English Modal Verbs- B2 English

1. Introduction: Hello everybody and welcome to the English modal verbs course. For those of you who don't know me, my name is Guyer. I am an English teacher from Australia and I am the founder of the community who even in English. So I'm here today because I really want to help you with your English, and I really want to help you understand modal verbs. That's exactly what we're going to be doing in this course. So let's begin by having a look at the course contents. We're going to be first looking at what modal verbs are. Moving on to modal verbs of probability, ability, obligation and advice. Modal verbs of permission, habit, as well as past modal verbs. Now in all of these sections, we are going to be understanding how to use modal verbs in their various tenses, how to construct them in sentences in English? How to really understand the true meaning, like understand actually how you can use them, the feeling behind them, the intention behind them. And you're going to be doing some exercises, of course, because I'm an English teacher and when he give you homework, you've got two types of exercises. The first exercise will be speaking exercise where I'm going to get you to speak out loud and give me some example sentences with the modal verbs you've just learned. And then at the end of each section, you are going to be doing some written exercises just to help you really understand modal verbs and be able to then use them outside of this course. So before we do jumping, there's one last thing that I would like to say is for all of the women who are here watching me, I would like you to welcome you to join the women in English community. It is a totally free community over on Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube, with the purpose of helping women realize their full potential with English, build confidence and speak English with one another. So if that sounds like it's something for you and you'll interested, you can simply access it by clicking the links here provided. Third, let's go ahead and get started. 2. What are modal verbs: All right, ladies, Sir, let's kick off by having a chat at what our modal verb, let's understand what are these verbs? Well, modal verbs are a little bit different to our regular verbs because they have three main grandma structures that make them a little bit different to active verbs. Number 1. Although our regular verbs, you know, when you are trying to use the verb in the third person singular, we need to add to the x. For example, she runs, she walks. With modal verbs. We actually don't do this. They remain as they are and they don't need to be conjugated. The next thing is when we are forming questions with modal verbs, we need to use inversion. So instead of saying, she can go, we need to say, can she go? This is actually like our regular verbs, but it's good to remember alpha difference and it is what is the most important, because I'd say the majority of my students making mistakes here, is that modal verbs are always followed by the infinitive, however, without to. So we never say, I can swim, I should study. We simply use a modal verb and bare infinitive. I can swim. I can study, sorry that I stress this point so much, but honestly it's where I do see the majority of mistakes even at an advanced level. Sorry, having a look at what, which are our modal verbs. Modal verbs are can, could, may, might, will, would, massed, should, AND or two. And we use modal verbs in general to explain a degree of certainty or possibility. When we want to talk about like how sure we are, something is going to happen, how certain we are, something isn't going to happen, and everything in the middle, we utilize modal verbs. We can use them to talk about things like abilities, to ask for permission, to make requests, offers, as well as talking about our habits. And in the rest of the course, we're gonna get into quite a lot of detail regarding these points. 3. Modal verbs of probability in the present: Okay, so we're going to jump straight in with having a look at modal verbs of probability. Now we're going to begin with understanding them in the present tense, and then we're going to go ahead and analyze them even in the other tenses. Now, modal verbs of probability, as you can expect from the name, is when we want to make a guess about something, we're not a 100 percent certain about. They're also known as modal verbs of deduction, speculation, or certainty for those of you who have probably heard them called by these other names. Now we're using these modal verbs in the situation that somebody may ask you a question, for example, with Sarah. And you think to yourself, well, that's a good question, but I'm a 100 percent sure. Maybe she's here, maybe she's there. My my certainty isn't a 100 percent. And in this type of situation, we can use our modal verbs of probability when we want to make a guess about something. And we change the modal verb we use in this situation depending on how sure we are. We have modal verbs that can express that where like not sure at all, maybe 30 percent sure. Or we have other modal verbs that express quite a strong degree of certainty where we're feeling quite sure about what we're speaking about. Sorry, let's move on and have a look about this in a little bit more detail. 4. Must: Alrighty, So when we are looking at modal verbs of probability in the present, These are the modal verbs that we can be using. We've got must, might quote ME and cut. And I've written a note here just to help you remember that. That little much more is that when we're using our modal verbs, we use them with the bare infinitive without to, including with these modal verbs. So then I move on and we're going to concentrate just on the modal verb. Must now must eat a modal verb that we use to express a very high probability when we are using this modal verb. It's because we are like 90 percent sure that we know what's going on. Okay? We're not guessing that motto, actually quite convinced by what we are saying, we're almost certain about it. Let's have a look at an example here. So we could say she must be at work. That's why she isn't answering her foreign. Now it's important to note that in this example I have, she must be at work, okay, and then I have a second part to this example. That's why she isn't answering her phone. And this is an extend version to the sentence where I'm adding a little bit of evidence, a little bit of proof in order to over emphasize the fact that, hey, I'm so sure about these and this is the reason why. Now when we are using masks as well as other modal verbs that do express a high degree of certainty, not a 100 percent necessary to do these. However, it is likely because generally, I mean, when we're talking and we're convinced by what we're saying, we quite naturally want to justify our opinion. So it's very common to see this type of construction when using the modal verb must in this way. So now it's over to you. Can you please tell me a sentence using the modal verb? Must? I want you to speak out loud if you can. So go ahead and give it a guard. Okay, great job. And now let's move on to our next modal verb. 5. Can't: Moving on to the next modal verbs of probability, we're going to have a look at Kant, which actually is the complete opposite too much. Now, we use the modal verb to express a very, very low probability. In fact, it's more like an impossibility. I want you to imagine the situation where somebody tells you something that you just nor naught to be true in his head, that's impossible. That can't be true because a, B, and C, in this particular situation, we can utilize the modal verb, can't wear very certain that these particular situation is even possible. So let's have a look at some examples. I can say she can't be at work Saturday, nobody works on the weekend. Again, noticing with this example, much like the example we just saw with mass, that I have the first part of the sentence with the modal verb, she can't be a walk. And then the second part of my sentence, I'm giving some proof and justification to emphasize the reason why, hey, this is impossible. Again, it is not 100% necessary to do this. However, it is common for the reasons that I explained to you earlier. I can say she can be on holidays. I saw her at work an hour ago. What are you talking about? Another example we