American English Pronunciation: Consonants and Vowels

1. Consonants vowels intro skillshare with promo: Hi, welcome to American English consonants for IT professionals and American English vowels. My name is Sheila limit Inca and I'm a working accent reduction coach in Silicon Valley. I teach high tech professionals from around the world. In this course, I'll show you the consonant errors I commonly hear, and I'll show you how to correct them. This course is dense, so it's okay to pause, rewind, and repeat. Print out the written lessons to follow along and take notes. It's also a must to do the repetition practice several times until you've memorized the sentences. In the repetition practice, I'll say a sentence and then you'll repeat after me in the blank space provided in the audio. We'll do this eight to ten times. Each time you listen and repeat, you'll notice something new about the way I said the sentence. You'll notice the volume, pitch, specific sounds and the way I link words together, try to imitate all of this. Imitation is your key to creating an American accent. Be an active learner. Pause the video and Imitate me whenever possible. Don't forget to take advantage of my free office hours on Zoom once a month. You can come with questions and let me check your progress in this course. Find the schedule for the free office hours and sign up on my website at smooth english.com. Don't forget to leave a review after you've watched several of the videos. A class can only remain on Skillshare if users like you leave positive reviews. Thank you. 2. Muscle Toning exercises & Placement revised: Let's look at some toning exercises to help us achieve the American accent. We're going to look at exercises for the throat, the jaw, the diaphragm, the lips, and the tongue. You want your throat to be relaxed, try giving your throat a nice massage and your neck a massage while you're at it. Stretch your neck from side to side, turn right and left, do some circles, anything to relax your neck. Can you move your throat from side to side? So you want it to be so relaxed that it's easy to move it. Then can you make your tongue touch your chin? And can you do that while you look up 45 degrees to the right? And to the left, that will help you open your throat. You want to keep your throat really big when you speak English. Don't get at all constricted or you'll get this froggy sound in your throat. You want to feel like your throat is so big, you could fit a whole apple in your throat. Ah, ah, nice and big. So really use your tongue to touch your chin to open that throat as an exercise. Of course, we're not going to go around with our tongues hanging out. Now for the jaw, practice opening wide. Let your chin fall with gravity. There's hinges here that help you open your mouth. Feel them opening. Yawn vertically and horizontally. Oh. He prolong those yawns to make your jaw stronger. Open wide with your thumbs pressing up on your chin for resistance. That's going to make my jaw stronger so that it's easier and effortless to make the wide open sounds like a and ah in English. We want to make sure our jaw is nice and loose, so let's go side to side. I feel like a goat when I do that exercise, and let's do jaw circles. In both directions. And just moving between the vowels long and short back Oh. Ooh, ooh, gives you a lot of jaw exercise. Ooh, ah, oh, ah. What about your lips? What about making fish lips? You tightly round your lips and open and close them like a fish. This will be useful for the W, W, and even the SH. Su wears her shoes to work. Su wears her shoes to work. Lots of fishy lip movement is needed there. Try alternating between oh and E to really practice those fish lips. Ooh ooo i. Now, to strengthen our tongue, let's try thrusting it out and touching our nose. Well, almost, I really want to stretch that tongue. And let's put the tip of the tongue on our bottom teeth and push the middle of the tongue out. This will help strengthen the mid tongue when you need to bend it for front valves like long A and long E and circle your tongue around the inside of the mouth. This will increase your tongue's flexibility and range of motion in both directions. These are all great warm ups to do multiple times a day to really strengthen everything you need to make good English. To make a better S sound, we can practice having a spear shaped tongue tip and making it escape from our tightly pursed lips. When my lips are so pressed together, the only way the tongue can get out is by becoming very pointy and spear shaped and muscular. You'll need that to make the S sound to really direct the air. Make your pointy tongue break through your pursed lip. When you go between a TH and an S, you'll need a relaxed tongue for the TH, but the pointy tongue for the S. Let's try it. And try making your hummingbird wing fast D tongue. Da, da, da, da, da, da, da, da, da, da, da. The tongue comes up and taps very quickly and lightly many times, daa, da, da, da, da, da, da, da, da, da, da, da. You'll need that to make a fast D, like in the middle of the word water, da da, da, da, da, da, da, da, da, da, da, da, da. Ya, da, da, da, da, da, da, da, da. To exercise the middle of our tongue, let's make the why sound. Like Yo ya, yo, ya, yo ya. We really need the middle of the tongue to make a why sound. And we can find that why by going halfway between the and the ooh Did you hear the why in the middle? That's how you find it. Yo, ya, yo, ya, yo ya. Yo, ya, yo, ya, yo ya. And to find the back of the tongue and work it, let's do, let's hold the jaw so it's not moving and only the tongue is doing the work. GGG, go. Ga. You can switch from the front of the tongue to the back of the tongue. Tia tia tia tia tia. Tia tia tia tia tia. Tia tia tia tia tia. Of course, you'll do the tongue circles for tongue exercises. Where is my voice coming from? Make sure you're using your diaphragm. Here's the diaphragm. When you inhale, the diaphragm muscle contracts and moves down, leaving more space inside your chest so air can enter the lungs. When you exhale, the diaphragm muscle relaxes and moves back up, making the space in your chest smaller and pushing air out of your lungs. So when you inhale, you need to get a lot of air into you and down deep so that your rib cage expands. We also want to try yawning or sighing so that you're using your diaphragm to get enough air, and that also helps you open up the back of your mouth. Let's try it. Oh. Really big open throat and I get a lot of air when I do that. You need that big air in order to get out a long sentence in one breath in English. Let's yawn a few times. Oh. Also, when you yawn, you open your mouth so wide and you raise the top of your mouth so high that you can get a higher pitch. Oh, I started that yawn with a really high pitch, which could be useful for hitting some of the higher notes in my range. Ah. You also want to find your comfortable high pitch and your comfortable low pitch. So for me, I can very comfortably speak like this. This is my high. And I can very comfortably speak like this. This is my low. So I want to be able to go between my high and my low. High, low, high, low and just get really comfortable with your own pitch range. And maybe I can siren up and down on any vowel I choose between those pitches. I want to be very comfortable between my high and my low note. And so do you. We also want to try humming. When you hum, feel how the area around your lips and mouth and nose vibrate. Hm. And it's not just in the back of the throat. We don't want the vibration in the back of the throat. That's how you get that ugly vocal fry. We want the vibration to come forward in the face. Hm and not get stuck back in the throat. Try adding a pitch glide up and down as you hum. Hmm. Then you won't sound monotonous when you're speaking English. Try humming your favorite song or just happy birthday. You can connect different words and different pitches while maintaining a relaxed throat. Mm hmm hmm. Can you do a lip trill? When you blow enough air and your lips are relaxed enough, they naturally trill, and you want to have relaxed lips and the right amount of air coming forward when you're speaking. And when I speak, maybe I feel like the sound is coming from here or even my chest. But I don't want to bring the sound up here, into my head or into my nose or too high or constrict my throat. Let's keep the sound down and lower in the chest, down here. So we generally have a little bit lower voice in American English. You don't want to bring it up here and be high. Let's look at the general placement of the tongue for American English. Here you can see my tongue is too relaxed and forward, typical of a Chinese accent. Here I'm doing the opposite. I'm yawning and showing a very tense and backward tongue. Ideally, we want to be between the ax forward tongue and the tense backward tongue. So here my tongue is right between those two positions. It's a partial yawn. It's the American short Oh. Now watch a video of me making first a sloppy forward sound, second, an American short Oh, and third a yawn. Notice how my tongue keeps moving backward. Ah. Ah. Oh. Watch again and notice how my voice gets lower in pitch each time I move my tongue back. Americans tend to have lower voices due to this positioning of the tongue. Ah. Ah. Oh. Now, let's focus more on the American short, which should be very relaxed, but in the middle of the mouth, not too far forward. Uh. Ah. Notice how the correct short tongue is not so far forward. It's in the middle of the mouth, slightly pulled back. Uh. Ah. Now watch how I do. First, the forward sloppy tongue. Second, the correct short U. Third, the correct short Oh, and fourth, the yawn. Notice how the tongue goes down and back each time. Uh. Ah. Ah. Oh. Try yawning a few times and notice how much your tongue can go down and back. Your voice box will move down, too. Feel your throat. Ah. Oh. Oh. Oh. Yawning, though exaggerated, is still a great exercise for opening your mouth and throat, as well as moving your tongue lower and more backward. This way, you can achieve an American accent. 3. Consonant Chart Explained revised 2: Let's talk about the consonant chart today. This chart is going to show you how all the consonants are related, but a little bit different from each other. First, we need to understand terminology by looking at a diagram of the vocal tract. What's important here is the top of the mouth, underneath the nasal cavity. There's three parts to the top of the mouth. The thicker part, which is behind the front teeth, is called the tooth ridge. It protrudes downward. The middle part is called the hard palate. The back, the top of the mouth is called the soft palate. The rest of the terms should be self-explanatory. Let's start by looking. In the upper left-hand corner. We have airflow. There's generally two types of airflow. We either have stops or continuance. A stop is where we gather up the air and we let all the air out at once. That happens on. But once I say there's a lot of sound and then it's gone. So if P I let my two lips come together. When the two lips come together, they stop the air and then they let the air out. That's the definition of a stop. Now for a continuance, the air flows out of the mouth throughout the sound. For instance, we have the f sound. The air keeps coming out of my mouth. I'm not stopping and releasing it. Those are the two different types of consonants. Now this next column up here says Voice. There's two types of voices. There's either voiceless VL or voiced VD. Voiceless means that your vocal cords are not vibrating. For instance, in in P, we can whisper it. That means that the vocal cords are not being engaged because we can whisper it. But in B, it's voiced. And you're going to let your vocal cords vibrate like bits. But you can't really whisper that because the vocal cords are involved. We have. Now I wrote tense and relaxed because this is very important for creating the difference between them. When I do p or any of these tense stops, you need to make the content in fact, between your articulator and the other part of your mouth, very firm or tense. The p will have the lips firmly pressed together. But the B or the voiced consonants will have more relaxed contact. The lips will not be pressed together as firmly, but there'll be more gently pressed together. Let's move across this row. And we saw that the PNP or made with two lips, those are my places of articulation. Now if I move across and I go to tongue tip and tooth ridge, that means I'm going to use the tip of my tongue, the top of my mouth, right behind my teeth. And the tongue will touch the tooth ridge and then release to let the sound out. Now when I do the t, I'm going to have firm contact between my tongue and the tooth rich, like I'm pressing them together a bit. For d, I want it to be more relaxed so I'm pressing more gently. When you do ti, more air comes out. Next, let's look at the tongue blade and the hard palate. That's going to make the CH and the j stops. So instead of using the tip of my tongue, I'm going to use the middle of my tongue. Notice that for the T, the tongue tip touches the tooth ridge. But for the C-H, the tongue tip touches nothing. The point of contact is a little farther back on the tongue and the tooth ridge. Also notice that for t There's a lot of space between the rest of the tongue and the top of the mouth. But for CH, notice that the rest of the tongue is pushing up toward the hard palate, so there's less space between the tongue and the top of the mouth. This is why I classify CH and j as tongue blade and hard palate. Rounding your lips for C-H and J helps push the middle of the tongue towards the hard palate. The teeth should be slightly showing, unlike for w. Let's move to the next one. We have K and G. That's going to use the back of the tongue and the soft palate, the back of the tongue and the back of the top of the mouth or the soft palate. And I press them together firmly and release to make k. And it might help if you smile, it's easier to access the back of your mouth. If you smile, the tongue tip should be down, either touching the bottom teeth. Or further back. Then less pressure for gas. Let's move on to the continuance. We'll start with F. Notice that F is in a column called Lip and teeth. I'm going to put my top teeth on my bottom lip very gently. I'm not going to bite. Don't put the teeth on the outside of the lip. I keep it inside because I don't want to get lipstick on my teeth. I'm going to blow. That air comes out with a hissing sound. It continues out of my mouth. That's why we call this a continuance. Now the voiced counterpart is the V, where I need to engage my vocal cords. We have fine and Vine. Next we have tongue tip and teeth, which makes the th sounds. For this, the tip of my tongue is going to come very close to my teeth, but it doesn't actually touch my teeth. It might look like I'm touching my teeth, but I'm as close to my teeth as possible without actually touching. The air has to be able to come out and it comes out between the tongue and the teeth. There's not a lot of room for the air to come out. We get this hissing noise. Alternatively, lightly touch your tongue tip to the back of the top teeth and exhale. A lot of friction is created. That's why I've written friction right here. All of these sounds and these two rows have a lot of friction. Something is obstructing the air from coming out, but it's still letting the air come out. Now there's a voiceless T-H, voiced th. For the voice TH, it's the same thing. Your tongue gets close to your teeth, but you're going to engage in vibrate those vocal cords and it will sound like a buzz. Think. Van. Okay, next we have the S and Z, which are using the tongue tip and the tooth ridge. Notice these are in the same column is T and D. That means they're related. They both use the tongue tip and the tooth ridge. However, with t and d, the tongue tip touch the tooth ridge. For S and Z. It comes really close to the tooth ridge, but it doesn't actually touch. The air comes through the very small passageway between the tip of the tongue and the tooth ridge. For the voiceless one we have. For the voiced one we have. Remember, the tongue comes very close to the top itself and the air is passing rate over the tongue. It's going to feel like your tongue is being tickle. Your tongue tip is actually going to vibrate on this Z. Next we have the tongue blade and the hard palate, which make the SH and z th sounds. Notice they're in the same column as CH and j. While the CH and j were made with the tongue touching the middle of the top of the mouth. We're going to do the same thing with SH and z h, but it doesn't quite touch. It comes really close, but it doesn't touch. My tongue tip is down. The tongue tip is in the middle of the mouth, not near anything. Is gonna kind of through that very narrow passageway. Push the blade of the tongue up toward the hard palate like you do for C-H and J. The top picture we have S, where the tongue tip is directed toward the tooth ridge. In the bottom picture, we have SH, where the tongue tip is free and the blade of the tongue is pushing up towards the hard palate. The air passes through in both cases. And it really helps if you round your lips. Chip. Ship. The vision. Vision. We don't have z h at the beginning of words in English, so I'm using the word vision and I round my lips in the middle of the word vision. That's using the vocal cords. And again, the SH. Like you're telling somebody to be quiet, round your lips. Finally in this row we have the throat making the H sound. This is voiceless and it's coming out of your throat. You are going to tense the vocal chords in your throat, but we're not actually vibrating them. Okay, let's go to the next row. Also a continuum, the glides WR and why? Now they move. They don't stay in one place and the air continues or flows out of the mouth. For the w, you're going to use the two lips just like you did for p and b. But this time your lips don't touch, but they do come very close together. The lips get very round and they protrude away from your teeth. Very important that your lips are nowhere near your teeth. Alternatively, for a more advanced w, Let the relaxed bottom lip float up toward the relaxed top lip. Lips will be relaxed and almost closed. Don't do this. If you might confuse w with a v. We have the word weight. Next we go all the way over to the R. And the R is under tongue tip in tooth ridge, but it doesn't really have to be there. Some Americans do save by flipping their tongue up but not touching the top. A lot of Americans, including me, we pull our tongue backward. So it's not really about the tongue tip and the tooth ridge. I just hold my tongue back to make the r. Now for the y, you use the tongue blade and the hard palate. It is under the J and some people do confuse the y and the j. But remember the j actually touches the top. Doesn't notice how wise tongue tip is very low in the mouth, but the blade of the tongue is very strongly pushing up very close to the hard palate. Again, notice how for J, the tongue blade somewhat pushes up toward the hard palate. But for the y, the tongue blade strongly pushes up toward the hard palate, while the tip of the tongue does not touch the tooth ridge but stays low in the mouth. We have ship, vision and yacht. Notice that for SH and z, th, the blade of the tongue is somewhat pushing up towards the top of the mouth. But for the y it's strongly pushing up and the tongue tip is much lower. Now let's look at the lateral. This is also a continuance and we're going to use the tongue tip and the tooth ridge. But it's not exactly like t or d or S or Z. Okay. So let's discuss how the L is different from the tier the d. I do use the tip of my tongue for the L, just like I do fer de lance, the shape of my tongue is going to change. This is where I have one finger touching the top. Then this is where I make three fingers touching the top. I'm showing that I'm making my tongue wider. Excel. You make your tongue wider, but you still touched the top so that the air can go around your tongue. That's what a lateral means. These pictures of my tongue demonstrate the same concept. The top picture shows a narrower tongue for t. The bottom picture shows a wider tongue for L. Smiling for the L helps achieve that wider tongue. It also helps to make L If you put tension in your tongue and pull your tongue back while leaving the tongue tip in place so that the tongue tip has to grip for dear life. We have the word locked. Now, let's look at the very last row, the nasals. We have m, which again uses two lips. And it's going to put two lips together just like PRB. So we have bits and we have mice. What's the difference between Matt? For B, you open the mouth, the sound explodes out. But for m, you keep the mouth closed and the air is forced to go out the nose. M has relaxed lip closure and just like the B sound, this time, babies are both lips. I put these lips together. And of course, when I open my lips or open these fingers, the air will explode out of the mouth. But now I want to press down with the top of my mouth to make the nasal passage bigger so that the air can go out my nose. When I did the B, I didn't press down here. But with the M, press down, make your nose bigger. We move along to tongue tip into storage, making the end. There's a lot of sounds that are in this column, so we need to be careful not to confuse them. At the end is also just like the D and the L and the tongue tip touches the top. But remember the difference is that now you're going to press down the top of your mouth pressure palette down so that the nasal passage will be bigger and all that air is going to be in the notes. So when I say nice, I hear that in my nose. Okay, One last consonant. We have the energy. And the energy is in the same column as DNG. It's made with the back of the tongue, just like a G. But this time, of course, you press your top of your mouth down to make your nose bigger. We only have this in the middle or end of a word ring. Let's review. We have pits and bits. These are stops that use tulips. We have tip and dip. The t and the d are stops that use the tongue tip and the tooth ridge. We have CH and J, chip and GIP, tongue blade and hard palate. We have Kenji, kill and Gil, which is using the back of the tongue and the soft palate, which is the back of the top of the mouth. Then we have a lot of continuance where the air keeps going through your mouth. F and V vine. They use the top teeth and the bottom lip. Then we have the two different THE they use the tongue tip getting very close to the teeth, but the air continues that your mouth. Then we have S and Z as in IP and zip. They use the tongue tip and the tooth ridge. Then we have ship and vision or an SH and z h. They use the middle of the tongue, in the middle of the top of the mouth, tongue blade and hard palate. Last in this row we have h, which comes out at the throat, and it's voiceless. The difference between H and a vowel is that all the vowels are voiced. So I can say, I'm vibrating my vocal cords. But when I let this air come out on my throat without vibrating, I get an H. Next we have wwe. Use your two lips and let the air continue. We have are where I pull my tongue backward rocks. And we have y, where I use the tongue blade and the hard palate. And I strongly push my tongue blade up towards the hard palate. We have lots where I use the front of my tongue but I use a broadens tip to the friend of my tongue and the air goes around the tongue. Then we have the nasals, m, which uses two lips, and the air comes up the nose, which uses the tongue and two threads. Air comes out the nose nice. And finally in G, which uses the back of the tongue and the soft palate. Sing. I hope this gives you a good general overview of the consonant sounds. Now watch individual consonant lessons for more detail and practice. 4. P and B : Let's look at the consonants p and b, which often get confused. P is a voiceless consonant, so it could be whispered. If my vocal cords are not vibrating, I can whisper. But b is voiced. The vocal cords are vibrating. P requires a tense or firm lip closure. B requires a more relaxed lip closure. At the beginning of a word, P produces a strong puff of air. The lips firmly pressed together it must quickly. I'm holding back air behind my lips and then I'm suddenly releasing lots of air. B produces a mild puff of air. Try holding your hands in front of your mouth and notice the difference in air quantity that comes up. A lot of air. Very little air. Some words have a silent P. P is silent with PN, ps, and PTs spellings, pneumonia, psychology, pterodactyl, receipt. Some words also have a silent, b, b is silent and MB and BT spellings, comb. Num, doubt, plumber, subtle. Now let's distinguish between p and b at the beginning of a word. Remember, press the lips together more firmly for p, release the lips quickly, so a puff of air explodes out of your mouth. The first word in each pair will have a P, while the second word has a B. Remember, the common mistake is to make a B instead of a P at the beginning of a word. Pair. Bear, Pi by pull, bowl, pat, bat, pay, bay, peak, beak, pest. Best. Plaque, black. Poor boar. Pressed breast, pitch, bit PC, BC. Now let's make sure that you're able to hear the difference between a p and the b at the beginning of a word. Because if you can't hear the difference, it'll be even harder to produce the difference. I will say two words and you tell me if they're the same or different. For example, if I say pi by, then you would say difference. But if I say pi, pi, then you say same. Pie by pull, bowl. Pat, bat, peak, beak, pest, pest, black, black based paste. Par, par, pop, pop, beer. Beer. How did you do? Sometimes it's hard to hear the difference, especially if you didn't grow up listening to the difference between p and b when you were a young child may need some extra practice listening now to develop the teens sound discrimination skills. I won't focus on sound discrimination anymore in this course, but you can download my iOS app for sound discrimination for tons of practice. Remember, you can always pause and rewind this video to practice more. Now let's try p and b in the middle of a word. Stretch out the vowel before a, B, and quick in the vowel before a, P. Apple versus amble. Apple. Amble. For ample. We've save it as quickly. But for amble, I stretch out the a. I imagined that there are two A's, amble, stopping, sobbing, simple symbol, staple. Stable. Ripping, ribbing, repel, rebel. Repel and rebel. We stress the second syllable. We don't stretch out the E before the B and rebel. It's not wrong. It's just rebel. Bobby. Bobby. Now here's some extra information about p in the middle of a word. When p is in the middle of a word before an unstressed vowel, we're going to hold the P and let out a gentle bees sounds. And that's different from when B is in the middle of the word as an amble. When B is in the middle, we stretch out everything before the b, we stretch out the a and the M symbol. There's no stop feeling. But when p is in the middle, we go bull. We don't say AMP, pull. We don't make that piece so strong when we release it. When we release it, it sounds more like a bee. Bull. But you can't just say am bull, you have to make sure you hold the P first ball. Let's contrast ample and amble. Ample, ample, ample, amble. Stopping. Something is sopping wet. Sock being that's different from she's crying, she's sobbing, sobbing. Let's contrast those sopping, sobbing. Sopping, sobbing. But not stop. Pin. That's too much P. That's unnatural. Simple versus symbol. When I do simple, I make sure that I hold my breath on the pee ball. But when I do symbol, that m goes all the way to the B symbol. Simple symbol. Can you hear the difference? Simple symbol, simple symbol, staple. In staple. The p is before an unstressed vowel because the all sound actually has an vowel before the l. Step, ball versus stable where I stretch out the a all the way to the be stable. There's no stopping. Stable, stable, stable, stable. Ripping versus ribbing. I spend more time on that. I when the baby is in the middle of the word ripping, ribbing, notice I let out a b sounds in the middle of ripping Even though I CPS being versus ribbing being versus ribbing, bop, bop be vs. Bobby, Bob, B versus Bobby. Now when p is in the middle of a word, but before another consonant, and it's not a PR or a PL. Then we also hold the P and release the next consonant. Upgrade. I don't want to say upper grade, but up I hold my breath and let out the g upgrade upgrade equipment. I hold my breath on P and let effect M. Equipment. Equipment Not equipment. Not equipped meant but it quit meant equipment, equipment, reception. I hold my P and let out the SH, recep, recep supply. Here I have two p's. Break up the word in-between the two p's into two different syllables. I hold my breath on the first P. But then I let out a true p with lots of air on the second P or the second syllable. Plie, plie. That has a held P and a true PPE supply, supply. Let's try some sound discrimination practice. Tell me if the words are same or different. Sopping, sopping. Symbol, symbol, symbol, simple, staple, stable, ripping, ripping, ribbing, ripping, Rebel, Rebel, Rebel, repel. How did you do? Now let's try the p and b at the end of a word and after a vowel. Remember stretch out the vowel before a, B, but quick and the vowel before a, p, rip, rib. Come ape. Notice that I didn't say it. There's not a strong puff of air at the end. We know it's a p and not a B because we say that a quickly. For the P, you can either make a held p where your whole giraffe and release no air as an app. Or you can make a quiet puff of air as an ape. Take your time when there's a B afterward as an a. Again, for B, you can either hold the B, meaning hold your breath as an a, or you can release a quiet, gentle puff of air as an a versus a, B versus a be. The following examples. I will hold the rope, robe, pup, pub, cap, cab, lab, lab, cop, com. Another common mistake is to delete the P and a consonant cluster. Bump. When you say bump, makes sure the p is their bum. Bum. The P makes the, UM, and bump quicker than the UM, and bump. Bump is quick, bomb is slow. Bump, bump, bump. Reception, recession, reception, recession. Some speakers confused P with F. The F is made by putting the upper teeth and the bottom lip. When you're trying to make the p.sit, keep your teeth away from your lips. Pig, peer, fear, plaque. Flat. Pair, fair, ply, fly, pork, fork, clip, cliff, cup, cuff. Now let's look at the p and b in some IT sentences with the press of a button. The portable PC buyer can upgrade the program. With the press of a button. The portable PC buyer can upgrade the program. Take the opportunity to expand the global business plan blueprint opportunity. I don't say it up Per to unity because I don't want to stress PER, I want to reduce PER opportunity. So what happens is I hold the P and I let out br, much more quietly and gently. Opportunity. Opportunity. The BER can be very quiet. Take the opportunity to expand the global business plan blueprint. Take the opportunity to expand the global business plan blueprint. Bert is a powerful business person with a capacity for persuasion. Bert is a powerful business person with a capacity for persuasion. It equipment can manipulate computer data. Manipulate this word, we stress the IP manip, but that you after it is unstressed. So we want to make it sound more gentle by releasing a B after we hold the PI, manip. Bu, bu, very gentle. Bu. It's gentle because we need less lip pressure to make a bee manip be laid. It equipment can manipulate computer data. It equipment can manipulate computer data. The beginning of the opera was disappointing due to poor reception. Opera with stress that o before the PI. That means the ER is not stressed. So we want to de-emphasize it by releasing a B instead of a P. I hold the p.ball up and I let Opera, opera, my word stress course. You'll learn why we don't have to have three syllables here. Instead of AHP. We can just say opera. The beginning of the opera was disappointing due to poor reception. The beginning of the opera was disappointing due to poor reception. The popular politician gave his opinion at a public appearance. Popular, that you in the middle is unstressed. So that second P actually releases a B, pop. Pop. The popular politician gave his opinion at a public appearance. The popular politician gave his opinion at a public appearance. Appearance. Here I stress peer, the P at the beginning of that syllable and needs to be very clear with lots of air. Appearance, I can hold the first P, But then lead out the second appearance. Appearance. The popular politician gave his opinion at a public appearance. The popular politician gave his opinion. At a public appearance. The developers can decrypt the data and debug the software. Developers. Develop. Burrs that ers at the end of the word is not stressed. So let's begin it with a gentle be sound. Develop, burns. Not developers, but the developers can decrypt the data and debug the software. The developers can decrypt the data and debug the software. The programmer will not buy an Apple computer. Apple computer. It's not Apple computer. It's at the pairs a, b in the middle of that word. We don't see it, but we hear it. At Apple computer. The programmer will not buy an Apple computer. The programmer will not buy an Apple computer. Practice these sentences with the repetition audio provided. Practice daily to develop muscle memory. Try recording yourself and comparing your pronunciation to mine. 5. T part 1: Now let's look at the continents T and D. The tea is voiceless, so the vocal cords are not vibrating. But the D is voiced, so they will be vibrating. When you make the tea, you need very firm contact between the tip of your tongue and the top of your mouth. This contact will be firmer for tea than it is for D. At the beginning of the word, the T produces a strong puff of air, huh? As in Tim, the tip of the tongue must firmly touch the tooth ridge and then quickly release. The key is quickly. If your tongue isn't quick enough, it might not sound like a T at the beginning of a word. D, as in dog produces a mild puff of air. So if I hold my hand in front of my mouth and say, Dog, I don't feel a lot of air coming out on the D. Just a little dog. But if I say Tim, there is a strong puff of air on the tea. Some words have a silent T often listen, moisten, Fasten, hustle. Now let's distinguish between T and D. At the beginning of a word, tear dare ty Die Tall door tan Dan 10. Then topped dots Tour door ton done town down tip dip to do toe doh i t I d. Now let's look a t in the middle of a word but at the beginning of a stressed syllable, this tea will also have a strong puff of air context. Context has secondary stress on the second syllable text is important to the meaning of the word. So we keep the tea at the beginning of text. Very strong certificate. When a word ends in the Suffolk's 80 we stressed two syllables to the left of 80. So here we stress tiff with a strong tea certificate. Scientists I s t is a Suffolk's that receives secondary stress and therefore a strong tea on test scientist articulates another 80 e ending. So we stress tick which is two syllables to the left. Articulate absentee e endings receive the main stress. Therefore, T has a strong tea in absentee acclimatize i z e endings receive secondary stress So the ties has a strong tea acclimatize autistic. I see endings receive stress one syllable to the left. So the tea at the beginning of typist is strong autistic esti Before a vowel could create a fast D sound if you choose So autistic could be autistic. This is not considered sloppy Speech Attack. Two syllable verbs usually receive second syllable stress. So Tak has a strong tea attack. Mathematician I A n endings received the main stress one syllable to the left mathematician Opportunity Utility words with I t Y endings received the main stress one syllable to the left opportunity utility Make those t is clear. Potato potato is a tricky word. The first T is clear. The second T is between vowels and sounds like a fast D potato. The T and the S T cluster will also have a strong puff of air And be a clear tea. Begin with the S sound and interrupted with a quick T stuff stages, stability, storage steps distribute Often. Speakers don't spend enough time on the S, and the result is that listeners don't hear the s. And don't know that you're saying in S t make sure you spend enough time on the S with enough breath exhaling out of your mouth for a moment in time stuff. Let's distinguish between words that haven't S T and Justin s worst worse. So in the first word, worst I let my tongue quickly touch the top of my mouth and quickly release from the top of my mouth to make that abrupt sound worst cursed curse. So no one will understand that you're making the past tense If you don't make that e d sound with a very quick t cursed the past tense ending e d will sound like a t If the base verb ends and a voiceless continent such as an s pissed piss notice how the s and pistes lasts longer than the s and pissed The T sound quickens the s least lease bust bus. We have three different situations toe Look at for the S T. First of all, when the S t is that the end of a sentence or in a word all by itself, we will have a clear, aspirated t as in least I don't say least I say least there's definitely Eircom ing out. Here's the second situation. What if we put the word least before a continent, as in I leased the house? I'm not going to say I leased the house. That's too much effort. Americans just don't do that on a regular basis. Instead, we make a held tea out of that past tense ending, least the house least. The house cut off the air. I leased the house. The third situation is putting a vowel. After the word least, for example, I leased a house. Now that E. D. Ending, which normally sounds like a T, is going to sound like a fast D before the vowel in up least a least a. I leased a house. Your tongue will quickly flap to the top of your mouth. Least a, and it will touch the top of your mouth with the lightest possible effort. Let's look at these in a few sentences. An extra feature is instant messaging. The X, T and