Basic English Grammar

1. Introduction : Hello, my name is mocha this Rashid. Welcome to my class. In this lecture, we will see the basic English grammar. And I will tell you guys about the, all the categories falling in the English grammar part. I will explain types of sentences, parts of speech, which are noun, pronoun, adverb, adjective, etc. We will see the types of space. And I will also explain tenses along with the examples. And I will tell you about the articles, which are two that are definite and indefinite article. We will also see that. And I will explain punctuation. And I will give examples of punctuation paragraph with D along with the punctuation marks. So let's begin our first lecture. 2. English Grammar : In order to understand and learn English grammar, we should know what English grammar is. English grammar basically refers to the set of the rules and structures that go on, the usage and arrangement of words, phrases, and sentences in the English language. It encompasses various aspects such as syntax, morphology, phonetics, semantics, and punctuation. Understanding and applying English grammar rules is essential for clear and effective communication. In both written and spoken forms. It includes concepts like work dentists, sentence structure, part of space, agreement, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and many more. By following grammar rules, speakers and writers can ensure that messages are conveyed accurately and comprehensively. You should learn first the basic or the English grammar, which is sentence structure. You should understand the sentence structure so I will explain it. First. Sentence structure basically refers to the arrangement of words and phrases within us and dance to convey meaning. It involves understanding how different elements of a sentence, such as subjects, verbs, Objects, modifiers, and clauses, are organized and related to one another. There are some key components of sentence structure. The first one is subject. The subject is the noun or pronoun that performs the action, or is the topic of the sentence. Typically answers the question, who is doing something? E.g. john is the subject in this sentence, which is John ate an apple. Second one is verb. The verb expresses the action or state of being in a sentence. It indicates what the subject is doing are experiencing. E.g. let us consider the previous example, which is John ate an apple. It is the verb in this sentence. Next sentence structure involves object. The object receives the action of the war. It can be a direct object which directly receives the action, or an indirect object which receives the action indirectly. That is considered the previous example, John ate an apple. Here is the direct object. Fourth one is modifiers. Modifiers provide additional information and describe our specify other elements in the sentence. They can be adjectives, adverbs, phrases, or clauses. E.g. John ate a red, apple. Red. Here is an adjective modifying the noun in the sentence. Next one is clauses. Clauses are the groups of words that contain a subject and a verb. They can be independent clauses or dependent clauses. I will explain them briefly in the next section. Let us consider an example. Here. I go for a walk. When the sun sets. When the sun sets is a dependent clause in this sentence, which cannot stand alone 3. Types of Sentences : Basic concept of English grammar is to understand the type of sentences. Before understanding the type of sentences, we need to see what are these sentences? Or sentence is grammatical construction made up of one or more words that fully expresses an idea or thinking. In most cases, our sentence has a subject, the object, person, our concept it refers to. And a predicate. Predicate is the section of the phrase or sentence that describes this object. Set as the action or state of being as intense typically starts with a capital letter and it is punctuated by a period question mark or exclamation mark. Sentences enable us to communicate with one another and express our convey the meaning. Let us see some examples here. I want a cup of tea. Please pass me the glass. Are you ready for the dance performance? I have taken the sentences in all categories. Use the period mark, exclamation mark, and question mark. First of all, we need to understand what are the types of these intensities. There are basically four types of sentences, which are simple sentence, compounds and dense complex sentence. And the last one is compound complex sentence. Now, I will discuss the types of sentences shortly. Then we will move toward the concept of claws. What is simple sentence? A simple sentence contains one clause. It has a subject and verb and makes complete sense independently. It is the primary component of the activity or sentence description. Here are some examples. Alex is a good boy. Andrew is hurting for the test. These are the examples of simple sentence. They do not need any explanation and make the complete sense independently. Second type of sentence is compound sentences. These are the combination of two independent clauses. Or in other words, in order to establish a single thing or Notion, two or more words are combined to produce a compound noun or noun and a verb. Noun and adjective and a noun or other combinations may be used in the combination. Compound nouns are frequently written as a single word with a hyphen or as two distinct words, compound noun. Examples include the following. Football. Football is the combination of foot and ball. Other example is haircut. Haircut