Complete English Grammar Course 2025: Beginner To Advanced

1. Course preview: How many times have you thought English grammar is difficult? It's boring, and I just can't understand it. Ten, 100, 1,000. Hi, I'm Shane, and I am an award winning teacher who has been teaching English to students from all over the world for more than seven years. The truth about English grammar is English grammar is interesting and it's not difficult, but you have to learn the right way. That's why we made the complete English grammar course, which will take you from beginner to advanced in English grammar. This is a six hour step by step grammar course, which will teach you to understand English sentence meanings and to speak English more fluently. You will also learn how to make correct sentences in English, so native speakers easily understand you. The course has 35 sections with more than 150 fun lessons. The lessons have timelines, example sentences and pictures so you can see the meaning of the grammar that you learn. Here is a quick preview of what's inside the course. 2. 1.1 One Example To Show You Grammar Is VERY Interesting: Would you believe me if I told you that just one letter can make a big difference in the meaning of a sentence? Let me show you. I like chicken. Is this sentence correct? Yes. I like chickens. Is this sentence correct? Yes. Okay, so what is the difference between these two sentences? I like chicken means I like eating chicken. It's talking about the food. I like chickens is talking about the animal. It's not talking about the food. It's talking about how you feel about the animal. So just one letter made a big difference in the meaning of these two sentences. One is talking about food, and one is talking about the animal. That's why grammar is so interesting and so important. 3. 1.2 Can You Find The Mistakes?: I am going to show you ten sentences. Five sentences are correct. Five sentences are incorrect. The sentences will be on the screen for 5 seconds, so pause the video. Can you find all of the mistakes? I am not going to tell you the answers now because I want you to find the answers yourself. By the end of this course, you will know why these sentences are wrong and how to fix them. Are you excited? Are you ready? If yes, I will see you in the next video. 4. 1.3 5 Common Grammar Mistakes You Might Be Making!: Have you ever said I like before? Have you ever heard an English learner say, I like before? If you have, it's wrong. It's wrong because the word like is a transitive verb. We're going to talk more about transitive verbs later in the course, but just quickly, a transitive verb is a verb which needs an object. So to correct this, we need to add an object. I like it. I like going shopping. I like drinking coffee with my friends. Last week, you were really sick. Are you feeling better? Yes, I'm. You are what? Yes, I'm. You are what? Grammar mistake number two, answering a question by saying yes, I am. This is incorrect because we cannot end a positive sentence with a contraction. A contraction is a word like I am, he's or its. To correct this, you need to say what you are. Yes, I'm feeling better. Or you can just say I am, but you cannot end a positive sentence with a contraction. Everyone know grammar is very interesting. What's wrong with this sentence? The word no needs an S because the word everyone is an indefinite pronoun. We will talk more about pronouns later in the course. But for now, to fix this sentence, we need to say everyone knows grammar is very interesting. It's the best thing I ever see. Mistake number four. It's the best thing I ever see. This sentence is incorrect because we are trying to talk about a past experience using the present perfect tense, but we haven't used the correct words. We will talk more about present perfect later in the course. To correct this, you need to say it's the best thing I have ever seen. What's the different? Those two sentences look the same. Mistake number five. What's the different? This sentence is incorrect because different is an adjective, and after the word the, we normally need to have a noun, or we need to have an adjective and then a noun. We will talk more about adjectives and nouns later in the course. To fix this, you need to say what's the difference, or you can say, how are these two sentences different. You see, English grammar is fun and easy. 5. 2.1 Can You Explain What Grammar Is?: You have probably heard the word grammar 1,000 times. But if I asked you to tell me the meaning of grammar, could you do? Grammar is the rules about how we use words to make sentences with certain meanings. One very basic rule of grammar is that if you want to talk about what you're doing now, you need the verb to be, and then you need a verb, ING. For example, a sentence which follows this rule is, you are learning grammar. Grammar is very important because it can help you to understand how to make English sentences, and it can help you to understand the meaning of English sentences. 6. 2.2 Subjects And Objects: Look at this man over here. What is he doing? He's eating pizza. Who is doing the action of eating? The man is doing the action. That means the man is the subject of the sentence. The subject of a sentence is the person or the thing who is doing the action. Now let's look at the pizza. Is the pizza doing something? No, it isn't. Is someone or something doing something to the pizza? Yes. That means the pizza is the object of the sentence. The object of a sentence is the thing or the person who is having something done to it. Let's look at one more example. John loves cats. Who is doing the action here? John is. He is doing the action of loving. That means John is the subject of the sentence. Now, who is receiving the love? The cats are. That means the cats are the object of the sentence. So in summary, the subject is the thing or the person doing the action, and the object is the thing or the person who receives the action. Normally, you can find the subject by asking who is doing the action. Normally, you can find the object by asking who is receiving the action. This is the very basics of subjects and objects in English grammar. We will talk more about these later in the course, but for now, you can do the quiz in the next lesson, which is about finding the subject and the object in a sentence. 7. 2.3 Lowercase And Uppercase Letters: What is this? What about this? What about this? These are letters. A letter is a symbol, which we use to write English, and each letter has a specific sound. How many letters are there in English? There are 26 letters, but each letter has an uppercase form and a lower case form. Uppercase letters are the letters you can see now, which are in red. Upper case letters can sometimes be called capital letters. Lower case letters are the letters you can see now, which are in blue. Lower case letters can sometimes be called small letters. 8. 2.4 Sentences, Sentence Types & What Every Sentence Needs To Be Correct: You have probably heard this word a lot, but do you really know what a sentence is and what a sentence needs to be correct? Let's talk about it. A sentence is a group of words which tells us an idea. There are three main types of sentences. The first is a statement. This can also be called a declarative sentence. This type of sentence just gives us information. Three of these sentences give information. Which ones are they? The man is hungry. I'm going shopping today, and my friend doesn't know how to ride a bike. The second type of sentence is a question. These can also be called interrogative sentences. These type of sentences are used to ask for information. Three of these sentences are used to ask for information. Which ones are they? How much is the car? Can you call me? Why did you spend all your money? The third main type of sentence is an imperative. Imperative sentences tell someone to do something. Three of these sentences are used to tell someone to do something. Which ones are they? Eat. Order me a pizza, please. Give me my book. If I ask you what are you doing now and you just say read now, this means you are telling someone what to do. If you start a sentence with a verb, it is normally an imperative. All right, so what does every sentence in English need to be correct? Most sentences need five things. They need a subject. They need a verb. They need a capital letter. They need punctuation. We will talk more about punctuation later in this section. And finally, they must make sense. If something makes sense, that means you can understand the meaning. Now, many sentences don't actually need these things. Let me explain. For example, if you make an imperative sentence like open the door, this sentence does not need a subject, but most sentences need these things, and most sentences that you see in English, we have these five things. 9. 2.5 Basic Sentence Structure: If you want to make a sentence in English, which word do you put first? Which word do you put second? Which word do you put third? The general and most basic rule is that the sentence starts with a subject. Then you put a verb, and then you put an object. Let's look at two examples right now. He likes winter. He is the subject. Ls is the verb, and winter is the object. They watch TV every night. They is the subject. Watch is the verb, and TV is the object. 10. 2.6 Basic Punctuation: Do you know what all of these symbols are used for? In this English lesson, you will learn the basics of English punctuation. Punctuation is the use of these symbols to separate a phrase or a sentence, to show that something is a question. Or to change the feeling or meaning of a sentence. In this lesson, you will learn the name of each symbol, what each symbol is used for, and I will show you some examples. Let's start with full stops. Full stops can also be called periods. Full stops show the end of a declarative sentence. Remember that a declarative sentence is a sentence which gives us information. Trees are normally green. The full stop shows the end of the sentence. The next symbol is the comma. The comma is a very important part of English punctuation because it can completely change the meaning of the sentence depending where you put it. Commas are used to show a pause in a sentence. They show us where we should stop for a very short time. She went shopping and she bought a dress, a pair of shoes. A shirt and a pair of pants. I don't read it like this. She went shopping and she bought a dress, a pair of shoes, a shirt and a pair of pants. The next symbol is the question mark. Question marks are also used to end sentences, but we use them to end sentences which are questions. How was the concert? The question mark here shows that this sentence is a question. The next symbol is the exclamation mark. This symbol is also used to end a sentence. When we use this symbol, it shows that a sentence has a lot of emotion in it. It can show excitement, anger, and many other emotions. Leave the house. Leave the house. The sentence with the exclamation mark has some emotion and some feeling in it. The next symbol is the apostrophe. Apostrophes have two main uses. The first use is to show that a certain letter has been taken out. He's a doctor. The apostrophe here shows us that the I has been taken out. We say he's instead of he is. The second main use is to show ownership, to show who owns something. Peter's dog is in the hospital. The hospital shows us that Peter owns the dog. The next symbol is the quotation mark. Please note that the quotation mark can sometimes look like this. In British English, we normally only use one symbol for each quotation mark. This symbol is used to show what someone said. He said, Will you marry me? The quotation marks show us exactly what he said. The next symbol is the colon. The colon is mainly used to introduce something like a list. I want to go shopping to buy. A loaf of bread, a packet of rice, three liters of milk, and two kilos of potatoes. The next symbol is the dash. The dash is normally used to show a range between something such as times and dates. She worked there 2010-2015. The next symbol is the hyphen. The hyphen is different from the dash and has a different function. Hyphens are normally used in words where two or more words are connected step by step. Mother in law, ex boyfriend. The last symbol you will learn today is the bracket. Please note that the bracket can also be called a parenthesis, one parenthesis, two parentheses. Brackets are normally used to give extra information. There are many different types of brackets, but these are the main ones that you'll normally see. I went to see James, my oldest brother. Last weekend, the information in the brackets gives us more information about James. They are the ten most common punctuation symbols in English. Whenever you are reading, look for these symbols and see how they are used in real life English. 11. 2.7 Formal And Informal English: You may have heard the words formal and informal before, but what is the difference? Formal English and informal English are different styles of English, and they are used in different times and in different situations. Formal English is more serious and informal English is more relaxed and casual, and it's used in more everyday situations. Let's first talk about some common situations where you would use formal English. When you're at work, when you're at a job interview, when you're talking to your professor at university, when talking to someone you don't know, when you want to sound polite and respectful. Here are some times when you should normally use informal language when talking with friends, when talking with family, when writing emails and text messages to friends and family, when talking to someone you know well, what is the difference between formal English and informal English? There are many differences, but here is a summary of the main ones. So you can have a read of all these differences yourself, but the main difference is that formal language uses polite words and does not use slang. Informal language is personal and relaxed, and you can use slang words. 12. 3.1 This, That, These, Those: In this lesson, you are going to learn how to use this, that, these, and those. I'm not going to tell you how to use these words. I'm going to show you this that these TT, that these Those. So we use this for one thing that is close, that for one thing that is far and we cannot touch it. These for two or more things that are close, those for two or more things that are far that we cannot touch. Okay, now let's have a test. Are you ready? This those that these 13. 3.2 There Is, There Are: In this lesson, you are going to learn about there is, and there are. Can you see that? There is a ghost. Mmm. Oh, no. There are three ghosts to my right. Okay, good. Now they're gone. We use there is to talk about one thing. We use the to talk about two or more things. We use these phrases to show that something is in the world. Do not say have a ghost. When you want to say that you see something or something is in the world, you need to start the sentence with, there is or there, there is a ghost. There is a bird. We use there is because there's only one bird. Oh, wait. I see three birds now. There are three birds flying around. We use there because there is more than one bird. Easy, right? 14. 3.3 No And Not - What's The Difference?: This section, we are going to talk about the difference between no and not and when to use no and when to use not. Let's talk about no first. The most common use of no is to answer a question. Do you like learning English grammar? No. Okay. Okay. I'm just asking, Do you like cleaning the house? No, I think that cleaning is very boring. Have you cleaned your room yet, son? Yes, I have. It's super clean. Good job. Look, Dad, there is no dust in this room. The second rule for using no is that you can use no before a noun which does not have an article. There is no dust in this room. This means there is zero dust. If there is no something, that means there is zero of that thing. Now, look at this person here. This person has $0. We can say this person has no money. Don't say this person does not have no money. This is incorrect because we are saying this person does not have $0. We need to say this person has no money. Sometimes I get a sandwich for lunch. I think I'll get one today. Hmm. Oh, no. There are no small sandwiches. I don't like the big sandwiches. There are no small sandwiches means there are zero small sandwiches. Rule number three for using No. Use no before an adjective, which has a noun, but which does not have an article. A N or the. Another example, no children like to stay at home on the weekend. They like to go swimming. Hey, no running in the pool area. No running. The fourth rule for using no is that you can use no before adjurnd. Ajerand is an ING verb, which is used as a noun. Some common examples are eating, swimming and running. No running means that running is not okay. It's not allowed. Another common example that you might hear a lot is no smoking, no smoking. This means smoking is not allowed. Hey, I said no smoking. No smoking inside? No, no smoking. Sorry about that. I just don't like people smoking inside. Now let's talk about not. The first rule of using not is that we can use not to make a verb negative. Making something negative doesn't mean that it is a bad thing. Making something negative can mean that you're making it the opposite. For example, I like soccer. This is a positive sentence. I do not like soccer. This is a negative sentence. Another example, she does not want to go to school today. Where's the teacher? He said he would be early to class to help me with my homework. He is not early. He is late. Rule number two for using not. Use not before an adjective which does not have a noun. He is not early. Early is an adjective and it doesn't have a noun, so we use not here. We don't use no. Hey, everyone. This is my friend John. He had an accident a few weeks ago. Hey, John, how are you feeling today? I am not well today. My leg is still really sore. Again, well is an adjective and it doesn't have a noun, so we use nought. Hey, did you pick all of your vegetables yesterday? I did, but it took a lot of work. I had a lot of help. Who helped you? Not my kids. They were too busy sleeping. The third rule for using t is that we use before a noun which has an article 0R a determinant. A determiner is a word like this, that, my or your. Not the kids. Kids is a noun with an article, so we use not in this situation. Another example, there is not a cow in this room. I am 100% sure. Mm. Never mind. I was wrong. It must have come from that farm. 15. 3.4 WH- Questions (And How To Make A Question In English): In this lesson, we are going to talk about the WH question words. Oh, here they are now. Let's start by practicing the pronunciation. Who? What? When? Where? Why? Which? Whose how? One more time. Who? What? When? Where? Why? Which? Whose how? The WH in all of these words is just pronounced as a W. W. Okay, now let's talk about the meaning of these words, starting with who? Who is used to ask about people? Who are you? What is used to ask about things? What is your favorite movie? When is used to ask about time? When did you start learning English? Where is used to ask about places? Where do you live? Why is used to ask about reasons? Why did you start learning English? Which is used to ask about choices? Which is your favorite fruit, apples or grapes? Whose is used to ask about possession and the owner of something? Whose phone is on the table? How is used to ask about the method of doing something? How do you study English? The basic formula to make WH questions is a WH word, plus an auxiliary verb, plus a subject, plus a main verb. What are you doing? In this question, what is the WH word? R is the auxiliary verb. U is the subject, and doing is the main verb. Some other examples are why are you working today? When is she coming? Don't worry if this is a little bit confusing for you at the moment, because you are going to learn all about nouns and verbs later in the course. 16. 3.5 Too: Let's talk about two. Not that two. This two. The main meaning of two is more than is enough, or more than is needed. I have a coffee. I add some sugar. I add some more. One more? One more. Just one more. I can say the coffee is too sweet. There is more than enough sugar, because I put many blocks of sugar in. I probably can't drink this coffee now because there is more sugar than needed. Don't say this lesson is too good. If you want to say you like the lesson. If the lesson is too good, that means it was more than enough, and that doesn't really make sense. As you can see with our first example, we normally use two before an adjective. Let's look at some more examples right now. This weight is too heavy. I can't sleep now. It's too cold. This is the main use of two, but we will talk about some different ways to use two later in the course. 17. 3.7 Beginner Sentence Patterns: In English, most sentences follow basic patterns. A pattern is a way of doing something. For example, a very common pattern in English, which you learned in Section two is subject plus verb plus object. This is the pattern for many sentences in English. In this lesson, you are going to learn five beginner sentence patterns. These are patterns that you can use in your daily life when speaking English. The first and most basic pattern of English grammar is subject plus verb. He works. He is the subject, and works is the verb. She eats. They walk. Please note that you don't have to use just two words. You can make these sentences longer and give more information by adding different words. For example, they walk every Monday morning. The second pattern is subject plus verb plus object. He eats chicken. He is the subject, Eats is the verb, and chicken is the object. They like reading. John plays soccer. Again, you can make these sentences longer by adding different words. For example, John plays soccer with his friends. The third beginner pattern is subject plus verb plus adjective. Peter is tall. Peter is the subject, I is the verb, and tall is the adjective. They are happy. Jennifer is beautiful. We can add more words to make these sentences longer. For example, Jennifer is very beautiful. Please note that when using this pattern, we normally use the verb to be. The fourth pattern is subject plus verb plus adverb. The man walked away. The man is the subject. Walked is the verb, and away is the adverb. She spoke quickly. Peter eats slowly. Again, we can add more information. For example, Peter eats dinner very slowly. The last pattern is subject plus verb plus noun. He is a professor. He is the subject. He is the verb, and professor is the noun. John is a man. I am a teacher. Again, we can add more information. I am an English teacher who loves languages. They are the five main beginner sentence patterns in English. Don't worry if you didn't understand some of the words like verbs and adjectives because you will learn about all of the different parts of speech later in the course. 18. 3.6 Cardinal And Ordinal Numbers (One Or First?): One, two, three, four, five. These are called cardinal numbers. Cardinal numbers tell us how many of something that we have. Five apples tells us how many apples we have. But now I want to know which apple came onto the screen before all of the other apples. Let's watch. The apple on the top came first. First is an ordinal number. Ordinal numbers tell us the position of something in a list. The apple at the top came in first. This tells us the position of the apple. We know this apple came in before all of the other apples. Now let's have a look at how to pronounce cardinal and ordinal numbers all the way up until 100. One, first, two, second, three, third, four, fourth, five, fifth, six, sixth, seven, seventh, eight, eighth, nine, ninth, ten, tenth, 11, 11th, 12, 12th, 13, 13th, 14, 14th, 15, 15th, 16, 16th, 17, 17th, 18, 18th 19, 19th, 20 20th, 21, 21st, 22, 22nd, 23, 23rd. 24, 24th, 25, 25th, 30, 30th, 31 31st. 32 32nd, 33. 33rd, 34 34th. 40, 40th, 50, 50th, 60, 60th, 70, 70th 88 90, 90th, 100 hundredth. 19. 3.8 Answering Questions With 'Do', 'Does' And 'Did': Answering questions in English is easy. You just have to know the basic patterns. In this lesson, you are going to learn how to answer questions, which use the words do and does. Before we look at D and does when answering questions, look at this table which shows you which subjects to use with do, and which subjects to use with does. Okay, now let's look at some questions. Do you like pizza? Yes, I do. No, I don't. Do you see the pattern here? Do is used in the question, so we use do in the answer. Does he play sport? Yes, he does. No, he doesn't. Does is used in the question, so we use does in the answer. Now, when a do question has do and have, you normally answer with do. Do you have a phone? Yes, I do. No, I don't. Now when using do and does in the past, you need to use the word did. Did can be used with any subject. When using did, the rule is exactly the same. If did is in the question, you normally need did in the answer. Did you go to the party? Yes, I did. No, I didn't. 20. 3.9 Answering Questions With 'Have' And 'Has': Now let's talk about have and has. Before we look at have and has when answering questions, look at this table which shows you which subjects to use with have and which subjects to use with has. Okay, now let's look at some questions. Have you been to that restaurant? Yes, I have. No, I haven't. Do you see the pattern here? Ha is used in the question, so we use have in the answer. Has she played sport? Yes, she has. No, she hasn't. Have they finished their homework? Yes, they have. No, they haven't. Easy, right? Don't say yes, Iv. If someone asks you a question with have, this is incorrect. Have you made dinner? Yes, I. No, this is incorrect. Yes, I have. Yes, this is correct. 21. 4.1 How To Tell The Time And Ask For The Time: Let's talk about time. The first thing you need to learn is how to ask for the time. There are four common phrases you can use. One, what's the time? Two, what's the time now? Three, could you tell me the time? This is very polite. Number four, do you have the time? This is more casual or informal. Let's practice those one more time. What's the time? What's the time now? Could you tell me the time? Do you have the time? This is a clock. Most clocks have three hands. This is the hour hand. This is the minute hand. This is the second hand. In this lesson, we will just be talking about the hour and minute hands. First, let's talk about when the minute hand is on 12. When this happens, you can say, it's plus. Hour plus o'clock. Or you can say it's plus hour plus am if it's in the morning, or you can say it's plus hour plus PM if it's in the afternoon, the evening, or at night. Now let's look at some examples. What time is it? It's 2:00 or 2:00 A.M. Or 2:00 P.M. What time is it? It's 11:00. It's 11:00 A.M. Or it's 11:00 P.M. What time is it? It's 12:00. It's 12:00 A.M. Or it's 12:00 P.M. Now let's talk about how to tell the time when the minute hand is on other numbers. There are two different ways to tell the time in this situation. The first is it's plus hour plus minutes. You can say am or PM if you like. The hour hand is on three. The minute hand is on three, what time is it? It's 315 or it's 3:15 A.M. Or it's 3:15 P.M. What time is it? It's 555. Again, you can add AM or PM if you like. It's 5:55 A.M. Or it's 5:55 P.M. What about this one? What time is it? It's 1108, right? No. For minutes one to nine, we do not say zero before the number. We say Oh. For example, it's 1108. It's 403, it's seven oh seven. So what time is it on this clock? It's 1001. That was a lot of information. Let's have a quick review. If the minute hand is on 12, you can say it's plus hour plus O'clock. If the minute hand is on any other minutes, then you can say it's plus hour plus minutes. Again, you can add AM or PM at the end if you want. If the minute hand is on any number 1-30, we can use the word past. It's 1:10. It's 2:25. Now, with 30, we normally don't say 30 past. We say half past. So look at this example now. What time is it? It's 5:30. What about this example? What time is it? It's 11:30. Now, when the minute hand is on a number 31-59, we can use the word two. It's ten to three. It's 17 to ten. Now, if the minute hand is on 45, we normally don't say 15, two. We normally say it's quarter two plus the hour plus one. So here, the time is 11:45. What about this one? What time is it? It's 1:45. One more example, what time is it here? It's four to 11. I know that was a lot of information, so if you need to, you can watch the lesson again. Also, you should start telling the time in English every day. For example, look at the time right now and tell the time. 22. 