can use. So now it is Over to you. What did you please give me an example through your speaking using cont in this way. Great work. 6. May / Could / Might : Moving on, let's look at the modal verbs might, could, or made for probability. Now, there is a reason why I have grouped all of these modal verbs together. It's because we can use them interchangeably. Now, I know many of you may have seen these modal verbs also used in other ways and you're probably saying Gaia. Are you sure you can use them interchangeably? It's important to remember that modal verbs have many different uses. And depending on the US, then the grammar rules change. So when we're looking at modal verbs of probability in the present tense, like we are now, might, could and may can be used interchangeably. That said, we are using these three modal verbs when we want to make a guess about a situation where not sure off, okay, so I want you to imagine somebody asks you a question and you think, although I don't really know the saw, maybe it could be this, maybe it could be that. That is the case when we want to be using these types of modal verbs, might, could and May. So let's have a look at some example sentences. I can say she might be at work, she may be at work or she could be a work. Notice how I've chosen the same sentence all three times and I've simply change the modal verb just to remind you that you can use them interchangeably here. Now, it's over to you. Can you please tell me an example sentence using the modal verb, mine? Great. And now can you tell me an example sentence using the modal verb code, feet? And lastly, an example sentence using the modal verb may. Great stuff. 7. Cast Study: All right, so let's put all of this information together and have a look at a situation. This way, maybe you can start to understand how we use these modal verbs of probability a little bit more like in real life. So I want you to imagine situation. You are waiting for your friend Emma, and your system calls you and says, hey, it's late where he's Emma. And you're not really sure where she is, but you want to reply to her question. So you take a guess. These are some possible answers that you could say utilizing the different modal verbs. So firstly, you could say, she might be stuck in traffic. Here, I'm expressing a sense of maybe, or I could say, she may be stuck in traffic. Again, expressing the same sense of lower probability. I could say she must be stuck in traffic. Here I am expressing a sense of certainty. Remember it must meaning I'm fairly certain about this situation. Or I could say she could be stuck in traffic. Again, expressing a sense of maybe. Or lastly, I can say, well, she can't be stuck in traffic. And here I am on the other end of the spectrum expressing a sense of impossibility. So this is just a little bit of a revision for you just to better understand the modal verbs that we've learned up until now. 8. Will / Won't: Now moving on, we can also use a will and should when we are talking about modal verbs of probability. Again, when we are utilizing these modal verbs like any other modal verb in English, we want to bear in mind that we are using the bare infinitive without to. So let's have a look in a little bit more detail about how we can use will and weren't. Now we can use these to modal verbs when we are very, very sure about the probability of a situation similar to when we are using must. However, MST can feel a little bit more forceful than what will all weren't can. So let's have a look at an example. I can say she will be at work now, meaning I am very sure that she is at work now. Or in the negative 4, I can say she won't be at work now. So can you please try to tell me a sentence using a wheel in this way? Fantastic. And now can you please give me a sentence using one in this way? Perfect, Great work. 9. Should: Okay, So moving on and having a look at the modal verb should. Now, the modal verb should and shouldn't is a verb of probability. And we use when we are making an assumption about what we think is probably true on the condition that everything as we expect. So it's not that we are making a statement about what we think would happen. We are making a statement that we think something can happen Given that a certain condition applies, given that everything goes as we expect. So let's have a look at some example sentences. I can say she should be here by now, she should be here by now. So I'm saying, Look, you know, everything that I expect should happen is that there's no traffic. She's on time. So given that she should be here on time, obviously, if something changes and something happens that we don't expect, then we are not considering this type of probability. In the negative form. I can say she shouldn't take long to arrive. Again, I am assuming that everything is going smoothly. There isn't any traffic. Everything is going as I expect. Therefore, she shouldn't take long to arrive. Now before I do go ahead and get you to give me an example sentence and do want you to know that we use should in this way, just for positive events. So if we're going to talk about something negative happening, that is something that is undeserved, undesirable. Excuse me. We are needing to use a wheel instead. Let's have a look at this example that you can read. For example, the roads will be busy right? Now. Here we are using will, not, should, because it is something negative. We can't say the roads shouldn't be busy now because we're changing the meaning of a sentence. Sorry, can you please go ahead and give me an example sentence using short? Perfect. Let's move on to the next modal verb now. 10. Case study: Okay, so let's have a look at a situation here in order for you to really understand the difference between wheel and showed when used as modal verbs of probability. So I'm going to read to you this situation and give you two different options using either one of the modal verbs. So I want you to imagine this situation. You are talking to your friend, trying to decide the best way to arrive to the city. She's asking for some advice or trying to speculate what is the best option. Now in this conversation, you can say these two sentences. You could say, for example, well, taking the train should be easier as we can avoid the traffic. Here we are using the modal verb should in a positive sentence to make a presumption about what we think would happen given that everything happens as we expect. Another option could be, well at five PM, the roads will be packed, so it's better to take the train at 5PM. The words will be packed. So it's better to take the train here where opting for a negative response, because our response is negative, we cannot use shorten as we've just learned, and we need to use will in order, again to make an assumption, but in a negative way. 11. Can: Okay, so what am I looking at modal verbs of probability? We also have the option of using the modal verb can. And in this case, we can use the modal verb can in order to express a sense of possibility, a likelihood that we think something is actually going to occur. So when we're looking at can we use it to talk about something that is generally possible, something that we think Oliver role could occur. It is not anything specific. So let's have a look here at an example. I can say, for example, the weather can be quite hot in summer, or end-of-year exams can be quite challenging. I'm not talking about a singular event or anything that is specific. It's just a general assumption that I think we know there is a possibility that can happen. So when we are wanting to talk about a specific possibility may be in regards to a person or a personal situation. Like I said, we can't use Ken for this. However, instead, we can use the past form of can and utilize could. So as you can see here below, we have another example where I can say he could be at work. I can't say he can be at work because it sounds very strange and it's grammatically incorrect. However, I can say he could appeal work, meaning yes, there is the possibility he could be at work. Sorry, can you please give me an example sentence using CAN to express a general possibility? Fantastic. And can you please go ahead and use code in an example sentence to talk about a specific possibility. Fantastic. 