COMPTIA A+ Motherboards Processors and Memory

1. 1 Introduction: Hello and welcome to this new course in which we are going to teach you motherboards, processors, and memory. This is Ashraf. Now, let's talk about the main objectives that we are going to cover in this course. Will give you a scenario, configure settings and use bios, ui of AI tools on a PC. You will learn how to install firmware upgrades and how to flash your bios. Bios component information will be explained such as RAM, hard drive, optical drive, CPU, boot sequence, enabling and disabling devices, date and time, clock speeds, virtualization support, and other information. Then we will cover biosecurity like passwords, drive encryption, TPM, LoJack, secure port. After that, we will cover how to use built in diagnostics tools. Then we will cover monitoring like temperature monitoring fan speeds, and how to detect different Alerts inside your motherboard, how to read voltage, cloak, and bus speed. Then we will move on to the case size would explain the importance from other bold components, their purposes and probabilities. And we'll talk about the size like edX, micro Adx, many ITS and the IDEX. Then we will cover that expansion slots. Pci, PCI, PCI, mini PCI. Then we will cover RAM slots, CPU sockets, and different types of ships. After that, power connections and their types will be covered. The fan connector, how to recognize them and how to use them correctly. Then we'll talk about the front top panel connectors like USB, audio, power button, Power Light, drive activity like and that a set button. And the end, we are going to cover the bus speed. And we are going to compare and contrast around types and features. You know that there are different types like the the RDD, R2, R3, DIMM and other types. And you are going to a Sibley and each of them and compare them to see the main difference between them. We will also talk about RAM compatibility and speed. And we are going to differentiate among various CPU types and features and how you can select the appropriate cooling method. We are going to cover different circuit types like Intel, AMD. And there are different versions that characteristics such as speeds calls, cache, size, type, and hyperthreading, virtualization support what is virtualization and how to know if your CPU supported or not. There are different architecture like 32-bit and 64-bit. We are going to talk about the cooling system for your CPU, like heat sinks, fans, thermal paste, liquid base families, and passive CPUs. All of these topics will be covered inside this course. And this will be an intensive course, which is a part of a series. So this is just the beginning. Stay tuned. See you next. 2. 2 The System Board: Hello and welcome to this new lesson in which we are going to talk about the system board. Motherboard is that spine of the computer. It connects all other components together. Unless system ball dual find the central processing unit or CPU. Underlying circuitry, expansion slots, video components, random access memory slots, and a verity of other chips. Motherboard form factors. The form factor is another way to say a design. There is that ATX, that micro ATX and the RTX. Now FTX is advanced technology extended. So in short, it's called ATX. And it was developed by the ATX motherboard has the processor and memory slots at right angles to the expansion cards. Micro edX has the same design as ATX, except in a smaller footprint. And for this reason, it can fit on a large ATX case. Now usually the ATX comes and 12 inch by 9.6 inch, while the micro edX comes in, 9.6 by 9.6 inch. And as you can see in this image, and this is the ATX, and this is the micro edX. Now the IT x is the information technology extent. So SEX stands for Advanced Technology X syndrome and ITS stands for Information Technology extended. It was developed by VIA technologies. It was designed for low power small form factor or S ff appliances such as home theater systems. It consists of our family of form factors. And again, when we say form factor, that means design. There is the mini idx that you can see here. It usually comes with 6.7 inch by 6.7 inch. There is also the nano IT X that comes in 4.7 inch by 4.7 inch. And there is the pico IT X that comes in three-point line edge by 2.8 inch. And there is another version that is called mobile. Its, it usually comes in a very small size like 2.4 inch by four inch. So now you know that different form factors and you should recognize a board once you see it. If it is large, it's usually ATX. And they come in two versions, normal edX and the Ummah, your edX. And again, usually to recognize ATX, you will find that that processor and memory slots at right angles to the expansion cards. Now we will talk about memory slots, cross souls, expansion cars, and other staff in the coming lectures. Now, regarding the system board components, the main components are the chips it expansion slots on buses. When will the slots and external cash. There is also the CPU and processor sockets. Power connectors on board, disk drive connectors, keyboard connectors, integrated peripherals, port, and headers. There is also the bios or firmware, the cmos battery, which you can find almost all motherboards, the front panel connectors. And we are going to cover all of these components that can be found on our typical motherboard in the coming lectures with pictures and videos to make sure that you get everything and understand everything and be able to recognize any of these components once you see it. Thanks for watching this lesson. This is Ashraf. 3. 