4.2 QUICK TIP - Do This If You Don't Know How To Say The Time: If you're not sure how to tell the time, all you have to do is read the numbers. If you're looking at a digital clock. Let me show you. Let's pretend this is the time. I could say it's 1015. That's it. I just read the first number ten, and I read the second number 15. What about this one? It's 12 43. What about this one? It's 130. What about this one? Remember, with this one, we don't say it's 409. We say it's four oh nine. And one more. It's 120, zero, right? No. With this one, we just say it's 12. So in summary, if you're not sure how to tell the time, just read out the numbers. Easy, right? 23. 4.3 Test: This is your final test for telling the time. You will see eight clocks. I want you to tell the time for each clock. That means you have to tell the time eight times. The clocks will be on the screen for 5 seconds, pause the video, think about your answer, and then click Play when you are ready to see the answers. Good luck. 24. 5.1 Days And Months In English: Before you learn how to tell the date in English, you need to learn the days of the week and the months of the year. Let's start with the days first. I will pronounce each day, and I want you to repeat after me so you can practice your pronunciation. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday. One more time. Monday, Tuesday. Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday. Please note that these days can sometimes be written by just using the first few letters of the day. For example, Monday becomes Man. Tuesday becomes hose wed, these, Fry, SAT, and Sun. Now let's talk about the months of the year in English. Again, I will say each month, and I want you to repeat after me so you can practice your pronunciation. January February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December. One more time. January, February. March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December. Again, please note that these months can sometimes be written by just using the first few letters of each word. Congratulations. Now you know how to say all of the days in English and all of the months. In the next lesson, you will learn how to tell the date. 25. 5.2 How To Ask For The Date And Tell The Date: Before you learn how to tell the date, you need to learn how to ask for the date. Here are some common phrases that you can use. One, what's the date? Two, what's the date today? Three, what's today's date? One more time. What's the date? What's the date today? What's today's date? If someone asks you, what's the date, how can you answer correctly? If you're using American English, you always say the month first. If you're using British English, you always put the day first. I speak British English, so I will be teaching you to put the day first. If someone asks you what's the date, all you need to say is, it's the ordinal number of month. For example, it's 4 November. Remember, when you're saying the date like this, you need to use an ordinal number. Numbers like first, second, and third. Also, if you want to give the year, you just add the year after the month. For example, it's 4 November 2021. Let's have a look at some more examples. It's 8 January. It's 11 March. It's 17 April. It's 20 May. It's 21 June. It's 30 August. It's 31 December. Please note that when dates are written in British English with numbers, we start with the day, then the month, and then the year. Today is 4 November 2021. So when writing that, we would write 411, 2021. 26. 5.3 QUICK TIP - Don't Know How To Say The Date? Do This: If you forget how to say the date in English, just do this. Just say the number of the day and then say the month. For example, if this is the date, you can say ten March. What's the date today, Shane? For November. Thank you. No worries. 27. 5.4 Test: This is your final test for telling the date. You will see ten dates. The first number is the day. The second number is the month, the third number is the year. I want you to tell the date for each question. The ten dates will be on the screen for 5 seconds, pause the video. Think about your answer and then press play when you are ready to see the answers. Good luck. 28. 6.1 Introduction To Parts Of Speech In English Grammar: If you really want to understand English, one of the most important things that you need to learn is parts of speech. The term parts of speech shows us what a word does in a sentence. For example, does the word give information about a thing? Does the word tell us what the subject is doing? Knowing what words do will help you to always choose the right word when making a sentence. For example, do you know the difference between beautiful beautifully and beautify. These words have similar meanings, but they all do something a little bit differently in a sentence. In English, there are eight parts of speech noun, pronoun, verb adjective adverb preposition, conjunction. Interjection. Now let's have a look at some examples so you can see why parts of speech are really important. They have Black dogs. In this sentence, they is a pronoun. This tells us what the sentence is about. H is the verb. This tells us what they are doing or what they are being. Black is an adjective. It describes the dogs. Whenever we want to describe something in English, we normally need to use an adjective. Dogs is a noun. This tells us what they have. If we ever want to say what someone has, we normally need to use a noun. In the next sections, you are going to learn all about the eight parts of speech in English, so I will see you there. 29. 7.1 What Are Nouns And How To Use Them: You are going to see four pictures. What is similar about them? In each picture, you saw a thing. That's exactly what a noun is. A noun is a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. This is very important. So I will say it one more time. A noun is a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. Some examples of nouns are names, locations, objects you can touch and objects you cannot touch like a thought or a dream. Okay. Now let's look at two examples so you can see how we use nouns in a sentence. Shane likes to eat vegetables. In this sentence, there are two nouns. What are they? Shane is a noun. Vegetables is a noun. Shane is the subject, and vegetables is the object. So that's the first use of nouns. We can use nouns as the subject or the object of a sentence. Now look at this example. He's a teacher. In this sentence, he is a pronoun, which we will talk about later in the course. The only noun is teacher. We are saying what the person is. We are saying what their job is. That's the second use of nouns. You can use nouns to say what something or some one is. Now you know what nouns are. Remember, nouns can be things that you can see and touch. They can also be things that you can't see or touch. This is very important to remember. 30. 7.2 Singular And Plural Nouns: Maybe you have one cat. Maybe you have two cats. Maybe you have one car. Maybe your family has three cars. Maybe you have one book. Maybe you have four books. In those pictures you just saw, there were some singular nouns and there were some plural nouns. A singular noun is talking about just one thing. For example, one cat, one car. A plural noun is talking about two or more things. For example, two cats, three cars. Now let's look at some common examples of singular nouns. Singular nouns can talk about different types of things. They can talk about people, boy, girl. Person, Shane. That's me. They can talk about places, city, country, Canada, Ireland. They can talk about things, pen, apple, car, dog. They can talk about ideas, hunger, question, time. The most important thing here is that with all of these nouns, they are talking about just one thing, one thing. Now let's have a look at some plural nouns. Plural nouns can talk about people, places, things and ideas. Boys, girls, friends. Islands, countries, cities, vegetables, tables, bottles, questions, feelings, dreams. The most important thing here is that with all of these nouns, they are talking about two or more things. So how do you turn a singular noun into a plural noun? Normally you just need to add S. For example, boy is singular. If we add an S, now it's plural. Boys. Sometimes we have to add IES or ES. Watch is singular, but if we add an ES, it becomes watches. Watches is plural. A plural noun which has an, an ES or an IES to make it plural is called a regular plural noun. Let's look at some common examples right now. So plural nouns don't have an S, an ES or an IES to make them plural. Some singular nouns must be changed completely to make a plural noun. For example, man is singular, one man. To make man plural, we have to change the word to men. For example, two men. One man, two men. These plural nouns, which don't have an S, an ES or an IES are called irregular plural nouns. Let's look at some common examples right now. Also, there are some singular nouns which are also plural nouns. That means you don't have to change the singular noun to make it plural. For example, one fish, two fish. Let's have a look at some common examples. Now let's talk about how to use singular nouns and plural nouns. The first rule is, if you're talking about one thing, use a singular noun. If you're talking about more than one thing, use a plural noun. For example, one car, two cars. We can't say two car. No. The second rule is, you need to use a singular noun with a singular verb. You need to use a plural noun with a plural verb. My cat, singular noun is singular verb, very friendly. The children plural noun, like plural verb going to school. Fred, singular noun runs singular verb to work every day. So in summary, a singular noun talks about one thing. A plural noun talks about two or more things. Normally, if you want to make a singular noun plural, just add SES or IES. But sometimes you need to completely change the singular noun to make it a plural noun, one mouse, two mice. But 31. 7.3 Common And Proper Nouns: Now let's talk about common and proper nouns. What is this? It's a river. River is a common noun. A common noun is any person, place, thing, or idea. It is something that is not specific. Common nouns never use capital letters unless they are the first word in the sentence. With common nouns, there are normally more than one of that thing. For example, there are many rivers in the world. There is not just one river. Now, what if I asked you what river is it? It's the Amazon River. You're right. It's the Amazon River. Amazon River is a proper noun. Proper nouns are the names of specific people, places, things, or ideas. Proper nouns always have capital letters. With proper nouns, there is normally only one of that thing. For example, there is only one Amazon River in the world. Now let's have a look at some more examples of common and proper nouns. When using common and proper nouns, you still need to use the basic rules of nouns. For example, if you're talking about more than one thing, then you need to use a plural verb. Remember, common nouns don't need capital letters, but proper nouns always need capitals. 32. 7.4 Countable And Uncountable Nouns: One apple, two apples. The apples. One furniture. Two furnitures. In this lesson, you are going to learn about countable nouns and uncountable nouns. Accountable noun is something that can be counted. One apple, two apples, three apples. Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. Apple is singular, apples is plural. Here are some common examples of countable nouns in English. Now, an uncountable noun is something that cannot be counted. One furniture? No. Two furnitures. No. Uncountable nouns normally do not have a plural form. They normally only have one form. Here are some common examples of uncountable nouns. Remember, with these nouns, we cannot make them plural. For example, we cannot say two advices. We have already talked about how to use singular nouns and plural nouns, but uncountable nouns are considered singular. That means when you're using uncountable nouns, you need to use them with a singular verb. The furniture uncountable noun is singular verb, very beautiful. There is singular verb, no water uncountable noun in the cup. If you want to make uncountable nouns plural, you can't change the noun, but you can add something before or after the uncountable noun to show that it's plural. You should drink eight glasses of water every day. Water is an uncountable noun, but we have used eight glasses to show that we are talking about more than one thing. Can you buy three packets of sugar? Sugar is an uncountable noun, but we have used three packets to show that it is plural. If you use S with an uncountable noun, the person you are speaking to will understand you. So don't worry. If you want to speak English like a native speaker, you should learn the most common uncountable nouns in English. Remember, no S with an uncountable noun. 33. 7.5 Possessive Nouns (Whose Is it!?): It's the boys' fault. No, it's the girls fault. No. It's the cat's fault. Heeded In this lesson, you are going to learn about possessive nouns. Possessive nouns are very important because a lot of the time when I hear English learners speaking English, they forget to use possessive nouns. A possessive noun shows us who owns something. It shows us who has something. It's very simple to make. Normally, if someone owns something, you just need to add an apostrophe S. Now let's look at some common examples. That's John's book on the table. The girl's smile is very nice. Now, with these examples, the noun was a singular noun. Normally, when we have a singular noun and we want to make it a possessive noun, we just add the apostrophe S after the noun. I went to the boss's dinner last night. When a singular noun ends in S or doubles, you can simply add the apostrophe S after the last S, or you can just add an apostrophe after the last S. Both are correct. Okay. Now let's look at some examples where the noun is plural. Have you seen the chickens eggs? The children's shoes were brand new. So when we show ownership for a plural noun, we simply add an apostrophe to the end of the word if the noun is a regular plural noun. If the noun is an irregular plural noun, we just add apostrophe S at the end of the word. So now have a quick look at the summary of how to make possessive nouns. And here are ten more examples which will help you to see how to use possessive nouns. Wow. Wow. 34. 7.6 QUICK TIP - Do This If You Don't Know If The Noun Is Singular Or Plural: If you don't know if a noun is singular or plural, just do this. Look at the verb in the sentence and ask yourself, is the verb singular or is the verb plural? Sheep are very friendly animals. Is the word sheep here singular or plural? Well, it's not 100% clear if you just look at the word sheep. But if you look at the word R, you know that R is a plural verb, so that means sheep is plural. In this sentence, sheep is a plural noun. Hey, no sheep inside. You can't stay here. Go. Go. Shoot. Shoo, shoo, shoot. 35. 7.7 Concrete, Abstract, Collective And Compound Nouns: All right. In this lesson, we are talking about some other types of nouns, which aren't very important, but I just want to talk about them quickly so that you know. They are concrete nouns, abstract nouns, collective nouns, and compound nouns. Let's start with concrete nouns first. What is this? It's a foam. Can I touch it? Yes, I can. That means it's a concrete noun. Concrete nouns are things that you can touch, taste, see, hear, or smell. For example, noise. Noise is something you can hear. So that means it's a concrete noun. What about rainbows? Can you see rainbows? Yes, you can. So again, that means it's a concrete noun. Wow. I just saw a ghost. Did you see that? I feel fear. Fear is an abstract noun. An abstract noun is something that you cannot touch, taste. Hear, see, or smell. For example, can I touch fear? No. Taste it? No. Smell it? No. Hear it? No. See it. No. That means it's an abstract noun. Now let's have a look at some common examples of concrete nouns and abstract nouns. There are many fish here. What is a word that we can use to talk about all of the fish here? We can say there is a school of fish. School can be a collective noun. A collective noun is a noun which talks about something as a group, but in that group, there are many things like with the fish. There is one school, but in that school, there are many fish. Collective nouns aren't used that often in English, but here are some of the most common ones. What do buses do here? They stop, right? That's why we call this thing a bus stop. Words like bus stop are called compound nouns. Compound nouns are nouns which are made up of two or more different words. Compound nouns are normally one noun and another noun together, but sometimes they can be an adjective and a noun. Let's look at some common examples. All right. So in summary, concrete nouns are things that you can use your senses to identify. Abstract nouns are things that you cannot use your senses to identify. Collective nouns refer to a group, and compound nouns are made up of two or more words. 36. 7.8 Common Mistakes: The most common mistakes that students make with nouns are not using an apostrophe S to show ownership, and putting an S after uncountable nouns. Let's talk about not using an apostrophe S first. Remember, whenever you are using a noun to show that that noun owns something, you need to use a possessive noun. Normally, that means you either need to add an apostrophe S or just an apostrophe. Let's look at some common examples right now. It's John car. In this sentence, there is ownership, so we need to use a possessive noun. It's John's car. Have you seen the cat new toy? In this sentence, the cat owns the toy, so that means we need to use a possessive noun. Have you seen the cat's new toy? The three girls costumes are very nice. In this sentence, the three girls own the costumes, so we need to use a possessive noun. We need to put an apostrophe after the S. The three girls costumes are very nice. One of the most common mistakes I often hear with uncountable nouns is students saying things like, can you give me some advices? Advice is an uncountable noun, so that means we can't use S here. Just say, can you give me some advice? No, S. Here are some of the most common uncountable nouns. Learn the uncountable nouns in English, and whenever you use an uncountable noun, don't use S. This will help you to sound more like a native speaker. 37. 8.1 Basic Quantifiers (A Lot Of, Many, Not Much, A Few, A Bit Of): In this lesson, we are talking about quantifiers. Quantifiers are words that we can use before nouns to show how much of something we have. Do we have a large amount or do we have a small amount? Now, when using quantifiers, it's very important to always think about is the noun countable or is the noun uncountable? Let's look at an example right now. This person has money. Is money countable or uncountable? Uncountable. Does this person have a large amount of money? Yes, he does. We can say he has a lot of money. Can I say he has many money? No, we cannot use many with uncountable nouns. A lot of means a big amount of something. A lot of can be used with uncountable nouns. Wow, where is all the money? Does this person have a large amount of money now? No, he doesn't. We can say he does not have much money. Not much means a small amount. We can use not much with uncountable nouns. Much is normally used with the word not to show that someone has a small amount of something. Wow, what happened? Look at how many cats he has. Is cats countable or uncountable. Countable. Does he have a large number of cats? Yes, he does. We can say he has a lot of cats, or we can say he has many cats. We can use a lot with countable nouns. We can use many with countable nouns. Now let's talk about how to say someone has a small amount of something. Look at this glass. There is water in the glass. Is water countable or uncountable? Uncountable. Is there a large amount of water? No, there is a small amount. We can say there is a bit of water. Can we say there is a few water? No, we can't use a few with uncountable nouns. A bit of can be used with uncountable nouns. Now there are more glasses of water. Is countable or uncountable? Countable. Are there many glasses of water here? No. So we can say there are a few glasses of water. Can we say there is a bit of glasses of water? No, we can't use bit of with countable nouns. So we can say a few with countable nouns. All right, so they are the basic rules of how to use these quantifiers. Practice, practice, practice. If you want to use the word much to show that someone has a large amount of something, you can add the word so before much. She has so much work to do. Remember, we can't use much with countable nouns. 38. 8.2 Some/Any: Do you have any questions about this course? Well, today, I have some important information for you. In this lesson, you are going to learn how to use S and any. These words have similar meanings, but they are used in different situations. Let's first talk about their meanings, and then we will look at some examples. S means a number or amount of something. When using sum, the number or amount is not clear. We don't know the exact number. Any means one or more of something. Again, the exact number is not important. Now, normally, these words need to be used with plural nouns or uncountable nouns. For example, at the start of the lesson, I said, any questions. Questions is a plural noun. I also said some information. Information is an uncountable noun. For both of these sentences, the exact amount or exact number is not known and it's not important. Hi, excuse me. Do you have any tomatoes? Yes, we do have some tomatoes. So in this example, the person shopping doesn't care about the exact number of tomatoes. It's not important. The shopper just wants to know if the shop owner has one or more than one tomato because the shopper wants to buy some tomatoes. This example showed us the first rule of using some and any. We normally use any in questions. Do you have any tomatoes? We normally use some when we say yes to an any question. Yes, we have some tomatoes. We cannot say, yes, we have any tomatoes. This is wrong. Let's pretend the shop owner had zero tomatoes. How could he answer the question? He could say, we don't have any tomatoes. We normally use any when we want to say no to a question with any. Do you have any tomatoes? No, we don't have any tomatoes. Let's look at one more example. Do you have any friends in Australia? No, I don't have any friends in Australia. I do. Yes, I have some friends in Australia. So remember, if someone asks you a question with any and you have one or more of that thing, you can say, Yes, I have some. But if someone asks you a question with any and you have zero of that thing, then you say, No, I don't have any Now, there are some exceptions to the rules. The two main exceptions are if you are offering something to someone, use some. For example, would you like some drinks? If you are asking someone to give something to you, use some. Can I have some apples? But if you say, do you have any apples, that just means you want to know if that person has one or more apples. Any can also mean it doesn't matter which one. For example, I am so hungry. I would eat any cake there. This means I don't care which cake I eat. It doesn't matter which cake I eat. Every cake is okay for me to eat. 39. 8.3 How Much/How Many: How much or how many? These are questions we use when we want to know the quantity, the amount, or the price of something. Let's look at how much first. We use how much with uncountable nouns to ask for the quantity or amount of something. How much water do you have? How much money did you spend yesterday? How much milk do you put in your tea? In all of these sentences, the subject is an uncountable noun. How much is also used to ask for the price of something? When we're using how much to ask for the price, we can use countable nouns and uncountable nouns. How much is that table? How much are those shoes? How much did it cost? Now let's talk about how many. How many is only used with plural nouns. We use how many to ask for the number of something or the quantity of something. How many dogs do you have? How many times per week do you study English? How many pieces of cake did you eat? Do not say how many car do you have. Remember, how many plus a plural noun? How many cars do you have? Please note that sometimes you don't need a noun when asking a how much or a how many question. I need some sugar. How much do you need? We don't need to use sugar in the second question because both of the speakers know that they are talking about sugar. 40. 8.4 Each/Every: Each and every are very similar, but there is a small difference in the meaning. Let me show you what the difference is. I want to meet every person. I want to meet each person. The meaning of those two sentences is the same. You want to meet all of the people in the room. But the small difference here is that each talks about one individual person or object. Every talks about a group of people or a group of objects. Think about each like this. And every like this. 41. 9.1 What Are Pronons And How To Use Them: John is going to Canada next week because John has family in Canada. John doesn't like flying because John is scared of heights. This story is very boring if I just keep saying, John, John, John, right? That's why we use pronouns. Pronouns are words that we can use to replace nouns. We use pronouns instead of nouns. Instead of always saying John, which is a noun, I can say he. John is going to Canada next week because he has family in Canada. John doesn't like flying because he is scared of heights. There are many different pronouns in English, like he, she, him, and her. In the next few videos, you are going to learn all about the different types of pronouns and when to use them. 42. 9.2 First Person, Second Person And Third Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd): In English grammar, you will often hear the terms first person, second person and third person. In this lesson, I'm going to show you what these terms mean. I am talking to you about him. In this example, you can see that first person means when the speaker is talking about himself or herself. For example, using words like I and me. Second person means when the speaker is talking about the person or people he is speaking to. For example, using words like you. Third person means when the speaker is talking about everybody else. For example, using words like he, she, and it. That is the very basics of first person, second person and third person. Here is another way to think about it. First person, second person and third person. 43. 9.3 Subject And Object Pronouns: Fred likes watching TV. Who is the subject in this sentence? Fred is the subject because Fred is doing the action. What or who is the object in this sentence? The TV is the object because the TV is receiving the action. In this lesson, you are going to learn the basic pronouns that you can use to replace subjects and objects. Let's talk about subject pronouns first. When you are the subject, use I I like cats. When I or the person you are speaking to is the subject, use. You like cats. When you are talking about a male in the third person, use he. He likes cats. When you are talking about a female in the third person, use she. She likes cats. When you are talking about a thing, use it. I likes cats. When you are talking about yourself and another person, use we. We like cats. When you are talking to two or more people use you. You like cats. When you are talking about two or more than two people in the third person, use the. They like cats. Now let's talk about object pronouns. If you are the object, use me. The teacher likes me. I I am the object or someone you are speaking to is the object, use you. The teacher likes you. When you are talking about a male in the third person, use him. The teacher likes him. A female in the third person, use her. The teacher likes her. When you're talking about a thing as the object, use it. The teacher likes it. When you're talking about yourself and another person or people as the object, use us. The teacher likes us. If you are talking to two or more people, use you. The teacher likes you. And finally, if you're talking about two or more people in the third person, use them. The teacher likes them. They are the main subject and object pronouns in English. When using pronouns, it's always very important to think if you're talking about the subject or the object. For example, if you're talking about the subject, use he. If you're talking about the object, use him. Here are some more examples to show you how pronouns are used. 44. 