is the combination of here and cut. If we take the example, these are connected with the coordination conjunction, e.g. John sang and he danced. Here, the coordination conjunction is n and two clauses are joined by this complex sentence. Complex and tense contains one dependent and one independent clause. Independent clauses are necessarily for the whole meaning of the dependent clauses. Cause and effect. Contrast, time, condition, or other connections can be used to determine how the independent and dependent sentences relate to one another. These are connected by the subordinating clauses. E.g. I. Will go to the park if I finished my study on time. The independent clause here is I will go to the party or part. The dependent clause is if I finish my work on time. The subordinating clause here is if and I will explain subordinating clauses and coordinating conjunction in next slide. The compound complex sentences. Compound complex sentences require the combination of two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Let us take an example here. E.g. I. Went to the park, but my sister stayed home because she was sleeping. The independent clauses are I went to the park. The other one is my sister stayed home. The dependent clause here is because she was sleeping. The two clauses are combined due to, because it is a coordinating conjunction Now let us discuss what are coordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunction, health, two independent clauses to come together and make a compound sentence. These include for, and, nor, but, or, yet. So you can remember them as FANBOYS. Let us take an example here. It was hard. So I slept in a subordinating conjunction. Subordinating conjunction connects independent clause with a dependent clause. Subordinating conjunctions include although, whenever. However, if, though, even if, because, unless, since you can remember them as a bus, let us take an example here. If she comes let me know. Let me know here can stand independently. She comes is dependent. And if this subordinating conjunction here, oh, I will explain clause. A set of words known as our loss is composed of a subject, a predicate. It is a key building block of grammar and is essential for creating sentences. Independent and dependent clauses are two primary categories into which clauses may be divided, are two categories of clause, independent clause and dependent clause. Independent clause. A clause that may stand alone as a full sentence, is referred to as independent clause, often known as a major claws. It communicators are whole idea without referencing any other clauses. To do so. Here is an illustration. I did the store. On the other hand, dependent clause depends on an independent phrase or clause. Forests whole meaning. Or dependent clause, also known as a subordinate clause, is unable to stand alone as a full sentence. It contributes to the meaning of this statement. By adding details are changing a section of it. Here is an illustration. I went to the store after. This is an incomplete sentence. The other example is gatt was smarter. Over here. Smart ratios are comparative degree and we are not sure whether the cat was martyred than red or any other animal. So please understand that dependent clause will have both a subject and verb, but it will be incomplete in its meaning, and hence, it is recognized as dependent clause and depend on an independent clause 4. Parts of Speech: Now the very important part of the grammar is parts of speech. First of all, we have to see why parts of speech are important. Parts of speech are crucial, are important because they lay the groundwork for interpreting and analyzing language. They assist us in recognizing an categorizing words according to their grammatical purposes and position in sentences. Understanding that different components of speech enables us to correctly formed sentences, identify word relationships, and produce cohesive and meaningful communication. It makes it possible for us to understand how our work as subjects. Objects warps objectives, adverbs, and more. Enabling, clear and efficient communication. Reading comprehension, writing ability, and general language, competency are all improved by understanding the elements of speech. There are eight types of part of speech, which are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. I will explain all these parts of speech. First one is noun, or noun is a term that designers as specific individual, location, object, or a notion. It is a key component of English grammar, speech. Or in other words, noun is the name of a person, place, or thing. Here are some few examples. I love listening to the music. My sister is a talented singer that line chased the deer. There are two common types of noun. First one is proper noun, second one is common noun. Proper noun, properly named particular individuals by particular locations or particular objects, as opposed to common nouns, which refer to January, persons, places, things, or concepts, e.g. here, common noun can be animal. If we specify or in a proper noun, the proper noun is dog. Types of noun or collective nouns, possessive nouns, and compound nouns. The collective nouns name given to a group of things as one is referred as collective noun, e.g. we are family. What is possessive noun? Possessive nouns shows the ownership of the noun. In possessive nouns. Apostrophe S or both are added. E.g. John's book, Alex, car. Noun is when two or more nouns are added. Sometimes they are identified by a hyphen in between e.g. football. It