch, and finally, for the sketch, we are required to select the plane on which the sketch is going to be created. For this, it is going to be the x y plan. It has been selected. Before sketching anything, first, let's select the desired navigation. Navigation mode, which for me is blender or gad, I'm familiar with both. Also, we need to make sure that our standard form or memed system is standard, meaning millimeters for length. We are not concerned with other units here. For creating this for creation of this tunic fur, what we will be doing, we will be using a command called mirror command. Meaning basically we will only create half of the sketch, and then we will use that mirror command to create another duplicate of that mir duplicate mir duplicate of that or a flip duplicate of that part that we will create together there will be combined to form the entire geometry of tuning fork. Let's start creating our sketch by selecting the line command. First, I will create a line starting at the origin and it is going to be perfectly vertical line. Next, I will be creating another line and it is going to be perfectly horizontal line. After that, and after that, I will create another line and this line is going to be vertical, and let's say it goes up to this point. Now, it is possible that you create the entire sketch and then give dimensions. However, not always, but sometimes doing that can lead to certain problems. It is always a good idea to assign dimensions as soon as possible. Okay. Before going further, what I will do, I will create dimensions inside dimensions for these lines that we have created. For the lines to which we can give dimensions. Firstly, I will select the horizontal distance tool or sorry vertical distance, constrain vertical distance, or you can use the hot key, and I will give dimension to this line, the first line that we created. This one is going to be 38 millimeters. I'll type 38 and click. Now it is 38 millimeters. Similarly, I will also give vertical length to this line, which is also vertical two as well. This line is going to be 32 millimeters. Let's type 32. Finally, we will provide the horizontal distance to this line. And it is going to be six milli meters. Sorry not six, it is going to be three milli meters. I'll type and click. Let's continue our sketch. I will create another line over here and let's make sure that it is perfectly horizontal, and then we'll create another line and we have to ensure that it is perfectly vertical. Once again, to ensure it's perfect verticality, to ensure that it is perfectly vertical, you need to press the control key and hold it file creating this line and it will snatch itself to snap itself to certain angles, for example, one of them is going to be 90 degree, so we can easily create a 90 degree. A line at 90 degree or a perfectly vertical line. Next, I will create another line and it is going to be horizontal line. Finally, I will create this line. Let's say somewhere over here, and then I will join this point to this point choosing another line. Okay Let's see is this line is horizontal, perfectly horizontal, yes, it is perfectly horizontal because we can see this small vertical line over this line, which is basically a symbol that shows that this line is perfectly horizontal. Okay. Okay. Next, we will give proper dimensions to these new lines that we have just created. First of all, let's provide vertical distance, and I will the horizontal distance, and I will select the horizontal distance tool and I will provide dimension to this line. This horizontal line is going to have the dimensions of six miters. I will type six and press. Also, I will provide horizontal dimension to this line over here. This was this line. This line over here. This line is going to be 4.5 millimeter. Is length is going to be 4.5 millimeters. Let's click. Next, what we will do, we will provide the vertical distance between this point, which is this point and this point. I hope it is visible. I will select the vertical distance tool. I will select this point, and then I will select this point. It is this dimension that we are trying to provide. This is going to be 6 millimeters. Let's say six. It is giving me an error that its dimension is already six meaning that it is giving me an error because we are not required to provide dimension, required to provide the vertical distance between this point and this point. Why? Because we have already set the dimension for this horizontal line, which is millimeters, and then this horizontal line, which is 2 millimeters. So those two dimensions that we provided or those two constraints that we provided ensure that this distance is going to be 6 millimeters. There is no need for it. Next, the final dimension that we are required to provide is this one. We are required to provide horizontal distance far, sorry, this line, we are going to provide it to this line. I'll let this line. It is not this line, it is rather this line. This one is going to be equal to 82 millimeters. I will type 82 and press. Let's zoom out a bit and everything is in perfect order. Now, what we are going to do, we are going to instead of instead of having these sharp edges here and here, we are going to create fillets over here, filets over there to convert these singular points into a curve. I will press scap, and then I will select this tool, create filets you can see, it creates a fillet between two lines. I will select this point and then I will select this point. And as you can see, just when I click on it, it created a fill it. Now, it has initially it had just a singular point. Now it has one point over here and one point over here, we can move these points as well to increase or fill it. However, doing that is going to damage the dimensions that we have already given to these sides and lens. I'll just click control Z. Make sure it is just the default fill it. Okay. Similarly, I will create fillets. Once again, select the filet come on and create a default fillet over here. Finally, over here. And now everything is perfect, and the half of our sketch has been created. What we will do, we will create a three dimensional body from this sketch, and then will create a mirror image of that sketch and both will be combined to form or geometry for our tuning f. Let's close out of this sketch, and as you can see, that is our sketch. We know to convert this into three dimensional body, we need to use the pad comm. I will just select this pad come on and now we need to provide the dimension of padding or the dimension in Z axis. You can see the axis over here in the bottom right corner. This dimension is going to be 6 millimeters. Here I will type 66, and then we can just click somewhere over here so that it updates the view. That is perfect and let's click. Okay. Now, one half has been created, one half of our tuning fork has been created. Now is the time to create its mirror image. For that, what I will do, I will go to model tab over here. Previously, I was in tasks. I will go into model tab and I will select this padding. It is selected. Now I need to use the mirror com. It is here. It is here, as you can see, mirrored, meaning it creates a mirrored feature, and the feature that we have selected is going to be this pad feature that we have selected, so it will mirror this pad feature. I'll just click on this mirror. If you were to select more features if there had been more features, for example, there is fit over here, there are cuts so and so forth, then you will have to select all of those features from this drop down menu under the model ta. Here we only have one feature, so I'll select this feature, and then I will click on this mirror tab, sorry Mrle feature. And this pop up menu will appear. The first option over here is the list of features which are to be mirrored. Pad has been already added, and if there had been more features we needed to add, we could do that over here, and we can also remove features here by selecting the feature and then clicking on remove feature. The other things you can do over here is the plan around which mirroring is going to be carried out. Currently, it is vertical sketch axis, meaning the vertical axis or the z axis. That is what we require for this tuning for. However, it may be that you are required to use some other axis. You can use horizontal axis and if we do that, you can see it creates this type of body. Or you can use the x y and x and y d plans as well. If we use y Z plan, as you can see, it is creating a mirror image to the bottom of it. Or if we select let's say the y z plan, it creates required because that is the plan. That is the same or vertical axis, or we can also select the X plan. So in our case, the vertical sketch axis and base yz plane both give us the same results. It doesn't matter which one we select. I will just select the vertical, Sketch axis. However, depending on your needs, you can select your plan for mirroring over here. I'll just click, and here it is our CAD model of tuning fork has been created. Now you can just save it or you can also export it if you want to use it in other programs as well. This was all for this lure in the next lecture, we will be creating a model of a, a finger ring. Thank you. 9. Modelling a Ring: In this lecture, we will be creating a D model of a ring, a fingering. Let's create a new document, and let's go to part design workbench. We need to create a body because obviously a ring is going to be a body, and let's create its sketch. Okay. The next step as always is to select the appropriate plan, the plan which I'm going to select. You can select D, x five, whatever to your liking. But I think the most appropriate is d plan or the front plan. Here we are in the sketcher work pinch, and we need to create the sketch for our ring. First, like, let's make sure that our standard Mae system is standard. Let's start creating our sketch. Obviously, the ring is going to be in circular shape, so we will be creating a circle. Here it is create circle. I'll select the circle to and I will create a circle on with its center on the origin. Let's create it like this. I will press scap to exit out of the circle tool, and then I will select this constrain arc tool to define the dimension or diameter for this circle, and I will click on it, and now it is asking me for its diameter. And the diameter is going to be 20 millimeters. I will type 20, or unit is millimeters, and then I will click. Okay. Now this circle is 20 millimeters. Next, I will create another circle again with its origin at center. Like this. This circle will have the dimension of again using the dimensions for the dimensions using the const c feature. And this is going to be 18 millimeters. That is it. I will press scap to close out of the circ dimension tool. Now our first sketch is ready. Next, I will close out of the sketch workmen by clicking close over here. Here you can see our sketch in the part design. Work bench. Let's go to model and let's select this sketch over here in this drop down, and let's pad it to create a three dimensional body out of this sketch. I will click pad. Now we are required to enter the dimensions for this padding. In other words, we are required to insert the dimension for the width of the ring. That width is going to be 4.5 millimeters. Here, Under the length, I will type 4.5 and click. Now we have a very simple ring. However, it is not going to be It is not going to look unique or beautiful, so we need to create some additional detail. The first detail which we will be creating here is a groove. A small groove that runs on this surface, which is highlighted right now, it's meddle. And somewhere in the middle of this surface. We will be required to create that. We need to create that groove. We can create that by using the revolve tool or revolution tool, which we used in previous lecture. We use the revolution tool for creating the spinning top. However, in this case, in order to create the groove, we need to remove the material rather than adding the material. We will be using the opposite of revolve tool, and that is and that is groove tool. The groove is opposite of revolution tool or revolve tool. Revolve adds geometry in a circular direction. And groove removes that. What we are going to do, we are going to create a sketch or the profile of the groove somewhere over this line. Then that profile will be used to cut material in circular direction throughout this phase, to create a groove. First, to do to use this groove tool, To use this groove tool, we require a sketch. To create a sketch, we need a flat plan. Where to create that sketch. Now, if we needed to create a sketch over this, this is a flat surface, as you can see, we can just click on it and then go to create sketch over here. However, this is a circular shape. Or a face. This face is round, it is not flat. We cannot create a sketch on this face. You can see here, if I click create sketch, it says, you need a planer face as a support for a sketch. We cannot create a sketch over this face. Now, what we need, we need a plan that goes through this ring, a flat plan, and we don't have any access to plans. What we are going to do, we are going to create our own new plan. I'll go to model. Let's go to task and I will select this face. Now here we have the create sketch tool. We cannot create a sketch since it is not a flat surface. However, if you go down, here we create a dottem plan. We are going to use this tool, create a dote plan tool to create a new plan that cuts through this ring, and on that plan, we will create a sketch that will drive our groove. Let's select create a Datum plan. Now as you can see, it is creating a new plan. However, it is not cutting the ring in the manner we wanted to. And what we need to basically rotate this plan in 90 degrees. Here, as you can see, For datum plan creation, Datum plan parameters, you have some references. The first references has been selected, and it is this cylinder. It is considering this pace as a cylinder. That is the first reference. Now we can try to use some other references to get the shape we need, get the plan orientation that we need. However, we also have some options over here. It says attachment offsets in local coordinate. Offset means how much our plane is going to be moved from its origin position or default position. Currently, it is at origin, zero millimeter from x, zero millimeter from y, 0 millimeters from Z. We do not need to move it. It is fine at the origin because origin is once again the center of or ring. That is fine. However, if you see over here, if we can somehow rotate this plane, nine by 90 degrees in either x or y, we will get the proper orientation that we need. Here, you also have some rotational rotation offsets as well. Around x xs, I will type 90 degrees. I'll just type 90 and I will click somewhere over here. And as you can see, the plan has been rotated on X axis by 90 degrees. Now it is cutting the ring in the manner we require. We will just create a sketch over here, and then we'll use that sketch to create a groove on this ring. That is how you create plans for your new sketches if you cannot directly create sketch on a body. So O plan is ready. Let's click. Now let's select this plan and create a sketch. Now, we are taken into the bottom view or the top view, whatever, because that is the view which is facing directly this plan. We need to create a sketch over here or over here. Let's create it over here. However, we cannot see if we create a sketch, for example, let's create a rectangle over here like this. And as you can see, if I move this rectangle into this ring, it becomes invisible. We cannot see it. So that is an issue because we need to know how much we are cutting the ring, how deep is our groove going to be. So To view that, we simply need to change the view. View mode. So the view modes are over here. Let's see this is draftyle, here. Currently, it is in flat view. Flat lines. You can also go into shaded, where as you can see, it removes the lines which existed over the boundaries. And it is only showing the shading. You can move to no shading. Now there is no shading, but the lines are written. There are lines or you can use the hidden frame. Also, you can use wire frame. In wire frame, as you can see, this point over here is where ring ends. Now we can visualize how much we are cutting into into our R ring. Let's select all this. I will go back into sketch. Let's zoom in and let's delete these lines. Let's select these lines and press delete. Let's first create a new line which starts somewhere over here and ends over here and make sure it is vertical because we require it to be vertical and you can do that by holding the control key. Now, this line is going to be the reference line, because this line is along the end point of or ring. Next, let's create a rectangle, Let's say somewhere over here. Let's create a rectangle on this x axis, somewhere over here, and on the other side, let's connect it to this line that we created. From this length, we know it is equal to 2 millimeters because that is the thickness of R, 4.5 millimeters, because that is the thickness of r rank. Half of 4.5 is four point 5/2, it is 2.25. 2.25. So This length is 4.45, and total of this length is 4.45, and the grove, the length of the groove or the width of the groove, we want it to be equal to 1 millimeter. The width of our groove is going to be one. Which means, let's select the vertical dimension tool, vertical distance constraint. Let's select it and click on this. Tool. Let's type here. We will type 0.5. Not 1 millimeter, we require the width of the groove to be 2 millimeters. That means this is going to be equal to 1 millimeter, and let's drag it down. 1 millimeter, and then we will create another rectangle starting at this point and the other point is once again going to be at this line that we created initially. Similarly, this dimension, let's just use the equal constraint. Let's select this line, then select this line and select the constraint equal to make sure that these two lines are equal. So 1 millimeter from this point to this point and 1 millimeter from this 0.2, this point that makes the entire groove equal to One or 2 millimeters. Now let's select the tram tool here, and let's trim the edges or lines that we do no longer need. We don't need this portion. We don't need this portion over here as well, and we also don't need this portion. Okay. So let's trim that as well. Another dimension that we need is the horizontal dimension. The thickness is 2 millimeters. The thickness of our ring is 2 millimeters because the inner circle was 18 millimeter and the outer circle was 20 millimeters. The thickness of our ring is 2 millimeters. This groove will cut into it up to half of it, meaning 1 millimeter. Which means the dimension of this line and this line is going to be equal to one millimeters, which is the half of 2 millimeters. We will select this constrain horizontal distance, and I will select this dimension, and I will type one. Click Okay. Once again, I will click. You can just click inside dimension to this line as well or you can once again use the constrain tool. Okay. Now our rectangle is ready. However, there is a problem because this line and this line, it may seem like they are connected, but actually they are not. What I will do, I will delete this line, delete this line, delete this line, and do not move all of these lines. These lines upward or downward or any other direction, and I will also delete this line. Now, I will once again, select the line tool. Click this line point and, I will join it to this point, and then I will join this point to this point. Now it is showing some redundant constraints, which is that since it is a rectangle, and we are not required to because rectangle obviously in a rectangle, these angles are going to be 90 degree and this side is automatically going to be equal to this size in length. So it is redundant to inside dimensions at both of these points. We can delete dimension at either this or this line. Let's delete it over here. Now it the lines become white because it means it is properly defined or underdfined. It is okay to have underdfined meaning all of the dimensions have not been entered. That is okay. You can do that now because in here, as you can see, we know that our rectangle is at the right point. However, we have not provided dimension, for example, of this line or this line to the software. If we want to, we can just do that. Once again, we have not added dimension to this line or this line, and that is why if you look over here, it is saying under constraint because we require one or two more constraints. On constraint, and that is dimension to this line or this line. It is as we require it to be, but we have not entered it to the software. If we overdfine something, these lines will become red. If it is overdfined, meaning there are more dimensions than what is required, then it will be no longer possible to create body from that sketch. Let's just add a dimension to this line as well. As you can see, it is two millimeter but we required, and let's click. Now let's close and once again, we are currently in the Let's look at from the front view. As you can see, it is cutting a bit too much into r ring. Once again, I will go into this this Let's by once again, let's select this rectangle. And let's move it in the horizontal direction while holding the control key. Because if you don't hold the control key, it might be able to move up and down. We we require it to be on the x axis and let's move it a little bit out to it like this. Okay. Let's close it once again and As you can see from the front view. From this point to this point is the portion which is going to be cut from the ring to create a groove. So you can just move it left or right based on your liking, how much you want to cut into the ring. I'm happy with this. And once again, I will just move it like this. Once again, I will click on this, this icon over here to drop it down, and I will select the flat lines view mode so that I can see my ring in the viewport. Okay. Let's move it. Let's go to isometric view and like this. Now, this sketch 001 is the sketch for this sketch, which is going to be driving or groove. While it is selected, let's select on the groove tool. This tool basically works just like the revolution tool that we used in previous lecture. It is going to ask for an axis around which it is going to cut material, and that axis is y axis, this green axis, as you can see, and that is perfectly what we need. We can also change this. We can change it to x axis, and then it looks something like this because that is not what we intended. Let's select the vertical x axis. Also you can select the angle just like what was it like the revolution tool. And it will guide how much it is going to cut. For example, if I ride 180, it will only cut half of it. Also, if I check this reverse button over here, you can see it is going to change its direction. If the reverse is checked, it is cutting the bottom portion, if the reverse is unchecked, it is cutting the upper portion. And if the angle int is 360 degrees, It doesn't really matter whether we select reversed or not because it is cutting throughout the ring. We are happy with our ring or groove, and let's click. Okay. Okay. Now what we are going to do, we're just going to create some final touches to our ring. And that is going to be some filets on these edges, these edges, and all of these sharp edges. Now, we created this plan, but currently it is annoying. I mean, we do not want it anymore and it is useless to us, so we cannot delete it if we delete it, then this sketch is going to become sketch is going to be deleted as well, and it is going to give us an error. Okay. What we can do, we can hide it. And you can hide your items in two ways, a body or a plan or anything, we can hide them in two ways. One, you can just click on it, right click and here it is toggle visibility. If I select it, it's gone. But the plan is still there, and as you can see here, The plan is till there. If you want to show it again, if you want to unhide it, you can just select this and press the space key, and it will become unhidden or it will reveal itself. Once again, to hide it, you can you can do either click on toggle visibility here in this menu, or you can just select it and press the space bar key, and it will hide itself. Currently, we don't need it, so I will hide it. Now let's create some fillets. Select the fillet tool. Sorry, I showed me an error because while we selected the filled tool, our plan was selected. I will close it. Once again, hide it and I will select on this body and then select this filled tool. Sorry. I accidentally turned off the visibility for this groove as well along with the plan. We only need to hide the plan. I will only select the plan over here or over here in the viewport and click space. Let's select the groove. Let's select our body and s or make sure nothing is selected and then select or fill. Now It was giving us an error because we already has selected some item, and then we were clicking on the fillet tool. Because if we do that, it means that the software thinks that we want to create filets on the entire body. So before it is best to unselect everything, unselect any of the feature like pad, groove, or even a plan, unselect everything and then click on the Fill tool or Jamf tool or any other tool. Let's click on Fill too. One fillet is required over here. And also over here. The dimension is going to be 0.2 millimeters. You can see, that is perfectly good. We will also create similar over here and here. We can only select two edges. So 0.2 millimeter radius, fleet has been created for these two edges. Edges. Let's click Okay. Then click the Flat tool once again, rote and select these two edges as well and the dimension is going to be 0.2. After entering zero point writing 0.2, click somewhere over here and the view will be updated. Here. Also, we want fix to these edges as well. I will select filet once again. Click on this edge and this edge. Let's type 0.2, click over here, and we get this results. Okay. Let's click. Now, I'm happy with our ring. If you want to, you can create flex to this edge and this edge over here to create a much more smoother groove, but I'm happy with them. This is how ring can be modeled in free. Basically in this lecture, the new features that you learned was the groove tool. This groove tool and secondary, we also learned how to create Datum plans wherever we require them. Thank you. 10. Modelling Gears & Sprockets: In this lecture, we will be creating D models of gears and sprockets. Before we create D model in free cad, we need to familiarize ourselves with some nomenclature about gears. The first is n, which is number of teeth. Meaning it is the number of teeth gear. Next is let's create three circles over here. Let's pick the red color and consider this circle to be a circle which goes through the center of the middle of the teeth. This circle goes through the middle of the t. Then another circle which goes the top of the teeth. These three circles, it is at the top. This circle goes at the top of the teeth. Then a third circle, we will also draw a third circle which goes through the inside these regions, which are called roots of the gear. The point where the teeth began. This green circle, this green circle, this is called dedendum circle. The blue circle, the topmost is called as atendum circles circle. And the middle one, the red one is called as pitch circle. Now, these terms are important to know while creating a model in f model of a gear in free. Then the distance between two similar points, for example, the beginning of this teeth to beginning of this teeth, this distance, or the start of this root to start of this root. This distance is going to be equal. This distance will be equal to this distance, meaning the distance between two similar points two consecutive similar points, the start of a teeth to start off another teeth, and a first teeth to start off another teeth, the start of root of a teeth to start off root of next consecutive teeth. This distance is known as pit pitch of a gear. Similarly, the diameter of this circle is called a ph diameter. Then this is ad addendum diameter or just addendum, and then this is known as dedendum or dedendum diameter. It is mostly known as dedendum. Then the most it or one of the most important terminology is module. Module, it is denoted by Mm. And it is equal to d divided by n. It is the ratio of pitch diameter. This d over here is pitch diameter, meaning the diameter of this pitch circle, which is here in red color, which is going through the middle portion or middle of the teeth. It module is the ratio of this pitch diameter to the number of teeth. Now we remember what are some of the nomenclature that is required, and first the number of teeth, then module. The module and number of teeth are the most important and they are needed for creating gears in fre Kd. Okay? The other addendum and dedendum, and there is also ph diameter. So now that we are familiar with the num glature of the gear, let's go back to Frekd. Okay. Let's create a new document. And we will go into part design workmens like always. Next, as usual, we are required to create a body, or gear is going to be a physical body, so I will select body. However, this is the point where creating gears is different than any other component or item. Because for gears, we do not need to create a sketch. We can create a sketch for a gear and then pad it to create the body of a gear. However, free gear provides us with Built in gear tool. It has a built in tool, using that we can create gears very easily, very quickly. You can access that tool by clicking on this part design drop down menu. If you go down here, here it is involute gear. Let's click on that. As you can see, it automatically gives us sample of a gear ready to go default St f a gear. We simply have to insert these values. First is number of teeth, how many number of teeth that we need on our gear. Currently, it is 26. We can type any number, Let's say ten. It looks something like that, 15, 20, whatever you require. Let's say 15. Next, it requires module. Once again, what is module? Module is the ratio of pitch diameter two, this number of teeth. Depending on your needs, you can enter any module that we dt you like currently, it is 2.50, and you can change it as well. Next is pressure angle. We haven't discussed pressure angle. What is pressure angle? If you have state in machine design, you would already be familiar with it, but let's just recap it here once again. For example, this is one gear, and let's say this is a teeth. It's one teeth. Then there is going to be another gear. And these two gear are going to be connected to each other or use ese technical terms, this gear will be matted with the other gear. That gear will have a teeth over here as well. It will also have more than one teeth, but let's just draw one tee. Let's say this is rotating in clockwise direction. Obviously, when this teeth will turn this teeth, it is going to exert some force on this. Teeth. L et's draw over here once again. This is the teeth let's call it g one, let's call it gear two. This is teeth of gear one, and this is teeth of gear two. If we draw a line over here, let's say this is a line. Parallel to both of these, then when this teeth teeth one will come in contact with teeth two, it will exert force or will exert pressure on teeth two, and that pressure will be at an angle. For example, if this is the vertical line, it is going to be somewhat like this angle. Okay. Teeth one will