9.4 Relative Pronouns: Now, sometimes you might have two sentences or two parts of a sentence that you want to connect together. The woman came to the door. The woman left a package for you. How can we join these sentences together by adding just one word? We can use the word who the woman who came to the door left a package for you. When we use the word who in this sentence, it's not asking a question. Who is talking about the woman. This sentence is much easier to read, and it's more interesting to read instead of saying woman twice. The word who in this sentence is a relative pronoun. In very simple terms, a relative pronoun is a word which introduces one part of a sentence and connects it to another part of a sentence. There are nine main relative pronouns in English. Who is used to talk about a person? Which is the verbs subject? Greg, who is a painter is my friend. Whom Whom is used to talk about a person, which is the verbs object? This is John, whom you met at the party. Whose Whose is used to talk about possession? The man whose car is parked there needs to move it now. Which is used to talk about an animal or thing? My dog, which recently had surgery is feeling better now. What? What is used to talk about a non living thing? Is that what you saw last night? That that is used to talk about a person, an animal or a thing. The phone that he got is new. Why? Why is used to talk about a reason? Do you know the reason why the bank is closed? When is used to talk about time? The day when you arrive will have sunny weather. Where is used to talk about places? There is the restaurant where I had my birthday dinner last year. They are the main relative pronouns in English. Remember, relative pronouns are used to talk about the subject or the object of a sentence. 45. 9.5 Indefinite Pronouns: He has everything in his bedroom. Do we know what he has in his bedroom? No, we don't. Everything is an indefinite pronoun. Indefinite pronouns are used to talk about things and people that are not specific. When using indefinite pronouns, it may not be exactly clear what the speaker is talking about. For example, each of the players is feeling sick. Do we know which players? No, it's not clear. Indefinite pronouns can either be single or they can be plural. When using a singular indefinite pronoun, use a singular verb. When you're using a pleural indefinite pronoun, use a plural verb. Now I'm going to show you ten common indefinite pronouns with their meanings and example sentences. Another singular. Another means one more person or thing. Can I have another drink? Anybody or anyone. Singular. Anybody and anyone mean any person or people. I haven't told anyone anything. Singular. Anything means anything, event, act, situation, or object. Have you eaten anything? Everybody or everyone. Singular. Everybody and everyone mean every person or all people. Everybody thinks differently. Nobody or no one. Singular. Nobody and no one mean no person. Nobody would eat that. Singular. Other means a different person or thing from the thing or person which has already been talked about. I want to try the other drink. Nothing. Singular. Nothing means, not one thing. It means zero things. He has nothing in his bank account. Somebody or some one. Singular. Somebody or some one means a person, one person. Can somebody help me? Something. Singular. Something means a thing, one thing. I just heard something. Several plural, several means more than two, but not many. Several people left the company. 46. 9.6 Demonstrative Pronouns: This lesson, you are going to learn about demonstrative pronouns. Do you want to know the good news? The good news is you have already learned about demonstrative pronouns. Do you remember this, this, that these, this that these those. We use this for one thing that is close, that for one thing that is far and we cannot touch it. These for two or more things that are close, those for two or more things that are far that we cannot touch. This, that, those, and these are demonstrative pronouns. These words are used to point things out. 47. 9.7 Possessive Pronouns: This phone is my phone. Is this sentence correct? Yes, it's correct, but we can make it sound better and more natural if we use a possessive pronoun. Instead of saying this phone is my phone, we can say this phone is mine. Mine is a possessive pronoun. We use possessive pronouns to replace possessive adjectives plus a noun. Mi is a possessive adjective, and phone is a noun. Let's have a look at some more examples of how to use possessive pronouns. The book is yours. The book is his. The book is hers. Don't say the book is her. If you say the book is her, that means you are saying she is a book. The book is hers. The book is ours. The book is yours. The book is theirs. They are the main possessive pronouns in English. Remember, when you're using a possessive pronoun, you don't need to put a noun after the possessive pronoun. For example, the phone is mine phone. Note, the phone is mine. Yes, mine means M plus a noun. 48. 9.8 QUICK TIP - Do This If You Don't Know Which Pronoun To Use: When you're using pronouns, if you're not sure whether to use he or him or she or her, just do this. Look at the sentence and think about is the person doing the action or are they receiving the action? Julie loves to make cakes. Who is doing the action here? Julie is. That means Julie is the subject, and the subject pronoun for a woman is she. That's better, isn't it? Another example, Julie loves going walking with Fred. Is Fred doing an action here? No, he is receiving the action of Julie loving going walking with Fred. That means Fred is the object and the object pronoun for a male is him. That's better, isn't it? 49. 9.9 Reflexive Pronouns: Okay, I am ready to film. I just looked at me in the mirror. In this lesson, you're going to learn about reflexive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns are used to replace the object of a sentence when the subject and the object are the same thing or the same person. I just looked at me in the mirror. Let's look at why this sentence is wrong. Who is the subject of the sentence? Shane is. Who is the object of the sentence? Shane is Shane is the subject and the object. This means the subject and the object are the same person. When this happens and you want to use a pronoun for the object, you need to use a reflexive pronoun. The reflexive pronoun for I is myself. I just looked at myself in the mirror. Now let's look at some other reflexive pronouns. You can drive yourself to school today. He baked a cake himself. Julie does everything herself because she doesn't trust him. That car is in the car park all by itself. We will make dinner ourselves. You kids are too young to go out by yourselves. The people made the sign themselves. They are the main reflexive pronouns in English. Remember, when the subject and the object are the same person or thing and you want to use a pronoun for the object, you need to use a reflexive pronoun. 50. 10.1 What Are Verbs And How To Use Them: Fred is walking. What does the word walking do in this sentence? It tells us what Fred is doing. That's exactly what a verb is. A verb tells us what the subject is doing. It tells us what is happening in the sentence. Verbs are very important in English, because when you're telling a story or trying to explain something, you need to use a verb to show the meaning. There are many different types of verbs in English. The main type is an action verb. An action verb shows us what the subject is doing, but there are other types of verbs which show us what the subject is feeling or what the subject is thinking. If you remember from one of the first videos in this course, verbs normally come after the subject of a sentence. Let's look at two examples. We went to the market. In this sentence, we is the subject. Went is the verb and comes after the subject. Gary eats dinner very quickly. Again, the verb comes after the subject in this sentence. Gary is the subject and Eats is the verb. In this section, you are going to learn about the different types of verbs and the different forms of verbs. Before you go on to the next lesson, here are ten verbs to get you started. 51. 10.2 Forms Of Verbs: Eat to eat, Eats eight eaten, eating. What is the difference between all of these words? These words are different forms of verbs in English. Each word is used to show something different in a sentence. For example, the word eight is a past tense verb. When using the word eight, this means some one or something ate something in the past. Now let's look at the six main forms of verbs in English. The first form is the base verb. The base verb has not been changed at all and has nothing in front of it and nothing behind it. Please note, a base verb is sometimes called verb one or a present tense verb. Eat. The second form is the infinitive. The infinitive form is very easy to make. Simply add two before the base verb to eat. The third form is the third person singular. This form is normally made by adding S or ES to a verb. Eats. The fourth form is the past tense form. A past tense verb is sometimes called verb two. Eight, the fifth form is the past participle. A past participle is sometimes called verb three, eaten. The sixth form is the present participle. A present participle can sometimes be called a verb ING because it's made by adding ING to the end of the verb. Eating. They are the main forms of verbs in English. Don't worry if you think it's a lot to remember because it's really not. A lot of the time, you can simply change the form of a verb by adding two or S. Now let's have a look at some more examples. Walk. To walk walks, walked, walked walking No, to know, knows Kw, known, knowing, feel to feel, feels, felt, felt, feeling, sleep. To sleep sleeps, slept, slept, sleeping. For the rest of this course, I will call base verbs verb one. Eat. I will call past verbs, verb two, eight. I will call past participles verb three. Eaten. So remember, verb one is the base verb. Verb two is a passed verb and verb three is a past participle. A past participle is a type of verb which is used to make perfect and passive tenses, which we will look at later in the course. Verb ones, which can be changed to verb two, a past tense verb, simply by adding D or ED are called regular verbs. Walk. Walked. We simply add ED to walk to make it verb two. Here are some common regular verbs. Verb ones, which have to be changed completely to make a verb two are called irregular verbs. Eat verb one, eight, verb two. To make eight, we have to completely change the word eat. Here are some common examples of irregular verbs. 52. 10.3 Infinitive Verbs (To Be Or Not To Be): This lesson, you are going to learn how to use infinitive verbs. Infinitive verbs are two plus verb one to eat, to run, to see. When using infinitive verbs, you don't have to change the verb to a verb two or a verb three. To eight, no. To run no. To saw? No. Now, there are five main uses of infinitives in English. Infinitives can be used as the subject of a sentence. To sleep before 11:00 P.M. Is good for your health. In this sentence, to sleep is the subject. To sleep is not actually functioning as a verb, it's acting as the subject of the sentence. Infinitives can be used to describe something you are planning to do. He will try to clean the house before his mum gets home. Here we are saying what he plans to do. Infinitives can be used as an object or after an object. Try to sleep a little bit more. In this sentence, the object of try is to sleep. It's receiving the trying. After an adjective. Your boss is very nice to spend $50 on your birthday present. Here we are giving more information about the adjective, which is nice, giving reasons. I will meet Fred at 5:00 P.M. To give him his money. In this sentence, we have used to give to show why I am meeting Fred. They are the main uses of infinitives. Now, there are two important things to remember. One, we don't change the verb in an infinitive to verb two or verb three. Two, the main uses of infinitives are to be the subject or object of the sentence or to give extra information or a reason. 53. 10.4 Action And Stative Verbs: The kangaroo jumped across the screen. Now, in this sentence, the verb is jumped, right? Did the kangaroo do anything? Yes, it did. I jumped. Jumped is what we call an action verb or a dynamic verb. An action verb describes an action or process done by the subject. An action verb can be done physically with the body or mentally with the mind or brain. What did you learn at school today? We learned how to use verbs. Learning is a process. It's something you do with your mind or your brain. That's why learn is also an action verb. Action verbs normally have a start time, and they have a finish time. Now let's have a look at some common examples of action verbs. I love grammar. Oh, really? You love grammar? I love grammar, too. I love grammar. Is the subject of the sentence doing anything? Is he taking any action? No, he's not doing anything and he's not taking any action. He is just feeling something. Love is a stative verb. A staative verb describes a state of being. A state of being can mean your thoughts, emotions and feelings. It also includes what you are. Stative verbs normally talk about things that are permanent which don't change. This student understands what I said. Understanding something is not something you do. Understanding is a feeling. You feel like you understand it. That's why understand is also a staative verb. Stative verbs are normally things that don't have a start time and a finish time. For example, let's pretend you like Ice cream. You don't normally stop liking something. It's not something that finishes. Please note that sative verbs normally can't be used with continuous tensors, but you will learn more about that later in the course when we talk about tensors. Now let's have a look at some common stative verbs. Remember, action verbs mean that someone or something is doing something or there is a process that is happening. Stay two verbs are not talking about a physical action or a mental process. They are talking about something that just is. 54. 10.5 Transitive And Intransitive Verbs: It's about to start. So you look like you like going to the gym and being active. Yeah, you're right. I like, cool. Cool. But wait. You like what? I like. You like what? I like. You like what? Wow. He's got an anger problem. I like. This sentence is wrong because like does not have an object. Like is a transitive verb. A transitive verb is a verb which requires an object. It needs an object to be complete. The sentence here I like is not 100% complete. To complete the sentence, we need an object. Let's use the object it. That's better. Now the sentence is 100% complete. Now it makes sense. Here is a list of some common examples of transitive verbs. Dog ran. Is this sentence okay? Does it make sense? Is it complete? Yes, it is. We know that the dog ran. We don't need any more information. This sentence does not need an object because RN is an in transitive verb. An intransitive verb is a verb which does not need an object. You can even make one word sentences using intransitive verbs. Remember we talked about imperative sentences at the start of the course. These are sentences where the speaker tells someone or something what to do. Run. Go, eat. Here is a list of some common intransitive verbs with example sentences. In summary, transitive verbs need an object. In transitive verbs, don't need an object. If you're not sure whether your sentence needs an object or not, look at the sentence with no object and see if it makes sense. For example, if you see the sentence I like, do you know what the person likes? No. So that means the sentence is not complete. It doesn't make sense, and it needs an object. 55. 10.6 Gerunds: Walking, swimming, reading, eating, sleeping. Are these words Geron's or are they present participants? Well, they can be both, but in this lesson, we are talking about Gerns. A gernd is a verb which functions as a noun. A gernd is verb one plus ING when using a Gerend in a sentence, you can put the gernd where a noun would normally go. This is very important, so I want to say it one more time. A gern functions as a noun. A gernd may look like a verb, but when you use Gerns in a sentence, they are nouns. There are four main uses of Gerns. We can use ns as the subject or the object of a sentence. Swimming is my favorite activity. Here, swimming is the subject. I like swimming. Here, swimming is the object. The second rule of using ns is that we can use gns after the verb to be. Her favorite hobby is making cakes. A hobby is a thing, right? That's why we need to use a Gernd because a Gernd functions as a noun. It's a thing. His biggest fear is driving on busy roads. Again, a fear is a thing. That means we need to use a errand. The third rule for using gns is that we use ns after prepositions. We will talk about prepositions later in the course, but for now, prepositions are words like on at in. Chairs are used for sitting. We are describing the use of chairs. A use is a thing, so that means we need a gernd. I'm tired of arguing with my friend. We are saying what we are tired of. We are saying the thing that we are tired of. That's why we need a gernd. The fourth and final rule for using ns is that we normally use gns after phrasal verbs. You will learn about phrasal verbs later in this section. But for now, phrasal verbs are words like turn on and put off. We had to put off starting the meeting until 2:00 P.M. The children will grow up thinking that junk food is healthy. In these two sentences, we are talking about the action, which is a thing. That's why we use a Gerend not a verb. They are the four main uses of Gerns. Remember, gns act as a noun. If your sentence is talking about a thing, then you might need to use a gin. 56. 10.7 Verb Conjugation: Verb conjugation. What? Verb conjugation is not difficult. I know a lot of students think that verb conjugation is this difficult and scary thing, but it's not. Verb conjugation is changing the form of a verb to show a different person tense, number, or feeling. In the sections about tenses, you are going to learn which verb to use in which sentence. But just quickly, I want to give you a quick example of verb conjugation. I eat present simple tense. I am eating, present continuous tense. I have eaten present perfect tense. This is an example of verb conjugation. We have changed the verb in each sentence because each sentence is a different tense. As I said, you will learn about which verbs to use in which sentences later in the course, so don't think about it too much now. I just wanted to quickly show you what verb conjugation is. 57. 10.8 Main And Auxiliary Verbs: I am teaching you English. There are two verbs in this sentence. What are they? A is a verb. Teaching is a verb, but these verbs do different things in this sentence. Am is an auxiliary verb, and teaching is a main verb. Let's quickly talk about main verbs first. Main verbs tell us what the subject is doing. If I just say, I teaching you English, this sentence makes sense. It tells us what the subject is doing, but the sentence is not grammatically correct because there is no auxiliary verb in the sentence. A lot of the time, main verbs are used alone in a sentence and they don't need an auxiliary verb. Here are some examples of some main verbs in English. Now let's talk about auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary verbs are normally used to make a specific tense in English and are sometimes called helper verbs. These verbs are used with a main verb to help complete the sentence. If we don't use auxiliary verbs, then the sentence won't be complete. The main auxiliary verbs in English are B, D, and have. I am teaching you English. In this sentence, A is used as an auxiliary verb to make the present continuous tense. The present continuous tense is normally used to show what someone or something is doing right now. Do you want to learn grammar? You do? Okay, good. In this sentence, D is used as an auxiliary verb to make a question. If we just say, you want to learn grammar, that's not correct. They have eaten at that Chinese restaurant before. In this sentence, H is an auxiliary verb, and it helps to make the present perfect tense, which is normally used to talk about experiences. Again, if we don't use the auxiliary or helper verb and just say, they eaten at that restaurant before, the sentence is not grammatically correct. Auxiliary verbs can sometimes be used as the main verb of a sentence. I am a teacher. She does yoga. He has a dog. In these examples, it's clear that the words A does and are being used as the main verb because there are no other verbs in the sentence. I think he likes learning grammar, too. 58. 10.9 QUICK TIP - If You Can't Remember Which Verb To Use, Just Do This!: Do if you don't know how to remember which verb to use in English, just do this. Practice. For example, later on in the course, you will learn that normally, after the word have, you need to use a verb three, a past participle. So what you can do is practice saying have and then a verb three, have eaten, have seen, have read, have eaten, have seen, have read, do this hundreds of times and you will never forget. 59. 10.10 Modal Verbs: I swim every Wednesday. I can swim every Wednesday. What is the difference between these two sentences? The first sentence is saying, This is what happens. On every Wednesday, the speaker goes swimming. But with the second sentence, the speaker has used the modal verb can. That means the speaker does not go swimming every Wednesday, but the speaker is saying it is possible. In this lesson, you are going to learn the basics of modal verbs in English. Modal verbs are verbs which are used to show possibility, intent, ability, or necessity. The most common modal verbs in English, C, C, may, might, must, shall, should Will and wood. Modal verbs are different to normal verbs, and there are three rules you need to know. One, modal verbs don't need an S when making the third person singular. He can swim? No. He can swim? Yes. Two, you can make questions with modal verbs by swapping the modal verb and the subject. She will get a drink. Statement, will she get a drink? Question three, and this is one of the most important rules. After a modal verb, you don't need to use the word two. After modal verb, use verb one. She can to go? No, she can go. Yes. Please note that there are some exceptions. For example, able to have to and need to. These are exceptions because these phrases are modal verbs themselves. So remember, normally after modal verbs, do not use two. Use verb one. Okay, let's have a look at some basic uses of modal verbs. Let's pretend your brother always goes to sleep at 11:00 P.M. Now it's 11 30. You could say my brother should be asleep by now. You could also say my brother must be asleep by now. Should and must can be used to show when you think something is true, but you're not 100% sure. Let's pretend you see some clouds outside and you think it will rain. You could say it may rain today. It might rain today, or it could rain today. May might and could can be used when you think it's possible for something to happen in the future. Are you able to speak English? Yes, you are. You can say, I can speak English. Can is used to show when someone is able to do something. You can use cannot or can't to show that someone is unable to do something. You are at work and you want to leave early today. How can you ask for permission to do that? You can say, Could I leave early today? May I leave early today. Could and may can be used to politely ask for permission to do something. You went to a great restaurant last night, and you want to recommend that restaurant to a friend. You can say you should try that restaurant. Should is used when you want to recommend something but not command it. You went to a great restaurant last night and you want to command that your friend goes there to try it. You can say, you must try that restaurant. You have to try that restaurant. You need to try that restaurant. Must have to and need to can be used to command someone to do something. You asked your boss if you can go home early, and he said, You must finish the project first before you can go home. Must have to and need to can all be used to show obligation or something that is a requirement. If something is a requirement, that means you have no choice. The last main use of modal verbs is to talk about habits or things we did in the past. Normally, we use wood to talk about the past and will to talk about something that was true in the past, and will still be true in the future. When I lived there, I would always eat at that restaurant. Fred will always bring a lot of food. They are the basics of using modal verbs in English. Remember, normally, after a modal verb, you don't need two. 60. 10.11 Phrasal Verbs: Many students think that phrasal verbs are hard, but this is not true. By the end of this lesson, you will know what phrasal verbs are, how to use them, and I will show you ten common examples. A phrasal verb is a group of two or three words which always has a verb. A phrasal verb also has a preposition or an adverb. Sometimes a phrasal verb has a verb, an adverb, and a preposition. When you think of phrasal verbs, I want you to think of phrasal verbs just like normal verbs. Sometimes when you're using a verb, you need to change the form of the verb. This is the same when using phrasal verbs. I am calling off the meeting. Call off means to cancel. This is a present continuous sentence. I called off the meeting. This is a past simple sentence. You can see here that we have changed the form of the verb in the phrasal verb from calling to call. Some phrasal verbs need an object. Some phrasal verbs don't need an object, just like normal verbs. Hang up your jacket. This sentence has a phrasal verb which needs an object. I woke up. This sentence has a phrasal verb which doesn't need an object. Some phrasal verbs are separable. This means the verb and the other part of the phrasal verb do not have to stay together. The verb can be here, the other part of the phrasal verb can be here. For example, turn on means to make something work by clicking a button or pushing a button. The TV on. In this sentence, turn and on are separated. They are not next to each other in the sentence. Turn on the TV. In this sentence, turn and on are not separated. They are next to each other. Both sentences are correct. But if the object is a pronoun, the preposition or the adverb from the phrasal verb must go after the pronoun. Make can mean to create something. John makes it up. This is correct because the word up is after the pronoun. John makes up it. No, this is not correct because the word up is before the pronoun. Some phrasal verbs are in separable. This means the verb and the other part of the phrasal verb must stay together. A very common inseparable phrasal verb is come across. This phrasal verb must always stay together. Come across means to find something normally by chance or normally accidentally. I came across my keys when I was looking for the remote. Now, most phrasal verbs have a very different meaning than the verb that is actually in the phrasal verb. For example, the phrasal verb C two has nothing to do with seeing, watching or looking. The phrasal verb C to can mean to do something or to take responsibility for something. So remember, if you see a verb with another word and it doesn't really make sense, that might be a phrasal verb. Now I'm going to show you ten common phrasal verbs that you can use in your everyday life. Wake up. Wake up means to stop sleeping. What time do you wake up in the morning? Calm down. Calm down means to relax, normally after being angry or very excited. I know you're angry, but you need to calm down. Eat out. Eat out means to eat at a restaurant. We like to eat out once a week. Give up. Give up means to stop trying or to quit. Don't give up learning English. You're doing really well. Hang out. Hang out means to spend time relaxing. Do you want to hang out this weekend? Look for. Look for means to search for or to try to find something. I am looking for my keys. Put on. Put on means to wear clothes or accessories. Put your shoes on. Throw away. Throw away means to put something in the bin. Throw away that T shirt. It's old and dirty. Now the last two phrasal verbs have three words. They have a verb, they have a preposition, and they have an adverb. Look up to, look up to means to respect or to admire someone. He really looks up to his boss. Look forward to. Look forward to means to feel excited about something that will happen in the future. Do you look forward to the weekend? What is the best way to learn phrasal verbs? The best way is to do a lot of reading and a lot of listening. This will help you to see how native English speakers use phrasal verbs in real life English. 61. 