12. Case study: Alright, so we have always come to the end of this section of modal verbs of probability. And before we finish off and I send you off to go and do your exercises, I wanted to do a little bit of a listening exercise. Pretty much. You don't need to do any writing. You don't need to do anything in particular. But what I'm going to be doing is reading a short paragraph, talking about a story, utilizing all of them modal verbs we've learned up until now. And what I want you to be doing here and my goal for you is to start to form a connection with the information you've learned and how into context. So as I'm reading, I want you obviously to listen and I want you to just start to become aware and ask yourself, okay, why did Gaia that modal verb? Let me link it back to the rule. What is the meaning of that modal verb? How does that modal verb change the intention of the sentence? So this is the mental exercise I want you to do while listening to this short little example. So let's go ahead and begin. I tried calling her many times, but she didn't. And so I think she may still be in the office. She should pick up as soon as she leaves because generally one fish shift is over. She can turn her phone back on. I don't think she will drive home straight away as there is a lot of traffic. So she might stop at the bar for a drink with her work mates. We could catch up with her later on. Okay, So that is the end of this exercise. If you need a little bit more time here, please do go ahead and reread it all. Just really listen to this video. 13. Modal verbs of probability in the past: Okay, Now we're gonna move on and talk about how we can use modal verbs of probability in the past tense. You in this part are going to be learning how to construct modal verbs correctly, depending on their grammar rules and therefore how to reproduce them in conversation and in writing correctly. We're going to be analyzing the main modal verbs of probability and going through some examples. And at the end of this pipe, you will also have some written exercises. So go ahead and enjoy. 14. Must / Might / Could / May / Can't: All right, so moving on to the past, we are going to begin learning how to use modal verbs of probability in the past tense. Now, when we were looking at the content section of the course, you would have seen one of the very last section is modal verbs in the past. So we are going to revisit this topic. However, when we are looking at modal verbs in the past tense, we have a very straightforward conjugation of the verbs. We simply take the verb whichever modal that it may be, we add have end. We then also add the past participle. So to use modal verbs in the past, we need to say have plus past participle. So looking specifically at the modal verbs, must, might, could, may and can't. When we want to use these in the past, we do the exact same thing. Now, Darn, let could confuse you. Yes. In most cases, could ease the past of can. But remember when we are using it as a modal verb of probability, could and simply expresses may be in the present tense. Just remember these because sometimes, you know, when you get stuck doing your homework and exercises, you could have a moment of blank and say, oh, what's going on here? This is the reason. So let's have a look here on how are we going to conjugate the verbs. So for example, for Must, we simply do must have plus the past participle. Might or might not have plus the past participle. Could or couldn't have plus the past participle. May or may not have plus the past participle and can't plus the past participle. Let's follow this on by having a look at some example sentences. So I can say she must have left her phone at work, or she might have forgotten about our meeting. She couldn't have made a mistake. Oh, yeah. They could have made a mistake. They may have missed the train or she can't have left the window open. So can we practice a little bit together? Can you please give me an example sentence using mass in the past? Great. Now what about an example sentence using mine in the past? Also, moving onto an example sentence using couldn't in the past. And now an example sentence using could in the past. An example sentence using may in the past. And lastly, an example sentence using COD In the past. Fantastic great work. Let's move on now to our next section. 15. Modal verbs of ability In the present: All right, so now that you have learned everything about modal verbs of probability, we are going to move on and learn about modal verbs of ability. So in this section, we're going to obviously learn what the modal verbs are, how we can use them. We're going to practice speaking and using them actually in speaking. And then you're going to go ahead and do some exercises. So let's jump in and have a look a little bit closer in regards to Our modal verbs ability and when do we use them? So obviously, we are using modal verbs of ability to talk about ability. But this actually means two things. Firstly, we can use these modal verbs to talk about a general ability. So this is in regards to something that you've done, wants all you've learned and you can do it anytime you want. You have this ability with you, for example, being able to read, swims, speak English, ride a bike. The second type of ability that we are talking about is in regards to age specific ability. This means that ED, something that you know, you can't do in a given situation, a specific situation. So it's pretty much the opposite to what a general ability is. Specifically in, sorry, a specific a village he can be, for example, being able to lift something that he's too heavy, being able to solve a mathematical equation very quickly or being able to find your notebook that you lost. Sorry, this is a more or less what we are going to be covering when we're having a look at our modal verbs of ability. 16. Can / Can't: So as I just previously mentioned, when we are looking at our modal verbs of ability, we use can or can't for our specific abilities. So let's dive in and have a look at some more examples to help you understand what is a specific ability. So I can say I can play the piano or I can't play the piano. She can speak English or she can't speak English. He can't drive now. He's too tired or I can drive. I just had a coffee. Now I want you to pay particular attention to the last two examples here. If I simply said, I can't drive, well, this would infer a general ability in general, I can't drive or in general I can drive. However, I give a little bit more information in order to make it specific. He can't drive now. He's too tired. I can drive now. I just had a coffee. So can you please try to give me an example using Ken to express a specific ability. Fantastic. And now can you go ahead and give me any example? We can't to express a specific ability. Great job. 17. Could / Couldn't: All right, So now we're moving on and we're going to learn how to use modal verbs of ability when talking about the past. So they're going to begin directly with could or couldn't. And could or couldn't. We use when we are talking about general abilities, things that you could generally do referred to in the past. So let me give you some examples. Here. I have I could swim when I was 10 or I couldn't swim when I was 10. I could read when I was four or I couldn't read when I was four. So at birth could and couldn't a US in referral to the past, talking about some general possibilities that you had in the past. Why don't you go ahead and it tried to give me an example sentence using Coda. Fantastic. And now can you also give me an example sentence using couldn't. Awesome. Now, before I do move on to the next this lesson, I did want to go ahead and say that when we are using could or couldn't in the pasta, talk about general abilities. We don't need to change its conjugation. You do not need to add have plus the past participle that was in regards to modal verbs of probability. Now we are looking at modal verbs of ability, which means we can very simply use the past tense of can, which he's could or in the negative couldn't, without needing to add anything else. A really important thing to remember. 