3 Serial Bus vs Parallel Bus: Hello and welcome to this new lesson and we'll char going to explain the bus architecture. We'll talk about parallel for a serial connectivity. Now, Abbas or bass is a communication system that transfers data between components inside I can use her or between computers. Parallel communication is a way in which all data is being sent at the same pace and was faster in earlier computer. Syrian, on the other hand, data is transferred in a single file. Thus hide a file communication is the loss of circuit length, how far the signal can travel, and the amount of data mood per unit of time. Due to that careful synchronization of the separate lines, the speed of which must be control to limit skewing the arrival of the individual signals and the receiving and serial examples are Serial ATA, or in short sadder, which is a very common term. There is also the Universal Serial Bus, which is the very famous USB. And there is also the I triple E 1390 for fire wire and peripherals component interconnected except press or in short, PCI E. And there is also the SAS wishes serial Attached as C psi. Now, I think that you did hear me say USB, SATA, PCI. And these are very common terms and they all use serial communication. While pile example include Pearl as C, psi, which is small computer systems interface. There is also parallel ATA or thata. And I don't think that you're all very familiar with Perl communication since it's now outdated and most of the new communication is happening in the serial tear. Now let me explain again in terms of this image. Now, as you can see, in this image, we have the control information and the green line is the single data line between, let's say I compute are under printer. Now in Perl communication, there is more than one data line, as you can see, 1234. So in theory, you can see that sending data using one single data line wouldn't be slower than sending data using for multi-bit data lines. And this was through until the breakthrough in the serial communication happened. There created communication balls that can send data serially on a single data line away much faster than it can send it on these multiple data lines. Now, having multiple data lines is bulky. You will have to get more wires on the way. And it's usually, let's say, useless when you have a long distance that you want to transfer data. So the current trend and everything is now working and the serial connection aspect and the parallel is now almost deprecated. It's still used in some devices, but it's not very, let's say, popular these days. Now, Sierra communication there is USP. I think that you all have USB ports, so your computer or laptop. There is also the SATA, which is a standard that is used for hard drives and CD-ROMs. David, you're on and see the lives. We will cover all of these in the coming lectures. And again, It's very, very popular these days. And technology advance in this field is huge. Now, there's also another term which is called synchronous and asynchronous communication. Now synchronous, usually data is transferred using the same rate, the same transfer rate and simultaneously. While in that same class. And operations thoughts after that preceding one has ended not at the same time. So the same operation doesn't have been the very same time of any other operation. Now, we won't go into details to think about synchronous and asynchronous, what do you need to know is that there is serial buses and parallel buses. The serial buses are the most commonly used buses these days. And there is sat up PCI and USP as an example of the serial process. Thus it for this lesson, thanks for watching this is Ashraf. 4. 4 Motherboard Chipset: Motherboard Chipset and ships. It is a collection of chimps or circuits that perform interface and peripheral functions for the processor. This collection of chips is usually the circuitry that provides interfaces for memory expansion cards and on bold peripherals. And it generally dictates how a motherboard will communicate with the installed peripherals chips. It can be divided into two major functional groups, called Northbridge and South Bridge. Now, this is an example of one of the chipset. And as you can see here, we have the Northbridge and the South Bridge. But before explaining these tool, you need to know two terms, front side bus and backside bus. The front side bus, or in short of this, B, is a set of signaling pathways connecting the CPU and the Northbridge. The backside bus, or BC or BSP. Present is asset of signal pathways that connects the CPU and the L2 or L3 cache. As you can see, this is the backside bus and this is the front side bus. Now let's talk about the Northbridge. They're not bridge subset of motherboards ships. It is the set of circuitry or chips that performs one very important function, which is management of high-speed peripherals communications like CPU communication and more communications. While the South Bridge subset of that ships, it is responsible for providing support. Do thus lower on-board peripherals like where peers to parallel ports, serial ports, serial and parallel ATA, land and digital audio. Firewire. You asked be slower PCI and legacy buses. So it manages any component other than the CPU, memory and cache or PCI slots. Again, this is the North and the South pledge for low speed. Components of the motherboard ships it. And this is the Northbridge for high-speed components of the motherboard ships it. And the Northbridge has the front side bus and the backside bus. The front side bus for the CPU connection, while the backside bus for the cash component connection. If there is one. That's it for this lesson. Next we are going to cover expansion slot types. 5. 5 Expansion Slot Types: Expansion slots. These are small plastic slots, usually from one to six inches long and approximately half inch wide. As the name suggests. These slots are used to install various devices and that can be utilized to expand its capabilities. There are Peripheral Component, Interconnect or PCI. And there are PCI Express, which is PCI II. And there are PCI extended, which is BCI x. Now PCM CIE, is that personal computer, more Ricard International Association buses such as PCI card, card bus mini, PCI Express card, and PCI mini. These slots are more related to laptops and desktops. Now, these three types, the PCI, PCI E and PCI x, are more related to desktop computers and laptops. And this is a valuable piece of information that you must keep in mind. So on laptops you will most likely find other abbreviations, like PCI, mini and mini, PCI, PCI, BC card and other stuff. We're going to cover this in the laptop section of the course. And hopefully we'll have enough time to cover everything about that. But now let's concentrate on expansion slot types that are PCI, PCIe, and PCI x. These are the three most common type of expansion slots. Now, as you can see, here, we have the PCI slot. And the PCI slot. Pci stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect. There are three inch long and typically white. As you can see, their color is white. Typically 32 bit or 4-byte with speeds of 33 megahertz or 66 megahertz. For version 2.1, with a 133 megabit per second, 266 megabit per second, respectively. Now the 64-bit PCI slots exist for all, for all their server. And the double the speed that we previously mentioned. The fifth 2-bit cards can be installed on 64 bits slots, but not the reverse. Now visually, you cannot