11.1 What Are Adjectives And How To Use Them: Look at this car. How can we describe it? It's red, it's new, it's clean. Red new and clean are all adjectives. Adjectives are words which describe nouns, which are people, places, things, or ideas. Adjectives give us extra information about nouns. Sometimes adjectives can be used to describe pronouns. If we just say car, we don't know anything about the car. But if we use words like red, new and clean, we can have a picture of that car in our mind. There are two main ways you can use adjectives. You can put them before the noun that you are describing I see a red car. I see a clean car. You can also put them after the noun. The car is red. The car is clean. When putting adjectives after a noun, you normally need to use the verb to B, but we will talk more about the verb to B later in the course. Adjectives do not have a plural form. The car is red. The cars are red. In the first sentence, we are talking about one car. In the second sentence, we are talking about two or more cars. In both sentences, we use the same adjective, red. There are many different types of adjectives, which we will talk about in this section. But for now, here is a list of some common adjectives. 62. 11.2 Absolute, Comparative And Superlative Adjectives: Look at these three giraffes. Is Giraffe one tall? Yes. Is Giraffe two tall? Yes. Is Giraffe three tall? Yes. That means all the giraffes are tall, but Giraffe two is taller than Giraffe one. Giraffe three is taller than Giraffe two and one. We can say Giraffe one is tall. Giraffe two is taller than Giraffe one. Giraffe three is the tallest giraffe. Tall is an absolute adjective. T is a comparative adjective, and TLS is a superlative adjective. If you want to describe one thing or one person, use an absolute adjective. Absolute adjectives are adjectives which haven't been changed at all. My m is a good cook. The book is long. Good and long are absolute adjectives, and we use them here because we are talking about just one thing or one person. If you are comparing two things and showing how two things are different, use a comparative adjective. He is taller than her. My phone is bigger than yours. When comparing two things, you need to use the word then, not then, bigger than. Taller than. Look at this man here. He is very strong. No other man is more strong than he is. We can say he is the strongest man. When you are saying someone or something has the most of a certain quality, use a superlative adjective. Another example. This is the tallest building in the city. That means in the city, no other building is taller than this one. Here is another way to think about these different forms of adjectives, big, absolute adjective, bigger, comparative adjective, biggest, superlative adjective. You can see here that nothing is more big on the screen than the word biggest. It is number one on the scale of bigness. Now let's talk about how to make comparative adjectives and superlative adjectives. With most words, you simply add ER to the end of the adjective to make a comparative adjective, and you add EST to the end of the adjective to make a superlative adjective. Dark, darker, darkest, fast, faster, fastest. New newer, newest. Old, older, oldest, young, younger, youngest. Sometimes you need to completely change the word bad, worse worse. Good. Better, best, far farther, farthest. Sometimes you need to add more to make the comparative and most to make the superlative Important more important, most important, beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful. Recent, more recent, most recent. Delicious, more delicious, most delicious. Boring. More boring, most boring. In summary, if you are talking about just one thing, use an absolute adjective. He is tall. If you are talking about two things and comparing them, use a comparative adjective. A comparative adjective is normally made by adding ER after the adjective or more before the adjective. He is taller than her. If you want to say that a thing is or has the most of a certain quality, use a superlative adjective. These adjectives are normally made by adding EST to the end of the adjective or putting the word most before the adjective. He is the tallest boy. 63. 11.3 Types Of Adjectives (There Are Many!): There are many different types of adjectives in English. In this lesson, you are going to learn the main types with some example sentences. If you're ready, let's get started. Descriptive adjectives. Descriptive adjectives are used to say what something is like. Most adjectives in English are descriptive adjectives. The car is fast. Fast is describing the car. It is telling us what the car is like. Those people are hungry. Hungry is describing the people. Quantitative adjectives. These adjectives are used to say a number or quantity of something. We normally use quantitative adjectives when someone asks how much or how many. They have three dogs. How many dogs? Three. I have four liters of water. How much water? Four liters. Demonstrative adjectives. These adjectives are used to say which noun or subject you are talking about. Demonstrative adjectives include this, that, these, and those. Those people are nice. Which people, those people? That dog is his. Which dog that dog? Proper adjectives. Proper adjectives are proper nouns changed into adjectives. Remember that proper nouns are nouns which normally talk about specific things. Chinese food is delicious. I like American people. Possessive adjectives. Possessive adjectives show us who owns something and they are normally used before nouns. Here is a list of the main possessive adjectives for the main subjects in English. Also, please see the difference between possessive adjectives and pronouns. Possessive adjectives are used before a noun and possessive pronouns are used instead of a noun. This means possessive pronouns are not used with a noun. It's my book. It's your book. It's his book. It's her book. It's our book. It's your book. It's their book. Article adjectives. Articles A and there are used to help describe nouns. We will talk about articles in the next section of the course. The dogs are hungry. A piece of cake always makes me feel better. Indefinite adjectives. Indefinite adjectives tell us something about a noun, but they do not give us specific details or information. He gave her some cake. We don't know how much cake he gave to her. Several students came to class late. We don't know exactly how many students came late. Interrogative adjectives. Interrogative adjectives ask a question. We normally need to use them with a noun or a subject. Which cat do you like? Whose dog is that? Distributive adjectives. These adjectives are used to talk about specific members of a group as one person or one thing. The most common distributive adjectives are each, every either, and neither. Each person received a gift. Either jacket will look nice on you. Compound adjectives. Compound adjectives are made up of two or more words. Do you like fat free cheese? We are going on a three hour drive. They are the main types of adjectives in English. It's okay if you don't remember all the different types, but it's important to know that different types of adjectives do different things in a sentence. 64. 11.4 QUICK TIP - Do This If You Don't Know How To Make A Comparative Adjective: How do you know? If you don't know how to make a comparative adjective, just do this. Add the word more before the adjective. You are more hungry than I am. He is more tall than his girlfriend. But please only do this if you're not sure of how to make the correct comparative adjective. In some cases, adding the word more might not be correct grammar, but the person you are speaking to will understand you. And that is the most important thing when communicating in English, you want the other person to understand your meaning. 65. 11.5 Order Of Adjectives: This chair, it's comfortable, it's new, it's plastic. How can we put those three adjectives into one sentence? In this lesson, you are going to learn about the order of adjectives in English. Sometimes when you want to describe a noun, you may want to use more than just one adjective. When this happens, you need to know the order of adjectives in English. Normally, when making a sentence in English, which has two or more adjectives, this is the order. You need to put the adjectives in determinant. These are words like A N, the, this and that. Quantity. This is where you can say how many things you are talking about. You can use words like one, seven, many, few. Opinion. Here you can say what you think about something. You can use words like good, bad, beautiful, sad, important size. Here you can say how big or small something is. You can use words like big, small, tiny, little and long. Age. Here you can say how young or old something or someone is. You can use words like young, old, 10-year-old, modern, recent shape. Here you can describe the shape of the noun you are talking about. You can use words like triangular, flat, round, rectangular, color. Here you can talk about the color of the noun. You can use words like red, blue, pink, green, orange. Origin. Here you can say where something comes from. You can use words like American, Chinese, Mexican, Spanish, material. Here you can say what the noun is made of or from. You can use words like wooden, silk, metal, paper, gold, qualifier. Here you can say what the purpose of the noun is. You can use words like writing, sleeping, eating, and running. For example, writing paper. Now you know the order of adjectives in English. Here are some examples to show you how to make sentences in English when you want to use two or more adjectives. It's important to learn the order of adjectives, if you want to speak English like a native speaker, try to make lots of different sentences using different adjectives to practice. But please note that if you make a sentence in English and the adjectives are not in the correct order, that's okay. Don't worry. The person you are speaking to will still understand your meaning. 66. 12.1 What Are Articles And Why Do We Need Them?: She has a dog. She has the dog. What is the difference between these two sentences? She has a dog is not talking about a specific dog. A dog could mean any dog. We don't know which dog. She has the dog is talking about a specific dog. The dog means the speaker knows which dog and the listener knows which dog. A and the are called articles in English grammar. Articles are used in English grammar to modify and describe a noun. Articles are used before nouns and help to tell us which object the speaker is talking about. In English grammar, there are two types of articles. There are indefinite articles, and there are definite articles. The indefinite articles are A and A. Indefinite articles are used to talk about a non specific noun, which could be any noun. The definite article in English is the definite articles are used to talk about a specific noun when the speaker and the listener both know which noun is being talked about. Articles are very important in English grammar because they help to tell the listener which object the speaker is talking about. If we didn't use articles in English grammar, the listener may not know which object the speaker is talking about. For example, if you just say she has dog, the listener will not know which dog the speaker is talking about. Is it a specific dog or not a specific dog? We don't know. Not every noun needs an article. In the next few lessons, you will learn when to use indefinite articles, when to use definite articles, and when you don't even have to use any article at all. 67. 12.2 Indefinite Articles (A, An): In this lesson, you are going to learn when to use indefinite articles in English. The two indefinite articles in English, A and A. Let's look at the basics of these words first. Use A before a word which starts with a consonant sound, a dog, a house, a table. Please note that A can sometimes be pronounced as a dog, a house, a table. Use an before a word which starts with a vowel sound, an apple. An egg umbrella. Please note that AN can sometimes be pronounced as N. A and AN have the same meaning, but we just use them with different nouns. There are two important rules when using A and Anne A and AN can only be used with singular countable nouns. A and An are only talking about one noun. Let me say that again because it's very important. A and A can only be used with singular countable nouns. A and A are only talking about one object, a dog, an egg, eggs? No, eggs is a plural noun. It is more than one thing. And information? No. This is not correct because information is an uncountable noun. The second rule is that the general feeling of the words A and A are that these words are not talking about a specific thing or object. A and A are used when the speaker and the listener do not know which noun the speaker is talking about. A and A are used to talk about an object that could be any object. Let me give you an example. Hmm. I'm hungry. I want to eat a sandwich. Do you know which sandwich I want to eat? No. Do I know which sandwich I want to eat? No, I don't know which sandwich I want to eat. It could be any sandwich. That's why I used A in this sentence because the speaker doesn't know which sandwich and the listener doesn't know which sandwich. This is my friend, Emily. Emily just bought a new car. Do you know which car she bought? No. Is the specific car she bought important? No. That's why we use A here because the specific car is not important and the listener doesn't know which car she bought. A and A can also be used to talk about things that are always or normally true. A pen is used for writing. This is something that I think is true about all and any pens. An elephant is a very big animal. Again, this is something I think is always true about any and all elephants. They are the basics of how to use the indefinite articles A and N. There are two main points to remember. One, Use A and N with singular countable nouns. Two, when using A and A, the speaker and the listener, normally don't know which object the speaker is talking about. The object which the speaker is talking about is not specific. 68. 12.3 Definite Articles (The): In this lesson, you are going to learn when to use the definite article in English. The definite article in English is the. Let's talk about the basics of this word first. You can use the before a word, which starts with a consonant or a vowel sound. The apple? Yes. The dog? Yes. The umbrella? Yes. There are two important rules when using the. The first rule is that the can be used with any noun. Can the be used with countable and uncountable nouns? Yes, the tables, the information. Can it be used with singular and plural nouns? Yes, the bed, the beds. The second rule is that the is used to talk about a specific noun or object. When using the word the, the speaker and the listener, both know which object the speaker is talking about. Let me say that again because it's very important and I want you to understand the is used when the noun is known to both the speaker and the listener. Shane, the dishes need to be washed. The speaker has used the because I know which dishes, and she knows which dishes. I can see them. She can see them. They are right there. I want the student's pen. I can say, can I have the pen, please? I used the in this sentence because I know which pen, and the student knows which pen. I can see the pen, and the student can see the pen. Everyone knows which pen. We also use the when there is only one of something. For example, the sun, the moon. The library, the bank. We say the here with library and bank because there is normally only one of these things in a specific area. Sometimes you will use A when you first talk about something and then when you talk about that thing again, you can use the. I saw a movie last night. The movie was so boring, I fell asleep. He bought a new phone. He can't stop talking about how good the phone is. They are the basics of how to use the definite article there. There are two main important points to remember. One, you can use the with any article. You can use the with singular, plural, countable and uncountable nouns. Two, when using the speaker is talking about something specific, the is used to show that it's important that the speaker is talking about a specific noun. 69. 12.4 When Not To Use Articles (Zero Article): Now you know the basic rules for using indefinite articles and definite articles. Sometimes you don't need to use any article at all. This is called using the zero article. In this lesson, you will learn the basic rules for when you don't have to use an article in English grammar. The first rule is that you don't need an article when you are using a plural noun to talk about something in general. Something in general means something that you think is always usually or normally true. Dogs like to play outside. This sentence has a plural noun, and it's something I think is always true. Apples grow on trees. This sentence has a plural noun and is a general statement. It's something I think is always true. Let me explain it in a different way. Apples grow on trees. Am I talking about specific apples here? No, that's why we don't need to use the because the is talking about something specific. Am I talking about just one apple? No. So we can't use A here because A talks about just one thing. We can't use the and we can't use A. So that means we can use a zero article. The second rule is that you don't need an article before abstract nouns. Remember, abstract nouns are nouns that you normally can't touch. Education is important. Can you touch education? No, you can't. The third rule is that you don't need an article when talking about proper nouns. Brazil is a big country. We don't say the Brazil. I speak Spanish and French. We don't say the Spanish or the French. They are the three basic rules about using zero articles. Another thing I want to say is that if you're not sure whether you need to use an article 0R not, you can ask yourself, does using an article make sense here? For example, can I say he likes to play with a toys? No, I can't because a cannot be used with a plural noun. Can I say he likes to play with the toys? No, because I don't know which toys, and you don't know which toys. It's something that is not specific. That means in this situation, we don't need an article. He likes to play with toys. There are also some important exceptions that you need to know about. When talking about school work or class, you normally don't need to use an article. I am going to school. I study at university. I have to go to work now. In all of these sentences, we don't need an article. You also don't need to use articles when talking about sports. He plays tennis. I like swimming. She plays basketball every weekend. 70. 12.5 QUICK TIP - Do This If You Don't Know Which Article To Use: If you don't know which article to use in English, just do this. The first thing you need to ask yourself is, is the noun you want to use referring to a specific person, thing, place, or idea? If no, ask yourself, can you count the noun? If no, then you don't need to use an article. Please buy bread from the market. If you can count the noun, ask yourself, is the noun singular or plural? If the noun is plural, you don't need an article. Students need pens when they are at school. If the noun is not plural and it's singular, use A or N. Please get me a cup of water. Okay, now let's go back to the start. If the noun is referring to a specific person thing, place, or idea, then you need to ask yourself, is it the name of someone or something? If it's the name, then you don't need an article. Brazil. Mount Everest. If it's not a name of someone or something, then you need to use put the bag on the table. Save this flowchart and use it whenever you're not sure which article to use in English. Using this flow chart will be correct most of the time, but sometimes it may be incorrect because there are always exceptions to the rules in English grammar. 71. 13.1 What Are Adverbs?: Look at this turtle. The turtle is moving slowly. Slowly is an adverb. What does slowly do here in this sentence? It tells us how the turtle is moving. An adverb is a word which describes how an action is done. Adverbs are normally used to describe and give more information about verbs, but they can also be used with adjectives and other adverbs. They normally answer the question, how is it done or how often is it done? The dog runs quickly. How does the dog run? Quickly. The boy is playing happily in the park. How is he playing? Happily, as you can see in these sentences, most adverbs end in Y, but there are also many adjectives that don't end in Y. For example, more, adverbs can be put in different parts of a sentence. They can be placed at the start of a sentence in the middle of a sentence and at the end of a sentence. You'll learn all about this, the main types of adverbs and how to use them in this section. But for now, here is a list of common adverbs in English. 72. 13.2 How To Make Adverbs: Adverbs are normally made by adding Y to the end of an adjective. Quick adjective. Quick adverb. Careful adjective, carefully adverb. Beautiful, adjective, beautifully adverb. Some words are just adverbs. You don't need to add Y. Here are five examples. Well, always. Very more, and so. But please be careful because not all words that end in Y are adverbs. He is a friendly person. What is the word friendly describing here? Is it describing a noun or a verb? It's describing a noun. That means friendly is an adjective. Another example, she is a lovely girl. Lovely is describing the girl. That means lovely is also an adjective. 73. 13.3 Adverbs Of Time: There are five main types of adverbs in English. In this lesson, you are going to learn about adverbs of time. When are you watching this lesson? You are watching this lesson now. Now is an adverb of time. Adverbs of time tell us when or for how long a certain action happened. You are watching this lesson now. The word now tells us when the action is happening. Another example, I'm going to edit this video tomorrow. As you can see, adverbs of time normally go at the end of a sentence. I am so tired. I just got home. I was at my grandmother's house all day. All day is also an adverb of time. It tells us how long something happened for. The baby was crying for hours. 4 hours tells us how long the action happened for. And again, you can see with these two sentences that adverbs of time normally go at the end of a sentence. Now, there is one main exception to this rule. The word still is an adverb of time because it is talking about something that is continuing to happen. When using the word still, it is normally not put at the end of a sentence. It is normally put before the auxiliary or main verb. I am still writing my essay. The parents still have not heard any news. They are the basic rules for adverbs of time. Here are some more examples of adverbs of time and some example sentences. 74. 13.4 Adverbs Of Frequency: You sometimes study English? Do you often study English? Do you always study English? I hope you said you always study English. In this lesson, you are going to learn about adverbs of frequency. Always is an adverb of frequency. Adverbs of frequency tell us how often a certain action happens. When using adverbs of frequency, there are a few rules about where to place these words in a sentence. Adverbs of frequency normally go before the main verb. He normally goes to the gym on the weekend. Fred sometimes drinks T, but when using the verb to B, the adverb of frequency goes after the verb to B. She is usually late. They are never happy with their exam results. When asking questions, the adverb normally comes before the main verb. Do you usually get up late? Does he normally eat so much? When using adverbs of frequency, they are normally used with the present simple tense because the present simple tense is often used to talk about habits and routines. You will learn about the present simple tense later in the course. Now, there are many different adverbs of frequency, and they are used in different situations to show how often something happens. There are also some other adverbs called adverbs of definite frequency. These are adverbs which tell us exactly how often something happens. They include words like every day, twice a week. Monthly. When you're using adverbs of definite frequency, they are normally put at the end of a sentence. The news is released daily. They go out to dinner twice a week. They are the basic rules for adverbs of frequency. Ask yourself some questions about your routine and use some of the words that you learn today like sometimes, always and usually. 75. 13.5 Adverbs Of Manner: It's possible to walk at this speed. It's possible to walk at this speed. The first man walked slowly. The second man walked quickly. Slowly and quickly are adverbs of manner. Adverbs of manner are used to show how something happens or how something is done. For example, did it happen quickly or slowly? Here is a list of some common adverbs of manner in English. When using adverbs of manner, there are a few rules that you need to know about where to put these words in a sentence. One, if there is a verb and a direct object, use the adverb before the verb. He quickly ate his lunch. They unfortunately missed the bus. Two, if there is no object, use the adverb after the verb. It landed quietly. She sleeps silently. Three, if the verbs object has a preposition, use the adverb before the preposition. They waited patiently until 5:00 P.M. John walked quickly to get to the bus stop on time. They are the basic rules for using adverbs of manner in English. When you're doing things in your life, try to describe how you're doing them. For example, are you walking quickly or are you walking slowly? 76. 13.6 Adverbs Of Degree: It's extremely hot today. Extremely is an adverb of degree. If I just say it's hot today, the thermometer might only go up to about here. The word extremely helps me to tell you how hot it is. An adverb of degree is an adverb which tells us how much or how little of something there is. It can also tell us how strong or weak something is like a feeling. When using adverbs of degree, they are normally placed before what they are describing. They have almost finished studying. This means they are close to finishing. He drove very fast. In this sentence, we are talking about how fast he drove. Don't say this is enough spicy. This is an exception. When you are using the adverb enough, you normally put it after the adjective or adverb that you are describing. This is spicy enough. Another common adverb of degree is two, TO. To means more than is enough or more than is needed. Do you remember at the start of this lesson, I told you it was extremely hot. I was too hot. It was more heat than I needed. It was more than enough. Another example could also be the clothes are too big. Very is also another adverb of degree. Very is used before a noun or an adjective to make it stronger. For example, the dog is cute is here, the dog is very cute is up here. The homework was hard is here. The homework was very hard, is up here. They are the basics of how to use adverbs of degree. In the next lesson, you will learn about the last type of adverb, adverbs of place. 77. 13.7 Adverbs Of Place: Hey, excuse me. Can you put that book here? Thank you very much. Here is an adverb of place. Adverbs of place tell us where things happen. These adverbs help to answer the question where? Hmm. I want to learn a new language. I'm going back to school. The word back is an adverb of place. It helps to show us where something will happen. In the past, I went to school. Now I am going back to school. Adverbs of place are normally placed after the sentences object or main verb. They built a house nearby. Nearby talks about distance. Take the child outside. Outside talks about the direction to take the child. He walked around the park. Around also shows us the direction he walked. A lot of adverbs of place can also be used as prepositions, which you will learn about in the next section of this course. He turned over and fell asleep. In this sentence, O is an adverb because it's describing the noun and it helps to tell us in which direction he turned. Another example, there is a light over my bed. In this sentence, the word O is a preposition because it connects light and bed. It is not describing the verb. 78. 13.8 QUICK TIP - Do This If You Don't Know If A Word Is An Adverb: If you don't know if a word is an adverb or not, just do this. Ask yourself, what is the function of this word? Is it giving more information about a verb? If it is, then it's probably an adverb. His house is homely. Maybe you don't know what the word homely means, but that doesn't matter. You can still know if homely is an adverb or not. Is homely describing a verb? No. Is it describing a noun? Yes. That means the word homely in this sentence is an adjective. By the way, homely means a home or house which makes you feel comfortable and relaxed. Another example, he lives nearby. Is the word nearby describing a verb? Is it telling you anything about the verb? Yes, it is. It's telling you more information about where he lives. That means nearby is an adverb. Easy, right? 79. 