Transcripts
1. Introduction: My name is Ruth. This course we will introduce some very common mistakes
that people make in Chinese, especially by people
speaking English. Are you ready for it?
Let's get started.
2. How to Ask Questions: Next question is
creating questions. Because as we already know, the sentence structure
of questions in English and Chinese
is very different. Where we put the
question word and how we put it is very important. At first, let's talk about the yes or no questions,
close question. You can answer all
these questions with yes or no sentence. Once you have a yes
or no question, a lot of times it's
not necessary, You put them in the end. For example, here, may here, meaning already means do
you have book or not? You don't need my end. You can either Shuma have book or you can do it's
positive negative. Either way, you can either do positive negative or
you can do positive. You can either says, do you have a book
or you can say no. You cannot put these together. These are wrong. Same stuff, asking, are you Chinese? You can say, Nishu Jen. That's it, Are you
Chinese or not? Or you can say, get
rid of a brochure. Is M, are you Chinese? But you cannot put all negative, positive, and together,
this is wrong. These two sentences is wrong. One God, you see this, one is also wrong because
you use positive, negative. And in one sentence, all you need to do is you can either do
positive, negative, Or the sentence
with, for example, you can say the second way
to do positive and negative. You see the words
with two characters. All you need to do is just to
repeat the first character. You can also say
means the same thing. Do you like this movie or not? Or it's just like, you can say ni, three ways to phrase
this question. Do you like this movie or
not positive and negative, or you just need to say the first character of
the word C and then ban, or you can use the word Jim. Okay. The next part about creating sentences is
the open questions. Previously we mentioned
about the closed question. All these type of question
you can answer is yes and no. And a lot of times you do
positive and negative, Finish the sentence
with the question word. But now we are talking
about open questions. The issue about where to put the question words
is very important. First thing comes first. We will go over the most
common question word. The first one is Sam. It means what? A lot times. What do you like
when or what time do you want to meet, et cetera. You can use Shama. Next one is where there are three ways to ask the question
in terms of location. You can ask na, na, Na, Na by itself. It can also means which. Why You see na in front of either a noun or measure
word normally means which, but a lot of times Naa, one means the location,
nothing followed afterwards. Next one is who it can be. She, She basically
the same character, have different pronunciations. Why is pronounced? Shade
is more colloquial, more spoken, more casual. And why is pronounced? Shade is more formal,
more written, but it means the
same thing then, in terms of grammars,
the same as well. Next one is shall. It means how many or how
much? It means a lot. Shall it means a little
or few together. It's asking, is it
a lot or together? You can use for countable nouns or things you cannot count. It means how many and how much. However, if you see is
only for countable nouns. Normally, if you're asking someone using the question
word a lot of times, you're expecting the person's
answer is smaller than ten. That's the difference
between do show and next is way is for shy. Next one is how. A lot of times you
can say how is something or how do
you do something. Let's say how In a
number of instances, one about question word may appear at the
end of the sentence, but it's not necessary. It's not really a general rule. The formation of a question
doesn't always involve a question word appearing
at the end of the sentence. Do not always put to the question words at
the end of the sentence. Later we're going to learn where exactly we need to put
the question word. Let's give you a tip. To help with the proper placement
of the question word. You should first
think of a sentence as an answer to the question
that has been asked. Then to keep the parts of the question in place
without the key answer. Let's example. For example, if I say, my name is Ruth. Ruth is the specific answer
to the question, opposed. It is information that
could be different. We can say, or day I'm David. Then you can remove the specific answer from the sentence and leave
that part blank. You will say something like My name is something Then you can fill in the
blank with the question. What we say sham, my name is then you replaced
you are called what? A lot of times the
Chinese question is paralleling with the answer. That's why how you ask the question is how you answer
it, okay? Another example. For example, I work at
school, here is location. If I want to say where do you work is the key answer
to the question. Get rid of the and
leave this part blank. You say like a blank. Then you can switch
into you need, then you will use Nai
to fill in the blank. To ask the question
word where one matk, I drive to school every day. If I want to ask you how do
you go to school every day, driving Kai will be the key answer to
answer the question. I will get rid of Keto and
leave that in to a blank. I will say mail Ukacho. Then the same thing because
I'm asking you and I will switch into you, Maten. I will say, how do you
go to school I will use the question wordma'll be Maten, how do you go to school
every day you see Chinese is how you asking the question is how I'm
going to answer it. It's parallel. Knowing the answer,
how would you answer this question
is very important. Another example is
in terms of numbers. If I say I drink two
cups of tea every day, I will say one main every day. Who is to drink on Ba? Two cups of tea. I
want to ask how many? I will get rid of the actual number on and
leave it into blank, then replace it
with the question, then switch into because
I want to ask you, how many cups of tea do
you drink every day? Now we have the question
A, That's all questions. It works for all the
question you can think of. How would you answer
this question? Then just get rid of the at answer and replace
it with the question. Then you got it, Okay? Did you get it? Great,
Keep practicing.