is the combination of two nouns for and ball. Mother-in-law, bus stop here, good. These are the examples of collective noun. Other part of speech is pronoun. Words that are substituted for nouns or noun phrases are known as pronouns. They are frequently employed to reduce repetition and lengthen phrases. E.g. Martha went out, she had some work. Here. Mara is a noun. In second sentence, we did not add the name Martha, but instead we use a pronoun, which is she. There are four instances of pronouns. First one is personal pronouns. Personal pronouns identify particular people or organization, e.g. he, she, they weigh and you may say He went to the store as opposed to John went to the store. Second one is possessive pronouns. These words denote possession or ownership. E.g. mine, yours, his Hi, there and hours. Let us take an example here. Is this book yours. Yours is the possessive pronoun. The third one is demonstrative pronouns. These pronouns identify articular individuals, locations are objects. Here are few examples. This, that these and those let us compile in an example. This is my favorite restaurant. Here. This is the demonstrative pronoun. One is reflexive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns reflect back to the subject of these sentences. For instance, myself, yourself, herself, age self, him cells are cells, your cells. And then says, Let us take an example here. I heard myself while playing basketball. Here, myself is the reflexive pronoun by enabling us to refer to people or things without repeatedly repeating their names are descriptions. Pronouns play a crucial function in the language. What are verbs? Verbs are basically action words that describes the events, behaviors, or mental states. They are essential for creating sentences and communicating ideas. E.g. get, climb the tree. Climbed is the world. There are four categories of worms. First one is action verbs. Action verbs are the verbs that describe mental or physical act, e.g. run it, ping, dance and dry. An example might be she dances gracefully. Here, dances is the action verb as she is performing an action. Second one is linking verbs are linking verb. Links are noun, pronoun or objective that characterizes our identifies the subject of a sentence to that noun pronoun. Our adjective. Examples include the verb tenses, is, am, are, was, and were. In this case, he is a Dr. is a linking verb. Third one is Assistive verbs. Assistive verbs, often referred to as auxiliary verbs, had the primary work communicate, voice, mode or densities. For instance, should, Mike, dan, and hence, an example might be, I can swim. Gan is the assistive work in this example. Fourth one is modal verbs. Modal verbs convey potential, readiness, demand, or approval. There are other examples, such as Gan should, most good, and may. For instance, you should study for the exam. Should is the modal verb. Here is another part of speech. Adjectives are words that describe, alter, or give more information about nouns or pronouns. Here is an instance of an adjective and second and description. She received a nice compliment on her art work. The word nice in this statement denotes the positive or a Bailyn nature of the complement. It is possible to communicate good feelings or opinions by using adjectives like nice. To describe nouns, positive characteristics. Features are experiences, objective answers the questions like, who knows, how many, what kind, and which one are some key characteristics of adjectives or descriptive? Placement, agreement, comparative, and superlative forms. If we talk about descriptive, objective describes the qualities, attributes, or characteristics of nouns or pronouns. E.g. in the phrase blue sky, the adjective blue describe the color of this guy Let us talk about the placement. Objectives usually come before the noun. They modify. For instance, in this sentence, he bought a new car. The objective new comes before the noun, car. How? There are cases where adjectives can come after the noun, such as the president elect or the world famous singer. Third one is the agreement. Objectives should agree in number and gender with the noun they modify. E.g. in this sentence, she has two small dogs. That adjective small agrees with the plural noun dogs. The fourth characteristic is comparative and superlative forms. Objectives can have comparative and superlative forms to compare our Express degrees of qualities, e.g. big. Big is the comparative, bigger superlative. Verbs. Adverbs are the words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They include details regarding the how, when plays or degree to which an action is carried out or a quality is expressed. In making our language more precise, an in-depth e.g. can you move quickly, the tiger and foster quickly and foster our head robes? Adverbs answers the question like, how, why, when, and we're, here are some characteristics of adverbs. First one is modifying verbs. Adverbs often modify verbs to describe how an action is performed. Mortifying adjectives. Adverbs can also modify adjectives to provide more information about the quality or degree of something. More defined. Adverbs. Adverbs can modify other adverbs to indicate the degree of manner or an action or quality. Placement. Adverbs can be placed before the verb, the Modify, at the end of a sentence or in other positions within a sentence. For instance, she sings beautifully or he left. Early. Rejections basically express the emotions and they are followed by an exclamation sign. E.g. allows. Hooray. Oh, wow. Let us