14.1 What Are Prepositions And Why Are They Important: Ghosts. Be careful. Where? Behind you. It's very lucky we have prepositions in English. If we didn't, something different might have happened. Ghosts. Be careful. Where? I can't say. There are no prepositions in English. Prepositions are important little words in English. Some examples include in at, on, under and over. Prepositions show the relationship between one word and another word. For example, prepositions can be used to show where one noun is in relation to another noun. If we didn't have prepositions in English, many sentences wouldn't make sense. Your jacket is the car. This sentence is missing the word in. If we don't use the word in, this sentence is saying that your jacket is a car. The sentence also doesn't make sense because we don't know where the jacket is. Is it on the car? In the car. Next to the car. But if we add the preposition in, now the sentence makes sense. Your jacket is in the car. 80. 14.2 Types Of Prepositions: In this lesson, I'm going to show you the different types of prepositions in English. There are five main types. One, simple prepositions. These are words like in at, on, for, and off. Simple prepositions are normally used to talk about time, place, and location. He is sitting on the bed. The child is under the table. The car is parked at the beach. To double prepositions. These are two simple prepositions which are used together. For example, into onto and out of the monkey climbed onto the wall. Have you been into that building? Walk out of the train station. Three, compound prepositions. These are made up of a simple preposition and another word. In between, next to outside. Your car is in between the blue car and the red car. He just went outside. McDonald's is next to that restaurant. For participal prepositions. These prepositions normally end in ING, EN or ED. For example, regarding given considering these words are used more in formal and advanced English, so don't worry about them too much right now. Regarding the meeting, I think we should continue. According to the weather, it will rain. Five, phrase prepositions. These are a group of words which normally contain a preposition, it's object, and another word which modifies the object. For example, on time in the train on the floor, he arrived on time. She is sitting in the train. I see something on the floor. These are the main types of prepositions in English grammar. When you're speaking English in your daily life, you don't need to think about these prepositions. But if you want to understand English grammar really well, then you need to know. 81. 14.3 Prepositions Of TIme (In, At, On): My birthday is in January. I go to sleep at 11:00 P.M. I go to the gym on Mondays, in at on. These words are called prepositions of time. Prepositions of time are words that are needed when talking about a time, amount of time, a day of the week, a month, a year, or a specific date. My birthday is in January. Use in when talking about months of the year. Summer is in December. He was born in 1990. She started learning English in 2015 use in when talking about years. The lesson will finish in a few minutes. I'm going on holiday in five weeks. Use in with a duration of time. A duration of time means an amount of time. 10 minutes, five weeks, three years. A duration of time is something that you can measure. In the future, I want to be a millionaire. In the past, I was a student. You can also use in with the words past, present, and future. When talking about specific parts of the day, you can also use in in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening. But please note we say at night. Now let's talk about how to use at. I go to sleep at 11:00 P.M. He has dinner at 7:00. What do you like to do at noon? 11:00 P.M. 7:00 and noon are all specific times. This is the main use of at. Use at with specific times. Do not use at with a duration of time. I start school at 10 minutes. Use at with a specific time. I start school at 9:00 A.M. Here are some other ways you can use at at bedtime at dinnertime at the moment at night at Christmas. Christmas is a specific time. Now let's talk about on. Christmas is on 25 December. I'm going to the gym on Monday. I like to get many presents on my birthday. On is used with specific dates or specific days. 25 December is a specific date. Monday and my birthday are specific days. They are the most important rules for using the prepositions of time in at and on. Practice making some sentences using these words, and in the next lesson, you will learn about prepositions of place. 82. 14.4 Prepositions Of Place: Is the book on or over the table. On and over are prepositions of place. Prepositions of place help to tell us where something is in relation to something else. There is a book on the table. There is some water in the glass. There is a plane above the house. Our apartment is below theirs. She has a blanket over her. A small river runs under the bridge. The man is in front of the car. The woman is behind the car. There is a dog beside the cat. There is a dog next to the cat. There is a tree in between the two houses. The dog is to the right of the house, the cat is to the left of the house. Now let's talk about how to use in at and on. At is normally used to talk about a specific point. She is at the bus stop. He is at the door. Here you can see the specific point as to where these people are. We normally use in to talk about an enclosed space. An enclosed space can be something that has walls and a ceiling. But it can be also something like a country which has borders. He is in France. France has borders around it, so it's enclosed. They are in the building. The building has walls, so it is enclosed. Please note that we use in with cars, taxis, trucks. I'm in the car. I'm in the taxi. I'm in the truck. Use on with trains, buses and planes. I'm on the train. I'm on the bus. I'm on the plane. And finally, we normally use on to show that something is stuck to a surface. That could be a door, a wall, or even a floor. There is a clock on the wall. There is a note on the door. There is carpet on the floor. They are the basics of how to use prepositions of place. When using prepositions of place, try to feel the meaning of these words. For example, the helicopter is above the house. 83. 14.5 Prepositions Of Direction And Movement: Prepositions of direction and movement help to show us in which direction or in which way something is going or coming. For example, the word toward means in the direction of my hand is moving toward the camera. In this lesson, you are going to learn the meanings of the main prepositions of direction and movement in English, across across the road, around, around the box, through through the tunnel, toward toward the house, away away from the house, up, up the stairs down, down the stairs, under under the wall. Over, over the wall, past past the school, into the piggy bank, out of the piggy bank, onto the table, off off the table. Now you know how to use the basic prepositions of direction. Whenever you use these words or whenever you hear these words, try to feel their meaning. For example, up the stairs and down the stairs. 84. 14.6 QUICK TIP - Do This If You Don't Know Whether To Use 'In' Or 'At': If you don't know whether to use in or at to talk about your location, just do this. Ask yourself, is the place where I am enclosed? If it is enclosed, then you normally have to use the word in. If it's not enclosed, then you normally have to use the word at. For example, right now there are walls around me and a ceiling above me. That means I need to say I am in a room. No I am at a room, but if I was standing outside the post office, am I enclosed here? No. That means I need to say I am at the post office. There is nothing around me, and I am talking about the specific point I am at. So use this quick tip. Whenever you're not sure whether to use in or at, you will normally be right. 85. 15.1 What Are Conjunctions And Why Are They Important: I like soccer. I like boxing. How can we join these two sentences together by just using one word? We can use the word and I like soccer and boxing and is a conjunction. A conjunction is a word that is used to connect words, phrases and clauses. Using conjunctions in English helps you to make longer and more complex sentences. If we didn't use conjunctions in English, there would be a lot of short and boring sentences. I like reading. I like cooking. I don't like cleaning. But if we use conjunctions, we can put those three sentences together and say, I like reading and cooking, but I don't like cleaning, but is also another conjunction. There are three main types of conjunctions in English, and you will learn about all of them in this section. 86. 15.2 Phrases And Clauses: If I just say to you the cute mouse, is that a complete sentence? No, it's not. The cute mouse is a phrase. A phrase is a group of words that makes sense on its own, but it does not have a subject and a verb. That means it is not a complete sentence. Some other examples of phrases are a good friend is very hungry and on the shelf. These phrases have some meaning, but they don't have a subject and a verb. A clause is a group of words which does contain a subject and a verb. A clause can be a complete sentence. That cat is very hungry. This is a clause. It has a subject, cat, and a verb is. This clause is made up of two phrases that cat and is very hungry. If we just say that cat, it's not a complete sentence because there is no verb. If we just say is very hungry, it's also not a complete sentence because there's no subject. But if we join them together and say that cat is very hungry, it's a clause, and it's a complete sentence because there's a subject and a verb. There are two types of clauses in English, independent clauses and dependent clauses. An independent clause is a clause that can be a complete sentence by itself. I love eating ice cream. My friend is a doctor. These two sentences are complete and don't need any other information. A dependent clause is a clause which is not a complete sentence. It needs another clause to be a complete sentence because I woke up late when I grow up. These two clauses are not complete sentences. If I just say to you when I grow up, do you know what I'm talking about? No, you don't know what I will do when I grow up. When I grow up is not a complete sentence, and it's not a complete idea. But if I say when I grow up, I want to be a doctor, that is a complete sentence. Now we know what the speaker wants to do when he grows up. This is one sentence which has two clauses. When I grow up is one clause, and I want to be a doctor is another clause. And please note that I want to be a doctor is an independent clause. If I say that to you, it tells you an idea, and it's a complete sentence by itself. They are the basics of phrases and clauses in English grammar. The most important thing to remember is that phrases do not have a subject and a verb. Clauses do have a subject and a verb. Some clauses can be used by themselves, independent clauses, and some clauses need to be used with another clause to make a complete sentence, dependent clauses. 87. 15.3 Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS): Fan boys. This is a very important word, if you want to remember the coordinating conjunctions in English. They are four and NOR, but or yet so one more time. Four. And now, but, or yet so coordinating conjunctions are used to join things that are equal. That can be two words, two phrases, or two clauses. Now I'm going to show you some examples so you can see how to use these conjunctions. He likes to work hard Four, he wants to be rich. In this sentence, four means because. Using four like this is very formal, and it's not used in daily conversation. Have you met Fred and Julie? There are boys and girls in the class. The conjunction and is used to join together two or more things that are related. There are boys in the class. There are girls in the class. These two things are related, so we can use and to join them together. If you have two negative things, you can use NOR. We can't eat it, nor can we sell it. We can't eat it. We can't sell it. These two sentences are negatives, so we can join them together with NOR. Another example, John can't go to the meeting tomorrow, nor can Rachel. This is John. John is a hard worker, but he's not very smart. A hard worker is a good thing, not very smart is a bad thing. The conjunction butt is used to join together two things that are different. I like tea, but I don't like coffee. Is it Tuesday or Wednesday today? You can pay by credit card or cash or is used to show two different possibilities. It's possible to pay by credit card. It's possible to pay by cash. These are the two possibilities. Hmm. I keep watering my plant, yet it won't grow. Yet is a formal way to say butt. Remember, but is used to join together two things that are different. It's a small car, yet there's a lot of space inside. I have been driving for a long time, so I'm really tired now. They are the cheaper company, so I think I'll go there. So is used to show a result or a decision. They are the cheaper company. The result of this is that I will go there. Because it's cheaper, I will go there. They are the coordinating conjunctions in English. Practice making some sentence with these conjunctions, and in the next lesson, you will learn about subordinating conjunctions. 88. 15.4 Subordinating Conjunctions: Look at these two sentences. Which is the dependent clause and which is the independent clause. I missed my train is an independent clause. It's a complete sentence. Because I woke up late is a dependent clause. It's not a complete sentence or idea. We can join these sentences together to make a complete sentence. I missed my train because I woke up late. B is a subordinating conjunction. Subordinating conjunctions are normally used to join an independent clause with a dependent clause. There are many different subordinating conjunctions in English. So in this lesson, you will just learn the main ones. He was annoyed because the bus was late. Because is used to show a reason. Why was he annoyed? The reason is that the bus was late. John has been promoted twice since he started working there. Since is used to show from a particular time to a later time like now. I have been working out since the start of 2019. This means I started working out at the start of 2019. She decided to go home as it was getting late. As is also used to show a reason. Why did she decide to go home? The reason was it was getting late. You can buy it as you're the oldest. He became a soldier, although he knew it was dangerous. Although it is used to introduce a clause, which makes the first clause sound surprising. He knows it's dangerous to become a soldier, but he became a soldier. It's surprising because most people don't do things that are dangerous. Another example, it wasn't very warm, although the sun was shining. It's surprising that it wasn't very warm because the sun is shining. Normally, when the sun shines, it's warm. Someone delivered a package while you were out. While is used to show that two things happened at or during the same time. I was out during this time. Someone delivered a package at this time. I learned a lot while I was traveling. They are the main subordinating conjunctions in English. Remember, these conjunctions are normally used to join a dependent clause and an independent clause together to make a complete sentence. In the next lesson, you will learn about the last type of conjunctions, correlative conjunctions. 89. 15.5 Correlative Conjunctions: You may have heard of the pairs, either or and neither NOR. These are correlative conjunctions. Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together to join two or more ideas into one sentence. I want to buy a new T shirt. Oh, I don't think pink is a good color for me. Neither that shirt, nor that shirt is suitable for me. Use neither NOR when you are talking about two negative ideas or two things that you don't want. When you think about neither Na, I want you to think of neither NA as zero. That means I want zero of these shirts. John is a doctor. Sarah is a lawyer. Neither John nor Sarah are accountants. John isn't an accountant. Sarah isn't an accountant. These are two negative sentences, and we have joined them together with neither nor. Hm, I'm really hungry. I wonder what's for lunch. I will have either the pizza or the hamburger. Use either or to talk about two possibilities. When you think of either or, I want you to think of one. That means I will have the pizza or I will have the hamburger. I won't have both. I will only have one thing. I need to talk to my boss. I can either call him or send him a text message. These are two possibilities. I can call him I can send him a text message, but I won't do both. I will only do one. They are the basics of how to use correlative conjunctions. Now you know the three main types of conjunctions, practice making sentences with all of these conjunctions. 90. 15.6 QUICK TIP - How To Know If It's A Dependent Or Independent Clause: If you don't know whether a clause is an independent clause or a dependent clause, just do this. Ask yourself, if I said this clause to my friend, would I need to give my friend more information? Let's pretend you said to your friend because I got home late. Do you need to give your friend any more information? Yes, you do because you said because. Because what? Your friend doesn't know the reason. That means because I got home late is a dependent clause. This is a clause that is not complete and it needs to be used with another clause to make a complete sentence. Now let's pretend you said to your friend, I was tired after working all day. Does your friend need any more information about this sentence? No, the sentence is clear and it gives you all the information. You worked all day, now you are tired. That means this clause is an independent clause. It can be used by itself and it's a complete sentence. 91. 16.1 What Are Interjections?: In this lesson, you are going to learn about the last part of speech in English, interjections. Uh oh. Oh is an interjection. Interjections are words which are used to express or show a strong or sudden emotion. These words have no meaning. They just show emotion. Interjections are used to show disgust, excitement, happiness, sadness, disappointment, and many other emotions. Using these words will help you to sound like a native English speaker yourself because native English speakers use these words all the time. In the next lesson, you will learn some of the most common interjections in English. 92. 16.2 Most Common Interjections In English: In this lesson, you are going to learn ten of the most common interjections, which you can use in your daily life. For each interjection, you will see a dialogue between two people, so you can see when you should use these interjections. If you're ready, let's get started. Oh, no, I just dropped my food on the floor. It's okay, though. I can still eat it. Eel. You can't eat food after it's been on the floor. The interjection eel is normally used to show disgust or something that you don't like. Let's go back into the kitchen to see what happens next. Wow, that food is really good. I didn't know you were such a good cook. Wool is used to show that you are surprised or amazed by something. For example, the person who ate the food is surprised because it's so good. Hello. Hey, what's up? Guess what? What? You got the job? Yes. The interjection, yes, can be used to show excitement and happiness about something. The man is happy because he got the job. Hello. Hey, what's up. I've got some bad news. What? You didn't get the job. Damn. I really wanted to get that job. Damn can be used to show that you are disappointed or annoyed about something. The man is disappointed that he didn't get the job. Teacher, what is the best way to learn English? Um, I think that you should do what you enjoy the most is used to show that you are not sure about something or that you are thinking. I just went to the shop and bought some cabbage. Guess how much it costs. $2? No, it cost $20. Geez, that's expensive. Geese can be used to show surprise normally in a negative way. For example, when something happens and it's not a good thing. So, wait, let me just check again. The cabbage costs you $20. Uh huh. Ah huh can be used to confirm something. The speaker asked if the cabbage cost $20. Ah huh means yes. The cabbage cost $20. Hi, Sean. How are you? My name is Shane. Oops, sorry, I thought your name was Sean. Oops can be used when a small mistake happens. For example, forgetting someone's name. But don't use this interjection when a big mistake happens. I love walking in the park. It's so peaceful. Oh. A is an interjection you can use when you feel pain. The man was walking. He fell over and he felt pain. So he said, Oh. I just bought this phone and you wouldn't believe how much it cost me. How much? $50. Wow. That is so cheap. Wow is normally used to show amazement about something when something happens and you can't believe it. They are ten of the most common interjections in English. Try using these interjections in your daily life when you're speaking English. This will help you to sound more like a native speaker. 93. 16.3 QUICK TIP - Do This If You Don't Know How To Learn Interjections: I if you don't know how to learn interjections, just do this. Watch and listen to native speakers. This will help you to see how native English speakers use interjections when they are speaking to each other. You will learn what to say when you're disappointed, angry, excited, happy, surprised, sad. After you see which interjections native speakers use in different situations, you can then copy those interjections when you're in the same situation. This will help you to sound like a native speaker. 94. 17.1 What Is The Verb 'To Be': The verb to B is one of the most important verbs in English grammar, and it can be used as a main verb or as an auxiliary verb. One of the most common uses of the verb to B is to talk about names, ages, jobs, descriptions, and nationalities. Here are three examples. That man is friendly. They are doctors. I am Australian. Is R and M are all forms of the verb to B. These words are used to connect the subject with what the sentence is talking about. If we didn't use the verb to B here, the sentences would not be grammatically correct. The verb to B has many different forms and it can be used in the past, the present and the future. In the next lesson, you will learn all of these forms. 95. 17.2 Forms Of The Verb 'To Be': There are nine main forms of the verb to B. They to B, B is R was w being and being. One more time to B, B is R was wir Being and being. Now let's talk about which subjects to use these words with. Let's talk about the present simple tense first. I am. You are. He is. She is. It is. You are. We are. They are the man singular is the men plural Ah. Now let's talk about how to use the verb to be in the past simple tense. I was. You were. He was. She was. It was. You were. We were. They were. The man. Singular was. The men pleural were now let's talk about using to be in the future. When using the verb to be in the future, simply add the word will before B. I will be, she will be, they will be. W B can be used with any subject. Now let's talk about the verb three form of the verb to B and the present participal form. The verb three form is been. Been can be used with any subject. The present participal form is being. Being can also be used with any subject. Please note that we don't say two M two is two, two was, two were or to be. Using the verb to be like this is not correct. They are the nine forms of the verb to be. It's very important that you use the correct form of the verb to be with the correct subject. For example, he is not He. I know that was a lot of information, and I talked a little bit about some tensors in this lesson. You will learn all about the English tensors later in the course. But before you go on to the next lesson, here is a summary of which subjects can be used with which forms of the verb to be. 96. 17.3 Using 'To Be' As A Main Verb: There are five main ways to use the verb to B as a main verb. The first way is when talking about names and jobs. My name is Shane. I am a teacher. The verb to be here is used to connect name and Shane and I and teacher. This is Mark and Mary. They were doctors. The second main use is when using adjectives or describing something. He is Australian. They are friendly people. The dog was 5-years-old. Is and W are being used to describe something in these sentences. That book is on the table. There are shoes on the floor. The third main use of the verb to be as a main verb is to talk about the location or the position of something. Another example, I am in a room. What time is it? It's 129. You can also use the verb to be when talking about time. My birthday is on Wednesday. The match was at 5:00 P.M. They are my friends. Is that your sister? I am Paul's brother. To be can also be used to talk about relationships and to show how people are related and who people are. Now, when using the verb to B as a main verb, it normally doesn't have an object. It normally takes a compliment. He is a student, is talking about he. A student is talking about he. The phrase a student is saying what he is. That means a student is a compliment. It talks about the same thing as the word is. Another way to think about compliments is that compliments are words or phrases that are needed to complete a sentence. If we didn't have them, then the sentence wouldn't be complete. If we just say he is, the sentence is not complete. Adding a student completes the sentence. A student is the compliment. Also, remember we talked about objects in Section two of the course. Objects normally receive the action. A student does not receive any action, so that means it's not an object here. They are the five main uses of using the verb to B as a main verb. Please note that you can change the form of the verb to B if you're using a different tense. He was a doctor passed. He is a doctor present. He will be a doctor, future. In the next lesson, you will learn how to use the verb to be as an auxiliary verb. 97. 17.4 Using 'To Be' As An Auxiliary Verb: Using the verb to be as an auxiliary verb is very easy because there are only two main uses. Remember that an auxiliary verb is also known as a helper verb because it helps to make a sentence grammatically correct. It is not the main verb in the sentence. Now, the first use is making continuous tensors. You will learn about continuous tensors later in the course, but here are a few examples. I am going to edit this video today. He was going to work. They are cooking dinner. A W and R are all forms of the verb to B, and we need them to make these three sentences which are continuous tenses. If we don't use the verb to be in these sentences, the sentences will not be grammatically correct. The second main use of the verb to be as an auxiliary verb is to make the passive voice. Again, you will learn about the passive voice later in the course, but here are a few examples. The job was advertised in the paper. The houses were painted. He was fired from his job. Again, if we don't use the verb to be in these sentences, they are not grammatically correct. They are the two main uses of using the verb to be as an auxiliary verb. In the next lesson, you will learn how to make questions with the verb to B. 98. 17.5 Questions With 'To Be': Changing to be statements into questions is very easy. Normally, you simply need to swap the subject with the verb to B. Let's have a look at a simple example. You are studying English. Statement. Are you studying English? Question. You see, you simply need to swap the U and the R. U R statement. Are you? Question. Here are some more examples. He is working in the office statement. Is he working in the office? Question. It is 5:00 P.M. Statement. Is it 5:00 P.M. Question. Now, sometimes you may want to change a negative sentence into a question. The basic rule is still the same. You swap the verb to be with the subject. He isn't a student statement. Isn't he a student? Question. They weren't doing their homework. Statement, weren't they doing their homework? Question. Sometimes there may be more than one auxiliary verb in a sentence. In this situation, you normally need to put the first auxiliary verb at the start of the sentence and put the second auxiliary verb after the subject. The man was being watched. Statement, was the man being watched. Question, W has gone to the start of the sentence, and being is after the subject. Windows were being broken. Statement, were windows being broken? Question. Easy. When you're changing a statement with the verb to be into a question, you normally swap the subject and the verb to be. 99. 