18. Was able to / Couldn't: All right, so moving on, we're going to have a look at a was able to end, couldn't. Now was able to, or to be able to in essence expresses this same meaning of can. And we use to be able to express a specific ability the same way we use can. So why don't we just use canning the past or why don't we use quote? Because we want to make English grammar a little bit more complicated. But the rule is that we use can to talk about a specific ability in the present tense. If we want to express the same sense of specific availability, we can't use can in any other tenths. So we need to opt for using to be able to, which is an extension you can think of can. It has the same meaning? However, it permits us to express the meaning of can in the past, in the future, and the present perfect, et cetera. So in this particular section, we are looking at the difference between was able to and couldn't. These are two modal verb constructions that we can use to talk about specific abilities. And yes, we can use couldn't in the negative form to talk about specific abilities. Now, let's have a look at some examples here. I can say when I got lost yesterday, I was able to find by way when I got lost yesterday, I was able to find my way and why didn't I use could hear? Well, because we're talking about a specific ability, not a general ability. So we cannot use caught and we need to opt for the new version of can in the past, which is was a move to another example I can say is I was able to install the new software or I couldn't find my keys yesterday. Again, using couldn't to talk about a specific ability or here, lack thereof. Lastly, I can say he cold because he couldn't find the document. He cold because he couldn't find the document. So over to you. Can you please give me an example? Using was able to in the past. Fantastic. And what about an example of using couldn't in the past? Great job. I just want to leave you on one important to note that obviously we're looking at was able to. However, if we're talking in the plural, we can also say were able to, depending on who the subject is. So let's get moving and have a look at the next one. 19. Couldn't + have + pp: Okay, so now we are going to move on, still continuing with our modal verbs in the past for ability. But we're having a look at could plus have plus the past participle. Now when we use cooled in this construction, we are talking about an ability somebody had in the past but did not use. Okay, so when we use cun plus have plus the past participle, it is in referral to an ability somebody had in the past but did not use. It is similar to when we're talking about are conditionals. It's not a conditional, okay? But it gives you this feeling of like saying, Hey, I could have done something in the past but I didn't and I did something out. Sometimes is also an expression of regret, of remorse that's not all the time. And the main thing that we are expressing here is the fact that we had an ability to do something in the past and we just didn't use it. Let's have a look at some example sentences. So I can say, well, I could have become a great singer, but I didn't practice enough. In this sentence I'm saying, look, in the past, I could have had the ability to have done this particular thing, but I didn't because I didn't practice enough, so I didn't put the ability to use it similar when you're born with a natural talent. But obviously, you know, it's not enough and you need to put in the effort. And if you don't put in that effort, well, you have an ability that you didn't put into use. Another example, I can say is we could have prepared more food, but we didn't. Or she could have moved to Australia, but she preferred Europe. So can you please go ahead and give me an example sentence using could have plus the past participle in order to express an ability that you or somebody else had in the past but didn't use great work. 20. Modal verbs of ability in the future: All right, so now we're going to move on and talk about how we can use these modal verbs of ability in the future tense. In this part, you are going to learn the different meanings of these modal verbs in the future, how to conjugate them, as well as how to construct correct sentences. We're also going to be going ahead and doing some exercises, some written exercises in order to help you better understand the grammatical rules. As always like throughout this class, I'm going to ask you some questions and also get you to actively speaking. So right now here, you can actually start using the modal verbs. So let's go ahead and begin. 21. Will / Won't be able to: All right, so let's start off by having a look at will or won't be able to. Now we use will all won't be able to, to talk about a general ability. Now, remembering normally when we're talking about abilities, we are utilizing the modal verb can, okay, which we learned at the beginning. However, also remember when we want to express the sense of ability in the future or like what we learned in the past. We actually can't use can. It needs to be conjugated. Can itself isn't present tense verb. So again, like we previously learned, we want to express CAN in different tenses. We use the verb conjugation to be able to. And here we wanting to use to be able to for the future. So we can either say I will be able to or I won't be able to, to talk about a general ability. Let's have a look at some example sentences. So I can say by the end of this course, you will be able to use modal verbs like a pro or I won't be able to learn everything in a month. So we're either talking about a general or a general ability that we weren't have. So now over to you. Can you please give me an example sentence using a will be a book. Fantastic. And now another example sentence using won't be able to great work. 22. Can / Can't: Okay, So next we're going to talk about a specific ability. So up until now we understood that we use will and we'll be able to, to talk about a general ability. When we are wanting to talk about a specific ability, we can actually very simply use can or can't in the future. So let me go ahead and give you some examples. I can say I can teach you tomorrow. No issue or I can't take you to this CTD. My car has broken down. Now, when do we face? So we do tend to use a future time expression in order to emphasize the fact that we are talking about the future. Remember, I've been talking to a lot about in this course that Kenny's generally used for the present. So in the second example that I've provided here saying, I can't take you to the city, my car has broken down. I don't have a future time expression. And if the sentence stanza learn, it can be quite confusing for us to understand whether we are talking about a present tense or a future tense because Canny's generally used for the present. So when you are using Kant and can to talk about a specific ability in the future. I recommend, well, he's is recommended to use a future time expression or through the rest of the context of the sentence, you'll be able to understand. You're talking about the future. Like for example, I can teach you tomorrow is no issue. So can you please give me an example of cat in a sentence? Use for a specific ability in the future. Fantastic. And now can you give me an example sentence using Ken for a specific ability in the feature? Fantastic. 23. Modal verbs of obligation in the present: All right, so now we are going to move on to a brand new section of modal verbs. Look at modal verbs of obligation, okay? Now in this section, we are going to be talking about obviously modal verbs of obligation and learning how to use them in their different tenses, conjugations, grammar forms, as well as practice using them through Speaking exercises. Now, having a look at modal verbs of obligation, we use them to express that something has to be done. So remembering an obligation, it's kind of like am a rule or a law or with varying degrees. It can be something that is very light, like a simple friendly advice all the way to something like I just said, which is a law. Now, when we are looking at these types of modal verbs, we have three main ones that we can utilize. So as you can see here on the slide, we have the modal verb have to, mass and short. Now the modal verb have two does cause a little bit of confusion and I will explain why Because throughout this whole course, I've been telling you, don't put two after a murderer, we just use the bare infinitive. Have to. I want you to see this as one word. So the two isn't a preposition, it's not the two that we would regularly use after a verb. It is simply the entire modal verb, so I have two, and then again, we use the bare infinitive, okay, Just to clarify any sudden confusion. So that is what we're going to be doing and we're going to begin with having a look at them in the present tense. So let's go ahead and begin. 