3. Usage of measure word or classifier: Is a lot of people forget
to use measure word, or some people call
it the classifiers in front of a noun in Chinese, unless you are
referring to a noun in general or in the
indefinite plural, like apples, dogs,
people, books, cars. You must use a measure word or classifier in front of the. Now, what does that mean? If I say, I like apples? You don't need a classifier. But say I apple, I want to say I ate one apple. You have to use the number, the measure word then. Now, basically, if you use
a number in front of a now, you have to use a measure
word in front of now. But what is a measure word? How do you understand
the measure word? You can think about
it in English, you will say a bottle of water. The bottle in here
is a measure word or classifier to measure how much water
you're talking about. But in Chinese,
it doesn't really matter if it's accountable
or not accountable. As long as you use a
number in front of, now you have to use
the measure word. Uh huh. You see, give you example if it's lean, lean, take a number. Such is. Now if you use a
number in front of, now, you have to use a
measure word in the middle or with a number. User is noun, so you
have to use a number. But please know that
in Chinese there is no use of the indefinite article
or the definite article. Instead, a lot of times you must use the substitute number one, which is E. It's the
equivalent of either of these. For example, if I say a book, then you say ben shuo. Here it means singular. Instead of using ortho Chinese normally we'll just
use number one. Now let's talk about the common measure words Is
the most common measure word. Normally you can use go for round shaped things like
apple, egg, orange. Or small objects that can
fit in your hand like a ball or a phone like types of
food like we mentioned, apples, pears, dumplings,
rocks, et cetera. For example, if you say apple
or the apple, or one apple. Or you can say ping. Same logic if you say a pair. The pair, one pair, you can all say ego. If you say one banana, the banana or a banana, you can say so. Basically, if it's
indicate something is singular or you
mentioned a number, you have to use a measure word. For example, you can also
use for people as well. For example, one
friend or a friend. Or the friend, you can say copano kos a
classmate, et cetera. Or you can use the go
for something abstract, like an idea or a
plan or a thought. For example, if you say ij, a plan or a idea, the last category is make. The most commonly
used measure word is something doesn't have a specific matching
measure word. A lot of times, like
most of the time, objects matching measure word. If not, we can just use okay. Alternatively, one is
jewelry or something. For example, T trouba is
one piece of jewelry N you can also use for clothing
like the whole thing. For example, if you say a part
of a machine or something, you can also use for
things you do matter. Another commonly used
measure word is Q, means part, a piece of, a whole chunk of something. For example, you can say, a piece of cake or
a piece of pizza. A slice of pizza. One piece of a whole thing. But you can also use qui
for the measure word of like a bar shaped
things like a, a bar, soap, a break, et cetera. You can use qui
que, use for money, qui means a buck or $1 You
can also use qui as well.
4. Where you put time and location: Another mistake
that people like to make is where to put
time in the location. As we know, a lot of the order of the
sentence structure is very different
between Chinese and the English where
we put time in. The location is very important. Chinese for time,
you can either put the time at the beginning of the sentence or
before the subject. But this one is under
the circumstances. If the time phrase
is now, for example, like today, yesterday,
tomorrow, 08:00 et cetera. However, if the time
is, add the verb. You can only put it after the subject
in front of the verb. But if the time is now, you can go either you can put it at the very
beginning of the sentence, before the subject,
or you can put it after the subject
in front of the verb. But if it's adverb like you have to put it after the subject
in front of the verb. A lot of times, if
you just want to be safe because you confuse, you don't know which
one is adverb, you don't know which
one is now to be safe, you can always put it after the subject in
front of the verb. Give you example. Say
I go to school today. I is the subject. Today is now. You can today after I. Or you can put today at the very
beginning of the sentence. You can also say,
than either way it works, same location. You can put the location
in front of the sentence, at the very beginning
of the sentence, in front of the subject. Or you can put it after the subject, in
front of the verb. This one is normally, we don't have the concern about if location is at work or not. Most of the time it
can go either way. For example, if I
say I eat at home, I can say a fan. You can say a fun. In general, a lot of times, the order of the
sentence should be subject, time location verb. If you do time and the
location at the same time. If I say in the
morning I eat at home, normally you will put time in front of a location or you can put time in front of the subject or location
in front of the subject, then follow the rest
of the sentence. If the action of the subject has a noticeable or
measurable effect on the object or location, or could have effect on
the object or location, then that's a
different situation I will explain later
with examples. In that case, normally you put
a location after the verb. This will often be the case if the subject has
a direct contact with object or the verb is
transitive. Give you examples. Normally, basically you can do subject time location verb, but there is a situation put
location after the verb. That's when the verb have
actual impact on the location. Give you a hint. If I say right characters side towards the shot means
I'm writing on the table. I'm writing on the
surface of table. The action of my writing
impact on the table. It's damaging the table. I will put location after the verb I'm writing
on the table. However, if you say what Z, then just writing by the
table or on the table. It doesn't really have
impact on the table. You see that's the difference. If you put a
location afterwards, the verb have impact
on the location. For example, if I sit, sit on the chair, chair, taking on my weight, I will put on the chair
after the verb sit, I hit you in the face. In the face. You'll
use it afterwards. However, if I say I hit
you in the face at school, that at school will
be used in front of the verb because modifying
where this action happened. However, in the face,
it's like the face have impact being influenced
by the action. So you put a
location afterwards. You see give you this
example would sue sit on the chair because the action of sitting has an impact
onto the chair. Chair is receiving the object
of the action, same logic. Hit you in the head. Needs tosa, even though your head is
not technically a location, but it's the structure of a Z. And then somewhere
it's like location. But the action of hitting has
impact onto your hand head. We put it afterwards. Same example. For example, I put the
plate on the table. We show same thing. So the table is receiving
the weight of a plate. You put it afterwards. But if we say, I do all
the action in the kitchen, I can put the kitchen in
front of I put the plate or I can say the home doesn't like, you know, kind of
like doesn't receive any impact of me, direct impact. So you put it in
front of another one. Satish is a throw, She is a book. Tisha on the floor. I throw the book onto the floor. Same thing, kind
of like the floor receiving the kind of like the impact of my action
of a throwing the book. But if you say shu, I'm sitting on the
floor throwing books, literally, I'm
throwing the books while I'm sitting on the floor. You see where you
put this phrase. It's different if
you put it here. It doesn't mean like I'm
throwing book onto the floor, it means I'm on the
floor throwing books. You see where you put. The location phrase
is very important.