see out of differences between the PCI and the PCI x, because it uses the same slots. But PCI, extended taste the assist the six mega has maximum frequency of PCI to new heights. Targeted at silver platforms. The PCI x is a 64-bit parallel interface that is backwards compatible with 32-bit PCI devices. And when we say 8-bits, it means one byte. And you should know this piece of information because when we have eight bits, they usually form one byte of data. And when we say fifth two bits, it will be four bytes because it has for eight groups. So four bytes. And, and the same mark, 64 bits is eight bytes because it has eight 8-bit groups. Now, this is the PCI slots and PCI slots. Now, when it comes to the PCI slots, as you can see here, PCI expansion slots. These are the largest or the latest expansion slot architecture. It was designed to be a replacement for a GP, which was the legacy expansion slots. Pci uses the concept of lanes, point-to-point signal paths between any two PCI EE components. Each PCI bearing between cars requires and negotiation for the highest new Charlie supported number of lanes, single lane, or combined collection of lens that the switch interconnects between devices is referred to as a link. There are seven different link words by PCIe designated by one, or pronouns. By one, or by two, by four by eight, byte will buy 16 and by 32, with by1, by foreign, by 16 being the most common links. Every PCI slot has a 22 pin portion in common toward the rear of the motherboard, which you can see in this image. And as you can see, these two black are PCI slots. The black slots, while the green slots are the PCIe slots. And each has to wanting to pin portion in command towards the rear of the motherboard. Now, you can easily recognize them, your motherboard, either by the coloring or the bin count, all the pins structure. Again, this is the latest expansion slot architecture. Now the PCI connection, as we already mentioned, has different link bandwidth. Bci expansion slots are blogging is defined in the PCI specification as the ability to use a higher capability slot for a lesser adapter. In other words, you can use a shorter, fewer lane card in a longer slot. There are four major versions of PCIe currently specified. 1 X to point x, 3.04.04. The four versions, a single lane, and hence by one slot, operates in each direction or transmits and receives from either communicating devices respective. At a data rate of 250 megabit per second, almost twice the rate of the most common PCI slot. 500 mega bit per second, approximately one giga bit per second, and roughly 20 gigabit per second. So the data rate is very high. And it was a huge advancement from all PCI slots are slow, that supports a particular link with is of a physical size related to that width. Because the width is based on the number of lanes supported. Requiring unrelated number of fires. As a result, by eight slot is longer than a by one slot, but shorter than by 16 slot. As you can see in this image. This is Obi-Wan slot. It's a very small slot and it can transfer and bidirectional. This is a buoyant or by four slot and can also transfer and bidirectional. And from here you can see the bandwidth, five gigabit per second, 20 gigabit per second. And the by its slot is larger than these two and can go up to 40 gigabit per second. It's also bidirectional, and this is the by 16 slot PCI E. And it can go up to 80 giga bit per second. So as you can see, this is a huge advancement. And usually these cars are used to insert, let's say, an Ethernet card, Wi-Fi module card, and other expansion that you might need for your PC. Thanks for watching this lesson. If you have any question, please ask in the Q&A work. 6. 6 Memory Modules: Memory modules. We will modules differ in the number of conductors or pens that each particular physical form factor uses. Laptop memory comes in smaller form factor known as small outline. The MMS or US Audi I M S. And they can also come in micro D I M S. Now, the, the I stands for double in-line memory module. While the Single in-line memory module is an older memory form factor that began that trend of placing memory chips or nodules. Di MMS are common in PCs. As you can see in this image, we have the number of pen and form factor. Blast the size in Edge 30 PEN, S, I, M, M, or Single in-line memory module, 72 pen, single in-line memory module, which is for Boeing, 25 inch by one inch. And this is a 168 pin double in-line memory module. Usually comes larger, 51375 by one edge. And this is a 144 pin. Us all the HMM. And this is 72 pen module. Now, as you can see, they come in different sizes, different shapes. Now, minimalists lot characteristics. As you can see. Usually the SDR as Duran comes in a 168 pin, the dd ram, CMS, and a 184 pen. And the R2 comes in 240 pin. The DDR3 SDRAM comes in 240 pin. And now we have DDR4 and other high end memory slot modules. And you have to keep up with the trend if you want to update your PC with a new memory modules or new memory cards or additional memory. But you have to make sure that your motherboard support the type of SDRAM that you want to use. Now, example, memory capabilities. Cache memory resides between the CPU and RAM and enhances the speed of the system and not the amount of farm cash improve system performance by predicting what the CPU will ask for next and brief touching this inflammation. Before being asked. It usually comes in different naming and different capacity. There is level two cache or L2 resides on the motherboard, hence also referred to as external cash. There is live in one cache or L1, which resides on the processor itself, on the E or silicon wherever. And for this reason, it's known as internal cash. There is that L3 cache. When the extra space on a processor packaging is used to bring IL-2 cash from the motherboard to the CPU on its packaging and not the IEEE. It's referred to as L3 cache. As you can see, L1 cache usually come in a very small size, like 64 kilobyte. A 128 L2 cache usually comes and 256 kilobyte. L3 cache can go up to 12 megabyte. That arm. How far is usually measured in gigabytes. So you have four gigabytes of memory, 16 gigabytes. There's 32 gigabytes of memory, 64 gigabytes of memory. And that SGD or SDD is usually the hard drive. And this is the long term storage memory. And usually it comes in gigabytes and terabytes. So you can find 500 gigabyte hard drive, SSD or HDD, or one terabyte, five or four terabytes, or eight terabytes. So again, the size is arranged from the lower to the upper. You can find memories and the SGD, SDD that goes up to terabytes, but you won't find terabytes and you can find the gigabytes and around, but you won't find them in the cache memory. That's it for this lesson. Thanks for watching this is Ashraf. 