exert pressure on teeth two at an angle. And that angle is known as pressure angle. Theta Pi. It is usually 15 degrees or 20 degrees. Okay. However, you can have any other angle as well. However, the recommended values are 15 and 20 degree angle. The pressure angle is the angle at which pressure is exerted by one on one gear onto the other teeth of second gear. Okay. You can also enter pressure angle here. Currently, it is 20, and if I ride 15, you see, the profile of the teeth changes. Let's 20. Others you have high precision, this is basically for three D printing and manufacturing. You can turn it true or false. External gear is another setting, which basically tells whether this is gear is going to be used externally or internally, and you can also use addendum coefficients, and if you look over it, it will also give you some dimensions. The explanation of what it is. Addendum coefficient, as you can see, is the height of the once again, the height of the tooth from the pitch circle. So Basically, it is let's go here, it is this much. This is dedendum coefficient from the Pitch circle. Similarly, you also have dedendum coefficient, which is this distance, this distance from the Pitch circle to dedendum circle. You can enter the values for that. I'm not going to change it, and you also have root ft and profile shift. The root fillet is, as you can see, This is the root, and this root is filleted. It is not sharp angle or 90 degree angle, it is. It is a curve, and it is a filet. Root fillet cofficient is the radius of this fleeting. For example, it is currently 0.38. If I let's say insert 0.5, you can see the filet increases. Okay here. Finally, you have profile shift cofficient. It is the distance by which the reference profile is shifted outward. It is kind of an offset which we discussed in previous lecture for the plan. So it is best good practice to leave it ahead zero because we do not require it to be offset. Once we have inserted all the values that we require, we will just click. Okay. Now as you can see under the body, we have volute gear. This volute gear over here. It has automatically created a sketch for us. Far creating gear. We can once again double click on it to change these values whenever we like. Let's select that and then just like always, select the pad tool and there you have Se gear is created. You can just like any other pad tool. Can insert the value or the thickness of the gear. Let's say five millimeter, click Okay, and that is it. O gear is ready. Now, if you want to create a hole in its center, you can just simply click on it, go to task and then create a sketch. Just like, we do for other item, any other model. Let let's ma this. It is currently four. Let's create this. Let's create it at six 5 millimeters, like this. Close it and simply use the pocket tool. To create a hole. This is how you can create gears in free k. Similarly, Just like gears, I will just delete this gear. You don't need to delete it. You can just save it if you want to. I will just delete it because I'm going to move on to next object mechanical object, and that is sprocket. Just like gears, you can also create sprockets in free get without creating any sketch. It has a Built in sprocket tool. For sprockets as well, you can access here once again, going to the part design, and just on top of the envelope gear, you have sprocket tool. Click on it and I created two sprockets. I will delete those. Once again, go to part design and select sprocket. For this, you once again select the number of teeth. That's a 45. You can also select forte. This is not a sprocket. It will not work as a good sprocket. Let's just say 45. Then you can also select sprocket reference. These are standards for sprockets, let's say on C 60. You can search these reference numbers or you can find details about what do these references mean in mechanical design engineering book. Okay. You can also insert the chain pitch. Obviously, there is going to be a chain that is going to be put on this sprocket and you can use the pitch of that chain as well. Or the roller diameter, there are going to be the rollers on that chain and also the thickness. Let's click, and just like that, we have sketch for sprocket. Then once again, we can use the pad tool to convert it into a three dimensional sprocket. Like this. Creating gears and sprockets is very easy because we do not need to create any sketch and based on the given parameters, it will draw free CD will draw sketch for us automatically, and then we simply have to use the pad command. This was all for this lecture. Thank you. 11. Modelling a Heatsink: In this lecture, we will be creating a CAD model of a heat sink. I'm here in Frec. First of all, L always, let's create a new Fricat document. Here we are. The next step is always to select the part design, work pinch, and then we will be creating a body. And then sketch. Next, we need to select the plan for the sketch, and the plan this time is going to be the x y plan. I will select X Y plan and here we are. Make sure that the unit of memes are in our standard meaning millimeter for length, and that is okay, and let's start creating our sketch. The first, first thing that we will be required to create is going to be the base of our heat sink. We will create base of our heat sing and that is going to be rectangular or square. Square is also a form of rectangle where both the length and side are equal. I will press scab to exit out of the rectangle tool, and this rectangle was created using the centered rectangle, not this one. You can create with that as well. Doesn't really matter. Let's insert the dimensions. This side is going to be 65 millimeters. It is giving me a problem because if it pushes this to 65. According to free care, the diagram, the sketch will become highly deteriorated. This is one of the many side effects of free care. What I will do, I will delete this sketch. I will zoom out a bit and then create another rectangle. This time, I will create a larger rectangle. Okay. Now, let's see, let's insert the dimension to this side, and currently it is 742. Let's click 65. Now it is 65. Now, instead of inserting dimensions to all of these sides as well. We simply don't need to do that. And as we all know, this pace is going to be square, meaning all sides are going to be equal. I will just select this side to which we have already provided dimensions of 65 millimeters, and I will press the control key and while holding the control key, I will select all of these other sides again. Also, the really cool thing that I discovered that you don't really need to keep holding the control key for selecting multiple objects. You can just select with the left, select, select select. However, when you're creating a line which you want to snap to a certain angle, you will have to press control key. Some softwares and windows basically windows interface as well. If you want to select multiple items, you will have to press the control key, so I was just doing that by habit. Now I've selected all of these lines, and I will simply click the equal constrain and it will constrain its two to. It will change the dimension of all of the other sides and make sure it is equal to the side that we have provided the dimensions for. However, once we did that, as you can see, the sketch is now red, and it says redundant constraints over here under solver, meaning there are constraints which are not needed. So what are those constraints? First, as you can see, we provided dimension of 65 millimeter two to this line. Then we said that this side is equal in length to this side. This is not required because it is a rectangle. By definition of the rectangle, this side is automatically equal to this side. Simply we need to remove these constraints to this side. So over here, these two constraints. I selected the if you see, you can see the small equal sign over here. Just click on it and delete and also delete other one as well. Now it is perfectly fine, it is green, it is fully constrained or as required to be constrained. It is okay to be under constrained Ideally, a sketch should be fully constrained, meaning every required dimension should be provided. However, sometimes we do not know a certain dimension, and we just put it we just put an arbitrary dimension. So It is okay to just leave a line or figure dimensionless. However, Odefined or redundant constraints is not recommended. Let's click close and just let's pad it. This base is going to be 5 millimeters. Length, I will put five, click here and then press. This is going to be the base of our heats. Next, we will be creating fins for this heat sin. Once again, our fins are going to be rectangular, but this time we will use the central to center point to point rectangle or simple rectangle tool. Another thing now we need to do, we need to create our fins will start from this edge of this rectangle and end somewhere over here. That means we need this side to be active so that we can reference it for our new sketch. I'll press sk and I will use this tool, which is create external geometry. I will select it and then I will extract this line to be used as a reference for our new sketch. Then I will just press scare. Let's once again select the rectangle tool, and I will begin this rectangle at this top tool. Top point green point over here. Now as you can see, it has turned yellow, meaning it has been selected. I will click and then create a rectangle. To this point up to this point. I will just hover over this other point and once it becomes yellow, meaning it has been selected, then I will press the control key and then move my mouse along the x axis. That is not working. Because we can start or sketch rectangle from here, but we cannot finish it over here. That is because we do not have anything to reference on this verticle side horizontal length. What I will do, I will once again go to create external geometry and extract this line as well. Now we have two lines extracted and can be used as a reference for our new sketch. Let's press SCAP. Let's select the rectangle tool once again, and I will start it from this point, the top point of this line, and it will end at this line. Once this line becomes yellow, Click again to create the rectangle. Scap. We do not need to provide dimension to this side because we know it is equal to 65 millimeters because that we referenced it to those lines, which we have given dimension in the previous sketch. Okay, this line is automatically 65 millimeter, but if you want to, you can always provide dimension. Let's just do that. It is already 65. Let's fix that. And as you can see, it is giving us an error. So that error is because it is not required to be dimension. I'll just press control. Control y and here we are. However, we do need to insert dimension to this portion to the not to the length, to the width of this rectangle, and it is going to be 2 millimeters. Press. Now it is 2 millimeters. However, this has created a problem. The width of this rectangle is two millimeter. However, the rectangle no longer starts at this corner. What we will do, we will select this line, this point and this point as well, and we want to make them coincident, meaning at the same point. I will select this point, and then I will select this point. And I will select this constrain, which is, not this one, this one. Constrain coinciden. I'll just click on it, and now our rectangle is two millimeter in length in a sorry in width, and it also begins at this point. It starts at the corner of the base. Okay. There we have. This is going to be this rectangle is going to drive our fin. However, our heat sink is not going to contain just one fin. We need more than one fin. In fact, we need 15 fins. What I will do, I will drag a box over this rectangle that we have created, or the better option is to select these lines. These four lines. That we do not select these two lines that we extracted from the previous sketch. We have just selected or rectangle, and then I will use rectangular array tool. So it is asking us for the columns, number of columns, and number of rows. We will be required. We need only one row, and number of columns here basically represents the number of fins which we are going to have on this heat sink. That is 15. So I will constrain inter element separation, and also there is no need to select this equal vertical and horizontal spacing because once we constrain the inter element separation and define the angle, it will automatically be done. Now we need to select the direction and the direction is going to be 90 degrees s zero degrees in x axis. Make sure to press the control key and once it is along zero degrees. Click and you will get your 15 fins. We can count them one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. However, there is a problem and the problem is that the fins finish end somewhere over here while this or bas ends over here. That is because the inter element distance that is being provided is wrong. Currently, it is 7.63. What we need is 4.49. Let's type 4.49. Click, as you can see, the last fin ends somewhat before the end of the base, but near to the end of the base. This sketch will drive the body of our fins. I'll just press close, and there we have our sketch for our fins. While it is selected, the sketch 001 is selected. Let's press tab. As you can see, it is creating the fins for us. We simply need to insert the height of our fins, and the height is going to be 60 millimeters. You can enter whatever you like. 60 millimeter press and the model of R heat sync is ready. It is 15 fins with each fin of two millimeter in thickness, and the start of one distance from the start of one fin to the start of next fin is 4.49 millimeters. You subtract two from this distance, you can get the distance between the fins, this distance between the fins as. This was all for this lecture. In the next lecture, we will be creating a model of a ine gloss. Thank you. 12. Modelling a Wine Glass: In this lecture, we will be creating a CD model of a wine glass. Just like always, let's create a new free C document and go to P Design work Pinch and click Create Party, then create sketch, and then select the plan, and it is going to be X Y Plan. Okay. Let's make sure that our system of units is standard. That is okay. Let's create our first sketch. And this is going to be the base of our glass or the portion in which the water is water or any other fluid or wine or whatever is going to be. It is going to be failed with. This circle, the dimension for it is going to be 5 millimeters. I'll type five, press sca and then close. Next, we are going to use the pad common and I will pad it up to 1 millimeter, and the base is going to be 1 millimeter thick and 1 millimeter is also going to be the thickness of our gloss. That is. Let's press. Next, on this surface, let's it over here by panic. We will create another circle. Once again, this circle is going to start at origin and dimension for this is once again going to be five millimeter diameter and press close. However, we are not going to pad this circle. Instead, we will be using a new command which is over here, and it is called additive loft. We will use this command. What this command basically does, as you can see, It's in this description that it lofts a selected profile through other profile sections. For example, I've selected this profile, this circle that we've just created. It will loft it through other profiles, somewhere over here and then over here to create a three dimensional, physical, solid body. Okay. We cannot choose it just now because we need additional sketches. For those sketches, we need additional more plans to draw those sketches on. I will select this face once again. Under tasks, I will select on, create a dote plan to create a new plan. Plan is over here. However, its orientation is perfectly fine. However, we don't want it here, we want it somewhere over here. In the upward direction, and the upward direction, as you can see from this arrow, these arrows is the z axis. We want this plan to be lifted up up in z axis, and we can do that by here under attachment offset in x direction y direction and z direction, we want it in z direction, and we just need to insert the length in millimeters, how much we want to be offsetted. That is going to be 40 millimeters. I'll type 40 click over here, and it will update its location and click Okay. Now we have this plan. Let's select this plan and create a sketch on it. Okay. Once again, this sketch is going to be a circle. Let's select the circle tool and write on the origin, create another circle, but a larger circle. And I will provide diameter by using the diameter constraint tool to this circle, and this dimension is going to be 65 millimeters. The diameter of this circle will be 65 millimeters. Press Press sca and press close. Now we have two sketches. However, we can use the loft command just right now. However, for our wine glass, we need three circles or three sketches. Once again, I will press this This command. I will select this phase and create a datum plan. This plan is once again going to be lifted upward or offsetted in that direction. But the distance this time is going to be 100 millimeters. I will type 100 over here in direction. Click over here, and as you can see, the plan is now upward over here. That is perfect. Press Okay. Now let's select this plane and let's create a sketch. Let's bring it over here by panning. And let's create another circle again, starting at the origin, and that is diameter of this circle is going to be 46 millimeters. I'll type 46, press, press scare, and then close. Now we have three sketches. We can use these three sketches to create our ft. We can use these sketches for our additive loft, come on. But first, let's hide these plans. We no longer need those. Select this plan, press pass par to hide them, select this plan, and then press Pass p to hide it. Again. Now let's go to model. Now what we need to do, we need to select these three sketches. We can do it over here in the viewport, or we can do it over here in this. Model drop down menu. I will select Sket 001, which is the smaller circle, the first circle which we created. Then I will press the control key. For this time you will have to press the control key. In sketches, you don't need to press the control key to select multiple lines, but here you do need to press and hold the control key for selecting multiple sketches. Next sketch is Sket 002. It is selected, and next, we will select Sketch 003, which is the topmost circle. So now we have all of our three circles or all of our three sketches selected. Now, what we can do, we can use the ditive ft command, and I will click on it. And here you have certain parameters. Let's keep it as default. We don't want it to be closed or root surface. As you can see, and this place press. As you can see, it is creating the portion of the class in which the fluid is going to be polled. However, once again, if we double click on this, lot parameters. You can see this new physical body is being guided by or controlled by the three sketches that we created, starting from this point to this sketch and this sketch. Let's click. O portion of the glass where the fluid is going to be inserted has been created. However, there is one problem, and that is it is failed. It is not hollow. Okay. For that, we do not need to go click on this surface and use this surface, create a sketch on the surface and then use the pocket tool to remove material. In fact, Free CD has already a command that can do that for us. That command is this one. Thickness com. I will select this and then I will select this face. Here, I'm going to type one, which is going to be the thickness of r glass, when I typed it, as you can see, it has made the glass or this portion hollow. This 1 millimeter that we typed here is going to control the thickness of this portion, which is in fact going to be the thickness of the entire glass. Now it is hollow. What we need to do, we simply need to press. The one portion of our glass is ready. Now we simply need to create the base for this glass. I will st this bottom flat surface, go to tasks and click create sketch. Let's move it somewhere over here, and let's create a circle roughly equal to this point. And let's insert the dimension of 4.8 millimeters. Press and close. This new sketch is sketch 004, let's select it, and then press or select the pad tool. As you can see, it is creating the cylinder, which is going to be the base of glass. We simply need to add the distance for padding and that is going to be 40 millimeters. Press. Next, once again, we will select this phase, go to tasks and create another sketch. Let's move it over here. Once again, we will be creating a circle, select the circle tool and create another circle at starting at the origin. The dimension for this one is once again going to be For this one, it is going to be 65 millimeters. Press, and then close. Then once again, we will use the pad command and the padding is going to be 2 millimeters. The p and there you have our wine glass is ready. In this lecture, we we created a model of a wine glass, and we learned some new commands or new features which additive and thickness com. Additive ft is once again to recap. It is used to connect a to connect more than one sketch to create a physical body guided by those sketches and Thickness command converts a failed cylinder into a holo cylinder cylinder or any other failed body to a hollow body with a certain given thickness. This was all for this lecture. Thank you. 13. Modelling a Funnel: In this lecture, we will be creating a CD model of a funnel. Just like always, let's create a new Free CD document. Then let's go to P Design Work Pinch, and then click on Create Party and then click on Create Sketch. The plan we are going to select for this funnel is going to be the front plane or x z plane. Let's select that next, like always, let's make sure that our system of mes is standard. Then let's start creating our drank or sketch. Let's zoom out a bit. Okay. Let's create a line starting from somewhere to the right of the origin on the x axis, and it is going to be a perfectly vertical line downwards. You can press the control key and hold it there to make sure that line snaps to that vertical angle. Let's click again to finish the line. Next, what we are going to do, we are going to provide the vertical distance for this line. I will select constrain vertical distance tool. Then I will create insert dimensions for this line that we created. The length of this line is going to be 70 millimeters. I will type 70 and click. Okay. Next, we are going to create another line starting at this point, the top end of this vertical line that we created. This line is going to extend somewhere over here at an angle to the horizontal x axis. I will create somewhere like this. We want this line to be at an angle from this horizontal x xs. We want to define this angle. Just like we define the vertical or horizontal distances, and we also define the radiuses or diameter for arc and circles. We also have a tool to define or constrain angle as well, and that is the constrain angle tool. It is right next to the contra circle arc or circle tool. I will select this. Next, what we need to do, we need to select the ticle, the horizontal x axis, and then this line. It is asking us for the angle to the other side of this line. We want this angle, this angle, you can see from my pointer, this angle to be 45 degrees. Obviously, the total angle of this horizontal line is going to be 180. So if we subtract 45 from 180, we will get the angle required over here. If we do that, the answer comes out to be 105. I will t 135 and press. Next, I will draw a line starting at this point, and it is going to be a perfectly horizontal line and to ensure that I'm going to press and hold the control key, and this line will extend until it touches the vertical. Next, I will join this point, let's press this gap and we have to create another line as well. Before joining that. Let's select the line tool again and let's create another line over here. Starting at this point, it is going to be once again a perfectly horizontal line and ending at the vertical Z axis. Once this set axis, which is currently green, it becomes yellow. Like this jello, and you can see the line is perfectly horizontal because there is the symbol for perfectly horizontal, which is the minus symbol appearing over there. Let's just left click to create our line. Next, we are going to join this point to this point. We're going to create a perfectly horizontal line, which will extend from this end, which is the left end of this line that we created, and it will join this line. Now. Now it says there are redundant constraints, meaning there are constraints which are not required. And that is constraint 14. We can just click on this 14 and we can see it is this constraint, and we can simply deleted. Now, O figure or our sketch is er constraint. Once again, it is okay to be constrained while it is not okay to be over constrained. Okay. Another thing we are going to do. We are going to define the length of this line. Or we are going to define the vertical distance between this point and the horizontal distance between this point and this point. I will select horizontal distance. I will select this line, this point, this starting point of this line, and then the ending point of this line. It is asking us for horizontal distance. This distance is going to be 65 millimeters. Let's enter 65 and press. Okay. Now we have also provided horizontal distance between these two points. We cannot define the length of this line directly. That is not a feature available in free C. It is available in other packages. Now, we do not need to define the distance of this line because if we do that, it will become over constrained because it has already been defined. We know from this point to this point, it is 65 degrees because of the dimension that we just created at it, and then this distance is we have to provide dimension to that. Let's select the horizontal dis constrain distance tool and insert dimension far. This horizontal length or horizontal line that we created, and it is going to be 4 millimeters. Let's type four and press. Now there is no need to define the distance for this line because this is going to be 4 millimeters this up to here, and after that we know the horizontal distance from this point from where my cursor is to this point is 65 millimeters. This line is 67 millimeters. So now as you can see, our sketch has turned green. Meaning it is fully constant. You can see over here, it is fully constant. It has all the dimension it needs. No more, no less. Let's close and there we have our sketch. Now what we are going to do, we are going to revolve this sketch on 360 degrees to create geometry for funner. Let's do that. Let's go to model and make sure the sketch is selected and click on revolution or revolve tool. Let's click on it. The angle over here is going to be 360 degrees, we are going to do a full revolution, and the axis is going to be axis of revolution is going to be the vertical x axis. We are happy with what we have. Let's click. Okay. There we have our body or bas party for our funnel. However, just like the glass we created in the previous lecture, it is not hollow. For that, select the glass, we are going to use the thickness tool. I will select the thickness tool and then I will select this pas. However, we are going to change one parameter. That is here. Join type. It is currently rc. I will just leave it at arc to show you what it basically does. I will keep the thickness of 1 millimeter, join type to be arc, and then let's click. It created a funnel, removed material. However, if we go down over here, there are two problems. One, this region, it has not removed material from this region. And that is basically what the thickness tool does. T thickness tool removes material from inside from the point of the fas that we have selected, and selected and leaves a small small material with the dimension of the thickness that we have in that. The other thing is this point over here is filleted. There is a small fillet over here, and we do not want that. If we now try to remove material from this portion, it is going to be difficult because of this fit. And we do not need that. What we are going to do, we will once again double click on this thickness feature over here, double click on it, and once again, we can change it. We are going to do first, we are going to do joint type from arc to intersection. Once we do that, you can see it removes that fit and everything here is perfectly fine. Next. Let's go back and change this from arc to intersection. Then let's click. Okay. Now, what we are going to do, we are simply going to remove material from this phase or this region. We know if we go to the front view. We know the distance from this edge, sorry, the diameter of this cylinder it a cylindrical shape is 8 millimeters. And that is why because if we go back to the sketch for revolve, we selected this dimension between these two lines. Let's zoom out a bit, between this line and this line to be 4 millimeters. Once it is completely revolved, that dimension the diameter is going to be twice of this dimension, and that is four plus four equals 8 millimeters. So Let's keep that information in our mind, P diameter of this cylinder in our mind. Click on this face. Go to Task, and let's create a sketch. We're going to create a circle with its center at origin. Then we will provide the dimension to this circle. We know that the diameter of the cylinder is eight millimeter, and we want the thickness of this funnel to be 1 millimeter. So the material removed from this bottom phase requires to be 7 millimeters at minus one 7 millimeters, this circle will be 7 millimeters. Let's click and press close. Next, I will go to the pocket tool. And then I will simply remove material from this. Face. We know the material to the upside, it is only 1 millimeter. I will go I can select anything higher than 1 millimeter over here, which is currently five, that is okay, or the better way or the appropriate way is to select through all. Then let's click, click. The through all basically means that it is going to cut material through everything that comes in its pow. If somehow by mistake, we create a shell on top of this We want to that, but if we do that it is going to cut material through that as well. The design intent here is to have material to have this cylinder completely hollow and the appropriate type for that pocketing pocket feature is through all. Let's click through all and click. There we have created our model for fun. Thank you. 14. Modelling Shafts: In this lecture, we will be creating CD models of mechanical shafts. La always, let's create a new FreeC document and then select the part design workmen. Then click on Create body. However, for creating shafts like gears and the sprockets, we do not need to create sketches. Free CD provides us with a bilt in tool to create shafts. So let's go to model and click on P Design over here, and it is this feature or option or tool that we need to use. And it is shaft design visit. Let's click on that and there we have our sample starting shaft. Here, the first thing that we need to do for this lecture, we have constraint constraint type. There is fixed and force. What we are going to do, we are going to take this change this to none and change this other to none as well. This is because these constraint types are used for doing finite element method analysis or finite element analysis. However, in this for this case, we