5. 了: The question is when to use. There are different
situations, we use dug, the first one we used to indicate possession
of something. For example, if you say show
my book or my day. The ETNs. Normally when you talk about
possession of something, you own something,
it's your, his. A lot of times we'll
use it in front of now. A lot of times you
can get rid of the dog when you
talk about kinship, for example, my mom, my dad, et cetera, you can still keep the dog, but a lot of times
we get rid of it. For example, if I say my mom, I will say, you can
just say my dad. You can either say
baba or baba also. The second situation
is we use as a part of the adjective, the first one. A lot of times we use the
adjective in front of a noun. For example, Beautiful girl, we say high or the book I liked. That's play a role of adjective modifying what
book we are talking about. And so that's the book I like. A lot of times if you
say I like that book, you say wan na, be shu. But if you say I bought
the book that I liked, then you say my shu.
I bought a book. But what a book? That's the book I like. And that's the
adjective modifying what book we're
talking about Manchu. Also, a lot of times
we use the after a verb and use it as adjective, like we mentioned book I liked. This one is the
car that I drive, true is the car and then walked. It means the car that I drive. Another situation you can get when the adjective
is monosyllabic, which means the adjective
is only one character. For example, if you
say high mountains, we can say gold, but most of the time
we get the rift for the high mountains, we just say goshen
or red apples. Instead of saying hong, the ping normally, we
just say hong ping. Good people we say
instead of or good books, we say she instead of
the shoe, et cetera. A lot of times, especially
if you use adjective in front of a noun and the
adjective is only one character, normally we get rid of the. Also, if there are
multiple in the sentences, a lot of times you may
just keep the last one. For example, if I say she's very beautiful and smart girl, you can say tadgh. There are two. You
can get rid of the first and only
keep the last one. You can say Taupe. However, a lot of
times if you use A, we say tad in the new Hi. A lot of times we like
to keep the K. Okay. Same thing if I say, I want to eat delicious and
fresh vegetables or dishes, I can say instead of a. Okay, The next situation we use, the duck, is we use adjective. Plus duck, but as a noun, leaving of the noun since
it already appeared previously or is understood
by listener or reader. For example, if I say, I like to eat apples, red ones and the green ones, for the complete way to say that is tripping or hopping. But we already mentioned
apples before and it's pretty clear that we're talking about red apples
and green apples. We can just use the referring to red apples referring
to green apples. A lot of times we use
is actually playing a role of a noun here. We already understands the
person here is shades. Definitely a person's
referring to the, that's why a lot of time, colloquially we just say that's
the guy, that's the girl. It's actually shorten from
it's who is that guy? Next one, young. Any did I want
something delicious? Here's something good
to eat, but it's fun. Or do stuff there. I want something good to eat. We omit something here, the meaning is pretty clear. A lot of times we drop it, we use actually using as a no. Another really common
sentence structure is we use the structure. A lot of times we use the structure subject
su plus either time, manner, place plus verb plus. A lot of times we use
this structure when you want to emphasize, you can either emphasize time manner for how you
do certain things or place where this
action happened even though that recommendation
is not necessary. But the usage can
be for any reason. A lot of times if
you drop the shoe and the meaning of the sentence
doesn't change at all. But we only use this
structure to emphasize, because it's a lot of
times about past events, we don't really use a love
in this sentence structure. For example, if I
say I drove here, I will say t here is emphasizing the manner
of how you do something. How you came here
is I drove here. And a lot of times S is omitted, but you have to keep the dog. You can also say same
thing, I drove here. Next one, that's the place where I was born. This sentence is emphasizing
where I was born. I was born in China. Same thing. You can omit the. So you can say uh, that's the sentence
structure example would be emphasizing time. I came here yesterday. I want to emphasize yesterday, I would say said I didn't
came here the day before. Yesterday. Or today, but
I came here yesterday. You'll use the structure. So also same logic. You can drop the show
came here yesterday. Okay. The next example is
emphasizing method or minor, like how you do something. Here I'm calling you
using a cell phone. Emphasizing how do I call you
Here we use the structure. Use the cell phone. Gaia
call you, it's emphasizing. How did I call you? Same structure, you
can get rid of. Shi.