extra makes a K S T sound. A continent are comes after the T, leaving the tea with an aspirated T sound estimate the costs the T and estimate will sound like a D estimate. That's because the vowel comes right after the tea. There are restraints on astronomical spending when we have Katie P. T or F T in the middle or end of a word, the tea again will be a clear tea with a strong puff of air. Be careful going from a K to a T que is made by touching the back of the tongue to the top of the mouth. While tea is quite the opposite, it's made with the front of the tongue touching the top of the mouth. That means you're going to have to roll from the back of your mouth to the front of your mouth very quickly. It may help to smile on the K so that you can access the back of your mouth with the back of your tongue more easily. Act contract, in fact, self destruct, so you don't want it to sound like self destruct there. I hadn't. Okay, I didn't smile. The back of my tongue did not touch the back of the top of my mouth. I was a little bit lazy with my tongue. Here. I'll be lazy again. This struck. Now we'll do it correctly. Destruct construct. Eject, Actually. Besides Katie P. T. And F. T. There is also CHT, tht and sht. These all follow the same rules that I taught you for the S T. So there's three situations. When the tea cluster is all by itself or at the end of a sentence, and then when the T cluster comes before another continent, then it will be held. And when the tea cluster comes before a vowel and then the tea will turn into a fast D. Let's look at a few examples. The message is attached here. Attached was at the end of the sentence, so I gave it a clear, aspirated T. I attached the message here. I put the word the after attached that the starts with a continent so my attached had a held T. Listen again. I attached the message. I attached the message. Finally, here's another example with a vowel. After it, I attached a message. I attached a message attached. Uh, that's a fast D sound. Did you detect any problem with the contract? I said this sentence very carefully. If I was being less careful, I might say, detect any where the final T would sound like a D before the vowel in the next word. Detective me. This is totally normal and not inappropriate speech. If infected, the robot will self destruct. Infected actually has a D sound. Instead of a T sound infected, the T and Katie can become a fast E before a vowel in robot. We don't say robot. We just say robot with a held T, not a clear tea after a vowel are Eller N. The tea will be held at the end of a word. It will be effective to connect with the inspectors later today. I said this rather carefully. If I'm not trying to be overly careful, I would say, Effective with a D instead of effective with a T, I would also say connect with with a healthy and, I might say, instructors with a D instead of a T. It will be effective to connect with the instructors later today. When you have PT in a word, make sure the tea is strong and your tongue moves very quickly to the top of your mouth and very quickly releases except abrupt it Adept. We need to accept the change and adapt. If I spoke less carefully, I would say, Accept the change. You wouldn't hear the t at the end of except if you have three continents in a row here we have P T and th You don't need to say the T in the middle. You can drop it or make a healthy. We need to accept the change and adapt. It was a good attempt. Notice that it has a held T. I don't say it was a good attempt. I say it was It was I just swallow the tea. It was a good attempt. They went bankrupt because of corrupt leaders. If I want to be less careful, I will use all held teas. They went bankrupt because of corrupt leaders. You won't even hear the tea because there is a continent before and after the tea. The same with F. T. Make sure your tea is strong and crispy. It should feel like a snack draft left Software Facelift The old software needs a face lift if I want to be less careful, I could drop the T and software because there's a W after the T in an F before the t. I don't need to make that tea clear. I could just say software, but do keep the tea is strong and face lift because facelift is at the end of the sentence , sends me a draft and send me. We have three continents in a row. N d m Therefore, we can drop the middle. D you won't even hear it. It's just send me. He plays Minecraft when you have lt nt or arty at the end of a word. Don't make the tea is so strong and crisp. Instead, you'll have a healthy to make the hell t At the end of a word, we really stop the air supply by cutting off the air and our throat before the air can escape our mouth. So if I say belt, I don't say belt, there's no air coming out. I just say about and I squeeze my throat muscles a little bit and I stopped the air very suddenly, so can't no won't consult. It sounds very fast and very sharp because we cut off the air. It's like saying Try it. Uh, no. So I didn't say belt. There's no puff of air at the end. No consult. I can't won't component Abort alert. What happens when lt NT or R T r followed by a vowel? Things could be a little bit different. So with lt and NT if there's a vowel right after it. I have the option of either keeping the TLT or turning that tea into a clear, aspirated tea and linking it to the next vowel. Let's look at some examples, can't I? So I could either say, can't I with a healthy or can't I? Where I linked the T to the I Artie, is a little bit different. If you have a Val after Artie, you can either leave it a healthy or you can turn that tea into a fast D and connect it to the next vowel. So if I have the word hurt and I put a vow after it like hurt, uh, I can either say for uh or heard a for, uh or heard A like I could never hurt a fly or I could never hurt a fly. Either one is okay. Please consult an adult. There's more than one way to say the sentence. I could say it with a held tea. Please consult an adult, or I could try linking the T at the end of consult to the word an. Then it would sound like this. Please consult an adult. There's not just one way to do something. Try a Both ways. You can't hide the component. Insert a new line in the code. If I want to be less careful, I could change the T at the end of insert two a d and say, insert a insert a new line so you have the option of leaving it a healthy or turning it into a D before another vowel. I noticed that when I said code, I stretched out that, oh, before the d so that it wouldn't sound like coat. I did not say Insert a new line in the coat. It's insert a new line in the code. 6. T part 2: when you have tea in the middle of a word in between two vowels, the tea will sounds like a fast D. It's also important for this rule that the tea is not at the beginning of a stressed syllable. If it's at the beginning of a stressed syllable, it will be a clear tea notice that these word pairs sound the same ladder ladder. Those teas in between vowels make the T sound like a fast D, and when a D is in the middle of a word, we make a fast E. We don't press the tongue too hard into the top of the mouth. If I say the word dog, I press my tongue tip pretty firmly into the top of my mouth because the DEA's at the beginning of a word. But when the D's in the middle of a word like ladder, I don't press my tongue. I just brush it ladder, ladder, metal, metal. So it's not metal. There's no actual t just metal. If you have too many sharp teas in English, you're going to sound too choppy and eventually all sound a little bit annoying to your listeners. Bitter notice I did not say bitter. It is not bitter. It is bitter in American English. The TT and bidder is between vowels. The ER is considered a vowel that t t will sound like a fast d. Better you need to touch your tongue to the top of your mouth as lightly as possible. Waited, not waited, but waited. Waited quantitative. Quantitative is a tricky word. The first tee is after an end, so it's a held T. You won't hear it. The second T begins a stressed syllable, so it's a very clear tea and the 30 is between vowels, so it will sound like a fast D quantitative quantitative. Here's some IittIe words that have tea in between two vowels and have a facet e. As a result, Twitter computer strategy related cities pharmaceutical security probability. Any time you have a word that ends an I t. Y like probability or city that I t. Why is always going to sound like I d y kitty sustainability? Start up and start up the a R before the tea. It's considered a vowel, so the tea is between vowels. Startup. Let's try some sentences. Put it in the queue here. The tea and put is between vowels because the next word it starts with a vowel. So that tea and put is now going to sound like a fast D put it in the Cube. I did not say Put it in the Q. Just put it in the cube. Concentrate on cutting costs. Let's put off the meeting. What if the quality is better? So I didn't say what if the quality is better? I said, What if t at the end of what will sound like a D? What if the tea after an end will be silent if the tea is not at the beginning of a stressed syllable accounting? We don't say accounting well. Some people dio when they're trying to be too careful, but most people just say accounting interview. We don't say interview again. If you always put a tea after your end, your speech is going to sound too choppy. Internet Interactions International 20 Santa Clara County. The accounting department is holding interviews today. The advantage of buying in large quantities is cost savings. In the following words, the tea is pronounced because it's at the beginning of a stressed syllable context. So in context. Text is a very important part of the word, and the team must be very clear. Context intake, entire and teak. Now, when tea is in the middle of a word and before N something unusual happens will use the same tongue placement to make both the tea and the end. So I put the tip of my tongue up at the top of my mouth for the tea, but then I hold it there and let the air exit through my nose for the end button. I only moved my tongue once when I said Button, I did not say button. That would be too choppy. Certain it, I let the tip of my tongue come up and then I keep the tip of the tongue there and I let there come out, my nose eaten, eaten, and you should feel buzzing in your nose. Now let's see what happens to the T and D after a vowel. When you have a T at the end of a word, you want the voucher before it to happen very quickly, so that the vibrating vowel does not contaminate the tea. But when you have a D at the end of a word. You want to stretch out the vow, spend a little more time on it so that the voicing and vibration will help make the D a D and not a t. Let's try, see seen. So I spent longer saying the second word seed by stretching out the e bit. Bid it and set, I said, Cut cut pot pod. Rude about bowed for the oh, you sound noticed that I opened my mouth a lot more on the second word than I did on the first word. That particular vow changes a lot, depending on whether it's before a voice constant or a voiceless constant watch again about bowed. Now we have some compound words where the first part of the compound word ends and a T. Make sure that's a held tea platform, so it's not Plet form. I'm not blowing out that T output network platform. When I do that, you're going to feel there's something squeezing in your throat to stop the air from coming up your throat. Platt Platform Output Network. Very sharp and crisp. He is fixing the network. Output is rising. What platform did you use? Now? Let's look a t R and D R While TR has a t and the spelling, we don't actually say a t for tea. Are we actually say C h r and for d Are we actually say Jr So you'll needs around your lips when you make the ch in the J So T r sounds like truck truck Try trade transfer. Trust true. Transmit arbitrary electron ICS interest. Travis wishes to transmit data to the central computer. We need to attract trustworthy partners. You can retrieve your electronic ticket receipts when you have the spelling combination. Str do not make a ch sound. It's actually S T r. Abstract extra restraints construct stream. One of the tricks here might be to spend more time on the S. I often notice that students don't spend enough time in the S, so make sure that there's air coming out of your mouth on the S stream. The words came straight from the abstract. The extra food was distributed among all the guests. He demonstrated how to stream the data stream. Now let's look at the d r. Remember, it will sound like a Jr and you will round your lips for the J. drug. It is not Dera Dera Drastic Draw Dream. The cathedral attracts hundreds of visitors a day. The Children must be hydrated. He saved the draft on his android. Make sure you know the past tense rules. How do you know if you need a T sound or D sound? Let's learn them. The past tense of verbs that end in T or D have an extra syllable pronounced it pasted, mended, tested. I noticed that when I have these two syllables, I don't treat them equally. I don't say tests. Did I say tested? So the first part is more important, and it will be louder and have a higher pitch tested, Avoided, admitted decided. Separated verbs that end in a voice constant or a vowel. Simply add on a D sound. In the past tense, no extra syllables tried showed changed. Now changes in a J, not a tear a d. So we don't need to add an extra syllable. It is not changing. It's just changed, so you need to go from the J to the D very quickly, with no extra vowels in between changed verbs that end in a voiceless constant will have a T ending past missed worked developed. Finally, let's look at the T and D and some I T sentences. Tom hoped to drastically cut costs. Let's talk about the potential for profit. That website gets a lot of hits, he said. He needed an extra set of tools. Quantitative analysis uses mathematical computations. He opened a Twitter account. 7. CH and J: Now let's study CH and J. The CH is voiceless so it can be whispered. The j is voiced, so the vocal cords are vibrating. The CH has a firmer contact than the J does for the C-H and j. You touch the middle of your tongue to the middle of the top of your mouth. The top picture is CH and the bottom is t. Let's look at the difference. For CH. The tip of the tongue is free and clear. It doesn't touch the top of the mouth. But for the t, the very tip of the tongue touches the top of the mouth. When I say middle of tongue, I mean the blade of the tongue. That is not the tip of the tongue. That's what you need to touch with the CH, and that helps if you round your lips, jaw, after you touch the top of your mouth, you quickly release. That's when the air comes out in the sound is made. At the beginning of the word, the CH makes a very strong puff of air. You can feel the air on your hand. J produces a mild puff of air. I barely felt any air. Ch has six different spellings. We're going to learn them during this lesson. First of all, they're CH, that's easy. Chapter, chop. Then there's TCH which which stitch? Stitch. Then there's TI confidential, confidential exponential exponential question. A lot of people forget to put the CH in question. There's definitely a CH and that word question. Question. Digestion. Digestion suggestion. May I make a suggestion? May I make a suggestion? His dying from exhaustion? His dying from exhaustion. How can we control network congestion? How can we control network congestion? Then there's TU also makes a CH sound feature, feature, pasture, pasture, virtual, virtual. Some words have a k and a CH right next to each other. Picture. Picture. If you say pitcher, instead of picture, you'll have the wrong word. Make sure you put it in the K on picture. Actual actual, factual, factual, manufacturer, manufacturer. The following words have a KS CH sound. That's a lot of consonants stack together. Mixture, mixture. Fixture, fixture. Do not expose your phone to excessive moisture. Do not expose your phone to excessive moisture. Colleges look at contextual data for admissions decisions. Colleges look at contextual data for admissions decisions. Finally, There's see an Italian form that makes a CH sound. Cielo, Cielo, Francesca, Francesca. One more. There's TR, which actually makes a CHR sound. Try, try trade, trade, transfer, transfer, trust. Trust. True? True. Travis wishes to transmit data to the central computer. Travis wishes to transmit data to the central computer. We need to attract trustworthy partners. We need to attract trustworthy partners. You can retrieve your electronic ticket receipts. You can retrieve your electronic ticket receipts. The j can be spelled in eight ways. First of all, there's just j, That's easy. Major, major, Jack. Jack. Joe is a jack of all trades. Joe is a jack of all trades. John has a job. John has a job. The next spelling is GE, that also makes a j sound. Age, age, lunge, lunge, Serge. Serge. Notice that I am rounding my lips at the end of all these words to make sure I say that j sound. Rounding my lips helps the middle of my tongue gets to the middle of the top of my mouth. Pr, pr. These words with j in the middle, you're still going to see me rounding my lips in the middle of the word. Gorgeous, gorgeous, courageous, courageous, outrageous, outrageous, manageable, manageable, advantage. Advantage. The changes are not outrageous and should be manageable. The changes are not outrageous and should be manageable. She's gorgeous for her age. She's gorgeous for her age. The next spelling that makes a j sound is G. Religious, religious, collegiate, collegiate, Contagious. Contagious. He attends a prestigious Collegiate Academy. He attends a prestigious Collegiate Academy. He studies the origins of religion. He studies the origins of religion. The next spelling it makes a j sound is DGE. Judge. Judge, badge. Badge. Download cutting edge widgets. Download cutting edge widgets. Acknowledge your budget. Acknowledge your budget. Bridge the gap. Bridge the gap. Next we have the DI spelling. Soldier, soldier, cordial, cordial. Soldier greeted us cordially. Soldier greeted us cordially. There's the DU, spelling, procedure, procedure, graduate, graduate education, education, individual, individual. This spelling causes students a lot of problems. A lot of people don't make the j here, so be careful, don't be like everybody else make the J on the DU schedule. Schedule residual. Residual. He earns residual income. He earns residual income. The schedule outlines the procedure. The schedule outlines the procedure. And sometimes a G before an EI or why it makes the j sound. Gem, Gem, germ, germ, gel, gel, giant, giant. Jim. Jim, engineer. Engineer. What a giant gymnasium. What a giant gymnasium. He's a genetic engineer. He's a genetic engineer. The gypsy war many gems. The gypsy war many gems. Finally, we have the spelling DR, which will sound like JR, drastic, drastic. 100100, quadrant. Quadrant. Children, children. The cathedral attracts hundreds of visitors a day. The cathedral attracts hundreds of visitors a day. He's saved the draft for his Android. He's saved the draft for his Android. Don't confuse CH with J. Chuck versus job. You'll need more pressure between your tongue and the top of your mouth to do the CH than the J. Ch and g have the same tongue position, the differences in the pressure and in the vibration of the vocal chords. The first word in each pair starts with a CH, but the second starts with a J. Try to hear the difference and then imitate it. Choose Jews. Choose Jews. Chip, chip, chip, chip. Cello, jello. Cello. Jello. Don't forget to round your lips. Cello, jello, chalk. Jock. Shock. Jock. Chest. Just chest. Just. If you're having trouble, put your fingers over your vocal cords, try whispering the CH chest. But for the J you won't whisper. Just, just don't confuse the CH with T. Ch uses the middle of the tongue, but TEA uses the tip of the tongue. Ch will have rounded lips, but T will not. Charter. Tartar. Charter tartar. Chair, tear. Chair tear, chore, tore chore. Tore beach beach patch. Patch. Patch, patch. Chad Torah, the seat of the chair. Chad Torah, the seat of the chair. The chief beat us to the beach. The chief beat us to the beach. Don't confuse CH with z h. The CH has the middle of the tongue quickly touching the top of the mouth and releasing the z. H has the middle of the tongue almost touching the top of the mouth, but it never gets there. And the air continuously releases through the mouth. In the top picture we have CH or j, where the blade of the tongue touches the top of the mouth and air cannot escape until we released the tongue. And the bottom picture, the tongue doesn't touch the top of the mouth. So the green arrows show that the, the air can escape. That's for the SH or z, h lecture, leisure. Lecture. Leisure. Which, which, which, which just so you know, which is not a word, don't confuse j with z. H, occasion. Occasion, occasion. Occasion. Ledger, ledger, ledger, ledger, legion lesion, lesion. Lesion, pleasure, pleasure, pleasure. Pleasure. Message, massage, message, massage. Garbage garage. Garbage garage. Sends me a message about the massage, sends me a message about the massage. Store, the garbage in the garage store the garbage and the garage. The special occasion was held at a Cajun restaurant. The special occasion was held at a Cajun restaurant. Don't confuse the j with z either. The top picture with j, the blade of the tongue touches the top of the mouth before it releases. But in the bottom picture with z, the tongue tip points up toward the top of the mouth but never touches it. And the air is shown by the green arrow passes over the tip of the tongue and out the mouth, causing the tip of the tongue to vibrate. Fudge, Fudge, fuzz. College. Colleges. College. Call is for the j while you're using the middle of your tongue, for Z, you're using the tip of your tongue, it's coming very close to the top of your mouth, but it doesn't quite touch it and the air exits. J uses the middle of the tongue, and z uses the tip of the tongue. Don't confuse them. Education, not as education. Education, not as education. Let's distinguish between CH and j after a vowel. Again, the Val before a CH will be pretty quick, but the Val before j will be more extended. Rich ridge, rich ridge, batch, batch, batch, badge, edge, edge, perch, purge, perch, purge. The rich man lived on the ridge. The rich man lived on the ridge. Etch the picture near the edge of the paper. Etch the picture near the edge of the paper. We saw a large, large tree. We saw a large, large tree. Notice large and large, that my mouth opens a lot more for large than it does for large. That's because when you have AR before a voiced consonant, you'll open a lot to a short o position. Large. But when you have AR before voiceless consonant as enlarge, you only open midway. Short, you position large. Note that when CH links to another word, it links with an SH sound as an etch the picture. To really make sure my words are linked smoothly, I need to say. And notice there's SH at the end of the picture. When final j links to another word, it links either with an SH or with a z h. Let's learn when to use which one. If the next word starts with a voiced consonant, we'd link with the z, th sounds as in lunge, backward. Lunge ends in a DJ. And in order to smoothly link it to the word backward, we put a little z h in-between, lunge backward. But the j will likely link with an SH sound when it's linking to a word that starts with a voiceless consonant, as in lunge forward. Did you hear my SH, lunge forward? This is taught in more detail in my course, the rhythm of English. Okay, Finally, let's use the CH and j and some IT sentences. As I'm saying, these sentences, pay attention to how much lip rounding I'm doing every time I make a CH or a J. That's how you become very clear. It's projected to become a Fortune 500 company. It's projected to become a Fortune 500 company. They make cutting edge digital technology. They make cutting edge digital technology. We're facing data storage challenges. Storage challenges, it's very natural to use an SSH to link that J to the voiceless CH and challenges, storage challenges. Yes, I could do a z h If I wanted to. Storage challenges, but it's a lot more effort. We're facing data storage challenges. We're facing data storage challenges. What are the dangers of modular technology? What are the dangers of modular technology? Project driven teams must consider risk management. Project driven teams must consider risk management. Digital images are stored on the hard drives. Digital images are stored on the hard drives. A test fixture was set up to control electronic signals. A test fixture was set up to control electronic signals. What are the virtual attributes? What are the virtual attributes? Employees cannot be transferred arbitrarily. Employees cannot be transferred arbitrarily. The actual schedule may change. The actual schedule may change. 8. K and G : Okay, Now let's study k and g. K and g are almost the same. The only difference is in the voicing. Both of them are made by pressing the back of the tongue up against the back of the top of the mouth and quickly releasing. The k is voiceless so the vocal cords are not vibrating, but the G is voiced and the vocal cords will vibrate. You need a firmer contact for the K, as in all the other voiceless consonants we've mentioned up till now. And if you smile, that will help you access the back of your mouth. Again quick in the vowel before k, but extend the vowel before a g. We're going to learn the different spellings that are associated with both k and g. There's a lot of them for k. We're going to learn about the letter x because x incorporates either k or g. First of all, there are some words that have a silent k, so be aware of them. It is silent and kn spellings, knock, knowledge. Neck. There are silent Gs and Gn spellings. Sign, campaign, net, a line. Let's distinguish between k and g. Remember to press your tongue more firmly into the top of your mouth for k, then for G. Also notice how more air comes out of the mouth for k, then for G came game core. Gore, Cap, GAP. Ken. Again. Kinky. Ginko creates great for that. Kr and g are, you need to pull your tongue back for the R creates. Great. Caught. Got. Come. Gmb. Could. Good. Let's try it in the middle of a word. Remember to stretch out the vowel before a g. Meager. Meager. Notice have a vowel before the case seems quicker, while the vowel before G seems slower and more stretched out. Maker versus meager. Meager is quick. Meager is slow. Ankle, angle, bagged, plucked, plugged locker, logger. Let's look at some more detail about K and G in the middle of a word. When k is in the middle of a word and before an unstressed vowel, you'll hold the k by holding your breath, and you will actually lead out not a K, but a much gentler G sound. So the word maker is not meet cur. That's too much k. We want to unstress that second syllable, so we make the K into a gentle G. It's, it's actually a GSM that comes out maker, maker. And that's different from meager, where we stretch out the E all the way to the G and we don't hold anything. Meager versus Mick Jagger, tinkle versus tangle. You don't want to say that's too much k its tinkle versus tingle. Tinkle versus tingle, ankle, Gall versus angle. Make sure you hold the K really well because if you don't, it's just going to sound like angle Gaul, but not now that's not clear. I didn't hold it enough. Versus angle. You will spend more time on the angle than you do on the a an ankle, ankle. Ankle, ankle angle. Locker, Locke, GAR I'm going to make that girl sound at the ends lower in pitch because that's an unstressed vowel and unstressed syllable, I make it lower. Locke, GAR, not locker. That's too much and I shouldn't use a true K. We have Locker versus logger. We have Locker versus logger. Take out. You go to the restaurant and ask for gout. Not take cout, but take gout. Take out. Take out. For more practice linking words that end in k to the next word. Take my favorite course, the rhythm of English. Chemical, not chemical, but chemical. Chemical, chemical anarchy. Anarchy. Anarchy are detects. I hold the k R and let out a g detect. Instead of art, we don't stress that syllable. We stressed the AR, ar, detect. The eye is unstressed, which means we need a gentle G to introduce it. Our get-x are getX. Now when k is in the middle of a word and before another consonant, but not r, l, or W. We want hold the k, but will slightly release the k and then release the next consonant. It is also possible to hold the k in this situation, but it's easier to release it just a little bit technical. Of course I could say tech Nicol and some people do. But you can more easily let out a little air tech, tech, nickel, nickel success. I could hold it success, but it's easier to let out suck a little air. Success. That air that I laid out on that K helps me start the S. The air is already flowing, so the S seems natural. Success instead of success, then I have to start the air all over just for the S projected project. Did I let out a little k project? And then I say a d instead of a T, projected, projected, effective. The same thing, a little air on the k and then a D instead of a T. Effective, effective. Let's try it at the end of a word. Leak. League. Notice how quickly I said the first word leak and how I took more time on League leak. Leak. Leak, League Rick rig. Rick rig, peck, peg PEG, lack, lag, lack lag, puck, pug, pug, lock, log. Lock, log. Very important. I hear this all the time with my students. Don't omit the k in the middle of a word. It's work. It takes effort to make a k. You have to use the back of your tongue, but you need to do it or it won't be right. Be especially careful when you have Katie, you have to roll your tongue from the back of the mouth through the front of the mouth. Expect. Effect. Expect. Don't forget to smile and the k erector. Director, instructor connect. Distinct. Inspect, project, select, ranked, flunked. Now we have past tense. The ED will sound like a t. Thus you have the KT sounds, flunked, sparked. Let's look at the Ksp sound. Next. Text. Faxed. Text. Relaxed. And we'll look at the case CH once more even though we already looked at it. Well, we studied CH picture actual. Fracture. Again, the KS CH sound which we studied during the CH lesson, mixture. Fixture texture. Here we have TSH instruction, inspection, election faction section. Now we're going to study the x. So a lot of people omit their exes or don't do the x quite right. So pay careful attention to this next section. The x will sound like a KS before voiceless consonants. Extreme. Extra. The t is a voiceless consonant. Extend. Expect. Experiments, expense. Exhale. Exception. Context. Fixed. The x will also sound like a KS at the end of a word. Tax. Facts, fix box. X-ray. X is not really at the end of the word an X-ray, but that where it has two parts to it in the hyphen is good enough for finality and that X, X will also sound like KS before an unstressed vowel. Taxes, faxes, Texas, taxi, fixing. When the spelling is Cc, we will also have a KS sound, accident, except success. Access. The x will sound like the GZ before a stressed vowel. Very important exam. Again, exam. There's no case and there it is a g before the stressed vowel. Exam. Exact example. Exaggerates. Exhaust. The H is silent and exhaust. The expensive experiment was successful. He didn't expect the exam to be so exhausting. Max exaggerated and extended his story. Max with a KS. Max exaggerated with a GZ, exaggerated, extended with a KS extended. Some other case spellings will be CH, QU and QU eat. Here's some CH words. Camomile, chameleon, chorus, chlorine, architects. Here's some QU words, quail, liquor, mosquito. And here's some QU e words. Unique. Antique, croquet. Critique. Listen to the Christmas quire. Listen to the Christmas quire. Chlorine as a chemical used in water. Chlorine as a chemical used in water. Now let's look at the k and g and some IT sentences, electromechanical technicians calibrate the equipment. The word mechanical, that a is a stressed vowel, a stressed syllable. We make a very clear K to begin at. Mechanical. The second part of the word, you will hold the k and let out a g for mechanical, because that last syllable is not stressed, so we wanted to de-emphasize it. Mechanical, mechanical electro-mechanical technicians. Electromechanical technicians, technicians, bear. I let out the K a little bit before the consonant n. Technicians, technicians increase. We have a KR before a stressed vowel. We let out a true K. Increase, Increase. Electromechanical technicians, calibrate the equipment. Taxes are projected to increase. Taxes are projected to increase. Gary and kids successfully connected on Facebook. Gary and kids successfully connected on Facebook. Greg's colleagues worked with semiconductors. Greg's colleagues worked with semiconductors. Inspecting the source code will give you a glimpse of how it works. Inspecting the source code will give you a glimpse of how it works. Select a cost-effective plug-in electric car. Select a cost-effective plug-in electric car. How many megabytes are in a gigabyte? How many megabytes or in a gigabyte. And analog signal goes through the network, and analog signal goes through the network. The electric current makes a magnetic field. The electric current makes a magnetic field. Google is an expert in big data. Google is an expert in big data practice. Kenji with the repetition audio provided. 9. Final consonants part 1:Stops PTKBDG (for Vietnamese): Many Vietnamese students omit final consonants on their words. Let's listen to one of my Vietnamese students before he started taking lessons with me about my job, myself, my field. I grew up in Vietnam. I finished my high school. They're up the call it I got to jump in my about my job. And instead of job and spending a long time on exhaling the, oh, he swallowed the o about my job, about my job instead of job. And my feel of what it might feel. He missed the d at the end of field. He said those vowels and that l really fast in my field. My field work. The word finished. He didn't make the SH I finished my high school. I finished my high school there. It sounds like he said, I finished my high school there. Instead of swallowing I finished. We need to say I finish and let the SH come forward. Make sure that you're exhaling through the end of the word. I finish. When you say after college, I heard app to call it Up to call it. I got the jumping up to call it. I got to jump in instead of after with an F. We heard because the a and after it was swallowed instead of after the call it up to college, after not after the word college, he stopped before he got to the j. So I just heard call it instead of college up the call it. I got to jump up to call it. I got to jump in. Now let's look at how to correct these typical errors. First of all, if you have p, t, or k at the end of the word, don't say the word too fast and then move the sound forward. Don't swallow the sound. Hope. Instead of saying hop, hop, I'm thinking that, Oh, those forward, hope, hope, hype, hype, tape, tape, keep, keep. But keep. There's a feeling of the air comes out not swallowing it in. Keep, keep site, site. And of course you'll hold the T and site. But you want to spend enough time on the eye by letting the icon forward before you pull back for the t site. Site, state S8. Seat. Seat. Sat sat with a T. We stop the T site. I don't let any air come out, but when I have a k at the end of the word, I need to let a little bit of air come out. I need to use the back of my tongue traffic. The back of my tongue comes up and hits the top of my mouth at the back. Traffic, remember to move the air forward on FIC traffic. Not traffic. Traffic. Speak, speak, kick, kick. Tech, tech, work. What work? You really needs a pull your tongue backward on the ER and hold it longer. Work, work. Light, light. Then when you spend more time on that Val going forward, you have more time to think about the back of the tongue making the K like, I smile a little bit to make that happen. Like eventually you don't have to smile all the time, but smiling right now as you're learning helps you train your tongue to put it in the right position. Week. You don't want to make the mistake of saying wheat. Instead of week. You need to lift the k, come out, don't swallow it, but let it come forward with the back of the tongue. Week, week. Let's try some sentences. I need to work off site. I need to work off site. When you say I need two, you do need to cut off the air. I need to. And that's different from saying I need to wear the II continues all the way to the word two. I need two versus I need two. You do need to tighten up your throat muscles to cut off the air from exiting your mouth? I need to repeat after me. Need to need to need to. Need to work off. You're going to hold the k and actually let out a lighter G sound. Work. Gf. It's not worth cough. It's not such a strong k. But work golf, going between off and site, you want to make the O and off big and let the f extends all the way to cite, cite, work off site, work off site. And of course you'll hold the T in sight. But you want to spend enough time on the eye by letting the eye come forward before you pull back for the t site. Site. I need to work off site. I need to work off site. We should beat the traffic. We should beat. I really go forward on the E and beat, beat. But then when I finish going forward and the E, then I can swallow the T and make that held t. We should beat the traffic. We should beat the traffic. I hope we keep up with work this week. When you say, I hope we, you have two choices. You can either hold the PI. But if you hold the P, you need to have a lot of, oh, really spill that oh forward as in, I hope we, or you can let out the P. Like, I hope you have two choices there. We often let the air out before a w sound. I hope, I hope we keep up. We're going to hold the P and keep, keep. And when we let out the air, we let out a gentler be sound, keep, keep up. It's not keep up. That's too much P, but keep up. Keep up with work this week. I do let out a little air when I say work, work this week. And at the end on week, I let out air on the k. I hope we keep up with work this week. I hope we keep up with work this week. Now let's look at b, d, and g at the end of a word. Those are voiced consonants. We need to stretch out the val even more before the voiced consonant. We need to feel the vibration in the vowel and lift that vibration, lead into the voiced consonant. You'll hold the B and D and your throat job. So at the ends my lips are closed. Job. I didn't say job. I don't have to open my mouth and let out anything after that be I just hold the B, but spend a long time on the O. And let it vibrate all the way until you close your lips for the B. Now if we're having trouble hearing your B at the end of job, then I suggest this, Let's go job. A little bit of air came out that I make those three Bs at the beginning just to get into the habit and feeling of making that be job. Let's try making really light bees. Job. Lab, lab. I can hold the B Lab. Or if that's difficult to do, I can say lab and make a really quiet whispering be come out at the end. That quiet whispering B is totally acceptable. Verb. I held it. Now let's try releasing it with a whisper verb. Rob. Rob. Now when you have an N D at the end of the word, you will release the D, as in bond. Make sure you release the D. You can't do a **** D their bond. You want hear it and it'll just sound like BON bond, bond, bond, bond. Now when we do d at the end of the word, you can also release it a teeny bit or you can hold it. For instance, code. There. I held it, My mouth was closed at the end of the word code. But to do that, I had to use and engage my throat muscles, constrict them to really retain the air at the very end of code. And then I suddenly stop it. The vibration and the O all the way to the D makes it a D instead of a T. We have coat vs Code. Both of those I held, but the code I held the O longer. Now, you don't have to do that. You could let out a whispering tiny D, as in the code. A little bit of D is okay, cold. The same thing called aloud. I held it or allowed either one mid, mid or made. But not made. That's too much D, it's too heavy. Read or read. Now g at the end of a word is often very tricky for my Vietnamese students, you'll need to use the back of your tongue to make the G and release it quietly. Not too heavily. Pig. Good, good, good. It's a quiet g. Not not that much g. But let's try going. Good. Peg. Make all those g's the same. Quietly. Go peg. Make sure you go forward on the i sound is coming forward than the GI naturally follows it. Pig, dog. We don't want to say like you swallow it and there's no G at all. That'll sound more like DOC, DOCX. We want dog, a good dog. Flag, flag, jug, jug, plug, plug, wig. Wig. Remember, let the air go forward. Wig, jog, wag, wag. What about in the middle of a word like exam? I need that EX to come forward. Exam. Exam. Let's try since sentences. Rob has to read a lot of code for his job. Notice how slowly and fluidly I said that. I didn't say Rob has to read a lot of code for his job. I said Rob has to read a lot of code for his job. Let's try it again. Repeat after me. Rob has to read a lot of code for his job. I'm not allowed to unplug the chord in the lab, lab. Lab. I'm not allowed to unplug the chord in the lab. I'm not allowed to unplug the chord in the lab. The drink made me cold, so I went for a jog. I went for a jog. Not I went for a doc, but I went for a jog lots of time on that boat bringing forward out of your mouth, the drink made me cold, so I went for a jog. The drink made me cold. So I went for a jog, practice. All these sentences with a repetition audio provided. 