consider an example here. I won the Nobel Prize. Hooray here is in bijection and indicating happiness. What is preposition? Preposition is a word which usually used to indicate the link between a noun or pronoun and other words in a phrase. Prepositions are frequently used to denote plays, time, more, direction, or position. They aid in setting the scene and elucidate how many bars of a phrase relate to one another. E.g. she is in class, in is the preposition here. Preposition also denotes when something is happening or where it is happening. E.g. the glass is on the table. The other example is I will come at 07:00 P.M. conjunction, conjunctions connect two or more clauses, e.g. Mater warrants or candy and ice cream. The conjunction here is end. There are three types of conjunctions. Coordinating conjunction, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunction. The first two times I have explained in the part one. Now I will explain correlative conjunction. Correlative conjunctions are either or, neither, nor, both, and not only, but also these conjunction connects two clauses in a sentence. E.g. give me either a pen or a pencil 5. Types of Speech: Now I will explain types of space, the very important another topic of English grammar. First of all, we have to see what speech is. Speech is a form of communication that involves the production and articulation of sounds through the vocal tract. It is fundamental human capacity that permits verbal expression of thoughts, ideas, and emotions, facilitating efficient communication and mutual understanding. There are two types of speech, which are direct speech and indirect speech. First of all, I will explain what are the direct speech is. Direct speech is a form of communication where the exact words spoken by a person are coated and presented within quotation marks. It allows for the direct representation of someone's speech, conveying there towards statements. Our conversation, we're betting. Direct speech adds authenticity and immediacy to written or spoken narratives. Let us called an example here. Martha said, comma quotation marks. I will be absent from class today. In this example, you can clearly see the words spoken by Mara are presented directly within quotation marks indicating direct speech. The sentence accurately course model statement conveying her exact words. Now what is an indirect speech? The word uttered by someone are paraphrased. Are we countered without using quotation marks? Is the indirect speech, which is also known as reported speech. Instead of giving a verbatim transcript, it entails communicating the original speech, meaning our substance, to indicate the change from direct to indirect discourse. Indirect speech frequently entails modification to work tenses, pronouns, and other components. Let's take an example of indirect speech. Martha said that she would be absent from class today. In this example, you can clearly see the words spoken by Mara are reported without using quotation marks. The statement is paraphrased to convey the meaning of original words. The verb tense changes from IV to she would do reflect the shift from direct to indirect speech. I've explained how to convert our direct speech into an indirect speech. But before we have to see the parts of direct speed, let us consider the previous example. Mara said, I will be epsilon today. This sentence has two parts, the reporting part and the reported parts. The first part, which is reporting, that is called as reporting clause. And the other part which is being reported is known as reported class. Like same, we have a reporting verb and I reported verb. The reporting verb is said, and they reported word is will. We will see how to convert the direct to indirect speech. The first rule is you will add a connector that e.g. Alice said, I am not happy. This is a direct speech, is quoting himself. Now let's make it indirect speech by using the connector, which is debt. And he said that he was not happy to remove the comma and the quotation mark. We will replace them with debt, which is a connector which will make the direct speech to indirect speech. This is rule number one. Now, we will move toward the rule number two, which is the change in the pronoun of the reported speech. I have explained that reported speech is the second part of this intense. Let us consider an example here. John said, I've, let us talk about rule number three, which state that the change in the tenses of the reported speech. This is a little bit critical. Let us consider an example here. Mary said, I am busy. This is our direct speed. Mary said that she was busy. This is an indirect speech. The m tends from the first sentence has changed too, was in the second sentence in order to make it an indirect speech. Remember that the reporting clause has said, this was in past, so we will change the reporting class tense in past. This is very important point here. The rule number four says, change in time of reported speech, e.g. a. Lizard. I am meeting my teacher today. How we will convert this into an indirect speech? Hailey said that she was meeting her teacher that day. Today was the time. We have changed this into the we have a long list of these time I will discuss in next slide. There are the convenience of the time. Tomorrow, Yesterday, today, now, tonight, this and here there is a long list. Tomorrow will be converted to next day. Yesterday into previous day, today into dead day, now into then tonight, into debt night. These into those. And here, into, there. In order to convert our direct speech