6. 二 VS 两: Okay, next mistake, like
a lot of people like to make is people confuse
with R and Lion. In Chinese, we can say like
two in two ways, R or Leon. But one to use, which one is very confusing
to a lot of people. A lot of times we just use a
digit as in a phone number, a series of number, like in a bank account, zipcode account
number, et cetera. It doesn't have a specific
meaning, it's just digit. For example, a lot
of times we say, what's your phone number, need telephone in terms of a number, what's your phone number? And then when you say
in the phone number, it will pronounce as two. Another situation
we will use two is a lot of times you
will use D. D is one. We do like put D in front of the numbers to put
into aldo number. For example, if you
say R second D, E is the first, basically you put
things in ado order. The most common way to
do so, say D and R. A lot of times the
meaning has a number. You will also use
to, for example, if you say RN second day. However, if you say
N is two days, R, U is February because the February is the
second month of the year. We use, even though
you don't use D, but still have the meaning
of the ordinal numbers, we still use R. Same thing, Tuesday, we say Shin chi R R because in Chinese, we start a week from Monday. Tuesday is the second
day of the week. We will also use R. Another
time we use R is one. Arabic number two is used
for certain quantities. There is some flexibility in how to pronounce it or write
it out in Chinese. For example, two or
22 always use R. However, this exception
applies to the numbers only 401,000 or larger numbers, basically 120200020000,
et cetera. You can pronounce it either way, 200 you can do or 2000 you can do or R R one. But 22 is R when you say 22, but if it say 222, you can either say
R by R R or by R R. The part of 22 say the same, but like 100,000 or
the bigger unit, bigger digits, you can
pronounce either way. Now let's talk about what
situation we use on. Basically when you
are counting things, like for example, like
two people, you say on. As we already know, when you
count things in Chinese, normally you use number, the measure word then. Now that's why a
lot of times you use in front of a measure word because when
you're counting things, two books, you say so
because you are counting. Another really
common situation you will use is when you
are telling the time, for example, 02:00 You
will say and is 02:00 12 is the same like
R. We doesn't change. It's only 02:00 Say, and I say right now
it's 02:00 we say send. Now let's go over more
examples of when you either use R or the difference in
meanings between these two. For example, if I say R, it means the second
oldest brother, because you put it into the
order for the second oldest. How you say Lion is two older brothers is February. However, if you say Lion is
two months, Shin is Tuesday. But if you say
Hinch is two weeks, the Bs is the second book. If you say Bshu is two books, this one is different from
what we already mentioned. But a lot of times you can
also see the word lia. Lia also means two, but it means two people only. You only use it after
pronouns or nouns. For example, if
you say two of us, because you see this
one has the person, it's only indicate about people you say to the
right part is actually if you say Ta is two of
them is the father and the son is two of them. The next one, kid, mother and son, is a mother and daughter. Gulia is two brothers, Ella is two sisters. Basically, it means
two people and two of two of two of them, two brothers, two
sisters, et cetera.
7. 和: The question is when to use. There are different
situations, we use dug, the first one we used to indicate possession
of something. For example, if you say show
my book or my day. The ETNs. Normally when you talk about
possession of something, you own something,
it's your, his. A lot of times we'll
use it in front of now. A lot of times you
can get rid of the dog when you
talk about kinship, for example, my mom, my dad, et cetera, you can still keep the dog, but a lot of times
we get rid of it. For example, if I say my mom, I will say, you can
just say my dad. You can either say
baba or baba also. The second situation
is we use as a part of the adjective, the first one. A lot of times we use the
adjective in front of a noun. For example, Beautiful girl, we say high or the book I liked. That's play a role of adjective modifying what
book we are talking about. And so that's the book I like. A lot of times if you
say I like that book, you say wan na, be shu. But if you say I bought
the book that I liked, then you say my shu.