are not going to use that. We will have lectures of finite element analysis in Free C, further in this course. Right now we are only interested in designing our shaft. Okay, creating a model of shaft. Let's rotate this. As you can see, it is a stepped shaft. Meaning it has 22 different diameters. If you go to front view, you can see there is this portion and then there is this portion with a slightly higher slightly higher diameter. Here, you can see there is one and two. Under one, this under the one column, we have all of the parameters far this portion of the shaft. Under two, we have all of the parameters second portion of the shaft. First of all, we have length, which is in millimeters because our unit system is standard and the length is going to be in millimeters. The first is length, currently it is 40. We can just type it whatever we require. Let's say we require this length to be 100 millimeters. I'll type 100, click over here, and as you can see, the length of this portion has changed. Similarly, we can also change the length of this portion as well. Currently it is 80, let's make it 50. Let's click it here. And now you can see the length of this portion has reduced. Second, we have diameters of both of these portions. This portion is currently at over here, 50 millimeters. Let's say we want it to be 30 millimeters. I will type 30, click somewhere over here and the length, sorry, the diameter wheel upta. Similarly, we can also select the length for this portion as well. Let's ma it 40. And this portion has now changed to the diameter of 40 millimeters. Next, we have inner diameter. Right now, both of these values are zero. We can change it or we can change its value from zero to any higher value if we want our shaft to be hollow. If we don't want it to be hollow, then these inner diameters should be 0 millimeters. Let's say we want it hollow and the inner diameter of the hollow. Inner diameter, we want it to be 15 millimeters. I'll tie 15, click somewhere over here, and as you can see, This portion, the one, this first portion of the shaft has become hollow, and you can see it only removed material from this portion up to the point where the second portion begins. This entire shaft is not completely hollow. We can select or in a diameter for the second portion as well. We can select any value of event. It simply has to be less than the total diameter of the shaft. Let's say we want it to be Sam as this value, 15 millimeter, which is for this first portion. Let's type 15 over here as well. Click Okay, and now if we see this portion is also hollow and if we rotate it like this, we can see our shaft is completely hollow. Okay. So once we are happy with the values that we have entered, we can simply click Okay. And there it creates a revolution shaft. Why it is revolution shaft because the Free CAD automatically has created a sketch for us using the values that we have entered and then used this revolution tool to create this shaft. We can even change the parameters for this revolution, like we change the parameters for revolution for any other model. If you simply click on it, revolution shaft, and here you can see, it gives us the same options here. It is giving us the same options. It provides us for normal revolution that we date for our funnel or wine glass and or spinning down. We can change this angle to let's say 180 degrees, and as you can see, then it creates a half shaft. Let's change it to 300 and press O K once again, we can also examine the sketch, the free C created for us using the values for the length and the diameter that we provided. We can double click on this sketch. As you can see, It automatically created this sketch for us. We can create this sketch and do the revolution again. However, that would be time consuming and Free C does this for us automatically with this simple shaft design is. This is how you can model shafts in Free C. Thank you. T. 15. Modelling Nuts & Bolts: In this lecture, we will be creating CD models of a nut and bolt using Freak. Just like we created shafts and we also created the gears and sprockets in Freak without actually having to create sketches. There is also a way to create nuts and bolts without creating sketches and then using the features. To create physical bodies for these CAD models. To do that, we need to first, we need to go to tools. Before creating any free care document, we need to go to tools, and we will click on this here, add on Manager. After some times it will open. It will ask you for some options that will whether to go through a proxy or not just click, and you will get to this dialogue box. What are basically add ons? As we mentioned previously, that in Fricad, we have various kinds of tools and various kinds of workbenches. These workbenches, you can see over here. We have been using part design throughout this course, and also we have also been using sketcher to create sketches. However, these are some of the pinches that come with the Frec installed automatically. However, you can also if you're connected to the Internet, you can also download more work pinches and install them to your software. To your installation of Free Cat and they are also totally free. For that, once again, you need to go to tools, then add on manager. Here you have all the available add ons or new work pinches that you can install. There is three D printing tools. You will see many here. CAD exchanger. This is used to convert one CAD file to another format or interconversion between various CAD files. There is CFD for computational fluid dynamics. There is another one for CFD over here, CFT OF, which uses Open Fm which is CFT solv based on pen Fm. And there are many here. However, the one we are interested is called fasteners. I will type here in this dialog box, I'll type fasteners, and as you can see here it is fasteners work Peng. I will click on it, and then it will automatically open its ga page or the code files for this. For this Fasteners work pen. We are not interested in that. What we need to do, we simply need to click here in Str. We have selected that work pinch or add on, and we can simply click in Str. Ignore this. This is this downloading metadata. It will complete in a second and it is completed. The first time you start add on Manager, it will ask you to download Matata via a small checkbox. You should check and tick that check box and then proceed to the add on manager. Now we have this work pen selected or add on selected. We can simply click here install, and as you can see, installing Free add on Manager and Fast news we installed successfully. Let's click, and close this. Close this. Add on Manager. Now it says, you must restart Free CAD for changes to tag effect. Let's click Restart now. And it will automatically close and restart the software once again. Here we are once again in Free cat. Now if we go over here in the work pinch, there is a new work pinch called fasteners. Now we can use that. Now we can create models for our fasteners and bots or any kind of fasteners. Let's create a new document, and then instead of going to part design, let's go to fasteners. It will take some time to load. Here we are. Here as you can see, we have a lot of fasteners, nuts, birds, screws, all type of. We also have some these crowns and washes, et cetera, as well. We have all of fasteners available. We don't need to create them. For example, let's select this or let's select the simple one, except Wood screw. Let's click that. And as you can see, it has automatically created. Screw for us. Here you can see under the model tab, it is appearing here as well. We can simply delete that or let's some other X foot screw, or let's say Part with collar, you have mushroom head screws. You have all kind of screws over here. You have nuts over here as well. For example, let's select Let's select what should I select? X head screw Let's selector. Next, what we can do, so in a bit. Let's click on this d1x screw. Okay. Once we click on it, if we go down over here under property, you have all of these parameters. We can change its diameter, and these would be dictated by the standards. Currently, it is M d x one. You can change it to let's say somewhere this, and then click and it automatically ups. Now it is M 20, it is different standard screw. You can also select whether it is inverted or not. Let's keep this to falls. Whether it is a left hand screw or right hand. You can also change that. You can also change its length. Currently it is 20, let's save something more. Let's select 50 and click over here in this empty box. As you can see, the length has been increased. You can also select the Custom length, you can also insert custom length to. Here you just select the length. Or if the desired length is not present, you can also type your desired length over here. Match outer trough or falls. This is the length for outer and inner inside of the screw. You can also select an offset or offset angle and Most importantly, you can select whether it is going to be threaded or not. If I change it to true, read to true and then click over here, it will take some time and it will automatically create threads for us. On this, screw. As you can see, it has created, all of these threads. Let's go to the front view, and as you can see, our screw is now threaded. Down here, you can also select the type of standard that you want. You can go to ISO standard or any other standard. If you want to use, whichever standards you want to use. You can also select the standard designation for your screw or any kind of fastener. Let's delete this, and let's say we want this. Hexagonal higher nut. Let's say we want this nut. We can simply just click on it and it will provide you with a default nut, just like the screw, you can also change the settings for all of this as well. If you want to make it threaded, click send the thread from Fs to true and click over here and as you can see, it is automatically created, the threads for this. In Free, just like gas and gears and sprockets and shots. You don't basically have to create fix sketch, create sketches, and then convert them into physical bodies or you don't basically have to manually model fasteners. Whether they are screws, whether they are nuts, whether they are bolts or any kind of mechanical fasteners. You can edit the dimensions, edit the dimensions and whether you want them to be threaded or not, you can change all of their settings and it will automatically create desired faster for you. In this lecture, we learned how to create fasteners, and we also learned how to install new add ons for additional work benches in free. Thank you. 16. Modelling a Mug: In this lecture, we will be creating a CD model of a mug or a cup, whatever you want to call it. So first of all, let's create like always, let's create a new free care document and then go to part design work pen. Then click on create body and then create sketch. The sketch or the plan I'm going to be selecting for this one is going to be the top plan or the x y plan. I will select it and let's make sure our system of measurements are mi standard. There not the building eros Jo, so I'll change it to standard. Okay. First of all, I will create a circle. Let's create a circle, and then let's provide the diameter for the circle using the constrain arc or circle. Let's click and click on it, and it will ask you for its diameter. This diameter is going to be 85 millimeters. Let's click, and then close. Next, what we are going to do, we have this cat selected. If you go under model, then we are going to use the Pad Cm. I will use pad. And this padding I'm going to be using is going to be 92 millimeters. Let's type 92 and click and zoom out to see that we have a body for our cup. If you want a specific profile of your cup, you can also follow or do the same thing what we date for the wine glass. By using the loft command, you can create a specific shape for cup. For this one, I'm going to be just using the standard cylindrical shape. To create or to create the empty space or to convert this cylinder to a hollow cylinder for our cup, we are once again going to be using the thickness command. I'll click thickness and Thickness this time is going to be 10 millimeters. I'll type ten, and then I will click on this face. Click over here once again. It's not doing that. Once this face selected, I'll simply press. Once again, it into it. These are the kind of problems you can face in Frec. Once again, what I'm going to do, I'll delete that thickness. I'll select this face and then click on thickness. Now as you can see, it is 1 millimeter thickness, I'll change it to ten millimeter. Click over here so that it updates ten is a bit too much. Let's say 55 is also a bit much. 2.5 let's 2.5 millimeter and 2.5 millimeters seems the right amount, as you can see, it has created the empty region for. I'll simply click. I'm also happy with fill that this thickness command created over here, so we are not going to an. Okay. We have a cup basically. However, we also need to create its handle over here. For handle, we are going to be using a new command, which is going to be the additive pipe command. To use that, we are once again, we are going to be requiring two sketches. One is going to be the profile or the cross section of the handle, and the other sketch is going to be for the path of the handle. First, we will create sketch ar, the path of the handle, and we're going to be we will be creating this on the front plane or the Z x plan. What I'm going to do, I'm going to go over here. Here you can see we have origin, and I will select origin and press the space bar key, and it will turn on its visibility. Now what we're going to do, as you can see here, the x y plan passes through the cub. I'm simply going to press or select the x y plan. Here, select the X plan, then go to tasks and then here create sketch. I'll click on it, and it is asking me to create a sketch. Once again, we are into sketcher work pinch. Let's zoom in and I will select the spline tool for the creation of the creation of the sketch, which is going to be the path of cup handle. Let's click on spline, and I will start somewhere over here. Okay. Let's start adding the points. I will add one point over here, one point over here, one here, and finally, here. Then I will press this scape key to exit out of this curve to. Now, once again, we can move these handles, this curve handles to dt the path of curve, which is going to dt the path of handle. I'm happy with that, and I'll simply press close. Okay, let's go back to model and click on origin and we can press the Spass par once again to hide the origin and Bass plans once again. Now we have Sketch 001, which is the path of our cup handle. Next, we need a new sketch, which is going to be the profile or the cross section of the handle. For that, first, we're going to do, we're going to change our view. I will go here. Currently, if I draw down, click on it to for the drop down menu. Currently, it is as is. I will change it to wire frame. Now we are in wireframe mode, and what I'm going to do, I will select this point. This starting point of this curve. I will select it. Once again, let's room out a bit. I will go to tasks and we will create a new plan on which we are going to be creating the cross section of or handle. I will click create a Datam plan. Let's click that. The first reference, as you can see, has been selected to be this point. I will click on this. For the second reference, and the second reference I'm going to be selecting is going to be this curve. I will select this curve, and as you can see, it changes its path and under attachment mode, I will select normal two edge. That the plan is normal to this edge of this curve over here. As you can see, it is perfectly normal over here. What I will do, I will press. Then once again, change the view to as is, view mo to a is, then select this plan and then click create sketch. Now, it is showing this from the opposite side. What I'm going to do, I will rot rot rotate to this side and look somewhere over here. We cannot see the end of this curve. Once again, let's change the view to wireframe, view to wireframe, and here we have our point. What I'm going to do, we will select the circle tool, and we will start a circle with its center on this point, this red point. Cover here. As you can see, it is creating a circle. Make sure that while creating the circle, you select this red point, which is the starting point of this curve. Let's click here and then create a circle. Once again, we will have to provide the diameter for this circle. I will choose the constrain arc circle tool, and then click on this circle, and it is 0.44 millimeter, which is very small. I will change it to 25 millimeters, press. As you can see, it is a large circle and it might be a bit too large. What I will do, I will change this dimension to say ten millimeter, which is 1 centimeter. This is also a bit large. Let's say 7.5. That is okay Let's go with this for now. Once again, change the view more two as is. Now let's close out of this sketch. Let's go to model tap, and we have two sketches. Set 001, which is the path, and then sket 002, which is the profile or the cross section. What I will do first of all, I will select this plan. Tres test bar to hide it. Then what I will do. I will select this sketch, and I will also select this sketch. I'll select both these sketches. Then I will click on additive Pipe tool. I will click on it, and as you can see, it is giving you a preview of what it is going to create. What this tool basically does, it it is like the Se command or theft command, the command that we used, and it creates the profile. Profile or the cross section and moves it through the path that we have created to create a three dimensional body. I will simply click, and we have created the handle for cup. This was a simple This was a simple circular shaped circular shaped or handle with circular cross section. You can create any profile, whatever you want, and then you can use the pipe command to create a geometry like this. Now what we're going to do, you can see here we have some region, which is look somewhat weird. What we are going to do, we are going to use the flat command. We can use the flat command or we can leave it as it is. So let's say 0.25 This is not basically fixing the issue. We're just going to leave it at that. This is how you can create a cup and its handles in free care. This imperfection is not what we are interested in this lecture. In this lecture, we learned how to use the additive pipe. This is all for this lecture. You can further try to improve this handle if you want to. This is all about this lecture. Thank you. 17. Modelling a Spring: In this lecture, we will be creating a CAD model of a mechanical spring. Here in Free CAT and I will create a new document and then move on to part design work Bench. Then we will create a body and that for that body, we will create a new sketch and we will select the t plan for our sketch. System of M standard, that is fine. Then we will be creating a circle, and we will create that circle somewhere over here. So the. Now we are going to look at the dimensions or input parameters for our spring, and we have these parameters. First of all, we have 50 millimeter of y diameter. Spring is going to be looking something like this. It's, it is going to have circular cross section, and this is going to be its diameter D. Then we have the internal diameter of coil and the external diameter of the coil. Sorry, I made a mistake. This is actually radius. This is internal radius, and this is outer radius. If you draw certain lines through the middle, this is going to be internal and external. The internal diameter plus the internal radius plus the diameter of the wire will give you external radius. As you can see, it is 100 plus 50 equals 150 millimeters. Okay. So if we go back over here, what we can do, first of all, we can assign the diameter to this circle, and this is the profile of the wire of our spring, and we know the diameter of the wire is 50 millimeters, so I will take 50 press. Next, we will be selecting this distance from this point to this point. From the center of the circle, horizontal distance from the center of the circle to this origin. And we will assign that using the horizontal distance tool. What this distance is going to be. I will go here once again. We have the inner radius of 100 and outer radius of 150. Here what we will select, we will select the middle ground or the middle of both of these values, and that comes out to be 125. Or what you can do, you can add these values together 100 plus 125. It becomes 25150, sorry. It becomes 250 to 50/2, we get 125. Let's go back and assign this to be 125, and plus. The circle moves outwards. Now our sketch is ready. These are the only two dimensions that we needed. We will simply close the sketch, and here we have our circle. Now, with this sketch selected, what we're going to do, we're going to be using a new command, and that is going to be the additive helix tool. And I will click on it, and as you can see, it is basically giving us a sample of a spring. Here, we simply have to change its parameters. First, we have the axis. It is vertical sketch plan, so we are going to be creating a around vertical. If we change it to horizontal, let's say a spring will not be created because we have created the circle in a certain way that it is only going to be creating a helical. A body in the vertical axis, so we will just use vertical sketch axis. Next, we have modes, and we can select these modes depending on the information that we have. About our spring. We have pitch height angle, pitch turns angle, pitch ts angle, turns and angle, and then height turns and growth. Depending on which three of the values you have, you can select any one of these. We will select pitch height angle. We know the pitch is 100 millimeter, I will simply tie 100 millimeters. That click over here and it will update its page. Let's go back, go to the front view. We know the height or the length is 1,000 millimeters. I will change this height to 1,000, click over here so that it updates the view and as you can see, it has created a spring given according to a given parameters. We can also make it whether left handed or right handed, as you can see if I check this, the orientation of the spring is changed, but we can also make it reversed like this. Okay. We can also add the con angle. Currently, it is 00 degrees. However, if you want to create a co spring or a spring with a higher con angle, you can simply add your angle over here. Let's say 20 degrees. I'll tie 20 and click over here. As you can see, it has created a spring with 20 degree angle. We'll go back to zero. For example, if we select let's say height turns and angles. Once again, you can select the height, which is 1,000 millimeter angle and tons. Currently, it is ten tons. We can change it to let's say eight. And then the spring will update itself. Turns are basically the number of the spring tags throughout its length. If we insert the lower value, there are going to be less number of tons, and if we insert a higher value, let's say 25, it will create higher number of ts or 20 or 15, whatever. Once we are happy, we can simply click, and we have our spring. This is specifically how you create springs in free care. In this lecture, we learned a new tool which tive helix. This tool, like all others like pad, and revolution loft and pipe, also have its subtractive counterparts, such as pocket, which is the opposite of pad, pad adds material pockets, removes material. We have whole. It is going to be the opposite of revolution. Revolution is going to use the revolution or revolving of the sketch to add material. This will do the same to remove material. Then groove, which is going to be the opposite of additive f, Then you have subtractive lauft, which is the opposite of additive lauft, and you also have subtractive pipe and subtractive helix come. This is basically all about the helix additive helix. Come on. Thank you. 18. Modelling a Chess Piece: In this lecture, we will be continuing our practice of CAD tools, and we will be modeling a chess piece, specifically the King piece. We will be using revolutions and also padding. Just follow me what I'm doing. Follow the steps that I'm carrying out and let's start creating firstly. Let's start creating the free KD document for our chess piece. Let's click Create. Next, we know we will go to part design work pinch. A and create body. I forgot to turn on the keys. I press to be visible on screen. Let's see here they are. Let's start creating the body and then let's start creating our sketch. The plan is going to be the t plan or the front plan. Let's make sure the dimensions are in our standard, meaning the length in millimeters and angle in degrees because those are the only two we are concerned for this project. We can create the chess piece by creating circle, then padding it upward and then creating the next level. However, that would be very That would be the wrong approach, not wrong approach, the inconvenient approach because we can simply create a chess piece by using the revolution feature that we have already used, and that would be much quicker. First of all, what we are going to do, I will start with a line, a simple line, starting at the origin and going vertically upwards. This is going to basically tell us how tall or chess piece is actually going to be. I'll just create a vertical line. Like this, and we will provide it the vertical distance or the vertical dimension using constrained vertical distance tool, which you can click over here or just simply press the Hurt key. I will give this the dimensions of 71 millimeters. Sorry, it would be 60 millimeter would be more appropriate, 60 millimeters. Here we have it. Let's move this outward, and we know for the revolution, we only have to create the half of the sketch, and then we will revolve it around this line that we have just created to create a chess piece. First, let's create the base. It would be a line starting at the origin and it would be perfectly horizontal line. It is always a good practice to dimension the lines along the way. You can create the entire body and then give each section its proper dimensions, but that is the wrong way. Not necessarily the wrong way. Once again, better way is to provide dimensions, just when you create a line or arc or circle, anything. This would be 7 millimeters. Let's zoom in a bit. Next, we will create another line. Let's move this downward, select the line tool once again, and we will create a vertical line. Not very long, just a short line. Here it is, and we will provide it the vertical distance or the vertical dimension of fs. Let's bring this out over here. Next, what we are going to do. We will be creating a line once again from this point and it is going to be vertical vertical line, and this will have the dimensions of the millimeters. There we have it. Now, we are going to do What we are going to do, we'll be creating a spline or a curve. We will select the B spline tool, and I will zoom in on a bit. This is the line that we have just created. This curve will start at the top. You can also start it from the bottom, but let's start at the top and there is going to be one curve handle over here, and the second one over here, and then it will end on the other end of this line. There we have. Now we can change the profile of the curve using these handles. I will move this handle in a bit and this handle outwards like this. Next, what we're going to do, will simply delete this line. We have created this curved over here. Let's move on. Next, What we will do. We will create a line from this point. Let's first move this dimension outward. Move it over here. We will create a line starting at this curve handle, and it will be a perfectly horizontal line and it will go until this z axis. Let's provide the horizontal distance since it is a horizontal line, or it is even better. Let's delete this line. Go to the horizontal distance tool. Can we select this? No, we cannot. Redo whatever I did. I was just trying to insert the horizontal distance between this point and this line. However, we cannot do that because Frec does not allow us to provide dimensions between different type of features. For example, we cannot provide a distance between a line and a point. We will just have to create this line, and then we will just delete it. We don't really need this line. I will create this horizontal line, and now I will provide it the desired horizontal distance. Currently, it is seven millimeter. But instead, it is going to be a somewhat less than that, which is going to be 6 millimeters. That means this point and this point are no longer on same vertical, no longer at the same distance from the central line. Now we can simply delete this because this point has moved inward, and that is all we needed. We will create another line somewhere over here, from this, not starting at this point, somewhere at the top above this, starting from the horizontal vertical z axis, and once again, it will be a perfectly horizontal line and ending somewhere here. Let's pesca. We will give this line the horizontal distance using this horizontal distance tool, and this is going to be 8.5 millimeters. Not 8.5, it is going to be 4 millimeters. 