17.6 Answering Basic Qustions With Verb 'To Be': In this lesson, you are going to learn how to answer questions with the verb to B. Because you know which forms of the verb to be are used with which subjects, this should be very easy for you. Let's look at some examples. Are you hungry? Yes, I am. No, I'm not. Can you see the pattern here? We have used the verb to be in the question, so we need to use the verb to be in the answer. But we change the form of the verb to B because person one says. Person two needs to say I to talk about himself. Is he here? Yes, he is. No, he isn't. We don't need to change the form of the verb to B in this example because he is the subject in the question and the answer and I is used with the subject He. One more example. Are they going to the movie? Yes, they are, no, they aren't. Again, we don't need to change the form of the verb to B because the subject is the same in the question and the answer. Now, when using the verb to be in the past, the rule is exactly the same. Was he your friend? Yes, he was, no, he wasn't. That's it. Now you know how to answer basic questions in English. Easy. Normally, you just use the same word that is in the question, but be careful because if the question has the verb to B, you might need to change the verb to B to the correct form in the answer. 100. 17.7 QUICK TIP - No Verb? You May Need 'To Be': If you make a sentence and it has no verb, you may need the verb to B. For example, my name Jack. This sentence has no verb, and you know because you're taking this course that most sentences in English must have a verb to be grammatically correct. To fix this, we simply need to add the verb to B. My name is Jack. Another common mistake I often hear is when students say things like, I from England. This sentence has no verb, and it's talking about a nationality, so we need to use the verb to B. Now, what form of the verb to B do we use with I? We use M. I am from England. Not using the verb to B is one of the most common mistakes I always hear from my students. So remember, if you have a sentence and it doesn't have a verb, it may need the verb to B. 101. 18.1 What Are Tenses?: I was eating dinner. I am eating dinner. I will be eating dinner. This is why we have tensors when making sentences in English. Tensors help to show us when a certain action happened. Tensors can be used to show actions that happened in the past, the present and the future. The past means something which has already happened, times that have finished. For example, yesterday, the present means something that is happening now in this moment at the current time. The future means something that has not happened yet, something that will happen. For example, tomorrow, English tensors can be divided into four groups. Simple tensors. Continuous tenses. Perfect tensors and perfect continuous tensors. Simple tensors are used to talk about facts and habits. I eat dinner. Continuous tenses are used to talk about an action that is happening at a certain time. I was eating dinner. Perfect tensors are used to talk about an action which affects another time. I have eaten dinner. Perfect continuous tenses are used to talk about an action that started at a certain time and continued until another time, and that action affected another time. I will have been eating dinner. So English tensors can be used to talk about past, present, and future. And for each time, it can be divided into four groups. That means there are 12 tensors in English grammar. Let's have a look at them right now. Past simple, I eight. Present simple. I eat. Future simple. I will eat past continuous. I was eating, present continuous. I am eating. Future continuous. I will be eating. Past perfect. I had eaten. Present perfect, I have eaten. Future perfect, I will have eaten. Past perfect continuous. I had been eating. Present perfect continuous. I have been eating. Future perfect continuous. I will have been eating. As you can see here, to make each tense, you need to change verb forms and sometimes add auxiliary verbs. In the next sections, you will learn about these tenses, how to make them, when to use them, their meaning, and I will show you many example sentences. 102. 19.1 How To Make Present Simple: It's time to look at your first tense. In this lesson, you are going to learn about the present simple tense, which is one of the most important tenses in English grammar. Let's talk about the verb to B first. When making present simple sentences with the verb to B, you need to use the forms is or R. Let's do a quick revision. I am. You are. He is. She is. It is. We are. They are. The formula for making the present simple tense with the verb to B is subject plus the verb to B is A. I am a teacher. You are a student. They are at school. To make a negative sentence, simply add not after the verb to B. I am not a teacher. You are not a student. They are not at school. To make a question, the formula is the verb to B plus subject. Am I a teacher? Are you a student? Are they at school? When making the present simple tense with other verbs, the formula is a little bit different. I like coffee. You like coffee. He likes coffee. She likes coffee. It likes coffee. We like coffee. They like coffee. You can see here that these subjects use verb one. Verb one is the base form of the verb, but when using He, S, it and singular subjects, you need to use the third person singular form of the verb. This is normally made by adding SES or IES to verb one. So when using other verbs, the formula to make the present simple is subject plus verb one plus object. I like school. He studies at university. The dog walks slowly. To make a negative, simply add don't do not, or doesn't does not after the subject and before the verb. When making negatives, always use verb one. You don't have to add SES or IES to the verb. I don't. You don't. He doesn't. She doesn't. It doesn't. We don't. They don't. I don't like school. He doesn't study at university. The dog doesn't walk slowly. Now, to make a question, use do or does, plus the subject plus verb one plus the object. Do I, do you? Does he does she? Does it, do we, do they? Do you like school? Does he study at university? Does the dog walk slowly? They are the basic rules to make the present simple tense. Practice making some sentences with the present simple tense. And remember, when you're making a positive present simple tense with he, she or it, you need to add SES or IES to the verb. 103. 19.2 When To Use Present Simple: Now let's talk about when to use the present simple. There are five main uses. The first use is to talk about things that are true, opinions or facts. I am a teacher. This is something that is true. Apples grow on trees. This is a fact. The sun rises in the east. The second main use of the present simple is to talk about habits or things that happen repeatedly again and again and again. He goes to the park when it's hot. She exercises on Wednesdays. He cooks at home regularly. So whenever you see a sentence like this, it's talking about something that happens more than one time. It's not talking about something that just happens one time. Go straight. Turn left, turn around and come back. Stop. The third use of the present simple is to give instructions. For example, you will often see present simple sentences in things like recipes. Recipes are giving you directions because they are telling you how to cook something. Put the oil in the pan. Crack an egg. Put the egg in the pan. The next train leaves at 11:00 A.M. The fourth use of the present simple is to talk about planned events in the future. The movie starts at 7:00 P.M. My mother arrives tomorrow. These three sentences are made with the present simple tense, but they are talking about the future. This is important to remember. The present simple can be used to talk about the future. John is a cowboy. He lives on a farm and likes riding horses. He loves looking after his horses and giving them food. His horses love eating apples. What did I just tell you? I told you a story. This is the final use of the present simple. Sometimes the present simple can be used to tell stories. Normally, stories are told with the past tense, but sometimes they can be told using the present simple tense. 104. 19.3 QUICK TIP - Do This To Remember Third-Person Singular Verbs: If you don't know how to remember third person singular verbs, and you keep forgetting to say the do this. Practice. Start with some common verbs and put them into sentences with basic subjects. I like, you like. He likes. She likes, I likes. I want. You want. He wants. She wants. It wants. I go. You go. He goes. She goes. It goes. Do this many, many times, and you will never forget. 105. 20.1 How To Make Past Simple: One of the most important tenses in English grammar is the past simple tense. In this lesson, you're going to learn how to make it. Let's start with the verb to B first. When making sentences with the past simple tense, you need to use was or were. Let's do a quick revision. I was were. He was. She was. It was. We were. They were. The formula for making the past simple with the verb to B is subject plus to B was or were. I was hungry. He was at the park. They were students. To make a negative simply add not after the verb to B. I was not hungry. He was not at the park. They were not students. To make a question, the formula is verb to B plus subject. Was I hungry? Was he at the park? Were they students? When making past simple sentences with other verbs, the formula is a little bit different. I worked yesterday. You worked yesterday. He worked yesterday. She worked yesterday. It worked yesterday. We worked yesterday. They worked yesterday. You can see here that with every subject, we don't have to change the verb. With every subject, we simply use verb two. If you remember from the verb section of the course, verb two is normally made by adding D or E D to the end of verb one. But sometimes you have to change the verb completely. Go verb one. Went verb two. So when using other verbs, the formula is subject plus verb two. I went to the beach. She ate her dinner. We walked to work. To make a negative, the formula is subject plus did not plus verb one. Did not can be used with any subject. I did not. You did not. He did not. They did not. I did not go to the beach. She did not eat her dinner. We did not walk to work. Note here that we use verb one in the negative, not verb two. To make a question, the formula is D plus subject plus verb one. Did I go to the beach? Did she eat her dinner? Did we walk to work? Again, with questions, we use verb one. They are the basics of making the past simple tense. Remember, when making a positive sentence, you need to use verb two. When making a negative or a question, you need to use verb one. 106. 20.2 When To Use Past Simple: What do you think the past simple tense is used for? You're right. It's used to talk about the past. The first main use of the past simple is to talk about one finished action. I ate pizza last night. They went to the beach last week. He cooked breakfast this morning. All of these three actions are finished. And note here that we are not interested in how long the action went on for. We are using the past simple to show that the action is finished. I finished work, walked to the park, exercised for 30 minutes, and then I went home. This is the second use of the past simple. You can use it to talk about a series of actions completed in the past, when one thing happened after another thing in the past. When you were young, what did you do after school? Maybe you watched TV. Maybe you played with your friends. Maybe you finished your homework. This is the third main use of the past simple. It can be used to talk about habits in the past. You finished your homework. This means this is something you did many times in the past, but it is finished now. Do you still do it now today? No, it's a habit that is finished. He lived in Italy for five years. This is the fourth use of the past simple. It can be used to talk about an action that started and finished in the past. He started living in Italy in the past, and it's finished now. It finished in the past. Another example, I did boxing for three years when I was young. A common question is, do I need to use time words when making sentences with the past simple? Normally, yes, you do need to use an adverb of time. For example, he applied for a new job yesterday, but if it's clear, then you don't need to use a time word with the past simple. They are the main uses of the past simple. Remember, the past simple is normally used to talk about a finished action in the past. 107. 20.3 QUICK TIP - Do This To Remember Verb 2s: If you don't know how to remember verb twos when using the past simple tense, just do this. You know what I'm going to say. Practice. Start with some common verbs, put them into sentences with basic subjects, and speak. Start with present tense, then past tense, then a negative, and then a question. I eat. I ate. I didn't eat. Did I eat? I go. I went. I didn't go. Did I go? I play. I played. I didn't play. Did I play? Remember, when making questions and negatives with the past simple, use verb one. Do this hundreds of times with different verbs and you will be able to use the correct verb without even thinking about it. 108. 21.1 How To Make Present Continuous: Now it's time for you to learn your first continuous tense, the present continuous. Before you learn about when to use the present continuous, you need to learn how to make it. The formula to make the present continuous is subject plus the verb to B is R plus a present participle verb, verb ING. To make a present participle, simply add ING to the end of verb one. Walk, walking, at eating, drink drinking. Write writing, sleep, sleeping. I am talking to my friend. He is going to work. They are eating lunch. Now, to make a negative sentence, simply add not after the verb to B. I am not talking to my friend. He is not going to work. They are not eating lunch. To make questions, the formula is verb to B plus subject plus present participant. Am I talking to my friend? Is he going to work? Are they eating lunch? They are the basics of how to make the present continuous tense. Remember, when using this tense, you need to use the verb to B is MR, and you need a present participle, a verb ING. 109. 21.2 When To Use Present Continuous: What am I doing right now? I am filming a video. I am talking to you. I am making a grammar course for you. This is the first main use of the present continuous. We can use this tense to talk about actions that are happening right now, actions that started in the past that still haven't finished. I am filming this video, but I still haven't finished yet because I am still talking to you. What is this man doing? He is walking. It's something that is happening now and it's not finished. What is this woman doing? She is reading. I am Learning Thai. This is the second main use of the present continuous. We can use it to talk about actions that are happening during a specific time. Right now it's 443. I am not learning Thai right now at 4:43. I am filming this video right now at 4:43, but during this time period, I am learning Thai. I am in the process of learning Thai. I do it sometimes. This action is not finished yet, and it will likely continue into the future. Hey, how have you been? Yeah, pretty good. I got a new job. I'm working at a bar now. The person said, I am working at a bar now, but we can see that he's not working at a bar right now. He has used the present continuous to talk about a situation that is temporary, a situation that is happening during a certain period of time. This is Sarah. She's always smiling. This is the third main use of the present continuous. We can use it to talk about temporary or new habits. She's swimming every morning. This is a new habit. When we're talking about an old habit, we normally use the present simple. Another example, he's eating too much. Maybe he's not eating right now, but we are talking about his habit. Hey, Shane, what are you doing tomorrow? I'm going to the park. This is the fourth main use of the present continuous. We can use it to talk about future plans. The word plan here is very important. Normally, when using the present continuous to talk about the future, we are talking about a plan that has already been made. He's meeting his parents tonight. Another example, she's visiting her grandmother tomorrow. These three situations are all talking about a planned event which will happen in the future. We can also use going to to talk about the future. The formula is subject plus the verb to B plus going to plus verb one. I'm going to go on holiday next month. This is talking about my intention and what I want to do in the future. He's not going to paint the house today. Going to can also be used to talk about a prediction, something you think that will happen in the future. It's going to rain tomorrow. You are going to miss your train. They are the main uses of the present continuous tense. Remember, the present continuous is normally used to talk about things that are happening right now and plans for the future. 110. 21.3 QUICK TIP - Stative Verbs And Continuous Tenses: The present continuous tense can be used to talk about an action that started in the past is happening now and hasn't finished, right? That's why we normally can't use staative verbs with continuous tenses. Stative verbs are verbs which normally talk about feelings. For example, like and understand. Let me explain and let me give you an example. I am liking ice cream. This is incorrect because normally, when you like something, it's not something that starts and then finishes. Today, I like ice cream. Tomorrow, I won't like ice cream. No, this is normally not what happens. This is why we normally can't use stative verbs with continuous tensors. To correct this, we need to say, I like ice cream. This is a present simple tense, and you know that present simple can be used to talk about your opinions. Your opinion is that you like ice cream. So remember, normally, continuous tensors can't be used with stative verbs. 111. 22.1 How To Make Future Simple: It's time to learn about your first future tense, the future simple tense. The good news is that the future simple tense is very easy to make. The best thing is, when making the future simple tense, you always use verb one. It doesn't matter if the subject is singular or plural. The formula is always the same. To make the future simple, the formula is subject plus w or shall plus verb one. Easy, right? Please note that it is more common to use the word will. Most people use will not shall. I will read tomorrow. It will rain on Sunday. He will pay for the tickets. To make a negative, simply add not after will or say won't. Won't means will not. I won't read tomorrow. It won't rain on Sunday. He won't pay for the tickets. To make a question, the formula is W plus subject plus verb one. Will you read tomorrow? Will it rain on Sunday? Will he pay for the tickets? When making future simple sentences with the verb to B, you can use B in any sentence. Remember, B is verb one. They will be happy. They will not be happy. Will they be happy? How easy was that? Remember, when making the future simple tense, you need to use will in positive sentences, negative sentences, and questions. 112. 22.2 When To Use Future Simple: In this lesson, I will rain today. This is the first use of the future simple tents. We can use the future simple tents to make predictions about the future. They will go to the concert on Sunday. He will drink tea, not coffee. I need to get some bananas, some apples, and maybe a Oh, no, the pen. That's okay. I'll get it. This is the second use of the future simple. You can use the future simple to talk about your plans when you make that plan at the time of speaking. Did I plan to pick up the pen before it fell? No. I didn't know the pen was going to fall. When it fell at that time, I made the decision to pick it up. When we use the future simple like this, we normally use contractions. I'll get the pen, he'll get the pen. They'll get the pen. Now let's look at two more examples. He will get a drink. They'll watch television tonight. Thank you so much for the money. I will pay you back next week. The third use of the future simple is to talk about promises and things that you are sure about. I will not tell anybody your secret. Her parents will buy her a car next week. The future simple can also be used to talk about future events or actions which are unplanned, things that will just happen. For example, winter will come soon. Do you have to use time words when using the future simple? Normally, yes. I will rain tomorrow. But if it's clear what time you are talking about or it's not important, then you don't need to use a time word. They are the main uses of the future simple. You can also use the future simple to make conditional sentences, but you will learn about that later in the course. Practice making some sentences with the future simple, and I will see you in the next lesson. 113. 22.3 QUICK TIP - 'Will' Or 'Going To'?: If you're not sure whether to use W or going to, just do this. Ask yourself, did I plan the action at the time of speaking, or did I plan the action before I spoke? If you planned the action before you spoke, use going to. If you planned the action at the time that you spoke, use will. For example, I'm going to Japan next year. I used going to here because I made that plan before I said it. I've already bought plane tickets. I've already booked a hotel. Oh, my phone's ringing. I'll pick it up. Hello? Yeah, sorry. I can't talk now. I'm filming this video. I'll call you later. Okay. Bye. I said, I'll pick it up, and I said, I'll call you later. I said this because I made those decisions when I spoke. I didn't plan to do them before I spoke. I made the plan when I was speaking. So if you're not sure whether to use will or going to, use this rule. Normally, you will be right. 114. 23.1 How To Make Present Perfect: All right, it's time for you to learn about your first perfect tense, the present perfect. The present perfect tense is also another important tense, which is used in daily conversation. Let's talk about how to make it. The formula to make this tense is subject plus have or has plus verb three, a past participle. Let's quickly revise how to use have and has. I have. You have, he has she has. It has, we have, they have. Verb threes are normally made by adding D or ED onto the end of a verb one if the verb is a regular verb, walk, walked. Learn, learned, watch, watched. If the verb is an irregular verb, verb one is changed completely to make a verb three. Eat eaten, C, seen. Go, gone. Now let's have a look at some example sentences. She has exercised today. You have eaten. They have thought about your offer. Now, to make a negative, simply add not after has or have. She has not exercised today. You have not eaten. They have not thought about your offer. To make a question, the formula is have or has plus the subject plus verb three. Has she exercised today? Have you eaten? Have they thought about your offer? They are the basics of how to make the present perfect. Remember, the present perfect needs has or have and it needs verb three. 115. 23.2 When To Use Present Perfect: I have been a teacher for seven years. When did this action start? Seven years ago. Is it finished? No. This is the first use of the present perfect tense. We can use it to talk about how long an action has been happening for. An action that started in the past is happening now and still hasn't finished. Another example, he has lived in Australia since 2015. This means he started living there in 2015 and he's still living there now. When using the present perfect like this, it is often used with words like four and since. Four is used to show an amount of time. 1 minute. Three months, five years. He has worked there for five years. Since is used to show a start time since 2015, since May, since this morning. I haven't eaten since this morning. Now, I know what you're thinking. You're thinking, Shane, the present continuous is used to talk about things that started in the past and are still happening now. That's true, but the present continuous is normally not used to say how long an action has been happening for. Don't say I am being a teacher for seven years if you are talking about your job right now. We normally don't use the present continuous to talk about how long a current action has been happening for. I have been a teacher for seven years. We normally use the present perfect tense to say how long a current action has been happening for. I've seen that movie. It's a good one. This is the second use of the present perfect. You can use the present perfect to talk about finished actions that happened at an unknown time in the past. For example, experiences. Do you know when I saw this movie? No. When using the present perfect like this, the time when the action happened is not important. We're not interested when it happened. We are interested in if the action happened at some time in the past. Have you ever been to Germany? I am not interested in when you went to Germany. I just want to know, have you been to Germany or have you not been to Germany? So this means you can use the present perfect to talk about your experiences. Another example, we have been to that restaurant many times. This is a repeated action, but we are not interested in when it happened. Please note that you normally can't use at plus a specific time with the present perfect. I have done the dishes at 10:00 A.M. Incorrect. I have done the dishes. Correct. I can't believe it. I've lost my keys. Where could they be? This is the third and final use of the present perfect. The present perfect can be used to talk about an action which happened in the past, but it has an effect on the present. I lost my keys in the past, but the effect now is that they're still missing. I can't find them. Another effect is that I can't drive my car. Oh, no. He has broken his arm. This action happened in the past. We don't know when it happened, but there is an effect in the present. His arm is injured and he can't use it. Okay, here is a little test for you. What's the difference between I have lived in London? And I have lived in London for five years. I have lived in London. Is this action finished? Yes, it's talking about a past experience. I have lived in London for five years. Is this action finished? No, this action started in the past, and it's still happening now. They are the main uses of the present perfect. The most important thing to remember is that when using the present perfect to talk about a past experience, the time that it happened is not important. This is different to the past simple because when using the past simple, we know when the action happened. It's a specific time, and the time when it happened is important. 116. 23.3 QUICK TIP - Been Or Gone?: If you don't know whether to use bean or gone, just do this. Ask yourself, has the person moved to that place and then left that place, or are they still at that place? If they are still at that place, use gone. If they are not still at that place, use bean. Look at these examples. The blue man has gone to the post office because he is still there now. The green man has been to the post office because he went there and then he came back. So use this rule if you're not sure whether to use been or gone. 117. 24.1 How To Make Present Perfect Continuous: Now it's time to talk about your first, perfect continuous tense, the present perfect continuous. Remember, perfect tensors in the present normally need has or have and continuous tensors normally need a present participle, a verb ING. The formula for this tense is subject plus have or has plus been plus a present participle, a verb ING. I have been learning English for two years. He has been working there for a few months. They have been eating all day. To make a negative, simply add not after have or has. I have not been learning English for two years. He has not been working there for a few months. They have not been eating all day. To make a question, the formula is have or has plus subject, plus been plus a present participle. Have I been learning English for two years? Has he been working there for a few months? Have they been eating all day? That's it. Easy, right? Remember, when you're making this tense, you need to use have or has been and a present participle. 118. 