I bought a book. But what a book? That's the book I like. And that's the
adjective modifying what book we're
talking about Manchu. Also, a lot of times
we use the after a verb and use it as adjective, like we mentioned book I liked. This one is the
car that I drive, true is the car and then walked. It means the car that I drive. Another situation you can get when the adjective
is monosyllabic, which means the adjective
is only one character. For example, if you
say high mountains, we can say gold, but most of the time
we get the rift for the high mountains, we just say goshen
or red apples. Instead of saying hong, the ping normally, we
just say hong ping. Good people we say
instead of or good books, we say she instead of
the shoe, et cetera. A lot of times, especially
if you use adjective in front of a noun and the
adjective is only one character, normally we get rid of the. Also, if there are
multiple in the sentences, a lot of times you may
just keep the last one. For example, if I say she's very beautiful and smart girl, you can say tadgh. There are two. You
can get rid of the first and only
keep the last one. You can say Taupe. However, a lot of
times if you use A, we say tad in the new Hi. A lot of times we like
to keep the K. Okay. Same thing if I say, I want to eat delicious and
fresh vegetables or dishes, I can say instead of a. Okay, The next situation we use, the duck, is we use adjective. Plus duck, but as a noun, leaving of the noun since
it already appeared previously or is understood
by listener or reader. For example, if I say, I like to eat apples, red ones and the green ones, for the complete way to say that is tripping or hopping. But we already mentioned
apples before and it's pretty clear that we're talking about red apples
and green apples. We can just use the referring to red apples referring
to green apples. A lot of times we use
is actually playing a role of a noun here. We already understands the
person here is shades. Definitely a person's
referring to the, that's why a lot of time, colloquially we just say that's
the guy, that's the girl. It's actually shorten from
it's who is that guy? Next one, young. Any did I want
something delicious? Here's something good
to eat, but it's fun. Or do stuff there. I want something good to eat. We omit something here, the meaning is pretty clear. A lot of times we drop it, we use actually using as a no. Another really common
sentence structure is we use the structure. A lot of times we use the structure subject
su plus either time, manner, place plus verb plus. A lot of times we use
this structure when you want to emphasize, you can either emphasize time manner for how you
do certain things or place where this
action happened even though that recommendation
is not necessary. But the usage can
be for any reason. A lot of times if
you drop the shoe and the meaning of the sentence
doesn't change at all. But we only use this
structure to emphasize, because it's a lot of
times about past events, we don't really use a love
in this sentence structure. For example, if I
say I drove here, I will say t here is emphasizing the manner
of how you do something. How you came here
is I drove here. And a lot of times S is omitted, but you have to keep the dog. You can also say same
thing, I drove here. Next one, that's the place where I was born. This sentence is emphasizing
where I was born. I was born in China. Same thing. You can omit the. So you can say uh, that's the sentence
structure example would be emphasizing time. I came here yesterday. I want to emphasize yesterday, I would say said I didn't
came here the day before. Yesterday. Or today, but
I came here yesterday. You'll use the structure. So also same logic. You can drop the show
came here yesterday. Okay. The next example is
emphasizing method or minor, like how you do something. Here I'm calling you
using a cell phone. Emphasizing how do I call you
Here we use the structure. Use the cell phone. Gaia
call you, it's emphasizing. How did I call you? Same structure, you
can get rid of. Shi.
8. 没 VS 不: Okay, the most common
mistake that people will make is the use of bo
versus the use of ma. Because both of
words that we use as negative both
means no or not. That's why a lot of times
people get confused with these two. What's
the difference? Let's go over what
situation we use. The first situation we use when the subject doesn't have
possession of something. If I say, I don't have
apple, I will say, ma po, I always have ping apple
instead of a book. We use when we talk about
we don't own something, we don't have the possession
of something, we'll use. The second situation we
use is when you want to indicate the absence of
existence of something. When you talk about
there is no something or there isn't or wasn't
were not something. All these situations you
can use, for example, draws the table or desk, so on May, so there is
no book on the table. The third situation we
use May is to indicate some specific time limit action that didn't happen or wasn't
completed in the past. Basically, it means
the subject didn't do something or couldn't be
able to complete something. Then you use May a lot of
times we use in front of you, but you can also
use may directly in front of other verbs without. For example, if I say, I didn't eat breakfast. You can say may out
time one may tout fun. But you can also get
rid of mares out fun. It means the same thing when you say you
didn't do something, the negation word can be
either way, it worked. Now let's talk about what
situation we use a bull. Normally we use the boo to
put in front of the facts. Basically, when we
put the facts into the negative that it
doesn't change over time or to indicate the status of something that isn't the case or doesn't occur routinely or not on a basis like
a regular basis. For example, if I say,
I'm not American, I will say BkN'shytimes you'll see boo in
front of a shot. Because a lot of times
a shoe means B means is R when you're talking about the facts or R in certain way. That's why a lot
of times you say, Busch, Bushman,
I'm not American. If you say I'm not Chinese,
you say Buchungen. Let me give you a hint. A lot of times you use
boo directly in front of a su or whatever the
verb happens to be. Let's give you an example. Such fan. It means I don't eat breakfast. It's not my habit, it's the fact that I
don't eat breakfast. However, if you say mats fa, it just means I
didn't eat breakfast. It's only on one
specific occasion. Like you didn't eat
breakfast basically means we pop means I don't eat
like breakfast, I never do. But if I say mata, maybe I didn't eat it today
or I didn't eat it yesterday, you didn't actually complete
the action or you didn't do action for one or two times. But if you say no means
your routine, basically, if something keeps
recurring in the past, we still use Bo instead of, for me for example, in the past three years
I didn't eat any meat. It's a fact and it's a routine. I will use Bo is the past
san in the past three years. Acho's stating a
recurring situation.
9. 的: The question is when to use. There are different
situations, we use dug, the first one we used to indicate possession
of something. For example, if you say show
my book or my day. The ETNs. Normally when you talk about
possession of something, you own something,
it's your, his. A lot of times we'll
use it in front of now. A lot of times you
can get rid of the dog when you
talk about kinship, for example, my mom, my dad, et cetera, you can still keep the dog, but a lot of times
we get rid of it. For example, if I say my mom, I will say, you can
just say my dad. You can either say
baba or baba also. The second situation
is we use as a part of the adjective, the first one. A lot of times we use the
adjective in front of a noun. For example, Beautiful girl, we say high or the book I liked. That's play a role of adjective modifying what
book we are talking about. And so that's the book I like. A lot of times if you
say I like that book, you say wan na, be shu. But if you say I bought
the book that I liked, then you say my shu.