4 millimeters. Next, what we will do, we will create a line starting at this point, and it is going to be perfectly vertical line and we will end it over here. Once again, the next thing to do is to provide after this line. We will not give it the dimensions to it just now. Next, I will select the vertical distance tool, and I will select this point this start of this curve and this point. Now, both of these are points, so we can provide dimensions to these two points. This is going to be 15 millimeters. I'll type 15 and press, and then it moves upwards. Let's bring this dimensions outward. Now I will provide dimension to this line that we just created. Currently, it is 13, so what I will do. I will change it to 7.5 millimeters, half of this 15 millimeter distance. Okay. That is 7.5. Now, Next what we are going to do, we will create another curve or splint, and it will start at this point. It will have a handle somewhere over here, and then it will end at this point. Only three points. Let's press scap, press a scap again. Then we will not touch these handles. We will only touch this handle and move it in a bit, much, but slightly. That is okay. Let's move out, so we have reached Over here. Now, what we will do, we will delete this four millimeter line that we just created. Sorry, I will click on this line and we'll simply delete it because we no longer need it. We simply drew that line because we wanted to have a certain distance from this line to this line. Now we no longer need it, so I'll just delete it. Next, I will create another line. Sorry. Let's click the line tool. I will create another line starting over here, and once again, it will be perfectly horizontal line, and just like that. Now what we will do, first of all, we will provide this line with its horizontal length or horizontal distance, and we will do that using the horizontal distance tool like always. I mention for this is going to be 8.5 millimeters. Type 8.5 and press. It ends somewhere over there. Next, we will select the vertical distance tool or vertical constrain vertical distance. Then we will select this point and this point, the top point of this line. And we will provide this there with the vertical distance between them and that is going to be 2.5 millimeters, 2.5 millimeters. Let's press and it moves up a bit. Next, I will create another line starting at this point and let's move it somewhere over here, or let's press a scap to abandon that line, let's move it out and create another line starting at this point, and it is going to be a perfectly horizontal line. As you can see, I'm creating lines and then deleting them, and that is because there are so many ways to create the same things. I will create this vertical line somewhere over here. And I will provide the distance of let's say vertical distance. Once again, that vertical distance would be 2.5 millimeters, equal to this. Then what I will do, I will create another line, and I will join this point to this point. As you can see, once we did that, we have redundant constraints, meaning there are dimensions in the sketch which are no longer required, and why is that? That is because first we define the distance between dis point and the end point of this line, this point. Then we created a line, and with that line, we joined these two points and then gave the same dimensions to that line as well. We no longer need all of these constraints. What I'm going to do, I will simply click on this dimensions, which we provided for the vertical distance between this point and this point over here, and I will simply delete it. Now the sketch is under constraint and under constraint is perfectly fine. Let's move up a bit. Or not move up a bit, but rather what we are going to do, we will create an arc. Specifically center and end point arc. I will click over here. S but we are going to, we are going to select the middle point of this line. Let's zoom in a bit. As you can see, if we place our cursor on top of this line while the R tool is selected, and let's move downward. Let's move downward, or you can do this from this side as well. Move upward. Let's go over here and there will be a point, as you can see here. After this point, now here I am, and if I move slightly upward, it snaps to a point. The free automatically moves me to another point. As you can see here I am moving point upwards gradually. As you can see, and then all of a sudden, after this point, it scapes a certain points and then moves to this point. That is the middle point. That is the very basic way of finding the center point or middle point of a line. We will select this point. That will be the center of our arc and we can select either this point or this point doesn't really matter. I will select this point, then move the arc in this direction and end at this point. There we have our arc. Now, we don't need this line anymore. I will simply delete it. There we have, we have created this portion. Now, what we are going to do. We are going to select this and this line. Once again, I will delete this line because we don't need it anymore, and I will select this arc and this line. What we are going to do, we're going to create a similar portion like a straight line over here and then an arc on top of this line connected to this point, this arc and this line, again. Similarly, we have created this thing, and we are going to create the same thing over here once again. For that, we know we have a tool called rectangular array. I will select it and it is asking me for the number of columns. There will be only one column and one row. Because we only need one more iteration of this, this sketch. Let's put it somewhere over here and it is going to be in the perfectly vertical direction, 90 degree angle. Oops it created so many. I'll just press control, select this and select this arc once again, and once again, go to rectangular array. I selected 60 columns accidentally. I will change it to one. Why can't I change it to one? I have to select minimum of two because the number one is going to be this arc that we have already selected, and then we are going to create duplicate, which is going to be the second one. I will select two and press. I'll select the distance up to this point. When this point becomes yellow, let's click it. As you can see, it created another similar portion over there. Now what we will do, I will simply delete this line. And Next thing I will do, I will create a line from this point, a perfectly vertical line, horizontal line ending at this z axis. It is there are redundant constraints, but let's not concern ourselves with that because momentarily we will delete this line as well because we no longer need it. Another thing, we have this portion over here that we don't need either. Let's just delete. Okay. So to summarize, our sketch goes from here to here, then here, then there is this curved section, then another curved section, then a straight line, then from here to here, and then we have two arcs. Okay. Now, what we will do. I will create another vertical line. Straight line starting from this z axis, and it is going to be perfectly horizontal line at zero degree angle. Next, we will provide it with its horizontal distance, and that would be L et's see that would be 5 millimeters. It is giving me an error, and that is because there is there is already redundant constraints and we cannot create further dimensions before addressing those. What we will do, we will simply read this line and the redundant constraints go away. Now what we will do, I will select this horizontal distance tool and inset dimension to it now. Let's select 5 millimeters, and now everything works. Next, what we will do, we will create a line starting at this point, the end point of this arc, and it will be a perfectly horizontal line, and let's end it somewhere over here. Okay. Once again, there are tenant constraints, but don't worry about that. Next, we will create a vertical line starting at this point and ending at this point. Let's press this cap. Now we have this small portion over here. Sorry, it is not ending at that point. Controls that to go back. Then start a line from this point and ending at this line. Now it is turned yellow. I'll simply click As you can see, it is once again, not ending or connecting with this line. Let's try trimming this portion. Let's go to this here, trim, this command, and we will try to trim this mal portion, and as you can see, it will cut at this point. Here. Let's trim this portion and trim this portion as well. This sc. Oops, I pressed a scap twice and I'm now out of the sketch. Let's double click on this sketch once again and let's return to it. Here we are. Now, since we have created this line, we will simply delete this line because we no longer need it. I'll simply delete it. There are still some redundant constraints over here and that is constraint number 35. I'll simply click on it. Let's see what it is. Is it selected, Constrain 39. I'll simply delete it. Now it is once again under defined, and that is perfectly. Next, what we will do, we will provide this line, this small line that we have created with vertical distance. I will select the vertical distance tool, select this line, and it is going to be only one millis. Press, move this outwards. Next, we will create another line starting at this point and ending somewhere over here. Now, we want this point to be we want this point to be 6.5 millimeters away from this central line. How can we do that? What we can do, we have a very easy way. We cannot assign the dimensions between a line and a point. We cannot just select this line and then this point and assign its dimensions between them. That we cannot do. However, we know that this point or this line is 5 millimeters away from this line because we created a line and we provided it with the dimension of five meter, and then we deleted it. We know that. We know the distance between this line and this line. If we are not sure, we can very simply check it. Let's click on the horizontal distance tool, select this line. Sorry. Horizontal distance tool and select this point or we cannot check. If we cannot check the distance between horizontal distance between two vertical lines. This is a vertical line, this is a vertical line. Unfortunately, we cannot do that. In Free Kd, we cannot do that. However, we know that this line is 10 millimeters away from this line, and we want this point to be this line is 5 millimeters away from this central line. We want dis point to be 6.56 0.5 millimeters away from this line. What we can do From this line to this line is five millimeter. So basically, we require this line to be 1.5 millimeter, and that would ensure that this point is five plus plus five plus 1.5. Sorry, this would be 1.5 millimeters. So that would ensure that this point is five plus 1.56 0.5 millimeters away from this central line. Okay. So during AD modeling, you will have to do these kind of calculations in your head, which you cannot do that on your head. Can do that on a piece of paper. So a lot of calculations are involved in D. I will simply let's press cap. Once again, I went out of the sketch because no tool was selected, no sketch tool was selected, and then I pressed scap, that basically takes me out of the sketcher work pinch. I will double click on it once again to go back. Let's zoom in over here, and we will select the horizontal distance tool, and we will provide it to this line that we created. It would be 1.5 million meters. And press. Now everything is fine. Next, we will create a vertical line. Let's move this out of the way. We will create a vertical line starting at this starting at this point upward. We will give this line vertical dimensions of one millimeters. Sorry, not one, but rather 2.5 millimeters. There we have. Then we will create an arc like we did over here. Oops. These are changed. As you can see, this arc is smaller than this r. To avoid that, let's insert horizontal distance between the starting and end points of these two arcs. I will select this point and this point. It would be 2.5 millimeters. Let's move this out of the and then provide the vertical distance between this point and this point as well. Once again, 2.5 millimeters. T. Now, as you can see when we did that, this line moved downward. These things can happen to you in free. They do not happen in other D packages that much. However, there is always a way to fix this. What we can do, we can simply delete this line. Let's delete it, create a new line starting at this point and ending at this point. Now everything is fixed. However, once again, the distance between this is not okay. Two point, the vertical distance between this point and this point, 2.5 millimeters. Pre Now everything is perfectly fine. Let's move up over here, and let's create an arc between these two points as well. Let's select the arc over this line until it snaps to the center point and it does it over. Here. That would be the center point and will start at this point and end at this point. Now, the issue with the previous arcs happened because after the creation of the arc, we deleted the central line. That is okay to do so. However, then we will also have to provide vertical distance between these two points. I will select this point and this point while having the vertical to turned on. And let's type 2.50, and that provides me with an error. That error is that constraint was already created. When we deleted the line, we simply dilated the line and the constraint was shifted to this arc. Sometimes it happens, but here that did not happen because the second arc that we created was rectangular array. Always provide dimensions whenever necessary. If we create a pattern rectangular array using this arc over here, and then the next arc, which will be created, will not have this constraint. You will have to manually put it. Okay. Let's create something further. Now what we will do. We will create a horizontal line, starting at the middle point somewhere on the top of this portion. Let's say started somewhere over here. We will provide dimensions momentarily, like that. Let's provide this with horizontal distance choosing the horizontal distance of 5 millimeters. Then what we will do. Here we have and then we will provide the vertical distance between this point and this point. And that is going to be 15.2 millimeters. It moves up over here. We're basically reaching the top. It is here. Let's zoom in. Next, what we will do, we will create a vertical line, starting at this point, and let's end it somewhere over here. Then we will provide it with the vertical dimensions. Currently, it is 11.52, and I will set it to ten, basically one third of this entire distance. Now we can delete this line. Let's delete that. Next, what we will do, we will create an arc, but first move these dimensions out. We will create an arc, but rather we should create a spine. It will start at this point and somewhere over here, let's make it vertical here, and then its next point would be here. We can change its profile by using this middle handle. Let's move it down a bit to make it a curve more smooth curve, and that is perfectly fine. We are basically at the top. Now what I will do, I will create a line starting at this point. It will be a horizontal line, and we will give this dimension of 3.5 millimeters. Okay. So there we have it. However, doing that, change the dimension, move this line a to the right. We will just press control z until that moves back to its original position and Then what we will do. Instead of giving this line some dimension, to make sure that after giving this line dimensions, this line does not move what we will do. We will insert horizontal distance and we will provide horizontal distance between this point, this point and then this point. Let's give it 30.5. Now this line did not move to the right, but rather this line, this point was kept locked to this point, this location, and this point was inward a bit to apply the given dimension. Now we are basically at the end, we will simply create a line. Let's create a line over here, a vertical line and move it upward. Next, we will create another vertical line, starting at the top of the first or the central vertical line that we created. I we'll start over here, and then It will end at this point. Here we have. It does not necessarily end at this point, but we can easily fix that by using the trim tool. First, let's make sure whether this line is vertical, is this vertical can stand applied because the symbol is over there, and that is perfectly fine. Now let's select the trim tool. Here it is trim edge. We will select this edge, and let's zoom in a bit, and we will also select this edge. Then press sce to exit out of the trim edge tool. Then let's zoom out a bit. At this point, our sketch our first sketch is ready. What we will do we simply close out and there we have our sketch, and we are going to use the revolve tool to revolve this entire sketch around this central line. Let's select this sketch. And select the revolution or revolve tool. Let's click on it, and as you can see, it creates or desired body. We will do it around the vertical axis obviously, and then the angle is once again going to be 360 because we want complete rotation. Let's press. So Our chess piece is ready, but we have one small addition to make, and that is going to be at the top. I will select this phase, go to tasks and click create sketch. Or you can very easily click over here on this, I can create sketch as well. But I will just go to task and create sketch. Let's zoom in a bit, and here what we will do, we will create a rectangle, but a centered rectangle. And its center will be this origin point. Let's move it out a bit like this. Next, what we will do. We know that the diameter of this circle at the top is 13.5 millimeters, roughly 13.5 millimeters. What we will do, we will provide this with the horizontal dimension. It is currently 12.33. Somewhat less than that, let's select 12, 12.5. Then we will also provide vertical dimensions to this line or this line as well because we require this to be a square. And that is once again going to be 12.5. As you can see, here, it moves out of this circle. That means that 12.5 dimension is not correct. Let's change it, let's reduce it to 12 minimere, is perfectly fine, 12 and change this to 12 as well. Now our rectangle is inside the circle, O square is inside the circle. Square is basically a rectangle, same thing, and its center is at the origin. We will simply click clause, and then we will use the pad tool to create a padding. To extrude it up a bit. And the dimension is going to be 13 millimeters. Next, we will select the fill tool to fill it out these edges. We will change it to 0.5 or zero, let's see 0.75. That is much better. Let's select this edge. We can only select one edge. Let's select this edge and provide 0.75. Et's go back a bit. Let's delete this file. Let's delete this fillet as well and go to this padding and to this sketch. This 12 millimeter seems a bit too much. It doesn't look right. Let's reduce it to say somewhat over salmon millimeter. This to salmon as well, and let's close and now it is somewhat better. Okay. Okay. Now, what we will do, we will select any one of these faces. Let's go to task and then create set you can select any one of these vessel. It doesn't really matter. It changes the view, and we will create once again, a scented rectangle on this horizontal sorry Z axis. This is now the Z axis because you can see it is along the z axis appearing in this orientation. X axis over here, arrows, whatever you want to call it arrows orientation, and we will create a rectangle over here. Like this. Then we will provide it with some dimensions. First, we will provide horizontal dimensions, and that is going to be 3.5 millimeters. Then we will also provide vertical dimension to this line or this line, whichever you want, and 3.51 s again. Next, we will also provide We also want to provide the distance between this point and this line. For that, we will have to go to once again go to create external geometry, and we will select this line. This line has been extracted and can be used as a reference for this sketch. Then we will select the horizontal distance tool. We will select this point and this center point of this rectangle. It is currently at 5.16. I will change it to 6.25 millimeters. Sorry, 6.5 millimeters. Currently, this is 13 millimeters, so 6.5 is somewhere in the middle. Let's close it and then click on the pad tool. We will pad this up to 3 millimeters. Not much. Now we have this padding over here, this small portion. But first, let's go to top view, and this is the padding that view just created. But we also want this feature to be over here, here and here. Okay. So for that, just like we have the tool in sketcher, which is the horizontal or rectangular array, sorry, the rectangular array. We also have rectangular arrays and mirrors and those type of tools for features as well. An line, once again, any line in a sketch is called a line or the component. These things, for example, revolution padding, this pad as well. These are basically termed as features. So this pad, this area over here, this is pad 001. This is a feature. The revolution that we did is a feature, which basically converted the revolution tool, this tool, converted a sketch into a feature. Like the rectangular array for components of a sketch, we also have a tool, which can be used to create rectangular arrays and other type of rays far features as well. Now we want this portion to be over here here and here as well. For that, we are going to use one such tool. Once again, I will go to top few. Let's move this into the screen, and let's select this feature. Let's select it this padding this padding, and that tool is here. We have the mirror tool, which will basically create a mirror image of this feature. For example, this is here, it will create a mirror image over here. However, we also want one over here and one over here. Mirror tool is not going to do the job for us. Then we have linear pattern. This is very similar to rectangular array in sketch. It will create a linear pattern in this direction, this direction, whatever direction we select, and whatever the number of these features, we select as well. The next one after that, let's talk about this one. This is a multi transform feature where basically you can create features in both one x direction and y direction or z direction, or you can create rectangular patterns, sorry linear patterns, patterns like this or rectangular patterns in multiple xs. Finally, let's move to this, this feature for this tool. This is called polar pattern. And this is basically a circular pattern. It creates a polar pattern feature with meaning. It creates patterns in polar coordinates. We'll just click on it. First of all, what we need to do, we need to provide it with the xis. We will change from this normal sketch axis because there is no sketch we have created right now, and I will change the normal sketch of this feature does not represent what we want to create. So I will change it to the Z axis, base axis. I'll change it to base that axis, and the angle is going to be 360 because we are going to be rotating completely. Right now, the occurrence is set to two. Which is why just when we selected the beast set axis, it automatically created this feature over here because the occurrence was set to two. One is this one. Second is this. However, we want four such occurrences, which are going to be equally distanced at a certain angles throughout the 360. Once we select four, that distance will automatically that angle will automatically become 90 degrees. I will change this 24 Then as you can see, it updated and created four such similar. Feature. One, two, three, four. We are happy. With that, Let's press. And then move down, and there we have our chess piece. We can also add some fleets to these edges over here that look a bit rough or better than fillet. Let's create some chamfers. I'll select the chamfer tool and select this edge. Let's set this distance to 0.75. Click somewhere over here, and you can see it created I created a chamfer. And let's click on Preview, and that is perfectly fine. Let's press, and then we will also create Jam firs over here on these edges as well, 0.75 press. Ham, select this edge. 0.75 or just 0.75, don't need to put the zero. Press. Finally, to this edge as well, select this edge. Press on am 00.75 millimeters, click over here. Basically, let's move to this isometric view. Let's create our view. Like this. Our chess piece is ready. If you want to further improve this, we can create a chamfer over here as well and on these edges as well. Let's see what it does. Let's provide it, once again, 0.75 because that is a reasonable value, 0.75 f 0.75. Select this edge, e 0.75. Press. Okay. It creates a bit refined look. This is once again, how you can create chess piece in Free C. Let's save this and let's call it es. This is basically how you can save free C documents as well. This was all for this lecture. Thank you. 19. Modelling a Screw Driver: A In this lecture, we will be creating a CAD model of a screw driver. Let's create a free C document and then move to part design workmag. Next, let's click Create body and that that body, we will create the sketch, and the plan we will select is going to be the X Z plan. Make sure our system of units is standard and let's start creating our sketch. For this screw driver, first, we will create the handle of the screw driver and then the act screw driver itself. So Let's click on the line tool and first, we'll create the handle and for that handle, we will begin at the origin and we'll create a perfectly horizontal line. Like this and we will provide it with the vertical horizontal distance of 3 millimeters. Let's zoom in a bit. Let's move this dimension up. Next, we will create another line and it will be a vertical line. Once again, starting at the origin. The dimension or the vertical distance is a vertical line. The length for it would be the vertical distance, and we will have to use the vertical distance constrain and it is going to be 1 millimeter. Next, we will create another line starting at this point, the top point of this 1 millimeter line that we created. Once again, this line would be perfectly horizontal line. Dimension for this would be 1.5 millimeters. Let's move this. In. Now we will create another line starting here at the end point of this 1.5 millimeter line that we have just created. It will start from this point and it will be a vertical line, and this will have the dimension of it is a vertical line, so we will use the vertical distance constraint, and this will have the dimension of 75 millimeters. Here. Now we will create a curve. Let's press the scape to exit out of the vertical distance tool. Now we will create a spline or a curve. Let's select this spline tool, and it will start at diel point. And it will go down. We will create a one handle somewhere over here, then somewhere in the middle. Then this handle should be roughly at about one quarter of this entire length, which is 75 millimeter, somewhere in the middle. Then a of this length, somewhere over here, and then finally ending here. Not at this line, but rather this point. It would end over here. Then we will press to exit out of curve, and then press scap once again to exit out of the curve to, or spine to. Now, we will take this central handle and move it inwards a bit like this. Then we will move this one out a bit and then this one out a bit to a bit more than this one. There is our sketch for the handle completed. We will simply press close, and then we will use the revolution tool. Then as you can see, it creates the sketch for r, the handle of r screw drive. We'll simply press. Let's go to model, and we have this part. Let's right click on it and rename it to handle. Since we will be creating the handle and then the screw driver, so there will be two bodies for this free ca document. This is going to be named as handle. The other one will be named as the driver or the screw drive. We will go to task and then press create body and create a new body. Once again, for that party, we will select create a sketch. Now, We have two options. We can either select these dest catches or we can also select any flat surface of this body as well. What we will do, we will go to the top view and select this inner surface inside of this screwdriver, this surface. Let's click on it and press. We cannot create it. We should be able to do it. We cannot create it because this is a separate body, so we will have to select the base plans. What I will do, I will select once again, the x plan. Then what we will do, we will change this to wireframe. We'll change our sketch to wireframe. Then we will create the sketch for r screw driver. This is the outlines of the handle that we have just created. The the screw driver will start at this point. I will create a line from here. And let's move it upwards. It is going to be a vertical line perfectly vertical. Then we will provide it with vertical dimension, and this dimension is going to be 150 millimeters. It is giving me an error because there were some redundant constraints. First, let's delete those constraints, and now let's provide the vertical dimension of 150 millimeters. Perfectly fine. Now we will move this line upwards and then we will provide the vertical distance using the vertical distance constraint. From the origin, we will provide from the origin to the start of this line, that would be 1 millimeter. That means now our screw driver will begin right at the center of this this handle, at this point. It will begin at this point. Next, we will create a line starting at this point and ending at this point, and it should be perfectly horizontal line. Let's provide it with horizontal dimension, which is 1.5, and we require it to be just that 1.5. Let's move this out a bit. Next, we will simply what we will do. We will create another line starting here and vertical line and ending equal to this. Instead of now we have to provide this line with the dimension equal to this of as well. Instead of applying dimension to this, we will simply click this line, select this line. Select this line, then select this line and simply use the equal constraint to make sure they are equal. Now as you can see, they are equal and end over here. Okay. Let's also insert the vertical constraint to this lines. Also make sure that this is vertical. Now we will create a line from this point to this point to join these two lines. Now, once again, there are some redundant constraints. We will simply just click on it. It is this constraint constraint 13. Let's simply delete it. Okay. Once again, our sketch is ready, Let's press scap, and what we will do. We will once again use the revolution around 360 and press. Now let's change our view mode from wire frame to as is. Now we have the handle and the screw. Let's go back to model. This is handle, and this is called body. Let's right click on it and once again, red to handle. Okay. Now since these are two different body parts, let's also change their appearances. Right click on handle, and here you have appearance. Here you can select different colors or even materials for your body parts. Let's say for this one, we select plastic for handle. That's close, and as you can see, it changes its color to black. If you don't like black, we can once again go to appearance and change the color as well. For example, let's make it. Blue. Sorry, I will have to be three colors. This is blue. We have the shape color. We have the line color, and we have the point color. Let's make this one blue. This one blue as well, and this one blue. As you can see, despite changing all these colors, nothing is happen. Y? Sorry, I renamed it to and this screw driver to handle as well. Let's screw driver for this one. Let's go to the handle and select appearance. The reason we cannot select our custom colors because we have selected specific material. According to F, F uses the black color plastics. If let's say choose default, then we can change the colors. Okay. It is still not changing. Let's see what is wrong. Let's click on handle, click on appearance. O yes. It is let's change the plastic. Here. You will have to click on this three dts and then you can change the colors. Le let's select this color. As you can see now the color has been changed. You can change from here as well. Now let's also provide a color for the sw driver as well. Let's select the slew driver, go to appearance and we can change the material, but there is no need to do it for this one on modeling. However, there will be need, you will be required to select appropriate material when doing finite element analysis. We will do that in this course as well. Let's keep this on default and let's change this color to gray, something like that. Like that. Sc. This is how you can change the appearances of your physical bodies. Now, let's create the head of the screw. And we will select this phase, go to sketch. We will create a sketch there and we will create a cent rectangle. Centered rectangle, starting at this and this. For this one, the length of the rectangle or horizontal distance is going to be 1.53 millimeters. It is going to be 3 millimeters. Sorry, I should be less than three. Let's select 2 millimeters, and the vertical distance, let's select for this line. It would be 0.5 millimeters. Let's press scare and then use the pad command to pad. Ten millimeter is a bit too much. Let's see three and three seems fine. Now we will use the emp two. Let's click ef and select this edge. Let's see 1.5. 0.5, and it creates a emer over here. Currently, our gamer has been set to. Let's I'll just move to the right view from the right side view from the view cube. It is set to equal distance. But we will change it to two distances. The first distance is let's see which one is it type 0.750 0.75. Te type this 25. 