24.2 When To Use Present Perfect Continuous: Oh. I've been running. This is the first use of the present perfect continuous. We can use it to talk about an action that just recently finished, and there is a result in the present, which normally can be seen or heard or felt. I ran in the past. Now I am tired and puffing. Okay, good. It's gone. It's been raining, so the ground is wet. It just stopped raining 10 seconds ago. The result in the present is that the ground is wet. Please note that when we're using the present perfect, continuous like this, we are normally focusing on the action, not the result. So here we are focusing on the rain. But when we're using the present perfect, we normally focus on the result, not the action. Wow, you speak English really well. How long have you been learning for? Thank you very much. I have been learning English for two years. This is the second use of this tense. We can use it to talk about an action that started in the past and is still happening now. It's not finished. I have been learning English for two years, means I started learning English two years ago, and I'm still learning now. It's not finished. Another example, I am so bored. I have been waiting since 3:00 P.M. A lot of the time, you can use the present perfect continuous or the present perfect in situations like this. The present perfect continuous is focusing on that the action is not finished. The present perfect is focusing on the action itself. We normally don't use staative verbs with the present perfect continuous. He has been having his car for two years. Incorrect. Ha is a sative verb, so we need to use the present perfect. He has had his car for two years. Correct. Look at this guy. He has been going to the gym a lot recently. We can use the present perfect continuous to talk about temporary habits or situations. When we're using this tense like this, we normally need to use words like recently or lately. These words mean around or close to this time. I've been reading a lot lately. She has been calling me all day. With this sentence, it means that she hasn't just called me once. She has called me more than one time. Now, please note that you can use the present continuous tense to talk about temporary habits. Both are correct. They are the main uses of the present perfect continuous tense. Remember, sometimes this tense can be used to talk about a finished action, and sometimes this tense can be used to talk about an action that is still happening now. 119. 24.3 QUICK TIP - How To Sound More Natural: If you want to sound more natural and speak faster when using the present perfect continuous, just do this. Use contractions and say Bin. He has been learning English for one year? No. He's been learning English for one year. He's been learning English for one year. They have been eating dinner since 5:00 P.M. No. They've been eating dinner since 5:00 P.M. They've been eating dinner since 5:00 P.M. I have been talking for 30 seconds. No. I've been talking for 30 seconds. I've been talking for 30 seconds. You can also do this with the present perfect. For example, I have eaten already. No, I've eaten already. I've eaten already. So try this when you're speaking English, and you will sound more like a native English speaker. 120. 25.1 How To Make Past Continuous: I was working this morning. This is a past continuous sentence. What's the formula and how do we make it? Let's find out. The formula to make the past continuous is subject plus was or were plus a present participant, a verb ING. I was eating at 5:00 P.M. He was cooking all morning. They were working in the afternoon. To make a negative, simply add not after was or were. I was not eating at 5:00 P.M. He was not cooking all morning. They were not working in the afternoon. To make a question, the formula is W or were plus subject plus a present participant. Was I eating at 5:00 P.M. Was he cooking all morning? Were they working in the afternoon? That's how you make the past continuous tense. Remember, you need was or were, and you need a present participant. 121. 25.2 When To Use Past Continuous: I was driving down the road, listening to some great music. And then I crashed into a tree. This is the first main use of the past continuous tense. You can use it to talk about interrupted actions. I was driving, and then this action was interrupted. It was stopped because I crashed into a tree. Another example, I was making dinner when she arrived. The audience was clapping until he fell over and hurt himself. O. Hey, what's up, guys? In this video, you're going to learn about the past continuous. I was using my phone while filming this video. The past continuous can also be used to show that two actions were happening at the same time in the past. I was using my phone at this time. I was filming this video at the same time. I was studying while he was making dinner. While I was waiting, I was listening to music. The next main use for the chain, what were you doing this morning? I called you, but you didn't answer your phone. Oh, yeah, sorry about that. I was writing a script for this video this morning. The next main use of the present continuous is to talk about something that was happening or in progress at a specific time in the past. At that time, I was writing a script. I had not finished at that time. Some other examples, you were driving to work. The child was being naughty. In all of these three sentences, we know what was happening at a certain time in the past. Okay, everybody, let's start the class. Today we are going to talk about John, you are late again. John was coming late to class back then. This is the last main use of the past continuous. It can be used to talk about a past habit that is finished. So this means he is not coming late to class anymore. It's finished. It was in the past. Some other examples, she was always smiling when she worked there. They were always fighting when they were in a relationship. They are the main uses of the past continuous. The most important thing to remember here is that the past continuous is normally used to show that an action was happening at some time in the past. It was in progress at some time in the past. 122. 25.3 QUICK TIP - Sound Like A Native Speaker: Sometimes when native speakers are pronouncing the ING at the end of a present participle, they don't pronounce it as N. Let me show you what I mean. I was eating dinner Because I was eating dinner. I was drinking milk. Because I was drinking milk. They were walking to work because they were walking to work. This type of pronunciation is used in different accents, and I use it in my accent when I'm speaking English very quickly. If you like my accent, then you can copy this tip. If you don't like this accent, then you don't have to copy this tip. It's up to you. 123. 26.1 How to make past perfect: We are more than halfway through all of the tenses. In this lesson, you are going to learn about your eighth tense, the past perfect tense. Making the past perfect is similar to making the present perfect, but with the past perfect, you need to use had instead of has or have. When using had, you can use it with any subject. I had, had we had they had. The formula to make the past perfect is subject plus H plus verb three, a past participle. I had met him before the party. The plane had left before I got to the airport. They had wanted to see the movie. To make a negative, simply add not after had. I had not met him before the party. The plane had not left before I got to the airport. They had not wanted to see the movie. To make a question, the formula is H plus subject plus verb three. Had I met him before the party, had the plane left before I got to the airport? Had they wanted to see the movie? That is how to make the past perfect. Remember, when you're making this tense, you need to use H, and you need to use verb three, a past participle. 124. 26.2 When to use past perfect: Mm. Wow, this pizza is so good. I just can't stop eating it. I'm going to eat it all. Hey, I'm home. Is there any pizza left? Oh, sorry, no, I ate it all. He had eaten the pizza before I got home. This is the first main use of the past perfect tense. You can use it to show that one action happened before another action in the past. First, the person ate the pizza. This happened in the past. Second, the man came. This also happened in the past. Another example. He was very hungry because he had not eaten all day. This means he did not eat at some time in the past. After this, he was hungry. Again, two events in the past. One more example. I had saved my work before the computer broke. I saved my work in the past. After that, the computer broke. I cannot believe the computer just broke like that. Me too. The computer had worked well until today. This is the second use of the past perfect. It can be used to show that one action happened before a certain time in the past. So this sentence here means that the computer worked well until today. She had become a teacher before 2020. We don't know exactly when she became a teacher. All we know is that it happened before 2020. Another example, they had gotten engaged last year. Yes, I think I'm going to win. Oh, no. I didn't win anything. I wish I had bought the winning lotto ticket. This is the third use of the past perfect. You can use this tense to show that you are not happy about the past. Did I buy the winning lotto ticket? No. But I wish that I did buy the winning lotto ticket. Another example, he wished he had seen his friend before he moved to a new country. Did he see his friend? No. But he wishes that it did happen in the past. Oh, no, I missed the bus. The bus had just left when the man got to the station. This is the fourth use of the past perfect. It can be used with the word just to show that something finished a very short time ago. The bus left, 5 seconds later, the man got to the station. Another example, I had just gone outside and it started to rain. This means I went outside here. A very short time later, it started to rain. The past perfect can also be used to talk about reported speech. You will learn about reported speech later in the course, but here is one example. Fred asked me if I had gone to the concert. They are the main uses of the past perfect. The most important thing to remember with the past perfect is that it's normally used to show that one action happened before another action in the past. It can also be used with the word just to show that something finished a short time ago. 125. 26.3 QUICK TIP - Are You Making This Common Mistake?: Are you making this common English mistake when using the past perfect with verbs which are not the verb to be? Don't say I have been eaten. This means something et This does not mean you ate something. This is a passive voice sentence, which you will learn about later in the course. But just quickly, when we have a sentence like this, the thing at the start of the sentence receives the action. Another example, she had been fired from her job. This means she received the action of being fired. She was fired, and now she does not have a job anymore. 126. 27.1 How To Make Past Perfect Continuous: In this lesson, you will learn how to make the past perfect continuous tense. The past perfect tense needs the word had and continuous tenses normally need a present participle. That means to make the past perfect continuous, the formula is subject plus had plus been plus a present participle, a verb ING. It had been raining. He had been jogging. They had been working hard for one year without a holiday. To make a negative, simply add not after had. You also can say hadn't. It hadn't been raining. He hadn't been jogging. They hadn't been working hard for one year without a holiday. To make a question, the formula is H plus subject plus been plus a present participant. Had it been raining had he been jogging, had they been working hard for one year without a holiday? That is the past perfect continuous tense. Remember, this tense needs had been and a present participant. 127. 27.2 When To Use Past Perfect Continuous: Where is the post office? I'm so lost. Oh, there it is. He had been walking for 3 hours before he found the post office. This is the first main use of the past perfect continuous. It can be used to show how long an action happened before another action in the past. One, he walked for 3 hours. Two, he found the post office. Some more examples. Had you been waiting long before you got a taxi? They had been living in Asia for two years before they decided they wanted to move back home. Do you remember watching this I was tired in the past. Why was I tired? I had been running. This is the second main use of the past perfect continuous. It can be used to show a cause of something in the past. The ground was wet because it had been raining. What was the cause of the ground being wet in the past? The cause was the rain. One more example, she gained a lot of weight because she had been eating a lot of McDonald's. They are the main uses of the past perfect continuous. In summary, you can use this tense to show how long something happened before another action in the past, and you can use it to show the cause of something in the past. 128. 27.3 QUICK TIP - Past Perfect & Past Perfect CONTINUOUS (What's The Difference?): If you don't know the difference between the past perfect and the past perfect continuous, just remember this. The past perfect normally focuses on the action, not how long the action happened for. The past perfect continuous normally focuses on how long the action happened for, not the action. Look at these two examples. I have waited for 1 hour. I have been waiting for 1 hour. The first sentence focuses on the action, which is waiting. The second sentence focuses on the duration, which is 1 hour. So this is one of the main differences between the past perfect and the past perfect continuous. 129. 28.1 How To Make Future Continuous: Now you're going to learn about another future tense the future continuous. Future tensors normally need the word will and continuous tensors normally need the verb to be and a present participle. To make the future continuous, the formula is subject plus W plus B plus a present participant, a verb ING. You can use will B with any subject. I will be. You will be. He will be, they will be. I will be going to the party. He will be performing at the concert. They will be reading now. To make a negative, simply add not after will, or you can say won't. I won't be going to the party. He won't be performing at the concert. They won't be reading now. To make a question, the formula is W plus subject plus B plus a present participant. Will I be going to the party. Will he be performing at the concert? Will they be reading now? That is the future continuous. Remember, this tense needs will B and it needs a present participant. Will B can be used with any subject. 130. 28.2 When To Use Future Continuous: You have almost finished this course, but there are still about ten sections left. You will be using this course next week. This is the first main use of the future continuous. It can be used to talk about an unfinished action in the future or a prediction for the future. Next week, you'll still be using the course. At this time, it will not be finished yet. I will be eating dinner at 8:00. That means at 8:00, I will be in the progress of eating dinner. At 8:00, the action will be happening. Another example on Christmas Day, I will be opening a lot of presents. He said his plane will arrive at 5:00 P.M. It's 5:00 P.M. Now. His plane will be arriving now. This is the second main use of the future continuous. It can be used to make a prediction about what you think is happening right now. I think his plane is arriving now because it's 5:00 P.M. I am not 100% sure, but it is my guess, and my guess will be correct if everything is okay and normal. Hmm. I might call my friend. Oh, no, it's very late. She will be sleeping now. Never mind. This is my guess, and if everything is normal and everything is okay, then my guess will be correct. She will be sleeping right now. Another example, they will be watching TV now. It's what they do every night, so this is my guess and it will probably be correct. I will be watching TV when you get home. This is the third main use of the future continuous. It can be used to talk about an interrupted action in the future. It's very similar to how we use the past continuous to talk about interrupted actions in the past. At this time, I will be watching TV. It will be in progress. At this time, you will get home. It will interrupt me watching TV, but I will keep watching TV after you get home. Some more examples. Everyone will be drinking when you get to the party. The birds will be chirping when you wake up. When using the future continuous like this, it's often used with words like when. They are the main uses of the future continuous. The main thing to remember is that the future continuous is normally used to talk about an action in the future that is not finished. It's used to show that an action is still happening or it's still in progress at some time in the future. 131. 28.3 QUICK TIP - Are You Using The Wrong Verbs?: Don't use the future continuous with stative verbs. The future continuous normally needs to be used with action verbs. Words like walk, talk, and drink. She will not be agreeing with us. Incorrect. She will not agree with us. Correct. I will not be feeling good tomorrow. Incorrect. I will not feel good tomorrow. Correct. He will be needing a new phone next year. Incorrect. He will need a new phone next year. Correct. Remember, when you're using the future continuous, you normally can't use it with staative verbs. Normally, you need to use action verbs. 132. 29.1 How To Make Future Perfect: Two more tensors to go. In this lesson, you'll learn how to make the future perfect tense. Future tensors normally need the word will, and perfect tensors normally use have or has. To make the future perfect, the formula is subject plus W plus have plus verb three, a past participle. Will have can be used with all subjects. I will have. You will have. He will have. They will have. He will have eaten dinner. It will have finished raining. They will have arrived. To make a negative, simply add not after will and before have. He will not have eaten dinner. It will not have finished raining. They will not have arrived. To make a question, the formula is will plus subject plus have plus verb three. Will he have eaten dinner? Will it have finished raining? Will they have arrived? That's the future perfect. Remember, this tense needs will have and it needs verb three. Will have can be used with all subjects. 133. 29.2 When To Use Future Perfect: I'm going to Paris tonight. Can you come over now so I can show you how to look after my dog? I can't now. I'm working. I'll come over tonight at 5:00. Is that okay? No, I will have left my house by 5:00. This is the first main use of the future perfect. It can be used to show that one action will happen before another action in the future. If I go to her house at 5:00 P.M. Which is in the future, she will have already left. This is also in the future. Another example. Let's pretend you are going to catch a train. The train will leave at 10:00 A.M. You will get to the train station at 10:15 A.M. If you get to the train station at 10:15 A.M. The train will have left. Again, we are using this tense to show that one action happened before another action in the future. One more example. Call me at 10:00 A.M. I will have arrived at the office by 9:00 A.M. I started working here on 10 February last year. It's now 1 February. Wow, I nine days, I will have worked here for one year. This is the second main use of this tense. We can use it to show how long until a certain point in the future. 10 February last year is here. From 10 February last year until 10 February this year is one year. We are measuring the time. Another example. By next month, I will have studied English for six months. Again, we are measuring the time until a certain point in the future. Another way you can think about it is that you go forward into the future, and then you look back. From the future, you can look back to the other point and you can measure the time between those two points. One more example, I will have been in that country for two years by the time I leave. That is the future perfect. Easy. The main thing to remember with this tense is that it's normally used to show that one action happened before another action in the future. 134. 29.3 QUICK TIP - Are You Making This Common Mistake With 'Will'?: The word has is normally used with singular subjects, right? He has. She has. It has. That means we can say the movie singular subject, W has started already. No, no, no, no. When using the future perfect, you always need to say we have not W has. After W we never say has. We always say we have. So to correct this sentence, you need to say the movie will have started already. So just remember when you're using the future perfect, always say we have. 135. 30.1 How To Make Future Perfect Continuous: All right, it's time to look at the last tense, the future perfect continuous. Let's look at how to make it. Future tenses normally need will Perfect tensors normally use have or has. Continuous tensors normally use the verb to be and a present participle. To make the future perfect continuous, the formula is subject plus will plus have plus been, plus a present participle, a verb ING. You can use will have been with all subjects. I will have been, you will have been. He will have been, they will have been. I will have been exercising for 18 months. He will have been playing the piano for a long time. They will have been dating for a year. To make a negative, simply add not after will and before have, or you can say won't. I won't have been exercising for 18 months. He won't have been playing the piano for a long time. They won't have been dating for a year. To make a question, the formula is W plus subject plus have plus been plus a present participant. Will I have been exercising for 18 months? Will he have been playing the piano for a long time? Will they have been dating for a year. That is the future perfect continuous. Remember, when you're making this tense, you need will have been and you need a present participle. You can use will have been with all subjects. 136. 30.2 When To Use Future Perfect Continuous: How long have you been working here for? In November, I will have been working here for two years. This is the first main use of the future perfect continuous. It can be used to show how long until a certain point in the future. Pretend you move forward to November. Then you go back two years. This will show you when the action started, and it will show you how long the action has been happening for. Please note that this action will probably continue after the two years. Another example. At 5:00 P.M. I will have been working for 5 hours. Put yourself into the future at 5:00 P.M. Then go back 5 hours. Then you will know when the action started. Again, this action will probably continue past 5:00 P.M. Another example, when he turns 40, he will have been playing the guitar for ten years. Hey, do you want to go to a party tonight? No, I can't. I will be too tired. Why? I will have been running. This is the second main use of the future perfect continuous. It can be used to show a cause of something in the future, or it can be used to show that something happened before a certain time in the future. This means when it's time to go to the party in the future, the person will be tired at that time. Why will he be tired? He will have been running. That's the cause. Another example, he will have been eating all day, so I don't think he will be hungry. That means he won't be hungry in the future. Why? He will have been eating all day. That's the cause. Congratulations. You have now learned about every tense in English grammar. If you're not sure about any of the tensors, or you have forgotten why we use certain tensors, you can go back and watch those lessons again. In the next section, you will learn about the passive voice and the active voice. 137. 30.3 QUICK TIP - More Pronunciation Tips (Sound LIke A Native Speaker!): Thank you. If you want to speak English faster and more naturally, when you're using the future perfect and the future perfect continuous tenses, just do this. Don't say we have S W. You can use Wo with all subjects. I will have gone to the shops. No, too slow. I will have gone to the shops. He will have eaten by then. No. He will have eaten by then. They will have been working there for three years. No, they will have been working there for three years. You can also say Ben instead of Ben, like I told you a few sections ago. Remember, this is my accent, and if you like my accent, you can copy it. If you don't like my accent, you don't have to copy it. It's up to you. 138. 31.1 What Is Active Voice, How Is It Made And Why Is It Used?: In English, sentences can have two main voices, the active voice and the passive voice. In this lesson, you are going to learn about the active voice. An active voice sentence is a sentence where the subject is the person or the thing who does the action. It's a sentence where the person or the thing who does the action is put first. For example, she bought a dog. Who is the person or the thing who performed the action here? She did. She was the person who bought the dog. Another example, the man kicked the ball. Who is the person or the thing who performed the action here? The man. The man was the person who kicked the ball. With these two sentences here, they are active voice sentences because the person or the thing at the start of the sentence is the person or the thing who performed the action. To make the active voice, simply use the basic sentence structure in English. Subject verb object. She bought a dog. She is the subject. Bought is the verb, and dog is the object. When using the active voice, the most important thing is who or what did the action. The general rule is that most of your sentences should be in the active voice. This is because the active voice is clear, it's strong, and it doesn't use extra words. You will learn in the next lesson that the passive voice can sometimes be long, unclear and use extra words. 139. 31.2 What Is Passive Voice, How Is It Made And When To Use It: Now let's talk about the passive voice. Remember, the active voice is a sentence where the subject is the person or the thing who does the action. A passive voice sentence is the opposite of an active voice sentence. A passive voice sentence is a sentence where the subject is the person or the thing who receives the action. A passive voice sentence is a sentence where the person or the thing who receives the action is at the start of the sentence. For example, a dog was bought by her. In this passive voice sentence, dog is the subject because it receives the action of being bought by her. Another example, the ball was kicked by the man. Did the ball perform an action? No, the man performed the action. The man kicked the ball. The ball received the kicking. This is very important to remember when using the passive voice. When using the passive voice, the subject is the person or the thing who receives the action. Please note that when using the passive voice, you don't have to say who did the action. You could say a dog was bought. You could say the ball was kicked. Both of these sentences are grammatically correct and they can be used like this when it's not important who did the action. To make the passive voice, there are normally three steps. One, put the thing that receives the action to the start of the sentence. Two, add the correct form of the verb to B to whatever tense that you are using. Three, add a verb three, a past participle. Here are some examples to show you how it's done. Please note that with all of these sentences, you don't need to say who did the action. If you want to say who did the action, it's correct, but you need to use the word B. Pass simple, I ate a pizza. A pizza was eaten. Present simple, I eat a pizza. A pizza is eaten. Future simple. I will eat a pizza. A pizza will be eaten. Past continuous. I was eating a pizza. A pizza was being eaten. Present continuous. I am eating a pizza. A pizza is being eaten. Future continuous. I will be eating a pizza. A pizza will be being eaten. Past perfect. I had eaten a pizza. A pizza had been eaten. Present Perfect. I have eaten a pizza. A pizza has been eaten. Future perfect. I will have eaten a pizza. A pizza will have been eaten. Past perfect continuous. I had been eating a pizza. A pizza had been being eaten. Present Perfect continuous. I have been eating a pizza. A pizza has been being eaten. Future perfect continuous. I will have been eating a pizza. A pizza will have been being eaten. So remember when you're using the passive voice, follow these three steps. One, put the thing that receives the action to the start of the sentence. Two, add the correct form of the verb to B, and three, add a verb three. There are a few main reasons to use the passive voice. The first main reason is to change what is most important or what is the focus of the sentence. He was arrested by the police. In this passive voice sentence, the most important thing is that he was arrested. It's not very important who arrested him. The second main reason to use the passive voice is when you don't know who did the action or who did the action is not important. For example, my bike was stolen. I don't know who stole my bike. That's why I used the passive voice. The third main use of the passive voice is for formal writing. The project will be completed next month. This is more formal than saying, I will complete the project next month. The fourth main use is to make sentences softer and more polite. Instead of saying, You must give me the money, you can say the money must be given to me. This is more polite and less aggressive. A lot of the time when you're reading the news, you'll see headlines like this man attacked on street. They have used the passive voice here because the most important thing is that the man was attacked. It's not important who did it. Now, I know what you're thinking. You're thinking, Shane, they haven't used a form of the verb to be, and you're right. There should be a form of the verb to be, but they have removed it to make the headline shorter and quicker to read. I know that was a lot of information. So to finish off this lesson, here are some more examples of passive voice sentences. This will help you to see how to make the passive voice and when to use it. 140. 