into an indirect speech, you have to remember these convenience, which are very important here. 6. Subject-Verb Agreement : Now we will talk about subject and verb agreement. If you want to learn English grammar, you should be aware with subject verb agreement. There are some basic rules which I will explain step-by-step in this lecture. The first one rule says that singular subject leads to singular and plural subject leaves to plural verb. E.g. if you are using a singular subject like John, you will use a singular verb in the sentence. And if you are using the plural subject like we are, they, You will lead to plural verb. Let's take example. John is a good boy. Is, is this singular verb here and subject singular is John. Now take the example of the other, which is they are working hard for the exam. Day is the plural subject and R is the plural verb here. Second rule tells us that when you have two subjects that are connected by the word, and then you use plural verb, e.g. John and Alex are working hard. John, Alex are connected by a world which is N, So we will use a plural verb. The other rule says that many subjects S, but they are still singular, so we use singular verb, e.g. mathematics is a difficult subject. In subjects, we are using S at the end, but we're also having this singular verb, which is, is. Let's take another example. Physics is my favorite subject, physics. S. N is singular verb. With the subject. There is an other rules for subject-verb agreement, which tells that some subjects don't end with as they are plural. So we use plural verb, e.g. the men are so smart here that men do not end with the S. They are plural, so we will use a plural verb. Let's take another example that women are working hard. Woman is the subject which is plural, and they do not end with S. So we are using a plural row, which is R. The other rule says that quantities of time, money, and distance are considered singular. E.g. dollar 5,000 is a lot of money. Here. In this intense, we have taken the amount of money and we have used a singular verb. With that. The last rule tells us that when we use the word each are every innocent dance, we always use the singular verb, e.g. every student is working hard. Here in this intense, we have used every and we're also using singular verb 7. Punctuation : Now I will explain punctuation briefly. Punctuation in English. Source to clarify the meaning, structure, and flow of sentences. It involves the use of various marks and symbols to indicate pauses, intonation, emphasis, and the relationship between different parts of a sentence. I will explain some common punctuation marks. Punctuation mark is period, which is known as full stop. The period is used to indicate the end of a sentence that makes a statement or expresses effect. In simple words, we use period or full stop at the end of the sentence in order to complete this statement. Indicating a both, e.g. I. Am going to the market. First row. Second one is question mark. When we ask a question, we use a question mark at the end of the sentence, e.g. are you coming with us? Other example can be, as you prepare for the test. There are many examples which involve the use of the question mark. We use the questions in daily life and end them with a question mark, e.g. are you busy today? Can you lend me the money? Have you eaten, variables you today, etc. The other Mark is exclamation mark. Exclamation mark is used to show a strong emotion, emphasis or surprise. These emotions can be of sadness, happiness, our surprise. Let us take an example here. What a beautiful day exclamation. We can also use. In other sentence, e.g. I lost, I lost the mesh. We will put exclamation mark after the word allows. Now, I will talk about the use of the coma. Punctuation is basically used in our daily life. What Acoma is, commas are used to indicate a pause, separate item list, set of introductory or non-essential freezes and separate clauses. E.g. I. Like apples, comma, oranges, and bananas. The commas are here to separate the items in a list. The next one, punctuation mark is semicolon. Semicolon is used to separate closely related independent clauses are two separate items in a list when the items themselves contain commas. E.g. I have to finish my work. Semicolon, then comma, I can go out. You can clearly understand the use of colon semicolon from the example. Next is colon. The colon is used to introduce a list, explain or provide emphasis, are separate. Ours. And minutes in time. E.g. please bring me the following items. Colon, then coma, paper, and a notebook. Next is apostrophe. Apostrophe is used to indicate positioned or to form contractions. Let us take an example here. The gaps there. It is indicating possession, gone. It is the contraction of connote. Other one is dash. The dash is used to indicate our boss. Our break in tort, emphasize a point or set of additional information. I finally found what I was looking for. Happiness. This is the example of dash, which is a punctuation mark. Last one is barren. Test is Parentheses are used to enclosed additional our explanatory information that is not essential to the main sentence. Let us consider an example here. She went to the concert than TCS, which was held outdoors with her friends. Now, let's take an example of some paragraphs having punctuation marks. First one is, I went to the store and I bought some groceries. Will store the items on my list where milk, comma x, comma bread, comma n, which table? Full stroke. As I walk through the aisles, coma, I noticed as special offer, buy