1.75. This distance is from this point to along this x axis or the horizontal distance, whereas this one is the vertical distance. I will choose this to be one. I will increase it to be one or rather three. Then 0.50, 0.25. The combination of distance is not working out for us. Rather what we will do. Let's select the distance and an angle. The distance we will be selecting is going to be one, and then we will increase our angle two, let's say 60 degrees. L et's and the distance. Let's increase a pit fit. 0.5 something like that 0.75, that p nine. That's not. Let's select it to 0.75, and then start increasing this angle. At 75 degree 75 degrees reaches up to that point. Let's increase it one by one. 75 is the maximum it can. Okay. Let's select 75 and press. Okay. Next, what we will do, we'll select this amper and then we will use the mirror comm. And we will mirror it alongside, let's move it. For mirroring, we will have to select a plan. That plan is going to be the x plan. When we select the x plan from there, let's zoom in a bit, as you can see, it created a a mired champ asymmetric champ to the other side as well. Let's close it. Next what we can do. We can go to this phase. We can try to remove material. This much material. There is an easy way to do that. We can either go here and then choose the pocket tool downward or we can select this phase. This would be much more convenient or we can chose to not remove this material at all. But let's try to remove this. I will select this phase. And go to tasks and then create sketch. We will create a rectangle starting somewhere over here. It can be outward to this point as well. It doesn't really matter. We'll create a rectangle starting somewhere over here. Here and like this. For this case, the dimensions do not really matter because we are not concerned the dimensions will no longer matter because we're going to choose the sketch to remove material. As long as this rectangle encapsulate or captures the area which we from which we require material to be removed, then it doesn't really matter if this moves like this or this doesn't really matter. Like this. L et's close. Now, if this this dimension, for example, it concres in rectangular, this line move somewhere over here, it's want met. Let's go to model, select this sketch, and use the pocket tool. Let's select through because we want to remove material. From this region from this point to the end. There is no point selecting any specific dimension. Let's click. There we have our screw driver read. In this lure, we learn how we can change the appearance of certain bodies and apply material to certain bodies change their appearance, and also how we can create more than one body in a single document. Thank you. 20. Modelling a Dumbbell: In this lecture, we will be creating a model d model of a dumb bell. This is going to be a comparatively simple and short video because creating a dumb bell, we have already learned measure of most of the tools that are required to create a dumb bell. Let's first create a new document. Go to part design, and then let's create a body and then sketch. Let's select the plan and that plan is going to be x plan. Let's make sure that system of units is standard, and let's move somewhere over here. First, we will create a vertical line. Starting at the origin and up to somewhat over. Then we will provide this line with vertical distance using the vertical distance constraint tool. We will select this and this is going to be 330 millimeters. The line is out of our view, so let's zoom out of it, sca, and then let's move this dimension over here. Then we will create a line horizontal line starting at the top up to this point. We will provide this line with horizontal distance choosing the constrained horizontal distance tool, and and it is going to be 50 millimeters. Or rather let's increase the two 60 millimeters. Let's make it 75, but. Next, we will create another line starting at this point, the end point of this line, and let's move it somewhere over. Here. This line will have the vertical distance of 65 millimeters. Let's change it to 50 because it might create some problems. The first dimension this line would be 50 millimeters, and then what we will do, we will create similar lines over here. We will create a line starting at this point. It should be perfectly horizontal line, and it will have the horizontal distance of once again meters. Next, we will create lines similar to this one, but starting at this n. It will be vertical line, and once again, it will have vertical distance of 65 milli meters. Let's press. Next, what we will do we will create a line. Let's select the line tool once again. We will create a line somewhere over here. We will delete this line after we have created it. We will create this line and provide it with the horizontal distance using this horizontal distance tool, and this distance would be thmres. Okay. Let's select 30. Then we will create two lines. Starting at this end of this line, one will be upward, and one will go downward. Let's first create the upward line. It should be perfectly vertical. Let's create it somewhere over here, and then let's provide this line with vertical dimension. It is 67 millimeter. We will reduce that to 60 millimeters. Okay. Next, what we will do. We will create another line starting at this point, but going downwards. This line, once again, let's make this line, select this line and then select this line and make sure that they are equal by using the equal contra. Now, both of these lines will have the dimension of 60 meters. Okay? Okay. So now, what we will do. Let's ma now what we have to do. We can just delete this line, first of all, and then make sure that this point. This point over here in the middle of these two lines. We need to make sure that this point is at equal distance from this point and this point. For that, what we will do, we will select this point and this point or let's select the vertical distance tool. We will select this point and then this point, and we can simply provide it with dimension. And L always, we will have to do some certain math. This entire length is 230. Let's see, it is 330 millimeters. Out of that 330, we have 6,330 -60, that would be 300 and then 270. Then we have this line over here of 60 millimeter as well. 270 -60. That leaves us 210. Then we have this line of how much is it of 65 millimeters. 210 minus 65. Let's pull up the calculator. We have 210 -65. We have 145, and then we have this line over here as well, which is also 65 millimeters. We will -65 from that as well. Sorry, 210 -65 -65 once again. We are left with 80 millimeters. Meaning the combined distance from this point to this point and this point to this point is 8 millimeters. Meaning the vertical distance, we will select the vertical distance tool, we will select this point and we will select this point. This would be the half of that. E -40 or e t divided by two is 40 millimeters. This distance would be 40 millimeters. Similarly, We don't necessarily have to enter this. It will say redundant constraint, but we can just make sure to check it the distance between this point and this line. It should be 40 as well, we'll just a 40, and that is Okay. Now, this point is equal distant. This point is at 40 millimeter from this point, and then this point is at 40 millimeters from this point. Next, what we will do, we will select the line tool and join these lines. Join this point to this point, and then join this point to this point. And plus sc. Let's move these dimensions out and we have our sketch ready. Let's close it, and there we have our sketch, and we only need to use the revolution tool to create our dumber. We'll select on the revolution tool. Let's press there we have our Dumble has been created. We can do further modifications like chamfering this Edge or fitting this edge as well, and you can do that if you want. This is how you can create a dumb or simple Dumble free. Thank you. 21. Modelling a Haircomb: In this lecture, we will be creating a CD model of a hair comb. I'm here in Free C. First of all, let's create a new Freec document. Next, what we are going to do as always, we will go to the P design work Bench. Okay. Next, click on Create body and then create sketch. The plan we have to slide we can select either plan, we can select the Xt plan or x y plan. I will select the X Y plan for this one. Next, we need to make sure that our system of units is standard. Let's start creating our sketch. First, what I'm going to do, I will create a straight line. I'll pick the line tool. This line will start at the origin, and it will be a perfectly vertical line. Then I will provide this line with its vertical distance over length using the vertical distance constraint tool. This length is going to be 250 millimeters. The line has become larger, so we will have to zoom out so that it is perfectly in our view. Next, once again, I will select the line tool and I will start this line at the topmost point of this vertical line that we created, and it will be a perfectly horizontal line up to this point. Since this is a horizontal line, we will have to provide its dimensions using the horizontal distance constraint tool. Or you can simply press the hot key L. Let's turn on the hot keys. There. I'll simply press L, and now the horizontal distance tool has been selected. Then I will click on this line. Sorry. It is L. I'll select the horizontal distance tool. Let's see what it is it's Hurt key. It is L. I'll click on this line to provide its length. This would be 5 millimeters. Next, I will select the line tool once again and create another horizontal line, but starting at the bottom point or at the origin of bottom point of this line or at the origin, because these are the same points, and this one will be perfectly horizontal line. Let's zoom in on a bit, and then we will provide it with its dimensions using the horizontal distance and this one is going to be 2 millimeters. Or let's increase it to 5 millimeters. Two is a bit less. Let's move this dimension down, and then we will create another line. This will be a vertical line, and it will start at this point, the right most point of this 25 millimeter line that we have just created. Once again, this one will be a line, perfectly vertical line, and that's provided with its dimensions using the vertical distance. And this would be a 100 millimeters. I will type 100 and press. Let's zoom out a bit and there we have everything that we have created. Press the scap, and then let's move this dimension outwards. Next, what we're going to do, we will create another line starting at this point, and it will be perfectly vertical line, and it will end somewhere over here. And we will provide it with its dimensions. This dimension will be This would be 160 millimeters. Okay. It ends somewhere over there. We will reduce it, we will reduce it to 125. It ends here. That is perfectly fine. Next, what we will do we will create an R or better, let's create a spline. Because we might run into some issues if we create an r. Spline is perfect. This pline or curve will start at this point, there will be a middle handle over here for this curve over here, and then it will end at this point. Next pcap to exit out of the r of exit out of this arc or to finish that r, and then scape once again to exit out of the arc or splint tool. Then we will use this handle and move it upwards to match this curve a bit more curve like this. That is perfectly fine. Then we will simply delete this line that we just created. We no longer need it. Let's move this dimension. Now, this will be the dimension between this point and this point. Next, what we will do, I will go over here and create another vertical line. There we have a vertical line. Let's move over here. Next, we will create another vertical line and it will go somewhere over. Sorry, this will be horizontal line up to this point. It will start at this point and then end somewhere over here. Now, distance from this point to this point is here millimeters, and we created this distance over here to be 5 millimeters. The distance for this line would be 35 minus five millimeter meaning 30 millimeters. Let's give it provided with a horizontal dimension and it would be 30 millimeters. Let's press. Let's move this upward. Next, what we are going to do. We will select a line. Oh sorry, one more thing. Let's select the vertical distance constraint tool and provide the distance for this line, this short vertical line that we just created. It is currently 3.59 millimeter. We will make it 3 millimeters. Then let's press the scale. Next, we will go down over here, pan over here, and then create another vertical line starting at this point of this curve point of this curve. Once again, it would be a vertical line, and it's vertical dimension, using the constrained vertical distes tool. It will be 3 millimeters, like the one line that we created just over. Here. Let's zoom in on this new line that we have created. Next, I will select the line tool once again and then create a horizontal line. S a horizontal line like this. This horizontal line will carry the horizontal distance or length using the constrained horizontal distance. Once again, this would be 30 millimeters. Okay. Let's move over here. Next, I will select a line tool once again and we will join this point over here at the top to this point here in the bottom. There. We have created everything. Next, we will do some simple things. We we will select the fill tool and add some flat. Over here, we have the create fill tool. I will create a fill it at this point like this, then a fil at this point. Next, a fillet will be created over here. Finally, fillet over here, over here. Since this is the origin, we cannot select this point, so we will simply select this line and this line to create a filet over here as well. Okay. Finally, we will create fillets at this edge, not at this edge, at this edge over here, this fill. Finally, we will create one more fillet, and it is going to be between these two lines. I'll simply select this point and create a fill. Let's press the scap key to exit out of the fillet tool, and we can move these left and right to change, but let's not do that because that will mess up our dimensions. Okay. So the initial sketch is ready. So I will close this out, close out of the sketcher, and then use the pad command to convert it into three dimensional body. Let's select the pad command and This is going to be the dimension of padding would be 3 millimeters. I will select 3 millimeters and press. We have a partial or diagram body of our com ready. Now we simply have to create its teeth. We will create teeth on this phase. I will select this fase Let's select this face and then go to create a sketch. We can click over here, or we can select create sketch over here too. As you can see, it is this face. Let's move to the right view once again and zoom in over this face. We can create sketch on this face from here to here. I will simply create a circle. I will select the circle tool and create a circle here. Okay. Let's make it bigger like this. We will provide it with the diameter for this circle and make sure and try your best to let's first close deselect the diameter to and try to move this circle so that its somewhat aligns on the midpoint of this line. Okay? We can also do that by converting this line into external geometry, and then referencing it, but that is not necessarily needed because we do not require proper precise accurate dimensions for this circle. I'll simply create this circle and we will provide it with the dimension, and this one is going to be 2.5 millimeters. Let's close it, then close it once again. And then use the pad command to convert it into tooth. So what we are going to do, we will create one tooth for our comb, and then we will use the rectangular pattern tool to create more teeth. Let's go to the top view over here, and we know the distance from this point to this distance from this point, this line. We can extend it to down over here as well. The distance of this line, horizontal distance of this line to this line is 30 millimeters. That is why for this bedding, you will provide the dimension of millimeters. That makes this teeth equal to this portion over here. And that is perfectly fine. Let's close it. Now what we are going to do, we are going to modify this teeth. First of all, we will select the fillet tool and provide a small filet over here. Currently, it is one. Let's try 0.5 millimeters, and it looks something like this. Let's try 0.75 I is not creating it because it is not possible. Let's go to 0.75 and let's select that. Next, we will also provide chamfer over here because this teeth has to be sharper or point t. We'll select the chef this tool, and we'll s. You can select this phase or select this. I will select this edge. Currently, it is at equal distance. I will change it to two distances. As you can see, it is turning pointy, so we can move to the top view once again to look to have a better view. Then let's start increasing this fast distance or first size. L et's go over here, like this. The size one or the first distance of 19 millimeters. Let's type it a once again, seems to be the perfect value. Let's try increasing the second value as one. If we move to two, it fails to create it currently, it is at 1 millimeter. Let's try 1.5. Once again, not possible. Let's try 1.25, and that is creating it part, it is making the teeth extremely sharp, that is not desirable. I will just change it back to one. Then we will provide a fillet over here on this edge. Let's close it. Here, as you can see, we are creating more and more features under the body and the model view. We have this new jumper that we have created. We have this fillet over here and this padding as well. Let's create some more fillets to this teeth to add more detail. I will select the fill, this tool, and select this edge. Currently, it is one. We'll have to reduce it. Let's try 0.5. Again, it is too large value of 0.25, and that is better. You can make this edge of this teeth much sharper if you want to in the chamfer command. But for me, that is perfectly fine. Let's try 0.3. Once again, not possible. 0.525 is the appropriate amount, and I'll simply press. Now let's create another filed over this edge. It is two let's try 0.25 not really doing anything. Let's try one. Again, the. Let's increase the values. At this edge, fillet is not really working. Let's try smaller value to see if that's not working either. Let's simply cancel that. We do not need to create a filed. If you want to move this further downwards, we can always go back to chamfer and increase this 19 millimeter distance to higher values, 2021 like this. We can also chamfer it right to this point as, but that does not look really good. Let's try 29 millimeters. 29 seems to be somewhat ok. However, doing that, nullified or fillet of this that we created. Once again, we will have to go to fill it, it is currently 0.25, and we will have to reduce it to a lesser value. Let's say 0.20, and then cress. Now we have one teeth ready. Let's go to top view, one teeth ready, and we will need a lot more teeth from this point to this point along this line as well. What I will do I will select first of all, this padding, pad 001, which is the padding for this teeth. Then we created filet over here. I will also select that fillet two, and you will have to press the control key to make sure you select more than one component over here. Then we will select the chamfer that we created and then the final fillet on the top of this that we created as well. Apart from this original padding, which is the pad of this body, when the pad tool was used to create this body, we will select all of these four features. Then I will go over here. There is mirror. We do not want to mirror it, then there is linear pattern or rectangular pattern. In the previous lectures in specifically for creating the chest piece, we used this polar pattern or circular pattern. For this one, we will choose the linear pattern. I will choose the linear pattern. It will take some time. As you can see, it is creating a new body over here with 100 millimeters of length from this point. We do not want that large of a distance, let's try reducing that. Okay. Let's try 5 millimeters, and then clicking over here. That is still a large amount. Let's try 43. The millimeters seems to be the perfect amount, or is it too small? Seems perfect to me. However, we do not want only two teeth, so we can simply add the number over here. It will take some time three teeth, and then some more teeth. The sketch or this design will become heavier with the every increased number of teeth, you create over here. Currently it is set to sixtee as you can see, they are really on top of one another. That means we'll simply have to increase this distance. This task is really a CPU intensive task and you might notice your software or your PC freezing during it is calculating the new creation of the new rectangular pattern or linear pattern. Let's increase this value to 10 millimeters. It will take some time. And the ten is also very small, let's strike 20. The 20 is somewhat okay, but we still have only six pieces. Why not? Let's go to 100? Now, this the length that we have entered over here is actually the length of this overall distance around over which this rectangle circular linear pattern is going to be created. Then we have six elements on this hundred millimeter. It is going to place six occurrences distance from each other. Let's increase the number. Let's create 789, ten, 11, let's directly go to somewhat like 15 that let's try 20 so that it looks more like a regular com. Let's try 25. Let's try 30. We just have to keep increasing until we land on a proper value. 30 teeth seems to be the correct f. Seems to be the correct amount to me. This distance is 100, we can also extend it to somewhat over here. Let's increase it to 120, 110 s. And now the teeth are right there, that is a bit large, let's reduce it to 105. That seems somewhat better. This is how you can use rectangular or linear pattern to create array of s features that you have already created. We only created this one teeth and then used rectangular pattern or linear pattern to create all of these 30 teeth as well. I'll simply press and that is the all for this lecture. We learned how to create a com in free and the new tool that we used in this lecture was rectangular or linear pattern. It is sometimes called rectangular pattern, sometimes linear pattern. Thank you for listening to this lecture. 22. Modelling a Vase: In this lecture, we will be creating a CD model of a A. A or A, whatever you want to pronounce it, or whatever it pronunciation is to you. I will simply create a new free ca document and then move to part design work patch. Then move to tasks, and let's click on Create Party and then create Sketch. Okay. For this one, we will be selecting the front plane or the x z plane. I will select it, then make sure that our system of units is standard. This lecture is going to be very similar to how we created the wine glass. First of all, I will create a rectangle. It will be the corner to corner rectangle. If we drop down, this is direct rectangle. It is fed in other surfaces as corner to corner rectangle, and it's one corner would be at the origin and then it would be something like this. Now let's provide the horizontal and vertical dimensions. The horizontal dimensions, which will be entered using the horizontal distance constraint tool, is going to be we can select this line or this line. Let's select this line, and this one would be 80 millimeters. Let's make it 80, and then we will select the vertical distance constraint tool, and we can select this line or this line, any of these two vertical lines. Let's select this one. This one would be 10 millimeters. Something like that. Let's press scap, and let's move these dimensions outwards. Next, or rather let's change this to 40 millimeters because this should be the half of the actual dimension because we are going to use the revolution or revolve tool. Let's make it 40. Okay. Next, we will create a line from this point and it will go vertically up, a vertical man. This, the dimension for this line would be given to it choosing the vertical distance constraint tool, and this one is going to be four 390 millimeters. Let's zoom out a bit so that we can fully see it there. Now what we are going to do, we will take this line, this line that we created of this rectangle, and we will simply delete because we no longer need this line. Next, we will also select this line and then select this line, and make sure that they are equal in dimensions. Previously, they were already equal because they were the two lines of a rectangle. When we deleted this lines, those lines no longer equal, so we have to provide additional constraint of equality for these two lines as well. Let's zoom outwards and that is a really good. Next, we will select the spline tool. Or rather let's first select the line tool and create a line over here. It will start at this point and then it would be a perfectly horizontal line, and we will provide it with the horizontal dimension of and it would be 40 millimeters just like at the bottom. 40. Doing that, move this line over here. That is because we have this line, and then we have this line. We have not formally joined these two lines together. To fix that, what we can do, we can select this point and then select this point. Since now we are in sketcher, we no longer actually need to press the control key to select multiple components. We have now the two lines selected or two points selected. I will go over here and this constrain I would use. And it is constrained coincident. It will make both of these two points coincident, meaning originating at the same point. I will do that. Now this line has been brought back and is connected to, this line is connected to this line. Let's zoom out a bit like this. Next, what we will do. We will select the curve tool or splint tool and start a curve. We will start over here, and we will create a curve handle over here, then another curve handle somewhere over here, and then we will join it to this point. Then we'll press a scape key to exit this sketch or to finish this sketch, and then press the Scape key once again to exit out of the splint tool. Now, I will move this top upper curve handle inward a bit. And this one out. Let's move this one downward or a bit more inward and slightly downward like this. You can select whatever shape that you want. Our sketch. This is the shap for the vas that one. Our sketch is ready. Let's close out of the sketcher. Let's zoom out so that we can properly see our sketch, and then I will use the revolution tool to create our vs. I've selected the revolution tool. Le see over here, and our body has been created. We will do around vertical sketch is, and also it is going to be complete revolution so 360 degrees angle. Let's press. After the revolution, we have our base body of vas ready. Now what we're going to do, we are going to create a unique share. I will move to the right view. What we're going to do, we're going to cut this vas at a certain angle. For that, I will first need to create the plan. We'll select this phase, go to tasks and then create a Datum plan. And let's move to right view once again. First of all, we will rotate this plan around x axis. I will increase the angle and something like 30 degrees, I'll just type 30 around x axis, click over here, and that is perfectly fine. Now, we will be creating a sketch that will be used to cut material from this plan, and it will be around this angle. If we create a sketch over here, it has to go through two directions, cut this material and then also cut this material. It is not going to work. To ensure complete removal of material at the angle that we require, we have to also move this plan upward so that this plan is not cutting through this body of or vs. You will understand what I'm trying to say momentarily. But for that, we simply have to offset this plan in that direction. Let's move it upward. Like this. As long as it clears, it is above this portion, it is perfectly fine. Somewhere over there is fine. Let's press ok to create it, rotate around, select this plan, and then create a sketch. Let's move over here. For sketch, we are simply going to create a large rectangle. There is no need to provide any specific dimensions because this is going to be used to remove material on it. We want the entirety of material from the top section to be removed. So there is no need to provide any specific dimensions to this rectangle. Just make sure that rectangle is large, so that it covers all of this face and some material over here as well. I've created this rectangle. Let's close after this sketch. Go to the right view so that we can properly see what we are creating, and then we will use the pocket tool. Let's click on pocket. As you can see, it is already removing some material over here. We simply have to increase this length. Let's keep increasing it. Keep on increasing, increasing and there. There we have completed the geometry that we required. We only needed to remove material up to that point. Let's press. Then first of all, let's select this plan and press pass par to hide it. And we have a uniquely shaped va ready. We only need to make it hollow. Let's go to model, and then we will do that just like the cup and the wine glass that we created. We will do that by using the thickness command. I will select the thickness command and it is giving me an error because we had selected the plan. The plan was selected, and that is why it is providing us an error because we cannot apply the thickness command to a plan. I will simply clo close this report view. Select this phase and then click on the thickness. This is once again providing us with an error. However, and that is due to we have chosen this arctye. The body that we've created is not suitable for creating arctyp thickness. We will simply change this to intersection. Let's close, and as you can see, the vas has become. So press I it once again. And the canto at the top. It is perfectly hollow, and you can see everything is perfectly fine. Our vase is ready. This was all for this lecture. This vase that we've created will be used in another lecture where we will try to create photorealistic renderings of our models that we are creating over here, using another free software, openly free software, and that is blender. We will also learn how to export these models to blender. That will come in this course as well. Thank you. 23. Nuts & Bolt Assembly: In this lecture, we will learn how to create assemblies in Free K. We can create assemblies using the parts that we create in FreCa, in part design and sketcher, using part design and sketcher workbenches. However, there is a problem. FreeCa does not have a native built in workbench to create assemblies. I have this a two plus because I installed it. Doesn't come with the software itself. So Just like we installed an add on to create Fast Nurse, we will also have to install a new add on from the Internet, and for that, we will have to go to tools to add on manager. The add on that we need is Cd is this one. A two plus. If it doesn't come automatically here, you can simply type over here and search for it two. You just click on it and click on Install to install this add on. The installation procedure is similar to the one used for the Fasteners or any other add on. I've already installed this add on. Before continuing on this lecture, you have to install this add on. A two plus. Let's close this