I bought a book. But what a book? That's the book I like. And that's the
adjective modifying what book we're
talking about Manchu. Also, a lot of times
we use the after a verb and use it as adjective, like we mentioned book I liked. This one is the
car that I drive, true is the car and then walked. It means the car that I drive. Another situation you can get when the adjective
is monosyllabic, which means the adjective
is only one character. For example, if you
say high mountains, we can say gold, but most of the time
we get the rift for the high mountains, we just say goshen
or red apples. Instead of saying hong, the ping normally, we
just say hong ping. Good people we say
instead of or good books, we say she instead of
the shoe, et cetera. A lot of times, especially
if you use adjective in front of a noun and the
adjective is only one character, normally we get rid of the. Also, if there are
multiple in the sentences, a lot of times you may
just keep the last one. For example, if I say she's very beautiful and smart girl, you can say tadgh. There are two. You
can get rid of the first and only
keep the last one. You can say Taupe. However, a lot of
times if you use A, we say tad in the new Hi. A lot of times we like
to keep the K. Okay. Same thing if I say, I want to eat delicious and
fresh vegetables or dishes, I can say instead of a. Okay, The next situation we use, the duck, is we use adjective. Plus duck, but as a noun, leaving of the noun since
it already appeared previously or is understood
by listener or reader. For example, if I say, I like to eat apples, red ones and the green ones, for the complete way to say that is tripping or hopping. But we already mentioned
apples before and it's pretty clear that we're talking about red apples
and green apples. We can just use the referring to red apples referring
to green apples. A lot of times we use
is actually playing a role of a noun here. We already understands the
person here is shades. Definitely a person's
referring to the, that's why a lot of time, colloquially we just say that's
the guy, that's the girl. It's actually shorten from
it's who is that guy? Next one, young. Any did I want
something delicious? Here's something good
to eat, but it's fun. Or do stuff there. I want something good to eat. We omit something here, the meaning is pretty clear. A lot of times we drop it, we use actually using as a no. Another really common
sentence structure is we use the structure. A lot of times we use the structure subject
su plus either time, manner, place plus verb plus. A lot of times we use
this structure when you want to emphasize, you can either emphasize time manner for how you
do certain things or place where this
action happened even though that recommendation
is not necessary. But the usage can
be for any reason. A lot of times if
you drop the shoe and the meaning of the sentence
doesn't change at all. But we only use this
structure to emphasize, because it's a lot of
times about past events, we don't really use a love
in this sentence structure. For example, if I
say I drove here, I will say t here is emphasizing the manner
of how you do something. How you came here
is I drove here. And a lot of times S is omitted, but you have to keep the dog. You can also say same
thing, I drove here. Next one, that's the place where I was born. This sentence is emphasizing
where I was born. I was born in China. Same thing. You can omit the. So you can say uh, that's the sentence
structure example would be emphasizing time. I came here yesterday. I want to emphasize yesterday, I would say said I didn't
came here the day before. Yesterday. Or today, but
I came here yesterday. You'll use the structure. So also same logic. You can drop the show
came here yesterday. Okay. The next example is
emphasizing method or minor, like how you do something. Here I'm calling you
using a cell phone. Emphasizing how do I call you
Here we use the structure. Use the cell phone. Gaia
call you, it's emphasizing. How did I call you? Same structure, you
can get rid of. Shi.
10. 都，全 and 所有: Is the different way to say
all or entire, or whole. There are three words,
people get confused. Let's go over one by one. The first one is a lot of times we use Chen
as an adjective. A lot of times you
use in front of no when you want to refer to the entire A whole object, entire object A means the whole family or
the entire household. Chen, next one chan
the entire country or the whole country, Basically, just one
thing, one object. But like all parts
of one thing we use, a lot of times we su, you can use as a noun and then
you can use as adjective. If I say all are Chinese, you can say chu. Next one, the usage of a Doug. A lot of times
people get confused. One thing you have to
remember is Doug a verb. You cannot use it
in front of a noun. You have to use it in front of either a verb or use it
in front of adjective. Most of the time is referring
to multiple subjects. For example, if you say, we are all Chinese, you cannot put dough
in front of us. You have to use a dog
in front of rung. It means all of us are Chinese. If put the sentence into negative depends on
where you put the, the meaning of the
sentence is different. For example, if I say not
all of us are Chinese, you can say wh. The negation is work on
the do all the sum of us. A Chinese is not. You will use a bud, but if
you use a boo in front of shut is emphasizing
the negation. Work on the R. It means
none of us are Chinese. You say woman word, not one of us is Chinese. None of us are Chinese. These two sentences,
we have to pay attention where we put
boo, the negation word. The meaning of the
sentence is different. You put R into negative, or are you put R into agative?