one, get one free, full stop. I couldn't resist. Current is the contraction of good naught comma. So I picked up a bag of chips for stroke at the cash register comma, I realized I had forgotten my wallet exclamation sign. I quickly ran back to my car to get it. Finally comma, I paid for my groceries and headed home, satisfied with my purchases. Full stroke. In this paragraph, you can see the use of various punctuation such as comas, barriers, and exclamation marks. They have separate clauses, indicate pauses, set of items in our list, and convey excitement or surprise. Proper punctuation contributes to the readability and clarity of the paragraph. Let's consider an example where we will see the use of semi-colons and apostrophes as well. Status, passion for cooking every day. In her culinary skills, semicolon. She can flip up our delicious meal in no time. Signature dish, comma, grandma's famous lasagna. Comma is a crowd favorite. Soda carefully layers the pasta, sauce, coma, and cheese, semicolon, then begs it to perfection. First job. She also enjoys experimenting with levers, semicolon, her latest creation, alma as spicy mango salsa comma x are delightful with two traditional dishes will stop. Sorrows. Dedication to her craft is inspiring. Semicolon. She is always seeking new techniques and ingredients to expand her culinary. Deeper. In this paragraph, you can see that semi-colons are used to separate closely related independent clauses. While apostrophes indicate possession. E.g. sada, special, and form contractions like grandma's. These punctuations help in structuring the sentences indicating relationship between ideas and clarifying ownership 8. Articles : Now I will talk about English articles, which plays an important role in English grammar. English articles such as our n and the r, a crucial component of the language grammar and are used to denote a nouns specificity or generality. The following list of justification for using English articles, e.g. that distinction between definite and ambiguous references is made in English. Why are the use of articles? When we are referring to a certain person, thing or concept that is previously known or has been stated before that is employed for specific or definite reference. When referring to an unidentified person, thing or concept, the word R and N are employed as indefinite pronouns. This paragraph is explaining the importance of English articles that these are used to refer something definite and indefinite things are present. Let us take an example here. E.g. I. Saw the line in the zoo. This sentence is referring to a specific line that has been mentioned before. So we have used the article in this sentence. Let us consider another example, which is, I saw a line in the zoo. This sentence is referring to any unspecified line. So we have used the article or in this sentence. I hope these examples made you clear. We will further discuss in next slides. Articles basically are employed to denote announced accountability or incapacity. Vile is used with both singular and plural countable nouns, as well as uncountable nouns. R and N are used with singular countable nouns only. Let us consider some examples here. First one is, I bought a book. It is referring to as single countable noun. So we have used the article are in this sentence. The second example says that I bought the books referring to specific countable nouns. We have used the article. The third example is I bought the milk. This sentence is referring to uncountable nouns. The article is used in the sentence instead of R and N. We have seen in the first slide that articles denote a noun specificity or generality. So now I will talk about debt. That degree of specificity or generalization may also be expressed in English articles. While R and N are used to refer to generic or non-specific nouns, that is used to refer to a specific noun that is distinct. Known to the listener. E.g. that I felt over is a famous landmark in Paris. It is referring to the specific I felt over. So we have used the article are in the sentence. Other example is Apple. Our day keeps the Dr. away referring to any Apple in general. So we have used the article here. We will talk about why English articles are important in English grammar. English articles are significant for a number of reasons. In the beginning, they help in communication. But adding detail and clarity. The word, the dynodes are distinct noun that has already been mentioned or is known to the listener. In contrast, are n denotes a generic or indefinite world. By making this difference, we may more clearly express our meaning and steer clear of ambiguity Secondly, articles are crucial component of English sentence structure and grammar. They define the connection between nouns, adjectives, and verbs, affecting the overall grammatical accuracy and sentence structure. By appropriately employing articles, we preserve grammatical integrity and guarantee that our work or speech complies with English grammar. Finally, articles are significant. Within the cultural and linguistic conventions of English. Native speakers expect the appropriate use of articles and their mastery demonstrate proficiency in the language. For non-native speakers, understanding and correctly utilizing articles is crucial to convey. Messages are greatly and adhere to linguistic norms within the English speaking community. In conclusion, articles play a crucial role in English grammar and communication. They contribute to specificity, clarity, and comprehension, ensuring that our messages