7. 7 CPU: Hello and welcome to this new lesson. No char going to discuss CBO. As you can see in this image. This is a heat sink that is usually used above their CPU. And it usually comes with a fan that's placed above it so that it can cool down the CPU. Now, regarding the CPU sockets, the top socket is known as socket a. Also get 400, 62 med for earlier AMD processors, such as the Athlon and has holes to receive the appends on the CPU. As you can see, these are the holes. There are. This is a whiteboard and these holes will take it appends. And this is known as a pin grid array or PGA. Pga arrangement for a CPU socket. So whenever you hear PGA from now on, you have to remember this old AMD technique that has holes for the pins. So pin, grid, array or PGA. Now the holes and bins are in a row, column orientation, an array of pins. That's why it's called a pen with a array. The bottom socket is known as socket T or socket algae a 775. And these are spring loaded bends in the socket and a grid of lands on the CPU. The land grid array, which is the LGA, is a newer technology that places that delicate pins. And as you can see, the land grid array has these dots. So four CPUs based on the PGA or in other word, pen grid array concept 0 insertion force sockets are exceeded. The angrily popular Ziff sockets use a plastic or metal layer liver on one of the two lateral edges to look or release the mechanism that secure the CPU's Ben and thus sockets. Now, what you need to know from this lesson is that this is called pin grid array, and that usually has holes that will take that pins from our CPU. This is called LGA, or land grid array, which is usually loaded with pins in the circuit that will take the CPU. Now, let's talk about the CPU socket. And again, I need you to remember. What we have talked about here, the algae, a land grid array, and the PGA or pin grid array. As you can see, that sockets that are very popular are all LGA. Now we have algae a socket 775, algae a 100, 156. So cut edge, LGA 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 155, socket H2. And it goes to a socket m3, x3 plus Fm. And we'll talk about this now. Intel processors and socket, you have to understand that we have to measure companies that manufacture processors for PCs and laptops. There is and there is empty, and we are going to cover both of them. The Intel processors and sockets architecture is as follows. This is the socket known socket type or name. This is the socket type. This is the processor. Now the socket type is LGA sit all the socket name, sorry, is LGA 775, its type is t. And the processor that this socket support is Pentium 4, Pentium four extreme single call and dual core from the seller on the call to do CTO extreme called the Quad Xeon seller on for E series. Now, the number after the algae indicates here the number of contact points. For example, if we say LGA, one hundred, three hundred and sixty six, then it means that this socket has one hundred, three hundred and sixty six contact, 0.70% more than the LGA 775, which has 775 contact point. Now, the next one is LGA 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 156. The socket type is H0, H1, and it's a pulsar alone collide 3, 5, 7 than a generation Pentium JSX 33, 34 series. And when we save, these are the supported prosocial means that you cannot use the Pentium four extreme processor with the LGA 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6 until socket because it will have a different, or it will have a different number of pins. So you will bring a processor that has 775 pin and place it on a socket that has all that, takes one hundred, ten hundred One, 156 Ben. And this will. Most likely burn your processor or your motherboard. That's why it's very important to know that supported cross sold bar your motherboard or by your CPU sockets. Now saying goes for the rest LGA, each of them support different type of CPUs. Now that it is the for the algae a 775 is 2004. Now that 2011 algae a socket was released in 2011. So as you go down the list the as New York. Now, regarding the AMD processors sockets, all AMD processors are PGA. And we already mentioned the PGA stands for Penn good RA, and their sockets have 0 insertion force technology. Now, as you can see, here, we have socket m3 and it was replaced by M two plus, or it replaced them to blast. It has 941 pen and it supports film to Athlon tool and other producers. And you can go down to socket FMN to blast that has 906 pen and it supports theme row lot APU. Now, as you go each yield, there is a new socket type, a new processor, and new number of pens that can be placed on your process of. Now, as you can see in this Wikipedia article, you can see that this is a table of AMD processors. This is the architecture, this is the fabrication. This is the family and the production date. There is also a code name for each of them. And as you can see, the clock speed, the bus that L1, L2, L3 cache, the socket. How many pins, as you can see, PGA and PGA is pin grid array, as we mentioned, and it has the spins. Now, as you go in this list, you can see the production day, the newly released plus sores and the socket, as you can see, different socket for different types of plus source. This is the so-called Seven 154. And it means that it has 754. Then. And let's go down. As you can see, these are the list of supported plus source for each of these sockets. Again, here we have March 2017, doesn't proceed until we have 2018 Zn plus z into N 2019. And as you can see, this was the socket. And up to March 2020, it was the socket M4. And these are the supported Brussels through three thousand, nine hundred and three thousand five hundred x. The reason three up to raise and nine. These are the newest plus source that came from AMD. And thus socket that these processors are using is the PGA socket, which is socket and forth. As you can see, it's a microprocessor socket used by MDs central processing unit built on the zen and Excel will tour microarchitecture. Now, what about until at least this is the Poisson number. As you can see, this is the image and the production date starting from and 1971. And the socket type is the socket, the one end package. And let's go down to 2017. The public, Cascade Lake, the I19 generation Intel Core I nine X3 in addition. And this is the socket algae. And we already mentioned what LGA means. Lga or socket R4 is our CPU socket by Intel. That the bouts with skylight eggs and catabolic processes. And as you can see, this is the what usage for the processor. The algae as the socket type, and these are the supported plus source. So again, if you want to update your PC, if you want to buy anew plus sorry union to make sure that your socket does support that processor. And never, ever use an AMD processor with an Intel socket because you will destroy everything. Thanks for watching this lesson. If you have unequal questions, please ask in the Q&A borscht. 