Meaning is different. The last one is, so this one means all you
use it in front of Nan. And a lot of times you're
referring to multiple subjects. A lot of times you can use
together with emphasizing. For example, if I say
all of us are Chinese, you can say so everybody. We use soy and do together. In one sentence, it's
very common to see woman. So it's all of us Chinese woman. But this one is more like a noun instead of a sentence then. So yeah, it's all families. You can use it in front of a.
11. Adj: The second mistake that a
lot of people like to make is when the subject is
followed by an adjective. What is adjective is the word you're trying
to describe something. For example, good, tall, short, fat, et cetera. In Chinese, we don't
use the verb to be in front of the
chosen adjective. For example, when I say
I'm good in Chinese, we just say what is the subject is very
is an adverb here. This is the Chinese
equivalent or substitute for, or the verb to be, even
though it means very. But a lot of times, if the adjective is
only violent character, we like to put it in
front of the adjective. How it means good or well, literally the translation
is very good. You see, we didn't use
m in the situation. Basically, I will just say how I very good instead of
a very good in Chinese. Basically, we just
say the subject adjective out to
be in the middle. If you use a book, in the negation, you
will Same thing. For example, like
my home is not big, You say same thing, subject adjective, and you just put in the negation in
front of the adjective.
12. 还是 or 或者: Okay, so today we're
going to talk about the misuse of high
shoe and juju. As we already know, high she and juju a lot of times
can be translated into or, but the usage of high shoe
and juju is very different. Let's go over it right now. Okay. First is a
lot of times we use a question that is used to express choices or alternatives. It's like, do you want A or B? A lot of times let
the person to choose. For example, Nisha is cafe. Do you want tea or coffee? Here is the people who
listen to your question, choose between Cha and the cafe. It's present different
options or alternatives. Okay, So let's go
over more examples. The first one, nishan ishi, bi. Do you like red or white? You can also use the
options after the verb. Do you like a or B? Do you eat or something? You can use the
options after a verb. You can also use options
as an adjective. For example, is, are
you tall or short? Tall and short are
two adjectives. Next example would
be Nian on high, high, him go high. Do you want to eat Chinese
food or American food? You see it's give you different
options to choose from. But it doesn't
necessarily mean that you can only use high question. You can also use
high in a statement. A lot of times you can
translate it into, I'd rather do something like it means you choose
one thing or another. It's express a choice or present a alternative that you make the decision or you
have already chosen. Okay, let's look
at this example. High, I'm tired, I don't
want to go outside. It means instead of going out, I'd rather stay in
because I'm tired. Okay, let's go over
another usage of his. It's use as a part of the conditional
sentence conjugation. A lot of times we use
the structure if here. Also express our choice
based of conditions. Now let's go over the example. Uh, woman high samba. It means if it rains, let's stay and eat at home. It's like make the choice under the circumstances of raining, instead of going out
or go to a restaurant. We'd rather stay at home. It's like, it means you
have different options, but you made the choice
of staying at home. A lot of times we
use a high shirt. A conditional sentence
means like you have the options to do,
like decision. Okay, Now let's look at the juju is more like you
used to indicate one or two, or more options than
either one works. For example, like Chad Cafe, it means either tea
or coffee are fine. It's like instead
of letting you to make the decision to
choose between AOB, either situations, or
either option works, or it will be suitable. That's the difference. Okay,
let's go over more examples. The person say woman. We can eat either Chinese
food or Western food. Either food is fine or
Uzazi I will be home, sleep or watch TV. Either way is fine, it's like it means both situations
will be okay. Instead of letting the person to choose, that's the difference. Did you get it okay? I will see you in
the next episode.
13. Usage of 是: Okay, now we're talking about
the common misuse of shut. A lot of times you can
be translated to be B to B like m is word we will, et cetera, but it's very different from
the usage in English. For example, when we use
in terms of location, in English you say M at home, but in Chinese you don't
use shu in front of a z. Z means be located already. You don't need sure in front of, for example, I'm at school. You just say instead
of the same structure, you wouldn't say A. You would say, I'm
at home location. You just use subject
z plus location. That's it. You'll need to use the shut in front
of the verb side. Okay? In Chinese, a lot
of times we don't need to use a su when we're
talking about the date, the day of the
week, time and age, or whether of course you can in terms of
grammar is not wrong. But a lot of times when we
say it, we leave it out. For example, when we
talk about the dates. If I say today is December 10, we just say today December 10 without saying
the shu in the middle. Again, you can put it there, but a lot of times
we leave it out. Today is December 10, okay? The next example is when we talk about the
days of the week. For example, if I want to
say yesterday was Sunday, a lot of times we just say
yesterday Sunday at Chitin. Again, you can say Satan in terms of grammar
is totally perfect. But a lot of times we'd
like to leave it out. Also, when we talk about time, we like to omit shu as well. For example, if I want to
say right now is 09:00 P.M. I just say right now 09:00 P.M. without
the shu in the middle. Saenz wan shan D. Next we leave out the shu is when we talk
about the weather. Today is a sunny day. We just say today sunny day. It's the same with the situation when we talk about the age. For example, if I want to
say he's 20 years old, we just say the 20