are accurately conveyed by understanding and using articles correctly. We maintain grammatical integrity, enhance coherence, and adhere to linguistic nodes, thus facilitating effective communication in English. Now, I will talk about the two articles in the English, which are definite and indefinite. I have explained them in previous slides, but now we will talk in clarity. First of all, we will talk about definite article. The definite article in English is the it is used to refer to a specific noun that is already known to the listener or has been mentioned before. The definite article is used in the following situations when referring to a specific person, thing or concept. E.g. the cat is on the table. Here, we are referencing or referring this specific animal which is scared and we're referring our table. So we will use the article. The other situation is when referring to a particular noun that is unique. The sun rises in the east. We use definite articles before this superlative objective. He is the tallest person in the room. Our list is the superlative objective here. So we have used the article the before the superlative adjective. Now, I will talk about indefinite article. The indefinite articles are in English, which are r and n. They are used to refer to a non-specific or general noun. The choice between R and N depends on the sound that follows the article is used before words that begin with a consonant sound. E.g. I. Saw a dog in the park. Here, article is used and is used before words that begin with a vowel sound. She is an excellent student. There are 54 vowels in English, which are a, E, I, 0, and U. The indefinite article is used in the following situations. When introducing singular countable noun. For the first time, I bought a book. This is the example, are when referring to any person, thing or concept in a general sense. And Apple or day keeps the Dr. away. When we talk about English articles, we always is that there are two articles in English. But now I will explain a third type, which is zero article. The zero article refers to the absence of an article before a noun. It is used in the following situation. Before plural, countable nouns and countable nouns when they are used in a general sense. E.g. dogs are loyal animals. Here, no articles are used. And we're referring to dogs in general. Are their situation is before proper nouns that mean names of people, places, or negotiations. E.g. john is a Dr. no article before the name. The third situation is that in some fixed expressions, titles, and names of meals, we use zero article. E.g. I. Like to eat breakfast. Here, no article is used. So these are the examples of zero article. When no articles are present in a sentence, they are called as zero articles 9. Tenses: Now we will talk about the last topic of the English grammar, which are dentist. Dentist are basically grammatical forms that indicate the time of an action or event. In English, there are three primary tenses, which are present tense, past tense, and future. Tense has different forms to indicate different timeframes. Read after me, watered three main densities. These are present tense, stands and Georgians. And each tense has four categories, which are both continuous, perfect and perfect continuous. First of all, we will talk about present tense. The present tense is used to describe actions. Events are steroids that are happening now are generally true. Each James has its own four categories or types I told you in previous slide. So we will discuss this. First one is simple. We will, for present tense, we will see simple present. Simple present. We have a subject. We use first form of woe. And is our m plus S or ES are used plus object. I have explained each dense in this form. So you have to note down on the paper in the form of a table. And remember those, these are going to be very helpful for you. We know that we use subject and object in a sentence. So you should draw a table and write d, which forms of verbs are used in this dense and which are going to be used in this tense. Okay? Now let us consider the example of the simple present, which is he sings beautifully. He is the subject here. And we are using things, which is four, since it's the first form of war. And we have used the S and beautifully is the object here. Other example is she runs fast. Ms. previous. She is the subject, runs, is the row with the S, N, fast is the object. Now we will talk about present continuous. We will use subject verbs. First form with is our m plus. We will use I-N-G here. With the plus. We will, as usual, we will have our object or example. John is playing cricket. John is playing cricket. Here. John is this object we are using is blind. We are using I and j, I and g. Playing. Cricket is the object. This is the example of present continuous debt. He is doing something. He is blind cricket. The other example is she is writing a book. Sorry for the mistake. Here is she is writing a book, not R. R is a mistake here in this layer, so ignore it. And who's here? So in this example, we have used is subject is Ishi writing. We have right, I-N-G, so it became writing our book. She's doing this example of present continuous. Other example is they are dancing in the rain. Now, what is present perfect and present perfect tense? We use the third form of the verb with has and have. The sentence structure will be subject plus verb. Third form, plus has or have plus object. E.g. I. Have finished my task. Subject is I. We have the third form of verb which is finished. And we have also used