10. Final consonants part 2: CH & J (for Vietnamese): Now let's try CH and j. You need to round your lips for C-H and j, like a kissing shape. Chop, chop. Keep the tip of your tongue free and clear. It won't touch anything in your mouth. It tip of the tongue will be right in the center. Trust the top of the mouth with the middle of the tongue and quickly release. Then you'll end with an SH or z th sound. An SH sounds comes after a CH. Ch sound, or an SH comes after the j, french fries. So I don't say french fries. I have to make sure air comes out on that CH, french fries. My lips are rounded on French. French. That SH continues all the way to the word fries. French fries, french fries, but French fries, March, March, March. The error keeps coming forward out of my mouth. Perch. Perch each now. But lots of E and lots of SH after the CH, each. Scratch, scratch, search, search HR, not a Schar, but HR, meaning human resources. Now let's try the J. One of my Vietnamese students said, better. I said, What's bass up to her was passage. Don't mix up your p and the b. But what we're focusing on right now is make sure we can hear your J. You need to make sure the top of the tongue hits the top of the mouth. You release it. And a little z eighth sound comes out. Passage. Passage. College, not just call it, but college. There will be a z h that follows the J. And you'll use that to connect to the next word. When I say college student, the j leads into the word student, which starts with the voiceless consonant s. Therefore, my J is going to transition with an SH instead of z h because the SH blends better with a voiceless S. Listen college student. I didn't say a college student, that would create a harsh transition. But college student. Now if I say college life, life starts with a voiced l. I'm going to transition the j to the L with a CH sound. College life. That's quite normal. Large, not large, but large. Large badge. Badge. Each college has an HR department. Notice I said each college and the SH after the word each ran all the way up to the word college. College has, when we say college has collagen and j but has starts with a voiceless h. So we're going to use an SSH to transition. College has not college has College has a very gentle light transition. Each college has an HR department. Each college has an HR department. He will search for each scratch on the table. Can you say each scratch each ends in that SH and you're gonna let that SH turn into an SK For scratch. Each scratch, each scratch. Round your lips on FSH, then quickly relax your lips for the S. Each scratch. The CH and S are both voiceless. So we want to make a voiceless SH, in the transition. Each scratch, each scratch. He will search for each scratch on the table. It will search for each scratch on the table. Eat french fries on the beach. Even when you say the word eat, the E is going forward. After it goes forward, then you can hold the tea, eat french fries on the beach. Don't end beach to abruptly beach. Leave a little SH at the end. Eat french fries on the beach. Eat french fries on the beach. Practice these sentences with a repetition audio provided. 11. Tongue Exercises: stops consonants: Okay. It's time to do some tongue exercises? Yes, because you want to make your tongue so strong and so flexible and so quick, so precise and accurate that you can't possibly make a mistake with your consonants. The TCH and k. I'll use different parts of the tongue. The TEA uses the front, the CH, the middle, and the COVID back. Well, we need to practice going really quickly and effortlessly between those parts of the tongue. That's the only way you can minimize your mistakes making consonants in English, Let's try. Let's go fast between them and develop some tongue control. Let's go between t and k. Ticket, ticket, ticket, ticket tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, bite. My tongue is going to tick, tick, tick, tick up, but very fast to critique a ticket, ticket, ticket. How fast can you make it go? The later it touches, the faster you get ticket ticker ticker and try to minimize the angle switch. If you don't have too much angle, you can go faster. But I do like this and like this, it's gonna be slow. Very subtle tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, tick it again. What about TCH and k? Teaching? Teaching, teaching, teaching it. I'm going to key teaching, teaching, teaching, teaching, teaching, teaching, teaching. Now you want to be able to do that backwards and in any order. So let's try it backwards. First. Key GTK, GTK to teach you to kitschy tickets. Keep the angle change small so that you don't have to waste time shifting your tongue so much. C02 tickets you to kick it in. Key to tiki two tickets. Tickets, your tickets, your ticket sheet. Now I'm going front, back, middle, tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, tick. The two tickets, your ticket she tickets you ticket chain. What about DNG daga daga, daga daga, daga daga daga daga daga daga, daga daga, daga daga daga to get a good feel the vibration here. Daga, daga, daga, daga, daga, daga. Keep the really light not did the gut. If you're too heavy, pushing with your tongue on the D or the G, that's going to slow you down. You want to be fast and subtle. Daga, daga, daga, daga. Let's add the j. Gigi, gigi, gigi, gigi, gigi, gigi, gaa, gaa, gaa, digital, digital. Digital, digital, digital, digitally. How long can you do it for before you mess up? It's a challenge. Practice it while you're driving, while you're washing the dishes. Digital, digital digi, digitally. It'll make your tongue more precise, more flexible gives you more control, more accuracy. If you're so precise, can you do it backward? Gigi, gigi, gigi, gigi, gigi, gigi, gigi. That gives you the good you to get you to get you to use you to UGT. Now, I'm going to have repetition audio for you that you can practice turn on anytime and just repeat after me, or you can just practice these on your own without my repetition audio. Can you mix up the order d gauge, front-back center, DDGT gigi gigi, gigi, gigi, gigi, gigi, gigi, gigi gigi gigi, gigi, gigi, gigi, gigi, gigi. What about fast decay? Attic, attic add organic, organic. So you do the front of the tongue, to the back of the tongue. Etic and emic etic, etic and emic etic and emic etic, etic, etic. Ticket ticket ticket ticket ticket ticket ticket, ticket ticket ticket, ticket, ticket, ticket ticket. Doing this with a TCH, okay, at the end of the word is kind of interesting. Pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pitch, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick. How fast can you do that? It's not that easy. Pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick. Did you see how I messed up? So what you mess up? You start over and again. Pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick Pittsburgh. How about back, front, center, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick, pick a bit pitch. Now final d, the final G and back and forth. And AG, gather, I get, I get, I get, I get I get I get I get I get I get I get I get a ragged, ragged, ragged, ragged, ragged, ragged, ragged, ragged, ragged, ragged, ragged, ragged, ragged, ragged, ragged, ragged. Find even more practice sequences and the repetition audio. 12. F, V and W : Now let's study the F and these sounds. Both are produced by resting the top teeth on the inside of the bottom lip and exhaling. F makes a continuous hiss, and V makes a continuous buzz. Notice how your lips are vibrating? Uh, the F is voiceless so it can be whispered. The V is voiced so it's buzzing and the vocal cords are vibrating. You'll quicken the valve before an F, and you'll extend the vow before a V. We'll also learn the different ways that FNV can be spelled. First of all, don't omit or weaken your F for V in the middle or end of a word. Make sure these two words sound different. Shelf show leaf lee safe se and all of the words that end in F. You want to make sure you're holding the F A little bit longer than you think you should. I find that mix of my students don't spend long enough on the F Love lo surf, sir. Turfs, terse. Left, left, we felt safe under the roof. Jeff Staff refused to offer proof and laughed at us. They identified problems under the surface. Now let's compare Viet the end of the word with no Viet. All again, you'll need to spend a little longer on the V. Then you think Stove stone Make sure that your lip is vibrating. Stove sto save se. This is something that could be harder to hear on a phone. If you're not careful vibrating that v dove, Go leave Lee, We've we Dr Dry. We survived 2012 Eva is an above average student at Harvard University. We will watch television this evening. The excavation revealed a very advanced civilization. Now let's distinguish between F and V after a vowel. Remember, the first word should be quick and the second word that has a V in it will be more extended . Lift lived knife knives. I noticed that with the long I I opened my mouth more for the I when it's before a voiced constant knife. Knives rifle rival safe save love loves half have leaf leave. Okay, very important not to confuse V and w these air commonly confused for w the teeth stay far away from the lips. The lips will round and protrude forward away from your teeth. What? What? The first word and each parent has a V, but the second has a W veal wheel. Noticed that for the V words, I kind of smile to make the V, but for the W words around my lips, like I'm kissing. What? They're very different. Veal wheel, Very wary vest West Vine Wine. Vic Wick Vow. Wow! Verse. Worse, the vice president has a wonderful voice. So when I'm saying these V and W sentences, I'm using my lips a lot. I'm smiling to make the V, and I'm rounding my lips to make the W. Make sure exercise your lips a lot when you're saying these sentences. The vice president has a wonderful voice. Victor made a wise investment. We are very wary of the service providers David cleverly invested in innovative mobile devices. We have servers that live up to high level privacy standards. The overall revenue has improved click save as on the file menu. Identity theft is one harmful effects of fishing. The archive offers free universal access. We've verified, clarified and classified the information. We will strive to be more effective and efficient in the future. This I tea vendor has several advantages over the other one. If Jeff takes the advanced class, he will learn Java a few more V and W sentences. Here are ways to add value to your business. Be wary of anything that varies from the original. The quality was worse than average. The two companies rival for advancement. Global warming is virtually inevitable. 13. Th and TH : Now let's study the th There's two types of th There's the voiceless th which could be whispered, and there's the voice to th which has a buzzing sound. Uh, in both cases, your tongue tip is going to come out between your top and bottom teeth. You'll be able to see the tip of your tongue. Ah, you don't want to bite down on your tongue or put any pressure on your tongue with your teeth because then you might spit it somebody. You also don't want to move your tongue so quickly. Th is a very slow sound, and the tongue moves slowly. Not like a fast lizard or frog. Not like that. Think of the th as a gentle ocean breeze. If you try to blow too hard or get your tongue too close to your teeth, you'll create too much friction and possibly spit. You also wanna have a firm breath of air before you do the th inhale and failure diaphragm up with air and then consistently let the air flow out for a nice, consistent th. Um, if you move your tongue too quickly, you also risk accidentally hitting your teeth or some other part of your mouth with your tongue. And this will create a T or a d sound. You don't want your tongue to strike any body parts. Ah, again, as with the other continents we've studied, quicken the vowel before a voiceless th and stretch out vow before a voice th it's important to learn the spelling rules that will help you predict whether you need a voiceless th or a voice to th We'll also practice th clusters such as T h r. Don't confuse the th with tea with a th your tongue comes out between your top and bottom teeth, but with the T, the tongue stays inside your mouth and strikes the top of your mouth. Sick tick, I thought. Talked. Thank Tank Theory. Teary Sigh ty. Third turned growth Growth broth Draught Birth Bert Fourth Fort You'll notice that when I say the word that ends in a T. The second word, the word ends very abruptly. It's a held tea, and I leave the tongue at the top of my mouth for the healthy. I also cut off my air supply and stop breathing for a moment. Squeeze the inside of your throat to stop the flow of air Fort. But the first word that ends with a t h doesn't have that abrupt ending. The air is continuously flowing out of the mouth booth, but death, debt bath that he taught what he thought Burt went to the birthday party. The word birthday is tricky for a lot of people. You need to stick your tongue out slowly for the th but then bring it back in quickly. For the D birthday, we brought broth to the sick. Also, don't confuse the voice th with a d they day Those does then then this This there dare were the wordy feather Feder Mother mutter Soon, soon loathed load breathes, breed bays paid they base during the day. We disagreed with this. Don't confuse the voiceless th with s thought I thought really Try smiling before the s and keeping your tongue inside your mouth. Thoughts sucked thin sin Can you see my tongue When I do the th Finn sin theme Seem saw Saw something Something Now something is not a word, but I hear it a lot. So be careful. Be on high alert Something something Myth Miss fourth Force path pass mouth mouse. Let's try these sentences. The theme seems good. It's not a sin to be Finn. I thought he sought the wrong thing. Don't confuse voiceless th with f Either thread Fred. Now for the th you see my tongue. But for the F you see my teeth, my top teeth are resting on my bottom lip thread Fred Ninth knife Here some sentences. Fred threaded the needle. He bought his ninth knife. Don't confuse the voice th with Z, then then breathing, Breezing, seething, seizing T ving teasing Arriving, rising Breathe frieze cve ces TV teas rise, rise some sentences The T ving baby arrived in pain. When you breathe, I see your chest rise. He even seized the opportunity to tease me. Don't stop breathing when you have sieving pain. Now don't confuse the voiceless th with the voice to th let's learn some spelling rules so you'll know which is which. The th is voiced in all function words, except for the words through they them there za this that these those then so, although thus therefore in the middle of a word teaches voiced when followed by E. R or a final silent e feather mother breathe brother teeth cve rise together. Northern Southern either Leather e r means the spelling e are not o r which might sound like er so Author, which is spelled with an O. R. Has a voiceless th Okay, so there's some exceptions to this rule, but not too many Catherine Ether Panther anther next words with a final T h m r voiced rhythm algorithm, Logger ism. Here's some words that don't have a final th em, but maybe th e m r t h o m So they have a voiceless th arithmetic mathematics anthem birthmark bathmat Business has a silent th, and asthma has a th that sounds like a Z. The only exception is fathom, which has a voice th even though the spelling ends and om th at the end of a word is voiceless except for one exception Smooth, which ends in a voice to teach wrath Bath Norris South Myth Teeth, with all other situations, will use a voiceless th pathetic authority Catheter, thirst, faithful Gothic, lethal atheist. This thing is thick. That math book teaches algorithms. Although the northern states fought the southern ones, they now work together. Now let's study th r and r th for th r Round your lips for the are as you stick out your tongue for the th and quickly pull your tongue back in so right threat for the T. H R. Stick out your tongue slowly and then quickly pull your tongue back in as you're rounding your lips and pulling your tongue backward for the are through throw. Remember, spend time on the th Don't rush that you only have to rush the are rift thread thrill thrust throb three Thresh for the R th. Pull your tongue backward for our and then push it out for the th birth. Fourth. Still don't need to rush the th her Earth's worth North. Throw the ball three times. It's her fourth birthday. We have multiple th is here. Take your time. Move your tongue slowly. Have good breath support and consistent airflow. Leave enough room for your tongue to exit your mouth without hitting a lot of things. It's her fourth birthday. That orthodontist is worth a lot of money. OK, now let's look at th in some I T sentences. Create thousands of threads. Seth thinks the health care software should cost 1/4 The price Authentication proceeds authorization. This is the thumb drive. These are the mathematical theories. Use a poly synthetic thermal compound. Many third generation languages are arithmetic notations. Thrust is a parallel algorithms library. Fourth generation languages attempt to replicate human thinking. He studies the ethical issues raised by using various methods in health care. 14. S and Z part 1 : S and Z are two more tricky continents. Let's learn the rules for them. Both S and Z are produced by placing the tip of the tongue just below the tooth ridge at the top of the mouth. You don't touch the top of the mouth, but should keep the tongue just below it and exhale. Voiceless s makes a continuous hiss. Make sure you have a good support of breath. Behind that X elation Voice Z makes a continuous buzz. Ah, it should be very loud. If you cover your ear, you're going to feel some vibration. Ah, distinguish between s and Z At the beginning of a word, Sip zip. Place your fingers over your vocal cords to feel the difference. Sip zip su zoo. A trick on this one is to smile for the Esther, the Z and then round your lips for the new Su Zoo Singer Zinger sewn zone. Distinguish between SNZ in the middle of a word also faces phases. You may need to put your fingers over your vocal chords again to make sure you really feel the difference. Faces, phases, racer, razor prices, prizes, looser loser busing, buzzing houses, houses. Did you notice that I opened my mouth more for the second word than the first houses, houses, excuses, excuses. Let's try those words and some sentences soon went to the zoo. This razor has cut many faces. The racer has won many prizes. The school's busing program is closing down. He makes many excuses for losing the game. The real estate housing market is buzzing with excitement. He houses his guests in different houses. Now let's distinguish between S and Z. After a vowel, remember to extend the vowel before Z, but quicken it before an s. The first word in each pair will end in an S and the second will end in a Z fihs phase. Also pay attention to how long were holding the SNC. It's a little bit longer than many of you may think. If you don't hold it long enough, someone may not hear it at all. So spend a little time on your s and your Z At the end of a word. Life lies bus buzz, cost caused purse pers los laws. Don't confuse me with Jay Zoo ju. The lips look very different for zoo. I have to smile before I do the new do. But for Jew, my lips are rounded the whole time. Zoo ju zip gyp acquisition. It's not Akwa addition. OK, now let's look at the rules for how to pronounce s or Z if we have plural Z Third person singular Zor possessive s after a voiceless continent but not ch message or s is pronounced s tests, gets hurts books, makes stops serfs s after a voice continent, but not J or Z is pronounced zee so s doesn't always sound like an s. It's often pronounced Zee reads the D at the end of reed is a voiced continent. So the s that follows, it needs to sound like a Z. It's logical because if the DEA is voiced, we want to maintain that voicing for the following sound reads colleagues, comes lives, drives, designs, users meetings s after a vowel sound is pronounced zee because the vowels are voiced So the s following It should sound like a zee news. He's salaries, buys resumes days rose. When you have s after an s s h, c, h s or Z, the E s will sound like an Isay is there will be an extra syllable manages manage ends in a J sound. So we add the extra syllable. Isay, after it manages changes Stashes. Make sure you're adding an I Z and not an I s. It's not Stashes, it's Stashes. Actually, if you say Stashes, there's a good chance no one will understand you in riches Teaches Charles is James is now when a noun or verb ins and an s sound, we still need to add an i Z So you're going to get a sound se's s i z at the end of the word services. Resource is make sure you don't say resource is or resources. There's an S I Z resource is boxes, faxes. The X is a ks sound. So you still haven't s I Z Focus focuses decrease decreases. Guess guesses reduce reduces. He manages to offices and sees clients Every day he arranges meetings and meets with colleagues. He focuses on his tasks and gets things done when he amasses more money. Hill Oh, more taxes as supply increases, demand decreases. Okay, we're gonna look at some more spelling rules for predicting whether you need an ass. Er ze. First of all, some words have a noun and a verb form and their pronunciation changes depending on whether they are a noun or a verb. Now these are adjectives. Ending in an s sound will sound like an s. But verbs ending in an s will sound like a Z. The first word in each pair is a noun or an adjective, but the second word is a verb close to close. Excuse to excuse advice to advise choice to choose house to house, Los to lose. He doesn't want to abuse drugs. So he gets help for his drug abuse. They have a guest house to house their guests. Please excuse me for not having an excuse. He made an excellent choice before hit shows me the following spelling combinations. Macon s sound See ice price entrance since face See, I also makes an s sound accident decision. Circulate acid. See? Why makes an s sound Lucy Lacey. Fancy juicy X plus a constant unstrung vowel or final X also makes an s sound Excavate When I say x, there's an e k s excavates. That's because the X precedes a C which is a voiceless continent. Exceed Exhale axel An axle The L E makes a u l sound, which is an unstrung est vowel axel Expire Expert Expect extreme extra next elixir. Toxic fix. There's a few exceptions where we make an S H sound instead. Sexual luxury complexion PS at the beginning of a word also makes an s sound. The P is silent psychology sudo Some when we have a constant plus s e will have an s sound course worse the Spurs horse expense When you have a C c plus an AII or why you'll have an s n accent. Except so the first C is like a K and the second sees like an s accident. Success Accessory Exceptions would be our Italian words like Bochy Soccer cappuccino s C makes an s sound assent. The send miscellaneous sin Science two s is making s sound lesson success dress and of course s by itself Makes an s end soft, small, sweet. Some exceptions are the days of the week Tuesday has a Z sound Wednesday Thursday lens Okay , The following spelling combinations make a Z sound X plus a stressed vowel. The X will make a GZ sounds not a ks. When the X is followed by a stress vow. Examine example Exact exist. Executive Exuberant Exceptions are words that end in the Suffolk's Asian a t i o n The A is stressed, but the X will have a ks sound taxation. Relax, ation. When you have s between two vowel sounds, it will be a Z music reason disease Easy Resign Present physician position Positive visit Exceptions would be re sources Another exception as when the syllable after the s forms a Suffolk sor third person plural. This is places, houses, busing, curiosity. And in these two words, we have a zh instead of a Z ambrosia Corrosion for that zh around your lips. Corrosion twosies make a Z sound puzzle. An exception is pizza. It has twosies, but there's no Z sound at all. Instead, we have a T s pizza And finally, if you have a Z all by itself, well, it sounds like a Z zipper Crazy razor. Here's some other words that have a Z and you just need to memorize them. Has waas Is these Those whose goes does always lose cause because choose phase teas raise and cruz some of those air really common words The s can be silent. Watch out! I'll Islands debris Arkansas, Illinois 15. S and Z part 2 : Let's try some s clusters. That's where we combine s with another continent. Don't forget to spend some time on the S. That s is a continuous sound You need to spend some time letting the air come out your mouth before you worry about the next constant s que you'll need to roll the tongue from the front to the back of the mouth Sky Scout ask risk s k r young needs a Pull your tongue backward at the end Scream, scrape scratch s l you'll need to smile for the l sly slick Slow slam s n You'll need to exhale through the nose for the end snow snap sneeze SP The P will stop the s sound Spy notice I spend some time on my s before I get to that p spare speed spot grasp SPL Don't forget to smile for the l splash Spice split and s T s t is a tricky one. You need to spend some time on the S and then quickly interrupt it with a T stuff. This is my tongue striking the top of my mouth for the tea and quickly releasing Stop student State storage west past be careful not to add a vowel after the s t. Your vocal cords should not vibrate after the s t The S T could be whispered step so there's no vibration past. It is not passed a so don't add a vowel. Worst not Worster, just not just a feast, not fiesta. Let's try these sentences. Past data affects our strategy. It is not passed A data affects our strategy. I also noticed that when a constant follows the s t as in past data, we don't have to say the tea. We can just say past data past data affects our strategy. The worst problem is lack of knowledge because a continent API comes after the S t say either the worst problem very quickly or the worst problem with a help T but not the worst of problem. The worst problem is lack of knowledge. If you just focus, you will do well. It is not if you just the focus you will do well. If you just focus, you will do well. If there's a vowel after the S t, the T will sound like a fast D just in case. Sounds like just in case str you'll need to round your lips and pull your tongue backward for the are Stride stretch Noticed that I start rounding my lips even before I say the s T stride Strange ST Extreme and T s you'll make a hell t and then an s so your tongue will look like this Grits, grits and the tea and greets my tongue touches the top and I don't release it until I get to s. It's very important that the tongue moves up quickly quits If it's not quick, you won't feel the tea held He is a quick feeling for the help t You also need to squeeze your throat to stop the air supply. Stop breathing for a quick moment Greets states, Let's starts floats. Let's try STS You start with an s and then you interrupted with a T and then continue with es. So it's like this. The tongue will quickly touch the top of the mouth and quickly release just interrupting the s tests. Tastes rests finally sw around the lips and pushed them forward for the w sweat Swell swim . Here's a tricky cluster DZ stop the airflow at the tooth ridge for D and then quickly release for the Z Kids Kids. Also for the hell d. Squeeze your throat to cut off the air supply. Stop breathing on D, then let the air out on Z Kids, kids, seeds, rides, bids. When you're doing DZ, don't omit the D. So the first word in each pair has a DZ, and the second word has no de. Don't confuse them. Needs knees. Stop breathing on the d. Catch your breath in your throat, then release on Z. But for knees, you continuously exhale. Needs knees, buds, buzz. So when I do buds with a D, I have to let my tongue touch the top of my mouth buds buds. But when I do buzz Buz Z, it's just buzz, and the tongue never has to touch buds Buzz. Now let's look a DZ and some sentences. So if the word after your DZ word begins with a vowel, then you can make things very clear by linking the Z to the vowel. In the next word, let me demonstrate. Kids eat and the word kids that s actually sounds like a Z kids. Now I'm gonna link the Z to the word eat. Kids eat, and that'll make it a little easier for you. The thank you cards are on the table. Cards are cards are on the table. The thank you cards are on the table. Plant seeds in the garden, seeds in seeds in the garden. There are many methods to solve the problem. Methods to solve methods to solve. Let's try Z to th linking When linking Z it's a th say them both in the same breath of air , so they're connected with no gaps or spaces in between. Continue exhaling on the Z as you push your tongue forward for the th was there has that So I don't say has that's or has a vat, I say has that it's all linked together because they close the choose these. Let's try these sentences. Is this a pen? Is this is this? Just push your tongue forward for the th. Is this a pen? Is this a pen? Was there a fight? Has the car been fixed? They go because they want to because they close the door. Choose these instead of those. Okay, Finally SNZ and some I t sentences choose access to many lists and thousands of bids the advertisers use adds to plant seeds in the minds of consumers. He reads the news in a business magazine. Zack found a position at the organization. He designs games for kids, and users easily use the browser and other services. The processor speed is increasing the code analysis scans and finds defects or bugs. The faster processor can handle extremely large numbers. The offices spyware license expires soon. 16. SH and ZH : Let's talk about Shh. In Zh, both S H and Zh are produced by placing the middle of the tongue very close to the middle of the top of the mouth and then exhaling the tongue does not touch the top of the mouth so that air can freely exit with my hands. It looks like this. The middle of the tongue comes very close to the middle of the top of the mouth. Voiceless s H makes a continuous hiss, but voiced zh makes a continuous buzz. Uh, the voiceless s H releases more air from the mouth than the zh does. If you put your hand up to your mouth and feel the air coming out, you'll notice more air on the S H. Ah, while shh can be whispered. Zh is vibrating and voiced and the vocal cords are being used. Don't confuse S h with s round your lips for the S H. This helps the middle of the tongue get closer to the top of the mouth. But smile for s when you smile. The middle of the tongue is not as likely to get too close to the top of the mouth. Instead, you want the tip of your tongue to get close to the top of your mouth. Rounding your lips for the s h causes you to use the middle of your tongue. Listen to these word pairs The first word in each pairs and s h But the second isn't s notice how my lips look very different Round versus smiling a round for the S H and smiling for the s sign Sign shield sealed So So now so is a tricky word because you need to smile to make the s. But then quickly round your lips to make the oh so sale sale Said said son Son. Sure Sir Su Su Also for Sue, you need to be careful to smile for the s and then quickly rancher lips for the new Su If you around your lips too early on Sue, you might end up with su shock. Suck sin Sin. Try these sentences with S H and s. The sign shines brightly in the sun. The windshield seals the cold air out of the car. He said he would shed light on the topic. The sun burns man shunned anymore. Son Su bought new shoes. Don't confuse the zh with the J or Z sound. Round your lips for the zh for the zh. Let the middle of your tongue come close to the top of your mouth around your lips for the J also. But let the middle of your tongue touch the top of your mouth and quickly release Jack for the Z. You need to smile. Um, let the tip of the tongue come close to the top of the mouth and exhale with vibrating vocal chords. Um, listen to these word trios. The first word in each trio will be a zh. The second word in each trio will be a J. Jack, and the third word in each trio will have a Z, though sometimes it might not be a real word occasion. Patijn Occasion Leisure Ledger Lez er lesion Legion. Lee's in pleasure Pledger. Pleasure seizure procedure, Caesar. Now let's look at the spelling rules that help you predict whether you need an S H or zh The following letter combinations. Usually Macon s H sounds. Shh. Shirt shock brush s you sugar? Sure and sir, A sure ch shoot chandelier. Charades. Charlotte mustache machine. Now ch doesn't usually make an s h sound. It usually makes the ch sound, but there are a lot of words, often from French, which have ch making the s h sound t I plus a vowel action. Partial initial. Cautious, ambitious Ray So completion quotient Rambunctious notice. All these words are stressed. One vowel to the left of the I plus Valle suffix Stress One vowel to the left of the I plus Veil Suffolk six. Action Partial initial cautious ratio quotient. Here's an exception. Equation. This is often pronounced with a Z h Not An s H s s tissue issue Mission session pressure, passion suppression Russia ce ocean s I After an in mansion pension expansion extension notice all these words were stressed One vowel to the left of the I plus Vala suffix Ranjha lips for the S H and stress one vow to the left of the I plus Valle Suffolk's mansion Pension expansion Extension s C H sua SMU's smoke X, I or ex you has a ksh sound anxious, obnoxious complexion, sexual luxury. When you're going from the K two, the S h. You need to go from the back of your tongue to the middle of the tongue. The back of the tongue touches the top for K but the middle of the tongue doesn't touch and just comes very close for the S H. But the movement between the back of the tongue in the middle of the tongue is pretty fast around your lips On the s age Anxious obnoxious complexion, sexual luxury. See I plus vowel Special physician technician, Art official Official Beneficial financial. Luscious, Suspicious, delicious, vicious, precious. All of these words were also stressed. One vowel to the left of the I plus Valle suffix Round your lips and stress one vowel to the left of the Suffolk six. Special physician Artificial suspicious precious. The following spelling letter combinations often make the zh sound. Zh has air continuously exiting the mouth. You should be able to hold it for several seconds. G A course AJ Rouge garage massage, beige triage, camouflaged mirage genre s I after a vowel or are vision conclusion Collision occasion Confusion Asia Invasion decision Fusion lesion, Parisian inclusion explosion Persian version Notice All these words were also