24. Have to / don't have to: Now, beginning with modal verbs in the present tense, we're going to have a look at the modal verbs, have and don't have to. Now have to an, don't have to generally expressed a strong obligation. A strong obligation of whether to do something or not to do something. Now, the particularities of English grammar, there can be a little bit of confusion when we are looking at the modal verbs have to. Now, in general, spoken English when you are speaking to native, when you are in Australia, America, or Britain, have to or don't have to have a sense of obligation, but not so extreme. Eat when we think that something should be done, it needs to be done. However, if it isn't done, it is not the end of the world. However, for those of you who are studying English, scholar elastically maybe you're studying for an English exam to get a certificate, et cetera, you will have realized and learned that have undergone have to. He's also taught in a different way, and he's taught in the sense that positive sentences like I've retained hearing positive sentences have to expresses a strong obligation of possibly from outside situations. So generally, each is when an outside situation imposes the obligation on your South, it is not to you deciding that you need to do something. It's an external factor. And this I just wanted to say straight away and clarify because for those of you who are studying, because the certificates and exams, this most likely is the grammar paten They will follow. However, for those of you who are experiencing a native English, the way we actually speak, we don't follow the rule and have to eat a lighter version of must. Okay. So you did a bit of a disclaimer. Let's go through this slide and have a look at some example sentences. So when we are looking at our positive sentences, like I've just said, have two expresses a strong obligation generally from outside factors. For example, children have to go to school or a half to study English for work. Now they're not necessarily decisions that you are making for yourself. The condition of your job, the condition of the society requires children to go to school or to study English like my example. Now, in negative sentences, these is used to express that we have no obligation that it is not necessary or needed to do a particular action, implying all, sir, that if you do do the action, okay. It's all right. You didn't need to do it, but there is no negative consequence. So let's have a look at this example here we have you don't have to go to school on Saturdays. Well, it's not necessary because the school is closed. If you happen to go to school on Saturday, nobody is going to get angry at you. Hopefully, you will find yourself in front of the school with the door closed. So they said, Let's practice some examples together. Can you please tell me an example sentence a using 2.5 in the positive form. Fantastic. And let's move on to an example sentence using Dart have two in the negative form. Great work. 25. Must / Mustn't : Moving on to our next modal verb of obligation, which is must or in the negative form, mustn't. And this, we use a very closely with half to end. Don't have to, but they do have a little bit of a different meaning. Now when we are looking at must or mustn't, we, again, are using these to express a strong obligation. Now, as you can see I've written here in positive sentences, we use must to express a strong obligation, possibly based on the speaker's opinion. Now this is the point I was speaking to about even we'd have to and don't have to even written grammatical English when you're having a look at exams and tests, the grammar rules are taught in this way. That must is used for an obligation that comes from within. So it is an obligation that you impose on yourself. It is your opinion. Whereas have to as an obligation that is imposed by external factors, external situations. However, as I was saying before, for those of you who are interested in native English, in how we actually use these modal verbs. Must is used as a stronger obligation compared to have, to have to use a lighter obligation. So let's have a look at an example sentence for a affirmative sentence here. I have, I must go to bed early. I'm telling myself it's really important, I must go to bed early. Or in a negative sentence, we use mustn't, and we use this to express a negative obligation like a law or a rule. So when using mustn't, you really need to remember that you are talking about something that you absolutely cannot do. It is prohibited if you go ahead and do this action, there will be a negative consequence. You're getting trouble, something bad will happen, or you can even be fined if it is in regards to something with the law. So having a look at the example I've said here, I've got you mustn't liter to a liter is to leave paper on the floor. And this is something that is illegal in most countries. I come from Australia. It is illegal and you're not allowed to do it. If you do do it, there will be a consequence. You mustn't litter. You mustn't smoke inside an airport. Now this is an important note to remember because when we were looking at don't have to, there is a very big difference remembering don't have to. It is for something that you don't need to do, it's not necessary. But if you do there, reason or consequence mustn't ease. It was something that you cannot do. And if you do, do it, there is a consequence. So that said, let's go through some example sentences. Can you please give me an example sentence with the modal verb must? Fantastic. And now let's try an example sentence we mustn't in the negative form. Some fantastic work. 26. Should / Shouldn't: The next step of modal verbs, we're going to be having a look at our should and shouldn't. And when we are looking at children shouldn't for an obligation, we are talking about a lower grade of obligation. Instead of telling somebody they have to do something well, they must do something. We can say they should or shouldn't in order to make the obligation sound a little bit more like a suggestion or an advice. And for this reason, we use them for eight, mild obligation. So having a look at our positive sentences, we use should express a mild obligation or a device. For example, I can say, hey, you should wake up early, or maybe you should study a little bit more for the test. It looks like it's going to be quite difficult. Moving on to the negative sentences, we use student to express a mild negative obligation or advice. So it's when we want to make a suggestion that somebody shouldn't do a particular action. For example, an eight, so much sugar, or you shouldn't spend so much time on your telephone. So it can you please give me an example sentence using showed in a positive sentence. Fantastic. And now an example sentence using student. Great WACC. 27. Ought to: Next we are going to have a look at the Myrtle verb or two. And this is actually a less commonly known modal verb, but I really like it because it is a little bit more push. You could say, when you want to be a little bit more formal, maybe a little bit more advanced in your writing. For those of you who are doing IS preparation, this can be really beneficial for you, but also implies these type of feeling. Now when we're looking at it as a modal verb and understanding how we can use it or to honestly is used interchangeably with should it actually implies the same meaning. So in, out positive sentences, we use ought to, to express a mild obligation or advice. And as you can see again, it can be used interchangeably with short. For example, you ought to wake up early or you should wake up early. I can use either one. Match like have to, as you can see, ought to is accompanied by two. Again, see it as the entire modal verb without getting confused thinking, all I need to add the infinity of plus two. No, this is just the construction of this modal verb. Ought to. Now one important thing to remember when using O2 is that we actually cannot use this modal verb in negative sentences. We just use it in positive sentences. So when you're looking at your negative sentences, wanting to give advice or a mild obligation when need to opt for using the modal verb. Or two is just using our positive sentences. Why don't you go ahead and give me an example sentence using all in a positive sentence. Fantastic. 