8. 8 BIOS: Now let's talk about some inflammation that you need to know, such as firmware. Now, the firmware is software encoded in hardware. You often find it on drama cherubs or read only memory chips. And it's usually found in computers, printers, and much more devices. The coin example is the computer's bios. You can find it on our adapters for a CSI or graphic cards and et cetera. So the framework is basically a little piece of code that control the device, at least at the star tab. And it basically a way to store a special code for each of our devices so that our computer categorize it. An example of that firmware is the bios, older computer bias that comes up when you first turn on your computer or laptop. It's basically symbol program coded. Place inside your motherboard to check the hardware before booting up your computer. Now the bios chip and cmos battery. The successor to the bios is that unified x thin several Firmware Interface or u, e phi. The extensible future of the UEFI allow for the support of a vast array of systems and blood forms. By allowing the UEFI access to system resources for storage of additional modules that can be added at anytime. Uefi stores all the information about initialization and startup. In E F, I file a suit of the framework or firmware. This file is stored on the hard drive and aside AS special partition called EF phi system partition or ESP. The biggest benefit of u e i is security of our bios, or UEFI can allow only authentic drivers and services to load at boot time, making sure that normal world can be loaded at computer startup. This is basically the old bios and it usually holds information. It has ROM memory, as usual, has information about different system devices and it loads them up our startup time. This is the cmos battery and it is still used until this day to stall the system time, date, and other important information in case of power loss. Now, if you are looking to flash your bios, this is not an easy task and you need to do it carefully. You need to load only when necessary when you have a major problem. Use only my fashion utilities and firmware and don't make sure that you won't lose power. Because if you did lose power at the middle of this process, you might break your motherboard. Flashing is a replacement of the burned encode within the bios itself and not making changes in the bios setup utility. Usually you can go and look up for your motherboard time. You will find the flashing software that flashing drivers and everything. You need to flush our new bios on your motherboard. Again, you need to make sure that you use your manufacturer and the firmware that supports your motherboard. And make sure that you have a constant power supply. Now, the bios boot screen during post, as you can see, usually, this is the screen that you see when you first start your computer. Now, the design did change, but the concept is the same. In later years, the role of the bios and system security grew substantially. Somehow security needed to be extended to a point before the operating system was ready to take it over. Bias was a perfect candidate to supervise security and integrity in our platform independent way. Coupled with the Trusted Platform Module or TPM, are dedicated security code processor or crypt law processor. The bios can be configured to boot the system only and only after authenticating the boot device. This authentication confirms that the hardware being booted do has been tied to the system containing the bias TB. I'm a process known as ceiling. Ceiling for devices to the system also prohibit the device from being used after removing them from the system for further security, that keys created can be combined with a pen or password that unlocks their use on with a USB flash drive that must be inserted before booting. These are all security methods just to make sure that nothing dangerous we'll do, we'll take control at boot time. Now. The bios settings saved in cmos. Now, there are a lot of settings that are saved, but these are the main settings, the date and time, which are very important settings that drive configuration because you don't want to install new or wait for your motherboard to recognize a device each time you boot up your computer. The memory, again, letting your motherboard figures how much money would you have each, each time, at boot time, we'll take out of time. Now, there's also see BUC things, integrated parts, boot sequence, power management, virtualization support, and security like passwords, pins, Trusted Platform Module Settings, LoJack sittings, and other settings. Now That's it about the cmos and bios introduction. I hope that you did understand why bios is important and how texts control mood time to let the motherboard know exactly what are the device connected, how to deal with them, and if there is something dangerous connected or not. That's it for this lesson. Thanks for watching. This is Ashraf. 9. 