stressed. One vowel to the left of the I plus vowel Suffolk's round your lips for the Z Age vibrate your vocal cords and stress one Val to the left of the suffix vision. Conclusion occasion Asia Invasion Vowel plus s u. R E. Measure Pleasure exposure, leisure or leisure Composure, Vala Plus s you casual. We lengthy you to the A with a W casual, casual, usual visual. Finally Z, you makes a ch sound seizure. Let's look at the S H and ZH in some I t sentences. We have seen beneficial growth in the computing power of machines. I t specialists help others make informed decisions. The professional leadership team is proficient and efficient. Artificial intelligence has raised an explosion of issues. A computer infection initiated by a worm or viral invasion can have financial repercussions . Communication, both formal and casual, is a crucial consideration in any organization. Uploading is the transmission of a file from one computer system to another usually larger system. Downloading is transmission in the other direction. Go shopping for a good selection of flash drives. They provide solutions for phishing attacks that threaten information and reputation. Having time to study is a luxury, so study with passion build your muscle memory for S H and zh using the repetition audio provided 17. Final consonants part 3: Continuants-F,V,th,TH,S,Z (for Vietnamese): Now let's look at final F. If you need to make sure your top teeth lightly touch your bottom lip, and then Eric and freely escape. If we need to hear that f. If you swallow and say, no, F can come out. It's the opposite of swallowing. But myself. After. Now actor. But really spend time on the AF. After soft, soft, soft move forward slowly. Let's look at v. Again. You'll put the top teeth gently on the bottom lip. But this time you're engaging your vocal cord, it's vibrating. The bottom lip will vibrate. You need to move the air forward and out of your mouth to make that V, shave, shave. Have have glass. Glass. But glass. We've, we've five. Now fight. Fight. $1.5 dollar, spend more time on the IV. $5.5 dollars th with it's not like will you go with me now? It's not wet. It's will you go with me with make sure the air moves forward and spend some time I met, enjoy it. It's a beautiful feeling to let the th, out of your mouth with. It feels like a gentle breeze on the tip of your tongue. The tip of your tongue will be very close to the teeth, but not touching the teeth as close as you can get to the top teeth without touching, with forth. Not fort, don't swallow it, but let it go out. Fourth, play a game by seeing how close you can get the tip of your tongue to your top teeth. Fourth, Ninth, not night. Night. Night. No, no, it's ninth. Let's try the voice TH same thing, but you engage the vocal cords, let them vibrate, smooth. The th is buzzy, smooth. Another, you don't want to swallow it and say, no, it's another. So that o and the word another is really a short you, and you need to spend time on that short. You make it go forward. Either either another. Now let's try S us. We need to really savor and relax. I'm an S and let it extend. The tip of your tongue will come very close to the top of your mouth. Then you'll just let the air pass over your tongue. Feel that cool breeze over your tongue tip us. You don't want to see us. You want to say US cents, cents. Science. Science. Needless to say. Needless to say, conference room. Conference room is a long word. You might feel rushed and want to say conference room, but then I don't hear the S spend time on it. Conference room. Let the S go all the way up to the RN room, conference room. Conference room. Successful. Don't try to say a successful. Don't try to swallow that it's not set for. So we need to go forward. Not swallow. Successful, successful, successful, successful. Yesterday. Not yet today. But yesterday. Now let's look at the z. Same thing, but you will let the vocal cords vibrate and you will buzz. The tip of your tongue will vibrate. Has enjoy their vibration on the tip of the tongue. Has don't try to rush it. As as was was eggs. Eggs. He was at a successful conference. He was zeta. I lead the z and was go all the way to AT, and they link together. While he was at a successful conference. He has a science class at five. He has length asean has got all the way to the word. He has a science class, the S at the end of science, or that C letter goes all the way to the world-class science class at five, don't ends the end of your sentence. So abruptly, five, feel the vibration on your lip. Dave, once another slice of beef. Don't end beef to quickly, let the air come forward, feel it on your lip. Dave wants another slice of beef slice. So the S goes all the way to the word of slice. You end up seeing some sentences. The police always passed the college on their drive. I did not say, Oh it pack the court on a drug. That would be a terrible Vietnamese accent that nobody can understand. You don't want to drop all those final consonants. The police always pass the college on their drive. The police always pass the college on their drive. Join us as soon as possible. Join us as soon as possible. Shift thought about how nice it would be if you took her advice. Shift thought about how nice it would be if you took her advice. He pulled over and asked me if I needed a ride, needed I needed a ride. I swallow at the end of ride, but if you need to, you can say a needed a ride very quietly. He pulled over and asked me if I needed a ride. He pulled over and asked me if I needed a ride. Those kids are playing on the beach. Connect kids to our kids. Are those kids are playing on the beach. And you don't want to say though kids, you need to make sure the z comes out in those, those kids are playing on the beach. You're going to have this feeling like everything is slow, slow. Those kids are playing on the beach. Beach last forever. My boss would like me to improve my language skills. My boss would let boss continue to wood would like me. I hold the d at the end of wood would like I would never say would like in this case you need to hold the d and then say, like, would like me, like has a teeny bit of care that comes out just a teeny bit. Would like me would like me to improve my the V goes all the way. So the word mine, improve my language skills. After a DJ and before a voiced consonant will make a z h to link them together as in language barrier, barrier starts with a voiced consonant, but after a DJ and before a voiceless consonant will use an SH, as in language skills. That time, an SH came out after my J. Sometimes it doesn't always come out, but it at least has to be an SH listen again. My language skills, I want the air to keep coming, whether it's a z, H, or an SH, all the way to the word skills. My language skills. I watch movies with my wife on Fridays. I watch movies between the CH and movies. There's SH I watch movies with my wife Fun Fridays. The F and wife links to the word ON wife Fun Fridays. Don't forget about the z at the end of Friday's. You need to go forward on days even though it's not stressed. Friday. I watched movies with my wife on Fridays. I watch movies with my wife on Fridays. These useless materials have no place in our office. The z and v goes all the way to the Y at the beginning of useless, useless, useless materials. The S at the end of useless goes all the way to materials. These useless materials. I've just set all that in one breath of air. These useless materials have no place, Center Office. Place in as linked together, hold that S in place. Place in our office. Hold the S at the end of office. These useless materials have no place in our office. These useless materials have no place in our office. He received fourth place, set the meat yesterday. When you say fourth place, that th goes all the way to the peahen place. He received forth place at the meet yesterday. Now, when you do meet, you do get to swallow. It's a **** T, but makes sure the E comes out before you swallow the E and meet at the meet yesterday? At the meet yesterday, it's like my finger is a boomerang. I go out on me and then all of a sudden I pull it in for the t at the meet yesterday. At the meeting yesterday, he received fourth place, set the meat yesterday. He received fourth place set the meat yesterday. You breathe hard when you exercise. Lots of z at the end. Don't end it too early. You breathe hard when you exercise. Breathe hard. Th th breathe hard when you exercise. You breathe hard. When you exercise. You breathe hard when you exercise. Practice your final consonants with the repetition audio provided. 18. H : Now let's talk about H. H is produced by exhaling and making a continuous voiceless sound. The tongue should be neutral and not touching anything very important. If you are voicing or vibrating your vocal cords while you're exhaling, you will make a vowel instead of an H. Do not vibrate your vocal cords. H is voiceless. All vowels are voiced, but each is not. Do not omit H at the beginning of a word. The first word in each pair will have an H, but the second word will not. It will begin with a vowel hats at hits, it heats heat. Now, if I put my fingers over my vocal cords and I say in H, I'm kind of whispering it and I don't feel any vibration. So when you say the word heats, there should be no vibration at the very beginning of the word because it's an H heats. But when you say the word eat and you put your fingers here, eat, you feel some vibration rate at the very beginning. Hate eight. Hi. I hurts Art Hot, hot hoops. Oops! Hold old. You can feel a lot of vibration on the oh, so this is a good one to compare the difference. Hold old human human headquarters headquarters Higher iron, heat the food before you eat it. I flew high in the sky. I can't hear with my right year because we want the h to be silent. Make sure the vowel is voicing from the very beginning. Ah, I can feel the vibration in my ah, honest air. Um exhausted exhibit Ty vehicle Ghost Ghastly rhyme. We do want to omit the H on mid sentence pronounce. Now you don't have to omit the H 100% of the time. But if you always have an h on all your pronouns, you'll sounds like you have an accent. He gave her a new job. He lost his job. I don't need to say he lost his job. I have better rhythm. If I say he lost his job, I only want to stress lost and job. You do have to put the H on the pro Nana at the beginning of the sentence. So he has an h. He lost his job. His wife gave him a hard time. So the word him in the middle of the sentence didn't need an h then we can link gave and him together. Like gave him his wife gave him a hard time. Make sure you haven't eights on the word hard. She wants you to give his note to her. When you're saying the letter h such as? In an abbreviation, make sure you have a ch sound at the end of the H html. Http notice that when I say abbreviations, I stress the very last letter in the abbreviation, But every letter has to be very clear. H d m I. It's b o. It's m oh, NHL Ph d. Okay, let's look at H in some I two sentences. Human Resource is is hiring a new headhunter. He hardly knows how to hold his fingers on the keyboard. Hacking is a horribly hot topic. Computers make hundreds of handshakes to tell how to communicate with each other. He had to hit the hibernate button on his computer. She has hyperlinks on her homepage. The hashtag was intended to be humorous. Harry needs new hardware, including a hard drive. Once you get behind, it's hard to get ahead 19. H vs F (Japanese): This next section might be great for Japanese speakers or anyone who confuses H and F. When you say H as in who, you need to keep your teeth away from your lips so that you don't say Fu Hou versus fu. My lips are my teeth touch the insides of my lips when I say foo, but not who. When I do who, my lips are very far away from my teeth because of the oo sound. Also, when you do H, makes sure the air and the sound is coming out of your throats. Who? Lets contrast hood and food. Hood. Food. Hula for and Hawaii you do the hula, but you're not a fool. And Hawaii you do the hula, but you're not a fool. And Hawaii you do the hula, hoop. Hula, but you're not a fool. Give a hoot, don't pollute. Give a hoot, don't pollute. Give a hoot, don't pollute. Give a hoot, don't pollute. Who ate all the tofu? Who ate all the tofu? Who ate all the tofu? Who ate all the tofu? Do you know who that fool is? Who's dancing the hula? Do you know who that fool is? Who's dancing the hula? Do you know who that fool is? Who's dancing the hula? Do you know who that fool is? Who's dancing the hula? Whoever wants to go to Hooters likes bad food. Whoever wants to go to Hooters likes bad food. Whoever wants to go the hooters likes bad food. Whoever wants to go to Hooters likes bad food. He doesn't know who President Hoover or Houdini was. He doesn't know who President Hoover or Houdini was. Notice that I'm a rounding my lips when I say Hoover and Houdini. But if I say food, I kind of have to smile for us to make that F right. Food. Iran's my lips. After I'm done smiling to make the F, I couldn't tell who the person was, who was standing at the top of Mount Fuji. I couldn't tell who the person was, who was standing at the top of Mount Fuji. I couldn't tell who the person was, who was standing at the top of Mount Fuji. I couldn't tell who the person was. Who was standing at the top of Mount Fuji. Do you know to whom you give the tofu? Do you know to whom you gave the tofu? Do you know to whom you gave the tofu? Do you know to whom you give the tofu? Now practice F and H with a repetition audio provided. 20. Y: Okay, now let's talk about why there's often a why and a word, even though you don't see the why in the spelling. So don't omit those wise. I call them invisible wise. After certain letters, we insert a Why sounds before along you, unless the long you is spelled with two O's for O. U as in papoose or acoustic. So these words do not have a why. Buoy Jacuzzi guru Hula Those words are just exceptions. First at the beginning of a word, put a y sound before the long you UNIX you are l. It is not you are L It is u R L utensil. Unison eulogy. Also insert a why, after API and before along you computer. It's not computer. It's compu pewter. Puke reputation, puny population amputate pure. It's not poor, it's pure pupil, stipulates Spew. Deputy Papoose does not have a why, because of the two O's in the spelling. Neither the spoon also inserts a why after a B and before along, you rebuke beauty, tribute, abuse, distribute ambulance, attribute fabulous bureaucrats. But don't put a Y and boost or boom oring because of the O spelling. After a K sound, often spelled with a C. We also put a why before along you que cute curious cube accused Accumulates articulates speculates it is not spec ooh, speculate. No, it iss speculate molecule accurate. It is not accurate. It's accurate. Barbecue calculus. Obscure procure, rescue ridicule, skewer, vacuum, mercury excuse occupy. It's not occupy. It's occupy binocular. It might seem like a small and trivial difference to you to say binocular versus binocular , but to me and to other native speakers. If you don't say that, why it sticks out like a sore thumb. Also, we put a why after the G and before along, you argue singular regulates. I often hear the mistake. Regulate. It's not regulates its regulate. Also put a why after an F and before along you few confusion fuel fuse, funeral, futile, refuge, refuse, refute and put a why. After the V and before Along you view interview also after an S H and before along you issue tissue and after an H and before along you huge Hugh humor. Houston. It's not who Oosten Texas. It's Houston, Texas human. We also put it after an M and before, along you music amuse accumulates. The word accumulates has to. Wise museum mural mutual mule mutes communicates but don't put a Y and move or moody because of the 00 spelling. Now Ellen N are a little different. Sometimes we put a Y after an L and before along you, but only if the stressed vowel comes before the L. So we put a why in the following words, because the stress is at the beginning of the word before the L Value cellular. It's not cellular. It's cellular volume soluble failure. But if the stress comes after the L, we don't put a Y salute. Conclude absolute aluminum illuminates the same holds true for the end, continue and continue. The stress is rape before the end. So therefore, I put a y insinuate venue manual monument, 10 year annual. But there's no why. In the following words, which have the stressed vowel after the end manure nuclear nude. Let's look at the invisible. Why in some i t sentences, he's curious about how to do the computation notice. Americans don't put a why after a D and before along, you so do doesn't have a why it's not do it's just do and duty is not duty. It's just duty. He has a fabulous reputation At Hewlett Packard, computers can manipulate data. The executive branch issues cybersecurity regulations. He refused to stipulate the requirements of his tenure. In the interview, you can configure the firewall to communicate with a router. According to figures, network failure has been a regular occurrence. Volume comparisons air skewed when looking at accumulation and distribution. Interview technique manuals were distributed at the annual meeting. In computing and attributes can set the specific value of an object. Also, when we link to vowels together specifically a front vowel to another vowel, you have to put a why in the middle, in orderto link the vowels together and sounds smooth. So after a front long vowel such as Long E, long a long I or oy, you add a why before another vowel. Again, this smooths the transition between vowels Rodeo. I do not want to say road D o. I shouldn't have a break there. It's all one word in one breath of air Rodeo Leo Iota, priority fiasco, alien geography, multi effects. I noticed that this happens in acronyms also, html ich tm tm has a why html GPS. I always hoped to be on time. You asked me a question about my application. I didn't see anyone I knew at the end of the orientation. Try again the day after tomorrow, I often worry about my interviews. Now let's practice inserting a why between a front vowel and an R or l in order to make the R and L a more clear. So after a front long bell like long, any long a long I or oy, you need to add a why and a Schwab or short U sound before an R or L. This makes the are or AL more noticeable. Why, after long E seer Tear Dear Fear weary beer here near well, teal deal feel why? After a long A fair care where dare stare chair aware male jail tail sale prevail. Curtail Why, after a long I higher fire tire, admire wire liar while dial Mile Kyle Child beguiled I'll Why after oy foyer lawyer Sawyer foil boil coil, loyal soil toil Dale has left a detailed voicemail notice that every word with C L in it sounded like it had two syllables. I stretched it out so I could fit that. Why in there and make the L very clear. So I didn't say Dale had a left of detailed voice. Man, that's just not clear. It's Dale has left a detailed voicemail. Kyle will wear teal to the fair. The loyal child kneeled by my chair. Okay, it's time for why, in some I T sentences go to the menu to mute the volume in the Media player. Even the word media has a why. Between the I and the A media, a compiler converts programming code into a form that can be used by a computer. The CPU is the brain of the computer. The dialogue box appears even in the word dialogue. There's a why between the I and a Dia Dia, a document is the file you create creates has a why between the E and A. I wouldn't say Cree eight. Then I would sound choppy. It's create all in one breath. Video game emulators for IOS regularly get kicked out. Why on earth would you share a dial up connection between two computers over a wireless network? Three affiliates software programs offer a free trial at IBM. We created and documented the queue manager aliases, so even in an acronym like IBM, we need to put a why in between the b and the M because D ends in the long vowel e ah bien ibn. 21. Y vs J (Spanish) : Now we'll look at some consonants that might trouble you if you're a Spanish speaker. Y versus J, for why the middle of the tongue elevates toward the top of your mouth, but it doesn't touch it. The sides of the tongue will touch the upper back teeth. The right now my tongue is high in my mouth, but the middle of my tongue doesn't touch the top. But the sides of the tongue are touching the upper back teeth. The Let's compare what the tongue looks like inside the mouth for three different sounds. The z, h, The J, J, and the y. Yeah, for the z h, you'll see that the tongue is relatively flat and does not touch the top of the mouth at all. The air passes right over the top of the tongue. But for j, the tip of the tongue as well as some area behind that or part of the middle of the tongue, touches the top of the mouth and then releases as shown by the dotted line. Job. But for why, you'll see that the tip of the tongue is down and the middle of the tongue is very close to the top of the mouth. And the picture it might look like it's touching it, but it's really just very close. Notice how the tip of the tongue is very low for y, but high up for j. Compare that to zij, which has a flat tongue. For why the lip shape changes depending on what vowel comes after. The why. The vowel that comes after determines the shape of the lips. So if I say E, I'm smiling for the E. But if I say, yeah, yeah, the Y is moving lower, the tongue moves lower in order to get to the air. Or Yo, I end up in a rounded shape. Now for J, which often gets confused with y, the middle of the tongue touches the top of the mouth and then quickly releases. I also rounds my lips for the J, which I didn't do necessarily for the y. Yeah, I kinda smiled for that. Why? For J? Around my lips. So let's try yeah. Versus Jack. Yeah. Or let's try yea versus J. K, starting with a smile or J started with rounded lips. Let's compare these words. Jets. Yet. My lips look very different. Jets. Yet. Jail. The L. Remember for jail, my tongue starts by touching the top of the mouth. The middle of the tongue touches jail. Jail, Yale, jello, yellow jam. Yeah, I'm Jewel. You'll jot ya jeer. Year. Jack. Yeah. Major. Mayor. Let's try some sentences. Who likes yellow Jello? Make sure you watch my lips. As I say it is, watch for the rounding and smiling. I ate the jam but not the yam. Jack ordered a yak from Tibet. Your receive a joule. Here you're gonna see rounding with both the y and the j because you are, has a rounded vowel after it, you will receive a jewel. You can't see the difference so well, but inside know that it's a different part of your tongue. Touching something at the top of your mouth. Just always says yes. The Yale student is now in jail. That jet is not doing yet. We were yelling on the yard yesterday. Otherwise. Yelling yeah. Yesterday, lots of smiling, Lots of tongue touching back, top teeth or molars don't yawn yet. You are very unique. Unique doesn't have a wide letter, but it has a y sound. Unique. Year lives in the US. The US. You'll have to round your lips for that y. But remember, you're only using the sides of your tongue to touch the upper molars. The US bread makers use yeast. Yeast. James needs a job to j's with very rounded lips using the center of the tongue, touch the top. James needs a job. Don't forget to practice with the repetition audio. 22. W : Let's look at w. Notice that the tongue tip is pointed downward and the back of the tongue is elevated. Also notice how the lips are close together and protruded. W is voiced, it's vibrating. It's produced by rounding and protruding the lips to create a partial closure of the mouth. Not only are my lips rounded, but they are sticking forward, protruding forward. Now for the W, This is a little more advanced version. You can use less tension and your lips, you don't necessarily have to go and stick those lips out. All you really need to do is let the lower lip float up to the upper lips until they touch right here. They just have to touch red in here. They don't necessarily have to get very round or protruded. I can either say whites or whites. Whites or white. When you do it with less lips, then you are going to be using your tongue more in general. So Americans don't necessarily go around using a lot of lips all the time because they're using their tongue even more. But sometimes when we want to make something very clear, we do make a very clear W lip. Wait a minute. I wanted to really stress weight, so I really use my lips. But it's also possible just to say, wait a minute, wait a minute, without using my lips so much. Some words have a silent w. Pay attention. Wr spellings have a silent w. Wrong, right? Req. W is also a silent and words like who, don't omit a W from the beginning of a word or syllable, won't. It is not. You need to protrude your lips forward to make that consonant W really reach forward with your lips. The W is a partial closure of the mouth. Won't. On't is not enough. Woman not woman would not software, not suffer. Would you walk in the woods with me? The woman won't wear the white dress. Don't confuse W and V. For W, the teeth stay away from the lips. You are protruding your lips forward is far away from your teeth as you possibly can. For V, the top teeth rest on the bottom lip. W and V are very different. In V you're trying to make your teeth touch your lip. But in w, you're trying to keep your lips and your teeth very far apart. If you're not having any trouble contrasting w from v, then you can use less tension and your lips, you don't necessarily have to go and stick those lips out. All you really need to do is let the lower lip float up to the upper lips until they touch right here. But again, if you're having trouble contrasting w from v, you might not want to do that because you might forget and get your lips too close to your teeth. The first word in each pair will have a v, and the second word will have a W. Pay attention to how different my mouth looks between the v and the w. Veal wheel. Very wary. Vest West Vine. Wine, Vic, WIC. A common mistake is to say Wick. Instead of WIC. If you don't round your lips and really work those lips, the teeth my accidentally touch wick and maybe you get something between a v and a w, and nobody knows what you mean. Vow. Wow, verse. Worse. The Vice President has a wonderful voice. My advice on these sentences is to take some time on the V and W. Don't try to rush the V or the w. The V is slow, let it vibrate. The W is slow. Spin time, sticking your lip app. The Vice President has a wonderful voice. Victor made a wise investment. We are very wary of the service providers. Now let's look at W clusters, where w appears with another consonant right next to it. You still need to round and protrude your lips on the W cluster. Dw Du Bois. Place the tongue behind the upper teeth. At the same time you round and protrude your lips. You can prepare the D and the W at the same time. Then you'll release your tongue and your rounded lips at the same time. Dwight's notice that my lips are rounded before I even start saying the DEA. Dwight Duan, dwarf, dwell. For g, w. You need to raise the back of your tongue to the top of your mouth for the G. At the same time, you round and protrude your lips for the W. Gua, gua. Again, my lips are rounding before I even say the GI. Gwen, guava, guacamole, Guatemala, Guam. Kw, queen, quiet. Quota, quake, quiver. Quit. Quest, query. Kw, squat. The S doesn't want to be rounded, so I would get the S out first and then start rounding your lips at the K. Squat, squat. Remember to spend time on the S before you start the Kw. Squat. Squat. In squander, squeeze. Squeak. Square. Sw is tricky. You can try both ways. Try smiling for the S and then rounding for the W. And if you can, maybe you can make the S and the W both with rounded lips. So either sweat, sweat, whichever one's easier for you. Swim. Sweat. Suites, switch, swore, swine. Tw. Place the tongue behind the upper teeth. At the same time you round your lips for the w, then release your tongue and your rounded lips at the same time. Twin. Twitter. Tweet suggest because I'm protruding my lips forward doesn't affect my ability to make a tea at all. I can still bring my tongue up to the top of my mouth. Twerk. 12, Twine. The quilt has many squares. Gwen quit swimming when she could no longer squeeze into her swimsuit. Swish your hips and twist them. The twins were square mesh. Duan wear sweaters and sweatshirts. You also need a w to link a back vowel to another vowel. So after a back long vowel, like long you lung o or long OU, you need to add a W before another vowel. This smoothens the transition between vowels. And keeps you from sounding choppy. Cooperate the two O's and cooperate separate syllables and we link them together with a W, co-op. Cooperate. Fluent, fluent, ambiguous. You Wes, you less ambiguous. Actual, actual casual. Duo. Truest. Conspicuous. Ufo. Even in an acronym. When I have vowel to vowel linking, I need to add a wire, a W. You fall between the EU, which ends in along u and the f, which starts with a short e. I put a W, UF, not UF, that would be choppy. But us UFO, iOS, it's not. It's meant to be said quickly and very smooth. Between the O and the S. I put a W OS, OS. And also between the I and the O, we put a y, which is in a different video lesson. Ios. Do all children grow up so incredibly fast? I could say that sentence in one breath of air and make it really smooth because I added a W between those vowels. Do all children grow up so incredibly fast? There's no other way to go on vacation. Do I throw all my photo albums away? Go under the water and find the yellow apple. The new attorney has blue eyes. You also put a w after a long back Val, and before an R or L. After long you long o or long OU. Put a w and a schwa sound before the r or l. This makes sure r or l much more noticeable. W after a long you newer sewer. Those words, I actually save a W. It's not really silent. Newer sewer. Dual tool. Cool. Fool, jewel, mule, pool. Rule. W after a long o por, it's not really sharp like it has grounded peaks like core. Make sure it's very smooth and not sharp. So it's not cope. Its core. Pour, floor, chore. Pull, coal, bowl, goal, gold, roll, soul. W after a long, OU, power, sour, flower, coward, owl, towel, bowel, foul. Howell. Vowel. The war in the North was short. Only a fool would ignore the Lord. Mold was growing out of control in the bowl. The hot coal will keep us from getting cold in the North. He's stolen more than he could store. W in IT sentences Here we go. Don't shut off the power switch too early or too frequently. Qa or quality assurance checks whether a product meets requirements. This web app lets you erase the whiteboard with one swipe. The worldwide web is one of the world's wisest inventions. Suite of iOS weather widgets. Lets you check the weather quickly. We have quite lightweight web development tools for Windows. Let's compare hardware and software firewalls. The newer wide screen model has a better warranty. The lure of Twitter is being able to tweet. 23. R Part 1 : Now let's talk about Our are is produced by rounding the lips and pulling the tongue backwards to touch the inside edges of your upper Moeller teeth. Imagine you're starting to swallow your tongue. Pull it backward, but do keep a lot of space in your throat. Her So behind my tongue, which is pulling backward. I want to feel like I have a lot of space. Ah, do not let the tongue tip touch the top of the mouth. That's how our is made in many other languages. But the American are is more about pulling the tongue backward and keeping the tip of the tongue down. That way, you won't feel like you need to vibrate the tongue and make a rolling trilling are, which does not happen in English. Rounding your lips helps to narrow your mouth so that the tongue can touch the teeth Easily are is voiced so the vocal cords are vibrating. Don't confuse our with L. American C. R and l quite the opposite far is rounded rock and Alice smiling. Last rates Late rule Loule rook look, room balloon. Let's try those words in some sentences, Lul learned the rule. That means Lou will learn the rule. Lul is a contraction for Lou Will Look at the RUC on the chess board. They kept the loom in the room. Beware of our blends. You're still going to pull your tongue backward to make the r and round your lips Br Bring Brian on your break Notice that I can start around my lips even while I'm doing the Be so prepared A rancher lips early before the are bra breath Bring Brian on your break D r now d are actually sounds like J. R. So don't use the front of your tongue for the D. Instead, use the middle of your tongue to make the J sound drop. Drake can Dr Andrew to the drug store It is not D are like Drake can drive and drew to the drug store So that was not right fr he frowned at the free french fries G r green grips grow on the grapevine KR the crazy crow cried at the crowd PR Priscilla paid a price for the promotion S h r. The shrew shrieked in the shrubs and shredded the shrine S k r he screamed when he scraped his knee with a screwdriver Spr I sprinted away as he sprayed me in the spring with a can of sprite S t r The strong astronauts strode straight down the street for str remember to spend enough time on the s The common error is to speed through the s so that nobody really hears it. The strong astronaut strode straight down the street A little more s than you think will be very helpful. See, it's our don't forget to stick your tongue out for the th for the th are it sounds like threat threat. So stick your tongue out for a little bit enough that we feel the th And then quickly pull your tongue in for the r and have it touched your top back teeth. The arthritic and thrifty man thrusted and through three spools of thread finally, tr now tr sounds like c h r So you needs around your lips and use the middle of your tongue to make the ch We tried to trust the tricky man, but he tripped us in his trap 24. R Part 2 : E. R is a vowel sound, which is very related to the our continent. So let's talk about E. Oregon. Although er is in my course on vowels to produce E. R. You need to pinch the corners of your lips together to make your mouth very small. Ah ah, At the same time, of course, I'm pulling my tongue backward so that it touches the inside edges of my upper back teeth. Make sure your tongue is flats, that the tip of the tongue is not pointed up. You'll pull your flattened tongue backwards to touch the inside edges of those top back teeth. If you around your lips or tilt the back of your tongue up, you'll make an O. R instead or is different than her. The ER, by the way, has a much stronger our sound in American English than it doesn't British English. So if you've been learning British English, you need to pull your tongue back a lot more to make the R sound. Ah, the first word in each pair will have an E. R. But the second word will have an O. R. Pay attention to the difference for four. You can see a big difference in my lips for four turn tourney stirred stored Heard horde the for Got stuck in the zipper. It's your turn to climb the ladder. I noticed that the word your was reduced to your usually when we say you're in a sentence. It's a function word. It's not the most important word, so we reduce it to your many words with O. R. Get reduced to ER it's your turn to climb the ladder. Of course, if I'm comparing my turn to someone else's turn and I want to emphasize the word your then I will say your with an O. R. Hey, it's not my turn. It's your turn to climb the ladder. We heard the singer at the church. Do not eliminate medial and final are if your word has a long a long a long I or oy before and are you're going to want to add a Y sound in between the vowel in the are so that the R is easier to here. You will actually add the why plus an e r sound spared sounds like spay plus your day spared. The common mistake is to say, the vowel plus our word in such a way that we don't hear the are at all. So let's practice distinguishing between these word pairs where the first word has an arm. But the second word doesn't. You'll need to add the why to make it very clear that you mean the first word, and that the second word spared spayed, pared, paid. So when I say paired almost like it has two syllables pay. Plus yours pay erred. It's much easier to understand that I wanted our But if I try to say it all, is one syllable pared? I might sound British or someone might think I just meant paid. So be very careful to make a strong are and add the wife first pared versus paid character character has a vowel er, and a constant are the are gradually gets stronger as it becomes the continent. The rule is to make a strong constant are with more rounded lips. When e er occurs before another vowel care. Richter tire ty. We need a pair of spare tires. We cheered near the bonfire. Sawyer's hair do is weird fear. I feel culture, not cultural fire file. I feel fear in the air. His files are on fire now. If you have a word with long oh long you or the long ou plus and are you're going to need to add a double your sound right before the are actually a W plus e r. Corn. So I say, co plus weren Colborne corn. There's a little w in there where your lipstick out Co. What weren the first word in each pair has ah, long back of owl Plus in our and the second Word does not have an R notice the difference. Corn cone form foam mortal motile Lourdes glued sewer su pure pew cower cow, Sit on the porch in the morning and smell the flowers. The tour lasted four days. I didn't say the two lasted four days. The tour lasted four days. Ask for more pure water. I noticed that the word four. It's just a function word. It's not a noun or a verb, so it's not that important. And I don't say four. I don't say Ask for pure water, I say. Ask for ask for four became for so you don't have to add any W or anything. Now let's study the a r spelling a heart is either gonna be short, u plus r or short Oh, plus R. Let's find out when we have which one. The A R Will sounds like short U plus R before a voiceless continent and the ER will sound like short oh plus e r. Before voiced continent or at the end of a word. Here are words with short u plus R Before a voiceless, non vibrating continent Sharp notice I did not say sharp. You don't have to open your mouth all the way. The P is voiceless so we can keep the A like a small short you sharp cart. Heart Arch Arc Park, Arthur, Farsi Harsh. The next words have short oh, plus e r. Before voiced continent, or at the end of a word, you'll need to open your mouth a lot. You'll need to put your tongue at the bottom of your mouth and open wide to make the short oh bar so it's not bar. If you say bar, there's a good chance no one will understand you. It is Bar Bar feels like it has two syllables. First it's Baugh, and then it's her bar Barbie car carbs hard. If I don't open my mouth enough for hard, it might sound like hurt. Large margin tar Target Carved star alarm. The stars lit up the barn and the whole farm. The dogs bark, startled Arthur and caused him to miss his target. Marvin thought his RB sandwich was a bargain. Despite all the carbs, a strong are is needed after a vowel plus R and before an R or L Mirror Mere is a long A plus r and then, er, er is an ER and in between those two vowels we need to make a very strong are so you will see that my lips round very strongly in the middle of the word near. Let's look at some more similar words Air. Uh, did you see in the middle of the word my lips got very round air? Make sure you're pulling your tongue backward on the are terror Karol admirers girl. When I say girl, I divided into two parts. The first part is girl, and the second part is roll Girl. Watch how my lips grow. Between the ER and the strong are Ah, world Pearl Juror Purer mural horror, Moral. Let's try these words and some sentences. The girl looked in the mirror. The juror made an error. The world must deal with terrorism. Carol has an admirer. Now let's look at our in some I t sentences. If Firefox crashes on startup, try refreshing or reinstalling. Rather than scrolling through disorganized records. Organized raw data into a spreadsheet. The router monitor, hard drive, central processor, printer and keyboard are types of hardware. We need personal firewall protection against hackers, spyware and trojans. The tutorial instructs you to use your cursor to drag the item from the drop down menu. The program can sort an array of character strings and threads. Rial time troubleshooting for remote users is tricky. 