years old without the, as in the middle, Ta R, S. Okay? The previous example that you can use with or without a shoe, but these situations
you cannot use a shoe. For example, a lot
of times we say we are doing something
at the moment. In English you say B plus the verb plus
ING means ongoing, and it's under the process. But in Chinese we just
use z plus the verb. For example, if I say, I'm making a phone
call right now, instead of saying you should say in this situation
is already, the indicator means this
action is ongoing right now, it's making a phone
call right now. You don't need a
shrink in the front. If I say I'm sleeping right now, you just say, sh. So you don't need to
put a shoe in front of the verb z plus verb already. It means I'm doing something, I'm sleeping, I'm eating
and making a phone call. Do not put a shoe
in front of the Z. Okay, now let's
talk about one of the most important
sentence structures in Chinese is the structure. Something a lot of
times people confuse with like is plus adjective. This is not the
sentence structure, because in Chinese we just
say subject adjective. We don't put a shoe
in the middle. But this sentence structure is actually used to emphasize, or they can provide extra
information about something. For example, a lot of times
we used to emphasizing location or time or how
you do certain things. Now let's go over
certain examples like when we use this
sentence structure. Okay, like I mentioned earlier, like this structure
is used to emphasize in time location or
method of action. What does that mean? That's
explained through examples. For example, if I say sorta here is omit sure
between war and Sa. I can say shut. It
means the same thing. A lot of times we
omit sure and only leave the dog at the
end of the sentence. Which means I came
here yesterday. Here, we use the structure to emphasize in the time yesterday. When did I came here? I came here yesterday. I didn't came here today. Or two days ago. I came here yesterday. Okay. So Emphasizing time. The next one is Tasha, Beijing. It means he works
in Beijing here. We use the structure to
emphasizing the location. Emphasizing, where does he work? He works in Beijing. Didn't like, he doesn't work
in New York or other places. Here we're used to emphasizing where this action happened, where does he work. Whatever we use between
shu and is to emphasize, but normally we have to put
the verb in the middle. You see here basically subject
su, then location verb, then here is used to emphasizing location,
which is Beijing. Okay, next example
will be the example of emphasizing the method or the
way you do certain action. It came here by car. It means I didn't came here
like a bus or walked here. I drove here. That's the method or how
you do certain action. That's the information
we were trying to emphasize on here. Basically, this sent structure, a lot of times s you can omit, but normally, whatever
between the sh, the structure is
what you emphasize. For example, normally you
use the structure subject. Sure. The information
you want to emphasize plus the
verb plus the dog. Okay, one more time. Subject. Sure. The information you want to emphasize plus
the verb plus the dog. Okay, I hope I explain it. Well, feel free to let me know
if you have any questions. I'm always here to help. All right, I will
see you really soon.
14. 有点 vs 一点: Okay, so today we're
going to talk about the difference
between EDN and yoda. As we already know,
a lot of times it's both words is
translated into a little bit in
English and people get confused with those
words all the time. Okay, let's start. Ed and d are both
expressions used to indicate a small amount
or degree of something. But what's the difference?
Let's go over di first. First of all, di, A lot of times we
use it in front of a noun indicate a small
amount of something. For example, Dan, I drink
a little bit of water. Dan here is in terms of amount, I don't drink a lot of water. Just a little bit. Next one, ED, Fun. I eat a little bit
of food or rice. Next one word, I do
a little bit work. Here is all these examples
that in terms of the noun, the things like I do
or I eat or drink in terms of amount or
quantity's not allowed, it's only a little bit. You use EDN front of the noun. Next usage of DN is we
use it after the verb. When we use D after the verb, a lot of times it's emphasizing the difference or the contrast. For example, we say quit. It means a little bit faster. It's compare with earlier, I want to be a
little bit faster. You see it's emphasizing
the difference. A lot of times we can
use it after the verb, sometimes we can even use
it after the adjective. Minds slow down, make
it slower a little bit. Again, it's like
emphasizing the difference. A lot of times when you say, if you say it means I'm better. Now, a lot of times when
you get sick or you didn't feel well and then
you say it means I'm better. Now it's emphasizing the difference
compared with earlier. I feel a little bit better. Again, difference or contrast. Next situation, when we use EDN, we use it after the verb, but it's omit the
noun after the verb. A lot of times based
of the context, we already know what
we are talking about. We omit the noun, for example, d's drink a little. If based of the
previous conversation, we already know we are
talking about drinking water. You can omit water. Just sayid or td,
eat a little bit. Here is omit the noun
or the rice they eat. A little bit of food or
something a lot of times. That's based off the
previous contexts. You already know what
we are talking about. We leave out the noun EDR basically means exactly
the same thing with DN. It just a lot of time, people from the North add
to make it more casual. D. A lot of times it's
the same with however. Most of the time we use
in front of adjective or adverb give a sense of a
little bit or somewhat. For example, tdeng, it means today it's
a little bit cold. The next example, Deng, he's a little bit busy here is emphasizing the
presence of business. He's a little bit busy. And the same if you say D and D, DR basically means
the same thing. A lot of times we add R, it just makes it more casual, basically just more personal preferences which
one you choose.
Ruth Astro, Mandarin teacher 10+ year experience