9 Headers and Sockets: Hello and welcome to the Tsinghua soul. So there are going to talk about motherboard from panel hilltops. Now, the front and top panel connectors includes the bar button, power light receipt button, drive activity lights, audio jacks, and USB ports. Soft power is the feature whereby the front power button acts as a relay to initiate various system power changes depending on the duration that the button is held. For example, you press the power button on a computer and the system boots. Later, you pressed briefly and the system hyper nets. When you press it again and the system resumes, and you press and hold the button and the system shuts down. So depending on how long your breast you can initiate different actions. Now, the motherboard front panel headers, as you can see, these are the pins and you usually find f panel underneath them. These are the front panel headers. And usually when you look for the data sheet for this particular motherboard, you'll see that two of these pins might be for the power button. Two of them might be follow their lead. Two of them might be for the fan and so on. Usually, what's written underneath is explaining what's happening. Now. You need to understand another thing, which is the PGA and LGA. Now that there is dual in-line package and it's usually associate that has bins. And there's must be halls were the spins can't be inserted two, the PCA is the pin grid array, and there is the LGA, which is a layer grid array, or land grid array. Now the land grid array and PGA are the two techniques used in the AMD and Intel CPUs. And we already explained these two and the CPU lesson. Now if we looked at this motherboard, you will find that the CPU socket usually is square socket that is in the middle of your motherboard, and you can easily recognize it. So from the first lock, you should know if this is a PGA or LGA. And you must also know if it is for Intel or AMD. Now, as you can see from this motherboard, here we have around sockets. Here we have PCI sockets, and here we have audio jack. These are connectors for the power and for the hard drives. And here we have our cmos battery, the one that we mentioned earlier. Now they've been doing with the manufacturer. This might be different design, but they all have the same components. Now the CPU features, there is high bar flooding. And in the next lesson we are going to discuss all of these features in details just to make sure that you know exactly what we are talking about. Now. Go and if you have a motherboard and look for the components inside your motherboard and try to organize some of them. If you did recognize some of them, you can't take pictures and post them for us to see. And we can discuss any component that you don't know what it is. Thanks for watching this lesson. This is Ashraf. 10. 10 CPU Features: Hello and welcome to this new lesson in which are going to talk about some of the CPU features. The first one is high bar flooding. The HTT cable processors abused to the operating system to be 2 plus souls. As a result, the operating system can't schedule two processes at the same time as in the case of symmetric multiprocessing or US GNP, where two or more processors uses the same system resources. The second feature is the multicore feature. A brisk are produced, sold that exhibits a multi-core architecture has a multiple, completely separate processor, dies in the same package. The operating system and applications see multiple processors in the same way that they see multiple processors and a separate sockets. As was as with STT. We think system must support us and P to benefit from the separator. Separate processors, dual-core and quad-core processors are common specific examples of the multicore technology. Throttling. Throttling CPU allows for reducing the operating frequency of the CPU during times of less demand, all during Battery operation speeds, the speed of that plus soil as Journey described and clock frequency megahertz or gigahertz. Since the dawn of the personal computer industry. Motherboards have included oscillators, whilst crystals shaved down to a specific geometry so that engineers know exactly how they will react when a current is run through them. Phenomenon of a quartz crystal vibrating when exposed to our current, is known as the PSO electric effect. Now there is also the 32 and 64 bit processor. The set of data lines between the CPU and the primary memory of the system can be 32 or 64 bit wide. Among other with the white doll, the bus, the more data that can be processed per unit of time, and hence, more work can't be performed. Now, most modern computer are being produced as 64 bit processor. Because 32 is slower than 64, and AMD only supports 64 bit. Now virtualization support feature is basically a features that you can find in many of today's CPU. This support visualization, virtualization in hardware, which eases the burden on the system that software based visualization impulse. And it basically means that you can't run an android inside your Windows PC, or you can't install windows inside your windows and use both of them at the same time. There is also integrated GPU, integrated GPU. Intel and AMD both have a line of low-power CPUs. Originally M to the notebook and emitted markets that have built any graphics processing unit or GPU. And basically, what GPU means is that you have, or what integrated GPU means that you have a graphic card inside the processor, so you don't have to buy shares. An external graphic card for your desktop computer that set for the CPU features. If you have any question, please ask in the Q&A board. 11. 11 Memory Characterstics: Hello and welcome to this new lesson. In this lesson, we are going to talk about memory inside a computer. Today. Adding memory is one of the most popular, easy, and inexpensive ways to arbitrate your computer. As the computer's processor or CPU works, it stores data and instruction in there can be a memorial. Motherboards have the moral limits. Only thing systems have memory limits. Cpu also have the moral limits. So we are going to discuss this in this lesson. As you can see in this image, this is the memory unit location and this is the CPU location. Now, let's talk about memory characteristics. First, there is parity checking, its rudimentary error checking team that performs no error correction. There is also a bit on part a. Bit is the smallest unit of memory. It's like an atom. It's either a 0 or one. Byte is a group of eight bits. So when we say 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, these are eight bits that forms one byte. One byte can store one letters, like a, B, C, or D. There's also kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes. So kilobytes is basically one hundred, ten hundred bytes. Megabytes is 1 million bytes, gigabytes is 1 billion bytes, terabytes are 1 trillion bytes. Parity checking works most often on a byte or eight bits of data are naive. Bit is added, are the transmitting end and removed the receiving end so that it does not affect the actual data transmittance. If receiving end does not agree with the Marriott is set in a particular byte barrier the results. Now we have a fourth barrier, T and an unpatriotic. And basically you are allowed to choose between them. The fourth barrier, t, is even or odd for systems that compute parity. Now, let's talk about the Annemarie characteristics. But before moving on, what I need you