25. Clear L : Next, let's learn about L. L is always voiced. The vocal cords are vibrating, but there are two types of l. The clear L, found at the beginning of a word or after a consonant, but before a vowel is made by placing the widens tongue tip on the tooth ridge at the top of the mouth, just behind the front teeth. The sides of the tongue will be tense and lowered as the air is exhaled passed it. The tongue will be tensor for l than it is for D. And more of the tongue tip will touch the roof of the mouth for the L then for the D. Here's D. You can see that my tongue is quite narrow and here's L. Let's imagine that this is my tongue and this is the top of my mouth. For the DEA, about this much of the tip of the tongue touches the top of the mouth. But for l, I widen my tongue so that I've got all three fingers or more of the tip of the tongue touching the top of the mouth. Now the air is forced to go around the sides of the tongue. Another way to think about the l is you have your tongue tip up. You're touching. You got all your fingers touching there because it's wide, but you also pull back with your tongue and your tongue tip is gripping at the top for dear life. But tensing your tongue and pulling back, we'll make an L. And you don't do that for a D. You touch but there's no pulling back. All you're pulling back but leave the tongue tip there. All the back of the tongue should be tense and lowered. Very important, smiling will help give room and space to broaden your tongue tip. If I smile, I can make my tongue wider. Broadening the tongue forces the air to escape through the sides of the tongue. Let's try the clear L at the beginning of a word. Remember you'll use the widens tip of your tongue and smile. Lights. Luck. Lamp. Lead, lottery. Low lane, loud loop. Here's the clear L after another consonant. Clean blow. Flights. Notice that when I say flight, I start smiling even on the f, so that I'm ready for the L flights. Blood. Place. Slow. Notice that I'm slow. I start smiling on the s, slow so that I'm ready for the L. But then I need to quickly move to the long o for the vowel. Slow. Here's the clear L before another vowel. Allow solution. Don't confuse the L with R. Remember, L has a smile, but R has rounded lips. Also for L, the tip of the tongue touches the tooth ridge behind the upper teeth. But for are the tongue pulls backward. Look. Don't confuse the l within. When we make the D, our tongue tip just touches and releases. When we make the l, The widened tongue tip touches and pulls back. Now when we do the n, we want to press down with the top of our mouth. Here's the top of my mouth. Here's my tongue. And I want the top of the mouth to press down while the tongue presses up. So there's compression between the top of the mouth and the tongue. Now when the top of the mouth presses down, then there's more room in my nasal cavity for the air to exit. If you're having trouble making in and you're making an L instead, try this. Start with the l sound. And then bring the sides of the tongue up till they touch the top of the mouth and the top teeth. Put the L will turn into an N as you bring the entire tongue up to the top of the mouth. Lines. Nine and learn nerve. Large, large. Now this can be very confusing. Let's pretend this is my tongue, the tip of my tongue, and this is the top of my mouth. Now, when I do, everything blocks the air from coming out the mouth. The tongue is completely blocking the air. And the air has to escape through the nose. Least. Not nice. Solar. Not sooner. Or sonar. Don't confuse the L with D either. These pictures I'm showing my fingers to represent the tongue touching the top of my mouth. The picture on the left, I'm showing a D. We're very little of my tongue tip touches the tooth ridge at the top of the mouth. I show it with just one finger. But with the picture on the right, I'm making an L and I use all three fingers or a widened tongue tip to touch the top of my mouth. Here I show the same thing using my tongue. The picture on the left, I'm making a D. And there you can see that my tongue is narrower than in the picture on the right where I'm making an L. On the right, you can see that my tongue is much wider. Not do suck your tongue backward for the Allan Lu. Lu, for the D and do the tongue is relaxed. Do or lattes. Instead of dot or lip instead of dip. Don't confuse L with th either. The th comes out of the front of the mouth and the L doesn't. But if you do the th by keeping your tongue inside and touching the teeth, then you need to make sure that you don't confuse it with the L because the L should not be made by touching the teeth. The L is made by touching the top of the mouth. List, not this. Next, take the lesson on dark l and then practice with a repetition audio. 26. Dark L (or Back L): The dark L occurs before another consonant or at the end of a word. Different from the clear L. Leave the tip of the tongue down, do all the work with the back of the tongue. For the Dark L, Notice how the tip of the tongue and the back of the tongue rise. The tip of the tongue does not rise all the way to the top of the mouth. For the dark out. Let's try putting this pencil in our mouth on top of our bottom teeth like this. What I'm gonna do is I'm gonna take my tongue and I'm going to press up on the pencil. My tongue can never go above the pencil because while the pencil is blocking it, in real life, you're not gonna have a pencil in your mouth, but you're gonna pretend there's a pencil that your tongue is pushing against. And as you're pushing against that pencil, the tongue is getting very tense. That's how high we want the tip of the tongue to get. Butt, feel, how tense this is getting. That's how we'll make the dark l. Actually doing that several times a day would be a good exercise for your tongues strengthening for the Dark L. When you do the Dark L, you will actually feel tension right here under your chin. That's the back of the tongue working really hard to make the Dark L milk. I still smile on the L milk, but the tip of my tongue stays down. Film, film, not film. I hear many students say fill them. Hilton. The reason I don't put my tongue up on the L is because I need to keep it separate from the t, which is going to happen right after it. And I need to put my tongue up for the tea. I don't put my tongue up until I get to the t. Hilton pill for bulk mold called sealed chill. The L is preceded by a schwa sound. Little able cycle. Sometimes students have trouble pronouncing the L at the end of these words. People just don't hear it. So you need a little extra effort on the L, make sure you smile. And another thing you can try as adding a favorite word that starts with an L right after it. For instance, lion. I could say abel, lion. Just putting the word lion after able reminds me to get my tongue ready for the LSAT. Able Lion. Of course, my tongue doesn't touch the top of my mouth until I get to lion. But the same widening of the tongue happens. Cycle. Cycle lion. Title, bubble. Acceptable, durable. Dial. Local. Final. Trial. Fatal. Total. Practical. Biological level. Model. Apparel, travel. Novel, careful, harmful, playful, truthful. Symbol, pistol. Carol. Capital. Idle. If a short vowel proceeds the L, it may help to add a schwa sound before the L. Pill. Now pill could be pronounced Pit Plus all pill. There's slightly two syllables in there. And if I think about making the short i, and then the short U, it'll be easier to show the L pill. Bill. Notice I didn't just say Bill. I said Bill. I stretched out the I and then made small short u sound. Silk film. Stills. Cell. I didn't just say cell. I stretched out the vowel so that I can make a short e and a short. You sell. Melt. Tell. Yelp. Powell, Val cell hall. Now I have two short use next to each other. Just a really stretched out short you. How? Null? Dahl. Actually the first short U goes up and intonation and the second one goes down the hall. Null ball. Now it's easier to hear the difference between the short o and the short you Ball, Ball. Tall, haul install wall. You need to insert a y plus a schwa after a long front vowel and before an L. After long, a, long e lung I. Or you should add a y and a schwa sound before an L. Sale. Say I said say plus sale. Child, seal. See wheeled weed, field, feed. Don't say feud. If you round your lips instead of smile, you might get the word feud instead of field. Remember to smile. While why? Tile tie? My small sailboat paled in comparison to his yacht. The loyal child, stay awhile. Insert a w plus schwa after a long back vowel, and before and after long, o, long you or lung, OU. And before and l add w. Cold code. When I say cold, I'm actually saying col plus Wald's cold. Polls, pose cooled jeweled. Jude. How we'll use a wet towel to cool off. The pool was a hole in the ground. The fools bowl of food smelled foul. Wall war. Our actual not I frequently hear that mistake. Instead of actual. A lot of people make the mistake of saying, actually. Now for the L in some IT sentences, place the order on hold. Apple sells lightweight mobile phones. Notice that I said mobile and not mobile. Americans tend to say mobile. Double-click on a folder to see details about its files. Google's Mobile Marketplace is called Google Play. Malware or malicious software. Steels confidential data. Malicious has a clear L, even though the L is in the middle of the word, because the L is at the beginning of the stress syllable, malicious. The article is about Oracle's digital technology. Technology has a dark l because the vowel after the Al is unstressed. And practice using the tongue tip to make this L is optional. Intel lures diverse individuals to be globally inclusive. Globally ends with a dark l, because the Y that follows it as unstressed. Again, using a light tongue to make the l is optional. We sell the leading tool in the field. We lack a small-scale model. Email him the model on how to install the controls. Practice the sentences with the repetition audio provided. Try recording yourself and listening to compare your pronunciation with mine. 27. N and M: Now let's look at n. We can also talk about em at the same time because some of the same mistakes are made with M and M are always voiced. The vocal cords are vibrating. For n, the tongue tip touches the tooth ridge, the same position that it gets into for D. But the tongue stays at the top of the mouth and blocks the air from exiting the mouth. The air cannot exit the mouth. The air has to come out the nose. The common error is to omit the n from the middle or end of a word. Let's listen to a Taiwanese speaker pronounces very weekend at the end of mine. A friend of mine. A friend of mine. I would say a friend of mine, not a friend of mine. When n is in the middle of the word or the end of a word, hold the end longer and let it buzz. Don't make the end too quiet. When I say n, It's pretty loud. Now when we do the n, we want to press down with a top of our mouth. Here's the top of my mouth, and here's my tongue. And I want the top of the mouth to press down while the tongue presses up. So there's compression between the top of the mouth and the tongue. Now, when the top of the mouth presses down, then there's more room in my nasal cavity for the air to exit. Notice how the D and the n have the tongue in the same position. But for n, I drew the roof of the mouth a little bit lower because we lower the palate or the roof of our mouth. That way you can see the white paints coming out of the nose. There's more room in the nose now for the air to come out the nose. Whereas with the D, that white Air is exiting through your mouth. Here's another set of photos. In the top right picture we have a D. When the tongue releases from the top of the mouth, the air will exit the mouth. But in the main picture we have an n. And you can see the red arrows, Our leading in a little slot that goes out to the nose. The green arrows are pressing down to open up that slot where the air can escape out the nose. Another way to do the n is to let the sides of the tongue and the whole tongue come up and touch the top of the mouth where the sides of the tongue even touch the teeth. When you do that, there's no chance for the air to escape the mouth. And that might make it easier for you to get the air out of your nose. See how wide my tongue is. Very wide and it's touching the teeth. That way the air cannot escape out the mouth. The first word in each pair will end in an N. The second word doesn't have an N. Make sure they sound very different. Pawn own mine. My, when I say mine with an N, mine, you can feel your nose vibrating. You feel lots of vibration inside of your head. Mine lane, lay scene. See. If I put my finger on my nose. I feel the vibration for the scene with the n, but not so much for the sea. No vibration in the nose. To the first word in each pair has no n, But the second word does dow down coin, coin. For fern. For the m. You put two lips together so you close your mouth, then the air can't escape your mouth at all. The air is then forced out your nose. Make sure the m is also loud. Here's some words that ends with M. Come lame. Dime. When you have m at the end of the word and you put your finger on your lips, your lips will be vibrating. Dime. Don't confuse n with L. Let's listen to a Chinese speaker mispronounced company as completely and mainly as many might complete mainly do business with foreign governments, might completely mainly do my completely mainly do. If you're having trouble making in and you're making an L instead, try this. Start with the l sound. And then bring the sides of the tongue up till they touch the top of the mouth and the top teeth. The L will turn into an N as you bring the entire tongue up to the top of the mouth. Not locked noise. Not Loy's, Netherlands, not leather Lind's company. Not completely. Technology, not technology. Now with these longer words like the Netherlands and technology, there's a lot of syllables there, so you need to pay attention to those ends and L's and don't mix them up. Don't confuse n and m at the end of a word. Came, came. They look different because with the m, your lips will be together. Came with the end, you'll be smiling. Term, turn. Seem seen. Some sun. The tongue does not touch the top of the mouth for the M, But it does for the n. Be careful with N T. The T should quicken the n. Don't spend a long time on the end. If there's a T right after it, the ending should feel sharp. But you want here the t, The t is held. When you do the empty, you want to go. You're going to hold your breath after you make an enzyme and put my finger on my nose and go, don't. There's some n first and then you pull back for the t. Ben. Ben. Notice that the first word ends very abruptly. It feels very quick, bent. But in the second word, I can stretch it out a little longer. Ben, Run Run, rent. Ran. Can now can't Incan are tricky. If I say I can't swim, my camp should feel very sharp. If I want to say yes, I swim, then I'm going to say I can swim. I'm not even going to say can. I'm just going to say kin and then I'm going to emphasize the word swim. Yes, I can swim. 28. NG : Finally, the very last consonant in this lesson, in G. In G is a separate consonant. It is not related to n and g. It is completely separate. The energy is always voiced, so the vocal cords are vibrating. The back of the tongue touches the top of the mouth, just like it does for the g sounds. G sounds like, God, I let the air out of my mouth for the GI. But if I leave the tongue at the top of my mouth, then I try to exhale. The air is forced out. My nose. Don't replace N G at the end of a word with an N. The first word in each pair ends in an N, G, but the second word ends in an N. Make sure they sound very different. The first word that ends in NG, you use the back of your tongue. And in the second word that uses an n, You use the front of your tongue. King. Qin. Wrong. Ron. Notice that when I make the, I smile more to help access the back of my mouth. Wrong. Ron, gang gain wing when sung sun. And don't add a G to the end of your NG. We do not say it's just king. There is no G at the end, so no air ever comes out your mouth. King. If a word ends in an NG has a suffix, such as ER, ING, ED, y, or a BLE. The pronunciation usually stays in G, not in g plus g. Ring becomes wringer. It is not ringer. There is no G, just ringer. Ring also becomes wringing. It is not ringing. Just ringing. Ring also changes to rain and rung. The word hanging becomes hanging. It is not hanging. Just hanging. Hang also becomes hanger or Hangeul. It is not hanger. It is hanger. I hang my clothes on a hanger. Exceptions are words that have long, longer, has a GI, longer. It's an N, G plus G. The same with longest. It also has a G. Those are the exceptions. If the syllable after the N G is not a suffix, but part of the root of the word. Then you will say N G plus G. In the word anger. The ER is not a suffix. It is part of the root of the word. We say N G plus G, anger. It is not anger. We also say anguish. We say finger and linger with a G. Angle, angle. Jungle, jingle, single, shingle. Sometimes in G spellings are pronounced n plus j. If you have a spelling in GE at the end of a word or in GER, or any of the other spellings listed here. You'll have an n plus j sound. Angel. It's not angle. It's Angel. Engine. Danger. Tangent. Tangible. When a word has an n, k and the spelling, it will sound like mg plus k. Junk. Monkey, tank, Bank. Function. Finally, in G and IT sentences. He's choosing a song for his ringtone. Search marketing is gaining traffic from search engines. How does the junk email function work? Let's stop the system from hanging or freezing. We're designing tangible user interfaces. Next strain is a problem among computer users. You type the wrong password. Practice with a repetition audio, and do all the lessons in this course and be sure to take my other courses on vowels, word stress, rhythm, and melody. 29. Hindi speech analysis consonants: Now let's analyze the consonants of a Hindi speaker. We will look at her vowels and a different video, and we'll look at her word stress, rhythm, and melody in different courses. Now let's listen to our speaker who works in finance. It has been made mandatory by almost all federal, BY, by federal institutions in almost all the countries. To ensure that each of the financial institutions in those countries properly identify their customers and as well as properly authenticate each of the financial transactions. So in order to properly identify a customer, financial institution must obtain an identity proof and an Address Proof from the account holders, from each of the account holders. And once an account is established, it it it is necessary that the ordering customer must provide the beneficiaries account name, account number, the country where the financial transaction or payment is going. And also the purpose of remittance must be indicated on each of the payment messages. These steps ensures too, and to a large extent, that the payment transactions or any of the financial transactions are well authenticated and that they are done for the legitimate reasons. And it acts as a great step in curbing the money-laundering or black money activities across the globe. Now let's start over and analyze this. It has been made mandatory by federal institutions in almost all the countries. Countries, it's not countries. The countries, the countries. It's not literally a, T, N and R, But we make that TR sound like a CHR. Trees, not countries. To ensure that each of the financial institutions in those countries that, and those need to have a th, the air needs to flow forward as you make the T-H not a D. So it's not that those but that blow out your tongue between your teeth. That to ensure that to ensure that, do ensure that to ensure that properly identify their customers and as well as properly authenticate each of the financial transactions. So we don't want to say properly, that's too much P. We're going to stress the first syllable, which means that second syllable needs to begin with something gentler than a P. We'll use a b. So we hold the P and let out to be properly not properly, but properly, properly identify their customers, properly identify their customers, properly, identify their customers, properly identify their customers. So in order to properly identify a customer, orders should have a FASD, not a hard D. So it's order. Not order. So in order to in order to order versus order in the word identify, I don't even say the T because it's after an n, m before an unstressed vowel. So instead of identify it, Identify, identify, identify, Identify, identify. Financial institution must obtain an identity proof and an Address Proof from the account holders, from Egypt account holders. She says must obtain. She's very clear about that t and mass. But to link it to the next word, I'm going to change that T to a. D must obtain, must, obtain, must obtain, must obtain identity. I didn't use either of the tiers. The first tier I dropped because it's after an N and before an unstressed vowel. The second t is between vowels. So it turns into a faster identity. Identity. But identity. And once an account is established, it is necessary that the ordering customer must provide the beneficiaries account name, account number, the country where the where the financial transaction or payment is going. She said it is necessary. It is necessary. It is necessary. But it's just, it is necessary or it's necessary. So either the t becomes a fast d between vowels it is, or we use a contraction. But not if it is, it is, it is. It is. When she says account name, She's very clear with the T account names. Account name, account name. That's to clear. It hurts the rhythm. So we hold the tea before the next consonant. Account name, not account name, but account name, account number. Hold the T. Holding the t means you need to close your vocal bands or squeeze the muscles in your throat. Account number. Watch the th in the country, not the country, but the country. Stick your tongue out. Country with a CHR. Not country, country, but country, country to country. Country pantry. Where the financial transaction or payment is going. Payment is going payment, not a clear T, but just payment is going be made, is going. Payment is going. It's possible to even drop that t if I'm speaking quickly and say payment is going. So I can either say payment is going for, payment is growing. It depends on how fast and speaking. The purpose of remittance must be indicated on each of the payment messages. Payment messages being sent. Messages, payment messages. I don't want to clear T here. It's not payment messages, just payment messages. I'm going to hold the tea before the consonant M or before any other consonant payment messages. These steps ensures due to a large extent, that the payment transactions they are done for, for the legitimate reasons. Steps, not a step. These steps, these steps don't put a vowel before your S. Ensure, not, ensures. We don't need the Z at the end because we have a plural subject, legitimate. Here we have some trouble with the T is again, the First Tee is actually a fast d between vowels, the jitter, jitter, and the last T is a health team. Legitimate, legitimate reasons. The legitimated reasons. The legitimate reasons, legitimate reasons. And it acts as a great step in being the money-laundering or black money activities across the globe. A great step. I don't want to say a great step, great step, great step. That's too cautious. Too much tea. Just hold the T. A great step. When you say curbing, it sounded like curbing. Good being good being both syllables were equally stressed, and the B was too strong. When B is not at the beginning of a stressed syllable, we want to make it less intense, less loud, less energetic, curving. Instead of curbing. Curbing. That means you have to squeeze your lips together even less and let less air out of your mouth. Curbing being curbing being activities. It's not activities. Activities, activities. It's not really a clear T at the end. That is a t between vowels, which is a fast D. Activities. Activities. Thanks for watching my analysis of a Hindi speaker describing her work in finance. 30. Mandarin speech analysis Consonants : English consonants of a Chinese speaker. After, after work, I enjoy spending time with my two boys. So my two boys are really young. One is four-and-a-half and otherwise one-and-a-half. And I I really liked you like playing with name, reading books to name, and just, just having a lot of fan being to Galloway sname. Before I came to us, I spent ten years in Beijing, including four years in the college and the six years working for large state-owned enterprise nighttime. My company mainly do business with foreign governments. So I had chance to I had chanced working in several different countries, including nodding America and the other Asian countries. So in this first segment, when you say after work, you actually said after work. So I didn't hear the T and after, it needs to be a really gentle click T, where the tip of your tongue just quickly and lightly touches the top of your mouth. After, not after the word after work off the word after work. I enjoy spending time with my two boys. Now when you say the word boys, the S at the end of boys should sound like a Z, not in S. So that's why I typed two S's because I heard you say Boyce. Instead of boys. Spending time with my two boys. Two boys. Two boys, two boys. So that Z sound needs to have vibration and your vocal cords. Boys, whenever you make a plural out of a word that ends in a vowel, such as boy. The plural sound looks like an S, but sounds like a Z. So my two boys are really young. One is four and-a-half and the other one is one-half. When you said so my two boys are really young. Again, boys sounded like boys and made me think of the word voice, but it should end in a Z. Boys. My two boys are really young. And you're young, didn't quite have a real NG at the end of it. It was a little bit more like Yun with an N. Really young, really young, really young, really young. When you do the N G, you need to use the back of your tongue and it needs to come up and touch the top of your mouth, then the air can no longer exit your mouth. It has to come out your nose. You need to practice making that NG a little bit louder. So my two boys are really young. One is four-and-a-half and the auto one is one-half. A common mistake for you is when you want to make a T-H sound, you make an N instead. So you said and the other instead of an the other. But otherwise the other one is the auto ways. The other one is. So you need to stick out your tongue for that TH sound. If you have the end sound, that means you're keeping your tongue inside your mouth. But if I stick it out, then a TH will come. Also. In general for the Placement. When you're speaking american English, you need to have the top of your mouth a little bit higher. So the top of your mouth is a little too low, and that's why you're getting more nasal sounds then you need. So think about opening up your mouth and raising the top of it. Is different from not in the level of the top of my mouth. I really liked you. Like playing with name, reading books to name, and just just having a lot of fan being take out a waste name. Every time you said the word them, it sounded like Nim. Make sure that N is a TH, and then the vowel is just not EME. Now as for rhythm, when you said reading books to them, notice that I say reading books to them so that the two sounds like a Tongue to them. When you set it, it was reading books to them. So you had too much emphasis on a simple function where to, where we should reduce it to Tongue. Reading books, to name reading books to them. Reading books to name reading books to them. When I say a lot of I don't say a lot of The T there is not clear in fact that T becomes a D sound because it's in-between two Vowels. A lot of, not, a lot of, and not have FUN. A lot of PFK-1 and not have FUN a lot of PFK-1. And when you said the word together, it sounded like together because you're TH sounded like a D instead of an end this time. I really liked you. Like playing with name, reading books to name, and just, just having a lot of fan being together with name. Before I came to us, I spent ten years in Beijing. Us always has that in front of it. In fact, it will be pronounced the VUS. Before I came to the US, I spent ten years and Beijing spent needs a helper T, and the word ten needs and extended N spent ten years. Notice how she said spend ten years. I spent ten years in Beijing. Spent ten years in Beijing. I spent ten years in Beijing. Spent ten years in Beijing. Including four years in college. Next just said, including four years in the college. Now, when you said including the Cl sounded like a CR. I heard including. Now when you do the L, you want to smile. Laugh. If the ark came out, that means your mouth was too narrow. Cracraft crop. That makes an R crop versus cleft. Including four years in the college. Including four years in college. Including four years in the college. Including four years in college. Notice that we do not need the article the before college here. The six years working for notch, they own enterprise. Then you said and six years working for a large state owned enterprise. When you said and six years? I would say in six years, but I heard you say Anna, six years, six years, six years. Six years, six years. So you didn't say the D, which is okay, but we do not need to put a vowel sound after. And so it's not and, or Anna. It's just in four years in college and six years and a large state-owned enterprise. Now when you said there were large, the L came out like an N instead of large. So smile MSAL, make your Tongue really wide. So the air comes out the sides of your mouth. Large notch, the enterprise. Large state owned enterprise notch, the enterprise, large state owned enterprise. Now the correct grammar should be state owned enterprise, where owned ends in an ED. I didn't hear your ED, so I don't know if you tried to do it or not. Now in the word enterprise, notice I don't say enterprise. I don't make that tie very clear. In fact that T is not really there. It just makes the ANA little faster when we have an N T and English like international interview enterprise, we don't say the T, It's just absent. It makes everything sound a whole lot smoother. Enterprise notch the enterprise, large state owned enterprise notch the enterprise, large state owned enterprise. So in that time, my company mainly do business with foreign governments. The next segment you said. So in that time my company mainly did. That sounded like nats. So in that time. So in that time. So in that time so in that time, companies sounded like complete. Your EGN had an L sound. My company mainly do business. My company mainly did business. My company mainly do business. My company mainly did business. Mainly sounded like Mamie. I didn't hear the L main Lee. Now that's a tricky one. You have to go from the end to the L. There's a minor change in the tongue, their main Lee, you need to make sure you lower your tongue after the end so that you can make the L sound. My company mainly do business. My company mainly did business. My company mainly do business. My company mainly did business. My company mainly did business with foreign governments. You left out the VER in governments with foreign governments. With foreign governments, with foreign governments, with foreign governments. I had challenged to a head chance working in several different countries, including nodding America and the other Asian countries. So the correct grammar would be. So I had a chance to work in several different companies, including Latin America. Now, Latin sounded like Nitin. So make sure you smile on that L, Latin, including nodding american, including Latin America, including nodding american, including Latin America. Then you said Latin America and the other Asian countries. Make sure Asian is not ation, it's not an SH, it's a Z H. So you need to engage your vocal cords and vibrate them. The other Asian countries, via other Asian countries, the other Asian countries, V other Asian countries and countries was said with an S instead of a Z. Countries, it should have a Z sound at the end, because country ends in a vowel. So to make it plural, we're going to add a Z after the voiced vowel. I'll just give you one more tip. You said and the other Asian countries. But you said it more like the other Asian countries. So we want to link the other. It's going to sound like the other. And there'll be a Y in the middle of those two words to connect them and make them really smooth. Anytime the word is before a vowel, it's going to sound like a V, and you will add a Y sound to connect them. The other V, Apple, V ocean, the other Asian countries, the other Asian countries, the other Asian countries, the other Asian countries 31. Vowel chart method 1: I'm going to teach you how to use the vowel chart. On this chart, we can see all the vowels in American English. I have two methods for making vowels. In this lesson, I will show you method one, where we lift the tip of the tongue for front vowels. In method two, in my video on tongue circles, the tongue tip will stay down behind the bottom teeth. We'll look at the columns and the rows, and these columns and rows are organized. So if something's in the same row, it's because those two vowels have something in common, and if something's in the same column, it's because they also have something in common. Knowing what they have in common can help you produce each one correctly. Take a picture of this chart now so you can refer to it throughout the lesson. First, let's look at the first column, tongue and jaw heights. Tongue and jaw height applies to both methods. One and two. Method two will be shown in the next video. The jaw lowers so that the tongue can lower. So here's my jaw. If my jaw is very low, that means my mouth is very open. That's very low. Ah. But if my jaw is very high, my mouth is almost close, such as E, E. That's a high jaw and a high tongue. E A A. I. Low high starts low and ends high, E. I. The top row says front, center, and back. A front vowel is where the tip of the tongue is higher than the rest of the tongue. So for the front vowels, here's my tongue. This is the tip of my tongue. It should point upward. While method one has the tongue tip up for front vowels, method two, in the next video, has the tongue tip down, touching the bottom teeth, but the mid tongue bends forward. A central vowel is when the tongue is flat. The central vowels are flat for both methods. And a back vow is when the front of the tongue is lower, and the back of the tongue is higher. The tongue for the back vowels is the same for both methods. Now, front vowels and back vowels also have two versions, a short version and a long version. The short vowels will be relaxed, meaning the tongue will be relaxed, relaxed. The long vowels will be tense, meaning the tongue will be tense. The next row of the chart shows the high vowels. Remember, the chin or jaw will be very high. Long E and long U are on the same horizontal row. That means they have the same jaw height. So I can go back and forth between them without moving my jaw. E, E. As I do that, the angle of my tongue is changing because I'm going from a front bowel to a back bowel. E has the high tongue tip, and has the low tongue tip. Even in method two, where the tip of the tongue stays down, the mid tongue rises for the front vowel. Long E will still be across from long and have the same jaw height. But see how my chin doesn't move. E. E. Of course, the lips were moving a lot. Short and short back u are also both on the same horizontal row. Short y and short back U are exactly the same in both methods. They're a little bit lower than the long E and the long U. Also, the distance between them is shorter because they're both short vowels. So there's not as difference between them. They're both relaxed. Again, they'll both be at the same jaw height. H. Notice how I'm