28. Mustn't VS Don't have to: Okay, so let's stop for a moment and concentrate a little bit more on the difference between mustn't and don't have to. Now I did explain this earlier when we were having a look at those modal verbs in general. But I wanted to do a slide specifically dedicated to these because it is a very common mistake when we're speaking English and when you guys are writing English. Sorry, I want us to remember that mustn't means that something is a rule. It is referred to an action that is not allowed. Remember, just think mustn't means a negative consequence, a repercussion for your actions. So it's something that you cannot do. For example, you mustn't drink and dry. Well, if you do drink and drive, you run the risk of injuring yourself, other people, as well as getting a fine and ending up with some legal difficulties. Dart have two, on the other hand, means that you don't have to do something. However, if you do it, it's okay. So thinking you don't have to means, okay, we shouldn't do it. But if I do do it, nothing bad is really going to happen. We're not referring to a particular law or rule. Another example here we have you don't have to do the dishes today. I could do them for you if you want. Obviously, if you're going to go ahead and do the dishes, well, nothing's going to happen. I'll be quite happy because I don't have to do them, but we don't have any negative effect afterwards. So let's practice once again, why don't you give me an example sentence using mustn't. Fantastic. And now another example sentence using don't have to. Fantastic, great work. 29. Modal verbs of obligation in the past: All right, so now that we have covered modal verbs of obligation in the present tense, we are going to move on and talk about modal verbs of obligation in the past tense. What we're going to be doing here is having a look at how we can conjugate these modal verbs correctly in order to construct sentences in the past tense. We're also going to understand what is the meaning of these modal verbs in the past tense and finish up with some writing exercises. Of course, like all of the other videos we've done up until now, there's also going to be some Speaking exercises getting you to practice using these modal verbs in sentences straight away. So let's go ahead and begin. 30. Had to / Didn't have to: Alright, so we're talking about the past. We're going to begin with, had to and didn't have to. Now, this is the POS, tens of modal verbs of obligation that we've learned up until now. We use head to and didn't have to win. We want to use the modal verb, have to obviously and must in the past. Now I stress the fact that must in the past Because must eat a modal level of obligation that we cannot conjugate, meaning we can't use must in the past. If we want to express the obligation of must, we must use had to or didn't have to. I've even written a little note here in the slide that you can see. Please note we do not use must in the past. Instead we use head to or didn't have to. So that being said, let's have a look at how we can use these in positive and negative sentences. So in our positive sentence, we use these with a past obligation, had to for a past obligation and obligation that you had in the past, no longer have now, for example, I had to wake up early yesterday for work or when I lived at harm, I had to work every day. Now moving on to our negative sentences here, we use this to express that we had no obligation in the past. For example, they didn't have to come to the office yesterday or she didn't have to have her English less than yesterday. So let's try a little bit of practice together. Can you please give me an example sentence Using had two in the positive form in the past tense. Fantastic. And now let's move on to didn't have to in the negative form in the past. Great work. 31. Shouldn't + have + pp: Okay, so now we're going to move on and look at how we can use the modal verb in the past tense. Now when we are doing this, a modal verb of obligation, we can conjugate should by ID, have plus the past participle. So we have two options, positive and negative. I can say should have plus past participle, or shouldn't have Pus plus past participle. Now, let's have a look at what this means in our positive sentences. In our positive sentences, we use these to express regret about a past action not taken. So think of a situation when you didn't do something and you're looking back in the past thinking, Oh, wow, I really regret it. I should have done that action. Vc's when we're using shoots have plus past participle. So give you an example sentence. I can say I should have studied harder for the exam, I should have gone to bed earlier today. I'm so tired. We're using this to express a past regret about a past action we didn't do. Moving on now to our negative sentences where we're using shouldn't, plus have plus past participle. And we use these to express regret about a past action that was taken, but then we realized it wasn't a good idea. So in both cases were expressing this sense of regret. Let's have a look at an example sentence. I can say they shouldn't have gone out all night. Now they are so tired. So they actually did to the action of going out, but they regret the action done because now they have so tired. So let's work on some examples. Please give me an example. Sentence using should have plus past participle in a positive sentence. Great. And now let's try in a negative sentence it using shouldn't have plus the past participle. Awesome work. 32. Modal verbs of permission: All right, so moving on to a brand new type of modal verb. Here, we are looking at modal verbs of permission. Now, as the name suggests. So we use modal verbs when we want to ask for or give permission. However, we can also use these modal verbs to say that something is not allowed. Now the general modal verbs we are using in regards to permission, I can, could and may. And in this section we are going to look about how we can use canned food and may, how we can construct the sentences. And of course, you are going to practice by doing some speaking exercises we may, as well as some writing exercises. So let's go ahead and begin with our first modal verb of permission. 33. Can: Sorry, the first modal verb off permission that we are going to look at is simply CAN, which as you know, it's pretty much the most common way to ask for and give permission. Now when we're looking at lead on levels of formality, can is probably the most direct way to ask for permission. It is certainly not impolite. However, we do have more polite, more formal options. However, in everyday English, whether it be social English, Business English CAN, is totally acceptable. So let's move on and have a look at some examples. I can say, can I take the book here we are asking for permission. Or you can use my pin if you like. In this example, I am giving permission. Or can I make a suggestion? Again? I am asking for permission. So let's go ahead and practice this together. Can you please give me an example sentence? We can asking for permission. Fantastic. And now another example sentence, we can, however, giving permission. Fantastic. 34. Could: Okay, so moving on to our next modal verb of permission that we're going to have a look at the modal verb could do. Now cooled is a murderer work that we use to ask for permission. However, we don't use it to give it permission. Member when we will having a look at the modal verb of the mission, can, you can use it both for giving and receiving permission. However we could, we just use it to ask for permission? Now, remembering it the beginning, I was talking to about the varying degrees of formality and politeness when we want to give an ask for permission. And can that we just learned, it's your basic way to ask for permission. It's not super formal, super polite, but it's totally okay. Cool. And on the other hand, is more formal and polite than can. So when you're finding yourself in a situation of talking to somebody that you don't know or having to write maybe a formal email. This is when you want to utilize the modal verb cord. Let's move on and have a look at some examples. So I could say, could you help me or could I interrupt? Or could I borrow your computer, please? So now that we have covered that wider, you go ahead and give me an example sentence. Please tell me a sentence using code to ask for permission. Fantastic. 