and I will create a new free C do. Before creation of assembly, we first will have to create the parts that we are going to use in the assembly. For this lecture, for this assembly, what we're going to use, we are going to use a bolt and a nut. We will create nut and bolt SM. First, we will have to create a bolt, and then we will also have to create a nut and then use those for assembs. We know how to create the bolts and nuts. For that, we know we already have installed a new workbench, fasteners, I will go to fasteners. Let's wait some time until it loads. And there it is loaded. I will just click on this X head screw. Let's add this. Let's go to its settings and change its length from 12 to let's say 30. Also, let's make it threaded. Let's change the thread to from falls two. Two. Okay. There we have our bolt. Now what we are going to do, we are going to save this. We'll go to file, click S Seve S. I'm just serving them on document, and I will call this one bolt. Then seve. Next, I will go back to here over here, you can see, we have the currently created frec document, which we just served with the name bolt. It is here bolt. Then we can also go back to start page. Here, let's create a new document, and it creates a new document here, which is currently. In this document, once again, we will stay in the faster work page and we will insert a nut. Self flock encounter nut. Let's install this Actually, let's delete this and just put here a regular nut. Agonal wild nut, that is perfect. Let's remove this one as well because this is a wild nut. This one hexagonal wild nuts. Here, this is the perfect nut that we need. You can add those others as well. This is this one, d934 or ISO 40 35. We can make this threaded or unthreaded as well. Let's change it to threaded. Change the thread from false to true. Once again, we will save this document. Click here Save and let's type nut. Okay. Now, we will create a new document. We will once again go back to our start page. We can move between these documents here as well. We can quickly move to the bolt or to the nut. Or once again, we will go to start and create startpage and create a new document. Now we have the third document. For this document is going to be the one which we are going to be using for creation of the assembles. We are currently in the faster work pinch. Let's change it to a A, A two plus the work pinch that we installed using add on manager for creation of assembles. I will select this. It will take some time to load, and now it is load. Here what we are going to do. We are going to use this button. I however over here, as you can see here, it says, add apart from an external file. Meaning we can add parts that we have created in other files to this assembly document. We are going to be using these two ps, which we have just created and saved. Let's go to this unnamed and let's try to add apart. Let's click on this and it gives us this. Pop up. It says, before inserting a part, please save the empty assembly to give it a name. We cannot add parts to assembly unless we save that c. Before adding parts, we have to save. Let's go to self, we don't actually have to go to save, it automatically creates this sel pop up. Let's call this. Not bold assembly. You can name it whatever you want, that's save it, and now we have saved our document, and now we can add parts to it. Let's click on this again. Add apart from an external file. It's Hart key is shift plus A, we can simply press shift plus as well or we can click over here. Let's click on this and it opens this dialogue box. Here, we can move to the path where you have saved your part files, or the Tacoma free documents containing those parts. I saved them on desktop, here I already have those parts. When you have many parts, the question arises, which part should you insert first? Okay? So in free CD and all other AD softwares while creating assemblies, the first part is going to be known as the anchor. That part is called anchor because it is used to anchor all other parts together. For example, if you are creating, let's say, creating a assembly of a desktop PC. For that, the cassing is going to be the anchor, and then you will insert the insert motherboard, graphic card, process, RM, et cetera, whatever you want. The first part, the anchor is going to the part which is going to stay stationary, or it is going to be the man part on which other things are going to be fitted. That anchor has to be selected first. The anchor would be the first part to be selected. For this case, we are going to make the bolt or anchor and the nut will be then inserted on top of it. I will select first of all bolt. When I select the bolt, this part will become the anchor part. This is not actual feature anchor part. This is CAT terminology. It is used in almost every CAD software. I will select bolt and click open, and here it comes. Okay. Now, I will click on this once again to add another part and I will select nut. Nut FC STD, and it comes over here. However, since it is the second part, it is not the anchor part, I can manually pick. It is attached to the cursor and I can move it around and select wherever I want to. Place it. Let's say I will place it somewhere over here. Okay. Now let's say what I want, I want this surface, this circle, or basically what we want here, we want this nut to go over this. Bolt. How is that going to happen? Let's zoom out a bit. There is going to be an axis inside in the center of this bolt. That axis will contain the center of this circle and this circle as well. It is a cylindrical body, so there is going to be its central axis. Similarly, this n will also have a central axis. Okay. Therefore, to ensure that this nut basically rides on this surface, this bolt or goes over the wold, then the excess of this bolt should be aligned with this axis of this. Nut. And we can do that using constraints. We are going to create assembly constraints. And the dialogue parks for assembly contraints or you can find those assembly contraints over here in this option. It says define constraints. Let's click on it. We have This dialog box, it says constraint tools, and we have these constraint tools. We have center to center. For example, if you want to align sorry point to point constraint, for example, which is if you want to align a point on one part to a point on another part. We also have point online, for example, for attaching align on one part on to a point on another part. We also have point to plan, same thing. Sphere to sphere attaching to spheres. We also have circular edge to circular edge, for example, you want to make the center of two circles onto different parts coincident, and you have all these different constraints as well. This is plan parallelsm constraint. There is this one, the axis parallel constraint. Currently, as you can see, they're all grad out, meaning we cannot select them. I will close this and I will select two circles. First, I will select this circle. Or this edge. Let's select this edge. When you select it, it will become highlighted. Then press the control key. First, let's zoom around and pan over here until we can see this portion of the bolt. Then I will press the control key and select this circle. Or this edge. Let's zoom out. I've selected two circles or two edges. One is on the bolt, and the other one is on the nut. And we are going to align them on a single axis, and that will ensure that this nut will go over the bot. Now, if I go back to this defined constraint feature, I will click on it. Now as you can see, some of the constraints over here are still graded out. For example, this one, this one, this one here, here, here, here, because they are not applicable to the features or the profiles that we have selected. However, these are possible. These are the constraints we can use, or these are the constraints we can implement on these two edges that we have selected. Since these are two circles, we want to make them, we want to make them aligned on a single axis. For that, we have this constraint. It says, you select one circle on one part, then select a circle on another part and once to do that, once this constraint is applied, there will be aligned. Let's click on it, and as you can see, the bolt directly attaches itself over here. Once we have applied this this constraint, and then it has automatically, meaning, for example, we applied the conditions and then we provided it with the conditions, and then it automatically moved the nut to its appropriate location according to our new newly added constraint. That happened let's accept this for now, close this, and that happened here is an option, which says toggle auto solve, and it was turned on. If it wasn't turned on, then let's turn it off by clicking it. Now it is turned on because it has the blue color over it. Let's click it again, and then it is not turned on. If it wasn't turned on, then if you provide the constraints over here, you will have to press the solve button over here. To move the part to its actual location, which is according to the constraints that you have entered. However, it is always a best practice to keep this auto solve toggled on. We have added or attached this nut to this bat over here. Let's say, let's insert one more part, and we are going to insert this nut once again. Let's do it, and now we have two different nuts. This time what we are going to do, we are going to attach this nut on this Bot as well. However, we will be using a different constraint. But I want this nut to be attached onto this bot. However, I don't want it over here. I want it down here. Okay? How we can ensure that? We can ensure that this plan and this plan, this plan on this nut or this surface on this nut we have selected, and this surface on the bottom of this bolt, they become collinear, meaning they become on the same plan. If they are on the same plan, and then we attach this attach this nut to its sphere. Sorry, it's this bolt, then the nut will be attached over here. First, we will make sure that, for example, if we look at from the left view, this is over here, this is down here. Let's make sure that this plane and this plane this surface and this surface are on the same plane. Once again, I will select this plane, press the control key, and then select this plane. Click over here on defined constraints. Now, since we have selected two plans and not two circles, we have different options for constraints available to us. This option that we previously used is not available to us. However, these are because these are for plans. The first one is create the plans parallelsm const, meaning it will make the two plans or two surfaces parallel. That is exactly what we need. I'll just click over here and then click solve and then accept. Ops, it didn't happen. I will fix that momentarily. However, as you can see over here under this model tree, we have this nut bolt assembly, and we have all of the parts inside this document. We have the bolt one. Then we have the nut 001, this is this one and the nut 002, which is the second nut. If we expand them, You can see all of the constraints that we have provided to these parts for assembly. For example, we have the circular edge constraint for this bolt under this bolt, and we have the circular edge constraint under this nut as well. This is the constraint which is used to bind this bolt and this nut together. Under the second nut, we only have one constraint. That is this one. Since it hasn't worked the way we decided it to be, so I will simply delete it. It atom I deleted it from this nut, and it automatically deleted from the bolt as well. So you only have to delete for one of the parts. Once again, I will first try to create this s this circular constraint again, Let's select this circle, like we selected for the other nut, and then select this circle, this bottom circle. Go to constraints. Once again, use this constraint. Create circular edge constraint. Let's click on it and it moves down here. So I accidentally clicked on this cross button. Let's click no, and let's click. Or before clicking except, let's look at the options over here. So you have many options. You have aligned or opposed. For example, if you select aligned, the two circles or the surfaces that you've selected, there will become aligned to one another. Or if you select a post, it goes downward meaning opposite to another. Opposite to the surface. Let's go to the left. Align, both of the planes are over here. Both of the circles that we selected are on the same plane over here, and if we select a pose, one surface is over here, the other is over here. You can also flip direction. This is basically flipping. This button basically changes these values. You can also offset, for example, let's move it downward or if you want it moved. You can also check that. If you want to return it to zero, let's turn it to zero, and you can also toggle on or off the rotation of the nut. If you want if you want it to be rotating, then you will Lock rotation should be on files. If you want to lock its rotation, then you can change it to. Let's accept this and let's close. This is how using these constraints, you can attach parts, attach one part to, another part. However, there is also some more thing that you can do or the benefits of creating assembs. Now, let's just delete this second nut. Let's delete it. If you can also delete parts if you don't Uh, one them if you've added them accidentally, so I'll just deleted. And then let's go back to bolt. Okay. Now we are here in our bot document or bolt five. Okay. Let's go to this option to select this board. And let's say we change its length from 30 to let's say 50. Then click over here to update it. Let's wait a second, and now it has updated its length. Now, let's save this document. I will go to file, click on save, and the nut document. Sorry, the bolt document has been saved with changed length. Now what I will do, I will go back to the assembly document, and here we have the bolt with millimeter length because that was the length when we That was the length of the bot when we imported it to this document. However, you don't if you want to update this or change this to 30-60 millimeters like we have done over here. Sorry here. In this document under bt document. You don't have to insert the nut with updated dimensions again, and then you don't have to insert the bat with updated dimensions and then insert the nut once again and create the assembly from the beginning. What you need to do, you can simply just go over here. And use this feature. It says date parts imported into this assembly. Once you click on it, it will automatically update all of the parts you have changed their dimensions or any other change that you have carried out. I will just click on it. It will take some time. As you can see, the nut automatically changes its length. Sorry, the bolt automatically changes its length in the assembly. Okay. So for example, if you have like ten, 20, 30 parts in your assembly, you model them all of them separately with their separate files, and then you create assembly. And then you have to because of one reason or another, you have to change the dimension of one or the other parts. Okay? So if you do that, and then you don't pascally have to create the assembly altogether once again. You can simply just chen those files, and the dimension of those files to whatever changes you want to them, and then serve them and then go to assembly document and simply click on updad parts over here. You don't have to open all of these part files at once, either. Okay? You can simply just close this, just close this, and you can just if you change you match your changes the parts, open the assemary document, and then click over here. On update parts important to this assem. However, there are two conditions that need to be satisfied for this update parts feature to work. One is that you do not change the path to the file or the location of the file part files, where you have stored them. You cannot change that. If you move parts from one folder to another, the assembly file will not know where the parts are. That will not work. Second, whatever changes you carry out, they do not have they should not be coming in conflict with the constants that you have entered. For example, here in this document, we have selected this circle and the circle on this and the circle on this world to create this constant. You cannot, for example, you cannot delete these circles, which have been used for this constraint. As long as these two conditions are met, you can choose the update part feature over here to update your assembly, irrespective of how many parts are in your assembly. This was all for this lecture. Thank you. 24. Gear & Shaft Assembly: This is going to be the second lecture of assembly section. In this lecture, we will be creating an assembly with two shafts and two gears. Once again, I'm here in free cad. First thing that we need to do is to create a new fread document. I will go ahead and do that. Next, first, we will have to create the geometries. We will have to create a shaft, and we will also have to create gears. Let's first create some gears. Let's go to the part design. We know how to create them. We'll go to part design. Then we will create a body, and then instead of creating a sketch, we will go to model tab over here and then move to part design and select this volute gear. Okay. As you know, we don't need to create the gears. Create the sketch for gears. We can just automatically create them using this valid gear tool in free care. So for the number of teeth, I will select 20, and everything else, I will just leave it as it is. Okay, I will click Okay, and then we will just choose the pad command to turn this into a three D object. Can I choose the selected object? The selected obt must belong to active body. Okay. So I will have to select this active body, and then click on this velod gear. Then click on Pad, and then it will do the extrusion or the padding. So the length, I will keep change to 6 millimeters. You can pick whatever you like. Don't pick a very large number, and then let's click. Okay. Now, our gear is ready. However, we need to do one small modification. We need a hole over there in the center of this gear, using which or through which the shaft is going to go through. I will click on the surface. Go to tasks and then click create Sketch. You can also click create sketch over here. So let's do that. Let's create sketch. And we are going to be creating a circle because our shaft is going to be circular. So I'll create a circle with its center at the origin, which is also the center of this gear. Let's create something like this. Next, we will have to assign the circles diameter. For that, we know the tool is constrain arc or circle two. I will select that and then click on this circle, and I will put this to 20 millimeters. Et's set 20, click close, and then we will be using this sketch to remove material. So that means we'll be using the pocket come out. Let's click on that. Instead of inserting a dimension, just click on type. Currently, it is on dimension. We will change it to through all because we want a hole throughout the body. I will click through all and let's click. Our gear is ready. Next, what we have to do, we have to save this frec document containing the gear geometry. I'll click Save. I'll just save them on desktop. You can serve them wherever you like. And I will call it Gear. Let's click Save. Let's keep this gear file opened over here in Free Ca. But I will do, once again, I will go back to Start patch and then create a new fre CAD document. In this document, what we are going to be doing, we're going to be creating a shaft. Okay. So once again, I will go to part design, and then I will pick shaft design visit. I is open. Let's select the first length to, let's say 100 millimeters. I will type 100 and click over here so that it updates, and second length, let's leave it at. We know. Now we have to pick the diameters for the shafts for both of these parts, and we know that the gear has a hole it, which has the diameter of 20 millimeter. This has to be somewhat around that. I will select 19.8. That means we are having a tolerance of 0.2 millimeters. I'll take the diameter of the first portion, this portion to be 19.8 millimeters. You don't necessarily have to insert toleraance here, but as a general rule in mechanical design, it is always a good idea to have some toleraance. Let's do that and let's change this down to so that it doesn't look very awkward. Let's keep it at 19.2. Sam le. Now it is giving us an error because these are the same diameter. We can change that. Let's make it 20 because I have two portions if you are making them of the same diameter. Next, we don't need any constraints, so I will remove both of these constraints on both of these portions, and then click, Okay. Let's close this report Next, we will also have to save this. Oops, I created a new document. Named over here, I will just close it to go ahead to this shaft document. I accidentally clicked on this option over here. Create me. What I will do, I will go to Save filed and then click on Save or you can also click Save over here, Save or you can just press the Control S hot keys. This one, I'm going to be naming as shaft. And then click on Save to save this document as well. Now, what I will do. Now we will have to create a new free C document in which we will be storing our assembly. Hosing these two parts. I will create another free document and move over to a two plus or assembly two plus workbench. Since it is an add on, it takes a little bit of time to open. Now it has been loaded. The first thing that we need to do as always in free K while creating any assembly, we have to save the document. We cannot add another parts into an assembly unless it is not saved. If we do that, it will give us an er. First, let's go and save this. Let's call this assembly. Okay. Now, we have our new assembly document served. First, we will have to select the Pavid or the parent or the first man part, which is or the anchor part. We will select the anchor part, and the anchor part is going to be the shaft. Let's click on shaft and click Open. Okay. Now we know we have to add a gear over here. On this shaft over this portion on this end. Let's add the second part and that is going to be gear. You can add part pack licking over here on this, but So I will select that and I will select gear. Let's click open and just leave it over here. Let's rotate around. Now we want this gear to go over this shaft. We can do that by using the central axis constraint for this circle and this circle. If those circles have the same center or the same axis, then they will go, then we'll ensure that this gear goes over this shaft. What we have to do, we have to just select this circle, press and hold the control key, and then select this circle. Then move over to the menu, or you can directly select constraints over here. If you click on it, it will show all of the possible constraints which are over here, and these are also available over here as well. Here. This is the circle axis constraint. We have this constraint as well and so on and so forth. We want both of these circles to have the same axis. For that, we will use this constraint. You can select it from this or from the defined constraint toolbox. So This is axis coincidence, constraint, meaning the axis of both of the circles will become coincident. So both of the sketches are selected, and I will just click on this. And as you can see, the gear has moved over onto the shelf, just as what we wanted. Let's click except because that is what we want, as you can see, Art of solver is Are turned on. So whatever condition or constrain that we put on the circles, it is automatically solving it. We'll just keep it on because it makes our job very easy. Now, next thing that we want, we want this surface to be collinear or on the same plan with this surface, meaning this gear fits on this shaft properly. Okay. For that, we will add constraints to two surfaces. This surface of the shaft and this surface of the gear. Let's do that. Let's select this surface, press and hold the control key, and then select this surface. Now as you can see, all of the constraints are available over here. Plan parallel constraint, plan coincident plan angle or plan center of mass. We are not doing center of mass because we are not defining the materials for these parts. We have these two ops and we also don't want these surfaces to be at a certain angle. So we can choose this one or this one. If we choose this one, it will it will make the both planes parallel to one another. And if we do that, there will become parallel, which they already are. If you look let's look it from the top view. Or like this view top view is not visible, or there will be visible if we change the view two view style to wire frame. This line, it is that edge of the shaft. The top surface of the shaft, and this is the top surface of the gear. As you can see, both of these plans are already parallel. This constraint is not going to work. Let's change the view, as is The next one is coinciden. My meaning, it will turn the both planes of this surface and this surface to be coincideent, meaning they will become collinear, meaning they will be on the same plan, and that is what we want. I will use click on this constraint. As you can see, the gear has been moved down and it is perfectly there. Also, if you want, you can move the gear over here on the shaft as well by using an offset. Currently, it is zero. If we increase this value, as you can see, the gear moves downwards, or if we decrease it, it moves upwards. Once again, we will set it to zero because we want the gear over here at the edge of this shaft and let's accept it. Now what we're going to do, we will create or add accurately. We will add another gear and another shaft and then we will mesh the gears on two different shafts as well. First, once again, let's go to part and add a gear. I will add it and I will press it over here. Now what we will do, we will try to mesh this gear with this gear. First of all, that we need, we want both of these gears to be on the same plan so that they can mesh with one another. For that, we will simply have to create a constraint between this surface and this surface. We need to make them collinear or coincident. We have both of these two surfaces selected on two different gears, and this is the plan coincident contnd that want. I will just select it, and let's go to the top view, and as you can see, the gears are parallel to one another or coincident, however, the direction is not accurate. It is over here, and this gear is over here. They cannot be perfectly messed. Fix that, you can either set an offset, however set offset is not going to provide you with the perfect accurate results. You can use the offset to move this gear over here. Instead, what you can do, you can always flip the direction. I will flip the direction and now it is perfectly where we want it to be. Let's accept. This basically happens because we selected this surface and this surface to make them collinear. Makes them collinear, but it puts one body on one side and the other on the other side. We have to flip the direction to make them. To move them where we want them. Now what we need to do, we need to mesh the teeth of these two gear. For that, what I will do, I will just select the two portions on any of two teeth on these two gears, which are going to come in contact with one another. For example, this edge over here, I wanted to be in contact with this edge on this gear. Here, this edge of this gear and this edge of this gear. I'll select both of these two edges, and once again, we will be making both of these two edges coincident, so that they become in contact with one another. Once again, I'll select this contra axis costra. Let's click on that and let's move to the left view. As you can see, they're perfectly this portion over here of this teeth, this corner is touching this portion. Okay. So that is perfectly what we want. As you can see the gears are meshed if this one rotates, the other one will rotate as well. Let's accept that. Okay. Now, we want a shaft to go through this gear as well. I will add another shaft like this and move it over here. Next, we will insert this gear over here on this shaft. However, since this shaft is the parent shaft or anchor shaft, we cannot move it. We will have to rotate this shaft by 180 degree to have this longer side on the top side. We have to move this portion, this portion over here and this small portion over here. What I will do, I will select this shaft. We can go under here under bas, then under placement, we have the angle. We can simply use the angle to rotate it. If I increase the angle, as you can see, it is rotating. We wanted to rotate rotate by 180 degrees. I will just type 180 and the shaft is where we needed to. Next, we will just select this surface and select this surface and make them collinear, like we did for these two, this and this, this shaft. I'll once again select this plan coincident contra. Let's select it. Let's go to the top view. As you can see this plan and this plan or this surface and this surface are on the same line. Let's accept that. Next, we will simply select this circle and this circle to create a constraint between them as well. Since both of these are circles. Once again, the constraint that is required is axis coincident constraint, which will make the axis of both of these two circles coincideent. Let's do that and the circle is perfectly need to be or the shaft is perfectly where we needed to be. Let's click except now, Our assembly is ready. However, if we want to, we can change the position of the gear on this shaft as well. We can once again, this is the shaft two. Let's go to shaft two. Let's expand this, and this is plan coincident constraint. Let's double click on that and there we can increase or decrease the offset value to change its location. Since we have this shaft rotated by 90 degrees to move the shaft upward, we will have to set a negative value over here. Let's say we want this this gear to be somewhere over here. That is how you can create assemblies involving gears and shafts in Free ca. This was the final lecture of second and final lecture of assembly section. From the next lecture, we will learn how to conduct finite element method analysis in free. Thank you. 25. FEM Analysis: Cantilever Beam: In this lecture, we will be conducting a finite element method analysis on a cantiiver beam. Before we conduct the analysis, we need to create the geometry of our cantiver bea. Let's click on Crete. Go to P design Create body, then click on create sketch, and then let's select the X set plan. Our system of units is standard, that is perfect, and we will start creating our sketch by a line. It's going to be a very simple sketch. Let's create a vertical line up to this point. Then a horizontal line, then another vertical line, then another long horizontal line, then a short vertical line, then another horizontal line. Then it will go down, and then it will be connected to this. There are some redundant constraints over here because the sketch is red. We can just click on this and it is this sketch selected. Just press the delete key to delete that redundant sketch, redundant. No sketch constraint. Let's start inserting the dimensions. Let's go select the vertical dimension, and let's select this line. Currently, it is 67 millimeters. Let's make it 60 mit. Then this line is also another vertical line, and we will make this 10 millimeters. Let's make this one, let's say 20 