gently rounding my lips for the short back. It's not a lot of movement, and there's not a lot of difference between them, but the angle of the tongue is changing slightly inside the mouth. Oh. The next row are the mid vows. For the mid vals, your mouth is about halfway open. A. I'm going to put the tip of my tongue right under my bottom teeth. A. In method two, with the tongue circle video, the tip of the tongue touches the bottom teeth, and the mid tongue bends forward, and the mouth is halfway open. The next vow in the center, the center vow is E R. R. Notice how they're on the same chin height. A, r. A, r. Again, I change the angle of my tongue from tongue tip up to flat tongue. A, r. A, r. The back val on the same horizontal row is the long. We will have very strongly rounded lips, and the tip of the tongue will be down. O. Notice how all three are at the same jaw height. A, r. I can even go back and forth between A and O. A. Oh, A. Oh. And right in the middle, if I stop in between A and O, I will find E R. A. Oh. A Method two puts ER higher up and farther back on top of long U. E R can be done either way. Short E and short U are also mid vals, but they're relaxed mid vows. They're on the same horizontal row. A. You can't even see a difference. I feel my tongue tip go up on, and it comes down on. Otherwise, they look pretty similar, being at the same jaw height. Notice that my mouth is halfway open. So it looks like this with my tongue. A. Method, two puts the short E slightly lower than the short U, so not at the same jaw height. Also, the tongue tip will stay down against the bottom teeth, and the mid tongue will slightly bend forward. The bottom row are the low vowels, starting with short A, which is very American. Open your mouth a lot. Put your tongue at the bottom of your mouth, but lift up that tip. Ah. Now, there's two ways to do the short A, and I'm going to show you both. So let's start with the first method, tongue tip up. To show you this, I'm going to show you the difference between short A and short O. A. A. A. Did you see my tongue tip come up for the short A, but notice how the jaw stayed at the same height. A, A. A, A. Now, here's method two for making the short A. You can just put your tongue tip on your bottom teeth. And arch your tongue up so we can see the tongue. Ah. But you'll have to lower your chin a lot. A, A. A, A. You can do it whichever way is more comfortable for you. The back vowel of the low vowels is the short back O, and it's optional because only 50% of Americans use it. Those who don't use it just use the central short O all the time. Notice how all three of these vowels are about the same jaw height. We have, A. The short back is just rounded. The tongue tip is lower than the back of the tongue, and the lips are val shaped. So we have, A. Now let's look at the long, which is a low high front vowel. It consists of two different parts. It starts with the short, and ends with the long E, E as in high I. Watch my chin go from very low to very high. High. When a voiced consonant, such as D, follows the i, we also start from the short and end at the long E. For example, hi, Hight. But when a voiceless consonant, such as T follows the I, we don't start from the short. We start from the short U, which is a mid central vowel. Notice, h, h height. Height. I don't need to say height, and that would sound rather awkward. Now let's look at the next low high vowel called Oi. Some instructors call these vowels dipthongs or moving vowels. So Oi starts with the long, which is actually a mid vowel, O, and then it ends with the front vowel, long E, which is high. It goes i. Oi. Make sure you round your lips on the O and smile on the E. Oi. Now, let's look at the third low high vowel, the long O U, as in. It starts with the short A, which is the low front vowel. Then it ends with the long U, a high back vowel. This vowel moves all the way across the vowel chart. It's really fun to say it because it's a lot of movement. If you have a word like ow, where the word ends in the vowel, you'll go really deep. You'll start with a big short A, A, and then proceed all the way to the tight lipped Ooh. Bow. If the word ends in a voiced consonant, such as bound, which ends in an N D, I will still start with the short A and end with the long u. Bound. It might not be as deep or as big as bow, however. And if the word ends in a voiceless consonant, such as t, like a, I'm not going to say a. That's too much. Instead, I'll start from the short and end with the short back u so that I'm using two relaxed vowels and not putting as much effort into it. About. About. Now we've looked at all the vowels on the vowel chart, but let's look at some more details about them and get some practice in. Let's look at all five front vowels from high to low. I want you to notice how my jaw or my chin lowers and my mouth gets bigger each time I say a different vowel. I'll start from the high vowel. E. E. A, e. A. Again, E, e, A, e, A. And with the words, it would be feed, FI, fade, Fed, fad. Try practicing in a mirror after this lesson and see if you can do those words really fast. Feed, FI, fade, fed, fad. Remember, for the front vowels, your tongue tip is up. Now let's look at all three central vowels, which have a flat tongue. R. Uh, ah, r. Ah. Notice how my chin was dropping between each one. For r, we want to pinch the corners of our lips, r and pull your tongue backward, like you're going to swallow it. Your tongue should be all the way backward. R. Now, for h, the tongue is relaxed. H, and the chins a little lower. And for ah, your tongue is all the way at the bottom of your mouth. Open wide, like the doctor says, S h and sticks the tongue depressor in your mouth. So again, we have r. Ah. Curler cup, Copt. Now let's look at the four back vowels all together. All of the back vows will have the tongue tip lower than the back of the tongue. And all of the back vows are rounded. Though short back U is relaxed and very gently rounded. So let's start and notice how my chin gets lower for each vowel. Ooh. Uh. Oh. Ah. Again. Ooh. Uh. Oh. Ah. Boots, bull Bone boss. Let's practice all the vowels while you look at the vowel chart. I have chosen a word that always begins with P and always ends with L, but the vowel in the middle is always different, and we use all of the vowels on the chart. Let's say them together. Repeat after me. Let's start with the front vowels from high to low. Peel. That's the long E. Peel. Pell. Pe, Pellet, pal. Now the central vowels, Perl pulse, pollen, now the back vowels, pull pull. Pull P. And now the moving vowels, the three on the top row, Pile spoil. P practice makes perfect. 32. Mid tongue circles method 2: Now we're going to try mid tongue circles. In method two, we will use the circle to look at vowels, rather than the chart we used in Method one of the previous video. The American accent relies on the focus or placement of the voice being in the mid tongue region, so we want to activate your mid tongue. All the vowels circulate around the relaxed short u sound, which will be in the middle of our circle. In this lesson, first we'll practice finding the short u, and then we'll make circles between short O, long E, and E R. In the next lesson, we'll add in the other vowels. When I start with a relaxed short U sound, my tongue is going to be very flat in my mouth, not angled up or down, and it's going to be extremely relaxed. So relaxed that you'll see a tongue depression, a concave depression near the front of my tongue, but we're going to call that area the mid tongue. Now, when I go to the short oh, I lower my jaw and I lower that tongue. A. The tongue gets a little more attention in it, but it's still rather relaxed. A. Now, from, I want to go to the long E, and we're going to do some tongue circles between that short and long E to make your tongue stronger. The E is like this. E E, and we're really going to arch the tongue forward. Here's the tip of the tongue touching the bottom teeth, and then I arch it forward so that this is almost at the top of the mouth and that whole mid tongue in front of the tongue is exposed. E. But for this exercise, we're going to even hold down our chin. E, E, so that we're not using the jaw so much, but we're using the tongue. For the American accent placed in the middle of the mouth, I want to avoid over using my jaw, lips, palette, and nasal cavity. These areas are used more in other languages. For English, I want to use mainly my tongue. So let's hold our jaw still. So I'm going to hold down my chin for A and then do the E. Of course, your chin can move a little bit and that's fine. But we want it to move as little as possible and really focus on the tongue doing the work. The tongue is going making a circle. Yes, it's just like the long sound, and the E. Now that mainly your tongue is working to create the vowels, try imagining the sound in the middle of your mouth. Imagine the sound is between these two fingers. L et's just practice making those circles. A, A. When we want to say a sentence such as my lime Pi, we can really think about those tongue circles as we're saying it. We'll go Ay, my lie. Try to keep the face relaxed, the lips relaxed. Just use your tongue. A, my lie Pi. I, my lime Pi. Now, we can make our tongue circles bigger. Because from that E, we can pull back to the E R. It would be I I and my tongue is going, I let's make circles like that. I eye ey. Eye eye y. Remember to keep your cheeks and your chin relaxed. Yey or y. How about a sentence like I admire her? Ey ey ey. I admire her. After you practice the mid tongue circles plus E R, I'll teach you full tongue circles. 33. Full Tongue Circles Method 2: Let's do full tongue circles for practicing vowels and proper placement of your voice. Tongue circles are method two of learning vowels. This is my preferred method. We want to use the tongue a lot in English. I already showed you mid tongue circles where we did just the short short long E and E R. It sounded like I ay. Now, let's fill in the tongue circle with the rest of the vowels. Always start with short u where your tongue is neutral and relaxed. Notice how the mid tongue is concave and very relaxed. I explained that in the previous lesson. Then you drop your tongue and open your mouth, put your tongue at the bottom of your mouth. A The tongue will be a little bit tenser, as you can see that the tongue is a little thinner in the short picture versus the short u picture where it's thicker and flatter. Now, here's my favorite way to think about the short oh. When you do the ah sound, everything is relaxed. Your mouth is quite open, your tongues at the bottom of your mouth. But where is the sound ringing? Where is the resonance? You should feel the vibration in your whole body from your fingers to your toes. Let's try it. Make sure the sound spreads everywhere. That's how you'll be most effectively heard, and it feels really good. From short O, here's my bottom teeth right here, and here's short O. For short A, I'm going to push the tongue forward until it hits the bottom teeth, and then it keeps going and causes the tongue to bend. A A A Notice that for short, the tip of the tongue does not touch the front teeth. But for short A, you push your tongue forward to touch the bottom teeth. At the same time, the mid tongue rounds and bends forward. Both will feel vibration in the whole body. Let's practice going between the short and the short A with a couple of words. We'll say Mm asks. Mm asks, A. A. Notice that you can see my tongue really well when I get to the short A. A. That's because the front of my tongue is bending so that you can see this part of the tongue. Now, from A, let's continue along the red circle. We're always going to be pushing toward the outer edge of the circle. The next vow up is the long A. We go from A to A. My chin and my jaw come up a little because the mouth is not as open, and the tongue bends a little bit more. We have a A, A, A sounds just like the A and the alphabet. A at A. Try not to use the cheeks too much. We're trying to rely on the tongue, at least 90%. A at A. Really think about the tongue. That's how you get an American accent. Here's my favorite way to make the vowel long A. When you make the A, of course, your tongue tip is touching your bottom teeth, and here's my bottom teeth and my tongue touches and bends forward. A, but you need to know where is the resonance. Where is this vowel ringing in your mouth? A, A. Some people might feel it ringing above their ear, and that's fine. I really like to feel it at the top of the mouth right under the hard palette. A. When you say that A and it rings at the top of your mouth, it feels like you're saying the word. You feel the amazement in that vowel. A. Now for the word, let's use Abe, which is short for Abraham as in Abraham Lincoln. We'll say, Mom asks Abe. Mom asks Abe. As you do that, feel how your tongue goes, A, A, A, and you're moving to the extremes along that red circle. Now, we also need to be able to go in the reverse direction. Let's try Abe asks mom. Abe asks mom. A asks Mom. Let's go to the next val up the circle on the upper left hand side. It'll be long E. If this is A, A, E, E is even higher. The tongue is higher, the jaw is a little higher, and the tongue is a little more bent, more bending. We have, A, E. E. Make your tongue very high. Your mouth could be almost closed, but we already showed how you can do this with your mouth rather open. E. A E, just a little more closed than the previous vowel. Here's my favorite way to make the long E. Of course, you'll bend your tongue a lot. You touch your tongue to the bottom teeth and bend it forward so that the top of the tongue is almost at the top of the mouth. E. But where is it ringing? You might feel it ringing under your ear, which is fine. E. But you should also feel it vibrating and ringing in your teeth, your front teeth. Feel the vibration in your teeth. Feel the quality of enthusiasm in the long E. E, let the sound come out in front of your teeth. E. There should feel like there's a lot of motion coming out of your mouth. Now, let's go between long A and long E. Abe eats. Abe eats. My mouth is just slightly more closed for the long E, and the tongue is a little more bent. Notice in the picture on the left that long A starts lower at position one, but it actually ends where the long E is. So it's pronounced A, where the second half sounds more like an E or possibly a short. By the way, if you want to practice bending your tongue, let's try this. I keep the tip of my tongue behind the bottom teeth, and then I send the middle of the tongue out of my mouth like a parachute. If you can do that, you'll have no trouble doing the long E. Now, let's do Abe eats and then reverse it e A E. Now it's time to go across the circle to the right hand side, where our tongue is no longer going to be bending at the front. Instead it's going to pull backward. Let's pull the tongue backward. We're going to go to r, which we've already done in the previous lesson. The tongue is very high and the sides of the tongue touch the inside edges of your top molars. R. Let's go from E to r. Year year, we can even go from long A to earth. If this is year, then this is A, year. Next, if we keep moving right along the red circle, we have long U. Now, long u is at the same jaw height as the long E. If we have E, E, we just stop bending, pull the tongue straight backward to U. Pull your tongue back all the way as far as it'll go. E. Of course, I'm pulling my tongue back at an angle. O. You could do oh with really tight lips like. Sometimes we do that, especially if we want to be very dramatic. Cool. Then I use my lips. O. It's a tight circle, and you'll feel the energy around your lips. Whereas with the long oh, you feel the energy inside the lips. Versus But we don't want to do that all the time. We want to rely on the tongue more than the lips. For the long u lips, I'm going to keep my top lip neutral and my bottom lip Well come up until the outsides touch the top lip, and I will gently round the bottom. The work is mostly done by pulling the tongue all the way backward. Let's go between E and so we can feel the jaw at the same height. Let's try the other way. And let's also practice between r and long o. So r is very high in the mouth, and u is lower, but the tongue tip is angle down. R is flat, is lower with angle down. R, r, or er, er. So if I say the word cheer as in the dog is a strong chewer, then I go, cheer. You do have to put the W sound in between U and r so that they'll link smoothly together. We can also go between chew and long E by saying chewy. The vegetable is very chewy. He, he. When you go from chew to E, you also add a W. But if we went from E to U, we would add a y. P. P U means stinky. P U. That requires a y to link them together. Now, let's continue along the circle. Next, we have long O. O is just a little bit lower than. We do the same thing with our lips, but the mouth will be a little bit more open. Well, of course, we have to have the tip of the tongue low in the mouth and the back of the tongue high. You're pulling back, back, back in an angle. But how much do you use your lips? It depends on how passionate and dramatic you want to be. Oh, my God. There I rounded my lips a lot. When I do that, I want to feel the energy on the inside of my lips, the big circle, the inside of the big circle. Of course, you can make words with an without a lot of passion or drama. Where do you want to go today? Where do you want to go? Go. I barely use my lips. Maybe just the bottom of my lip. I might even pinch the top of my lip. Where do you want to go? Go today. I don't need to use the top. I'm not being passionate about it. Instead of oh, very dramatic, we can just go, where the top lip is neutral, and the bottom lip is more gently rounded. Let's try long u first and then long. O. When you finish the long oh, you actually go back to the long u to close it off, especially if it's at the end of a sentence or the end of a word that we're stressing. Oh. For example, we have the word Bo. At the end of Bo, my lips are even closer together like they would be for the long u. That's how we will create intonation when we want to stress that word. Next, we go down to the short back O. The short back O is very low just like the short O in the short A. The short back O is actually not very far away from the short, and not all Americans even do the short back O. If we do do it, we keep it very mild and very similar to the short O. But we will bring our tongue down low and pulled back. The lips will be oval in shape. A and then short is just Ah. We have h where the tongue is flat and down, and then we have, where we pull back, but we still keep it down. When you pull back, the tongue is a little angled again because the back of howls have the angled tongue with the tip pointing downward. Notice that the short on the left has an unrounded lip shape. But the short back o on the right has an oval lip shape. Now, let's practice all of the vowels on the circle for an exercise, starting at the bottom of the circle. A A, A, E, r, oh, oh, h, h. Notice how your tongue travels in a circle around your mouth. Again, Ah, A, A, E, r, h, h. Make sure you practice with my repetition audio so that you can keep doing these exercises. Exercises will make your tongue stronger and keep the placement in the middle of your mouth. Now, just for fun, let's see where the short vowels fall on this circular map. Already have short A and short here because they're pretty extreme for the tongue movement. But I included three other short vowels that do not have extreme movement, and they're all centered around the short u. They're all relaxed just like the short u with a very gentle tongue movement, a very subtle difference from the short u. Let's start with short. Short is on the path between short u and long E, but don't go nearly as far as the long E. You have, and then you have E. And you need to go somewhere between that for short. E, E. E. It's a small movement from to. I. You just very gently lift up this front portion of your tongue. Keep it relaxed. There's still no tension under your chin. I. But if you go all the way to E, you'll feel tension here under your chin. Next, let's look at the short E. It's on the path between short u and short A, but much closer to short u. We have a A. The mouth is halfway open, very much open for the short E. A. It's not that different from short U, but you do have to lift this up. A. You will slide the tip of your tongue slightly forward. A. Not as much forward as you would for short A, A. The tongue tip touches the bottom teeth, but it doesn't really push against the bottom teeth because it's very relaxed. For the last short vowel to examine, let's look at short back u. It's on the path between short u and long u. We have a h. You pull back a lot for, but just a teeny teeny bit for the short cu. Uh, the lips are very slightly rounded for the short vacuum. Uh Do you see the minor movement in my lips? This is the end of P one on full tongue circles. Part two will place the three moving vowels or diphthongs on the circle and provide example sentences that can be used as exercises. Finally, P three will show reverse tongue circles and example sentences. 34. Full Tongue Circles Part 2- diphthongs: Full tongue circles, part two with diphthongs and example sentences. Now we're ready to look at the diphthongs or moving vowels. Where is long I on the circular map? Well, you start a short O and end a long E. It's I. That's the exercise we did previously in the last lesson. What about O as in Boy? Americans start with the long and end at the long E. Boy. Boy. You pull way back, and then you go forward in a little up, bends the tongue for the e. Boy. And finally, there's w, as in cow. Americans tend to start with a short A. So it is C A with that bent a little bit bents tongue. C C. So I'm going diagonally up and across the circle. Aw. Great. Now it's time to try the full tongue circles. If you can make your tongue really strong and rely on your tongue 90% to make these vowels, you'll have a great American accent. At the same time we're doing all these vowels, you want to imagine that the sound is happening right in the middle of your mouth. If I stick my fingers right here under my cheek bones, I want to imagine the sound is happening right between my fingers. R, r, A E, r, O. That was a whole circle, but I did it rather slowly, and I left space between vowel. What you want to do is you want to make a smooth circle with your tongue in one breath of air. Let's try it. A, A, Ooh. Wow. That was fun. As you do that many times, just notice your tongue, notice your tongue going around the circle, pulling back down, and then it starts over again. Let's try it together again, and then we'll try it with some sentences. A A A, E, r, A. A at A, E, h, h. For the first exercise, let's just do short and long E three times, and then we'll say limes are green. It looks like this. A, limes are green, limes are green. It looks like this. A, limes are green, limes are green. A ay ay, limes are green, limes are green. Next, we'll do short long E and E r, three times, and then we'll say, Father is here. Aye aye, Father is here, Father is here. Aye aye, Father is here, Father is here. Aye, Father is here, Father is here. And now we'll try A E, and then John's back aches easily. A E. A, A, John's back aches easily. Say it with me. I John's back aches easily. Now, let's go between Long E and Long. E. And then we'll say, we knew he knew. E. We knew he knew. E. We knew he knew. Now between long and long Oh. O, who knows who goes. O, who knows who goes. Now we're going to do the rectangle right in the middle of the circle. The vowels that are the opposites of each other. We'll do A. Lisa's too cold for the cave. Y. Lisa's too cold for the cave. Lisa starts with a long E, but the second syllable is a short, so you go to the relaxed position in the center of the circle. Then two is a long u. Then cold starts with a long, but the second half goes to the short u in the center of the circle again. In English, we often come back to the center of the circle very quickly. It's Liss, too cold. Liss, too cold. We have Lisa too cold cave. Lisa's too cold in the cave with some short vowels in the middle. Don't think so much about the short vowels. Relax your tongue for them. Really focus on those main vowels in the main words, the E, and A. Lisa is too cold for the cave. Now let's do all the vowels that are on the right hand side of the circle. We have r, r. And we'll say, Kirk u is home, Shawn. R, r. Kirk is home, Shan. Kirko is home, Shan. Next, r E. R, E. Learn the rules on time. Learn the rules on time. Don't forget that time is a long, so it starts with short and goes all the way up to long E. Time earn the rules on time. It's part of the circle. Now the next one is going to use the entire circle. Get ready. I put the words so that all the vowels will be in order going clockwise around the circle. I packed eight pieces for Lucy's home shaw. I packed eight pieces for Lucy's home shaw. Now, I, of course, uses the short O and the long E. Packed, we're at the short A, eight, long A. Pieces starts with a long E, but then has the little short u at the end. Four is reduced to fur because of the rhythm. So I take it back to the E R. Pieces f. Pieces f. Pieces for. Lucy starts with a long u, but then you've got to slide all the way forward and bend your tongue for the y, which is a long E. Lucy's Lucy's home. It's like a boomerang. You're back for Lou, forward for E, and then back again for O. Lucy's home. That's a lot of tongue movement, but it's really fun. Home is a little lower than Lou, and Shawn is the short back O. Lucy's home, Shan. Let's go back and practice our tongue circles before the next sentence. A, A O A Mom has great ears to hear you, Mona. Mom is down low, has is a short A. Great, long A. Ears starts with a long E, pull back for the E R. Ears to hear, tu is really fast, just t in the center. Then here we go back to the long E again and back to the E R. Ears to hear you. U is a long u, and then down for Mona. Mona, Mona ends on a short u. Mom has great years to hear you, Mona. So really stretch out that tongue for all of those vowels that are along the red circle. Next. A A E. A A E, R asked K Key for your goat paul. Ran ask K Key for for your both ERs. They're both reduced. I'm not going to say for, but just for your Key for your goat. Key for your goat, Paul. A A E. A A E. Always take turns, you foolish boy. Boy ends in Long Oh, and then E. Boy. Now, you can also practice counter clockwise tongue circles. We'll do that in the next lesson. 35. Reverse Tongue Circles: Full tongue circles, P three. Reverse tongue circles. In this lesson, we're going to do reverse tongue circles so that you'll have a very versatile tongue. You can go in either direction. So let's practice those reverse tongue circles by looking at this tongue circle chart. A, r E at, r E A at. Let's try some sentences. For the first one, we'll just do, Oh, r and E. A E. A. A, repeat after me. A. Use your tongue more than your lips. A. Tom, won't you worry. A, Tom, won't you worry. A, Tom won't you worry. A. A A i. The man hardly made it. A A, the man hardly made it. A, the man hardly made it. Hardly starts with a short O and goes to the ER. Hard. Then we add the with a long E. Hard hardly made it. A, the man hardly made it. O E. Or E. Lori means to take apples. To take. For the two, just make a relax short u sound to take. And for apples, the second syllable also has a short u. Apples, apples. O E A. Laurie means to take apples. A O E A. Mam owns two furs that Lee made. A E A. Mm owns two furs that Lee made. When you do the word that, it's actually because of the rhythm reduction. That's a short u. Ma owns two furs that furs that, firs that lee furs that Lee furs that Lee made. M moans two furs that Lee made. Try to do it in one breath of air. Mamans two furs that Lee made. Feel your tongue traveling around the circle. A O E A. Mm owns two furs that Lee made. E A. Hop over each haystack. O E A. Hop over each haystack, and the full reverse tongue circle. A O E. Io food. Curt and Pete ate it all. For I, don't forget that you need short and long E, I. For the word, we just say in because of the rhythm. It's Curt and Pete. There's no actual vowel for the word. It's just in a contint. For the word it, we use a short. Pete eight at all. 00 EA at IoU food. Curt and Pete ate it all. Or EA at Don't worry. It's easy to change your accent, Bob. For the word, its, use a short. It's easy. And for two, use a short U. Easy to change. And for, we're going to say U instead, so use an E R. Change your accent. And for the second syllable in accent, use a short E accent. Don't worry. It's easy to change your accent, Bob. Try making tongue circles and any sentence you would like to say. Notice your tongue making these circles and reaching different points on the circle as you say any sentence. Practice tongue circles with a repetition audio provided. A strong and active tongue will help you resonate in the middle of your mouth for a truly American sound. 36. Vowel Lengthening: Imagine that you have so much space in the back of your mouth that an entire apple could fit there. This space creates an echo chamber where the sound can ring or resonate. If you don't leave enough space in the back of your mouth, then you can't really resonate and your voice will sound constricted like this. We don't want that vocal quality. Let's open up our mouths and have a ringing vowel sound. Vowel sound different before different types of consonants. Let's learn the two different types of consonants, voiceless and voiced so that you can learn to distinguish between these types of consonants. Your vocal cords, which are located in the middle of your throat, create buzzing when we make a voiced consonant, such as Z. Z is the easiest consonant to understand with voicing. It sounds like this. If you place your fingers over your vocal cords like this and you say, you can feel the vibration in your throat. Now, the voiceless counterpart for z is S, which sounds like There's no more vibration in my throat, and it sounds like a hissing, almost whispering sound. Now I'm going to show you all of the voiceless and voiced consonant pairs so that you can start to memorize them. Once you understand why they're voiced or voiceless, then it'll be really easy to memorize them. It's just intuitive. Don't worry. But it's essential that you memorize them before you can understand all of my other lessons. Let's begin. The first pair of voiceless and voiced consonants is P and B. P is voiceless and B is voiced. Put your fingers over your throat to feel the difference. P. P. T and D. D. Next, CH and J. C. A. K and G. C. A. When the voiceless consonants are whispered and no vowel is voiced, you feel the amount of air coming out. Consonants require more error than vowels do. Let's whisper the first voiceless consonants. Ba Da. G. F and V. We have two types of TH, both voiceless and voiced. S and Z. S and Z H. H is a voiceless consonant. The remaining consonants are all voiced and they don't have any voiceless counterparts. R. L. L a. Y. Y. W. W. Mm. M n. Finally, n G. In the other course, I'll teach you all about all of these consonants. But for now, you need to understand which ones are voiced and which ones are voiceless to learn about all the vowels. Please rewind and replay this section until you've memorized or really understand the difference between the voiced and voiceless consonants. Vowel lengthening is important because vowels do not sound exactly the same before different types of consonants. When you put a vowel before a voiced or vibrating consonant, such as B, D, J, G, V, or Z, then you need to stretch out that vow or spend more time on that vow. When you put a vowel before a voiceless consonant or a non vibrating consonant like P, T, CH K, F or S, then you need to say the vow more quickly. If you spend too long on the vowel, then the vibrating nature of the vow will contaminate the voiceless consonant that comes after it. Finally, if your vowel is at the end of a word, you want to spend the most time on it. You want to really let that vowel ring. You can even go up and down on the same vowel to stretch it out, such as in the word P. I don't just say P, but I say P. I really stretch it out. Let's look at some other pairs of words so that we can show how to contrast them. App. Ab. Notice that I said Ap very quickly. But in the second word, I stretched out the vowel. Ab. Ate, d y, less, laser. Life. Live. Notice that in this pair, the long eye sounds very different before a voiceless or voiced consonant. Before the voiceless consonant, F, I don't open my mouth nearly so much, and it's very quick life. But before the V and live, I open my mouth a lot more. Watch the difference in the size of my mouth opening. Life, live, built. Build, set said Pick. Pig. Insert. Sir. Buck. Bug. Note. Node. If you're not sure if you're making the voiceless or voiced consonant, try placing your fingers over your vocal cords. Note. Node. When I do the second one, I feel the vibration la a longer. Node. Do not add a schwa or short U sound or any other v sound a a consonant at the end of a word. This might happen if you work too hard to try to be clear. Don't make a v sound after a consonant to try to make it clear. Let me show you some examples. Pig, not Piga. Slide, not slidea, cage, not ja, glove, not glova. Ranked, not ranked. With, not witha. Finally, each, not cha. 37. Front vowels - both methods: Let's talk about the different kinds of front vowels. We're going to study the front vowels from high to low. Let's look at all five front vowels from high to low. I want you to notice how my jaw or my chin lowers and my mouth gets bigger each time I say a different vowel. I'll start from the high vowel. E. A. A. Again, E, A, A, A, A. And with the words, it would be feed, fin, fade, fed, fad. Long E is the high front vowel, and that means that the tongue is very close to the top of the mouth, and the mouth looks like it's almost closed. The next one is. It's a little bit lower. My chin and my jaw and my tongue will be a little bit lower. A. Then the third one is long A. Long A is a mid vow. The tongue is in the middle of the mouth and the mouth is halfway open. A, A. The fourth one is the short E, which is even lower. Finally, we have the short A, where the back of the tongue is all the way at the bottom of the mouth. A A. I will show method one first. For all of these front vowels, the tip of the tongue must be pointed upward. So a front vowel means that, here is my mouth with my teeth, and here is my tongue. I want the tongue to point upward. In a central vowel, the tongue will be flat. In a back vowel, the back of the tongue will angle upward. Now, I'll show you method two, where the tongue tip touches behind the bottom teeth and the mid tongue bends forward. Let's look at each of the front vowels, from the method two, the tongue circle method, where we bend the front of the tongue. The jaw gets from high to low as we go from E down to A. When we do the long E, We're bending our tongue a lot, touching the bottom teeth with the tip of the tongue and bending it, so the top of the tongue is almost at the top. E. My chin is very high. When I go to A, and I bend the tongue less, my chin also opens more. E, A, E, A. When I go down to A, with the tension under my chin, A, E, A. Every time my mouth got a little more open. E, A. When I go down to short E, I'll go even lower. E, A. I open my mouth quite a bit for the short E. Finally, A. What's the difference between a short vowel and a long vowel? In general, short vowels are relaxed. The tongue muscle itself is relaxed and with a long vowel, the tongue muscle is tense. The main way that you may notice this is by feeling the area under your chin. Because when you feel here on a long vow, it feels very hard and dense. This part of the tongue is working hard, but when it's a short vowel, this part will feel so relaxed. Let's try that. We'll start with the long E and the short. E, very hard right here. But, I don't feel any hardness at all. Just by putting your finger there and feeling, you can tell whether you're doing the long vowel in the short vowel right or not. Now, let's look at the long A versus the short E. A, it's very hard and tense right here. But if I do, I feel nothing at all. We know that the long E and long A sound just like the E and A and the alphabet. A, B, C D E FG. Those are the long A and long E. By making them tense, we mean maybe engaging your cheeks and definitely contracting your tongue and feeling that tension in your tongue as though you were flexing your arm. A E. The other three vows, short I, short E, and short A are all relaxed. Your cheeks should feel like they're sleeping. A. When I say those five vowels in order, you're going to notice that my chin progressively and gradually lowers and lowers E A. A, A. Each time my mouth got a little bit bigger to make room for my tongue going lower and lower. Look again, E, A, A, A. I'll talk about where the tongue needs to be precisely in the mouth for each vowel as we go over them in detail. 