35. May: Okay, so moving on to the last modal verb, often mission at that we're going to look at today is the modal verb, may. Now, May is the most formal out of all of the modal verbs of motion, it is the most polite and most formal way. We can ask for permission. Given that in English we are quite polite. So using MAY is pretty normal. I mean, you can use may in the workplace. You could even use me with family members. I even use may with people that I know. So there isn't a major difference. For example, for those of you who are coming from European languages, you tend to understand a very big difference between formal and informal in English, not so much. So having said that maze, the most formal way to ask for and to give permission, we still use it on a daily basis. One of the north that I want to highlight is that when we're using MAY, we can use it to ask for and to give permission. So if a birth uses, Let's go ahead and have a look at some example sentences. So I can say, May I see your ID please? Or may apply for a refund within 30 days or you may leave the class when you please. So now over to you. Can you please tell me an example sentence using MAY. Great work. 36. Modal verbs of habit: Alrighty, So now that you've completed the exercises regarding modal verbs of obligation, that as a reminder, you can access attached to this lesson under like the project assigned to this class. Now that you've done those exercises, each is time to have a look at the next type of modal verbs, which are modal verbs of habit. Modal verbs that describe the habits of people, behaviors of people, or characteristics of people. So when we're looking at modal verbs of habit, we use these modal verbs to talk about habits or things we usually do, all we did in the past. Now the things that we usually do can you can be about how our personality and our character, simply general actions that we did or do in the past. So the two modal verbs that we are using, our wood and will. And in this section we're going to analyze how to use, we'll how to use wood. And then I'm gonna send you over to go ahead and do your written grammar exercises. Sorry, let me go ahead and begin. 37. Will: All right, So let's kick this section off by having a look at the murder of will, which we use to talk about habits. So when we are using in the present tense to talk about things people usually do. However, instead of emphasizing and describing the action, the person does, we use will to emphasize the characteristic of a person, a particular trait of the person that then causes the person to behave in a certain way and therefore have a particular habit. So let us have a look at some of these examples and see if that can help you understand the concept a little bit better. So, for example, I can say she will always be late. So yes, she has the puppet actual action or in this case, habit of being late. Do you do at characteristic of hers? Because we tend to say it's a characteristic of a person to be late. So she will always be late. Or another example is a friend will always be there for you. A friend will always be there for you. Again, we are talking about a characteristic, trait of a person, of a friend, which is to tend to always be there for one another. So can you try to give me an example sentence using we'll, to talk about the characteristic of a person in the sense that it is a habit, something that they usually do. Great work. 38. Would: Okay, So following a wheel we have the modal verb of habit would do. And unlike will we use when we want to talk about a repeated past action? So think about actions or things you did repeatedly in the past. This is how we are using good. We are not, however, using wood to talk about a state of being. So it's pretty much the opposite too. Will, will we use to talk about a state of being, in a sense, a person's character, a person's character traits. Instead, what we talk about, a simple action that we repeatedly did in the past that we really don't do anymore. So let's have a look at some example sentences here. For example, I can say she would always call her parents on the weekend. What does this mean? Well, it means in the past, she was in the habit of repeating the action of calling her parents every weekend. Another example I can say is I would go running every day when I was in high school. Again, what does this mean? Well, it means when I was in high school, I had the habit of going running every day. So going running was a repeated action I did every day in the past. So now that you have understood that, why don't you go ahead and give me an example sentence using wood to talk about a repeated action. Fantastic. 39. Past modal verbs: All right, so now that you have completed the exercises about modal verbs of habit, when moving on to our very last section of modal verbs, which is passed modal verbs. Now we did touch on this when we were looking at modal verbs of probability and ability, and pretty much throughout the rest of this class. But now we're going to concentrate specifically on past modal verbs. Understand how to conjugate them, when to use them, and how to use them. 40. Could + have + pp: The first modal verb of the past that we are looking at is cool. Now, we can use the construction could plus have plus past participle in order to express that the thing that we are talking about, something that was possible in the past, or to say that you had the ability to do something in the past but you didn't do it. Here we're using could have plus past participle to express a modal verb of ability. Something that was possible in the past but you didn't do or something that you could have done in the past, but you didn't do it. Okay, Let's go ahead and have a look at some more examples. So I could say, I could have worked yesterday, but I decided to rest. They could have got married. They decided to buy a house. First. Sarah could have bought a new foreign, but she used her mother's instead, or she studied harder but she was too lazy. So notice here the trend of hypothesizing I am in the present, looking back to the past, thinking all things could have been different but they weren't. So this is what I was talking about, how we're using our parsimony to speculate and hypothesize about a situation that didn't actually happen. So can you please go ahead and give me an example sentence of could have used in this way. Great work. 41. Could + have + pp (continued): All right, Next up we're moving on to how we can use should as a modal verb in the past. So the construction that we're following here is like all other modal verbs in the past where we have should, have plus the past participle. And again, when we're using good, It's always about hypothesizing about a particular situation under the condition that everything we uhm, goes as planned. So let's go ahead and read the description I have written here. Can say we use this modal construction to talk about something that if everything is normal and okay, we think has already happened the way using it to assume that a situation has already occurred. If everything goes as expected, normal, and okay. However, we are not totally certain that everything is fine. So we use should have and not the present perfect or past simple. So this is what I'm trying to say is because we're not and 2% sure that everything went as planned. It doesn't make sense to use a regular verb tense because we want to emphasize the fact of speculation and hypothesizing. And this is what I was talking about in the very beginning of this class. How modal verbs add color and emphasis to what you're saying. They enable you to add another layer to your communication instead of just simply using a verb tense. Now furthermore, with this construction, we are often using the expression by now. So let's go ahead and have a look at some examples. I can say she should have arrived by now. So I am quite certain that now she should be here. I'm not a 100 percent sure. So I use should she should have arrived by now. They should have finished the work by now. Or lastly, she should have completed this task by now. Can you please