to understand from the barrier teat checking is that it's a way to make sure that the data that we did send from the processor two's up through the memory is the same data that the model did receive. And nothing has changed in this data. We'll add a separate article that discuss parity checking. But this is the only thing that I need to understand, its semicolon that is used to make sure that the data that we have sent is the same data that was received by adding an additional bit to the 8-bit of that that we did since. Now. There's also something called cells and a way to separate or to, let's say, divide memory into liberated areas. Now, memory banks is the next big thing. The most basic implementation of harmonic is a chips to form a set. Each chip has millions or billions of bits of information, each in its own cell. For every byte in memory, one-bit is told in each of the chips. Alliance ship is added to the set to support the parity bit insistence that require it. One or more of these sets implemented as individual chips. All US ships mounted on a memory module form a memory bank. Now, when we talk about the next big step is the evolution. If Mummery arrow detection, it's error correcting codes or ECC. Ecc can detect single and double bit errors and actually correct single bits. So it has the ability to autocorrect single bit errors. In other words, if our particular byte group of eight bits contains arrows in two of the eight bits. Ecc Calico organize the error. If only one of the eight bits is in error, ECC can even correct this error. Now, let's talk about single and double sided pneumonia. Commonly speaking, the term single-sided memory and double-sided memory refers to how some memory modules have chips on one side, while others have chips on both sides. Double-sided memory is essentially 33 by the system as two separate memory modules. Motherboard that supports such memory, have memory controllers that must switch between the two size of the modules. Double-sided memory allows memory, or more memorable to be inserted into our computer. Now, when you want to talk about single, dual and rebuild Channel Memory, standard memory control. An artist managed access to memory in chunks of the same size as the system bus. Data with. A bus or buses is a communication system that transfers data between components inside the computer. So it's like a street or between computers. This expression covers all related hardware components. Why our optical fiber, wireless and other, plus the software included in the communication process. It also includes the communication protocols. So any communication process must have a communication protocol so that the sender and the receiver can understand each other. This is considered communicating over a single channel. Most modern processors have a 64 bit system data bus. And this means that a standard Google Control R can transfer exactly 64 bits of information at a time. Single child communication is a bottleneck. Dual-channel memory is the memory controllers coordination of two memory banks to work as a synchronized sit during communication with the CPU. Doubling the specified system bus width from their memories respective. While three wheelchair and memory then demands the coordination of three memory modules at a time. And as you go, you can increase the memory width from the remorse proactive. Now, let's talk about the buffer. And an buffered memory. Buffer is a temporary storage area that takes some of the load of the primary circuits. For an instance. And let's work interface profile can store inbound buckets will the CPU is currently unable to give an die with undivided attention to the packets. But fall under just thought are interchangeable terms. In the next lesson, we are going to talk about memory types, and we are going to discuss different types transforming this lesson, this is Ashraf. 12. 12 Memory Packaging: Mm-hm. All types memory comes in many formats to meet party for our application's needs, all affordability for consumers. The first one is dram. When you expand the memory in a computer you are adding dram chips. Dram is dynamic. Dynamic refers to the memory chips need for a constant update signal, also called a refresh signal. In order to keep the information that is written there. If the signal is not received every so often, the information will bleed off and cease to exist. The most popular is the synchronous dram. And include the, the, the, the, the R2, R3, and R4. Synchronous dram, or SDRAM, shares a common clock signal with the computer system. It's called a bus clock, which provides the common signal that all low Columbus components used for each step. The vapor form. This characteristic ties as dram to the speed of that AF p. And hence the processor. Eliminating the need to configure a CPU to wait for the memory to catch up. The SDRAM or US, the US dram is now considered a legacy around technology. And it is presented here only to provide a basis for the upcoming discussion of DDR and other more advanced RAM. With us, the r as dram, every time the system clock ticks, one bit of data can be transmitted per data up in limiting the bit rate per line of us dram to the corresponding numerical value of that locks frequency. The DDR as dram, or double data rate as dram as its name by doubling the transfer rate of ordinary a 0. That is the R2 as the dram. Think of the two in these alarm, or the, the R2 as yet another multiplier of two. In the US dram technology, using a lower beak voltage to keep power consumption down 1.8 versus 2.5 of the, the run. That did the R3 as the Lamb is the next generation of mobile devices that was designed to roughly double the performance of DDR two products to E13 Arnoff multipliers but revisions or versions. Now, the memory packaging there is DIMM and is o the M, L, D I M, M stands for dual in-line memory module. While the SOD I M, M stands for Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module. The third and do our refers to the fact that unlike their US, I M, m. M, m differentiates the functionality of the pins on one side of the module from the corresponding pins on the other side with 84 pins bear side. This makes a 168 independent pins on each standard is DR module. As you can see, here, we have the DVR, did the R2 and R3. And as you can see, the notch location is changing. So the number of pen on the left and the DDR3 is different than the number of pins on the right while on duty R2. Here. And here, we can find that it almost has the same number of pens. Now in some memory and packaging, you can find the same number of pins on both sides. As you can see here, we have a 168 pin as the, as the RAM DIMM. It has two notches, different number of pins on each section. This is a 240 pin DR2 as the RAM DIMM. It has only one notch. And this is our 240 pin DDR3 SDRAM, the IML, and it has only one edge. Now there is also a 144 pen as the as the RAM and to a 100 percent duty R2 as the rough. These are basically come in normally packaging that are available and you will usually use one of them. Now there is also the R4 and new technologies are coming every day, so you need to stay up to date with these technologies. Make sure that you are not using. And as the arm, I'm trying to force it and to RDD R3 sockets. Facts watching this lesson and this is Ashraf. 