millimeters. This one gets set automatically because we have provided dimension over here and over here, let's not change this. Next, we will select the horizontal distance tool, and we will provide dimension over this line. And we will make it 100 millimeters. Press. Then we will use over here, this horizontal line. Once again, we will be making it 10 millimeters. Press. And then press cap to exit out of the horizontal distance constrain to. Let's move these out a bit and we will select this line and then select this line and make them equal. We'll use the equal constraint. Let's do it. That automatically makes this line and this line over here equal as well. We don't need to define constraints over here. That is everything is created. Let's close out the sketch. Move it over here, and then use the pad command to create a three D geometry out of it. For padding, we'll use the length of 30 millimeters. You can change these if you want to. You don't necessarily have to copy values. Let's click. Okay, and that is everything we need. Our part is ready, or cant beam is ready, and then we will go from part design, we will move to FM or finite element method workbench. Let's click on there and now it is loaded. We will do will go back to model view. Now we are in the finite element method for pinch of freak. You can see, there are a lot of options available over here, but they are graded out. We cannot access them. The only two options which are accessible to us, there are some over here that we do not need. Then over here, we have this A analysis container available to us, and then this edit material. So only two options. And these options will become available to us, all of these options which are required to create a finite element method. Once we can create a analysis container. Like in part designer, part design work pinch, this one, where we have been working for most of the time. Just like in that in that work pinch, we have body. First we have to create a body, and then we can create a sketch. Because every time when we try to create a body, first we select create body, and then for that body, we have to create a sketch. Similarly, in finite element method, The analogous to body is an analysis container. To conduct an analysis, we first have to create an analysis container. That is over here. Every other settings for that analysis, constraints, mesh, whatever, they are going to be under that analysis container. We will create this analysis container. Just click on that and here it is analysis container, created. Click on it once again to select it, and now, these options become available to us. The first thing to conduct a finite element method analysis, whether irrespective of software you're using, whether it is NCS free care, or console, solid words, whatever. The first thing that you have to do is to select the material for your part. For design. We can do that by using this option. Material for solid. We will just left click on that, and it will open this value for us. Here, we can select our materials. You have a lot of materials inside free ca. Let's select some of steel. You have all these steels with their standard designations. Let's select this steel. Then we will click here on A to add the geometry or the feature on which we are assigning that. Material. We can do that by face as well. I I select this face, then click on add and then that face will get designated that material. However, we don't want that. We want this entire body that we have created to be made of steel. I will change the selection mode over here. Currently, it is face or edge. I'll change it to solid. Then go over here. Select this. We can click anywhere wherever we like. A face, any edge, and then click on ad or once we are on solid, simply click add. Sorry. Okay. So if you have only one body in your analysis, then you don't need to resort to this. You can just ignore this dialog box over here. If you have more than one body, you can assign different material to different bodies, or if you have one body, and you want to assign different material to different faces, then you can do that. However, we want this entire body to be entire body to be made of steel. We are not going to be using multiple materials. So we'll just click over here, select the material and then click. Okay. Okay. Now if we drop this down, the analysis container created over here, it has material solid. Let's double click on that to go back to it because I want to show you something. Once we selected this steel material, freak, automatically, it loads all of the values and properties of a selected material. For example, we have here density, off this steel, it has this value, you have junks modulus, you have poisons ratio. You also have its thermal properties as well. Okay. So Freec already has the material properties for the material that are included in its library. However, if you see that the properties of a certain material are wrong, they're incorrect. But you can do, you can use this material editor. It is this button. You can select it and select the material whose values you find out to be wrong. Let's say this steel, and then you have all of these materials over here and you can manually edit them as well. Double click on that and you can insert whatever value, you lie. The correct values. However, we're not going to do that, we'll just cancel it. If you want to edit any materials, you can do that, edit the properties of any materials, you can do that in Free care by using this material added. Now that we have selected the material for our geometry, the next thing for any finite element method analysis is to create a mesh. For mesh, you have two options in Free ca. First, we'll select the body. Now the body is selected by clicking over here. So when you select the body, These two options will become available to us. One is FMS from Shap Pi GMs and FMS from Shap Pi net gen. Okay. These are two different mesh creators. I will use the GMs because I find it to be better and it creates better meshes. Let's select on that. Select GMs, click on that. And here you have all of the settings for your mesh. You have element dimension, and currently it is from share. You can also change your element to be one dimensional, two dimensional or three dimensional. However, or you can just keep it to from shape. What this from shape means is that let's close it and we selected this body, and then we click on this G mesh. Button over here. That means in this case, from shape over here would mean that our mesh is going to be three dimensional. Or elements in the mesh are going to be three dimensional because the body that we selected the shape that we selected was three dimensional. If we selected, let's say the surface, which is two dimensional, and then click on GMs, then ure, then the mesh created from the shape would be two dimensional. Let's close it. Once again, let's select the body and click on GMs and let's keep it on from shap. It is a three dimensional body. From shap and three D is going to result the same thing. Next, you have the element orders. You can either create the first order elements or the second order elements. The second order have a bit higher accuracy, but they also need more computing power from your computer to calculate the results. If you are familiar with the theory of finite element method or finite element analysis, you will have a better understanding of this first second order means. Next, you have the element size. You have the max element size and the minimum element size. You can either define these values manually by typing them over here or you can just leave them at zero. Because as you can see over here, 0.0, it means automatic. It will automatically create assign the appropriate element size. I will just keep it at automatic and we will just click on Apply and it is created r mesh. Let's click. Now we have mesh. If you let's say you want the elements on this top surface to be much more denser on this and compared to these side surfaces. What you can do, you can select these surfaces and then go to G mesh and assign separate conditions for the mesh creator for separate surfaces. For this section, we have these meshes and we will delete all of these three meshes because we didn't created them, we simply click on G mesh and then click on cancel. Those are not going to be used. We have our mesh. It is here FM mesh GMs 003. Next, after creating mesh, after assigning the material and creating mesh, the next step in our FM analysis is to assign the constraints. The constraints are going to be This surface is going to be fixed to a support, and let's end the view hoops. What is going on? Let's look at it like this. Then Let's go to asymmetric view, that is not to view. That is okay. This surface is going to be fixed, and we will have force acting on the top surface of this cantver, being. So you have constraints over here from here to here. This is the fixed constraint, you have displacement, contact, ti, spring, force, pressure, centri sel fat, and you have thermal constraints over here as well, heat flow, temperature, body heat, et cetera. Okay. We want this surface to be fixed. I will select this constraint fixed, and then click on this surface, and then click add over here. Sorry, you will have to let's close it. I will just go to this fixed constraint. I we'll open this dialogue box. Then we will click over here, add. As you can see this button becomes blue, meaning, now we can add all of the surfaces to which we want this Constraint to be assigned. We want this surface. As you can see once we do that, it assigns that constraint to this surface. If you wanted this surface to be constrained as well, we can select this one as well. Now you have two surfaces on which the fixed constraint has been assigned. However, we don't want this second surface so we will delete it. Okay. Then click. Now we have one constraint assigned. The second constraint is going to be the first constraint, and it is this one. Let once again select this constraint, click on add to add all the surfaces, and the surface on which this force constraint is going to be assigned is going to be this surface because this is going to be the surface on which load is going to be applied. I will select the surface. As you can see the direction is upward. That is not the actual direction of the force. What we will do, we will over here, you can either click on direction. Sorry, you can select an edge or edge and then use that as a reference to assigned direction. Or we simply want to reverse this direction. I will check this reverse direction and it will correct its direction. Also, here you can assign the value of the lot in Newtons. Currently, it is one Newton. Let's change it to. Let's make it something bigger 500 or that is too much 250. Newtons and then click. Okay. Now, everything is ready. We have the material assigned, we have the mesh created, and we have two required constraints as well. Okay. Now what remands is the calculation or running the analysis. For that, we will once again select this analysis. Sorry. In order to run the analysis under this analysis container, we will have to create a solver. A solver is going to be the program which is going to do all of the calculations based on these constraints that we have provided for us. You can do that by clicking over here. It will add a solver called calculate to our analysis container. Let's click on that. As you can see, it is created over here solver CCX tools. Let's click on that, and then we can simply run the calculations by using this button. It says Run solver calculations. However, before running the calculations, we need to do one more thing. Okay. And that is over here. Under this tool called solver Job Control. Here, basically, you can change all of the settings and attributes of the solver. Let's click on that. And it will go over here. First, you will have to select the type of analysis that you want to carry out. You can carry out buckling analysis. You can do the mesh checking analysis, you can do frequency, thermomechanical or simply static, which are static structural analysis. This is going to be a simple static structural analysis. I'll leave that on static. And then you have the directory, which is going to be a temporary directory where all of the files or of the working files for this calculations for this analysis are going to be set. Let's not change it, leave it as it is. Next, we will have to write the NP file. This NP file is going to contain all of the solar data and the program data, which is going to be used to do our calculations. We will write the NP file. Once it is run, then we will click on this pattern calculus. It will take some time, and let's close. Once we click on that after creating the NP file, we click on Run calculate, that basically did the analysis for us. You can do that over here by clicking here that what we did run calculate, or after writing the NP file, you can click this pattern. Run sola calculations. These will do the same thing. We can just do the analysis once again. It will take some time and then did the analysis once again for us. The time taken for the analysis is going to be dependent on the density of the mesh. Irrespective of the software that you're using. It is the Samford Frec and all other softwares as well. The analysis has been carried out. Now what we want, we want the results. After the calculations, we will have this container created over here called CCX results. You can check the results for the mesh and other the report file for the analysis as well. But though that is not what we are interested in. We will select this CCX results, and before doing that, let's hide all of these symbols for constraints. Let's select this fixed fixed constraint fix. Press the Spas par to hide it. Constraint f press the Spas par to hide it. Then we will click on this CCX results, and then we can move over here. It is this pattern. As you can see, it has show results. Let's click on that, and here, you can see all of the desired results that you want. You can check the displacement di total displacement, and x y or z coordinates, one mistresses, maximum principle stresses, and so on and so forth. Let's say we want one miss stresses. We'll select one Ms stresses, and here as you can see, it is showing us the minimum value and the maximum value. Of the one mys stresses. The minimum is in pascal, the maximum is in megapascles, and you can also show them over here in the viewport as well by checking this pattern, and this is basically showing you the displacements. You can see the displacement or the deflection in viewport by checking this pattern and then moving this factor. Okay. As you can see, let's move to the front view. This was the original geometry, and because of the deflection, it is moved downward. Also, we can go back to model. Click on this body, press the space par. We cannot hide it. Sorry. We can select on this pad because this is the pad feature and then let's hide that. That is not possible as well. I was trying to hide the body so that we can see the results. That's not possible. Let's go back to tasks, go to the front view. Here, you can see the displacement, as you can see because of the displacement, this beam can deliver beam moves over here. Okay. And you can also evaluate the maximum and minimum values of these variables, Minimum principle stress, maximum principle stress, shear stress, or Tresca stress. And also, you can also visualize the histograms for these values as well. Once again, go to maximum sorry, the one M stress. The minimum value is this maximum is this, and if you select this histogram, it will provide you with a result of megapascal against the number of nodes. You can use this graph basically to assess the quality of your mesh and what kind of results it is providing to you. For example, this means the regions where the number of node Number of nodes is maximum. We have this kind of stress and then so on and so forth. You can have your interpretation of this graph. This is how you conduct analysis in finite element method analysis in free. You can also save these graphs as well by clicking, save these figures by clicking this, save this figure. You can also change the xs and cs edit this graph as well by using these options. You can change the name, title, the xs left x and y values. This was all for this lecture. Thank you. 26. FEM: Simply Supported Beam: In this lecture, we will conduct finite element method analysis or FM analysis on a simply supported B. Let's create a new freak document and then move to part design work pinch to create our geometry of the B. We will be creating a new body. Then we will be creating a new sketch for that body. For the plan, it is going to be once again the Z plan or the front plan. Let's keep the view to the front view, and let's create our body or the sketch for our body using a rectangle. It is going to be a simple rectangle. We will provide it with its horizontal distance or length and it would be 150 millimeters. Also the width for this rectangle is going to be millimeters. I will type and press. Now let's close L et's pan and move it over here, and then we will use the pad command to convert it into three dimensional body. For padding, once again, we will provide the value of 30 millimeter. Like that, and then press. Now our body is ready. We can even renames we call it It is not necessary, but it is always a good idea to name the objects accordingly. Now we will move over to the FM workbench, like we did for the previous Cliver beam. Now we are in the FM workbench. As we know, first of all, we have to create a new analysis container. I will create it and then we can carry out under this analysis container, we can carry out further steps for our analysis. Next, we will select the material. The material let's select which material. Let's elect generic concrete. We're assuming that this beam is made of concrete. Let's let concrete. Let's change this to solid. We don't necessarily have to do that, but let's just keep it at that. We don't need to concern ourselves with this dalg box because there is only one body. Then let's click. Let's expand this downward and we have material solid assigned to this body to this beam. Okay. Next step is going to be meshing. Once again, we will select this beam, and once again, we'll be using the G meshing option. And we will keep the element dimension to be from shape, and once again, we will be creating second order element. For element size, let's keep them at auto as well. Let's apply and after a couple of seconds, it creates this mesh. Let's say, we want to increase the accuracy of this analysis. For that, we will have to create more dense mesh, meaning the single element size will have to be smaller. So with that goal in mind, let's go over here and type the distance for element size minimum element size. Let's change it from auto to let's say 5 millimeters. Let's type it 5 millimeters and then apply once again, and it creates a new mesh and five millimeter is once again very large. So Then let's keep the minimum to zero or automatic or make the maximum size to be five so that there are no elements larger than 5 millimeters. Let's change it 0-5, the max element size, and then click Apply. It will take a couple of seconds, and it has created a new mesh. As you can see, this new mesh is a lot tenser. Than the previous mesh because elements are smaller than smaller now as compared to the previous mesh. Increasing the density of the mesh or reducing the size of the elements, it will increase the accuracy of your solution. However, it will also demand more computing power from your system on which you are conducting this analysis, and it will take more time to conduct this analysis. Let's keep it at that and click. Okay. Next step, as we know, we have to assign the constraints, and constraints are over here. Let's move to the front view like this. As we know, this is going to be a simply supported beam, and this edge over here and this edge over here, they are going to be fixed and there will be force applied on this top surface. Let's move again to front view and rotate it like this. Okay. And this is the constraint fix constraint. We will click on that, and then we will click over here on add to add all of the features to add to this, which are going to be subjected to this constraint, and that is going to be firstly this edge, and then this edge. These two edges are now fixed. Let's click. Next, we will exert force on the top surface. For that, we will be using the force constant. Let's click on that. Click once again on add button over here, and then select this surface. Once again, the direction of the force is upward, that is not correct. We will reverse this direction so that it adds downwards towards the B. Then we simply have to assign the value in newtons of this lo. Let's type 150 newtons. And then press. Now the mesh has been created, and the constraints have been defined as well. Next step is to create the solver. The solver is over here. We will create this once again, calculate standard solver. Let's click on that, then we will click on this solver. Move over here like we did in the previous lecture. Before running the calculation, we will go to the solver Job controls. Let's click on that. Once again, this is going to be a static analysis, so we will just write the NP file. Let's do that and then close. Okay. So everything is ready. Now we can run our calculations, and we can run sola calculations using this button. You can also do that over here after writing the NP file as well. But I will just select the solver, and we will click on this run solver calculations. Currently it is doing all of those calculations. It will take some time. Let's wait a couple of seconds and now the calculations are ready. Let's hide these symbols for these constraints. I will select on this fixed constraint, presps bar to hide, then on this fourth constraint, and then press Space bar again to hide them. Let's move to the front view, and we have the CCX results available to us. Now, if we can either select them and click over here on show results like we did in the previous lecture, or the easy way is to just double click on this and it will take you to those show results options. Let's select the displacement. Let's show the displacement. Let's check this box, which will allow us to show the displacement in the viewport, and let's increase this scare. Like this. Next, we can visualize the one Ms stresses. The minimum value is 35 20 pcs and maximum is 5,211 kilopascs, and we can analyze all these displacement in x axis along y axis along z axis. We can also analyze total displacement. Maximum principle stresses, minimum stresses and Tresca or shear stresses. Once again, we can also look at the histograms. Okay. This was all about the structural static structural analysis for a cantilever beam and how it can be conducted in free ca. Thank you. 27. FEM: Thermo-Mechanical Analysis: In this lecture, we will conduct a thermal analysis in free. Once again, we will have to create the body for our thermal analysis, so I will create a new document and then move over to part design workbench. To create the body. Let's click on a create body, then click create sketch. For this one, we will select the plan or the top plan, and I will create a rectangle. However, we want this to be square, so we can simply select this surface, which is going to be its length and then this surface, which is its width, and we will make an equal constraint between them to make sure that they are equal. Next, now if we move it up and down, it will be a square and not a rect angle. Next, we need to assign either the length or width, on the one. Let's assign the length to be ten millimeter and that automatically adjusts assigns this value to its width as well. Let's close, and then we will use the pad tool to convert it into a three dimensional body. The length of padding for that, we will be providing it as 50 millimeters. Actually 50 is very small. Let's make it 250 millimeters. Let's zoom out a bit and like this. This is going to be our body. We will subject one of its surface to a very high temperature and the other will be at a very lower temperature, and then we will evaluate the temperature difference or temperatures throughout this body. Okay. So we will move to finite element method or FEM workbench. Let's move over there and also move over to the model ta. Once again, first thing as the first thing, we will have to create the analysis container. Let's create that and then we will select the material. Okay. For material, I'm going to be selecting this to be copper. Copper generic, because copper is a good conductor of heat. That's why it is a good option for heat applications or thermal applications. Let's click, Let's expand this analysis container and we can see material solid created over here. Next, as we know, we have to create the mesh. But before that, let's move over to the front view. Like this so that we can get a better view of our. It's not a cylinder, but we call it metallic column made of copper. So we will have to create the mesh. We will select the party, and then once again, click on G mesh. And we can either create it from the default options. It is always a good idea first to create a mesh using default options. Let's click on Apply and it creates this mesh. However, the elements are very large and the mesh is not dense. I will specify the maximum element size 23.5 millimeters. Let's type 3.5 in maximum element size, check on box, and then click apply once again. And after some times, it has created this mesh for us and this mesh is much better and more denser than the previous one. Let's click, Next, once again, just like the structural analysis, we will have to define the constraints. The only difference this time is going to be that this time the constraints are going to be thermal constraints. Meaning, we will have to assign two constraints, three constraints. The first constraint, which is essential for every kind of thermal analysis, That is initial temperature. It is this one. Constrain initial temperature. Now, whether you have one body, three body, ten bodies, and whatever kind of thermal analysis you're conducting, you will have to now assign the initial temperature of the environment for that analysis. Initial temperature is the analysis, which is the temperature of the body when the analysis begins. Obviously, before if we assign let's say 100 degrees Celsius over here, then it doesn't mean it began this This surface began its journey or began its existence with that kind of temperature. Okay. So basically, we will have to assign the initial temperature of the environment. Okay. And that is usually, it is this pattern. Constrain initial temperature, and usually this is going to be the room temperature. Currently, it is 300 levin, which means about 28 degrees Celsius. So we will change it to 25 degrees Celsius. We can change that. And that is going to be 298 ven. We're considering the room temperature or the initial temperature, or you can also call it the ambient temperature to be 298 ven. Or if we at it in centigrade, it would be 25 degrees Celsius. So Let's click, and we have first condition. This initial temperature is essential for every kind of thermal analysis. Next, we will assign temperature over here at the bottom surface. This is going to be the hot surface. For that, we have this option. Constrain temperature. We will click on that. We will once again click on ad and then select this surface. Now we can assign its temperature. Currently it is at 300 Kelvin. We want to make this the hot surface or the surface temperature is very, very high. Let's make it 500 Kelvin. Type 500 over here, and then press. Next, we will assign temperature on this top surface. Once again, we will go to the temperature constraint. Click on ad, and then select this surface. This time, the temperature over here, let's assign it somewhat small temperature. Let's assign it zero degree Celsius or 273 Kelvin temperature. Zero degree Celsius or 273 Saths. Let's assign it and click. Then we will move to front view. Like this. Now this surface is subjected to 500 Kalvin temperature, and we are saying that this surface is stang at zero degrees Celsius or 273 Kalven temperature. Throughout this party, there is a temperature difference. Here over here is high temperature, over here is very low temperature. Because of this temperature difference, what is going to happen is that thermal stresses are going to be produced throughout this party. Since temperature over here is high and here is low, heat will flow from this direction from the hot surface to the cold surface. Because of that propagation of heat, there are going to be thermal stretches being produced in this body. Overall, from this bottom surface to the stop surface, a temperature gradient or temperature curve, gradient is the better term. Temperature gradient is going to be produced throughout this body. Temperature will be high over here, then it will be. It will continue to decrease and it will decrease until it reaches This is the analysis we are going to conduct. For that, as always, we will have to add a solver. Then we will click on the solver, go to sol job controls, which are solver setting and attributes. Let's click on that. This time, the analysis type is going to be thermomechanical because we have thermal constraints applied to the body. We'll change it to thermomechanical. Once again, we will write the IMP file and close. Now we will click this button, run solve our calculations, and it will take some time to do our calculations. This time is dependent on the density of the mesh you have. If you have denser mesh, it will take more time. However, for a denser mesh, the results are going to be more accurate. Analysis has been completed. Let's select this and we will double click on this CCX results. We can once again check the displacement, and this displacement is once again going to be generated by thermal stresses. There isn't going to be very high displacement over here. You can also check the one mys stresses, which are once again created due to thermal temperature difference, and these are going to be thermal stresses. All of these stresses are going to be thermal stresses in this case. However, one more option which is available to us in this case is temperature. As you can see, you have the temperature curve or gradient over here. Here is very high temperature, and here is low temperature. As you can see, the minimum temperature is 273 kelvin, which we know is this surface and maximum is 500 kelvin over here, and we also have this legends over here. It means the red surface has the high temperature and blue surfaces have very low temperature and these are their values. If we double click on this on this color gradient, which we can also change its settings as well. Currently, it is in red, yellow, green sine blue gradient style, meaning blue, very low temperatures or very low values, meaning very high values. You can also change them to this other configuration as well. Now red is very low, and blue is high. Or you can go red, white, and blue as well. Here, there are only three colors. Red is the maximum and blue is minimum temperatures. You have white black option and black white options available as well. Okay You can also select change its other settings over here as well. You can also change the number of labels, which are these numbers available here. If we decrease, as you can see the um, the amount of levels are decreasing. Now currently we only have seven. We can increase or decrease the number of levels to our requirement. We can also