give me an example of code used in this particular way? Fantastic. Now, going to move on to a second way. We can use short have plus the past participle. We can also use the same construction when we talk about something that would have happened if everything was okay, but it actually didn't happen. So instead of assuming that the situation happened, like in our first use, in this situation, we actually know that it didn't happen, but we use should tours, what would have happened if everything worked out as planned? So let's go ahead and have a look at some examples. I can say, for example, if I had bought enough food, I, I think I've given you the wrong example. Here we are. So let's have a look at some examples. Here. I can say the train should have arrived by now, but it's late. So here I am assuming that look, I know the trains not here. I understand. But if everything worked out the way things were supposed to happen is that the train should have arrived. Another example, I can say ease. She should have prepared the report by now, but it's still not done. Again, I know what the result is. The result is the report isn't done. But I you should have in order to speculate about the past. So why don't you go ahead and try to give me an example sentence using short to have in this way. Fantastic. 42. Should + have + pp: All right, Next up we're moving on to how we can use should as a modal verb in the past. So the construction that we're following here is like all other modal verbs in the past where we have should, have plus the past participle. And again, when we're using good, It's always about hypothesizing about a particular situation under the condition that everything we uhm, goes as planned. So let's go ahead and read the description I have written here. Can say we use this modal construction to talk about something that if everything is normal and okay, we think has already happened the way using it to assume that a situation has already occurred. If everything goes as expected, normal, and okay. However, we are not totally certain that everything is fine. So we use should have and not the present perfect or past simple. So this is what I'm trying to say is because we're not and 2% sure that everything went as planned. It doesn't make sense to use a regular verb tense because we want to emphasize the fact of speculation and hypothesizing. And this is what I was talking about in the very beginning of this class. How modal verbs add color and emphasis to what you're saying. They enable you to add another layer to your communication instead of just simply using a verb tense. Now furthermore, with this construction, we are often using the expression by now. So let's go ahead and have a look at some examples. I can say she should have arrived by now. So I am quite certain that now she should be here. I'm not a 100 percent sure. So I use should she should have arrived by now. They should have finished the work by now. Or lastly, she should have completed this task by now. Can you please give me an example of code used in this particular way? Fantastic. Now, going to move on to a second way. We can use short have plus the past participle. We can also use the same construction when we talk about something that would have happened if everything was okay, but it actually didn't happen. So instead of assuming that the situation happened, like in our first use, in this situation, we actually know that it didn't happen, but we use should tours, what would have happened if everything worked out as planned? So let's go ahead and have a look at some examples. I can say, for example, if I had bought enough food, I, I think I've given you the wrong example. Here we are. So let's have a look at some examples. Here. I can say the train should have arrived by now, but it's late. So here I am assuming that look, I know the trains not here. I understand. But if everything worked out the way things were supposed to happen is that the train should have arrived. Another example, I can say ease. She should have prepared the report by now, but it's still not done. Again, I know what the result is. The result is the report isn't done. But I you should have in order to speculate about the past. So why don't you go ahead and try to give me an example sentence using short to have in this way. Fantastic. 43. Would + have + pp: All right, so we are up to the very last modal verb for this class. Congratulations, you've almost made it to the end. Now we are going to be turning our attention to the modal verb would. And we are going to understand how we can use it in the past. We have two different ways that our ellipse will be similar, but nonetheless, we're gonna go through them as well as some examples. So firstly, we can utilize wood plus have, plus the past participle. And in this case we're simply using this construction when we use the third conditional. Now the third conditional is a sentence construction that allows us to look to the past and express a sort of regret. It's a when we take an action that does happen or that didn't happen, and we start to hypothesize about varying options for that situation because we want to express some form of regret. Having a look at some examples here. I have, for example, if I had bought enough food, I would have been able to cook dinner for everyone. Here you can simply see way utilizing the third conditional we have. If plus, past perfect, had bought, plus would, have plus the past participle, bean, it is quite a long construction. However, this is how I using this modal verb. So before we move on to the next to you, why don't you try to give me an example sentence using would have plus the past participle, the third conditional, the perfect. Sorry, moving on to the next slide, we can use it. We can use would have plus past participle to talk about something that you wanted to do in the past but you didn't do it. Now this is extremely similar to the third conditional. In both cases we're expressing a sense of regret. However, here what changes is that we dart need to add an if clause. Noticing in our example from the third conditional we had IF, okay, and that is very common when we're using our conditional sentences. However, in this particular case, we don't need, sorry. So we'll have examples. As you can see like this. I would have gone to the movies, but I was really tired here. We don't have a condition or I would have helped you, but I got held up at work. So we still expressing a two-part sentence. We are expressing what we would have done and then the reason why we didn't do it. So can you please go ahead and give me an example sentence using a would have past participle in this way. Fantastic. So we have come to the end of this part. I do want to direct you over to the exercises that you can find attached class in order to do some exercises regarding these pasta modal verbs. 44. Conclusion: All right everyone, congratulations. We have officially finished the class, and I'm extremely confident that if you went through all of the video lessons and completed all of the exercises, you are 100% ready to start using modal verbs in your everyday speaking and writing. So I just wanted to remind you to go ahead and do complete those exercises. Again. You can get the exercises in the attached documents to the class, a grommet exercises and writing exercises with the answers in order to help you revise everything and double-check if you've made any mistakes. Now, for those of you who are interested in some more classes, you can go ahead and check out my other classes over here on Skillshare. I have some great classes regarding verb tenses, idioms for ISIL's phrasal verbs, as well as some other classes where we working on your confidence with English, changing your mindset, how to overcome blocks with a fear of speaking, as well as how to construct a very positive English action plan in order to get you moving with your English and implementing a very healthy routine. So I will stop talking, but there is a whole heap of extra resources. If you are interested, ladies who were here, remember a fee you are interested. Go ahead and join the women in English community of free community of on Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube. And that is all. It was an absolute pleasure being here teaching you. I hope you enjoyed this class and I will see you all next time. Bye bye.