38. Long E Short I both methods: Let's start by distinguishing between the long E and the short i. First, I'll show method one where you lift the tip of the tongue. For the long E, which is tense, you should keep the tip of your tongue behind the crack. Between the top and bottom teeth. E. It's not touching the crack, but the tongue is somewhere right there behind the crack. That's the level that it is at in the mouth. Now, for the short eye, you want your tongue to be just maybe a centimeter or less lower. The tip of the tongue will be behind the bottom teeth. A. If these are my bottom teeth, I put the tip of the tongue right on it for the short eye, but then I let the rest of the tongue relax like a hammock resting between trees. Just let it relax. Now, I'll show the long E and short i with method two. For both, keep the tongue tip down, touching behind the bottom teeth and bend the mid tongue forward, but bend it much more for long E than for short. When we do the long E, we're bending our tongue a lot, touching the bottom teeth with the tip of the tongue and bending it, so the top of the tongue is almost at the top. E. My chin is very high when I go to e, and I've been the tongue less. My chin also opens more. E. E. Short is on the path between short U and long E, but don't go nearly as far as the long E. You have, and then you have E. And you need to go somewhere between that for short eye. E, E. E. It's a small movement from to. Ah, I. You just very gently lift up this front portion of your tongue. Keep it relaxed. There's still no tension under your chin. But if you go all the way to E, you'll feel tension here under your chin. E. But where is it ringing? You might feel it ringing under your ear, which is fine. E. But you should also feel it vibrating and ringing in your teeth, your front teeth. Feel the vibration in your teeth. Feel the quality of enthusiasm in the long E. E, let the sound come out in front of your teeth. E. There should feel like there's a lot of motion coming out of your mouth. For short eye, you can feel the ringing or vibration in the teeth, just like you do for long E, or you can feel it just in front of the nose. I I Let's try some word pairs so you can distinguish between E and I. First word in each pair will be a long E. The second will be a short eye. List. List. Pis. Piss. Cheap. Chip. Tweaks. Tweaks. Read, id, List. List. Rich. Rich. Here are some sentences to practice. Long E will be in bold print, and short I will be in italics. Feel free to pause and rewind to listen again and repeat. We need ink for the printer. Now, notice, I did not say we need ink for the printer. I didn't emphasize every single word or even every single syllable. Instead, I emphasized need in print. Then I put every other syllable squeezed between those three stresses. We need ink for the printer. We need ink for the printer. Listen and repeat after me. Scientists build silicon chips. Scientists build silicon chips. The engineer who invented that system is rich. A the engineer instead of the engineer. The engineer who invented that system is rich. How many hits or visits did he receive? How many hits or visits did he receive? The image will appear on the screen in a different window. The image will appear on the screen in a different window. CD ROM means compact disc with read only memory. The Y at the end of only and memory should be clear long E sounds. Do not shorten these sounds. CD RM means compact disc with read only memory. Our service includes an Internet streaming feature. Our service includes an Internet streaming feature. The system has a mechanism, an algorithm for encrypting specific and sensitive parts of a configuration file. The system has a mechanism, an algorithm for encrypting specific and sensitive parts of a configuration file. Recipients receive video and visual images via real time transmissions. Recipients receive video and visual images via real time transmissions. Practice these sentences with the repetition audio provided. 39. Long A vs Long E Short E Short A both methods done: Now let's look at the long A. Long A is made by putting the tip of the thumb right underneath the bottom teeth pressed up against the hard gums underneath your bottom teeth. A, A. When I say A, the tip of my tongue is touching the hard gum tissue right underneath my bottom teeth. The tongue is in the middle of your mouth and your mouth will be halfway open. And remember, you want the sound to be coming from the back of your mouth, where there's lots of space in the back of your mouth. A, let it ring. Now let's look at Method two for long A, where we keep the tip of the tongue touching the bottom teeth. In English, we have two parts to it. A, A, so you have to raise your tongue on the second half. A, A, we go from A to E A. You can go from long A to short I. A, or you can go from long A to long E A for more emphasis or drama. Spin today. Spin today. Here I chose to emphasize Spain and take the long A toward the long E, but not to emphasize today by going only to the short I. Bin today. Let's review where the long A is on the tongue circle. So we go from A to A. My chin and my jaw come up a little because the mouth is not as open, and the tongue bends a little bit more. So we have a A, A, A sounds just like the A in the alphabet. A, A. Try not to use the cheeks too much. We're trying to rely on the tongue, at least 90%. Ah, A, really think about the tongue. That's how you get an American accent. When you make the A, of course, your tonguetip is touching your bottom teeth and here's my bottom teeth and my tongue touches and bends forward, A, but you need to know where is the resonance. Where is this vowel ringing in your mouth? A, A, some people might feel it ringing above their ear and that's fine. I really like to feel it at the top of the mouth right under the hard palate. A. When you say that A and it rings at the top of your mouth, it feels like you're saying the word amaze, amazement. You feel the amazement in that vowel. A. Long A will be typed in orange bold print in the following words and phrases. Notice the different spellings for long A. Way EI as in we often makes a long A sound, but not always. Be careful. EI could make a long E as in ceiling or a long I as in height. We bouquet. Long A can also be indicated by the following spellings. E T as in bouquet, EY as in convey and A plus consonant plus final silent E as in cake. Convey. The layout might take us all day. The layout might take us all day. Notice how the last word day rises and falls in pitch on the long A. This often happens on the last word in a sentence. The layout might take us all day. The engineers in San Jose have a long workday. The day in Workday is not prolonged as it was in day. In the compound noun workday, work is stressed instead of day. The engineers in San Jose have a long workday. Chevrolet uses a new digital display. Other Long A spellings include E T as in Chevrolet and E as in Jose. These come from foreign words. Chevrolet uses a new digital display. Chevrolet uses a new digital display. Design a pathway through which we can convey information. Design a pathway through which we can convey information. You have experienced delay because yesterday was a holiday. You have experienced delay because yesterday was a holiday. Enrique works for a company called Bouquet Computer. The computer operates with breakaway speed in the USA. More long A spellings include U E as in Enrique and EA as in break. Be careful with EA, because it is often a short E as in bread. Enrique works for a company called Bouquet Computer. Enrique works for a company called Bouquet Computer. Computers are hard to throw away because they don't decay. The costs of the survey would outweigh the benefits. More long A spellings include EI GH as in W and EY as in survey. The costs of the survey would outweigh the benefits. The costs of the survey would outweigh the benefits. Each element will overlay an element of the data structure array. Distinguish between long E and long A. For long E, the tip of the tongue is behind the crack. Between the top and bottom teeth. For long A, the tongue is lower. The tip of the tongue will be under the bottom teeth, touching the hard gum tissue under the bottom teeth. E A E A. Notice that my mouth is more open for the long A than it is for the long E. Method two. A E. E is even higher. The tongue is higher, the jaw is a little higher, and the tongue is a little more bent, more bending. A E. E. Make your tongue very high. Your mouth could be almost closed, but we already showed how you can do this with your mouth rather open. E. Now, let's go between long A and long E. A eats. A eats. My mouth is just slightly more closed for the long E and the tongue is a little more bent. Notice in the picture on the left that long A starts lower at position one, but it actually ends where the long E is. So it's pronounced A, where the second half sounds more like an E or possibly a short I. Here's another difference between long E and long A. Of course, the E has a higher chin and the A is more open. Both of them have the tongue on the bottom teeth and pressed forward, E A. The E is higher, the A is lower with the mouth more open. But also the E is ringing in my teeth, and the A is ringing at the top of my mouth at the hard palate. E a, a. When you go between E and A, you want to feel that vibration transferring locations. E a. Try these word pairs. Wheel, wail. Dean, Dan. Steer, stare straight straight. The long A requires a bigger, more open mouth. Trees, trays, weary, wary. Same read read. Let's try some sentences. Long E will be in blue, and Long A will be in orange. The team will save money by laying off three people. The team will save money by laying off three people. See the real time data. See the real time data. Let's make a deal. Let's make a deal. Create speedy software. Create speedy software. Keep the mainframe safe. Keep the mainframe safe. Payment was received on Monday. Payment was received on Monday. Keep the information from leaking. Keep the information from leaking. Thus, sounds like V and has a long E sound before a vowel sound. Information begins with a vowel. So it sounds like the information. Keep the information from leaking. Seek economies of scale. Seek economies of scale. Wait patiently for the legal proceedings. Wait patiently for the legal proceedings. Aim to please the employees. Aim to please the employees. The employees. The employees. Aim to please the employees. Aim to please the employees. Now, let's distinguish between Long A and short E. Remember, Long A has a higher tongue than short E. The short E tongue will be much lower and it's where the gum tissue starts to get a little bit soft and mushy. It's also a relaxed tongue. I would need to lower my chin more, and relax under the chin. Open the mouth more and relax here to do that. It's very mildly bent. It's not, but it's just a little lower and just a little forward. Ugh. It's on the path between short U and short A, but much closer to short U. So we have Ahh. The mouth is halfway open, very much open for the short E. Uh, A. It's not that different from short U, but you do have to lift this up. Uh, ah. You will slide the tip of your tongue slightly forward. Uh huh, not as much forward as you would for short. A, uh, uh, ah. So the tongue tip touches the bottom teeth, but it doesn't really push against the bottom teeth because it's very relaxed. Seven men blend the eggs themselves. Seven men blend the eggs themselves. If you are too tense, the short E will sound like long A. Don't say save in main blends the eggs themselves. It's just seven men blend the eggs themselves. Long A versus short E. A, A, A has tension under the chin. A has no tension, but it's a little bit lower. A, A, A. In the following words and phrases, long A will be an orange bold print and short E will be in purple bold print. Sale. Sell. The spelling patterns of sale and sell help you predict which vowel to use. SL is what is called a VCE pattern. It ends in vowel consonant, final silent E. This VCE pattern predicts that you will need a long vowel, in this case, a long A. Cell, however, uses a VCC pattern. It ends in a vowel consonant consonant. This predicts that we will need a short vowel or in this case, a short E. Sales cells made med. West West. James, Jams. Let's look at the long A and short E in some sentences. The long A will be in orange bold print, and the short E will be in purple bold print. Mainframe computers have huge memories. Mainframe computers have huge memories. The sales force sells on weekdays. The sales force sells on weekdays. The medical components are made in the USA. The medical components are made in the USA. Abbreviations are stressed on the last letter. Notice how the A in USA is extended USA. The medical components are made in the USA. The medical components are made in the USA. Find many e waste solutions on the West Coast. Find many e waste solutions on the West Coast. The same information was disseminated in both locations. The same information was disseminated in both locations. The fact that we were delayed led to a poor result. The fact that we were delayed led to a poor result. Fred is afraid he will lose his job. Fred is afraid he will lose his job. AI is a common long A spelling, as in afraid. Fred is afraid he will lose his job. You will have accumulated more debt by that date. You will have accumulated more debt by that date. Please test the software. But don't taste it. Please test the software, but don't taste it. Learning to use a text editor takes time. Learning to use a text editor takes time. Distinguish between long A and short A. For long A, remember, the tip of the tongue is just below the bottom teeth, but short A has a much lower tongue. The tongue is all the way at the bottom of the mouth, but the tip of the tongue points upward. I can show you. Ah. Ah. Method one versus Method two for the short A. Ah, A, A, A. So they sound the same, but they look very different. Ah. Ah, A, A, A. Method two. For short A, I'm going to push the tongue forward until it hits the bottom teeth, and then it keeps going and causes the tongue to bend. Ah Ah Ah Notice that for short O, the tip of the tongue does not touch the front teeth. But for short A, you push your tongue forward to touch the bottom teeth. At the same time, the mid tongue rounds and bends forward. Ah Ah. Now, from A, let's continue along the red circle. And the next vowel up is the long A. So we go from A to A. My chin and my jaw come up a little because the mouth is not as open and the tongue bends a little bit more. So we have A, A, A. Notice how the bottom picture of short A has the lips farther apart. So the mouth is more open than it is for the long A. Also, the long A tongue gets very high on the second half. Try these word pairs. The first is a long A, the second is a short A. Ached. Act. Notice that the second word has a much bigger mouth opening. Clam, flake, flack. Rain. Ran. Man Man Sal Sal paid, pad, Rave, ravage. Let's try some sentences. It takes time to safely pack the containers. Past delay change the release date. Beijing is the massive capital in Mainland China. Notice that I do not say mainland China. It's mainland China. That mail is spam. The paper has jammed in the printer. Are you aware of the backlog? Their plans have changed. We lack information. His strategy in Taipei failed. The laptop weighs 2.4 kilograms. 40. Short A vs Short O both methods: It's also important to distinguish between short A and short. Short A is a front vow that has a very low tongue. The back of the tongue is at the bottom of the mouth. But short O is a central vow and the tongue is flat. The whole tongue will be at the bottom of the mouth. If I open my mouth very wide, you'll be able to see the difference between the short A and the short. A. When my tongue went up, that was a short A, and when it went down, that was a short. Now, let's look at method two for the short A versus the short. For method two, we keep the tongue tip down touching the insides of the bottom teeth, and we bend the tongue forward. Here's my bottom teeth. Here's my tongue, bend, bend, bend. A. Then for, of course, you keep your tongue down. The is the same in method one and method two. Now, let's compare the method two, short A with short. Unlike method one where you saw my tongue tip come up, now you just see the whole mid tongue. I'll show you the difference between short A in method one and method two, method one first. A. A. They sound the same. Now singers are more likely to use method two. But you can use whichever one feels more comfortable for you. Let's try these word pairs so you can distinguish between them. Remember, the British accent uses more of the short, but the American accent uses more of the short A. App. P. Stack stock. Tax talks. Lafft, sad, sod. Remember, the short A is a very American sound, so it's important to get this right. Hackers can monitor your actions and send spam to your contacts. Hackers can monitor your actions and send spam to your contacts. Ask what the advantages are of that format. Ask what the advantages are of that format. Caching stores assets, the website will work faster on the next visit. Caching stores assets, the website will work faster on the next visit. The Android app won't work on the Apple phone. The Android app won't work on the Apple phone. The podcast lures traffic to Adams C channel. The podcast lures traffic to Adams C channel. Employing hashtags is a strategy to help you expand your market on Instagram. Employing hashtags is a str to help you expand your market on Instagram. Use the site map to navigate back to the dashboard. Use the site map to navigate back to the dashboard. The laptop has a built in camera and enough AM for fabulous graphics. The laptop has a built in camera and enough RAM for fabulous graphics. We advertise that you can aggregate your photos in a high capacity album. We advertise that you can aggregate your photos in a high capacity album. My family has fast broadband Internet access. My family has fast, broadband Internet access. 41. Central vowels both methods : Now let's learn about the central vowels. Remember, with the central vowels, your tongue will be flat in your mouth. The tip of the tongue is not angled up, nor is the back of the tongue angled up. There are three central vowels ranging from medium to low. R is medium. Meaning the tongue is in the middle of the mouth with respect to height. R has the same jaw height as the long A. Watch this. Notice that my chin doesn't move when I go back and forth between long A and r. A, r. A, r. To do r, what you want to do is pinch the corners of your lips, to make your mouth very small. You'll also pull your tongue backward to make the r sound. R. Method two differs in that we pull the tongue back all the way and keep it higher in the mouth. The tongue will still be flat with both methods. Next, there's short u. It's also medium and height, but it's a little bit lower than E R. Short u is actually the same height as short E. Listen. A. A. When I say short E and short u, I don't really do anything different except for change the angle of my tongue. I lift the tongue up for short E and I put the tip of the tongue down for the short u. Ah. A. For method two, the mid tongue, but not the tip of the tongue rises for the short E. For method two, we have, and then we keep the tongue on the lower teeth. Finally, the last central vow is the short O, which is very low, and the entire tongue is on the floor of the mouth. Short O has the same jaw height as short A. Now, for the central vow, short O, you do not need to round your lips. We'll learn that later when we study back vowels. H. 42. ER both methods revised: Making the ER sound is tricky, and it often gets substituted for a variety of other sounds. So let's learn how to do it right. So for the ER, make sure you are making your mouth very small. Imagine you're pinching the corners of your lips together. R, pull your tongue backward. If you pinch the corners of your lips together, then you won't be tempted to round your lips. When you round your lips, you might get a sound like, and that would be incorrect. Unless you want to say, as in four equals four and bore equals bore and SR equals S. What's the difference between method one and method two for the ER? They look like they're in really different places and they are. We can make the ER in more than one place. For method one, we have the ER is a central vowel. It does have a flat tongue and it's between the A and the O. We have a Oh and that puts the ER right in the middle of the mouth, I'm not pulling back as strongly as I would for Method two. For Method two, I have my tongue higher up and I pull it more back. We have in the middle versus back here. You can make an by pulling back different amounts and at different heights. I like to try to have you pull back more because it's a good exercise for you and it'll make you produce the ER more accurately more often. How do you know how much to pull your tongue back for the method two ER? Try yawning, which pulls your tongue back, and then closing your mouth till you have ER. The sides of your tongue will be touching the insides of your upper molars. Watch me. Also, don't be fooled by various spellings of the ER sound. It's spelled many different ways. It'll be underlined in the video. Listen to these word pairs. The first word in each pair contains the ER sound, and the second word contains an alternate sound that you don't want to confuse with the ER. The alternate sounds consist of vowel plus ER sounds. Long O plus ER, bore long U plus ER. Pure, long A plus ER. Bar long E plus ER. Ear long I plus ER. Higher long oh U plus ER, flower, Oi plus, foyer, short Oh plus ER bar you'll need to pull your tongue back for the ER in each case. Word. Word. The second word ward actually has a long O sound, which is a back vowel. First, forced wir war. Wir where Held, Held, ark, Lark. Some Americans say lark with a short O, pronounced Lark. I prefer the short U when ER is before a voiceless consonant such as K. I say lark instead of ark. Murder, mortar. Perk, park, pork. Per, pear turn, torn, tarnish. Torn had a long O, and tarnish had a short O. Listen again. Turn torn, tarnish. Now, let's try in some IT sentences. Say it with me the second time. Our future earnings depend on converting visitors to customers. Our future earnings depend on converting visitors to customers. The operating system has a graphical user interface. The operating system has a graphical user interface, List the factors and requirements to determine the algorithm and its properties. List the factors and requirements to determine the algorithm and its properties. Your Internet service provider will set up a wireless router. Your Internet service provider will set up a wireless router. This version of the firewall software uses a different structure. This version of the firewall software uses a different structure. The search engine is user friendly. The search engine is user friendly. Google Earth is a virtual globe and a collaborative effort. Google Earth is a virtual globe and a collaborative effort. Hurry and ech curry before the supervisor comes. Hurry and each curry before the supervisor comes. Interrupts can be generated on a computer component or on an external peripheral device. Interrupts can be generated on a computer component or on an external peripheral device. A web server delivers files to the end user's device. A web server delivers files to the end user's device. Notice that in words like different, collaborative and peripheral, the ER is often changed to R. We just eliminate that vowel to make it shorter. So we don't say different or collaborative. We say different, collaborative, peripheral. Drop a vowel if it comes after a stressed vowel plus one or two consonants and before N R or L, and an unstressed vowel. So in the word favorite, the A is stressed, the V is one consonant, so we drop the O. Next, you have an R, and lastly, the I is an unstressed vowel. Similar words with dropped syllables include camera. It is not camera. It is camera. Also, average, different, liberal, and favorite. Practice the ER sentences in this lesson with a repetition audio provided. 43. Short U: Now let's distinguish between short U and other O sounds and O spellings. The first word in each pair contains a short U sound, but the second word has an alternate sound. Don't be tricked by similar spellings. Glove. Globe. Comfort, common above abode, cover over, country pound Enough Now let's distinguish between short U and unstressed syllables and an alternate sound in stress syllables. This is very important to achieve good rhythm in English, where we don't stress every single syllable. Nouns are often stressed on the first syllable of a two syllable noun. Verbs are often stressed on the second syllable. The unstressed syllable in either nouns or verbs, often uses a short u sound. In multi syllable words, it's very common for every other syllable to have a short u sound. Elevator. Stress every other syllable. The first word in each pair will contain a short u sound. While the second word contains an alternate sound in the same position. Produce product. Prepare, preview. Control, concept. Notice that in the word concept, the O is a short, not a short u. Complain, compound, obtain object. Agree. Access. Notice that access uses a short A, but agree used a short. Realization, realize. Notice that realization has a short u in the middle, not a long as in realize Visualization. Visualize. Demand. Detail. Detail could be a noun or a verb. When it's a noun, the first syllable is a long E. Detail. But when it's a verb, the first syllable is a short u. Detail. Now let's try the short u in IT sentences. Does your brother make a ton of money as a salesman every month? We had tough luck obtaining control, so nothing was done by Monday. None of the above are good enough for the customer. Choose another color on the touchscreen. Your ideas are rough. But come Monday, once you've studied, they'll be wonderful. He won a double protection cover for his monitor. We agreed to observe the arrangement, describe the structure, and make a projection. My position is that consumers will complain if they can't afford what we produce. Compare your observations and confirm your discovery. Communicate the purpose of your proposal when you apply to purchase the material. 44. Short O and Short U : Distinguish between short and short U. Don't make short too small. The entire tongue should be all the way down at the bottom of the mouth for short. You'll have to open your mouth a lot. Ah. Imagine you are saying Ah as the doctor looks into your mouth. This is the short. Let's look at these word pairs. The first word in each pair is a short. The second one is a short u. Notice how I open my mouth much more for the short than the short u. Open your mouth much more for the first word in each pair. Sonic. Son. SoC. Suck. Box. Buck. Otter, utter. Cb Cub. Lava. Lva. Cross, crust. Try these sentences. I found three bucks in the box. The cop bought a cup of coffee. I would love a lava cake. Now let's distinguish between short u and other sounds and O spellings. Short u is relaxed. The tongue is relaxed and flat in the middle of the mouth. Short u is the most common American vowel. The first word in each pair contains a short U sound. But the second word has an alternate sound. Don't be tricked by similar spellings. Glove. Globe. Glove has a short U, but globe has a long oh. You just need to memorize this. Comfort, Common. Common has a short. But comfort has a short u. Above abode. Above has a short u. But abode has a long oh. Cover. Rover. Cover has a short u, but over has a long oh. Country. Pound. Country has a short u. But pound has a long. Enough. Do. Enough has a short u, but do has a long. Now let's distinguish between short u in unstressed syllables and an alternate sound in stress syllables. This is very important to achieve good rhythm in English, where we don't stress every single syllable. Nouns are often stressed on the first syllable of a two syllable noun. Verbs are often stressed on the second syllable. The unstressed syllable in either nouns or verbs, often uses a short u sound. In multi syllable words, it's very common for every other syllable to have a short u sound. The rule of alternating stress tells us how to stress a four syllable word such as elevator. We stress the first and third syllable, but not the second or fourth. Elevator. The first word in each pair will contain a short U sound. While the second word contains an alternate sound in the same position. Produce. Product. The PRO in produce has a short U, but the PRO in product has a short. Produce is a verb. Product is a noun. Imagine that produce is spelled PR apostrophe, DUC. Don't spend any time or effort on the O. Prepare. Preview. The PR E in prepare has a short U, but the PR E in preview has a long E. Prepare is a verb. Preview is a noun. Control. Concept. Notice that in the word concept, the O is a short, not a short u. Complain, compound, obtain object. Agree. Access. Notice that access uses a short A, but agree used a short. Realization, realize. Notice that realization has a short u in the middle, not a long as in realize Visualization. Visualize, demand. Detail. Detail could be a noun or a verb. When it's a noun, the first syllable is a long, detail. But when it's a verb, the first syllable is a short U, detail. Short u in sentences. Short U will be an orange bold print. Does your brother make a ton of money as a salesman every month? Notice that salesman ends with a short u, not a short A. Sales is the stress syllable. Man is unstressed. We had tough luck obtaining control. So nothing was done by Monday. Control is an exception. It is a noun with second syllable stress. So the first syllable has a short u. A common error is to pronounce obtain with a short O instead of a short U. It should be obtain, not obtain. None of the above are good enough for the customer. Choose another color on the touchscreen. Your ideas are rough. But come Monday, once you've studied, they'll be wonderful. He won a double protection cover for his monitor. We agreed to observe the arrangement, describe the structure, and make a projection. A common error is to pronounce observe and projection with a short O instead of a short U. Imagine projection is spelled PR apostrophe rejection. Spend no time or effort on the O. My position is that consumers will complain if they can't afford what we produce. Compare your observations and confirm your discovery. O bservations follows the rule of alternating stress. Stress the first and third syllables. The first syllable has a short. Now, let's talk about A R. Sometimes A R uses short O, and sometimes it uses short U in standard common American English. Make a short O plus r sound before a voiced consonant or at the end of a word. Make a short U plus r before a voiceless consonant. You won't find the short u plus R in the dictionary, but I find that most Americans use it when speaking. Let's look at these word pairs. The first word in each pair uses a short, so you have to open your mouth a lot. The second word in each pair uses a short u. Don't open your mouth as much. Car carp. Large, arch, target. Tart. Scarves, scarf, Hard, heart, barn, Marsh, margin, mark it. Let's look at the AR in some sentences. Push the shopping cart to the car. Buy sweet tarts at Target. Two scarves will keep you warmer than one scarf. Now let's just try short and short in some advanced sentences from some professional fields. Occupy the office until 1:00. Notice that in clock, I don't say clock. It's just with a short. Clock. But clock is a short. Clock. Occupy the office until 1:00. Be honest with the customer. The hardware is offered at a bargain. Buying on margin is borrowing money to purchase stock. E commerce software makes online shopping carts for online marketing. The company offers the option to convert money in your wallet. The market is large enough for another company. The conditions are the complicated part of the contract. The word R is a short O plus R standing alone, but in a sentence, we reduce it to E R. R instead of R. The conditions are the complicated part of the contract. You can play console games on your computer. Ponzi schemes are common scams. 45. Back Vowels : Now let's learn about the back vowels. In all of the back vowels, the back of the tongue is angled upward toward the back of the mouth. Also, all of the back vowels will have rounded lips. The tense back of vowels like long u and long Oh will have tightly rounded lips with the lips protruding. Oh. Notice that my lips push forward when I make those sounds. Oh. Oh. The short back u is slightly lower than the long u, and it will have gently rounded lips. U. U. The short back u is on the same jaw height as the short eye. Watch me go back and forth between the short eye and the short back u. My jaw height doesn't change. Both of them have very relaxed lips, but the short back does have slightly rounded lips. The long has a mid height, and it will be on the same chin level as the long A. Watch how I go back and forth without my chin moving. A, A. Make sure for this long o, that your lips are protruding forward and tightly rounded and that the sound is resonating in the back of your mouth with lots of space in the back of your mouth as though an apple could fit there. Oh. Finally, the short back is very low. It's as low as the short or the short A. Now, only about 50% of Americans use the short back O, and those who don't simply use the central vow short in its place. Let me show you the difference between the short back and the central vow short. The short back will have an oval shape to the lips. And here's the central vow. 46. Short Back U and Long U: Now, let's distinguish between the long u and the short back u. Often, what happens is students substitute the long u when they should be using the more gentle and relaxed short back u. Remember to be relaxed on the short back u. In each word pair, the first word will be a short back u, and the second will be a long u. Long u is the opposite of long E. Short back u is the opposite of short. Try going back and forth between long E and long u. E. Now, try going back and forth between short and short back u, which both have relaxed lips. A. Oh. Try some word pairs. The first word has a short back u. The second word has a long u. Look. Look. Book Rebuke. Note that rebuke has a Y sound after the B and before the long u. This y insertion often happens after B and before long u as in abuse. Rebuke, not rebuke and abuse, not abuse. S. Suit. Cook cool Nook. Nook, Wood, Wood. Let's look at the shot back U and sentences. Notice the difference in spellings so that you can learn which spellings usually create which sound. A cookie is a small piece of data from a website and stored in a user's computer. The computer mouse comes with a comfortable wrist cushion. The app will send the user a alert. Pull media pulls the customer who took the initiative into a business. Brooks law states that adding another person would also add delay. The surveillance system uses a bullet camera. The bulletin board system was popular before the worldwide web. Popular sounds like popular with a Y. Insert a Y sound after a P and before long U. Popular, not popular. A bulletproof piece of technology is resistant to failure. Equipment footprints have been decreasing to take advantage of small spaces. We like the look and feel of your website. 