change or control the decimals of these values as well. Currently, it is up to three decimal digits, and as you can see over here it is up to three. We can also increase them or decrease them. We can change the settings of this gradient or levels or legend over here. Okay. This was how to conduct thermal analysis in free cat. Basically, it is the same thing as static structural analysis. The only difference is that we are going to assign thermal thermal constraints instead of mechanical constraints. And since it is termed as thermomechanical analysis, it is thermomechanical analysis, you can have thermal constraints and mechanical constraints at the same time as well. You can have a single analysis where some surfaces are subjected to temperatures and the other surfaces are subjected to forces. That can happen as and you can also visualize their combined effect by this methodology. Thank you. 28. Technical Drawings: In this lecture. We will learn how to create technical drawings or engineering dryings, for the models or designs to create in free C. Before we create the drying, we first have to create the model for which we are going to create the drying. We can also take models that we have created in this course as well. But let's just create a new small object. We will go to part design and click create Party and then click Create Sketch. Then we will select this y plan, and I will make a very simple model. We will start it by creating a rectangle and then we will provide it with its length and width. Length would be 50 millimeters and width is going to be 25 millimeters. We will just close it and then use the pad command to convert it into three D. For this, we will tie 25 millimeter as the dimension of width. Next, we will use the Chamfer tool to chamfer these edges. I'll set this edge. Increase this value a bit higher. Let's make it 5 millimeters, and let's click on the select pattern. Okay. Chamfer is applied over here. Let's click, and we will also apply chamfer to this edge as well. Once again, 5 millimeters. Next, what we are going to do, we will select the surface and create a sketch. For this sketch, we will create a circle somewhere, let's say over here. Then we will insert the diameter for this circle. We have done these things many times throughout this course. It shouldn't be very difficult. We will create this circle. Then we will use the create external geometry tool or reference geometry tool, and we will extract this line and this line. This line is not actually necessary, but doesn't really matter. Or we can just control, or select this line and delete. We cannot do that. Let's keep this line as well. It is not going to be used, but it has been created or as external geometry, let's just leave it there. We will assign the vertical distance between the center of the circle and this point over here. This is going to be ten millimeter. Similarly, we will also assign horizontal distance between the circle of center of the circle and this point. Once again, this would be ten milli meters. The circle becomes moves over here. Okay Let's close it. Close this report view, go to model, and we will use the pocket tool to extract material. And we will be using through all or let's not use through all. Let's only make the whole up to 10 millimeters. Then click. Let's say this is the part for which we are going we are required to create a drag. Okay. For that, what we will do, we will move over to a new workbench, and that is going to be tech dra workbench, meaning technical drawing workmen. Short form is tectra. We will move to that, and here as you can see, the options have changed, and now all of the options are available for the tectra workmen. First, once we are in tectra, what we have to do, we have to insert a page. You can either insert a default page, a totally blank page or you can insert a page using a template. If you have some specified or specific template for your page, then you should be going you should go with default page which is actually a blank page. However, in most cases, template pages do the job. I will use template page and here you have all of these templates available in Fric. FreCAD will automatically open up this dialog box and here you can select the template for your d. I will select A four landscape. You have the blank, you have one with IO 7,200 standards as well. Let's just select four ISO the template with ISO 7,200 standard, and it is in A four size. You also have the similar one in a three size over here as well. Let's select this one. A four, ISO 7,200 and TD technical t with this standard. We can just select that and click open. It opens up this drag for us. Okay. Here you have this area where you will insert all of the views for your model for your part, and here are going to be the details of your part. At the beginning of every word or even over here, you have these green boxes. These green boxes represent the text, which you can add it. For example, this is he author's name. We can click on that and it opens up this dialogue box. It says change editable field. These green boxes represent editable fields. I will simply type my name M m and we will press and now the name is change. We can also change the title of the part, or title of the drawing as well. Let's type sample part. Click. You can add other supplementary information over here, you can insert part number, and you can change all of these information available here. You can also insert a date if you want to or you can just leave them as they are. You can change all of these fields. Now, we will go over how to create the views of our model in this tri. For that, you have many tools available over here, and one of these tools is here. Insert view, and there is also another insert active view. By using the insert view command, what you can do, you can select the view which you want. You can select any view. It will add a view over here, and then you can change the settings for the view as well. However, if you select this option, this camera button, it says insert active view. It will insert automatically insert the active view which is currently visible in three D view. If we go back, this is our page, we go back to a frequ document, and the current view is this. For example, if I go to top view, let's move it somewhere here. Right now, the active view is this top view. Now, if I go back to page, and click on Insert active view. We will click on it and you can either you have these options for active view addition. You can select with solid background with no background. You can use three D backgrounds, and you can even crop the image as well. We're not going to change these settings, we're not going to crop it. I will simply press. As you can see, it has inserted the active view over here. The same view, which is active in three D viewport. Okay. Now this view has been added. You can move this up, you can move this down, you can move it around, however you one. And if you go over here under this page, firstly, you have template, and then you have this active view as well. Down here, we have all these settings. You have its x position, you have y position in millimeters. You can also lock its position by changing it to true and now I cannot move it. It is locked. You can also rotate it. You can also change its scale. Currently, it is custom, or you can change it to automatic scale or by page. It depends on you, currently, it is custom and that scale is one. You can change this number to increase its scale. Let's say five and the drying becomes bigger. I will change it back to one. You can also change its scale, and you can add captions, and you can also add levels. Currently, the label says active view, which you can see over here. That is very annoying, so I will just remove that. If you want to, you can add whatever level as you want, for example, if I want to add the level, let's say top view to this view, I can add that. This is one way of adding view. For example, if I want another view, let's go to this view, let's say something like this. Let's say you want this view. You orient your model in the viewport. Then go back to page. Click on this Insert active view again. Click, and it will add that new view. We don't want that. Let's delete this, and let's delete this as well. That was how this active view button works. Insert view from the active view. However, there is another button insert view. So what does this button do? Let's say, I want to add a view in this draing over here of the model, but I only want this pad feature, or if I only want this chamfer feature or this chamfer or any single feature. To appear on a certain specific view. Then you will have to use this insert view button. Because if you use this pattern, it will show you the entire model with all of the features and in the active view currently in the three D viewport. However, once again, if you only want to show a specific feature like Pad champer or whatever, you can use this view, this pattern insert view. For example, let's go to front view. Let's say we want to we want to show this model or show this view, but we don't want these Jampers to be visible. For that, what we can do, let's go back to page. We will select this insert view button, and it says, no shapes, groups or links in this selection because nothing is selected. We'll have to select something. We only want this pad feature. We don't want this chamfer. We don't want this other chamfer, and we also don't want this pocket, which is this hall that we have created. I will just select this pad and then click on this insert view. Here, as you can see, under the page, it has inserted a view. We will move over to this page, and as you can see, it inserted, but it only has that pad feature shown in this view. If, for example, if you want the entire body, let's say we want it to be shown with this with this chamfer. Only one chamfer, we can just select this chamfer, press the control key, and then select the other pad, then insert a view, it inserts another view. Let's go back to the geometry, the drying, and it has inserted this view over here, which is showing this chamfer to us. Okay. If you want certain specific, if you want to show only certain specific features, then you can use this button. Okay. Okay Let's delete these views. Let's go back to top view like this. Once again, we will insert an active view. Let's click, and let's go back to page. The view has been inserted. Let's reduce its scale. Let's make it 0.5 to make it smaller. Once again, we will delete this level. Now, we will insert the projection views from this top view that we have created. For that, what we can do, we can select this view and move over here. This is section. We'll move onto that as well. This button right next to this active view button here, it is insert projection group. We will click on that. Let's close this, and we already have the top view and it has been selected as central. Let's close it. Let's delete it once again, and now let's select this insert projection group because let's start everything from beginning. Okay. Let's zoom in a bit like this and now. Now I will click over here, and once again, it says, nothing is selected. So we will have to select everything. Let's select this bad chamfer pocket, entire body. Or you could do that by inserting an active view over there as well. Let's just do that. Let's insert this, move to the drying and it inserts this view. It says front view, but that is wrong, actually, it is the top view, and we will add that let. Currently, this view is selected to be the central view. If I select and using these checkboxes, you can select other views as well. If I select this checkbox, it adds the left view, the left side of this surface. If I select this one, it will add a view projection view over here. Okay. If I select this, it will add the bottom or the side next, the projection view towards this side of this from this view. Get for time. This is how you can insert projection views. Let's say, this is the central view. We want this view, the right view, which is actually the left view, for some reason that is giving me the wrong information. The reason for this wrong information is that for a projection group, the central view is mostly in engineering design. I mostly has to be the front view. That is why it is considering the first view or the central view to be front view. We will just do that. Let's cancel it, move to front view over here like this, and then inside a projection view, let's select everything. And then insert a projection view. Move over here, and now everything is correct. The central view is actually the front view. We will want a top view. It is this checkbox. It is saying bottom, but that is wrong, incorrect, and it is giving us the bottom view, and on this side, it is giving us the top view. Let's also insert a right view as well. We need only these views. Also, you can change the projection style from first angle or third angle. I'm just going to keep it as third angle. You can once again change the scale as well. You can have automatic page or custom. You set it to custom. You can change the scales using these buttons, using these values. Let's keep it to page, and you can also adjust the position. If I select this, you can move downward. You can select the position of the primary direction. For example, this is not the front view, which is actually the top view. I will change it. Now this is the front view, and it is in this direction, it is saying top view and in this direction, it is displaying the bottom view. We will change them as well. Let's see. Again, not correct. This is the correct. This is top view, this is bottom view, this is front view, and this is indeed the right view. You can change the primary directions using these arrows. Let's click. Also you can also select the passing between these views as well. Currently, they are auto distribute. You can increase these values or decrease these values. Let's keep it them at 15, whatever it was initially. You can also spin these views as well, like this or like this. Currently, this is the long side and the length of this rectangle, and this is the width of this rectangle. If I rotate it in clockwise direction. Now, the length becomes the vertical one and the width becomes horizontal. If you want to, you can do that as. Let's click. Once again, you can move them. As well. However, you cannot move this one vertically upper down. You can only move this in horizontal direction. For these ones, you can only move it in vertical direction. If you move the central view, which is the front view, every other view will move along with it. Also, once again, you can select every individual view and you can delete the level over here as well. Okay. Let's delete it. Let's delete it. And delete this one as well. You can do these things. Also, you might be seeing that there are small boxes available visible around these views. You can remove those as well. You can remove these boxes, these are called frames by right clicking anywhere, and then clicking on this button, toggle frames. Now everything is. All of the frames are removed. L et's move this over here. The next step is dimensions. We can insert dimensions in ranks and the very purpose of creating ranks is to have dimensions. All of the dimensions options are available here. You have all of these options, you have length dimension, you have horizontal dimension, vertical dimensions. For example, let's say we will select this tool, length dimension, and before doing that, we will have to select a view. Let's say we select this view. Then click on this button insert horizontal dimension. Sorry. We have selected the three D body, and then the dimension that we've selected is horizontal, so it says it cannot make two d horizontal dimension from the selection. We will select this line. Better let's select this line and then click on horizontal dimension. There it adds the dimension. We can move it up and down as well. Let's select this line. This is the bottom view, and we will add vertical dimension. L et's move this over here as well. What else we can show? We can select this line, this is the distance from the length from the chamfer dimension. We can once again select this vertical length. Once again, it is showing us this entire length because that is the line that was accidentally selected. I will remove this one. L et's select this line and select vertical. Once again, it's showing me the entire length. Let's remove that. To show the distance between this line and this line or this line. We can select this line and then select this line. Then show insert vertical dimension, and there it adds five millimeter dimension over there. We can also insert the radius of this circle. The radiuso diameter, let's select this circle, and the option is over here, insert radius dimension. It inserts dimension for that radius. Let's select this line and we will have to press the control key to select multiple lines. Then select this line and add horizontal dimension. There's also this option insert length. We can just let say let's select this line and click on insert length. It inserts the length over there. Equally, this dimension is not needed because we have shown this is five and the total is 25, so this is automatically 20. We don't necessarily need to show this, but this is how you can choose these commands. Okay. So using all of these settings, you can insert dimensions. You can insert angle dimensions if you want to, let's say we want to show the angle over here. Let's select this line in this line and insert angle dimension. And the angle is shown now over here, and that is 45 degrees. You can move this around as well. Okay. Furthermore, you can also add annotations or simple text on these drawings as well for specific instructions or whatever purpose you want to create it. You can do that by using this pattern, insert an notation. If I click, it will insert default text over here, and it will also create an notation over here as well. Here you have all of the settings for your notation. Firstly, what is the text going to be? Here, whatever text you want to have, you have to insert it here between these brackets. For example, let's say if I delete these brackets and then type, as you can see, nothing is changing. However, if I create these brackets once again, and now let's say let's say only far, three D print, meaning this part only has to be created using three D printing. Once it is inside these brackets, square brackets, then it gets updated over here in the drag as well. You can also select the font. You can select the color, you can select the size width line space and the textile bold, italic, whatever. You can also change that over here as. We. Also, you can also select its position. Currently, it is over here. Let's say from the x axis, the accurate position would be 30 millimeter. 30 is not accurate, Let's make it 40, and from the y, let's once again try 40, so it moves over here. You can then also lock its position. You can also rotate the text and add captions or levels as well if you want. This is how you can add notations. This was all about creating technical drawings in free for the parts that you have modeled. Thank you. 29. FreeCAD to Blender for Rendering: I. This is going to be the final lecture of this course. This is not about the actual CAD modeling or using free C. Instead, this is going to be somewhat like pon a lecture. In this lecture, what we will learn, we will use another free software, which is going to be blender, and we will use it to create photo realistic renderings of the models that we create in free CD. Okay. To this point, you should have learned everything about part modeling or if the features, bad pocket revolve, everything, and you should be familiar with how to create any three d part. You've also learned how to create, create assemblies, create dranks, and also how to conduct finite element method analysis in FreGad as well. In this lecture, I've here opened the vas file that we created in Free CT and we will just export this to or transfer this to blender. Let's go to file, and here we have export. Once again, it says, select the objects to export before choosing export. We have to select whatever we want to export. Let's select this body, go to file again and click Export. Now all of the options are available to us. And we can export this in various formats, IGS, SCAD file OCF file and so and so for x3d. These are various file. There is Autodx file as well, DWG, or you can also export it as dxF. However, the best file format for blender is this one or front. I will select this and click S. It will take some time. And then. Now we can close this and I will move over to Blender. I set the file at desktop, if you look at the desktop, we have this file body created over is here as well. Also, there is another file, s body MTL, which is basically the information about the material of this from Frec Now, we will move over to Blender. Blender is once again a free software. You can download it for free. Just type blender on Google and you will download the letst for you. I will give you the basic overview of the software and how to quickly create three D renderings because Blender is very complex software. Okay. Then the question will arise. Why not create the model directly in blender itself, instead of creating it in free cat and then transferring it to blender. The answer to that is that creating accurate models or models with accurate dimensions in blender is comparatively very difficult. Okay. That is because blender is not a parametric modeling software and because of that, we cannot insert dimensions, create lines, and create sketches, and then convert those bodies to three D models. We cannot do that in blender. Blender is non parametric or what should be the? I don't know. You cannot choose the actual dimensions in blenders. You can, but you cannot create models from sketches, like we do in other cat softwares like free Cat. Okay? In blender, let's see if you want to create something, you will have to make primitives and then move these points like let's move this point upward or downward, and like this, you will have to create everything. I'm in blender. Whenever you up on blender, you will have these three objects. You will have this cube, this light, and this camera. Let's just delete all these three. Let's O rather, let's not delete everything. Let's only delete the cube. We will delete the camera. We can create it separately as well, but we will need these. Let's and to delete anything, you'll just have to select it choosing left click and then press the x pattern. I'll show this option and delete selected objects. Let's click on delete, and now the cube base gone. Now let's insert our vas that we created into blender. For that, we will have to go to file. Go down here, import, and then since we saved that file as an OBJ file, we will go here front. B. Let's click on that. Move to desktop or whatever the location where you saved it, here it is vase body. Let's click on that and click port body. It has imported, but the body is very large. Okay. First, we will have to make it small, Let's scale it down. For scale, you simply have to left click on this body, press the S pattern, and now as you can see, the arrow has changed, arr of the cursor has changed from one arrow to two small black arrows. Now you can move in this direction and in this direction to scale your model. Let's scale it down like this. Then left click once again to release, then press S once again to scale down once again, like this. Let's zoom in. Zooming is just very similar to freak. You simply have to use the scroll wheel. Let's move it down as well, like this. Okay These lines are xis. This red one is the x axis, this green one is the y axis, and there should be also and the third axis is z axis. It is sometimes shown as whenever it is shown, it is shown as blue color. And Just like in free cad, we can just press the middle mouse button and rotate around as well. Press the middle mouse button, move around, and you will rotate around the model. Similarly, you also have your view. X, I I select on x, it changes the view from the x xis. If I click on y, it changes the view from the y axis. If I click over here on D, it goes to the top view, which is as from the axis. Or you can also use heart keys, one for front view, three for right view, and seven for top view. Okay. So currently, this vase is not in its accurate orientation. We'll press three to go to the right view, or we can click on x over here as well. Let's click on this vase to select it. Then we will rotate it. For rotation, you simply have to press r, and once again, the arrow changes. Now, as you can see, you can rotate it by moving the mouse better. However, there is a better way to rotate in blender. We will select it. We only want to rotate around x xs. I will first press x r. Once again, I will select press r to rotate, and then we will press x. Again. Now since we press the x after r as well, now it will only rotate around x xs and not around y or z xs. Let's press this once again. Select it, press r to rotate, then x to rotate only around x xs. Then we can simply insert or type the angle. Which we want to rotate. This is we want to rotate it in 90 degrees so that it becomes upright. I will just type 90, 90. It goes downwards, let's click left click, select it once again, r x, then 90. Once again, rx90. Okay Or we could have just selected it r pressed r x and then 270 or 270 m. Now it is in the right position. Now, since the camera is over here, we will press what you need to do next. What you need to do is to press the zero button to change to the camera V. Okay. This rectangle is what the camera see. We can just select it by moving the mouse over to this line, select it and then press G. Once the G is pressed, as you can see, the arrow S gen once again, and then you can use the mouse to move your camera V. You can also zoom in and out as well. Press G, then press the middle mouse button, and then if you move around, then you will zoom in on the object. Okay. Okay. So now, as you can see, the vase is very perfectly inside the view. Next. This view is going to be the image photoistic image, which is going to be created. Next, we will need to create a plan. This is not necessary, but it is always a good idea. We will create a plan, which will be used as the surface on which this plan is going to be placed. For that, we will simply press shift and while the shift key is pressed, press A and this menu will open up. Here, don't go over any other options. Just go over mesh and then plan. This plan has been created. Once again, we will press S and scale it upwards. Let's keep s, keep scaling until it goes now. Now in the camera, as you can see, there is this v and then the plan behind it. Now we are ready to create or rendered image. However, there is one thing that you need to do before we do go render settings. Let's go to add it, and then let's go to preferences and then click over here on system. Here we will select the device, which is going to be used for creating the rendering. I have this GPU, GTX 16 60. If you have any GPU in your system, it is always a good idea to use that as your rendering device. If you don't have that, you won't find this option over here. If you have that, go over to system and then change it to QDA, or you can select optics as well. If you have VDGP, if you have an M DGPU, you could be select, you should select HIP, as you can see it is for the RDNA architecture or MDGP, or if you have L GPU, you can select API. I have NVDA GPU and for an NVDA, you have two options, QDa, and optics, you can select whichever you like. I prefer QTA. If you don't have any GPU, you will simply be on CPU, CPU rendering. Let's close it. Now, we will move to this button, render this camera button. Let's click on that, and here you have ander engine. Blender has two render engines. EV ends, the other one is cycles. Ignore the work patch is very old and is not workable. The second is cycles. EV is faster, but it is complicated to set up and it does not have very high quality. Cycles has very high quality, but it is also slower and requires good hardware. Or scene is not very complicated. We have only one object, so cycles is not going to be a problem. We will move to cycles and then since I have a GPU, if you have a GPU, change this device to GPU compute. If you don't have a code GPU, then leave this on CPU. I will change it to GPU compute. These are samples. Let's not go over these. The higher the number of samples, the higher the quality is going to be, but I will just keep it at default. I then you have this pattern output, here, you can select the resolution of the image rendered image. You can select the x, and you can select the y as well. Now, now, in this camera, in this scene, this everything over here, it is termed a scene. We have a body, we have another body, we have a camera through which we are looking, and then we also have light. This light. This light is going to put some light on this object and we will see the image. Okay. We can just move to rendered view to see what it will look in the rendered image by just pressing Z key. If we press the Z key, this option will appear. Currently, it is in solid view. You can select wireframe view, material preview, or rendered view. I will just move over to rendered view. As you can see, we see this image. Now, this is all white because we have not applied any material. First, we will select this plan. G over to this button, this red button, it says material. Let's move over to this, and we will create a new material. This button to create new. Now the material has been created. We simply have to select the color. You can select other properties as well. You can make it metallic, you can change the roughness and so many things, but let's not concern ourselves with that. Let's say this plan on which this vase is placed, I want it to be, let's say black. I will simply have to select the black color or you can move around over here and select whatever colors you want. Let's say something bluish. It looks good. Okay. So blue color. Okay. Now, we will simply select this vas, and it already has material applied to it because we imported this from fricat. It is the material that came with it from fret. Once again, let's not go over this. We can change its color. Let's make it something like this green. If you want to make it metallic, let's increase the metallic value. One is completely metallic, zero is not metallic at all. You can also change its roughness as well. Once you have set up everything, you will simply press the F 12 hot key or go over here here rendering. Currently there is nothing. Let's go back to layout window and simply press F 12 hot key F 12. Once you do that, it will start creating your rendered photo realistic image. It will take a couple of minutes depending on the hardware that is available to you. If you do that on CPU, your system is going to slow down during this rendering process as well. Okay. Now it is completed. If you do it on GPU, your system will not slow down because the rendering is being carried out by the GPU and your processor or CPU is carrying out other tasks. Once the image has been created, you can go to image this pattern image over here, and then save this image wherever you move. This is how you can create photo realistic renderings of your images, choosing blender for your objects created in free Cat. You can create good model, scared models, and you can present them with good images using another free software as well. This was all for this lecture and also all for this course. Thank you and goodbye.