31.3 QUICK TIP - Not Sure Whether To Use Passive Or Active? Just Do This: If you're not sure whether to use the active voice or the passive voice, just do this. Ask yourself, what's more important in the sentence? Is it who did the action or the action itself? If who did the action is more important, use the active voice. If the action itself is more important, use the passive voice. Look at these two examples. Somebody stole my money on Sunday. My money was stolen on Sunday. In this case, what is the most important thing? The most important thing is the action stolen. It's not important who stole the money, and I probably don't know who stole the money. That means in this situation, it's better to use the passive voice because the passive voice normally focuses on the action. So if you're ever not sure which voice to use, follow this tip. This will help you to use the most effective voice. 141. 32.1 What Are Conditionals?: Hmm. If I won $1 million, I would buy a very expensive house. Oh, sorry, I was just using conditionals to talk about what I would do in the future if something happened. That's exactly what a conditional is. A conditional is a type of sentence in English grammar, which can be used to talk about the result of something that might happen in the present, something that might happen in the future, or something that didn't happen in the past. Conditionals have two parts. They have an if clause and they have a main clause. The I clause is the condition. A condition is a situation or a circumstance. If that condition is true, then a result might happen. The result is the main clause. For example, if I won $1 million, I would buy a very expensive house. When the I clause is first, you need to put a comma after the I clause. You can also put the main clause first. I would buy a very expensive house if I won $1 million. If you put the main clause first, you don't need to put a comma. In English grammar, there are four main types of conditionals, the zero conditional, the first conditional, the second conditional, and the third conditional. In the next lessons, you will learn about all of these conditionals, when to use them and how to make them. 142. 32.2 Zero Conditional: If you heat ice, it melts. This is a zero conditional sentence. So how do we make it? Let's break it in half and have a look. You heat ice is a present simple sentence. It melts, is also a present simple sentence. So to make the zero conditional, the formula is I plus present simple plus present simple. If you heat ice, it melts. If you heat ice, does it melt every time? Yes, it does. It's something that always happens. It's something that's always true. That's why we use the zero conditional. It's used when the result of a condition is always true. When something is always true or when you're talking about a fact. Here are some more examples. If you eat too much, you get fat. This is something that always happens. If you drop something, It falls down. This is something that always happens at every time and every place. If he is late for work, his boss is angry. Whenever he is late for work, his boss is angry. Every time he is late, his boss is angry. That is the zero conditional. Here is a quick summary. The formula is if plus present simple plus present simple. The zero conditional is used to talk about things that are always true. It's important to remember that the condition for the zero conditional always has the same result. This conditional is not just talking about one time. Here are some more examples so you can see how to use the zero conditional. 143. 32.3 First Conditional: This lesson, we are going to talk about if it rains, I will not go to the park today. This is a first conditional sentence, so how do we make it? Well, let's break it in half and have a look. It rains is a present simple sentence. I will not go to the park today is a future simple sentence. The formula to make the first conditional is if plus present simple plus future simple. It's very important that when you're making the first conditional, you need to use will. So why do we use the first conditional? Well, let's have a look at our first example. If it rains, I will not go to the park today. The first conditional is used to talk about things that might happen in the future. It's used to talk about things that could be true in the future. It might happen or it might not happen. How many times am I talking about here? Many, a few or just one? I'm just talking about one time. That's why we use the first conditional. It's used to talk about one future result of something that might happen now or in the future. When using the first conditional, the speaker normally thinks that the result is very possible. What's the difference between the zero conditional and the first conditional? The difference is the zero conditional talks about something that is always true, a situation in general. If it rains, I do not go to the park. This sentence is talking about every time. The first conditional is talking about just one situation that the speaker thinks is very possible. It is used to talk about what will happen in a specific situation, not every situation. If it rains, I will not go to the park today. This sentence is talking about just today. Other days might be different. Here are some more examples. If I finish my homework, I will go to the party. This is talking about just one party tonight. It's not talking about every night or every party. If he goes to work, he will tell his boss. Again, we are talking about if he goes to work this time, not every time. One more example, she will be late if she doesn't leave now. That was the first conditional. Here is a quick summary. The formula to make it is if plus present simple plus future simple. It's used to talk about one specific situation that might happen in the future. Here are some more examples of the first conditional, so you can see when to use it. 144. 32.4 Second Conditional: If I won $1 million, I would buy a very expensive house. This is a second conditional sentence. So how do we make it? Let's break it in half just like normal. I one $1 million. This is a past simple sentence. Now, to make the result, we need wood plus verb one. So the formula to make the second conditional is I plus past simple plus wood plus verb one. It's very important to remember that when using the second conditional, you need wood and verb one. So why do we use the second conditional? Let's look at our first sentence again. If I won $1 million, I would buy a very expensive house. Is it possible for me to win $1 million? Yes, it is possible, but it probably won't happen. There's a very small chance that I will win $1 million. That's why we use the second conditional. It's used to talk about a future result. We are talking about one situation that probably won't happen. It has a very small chance of happening. What's the difference between the first conditional and the second conditional? The difference is the first conditional talks about something that is very possible to happen in the future. If it rains, I will not go to the park today. This situation is very possible and could happen because in this world, rain happens all the time. The second conditional talks about something that probably won't happen in the future. It's possible, but there is a very small chance of it happening. If I won $1 million, I would buy a very expensive house. This situation is possible but probably will not happen. Here are some more examples. If I met the queen, I would be very nervous. This situation probably won't happen, and I don't expect it to happen. If she was rich, she would travel to every country. This is something that probably won't happen, but it is possible for her to be rich in the future. One more example. If they studied hard, they would pass their exam. Sometimes the second conditional can be used to show that something is impossible in the present, something that cannot be true or cannot happen in the present. If I had their phone number, I would call them. Do I have their phone number? No. Is it possible for me to have their phone number right now? No. Another example. If I were him, I would not do that. Am I? No, is it possible for me to be right now? No, it's not possible. That is the second conditional. Here is a quick summary. The formula to make it is I plus past simple plus W plus verb one. This conditional is used to talk about things that are very unlikely to happen in the future. It can be useful to think of the second conditional as dreams for the future. They are things that probably won't happen. Now, here are some more examples of the second conditional, so you can see when to use it. 145. 32.5 Third Conditional: Hmm. If she had studied hard, she would have passed her exam. This is a third conditional sentence. So how do we make it? Well, let's break it in half and have a look. She had studied hard. This is a past perfect sentence. Now, to make the result, we need would have, and we need a verb three. So the formula to make the third conditional is I plus past perfect plus would have plus verb three. It's important to remember that when making the third conditional, you need would have and you need verb three. So why do we use the third conditional? Well, let's have a look at our first example. If she had studied hard, she would have passed her exam. Did she study hard? No. Did she pass her exam? No. Is it possible for those things to be true? No. That's why we use the third conditional. It's used to talk about something that didn't happen in the past and to imagine the result of that situation if it did happen. It's important to remember that when using the third conditional, it's talking about the past and the result and the condition have no possibility of being true. It cannot happen. It's impossible. So what's the difference between the second conditional and the third conditional? The second conditional talks about something that could happen in the future, but it probably won't happen. There is a very, very, very small chance of it happening in the future. If I won $1 million, I would buy a very expensive house. The third conditional talks about something that cannot happen in the past. It is impossible to happen. There is no chance of it happening. If she studied hard, she would have passed her exam. Here are some more examples. If I had won the lottery last week, I would have bought a new car. Did I win the lotto? No. Did I buy a car? No. If it had rained yesterday, you would have gone to the beach. Did it rain yesterday? No. Did you go to the beach yesterday? No, one more example. If she had been free last week, she would have attended the event. That is the third conditional. Here is a quick summary. The formula to make this conditional is I plus past perfect plus W have plus verb three. It's used to talk about a condition that did not happen in the past, something that cannot happen in the past. Here are some more examples of the third conditional, so you can see how and when to use it. I 146. 32.6 QUICK TIP - Use This If You Don't Know What Conditional To Use: If you're not sure which conditional to use, just use this table to help you. Zero conditional sentences are used to talk about things that are always true. If you heat ice, it melts. First conditional sentences are used to talk about things that are very possible in the future. If it rains, I will not go to the park today. Second conditional sentences are used to talk about things that are very unlikely to happen in the future, things that have a very small chance of happening in the future. If I won $1 million, I would buy a very expensive house. Third conditional sentences, talk about things that did not happen in the past, something that has no possibility of happening. If she had studied hard, she would have passed her exam. So this is a quick summary of the four main conditionals. Please note that the percentages which show you how likely something is to happen are just a guide. They are not always right. They are just there to help you get a feel of the difference between these four conditionals. 147. 33.1 What Is Reported Speech, Why We Use It And How To Make It: In this lesson, you are going to learn about the basics of reported speech. I like going to the park. Did you hear that? He said he liked going to the park. I like going to the park. This is direct speech. These are the words that he used. He said he liked going to the park. This is reported speech. This is what I said to you about what he said. When you're using reported speech and telling someone what someone else said, you normally need to use a reporting verb. Verbs like say or tell. When you are changing direct speech into reported speech, you normally need to go back one tense. This is because I am speaking right now, but what the other person said has already happened. It's in the past. I like going to the park. This is direct speech. This is what the man said 30 seconds ago. He said he liked going to the park. This is reported speech. I am speaking now, but I'm telling you what the man said in the past. That's why we change like to liked. Now let's look at how to change a sentence from each tense into reported speech. Present, simple, I like going to the park. He said he liked going to the park. Present continuous, I am living in France. He said he was living in France. Past simple. I bought a dog. He said he had bought a dog. When someone's direct speech is in the past already, we go back one more tense and use the past perfect tense. That means we need to add the word had. Past continuous, I was working. He said he had been working. Present perfect, I have been there before. He said he had been there before. Past perfect. I had met him before. He said he had met him before. When someone's direct speech is in the past perfect already, we can't go back anymore. So that means you don't have to change what they said. Just say he said and then repeat what the person said. But of course, you may have to change the pronouns around. For example, you might need to change I to He. Now let's look at some modal verbs. Will I will pick it up. He said he would pick it up. Wood, I would do it. He said he would do it. Can I can play piano. He said he could play piano. I could play games all night. He said he could play games all night. When you're using wood and C, these words are already in the past and you can't go back any further. That means when you're using these words in reported speech, you don't have to change them. Should I should help him. He said he should help him. Might, I might be late. He said he might be late, must, I must pass the test. He said he must pass the test. Or you can say he said he had to pass the test. Again, when you're using should might and must in reported speech, you don't have to change the form of the verb. But please note that when you're using must in reported speech, it's more common to say had to. For example, he said he had to pass the test. Sometimes you don't need to change the present tense into the past tense when you're using reported speech. If the direct speech information is still true. Direct speech, it's cloudy. Reported speech. He said it is cloudy or you could say he said it was cloudy. Both are correct. Now let's talk about reported questions. Where is Rachel? Direct speech. Where is Rachel. Reported speech. He asked me where Rachel was. So to make a reported question, you normally put the question word after asked me, and then you turn the rest of the question into a sentence, which is one tens back from the current tense. Let's have a look at some more examples. Where are the cheapest burgers? He asked me where the cheapest burgers were. The cheapest burgers were is the start of a past simple sentence. What are you doing? He asked me what I was doing. I was doing is the start of a past continuous sentence. One more example, who is that funny man? She asked me who that funny man was. That funny man was is the start of a past simple sentence. And finally, we need to talk about shut the door. Okay. Direct speech, shut the door. Reported speech. He told me to shut the door. When using reported speech to talk about what someone told you, you normally just say he told me to, and then you say what he said. Sometimes you may need to change the pronouns. Direct speech, eat your dinner. Reported speech. He told me to eat my dinner. Direct speech. Study English every day. Reported speech. He told me to study English every day. They are the basics of reported speech in English grammar. The most important thing to remember is that when you're using the reported speech, you normally need to go back one tens. 148. 33.2 QUICK TIP - Always Go Backwards: Thank you. If you're not sure how to make a reported speech sentence, just do this. Repeat the direct speech and then go back one tense. I have eaten a pizza. Present Perfect. He said he had eaten a pizza. This is past perfect. I am playing sport. This is present continuous. He said, he was playing sports. This is past continuous. I could drink the whole bottle. Could is a verb two, and we can't go any further back than verb two. That means when you're making this sentence into a reported speech sentence, you don't need to change Cod. He said he could drink the whole bottle. So remember, present normally goes to past. Past normally goes to past perfect. And if you've got a verb which is already in the past, then normally you don't have to change. 149. 34.1 Had Better: In this lesson, you are going to learn about Hey, excuse me, you had better not smoke there. The police will come and take you away. In English, the phrase had better is used to give advice about the present or the future before I gave the man advice about not smoking there. Why did I give that advice? Because I knew the police would come to take him away? So the formula to use had better is very simple. It's had better plus verb one. I had better eat. He had better go. They had better B. Do not use infinitive verbs with had better. I had better to eat? No, not correct. Here are some more examples. Wow, she looks very sick. She had better make an appointment to see a doctor. This is my advice to her. Ooh. It's a very cold day today. He had better wear his jacket before he goes outside. One more example, you had better not finish your homework late. Now you're probably thinking, Hey, what's the difference between H better and should? Well, you could use should in all of these sentences. Had better and should are both used to give advice, but had better is much stronger. Had better is often used to give warnings. For example, with this sentence, I used H better because if she does not go to see a doctor, she might get even more sick. They are the basics of using had better. Remember, had better is used to give advice and it's stronger than should. Had better is always used with verb one. 150. 34.2 Was/Were Going To: I was going to call you, but my phone ran out of battery. Did I call you? No. This is why we use the structure was or were going to. It's used to talk about a plan we made in the past, but that plan did not happen. So I planned to call you here. But my phone ran out of battery. Here, that means I could not call you when I planned to call you. To make this structure, it always was or were going to plus verb one. I was going to go. He was going to win. They were going to be to make a negative, simply add not after was or were. Or you can say wasn't or weren't. I wasn't going to go. To make a question, the formula is W or were plus subject plus going to plus verb one. Was I going to go? You need to after was or were going. I was going go, no, incorrect. Here are some more examples. I was going to see my friend yesterday, but she was sick. Did I see my friend? No. Did I want to see my friend? Yes, but I couldn't see her because she was sick. They were going to go to the party, but they stayed home instead. Did they go to the party? No. Did they plan to go to the party? Yes, but they changed their mind and they stayed at home instead. They are the basics of using was going to. This is a very important grammar structure in English, and it's used a lot by native English speakers. So it's very important you understand how to use it and what it means. Remember, if someone says, I was going to, it means they did not do the thing that they planned to do. 151. 34.3 Neither And Either: Hmm. I want to buy one new T shirt. Oh, I don't like the red t shirt, and I don't like the blue T shirt. I like neither T shirt. Can I see some more T shirts? Okay, I think either T shirt would look good on me. Do you know the difference between neither and either yet? Neither means zero. I like neither T shirt means I don't like this one, and I don't like that one. Now, with either, either means two in this sentence. I think either T shirt would look good on me, means I think that this t shirt would look good on me, and I think that t shirt would look good on me. I am talking about both shirts. So in this example, either means both. It means two things. Either can also mean one from two options or two choices. I will either buy this t shirt or that T shirt. How many T shirts will I buy? I will buy just one. I will not buy two t shirts. I will not buy zero t shirts. I will buy one T shirt. Here are some more examples so you can see how to use neither and either. Neither of my friends play sport. This means both of my friends do not play sport. I will buy either the burger or the chips. This means I will only buy one. Neither dog likes to go to the park. That means both dogs do not like going to the park. Would you like either pizza or lasagna today? Either is fine. In this sentence, either means both. It means pizza is okay and lasagna is okay. They are the basic feelings of the words neither and either. Remember, neither always talks about zero, zero things. Either can talk about one thing or it can talk about two things. 152. 34.4 If Only/I Wish ...: Now let's talk about using if only and I wish. These two phrases can be used interchangeably. That means in this lesson, you can use either if only or I wish. They have the same meaning. Now, these two phrases are very common in English grammar, so it's very important you understand how to use them and what they mean. They have three main uses. If only I knew how to find gold, I would be rich. Do I know how to find gold? No. This is the first main use of these phrases. You can use these phrases to talk about something that you wish was true right now. The structure is, if only, or I wish plus past simple. Another example, I wish I could go to the party tonight. It would be so much fun. If only I had woken up early, Did I wake up early? No. This is the second main use for these phrases. You can use them to talk about regrets in the past. When you wish the past was different, the formula is if only or I wish plus past perfect. This is similar to the third conditional. Another example, I wish I had not eaten so much. Now I feel sick. The next use is I wish you wouldn't come to class late all the time. This is the third use. These phrases can be used to complain about things that you are not happy about. The formula is I only or I wish plus W plus verb one. Another example, if only you would pay attention, then you would learn so much more. 153. 34.5 Could've, Should've And Would'v: Could have, should have, would have. These words cause a lot of confusion for students who are learning English. But do you want to know the good news? The good news is they are actually very easy. Could have means, could have should have means, should have, would have means, would have, could have, should have and would have are all contractions. It's how native speakers say these words when they are speaking naturally and speaking very quickly. When using these words, they need to be used with verb three. Could have gone. Should have eaten, would have seen. Remember, these words are used with verb three, not verb two, not verb one, not the infinitive, and not a present participle. I could have gone to the party last night. Did I go? No. Was it possible for me to go? Yes, it was possible for me to go. This is the main use of Could have. It's used to talk about something that did not happen in the past, but it was possible to happen in the past. Easy, right? Another example. I could have gone to the gym today. Did I go to the gym? No. Was it possible for me to go to the gym? Yes. Now, please note, could have can also be used to make a guess about the present. Let's pretend you make a plan to see your friend at 1:00 P.M. At the park. You're at the park now and it's 115 and he's still not there. You can make a guess about why he's not there. You can make a guess about the present. He could have got stuck in traffic. I should have gone to the party last night. Did I go to the party? No. But do I wish that I did go to the party? Yes. This is the main use of should have. It can be used to talk about something that did not happen in the past, but we wish that it did happen. You are giving advice about what you wish happened in the past. Again, very easy, right? Another example, I should have studied hard before my test. Did I study hard? No. But do I wish that I studied hard? Yes, I do. Do I wish that I could change it? Yes, I do. Should have can also be used to talk about what you think has happened in the present if everything is okay and normal. Let's pretend your friend is flying to your city today. His ticket says his flight will land at 5:00 P.M. Now it's 5:00 P.M. You can say his plane should have landed by now. You don't know 100%. This is just a guess, but you're probably right if everything is okay and normal. Please note that when we're using should have like this, it's often used with the phrase by now. I would have gone to the party last night, but I was too tired. Did I go to the party? No. Did I want to go to the party? Yes, probably. But why didn't I go? What stopped me? I didn't go because I was too tired. This is the main use of would have. It's used to talk about something that didn't happen in the past because something else did or did not happen. Another example, I would have been on time, but there was a big traffic jam. Was I on time? No. Why? Because there was a traffic jam. Please note that you can also use these phrases in the negative. Could not have, should not have, would not have. For example, she could not have gone to the party because she was sick. Did she go to the party? No. Was it possible for her to go to the party? No. Because we said could not have, could have. They are the basics of using could have, should have and would have. Easy, right? Remember, when you're using these phrases, you need to use them with verb three. Practice making some sentences with these phrases, and in the next lesson, you'll learn about a very interesting grammar structure, subject plus two. 154. 34.6 Subject + To: Hey, did you see the news? Joe Biden to fly to China. Has this already happened or is it happening now? Or will it happen in the future? This means Joe Biden will fly to China in the future. It's a plan for the future, and it's what we think will happen in the future. This grammar structure should have the verb to B, but they have removed it to make sentences shorter. You will normally see this grammar structure on the news because it's short, quick, easy to read, and it doesn't use words like will or going to. To make this structure, the formula is subject plus two plus verb one. Fred to leave, woman to be, children to change. Here are some more examples. Man to meet Queen at Buckingham Palace. Has this already happened? No. Is it happening now? No. Will it happen in the future? Yes. Another example world leaders to meet in Switzerland. Again, this hasn't happened yet, but it is a plan for the future. So that is subject plus two plus verb one to talk about the future. Remember, this grammar structure is normally only used in news headlines. It's not used in spoken English.