13. 13 Cooling Systems: Hello and welcome to this new lesson. I will show algo to talk about the cooling fans. Now most PCs have a combination of these seven funds. Front intake fan, this fund is used to bring fresh cool air into that computer for cooling purposes, hurried exhaust fan. And this fund is used to take hot air out of the case power supply exhaust fan. This fan is usually found at the back of a power supply and it is used to cool the power supply. There's also the CPU fan, and this fund is used to cool the soil. Typically, this funds attached to a large heat sink, which is in turn attached directly to that processor. Chips it Fan. Some motherboard manufacturers replaced the heat sink on their onboard ships, hit with a heat sink and fan combination. As that ships, it becomes more advanced. There is also the video card chips at fan. As video cards get more complex and have higher performance, more video cards have cooling fans directly attached. There's also memory module fun. And among the more capable more you become, the more capable more memory becomes of keeping up with the CPU, the hotel, the more runs. As an extra measure of safety regardless of the presence of heat spreaders on the modules and optical fans setup for your memory might be in order. This is not a very common one, but the others are really common. So 600 is very common. The last one is not so common. Now usually, you will find motherboard fun, how our connection with the fan word. So you'll see CPU fan, AUX fan, system fan. And it can come in for Ben's CPU fan. Now, the three pens cases, fun headers, and there's four pins CPU fan header. And there is a position for a three pin connector on our four pin header. So usually you would have more than one connector for attaching different funds. Now the system unit airflow. Ideally, the airflow inside R can be used or should resemble what is shown in this figure. Where the bulk of the case is shown on the left of the image. As you can see, this is the case fun. It will take air from outside and bring it inside your computer. Now, air will enter this area. It will cool down these parts, so air will become hot. So these two case fans will take out the air. These are the exhaust fan that you already mentioned. And this is the intake fan. So airflow must be in that direction. Some people in a storm, the fans in a reverse order are they bring air inside the case. And there was no fun that is exhausting for hot air outside the case. And this might break your homework and beautiful. Now, there are things that are called cooling systems. There is liberal cooling. If you are going to start overclocking your computer, you will want to do everything in your power to call all of its component and thus include them memory. There's also hard drive cooling. You might be thinking K, My Drive is doing work all the time. Is there I think I can do to cool it off. There are both active and passive cooling devices for hard drive. Most common however, is the active cooling pay. You install a hard drive and especially device that fits into a seven inch QF expansion be. This device contains fans that row and cool air over the hard drive. Thus cooling get. As you can see, this is an example of a hard drive cooling fan and your hard drive is placed above it. Now there's also chips it cooling. Every motherboard has a chip or chips it that controls how that can be used or operates. As with other shapes in their computer that ships, it is normally cooled by the ambient air movement in that case. However, when you overcook our computer, that ships it many to be cooled more because it is working hard dollar than its normal OB. Therefore, it is often desirable to replace the onboard ships. It cooler with a more efficient one. And there is also families and passive CPU cooling methods. The advancement in air cooling lead to products like that. Synthetic ninja series, which is a stack of thin aluminum files with cabal tubing running through them. Many of these are funnels and that they do not include a fan, but are still considered active because they require power to operate. Others require neither a fan all power, making them passive metals. There is heat pipes that are closed systems that employ some form of Q being filled with a liquid suitable for the application temperature range. Pure physics is used with this technology to achieve cooling to ambient temperature. No outside mechanism is used. Heat pipes are found throughout the computing industry, but are particularly beneficial in smaller devices, even as large as laptops. Now, there's also the tilt your cooling devices. Water and air cooling devices are extremely effective by themselves, but they are more effective when used with a device known as built your or built your cooling element. This device is also known as thermoelectric coolers, called TEC. S, facilitate the transfer of heat from one side of the element made a foreign material to the other side, made of different material. Thus, they have a hot side and cold side. The cold side should always be against the CPU surface. And the optimally, the hot side should be mated with a heat sink or water block of heat. For heat dissipation. It's a very common method used. And most of the coolers that provides hot and cold water at the same time. There is also the phase change Cooling. Who would first change cooling? The cooling effect from the change of a liquid to a gas is used to cool the inside RBC. It is, however, are very expensive method of cooling, but it does work. So depending on your budget, you can choose any of these cooling methods and implement it in your computer. That's it for this lesson. If you have any question, please ask in the current day ball, this is Ashraf.