have here in this intense. And my task is the object. This is the clear example of present perfect. The other example is she has done her homework. Instead of have, we have used the as in the sentence. She is, this object has done is the third form. Is the object. If you learn this object, sent sorry, sentence structure, you will Clearly identify the example. So I will suggest you guys to draw a table accordingly and write this sentence structures. And these are going to be very helpful for you. The last tens of present is present, perfect, continuous. In this sentence structure is subject plus verbs. First, form, plus has or have, plus, I-N-G plus object. Okay? Now let us consider some examples. He has been running for 3 h. We have ING with R1. So this is the example of present perfect continuous. And we have also used the heads in the sentence. I have been learning German for three months, okay? So you have to consider that you will also use being in the present perfect continuous tenses. Okay? I have been learning German for three months, have been learning. Learn is the first form and we have used ING with it. Okay? German is the object here and subject is. I hear. Now, here is the past tense. The past tense is used to describe actions. Events are staged that occurred in the past. Like present tense, we have four categories. Now in Boston, we will also have the four categories as like the present tense. First one is past. Simple. Sentence structure is subject plus second form of verb plus object. This is a simple sentence. I've washed the dishes. Washed is the second form of verb. I is the subject here, and the object here is the dishes, dishes, dishes is the object. So this is the example of past simple tense. Let's move on to the other example. That is, John walked to the park. Park is the object. John is the subject. And what is the second row? That is, what is past continuous. The sentence structure is subject plus first form of verb plus wars, and we're blessed, I-N-G plus object. That is considered examples. They were playing cricket. They, here is this object we have used for playing. Play is the first form of verb, and we have used ING with that. Cricket is the object. I'm making these sentences simple to you so you guys can understand easily. Other example is John was washing the dishes yesterday. John is this object. Wash is the first form and we have used ING with it, so it is washing. And we have used, was here with John. Because he is singular. This singular we will use wars and with plural we will use Word. Dishes are the object here. Now let's talk about past perfect and the sentence structure is subject plus whoops, third form, plus hat plus object. E.g. she had already left when I arrived. So she is the subject here. We have used head in the bus sense, and arrived is the curved form. Now let's consider the second example. I have finished all my homework. I is the subject here. Had finished. Finished is the third form. All my homework, homework is the object, okay? Now, here is past perfect continuous subject plus verb, plus head, plus being plus I-N-G plus object. E.g. I. Had been working hard for our ear. We have huge head. You have used bean, we have used verbs. First form, which is work with I-N-G, so that we can working. We have used all the above sentence structure in this example. Let us consider another example. She had been flipping all the day. Last type of the tenses. The future tense. Future tense is used to describe actions. Events are states that will happen in the future. First of all, we will talk about future simple dense. The sentence structure is subject plus verb, first form plus, we'll flesh shall thus object. E.g. I will work hard for the exam. Here, work is default form. We have used will with the subject and exam as the object. We shall meet tomorrow. We subject, we have used shell, made the object and tomorrow is indicating the future, is future continuous. The sentence structure is subject plus walk first form plus or plus b plus I-N-G plus object. Now, for the Future continuous, then we will be using B. E.g. John will be traveling next Monday. John will be studying for next week. We have used B with our shell and ING with the work, and use the first form of the subject and object. The third category is future perfect, subject plus verb. Third form plus or shell, half plus object. Now let's consider an example. E.g. she will have cooked dinner. Here we have used the third form of war, which is cooked and we have used, we'll have, next example is, I will have met John and Alex. Here. Matt is the third form and we have used have with the category of future than its future perfect continuous, which is subject plus first form of verb plus, plus half plus I-N-G plus object. And we will also use being with these, okay? Ad being here. E.g. I. Will have been studying for 6 h by that time the exam starts. Here we had used will have been sturdy first form of verb with I-N-G, so it began studying. The other example is by next, one day will have been living in that house for ten years. I hope you guys enjoyed this lecture and learned something important. I tried to make the lecture basic for all of you so you can understand the basic English grammar. Thank you for watching. Please do leave a comment or a review if you like the lecture. And if you have any problem live in the discussion section, I will try to improve that and try to solve the questions in the project section. And thank you so much for watching this lecture. Goodbye, Take care. We will meet in the next class.