47. Long O and Short Back O: Now let's talk about the long. The long is very deep in American English. It needs to occur deep back in your mouth, even in your throat. Imagine that apple can fit in the back of your mouth. It's the opposite of long A. That means that the A and the O are on the same chin height. If I say A, O, A, O, my chin shouldn't move. Now, when you say, Oh, make sure you feel that sound deep back in your mouth. There's a lot of space so that can resonate and ring in the air. Make sure to distinguish the long from the short u. Try these word pairs. The first has a long, the second has a short u. Cope, Cup. Bone, Bon. Notice that long can be spelled O plus consonant plus final E as in cope and bone. C, C. G. G. Boat. But. Notice that long can be spelled O A as in goal and boat. Let's look at the short back o. You need to lower your mouth all the way. Don't let it sound like a long o. It's a very common mistake to let the short sounds like a long o. It's better to have it sound like a short than a long o. Try these word pairs. The first is a short back O. Well, I will show val lips with a very low chin and tongue. A. The second word in each pair will be a long O. Don't confuse them. Bond. Bond. They should sound very different. Cat. Cat. AU or A U GH is a common spelling for the short back O as in cout. Bast. Boast. Notice that short back can be spelled O plus two consonants as in bond and bast. Ball, ball. C, Cal. Cost. Cost d, d. Walk. Walk. Let's try these sentences. He bought a boat. Bonds are types of loans. He caught a cold. Notice that when I say caught, my mouth has an oval shape. It's very long. But when I say cold, it's a circle. Look at the difference in the shape of my lips. He caught a cold. He owes his boss for the loan. Now let's distinguish between the long plus r and the short plus r. Make sure the lips are round and protruding when saying the long. Now, when you add the r to the long, you need to pull your tongue backward for the R as though you're going to swallow your tongue, really pull it backward. After the long, add a W plus E R sound. Or sounds like O plus O, O. 00, remember to let the sound resonate in the back of your mouth. Or a common mistake is to substitute the short plus r for the long plus R. A short has the very low tongue like a short, Short back plus R has a very low tongue at the bottom of your mouth and oval lips. Long plus R has the tongue in the middle of the mouth with round or circular lips. In the following word pairs, the first word will be a long plus r, and the second word in each pair will be a short back or maybe a short plus r, some alternative sound. Hs hoarse More tomorrow. More has a long plus r. Tomorrow has a short back plus r. SOR. Sorrow. SOR has a long plus r. Sorrow has a short back plus r. Board. Borrowed. Board has a long plus r. Borrowed has a short back plus r. Adore. Darling. A door has a long O plus r. Darling has a short O plus r. Let's try the long O plus r in sentences. Pull the power chord toward you. Notice that when I say the long O plus R, or toward chord, I separate the OR sound into two syllables with a W in the middle. The W help smoothly connect the two vowels, long O and E R. OR, or, or Cord chord. We sell affordable dual core processors. Notice that when I said core, which ends in a long O plus R, it was very easy to hear the two syllables. Core. I went up on CO and down on. Core. The word processors ends in an O R spelling, but it is an E R sound, not an O R sound. Their modern e course platform, one in Award. We can afford more storage. Storage, go up on store and down on edge. Storage. We don't separate the OR into two syllables or add a W sound when another syllable comes after the OR in the word. We can afford more storage. We visited more than a quarter of the fortune 500. Fortran has morphed into a more powerful language. We need to restore lost data. Again, with the word restore, which ends in the long plus r sound, you can really hear the two syllables. Or restore. The daughter boards offer four ports. In the word ports, you don't hear the two syllables as much because we quicken the vowel since the T S is there, which are voiceless consonants which make the vowel length less long ports. The recorder can record more sounds. In the word record, which ends in an OR D, D being a voiced consonant, we really feel the two syllables in the OR. Record. Notice that the W in between also has rounded lips. Record. The floor model should be the last products out the door. Door is dough plus W plus ER. This is most obvious at the end of a sentence. Door is the most important word in this sentence, so we stress it by going up on dough and down on. The floor model should be the last product out the door. 48. Moving Vowels (diphthongs): Now we're going to study the moving vowels or diphthongs. The first moving vowel is the long i. Now, there's two types of long i. There's the long as in lime, where it ends in a voiced consonant, and there's the long i as in lights, which ends in a voiceless consonant. Now, for lime, I open my mouth very wide, starting with a short position. A, lime. For the second part of the vowel, I move to a long E. Lime, lime. Make sure you are moving from a short to a long e position. However, when the word is like lights, and there's a voiceless consonant after the Ii, don't open your mouth as much. In fact, you'll start from a short U position, but still end in the long E, I, I, light. The next moving val is oi. For oi, you need to start with a true long with the O happening in the back of your mouth and ringing and your lips rounded and protruding. O. And then you'll end in a smiling long E. Oi. Add a W between the long O and the long E for a smooth connection. I equals O plus i. It's a lot of movement for your lips. The third and final moving val is the long sound. O. Like the long i, there's two types of s. The first one occurs before a voiced consonant as in bound. Here, you'll start with the short A, a front vowel, and move all the way to the long U, a back vowel. Again, a lot of movement. Bound. Make sure you make those tightly rounded lips in the end to finish off your vowel. Now, when the O U comes before a consonant which is voiceless, such as the word A, then you won't open your mouth as much. You won't start with a short A. Instead, you'll start with the short E, but still end in the long U. Out about the first word in each pair will have the long i before a voiceless consonant, and the second word in each pair will have the long i either at the end of the word or before a voiced consonant. Now, when the long i is at the end of a word, it is the biggest of all, even bigger and more stretched out than before a voiced consonant. The I before a voiceless consonant, will be in italics. The I before a voiced consonant or vowel, will be in bold print. Bite. By. Notice the difference in my mouth size. I'll do that one again. Bite. By type. T pipe. Pi, microphone, TMI, height, hierarchy. In hierarchy is stretched out because it comes before a vowel, and all vowels are voiced. The ER sound is voiced, hierarchy. Height. Hierarchy, Divi Devise. Now, let's distinguish between the American and British pronunciation of a suffix called z. Americans pronounce the first as a schwa or short U, not a long I, as the British do. Visualization, not visualization. There's no I in the middle. Visualization, realization, hospitalization. Long in sentences. Long I before a voiced consonant, val or at the end of a word, will be in bold print. Long I before a voiceless consonant, will be in italics. UI stands for user interface. Notice that when I said UI, which is an abbreviation, I made my e very clear, starting from a big short because that I is at the end of the abbreviation. Type hierarchies, help organize a website. Find the I movie icon on your phone. We digitize books into an eBook device. Quantify the numbers. Facetime has live streaming video. The enterprise advertises a variety of spyware. Enterprise and advertise have a stretched out I before the Z sound. In variety, the eye is stretched out before the voiced val E, and in spyware, the eye is stretched out because of the voice W. The enterprise advertises a variety of spyware. Satellites could be the next cybersecurity battleground. We can verify the existence of high tech companies online. The two terabyte hard drive will hold a lot of files. Online subscribers sometimes have their credit cards hijacked. Now, let's distinguish between O and Long O. The oi is a moving vowel that starts with a long, but ends with a long E. It travels between O and e i, i. You'll start with rounded lips and then you'll end with a smile. I. The first word in each pair contains the o sound. The second word contains the long o sound. Join, Joe, Destroy Astro, employ flow, grow, grow. Row, Row. Now let's distinguish between the oi sound and the long eye sound. Toy. Tie, boy. Bio, Lil T Tile point. Pint. O in sentences. The team members started to fight and the meeting boiled over. Roy is a loyal employee. Sawyer made an appointment with a lawyer. Toy supports checkpoint jobs. The whole point is to give the user a choice. It is annoying that the post contains minor spoilers. Void the transaction. The computer's fan is making a noise. Now, let's talk about the long OU sound. The long OU sounds different before a voiceless consonant than it does before a voiced consonant. You need to quicken the vowel before a voiceless consonant and stretch out the vowel before a voiced consonant. When we quicken the vowel before a voiceless consonant, we'll start with the short E sound. A, as in. When we lengthen the vowel before a voiced consonant, we'll start with the short A sound. Ah, as in bound. The first word in each pair will start with the short e sound because it preceds a voiceless consonant. The second word we'll start with the short A sound because it preceds a voiced consonant. Notice how I open my mouth more on the second word than on the first word. Mouse. Mound, Du. Download. The B in doubt is silent. So the voiceless T keeps the vow quick and small doubt. Doubt. Download About Browser Account. Clown. The T and account keeps the vowel quick and small despite the end. Account. Clown Clout Cloud, Tout. Founder, Long O U in sentences. You can download content from your Cloud storage. He found out that they had rounded the numbers down to achieve a lower amount. The user empowers the browser to use the account. The accounting department misplaced several thousand dollars. The S hundred has a Z sound, which is voiced, thousand The accounting department misplaced several thousand dollar. Howard wrote about the company's founder. The wireless mouse requires no power cord. Output exceeded expectations beyond a doubt. The products wow factor has aroused a big customer base. VS and a roused sounds like a z. So the vowel is slow and big or stretched out, aroused. The products wow factor has aroused a big customer base, crowd sourcing, like outsourcing, finds workers in the undefined public. Mount the monitor on the wall. The end of moving vowels, Long, O, and Long OU. This is the end of vowels. Please contact your instructor for private skype lessons. 49. Hindi speech analysis Vowels & Placement: Let's analyze the accent of a Hindi speaker. Will focus on her vowels, and other lessons will focus on consonants where stress, rhythm, melody. First, we'll listen to her whole speech about Anti Money-Laundering. Follow along and notice my comments will explain those in detail later. I'm going to tell you about a very important concept that is widely used in financial, in the financial domain. And the concepts that I'm talking about is anti-money laundering, AML. So because of the growing number of incidents are really related to the nameless or suspicious accounts. Money-laundering activities across the globe, or terrorist financing activities. It has been made mandatory by federal institutions in almost all the countries to ensure that each of the financial institutions in those countries properly identify their customers and as well as properly authenticate each of the financial transactions. In order to properly identify a customer or financial institution, must obtain an identity proof and an Address Proof from the account holders, from each of the account holders. Now for the explanation, first of all, American English should resonate in the middle of the mouth, heavily using the front of the tongue. But with Indian English, the resonance is often forward in the lips. Indian resonance is also higher up near the tooth ridge, also high up in the back of the mouth, with too much tongue high up in the back of the mouth. Listen to our speaker. I'm going to tell you about a very important concept that is widely used in financial, in the financial domain. She says, I'm going to tell you, instead of I'm going to tell you, I'm going to tell you, I'm going to tell you. I'm going to tell you, I'm going to tell you I have to use my lips a lot to do that. And I also feel that I have to bunch up my tongue rather high in the back of my mouth by my soft palate. But in American English, I use my lips less and I also keep my tongue in general much lower. I don't store any tension near my tooth ridge or am I soft palate. But I do have a very active front of my tongue. I'm going to tell you I'm going to tell you. When she says tell you, she says tell you. Her tongue tip is probably high as she puts a lot of the energy and her lips. But Americans would keep that tongue tip low and pulled back. I'm going to tell you, listen for her excessive use of lips. And the word used and domain widely used in financial, in the financial domain, widely used, widely used. I use my lips less and I lower my tongue tip to make the long you widely used, widely used, widely used, widely used in the financial domain. She said domain instead of domain, domain, domain, domain, domain, domain. My 0 is a little less than the lips, a little more backward domain. Repeat after me. Focus on lowering the tongue tip and pulling your tongue back for used and domain. Repeat after me, widely used in the financial domain. Widely used in the financial domain, widely used in the financial domain. We have looked at the general placement of resonation For Indian English and American English. Now let's look at some more specific vowels. I'm going to tell you about a very important concept that is widely used in financial, in the financial domain. She says very important. Instead of Vettii would already, would. You want to say very where you make the a clear and then you pull your tongue back for the ER. Very important instead of Vettii, where you use the front of your tongue. Notice that when she says concepts, it sounds more like concept. Concept, concept. Which to me sounds like a short you, not a short 0. So she needs to open her mouth more and lower her tongue war. It takes more effort to make that short 0. Concepts Concepts. And the concepts that I'm talking about is anti-money laundering or EML. When she says money-laundering, laundering, again has that r that's using the tip of the tongue instead of pulling back for the ER. Laundering. Laundering, not laundering. Laundering could also be laundering. Where DR. makes a JAR sound, still pull your tongue back on the ER. When she says AML or the abbreviation for anti-money laundering, it sounds more like EML. Em AML would have a more open mouth. The tongue a little lower, like a and the alphabet a, B, C, a. The mouth and needs to be halfway open. Aml, AML, AML, AML, AML. So because of the growing number of incidence certainly related to the nameless or suspicious accounts. When she says incidents, it sounds like Incidence. Incidence. Incidence, Incidence. Instead of a long e, We need a short eye. So not incidents but incidents. So students, not students but students. So the tongue needs to be more relaxed and the mouth slightly more open to make that short I Incidence, Incidence, Incidence, Incidence. When she says nameless, It sounds like nameless. Nameless were both syllables were equally stressed, but in this word we only want to stress the first syllable. So less is going to be more like less or less, or reduced, short you or short, I will work nameless. Instead of nameless. Nameless, nameless, nameless, nameless. Listen and then say it with me. Because of the growing number of incidents related to nameless or suspicious accountants, because of the growing number of incidents related to nameless or suspicious accounts, because of the growing number of incidents related to nameless or suspicious accounts, money laundering activities across the globe or terrorist financing activities. Again, laundering sounded more like laundering. Money laundering. Money laundering. She uses the front of her tongue for r in this picture of the tongue for R and ER, notice how the tongue tip is not touching the top of the mouth. It is pulled backward. The tongue tip is in the middle of the mouth, touching nothing. Pull the tongue backward. Instead. Money laundering or money laundering. Money laundering. Money laundering. Money laundering, money laundering. When she said globe, it sounded like the 0 was very much in her lips like globe, globe the globe, the globe. But in American English, it's shouldn't be so much in the lips. It should be mostly with the tongue pulling backward. If your tongue pulls backward enough, you don't have to be as intense with your lips. Globe. Globe the globe, globe. The globe, globe. Notice I don't round my lips that much. Globe. Instead of globe. If I want to make a long 0 with extra feeling, yes, I can round my lips, but I will still lower the tongue tip and pull my tongue back. No. Listen and then say it with me. Money-laundering activities across the globe. Money-laundering activities across the globe, or terrorist financing activities. Money-laundering activities across the globe, or terrorist financing activities. It has been made mandatory by federal institutions in almost all the countries. When she says Ben, It sounds like bean. It has been, it has been, it has been it has been it looks like being but it's been with a short eye. It has been made mandatory. It has been made mandatory by federal institutions and almost all countries to ensure that each of the financial institutions in those countries, It's not institutions, but institutions, institutions, institutions, institutions, institutions. So that i in the middle is a short I not along e, not in insti, but instead Institution. Feel the rhythm in that word. Institution. Since the long e has a higher tongue than the short I, this problem is probably because of the general tendency of the Indian speaker to keep the tongue too high in the mouth. The institutions, institutions, institutions, institutions. Also. She uses a D instead of a th. Instead of debt. It should be that she needs to stick her tongue more forward and exhale as she has her tongue forward. Those not dose, but those try sticking their tongue out. Those to learn more about this speaker's consonants and consonant in general, take my course on consonants. Listen and then say it with me. To ensure that each of the financial institutions and those countries, to ensure that each of the financial institutions and those countries properly identify their customers and as well as properly authenticate each of the financial transactions. Identify and authenticate both native shore. I identify, but identify, Identify, identify, Identify, identify. I didn't say the T either, but I'll discuss that more in the video about consonants. I identify, I identify, authenticates, not authenticate. Her tongue is too high and there's too much tension in the upper back of the mouth. Keep the tongue lower and relax. Authenticate. Authenticates. Authenticate. Authenticates. Center. Not centi, but thinner, thinner kids. We don't need to say the T after that N Either. We also don't need both and, and as well as just one or the other. Properly identify their customers and properly authenticate each of the financial transactions. Properly identify their customers, and properly authenticate each of the financial transactions. So in order to properly identify a customer, identify, identify the identify, identify. Financial institution must obtain and identity proof and an Address Proof from the account holders, from each of the account holders. Institution, institution, institution, institution, institution, institution. The word stress should alternate emphasis between syllables. Institution. Therefore, the STI needs to be very low energy and minimized with a short, I sound institution. Institution. And in address proof, you can either say address or address, but not anything in between those options. Hers sounded in-between those options and an address proof, proof of address or proof of address and an Address Proof also, I would say proof of address or proof of address. The account holders pull your tongue backward for the ER, like you're going to swallow it via account holders. The account holders. The account holders. The account holders. Now listen to me, give the whole speech. I'm going to tell you about a very important concept that is widely used in the financial domain. The concept that I'm talking about is anti-money laundering or AML. Because of the growing number of incidents related to nameless or suspicious accounts, money-laundering activities across the globe, or terrorist financing activities. It has been made mandatory by federal institutions and almost all countries to ensure that each of the financial institutions in those countries properly identify their customers and properly authenticate each of the financial transactions. So in order to properly identify a customer, a financial institution must obtain a proof of identity and a proof of address from the account holders. From each of the account holders, please practice your vows with a repetition audio provided 50. Mandarin Vowels and Placement analysis revised : Today, I'm going to show you a voice sample of a Chinese student who's coming to me because she wants help making herself better understood in English. She reports to the CFO of a large company, so she needs really good communication skills. She knows she has a strong Chinese accent. She's been living in the US for eight years, and she is a Mandarin speaker. I'll play you her voice sample. Notice that I wrote down what I heard her say, not what she intended to say. So you'll see the letters are a little bit messed up and the spelling isn't quite right. After work, I enjoy spending time with my two boys. So my two boys are really young. One is 4.5 and the other one is 1.5. And I really like to playing with name, reading books to name and just having a lot of fun being together with name. Before I came to US, I spent ten years in Beijing, including four years in college and six years working for large state owned enterprise. So in that time, my company mainly did business with foreign governments. So I had chance to I had chance working in several different countries, including Latin America and the other Asian countries. Now, let's talk about the overall placement or quality of your voice. So it's sounding rather Chinese instead of American, and a big difference would be where your voice is placed. While American English is in the middle of the mouth and very strongly uses the front of the tongue, Mandarin Chinese seems to be very much by the top teeth and also in the throat. So how do you get the placement away from the teeth and more toward the middle of the mouth? Move your tongue back. A great way to learn to keep your tongue back and lower is by yawning and sighing. Try yawning and notice how low and backward your tongue naturally goes. English is between the Chinese tongue placement and the yawning tongue. Let's look at the general placement of the tongue for American English. Here you can see my tongue is too relaxed and forward, typical of a Chinese accent. Here I'm doing the opposite. I'm yawning and showing a very tense and backward tongue. Ideally, we want to be between the ax forward tongue and the tense backward tongue. So here, my tongue is right between those two positions. It's a partial yawn. It's the American short Oh. Now watch a video of me making first a sloppy forward sound, second, an American short Oh, and third a yawn. Notice how my tongue keeps moving backward. Ah. Ah. Oh. Watch again and notice how my voice gets lower in pitch each time I move my tongue back. Americans tend to have lower voices due to this positioning of the tongue. Ah. Ah. Oh. Now, let's focus more on the American short, which should be very relaxed, but in the middle of the mouth, not too far forward. Uh. Ah. Uh. Ah. Notice how the correct short tongue is not so far forward. It's in the middle of the mouth, slightly pulled back. Uh. Uh, now watch how I do. First, the forward sloppy tongue. Second, the correct short. Third, the correct short Oh, and fourth, the yawn. Notice how the tongue goes down and back each time. Uh. Ah. Ah. Oh. Try yawning a few times and notice how much your tongue can go down and back. Your voice box will move down, too. Feel your throat. Oh. Oh. Yawning, though exaggerated, is still a great exercise for opening your mouth and throat, as well as moving your tongue lower and more backward. This way, you can achieve an American accent. In addition, strengthen the front of your tongue with tongue circles. Start by feeling the resonation of the short U in the middle of your mouth. Uh, don't push it far forward by your front teeth like Um when she says really young, her short in young is very close to her front teeth. Read it young. Read it young. She needs to bring it to the center of her mouth. Instead of Read it Young? It should be really young. Do you hear how my voice is lower, and the placement is not so far forward. Really young. Read it Young. Really young. Really young. The same with the number one. The short in one was too forward and too high in her mouth. Read it young. Wine is four. Really young. One is four. Read it Young. Wine is four. Really young. One is four. The Chinese accent makes the vowels brighter sounding by pushing the resonance toward the front teeth. Notice how her voice is brighter than mine. Some perceive this as cartoonish. Read it Young. Wine is four. Really young. One is four. Read it young. Wine is four. Really young. One is four. Make your voice less bright by keeping the vibration or resonance in the middle of the mouth and not forward near the front teeth. Also, slide your voice box downward as you would when you yawn to make your voice less bright. Really young? Really young. Oh. Oh. Ah. Really young? Really young. After the short, proceed with the tongue circle by going to the short Oh, dropping your tongue and opening your mouth and keeping the resonation in the middle of your mouth, make the short Oh. Ah. Don't let that short O go towards your front teeth. Like h some people will perceive that as being too nasal. Listen to how the correct short O is lower in pitch and less nasal because the tongue is lower and farther back. Oh, Oh, Um Her placement of the short O in college is too high, forward, and bright. Four years in the college? In college? Not In the college? Four years in the college? In college. Her tongue was too far forward, and that made her voice sound higher. Next, we move from the short O to the long E. You'll bend your tongue to make the long E. E. Don't make the E go to your front teeth, especially not with a tight throat. So it's not E, but E. Notice how bright her long E is in the word countries. It sounds very high pitch and forward in her mouth. Countries at countries countries at countries countries at countries. Notice how she even makes a bright and forward long E when she says not Neem but Neem instead of a short E in them. I really like to playing with name, reading books to name and just having a lot of fun. Being Te galloway's name. When you said the word having, I actually heard having. So that short I sounded like a long E. It was too tense. You spent too much effort on that syllable. Having instead of having with a short I. Just having having Just having. Just having Just having. Just having a lot of fun. Being Tealoway's name. Just having a lot of fun being together with them. Now, I'll say this part with an American accent. I really like playing with them, reading books to them, and just having a lot of fun being together with them. I really like playing with them, reading books to them, and just having a lot of fun being together with them. After doing the long E, then pull your tongue back for the ER. Uh review how to do this whole tongue circle in the tongue circle section of the vowels course. Your tongue should move all around your mouth. I I I I I I I I I. So my two boys are really young. One is 4.5, and the other one is 1.5. When you said 4.5, I didn't hear enough R between four and A. Notice I say four and 4.5. There's a very strong R linking four to A. Yours sounded more like 4.5. Wine is 4.5. Wine is 4.5. Four equals fo plus 44.5. Remember the R on the tongue circle. Pull your tongue back 4.5. For half, use a short A, not a short O. So it's half, not half. Touch the tongue tip to the bottom teeth and push the whole tongue forward. One is 4.5. Wine is 4.5. One is 4.5. Wine is 4.5. So my two boys are really young. One is 4.5, and the other is 1.5. Including four years in the college. Next, you said, including four years in the college. And again, the number four sounded like full four years instead of four years. Now, to get that good R four, you need to pull your tongue backwards so that the side of your tongue is going to touch the inside edges of your top molars. Four. I pull my tongue back so much it's almost like I'm going to swallow my tongue. One is 4.5. One is 4.5? One is 4.5. One is 4.5? My company mainly do business with foreign governments. My company mainly did business with foreign governments. Now, when you said the word governments, you were missing the V ER, and I only heard guments. Foreign garments. Foreign garments. Foreign garments. So make sure there's a V where you put your top teeth on your lips. Governments. There should be three syllables there. Governments. I had chance working in several different countries, including Not in America and the other Asian countries. It's chance with a short A and not chance. I had chance. I had a chance. I had chance. I had a chance. Also, it's working with an ER where you pull your tongue back and not working. What king? Working in What king in? Working in Including noting America and Latin has a short A and a short I, not a short O and a long E. Nothing American. Latin America. Nothing American. Latin America. So I had a chance to work in several different countries, including Latin America and the other Asian countries. We've looked at how the Chinese accent needs to have the tongue farther back and lower. Now let's look at how the throat needs to be more relaxed. So if you can relax your throat, go like this. Uh, if you sigh and go, Oh, you're going to feel that the sound is vibrating in your chest, and you need to have a very relaxed throat to do that. In general, American English has that relaxed throat. I feel that you have tension in your throat and that the voice is being carried too high. So if I imitate you, I enjoying spending time with my two boys. So right now, my voice is up in my throat, and there's constriction or lack of relaxation in my throat. Let's relax and let the voice come into your chest. That will make you sound more American. 51. French Vowels and Placement: Let's figure out how to transfer the French accent and the French resonance to an American one. French resonance occurs at the uvula, which is the flap that hangs down from the soft palette near the entrance to the throat. That's where the throat is divided into the nasal passage and the mouth. Sometimes the sound sounds a little bit nasal also, a little bit of nasal vibration. At the same time, the French resonance occurs in the front of the mouth in the upper part by extending the lips forward and dilating the nostrils. The French resonance is in two different places at the same time while the American one is in the center of the mouth. Let's listen to a French speaker and notice these patterns in his speech and then talk about how his speech could be shifted to an American accent. Excuse me if my French accent is not perfect. I'm not trying to make a perfect French accent. I'm just trying to teach how to make it more American in case somebody wanted to improve their American English. Steric in total stillness. No sing in his body. I was frozen Stiff. What could they do? No anything. When he says he sat on, I would open my mouth more for the A and the ah, and the resonance would be lower in the middle of my mouth and the soft palate and top of my mouth would be relaxed. When he says he sat settles I say he sat on. He sat on instead he sat on. H settles He sat on settles He sat on. It's about opening the mouth more and not tensing up the top of the mouth. I would say he sat on the chair and chair, I would really push my tongue forward. I wouldn't use my soft palette for the A. But in the French accent, it sounds more like he said mocha, and I have to really tense up the top of my mouth at the soft palette to get that a sound instead of air. When I say it in American English, it even sounds lower and I open my mouth more Chair versus ha. Pos a chip on the chair. Pos a chip On the chair. Pos a chif on the chair. Soy ei. When he says Svei, there's more emphasis than necessary in the lips. So So instead of just so with my tongue pulling back more than the lips. The y at the end of in the French accent, really uses that soft palette. B, that E is squeezed up at the top. But I want the top to be relaxed and I'm only going to use the tongue E, E, not using the back at all. I want to push the energy forward, E and feel the resonance between the middle of my mouth and my teeth. So very carefully. So t. So very carefully. So cat. So very carefully. He said, In total stillness. In total stillness. So instead of n with a short eye, it sounded like. And not only was it a long E instead of a short eye, but it was the long E up in the soft palette. Instead of n or n. Listen to the French N, how it sounds like. In in in total stillness. In total. But he said total to, and the h is going forward into the lips. I can't see his lips, but I can feel that it went forward into the lips, in total, total, instead of in total, where the tongue is pulling backwards. In total In total. In total In total. And the second syllable in total is not total, but just a chi, a short. Total in total stillness, not stillness, stillness, but still very relaxed at the top of the mouth and just slightly bending the tongue forward. Stillness. Now the ness is going to be reduced, and it's not going to be like a short A. Often in French, the short A and short E may sound similar. But we're going to take that NASS and turn it into Nis. Stillness. It's not even stillness. It's just Nis. It's very reduced to a short. Intal In total stillness. Ital stillness. In total stillness. In English, he sat on the chair so very carefully, in total stillness. Say it with me. He sat on the chair so very carefully. In total stillness. Listen again to the French speaker. In total stillness. And English again, he sat on the chair so very carefully, in total stillness. Then he says, No syn in this body of. In nothing. The tongue is too tense near the top of the mouth. In short, we have the most relaxed vowel in American English. No muscles are working at all. Nah. Relax the soft palate. Instead of nothing, it's just Na, nothing. And we want the his to have a short eye. Nothing. No syn in no syn in these nothing, but nothing in. Nothing in his. Nothing in his instead of nothing in his. Nothing in his body. Body. Really get that tongue lower. No body, but body. Think down. Body. Gravity lets the chin fall down and the tongue goes with it. Ah, et everything go. Let the soft palate go. Body. No body. Body, not body. Instead of moved, it's moved with a long u. The long and long u can easily be confused for French speakers. But the O should have a lower chin and tongue than the U, and the U needs to be higher in this case. Moved versus moved. Remember the U is made by pulling the tongue backward, more than relying on the lips. Moved has one syllable. Don't say the E. It's moved, not moved. So in English. Nothing in his body moved. No sing in Body of d. Nothing in his body moved. No sing in Body. Nothing in his body moved. It was Cos stiff. When he says he was frozen stiff, the he was somewhere between he and y. So we don't want to confuse the long E and long A. The long E needs to be higher, just like the long was higher than the long O. He ay, he hay, and the second syllable of frozen is not a short A. It's sent frozen, but just frozen, frozen. It could even be a short y because it's being reduced. Of course, stiff needs to have a short y, not along E and not at the soft palette. No stiff, think everything falls down. Stiff. He was frozen, stiff. He was frozen stiff. He was frozen stiff. He was frozen stiff. He was frozen stiff. And when I do that and frozen, it's not he was frozen with a lot of lip, but he was frozen, I think, backwards instead of forward for the American accent. What could he do? When he says, What could he do? Could needs to be a short cu. No cod. What but what could more relaxed? What could? Could cod. It also doesn't go up to the soft palette. What could he could he? What could he, but what could he with a long E? What could he do? Not do, but D. What could he do? What could? What could he do? What could? What could he do? No. Not anything. The nat shouldn't be so rounded like No. No. That wouldn't be American English. That could be British, but not American. We're just going to lower the chin. Ah. If you're going to round it, it's very slight. No but not at, and definitely not up in the soft palette. No, that's squeezing my soft palette. Relax that soft palette and drop down. Not anything. Notan. Not anything. Notan Ting. Not anything. An. Any would be French where you have a lot of that long e up in the soft palette. An, but we just want where I'm using my tongue to push forward the E, but not the soft palette. Thing with a short eye. No anything. If I say not anything Ting, I got some of the nasal G into the vowel before it. That happens in French, but we don't want the nasal continent to infect or contaminate the vowel before or after it in English. We want to keep the vowel really clean and pure. Anything I don't start the nasal NG till I've made a beautiful short eye. Let's analyze the vowels of a different French speaker. I've been speaking in English for quite some time now. I've been speaking in English for quite some time now. I've been speaking in English for quite some time now, but not I've been speaking in. I've been speaking in that would be up too close to the soft palette using long ease instead of short eyes. It should be I've been speaking in. I've been speaking in I've been speaking in. I've been speaking in I've been speaking in. In English English instead of English. Eng relaxed tongue pushed forward. English. In English. In English. In English. Notice that when he said four, it was really extended, four quite and his four was near the soft palette. But instead, I'm just going to take four and turn it into fur. I pull my tongue back. It's under the soft palette, but I don't squeeze my soft palette at all. For the rhythm, I'm going to say fur. For quite some time now. I've been speaking in English for quite some time now. I've been speaking in English for quite some time now. To recap, his resonance was too high near the soft palette. He said, been speaking instead of been speaking. He said English instead of English. And the four was too extended and near the soft palette instead of just saying fur. I've been speaking in English for quite some time now. I've been speaking in English for quite some time now. 52. Farsi Vowels and Placement: Let's look at the vowels and resonance of a Farsi speaker. Farsi speakers have their resonance more in their lips than American English, which is in the middle of the mouth and down lower away from the lips. Farsi speakers may have a more whistling lip shape and pursed pushed lips, instead of relaxed lips that we would have in American English. When I show you two speakers, one speaking and another speaking American English, notice how the speaker moves the mouth overall less than the American English speaker. We are working on a plan to provide meals and coordinated resources for our students during this time. We will also continue to provide regular updates to all of our staff and families. Ma The lips and jaw look different. More attention is held in the lips and jaw of the Farsi speaker. In Farsi, the tongue is relatively flat in the mouth. And the jaw doesn't have as much movement as it does in English. Now, let's listen to a Farsi speaker from Ten and talk about how to adjust his accent. Is direm is a big deal. Is direm is a big deal. When he says his dream is a big deal, it sounds more like his dream is a big deal. And that means that more of my energy was placed in my lips. His dream is a big deal. Is dim is a big deal. His dream is a big deal. Is Dim is a big deal. When he says lemonade, it sounds like limonadmonu. Limonat. So the short E became a long E, and the long A became a short. He said limonmunut. Lemonade. Limon. Lemonade. Two school books. To school books. Instead of two school books, it sounded more like two school books. The short back in books was a little too tense, too much in the lips, like books, instead of books. Tongue needs to be further back. The whole placement further back in less use of the lips. Slow dog. Slow dog. Actually, a slow dog didn't sound bad. He did put an E in front of the S and slow. We don't add any vowels before the S sound. Slow dog, not a slow dog. Mother and father, no. Mother and father, no. When he says, Mother and Father, no, it sounds more like mother and father, no. Mother and father, no. So it was definitely pushed forward more into the lips, and the no didn't have the diphthong quality, where the then relaxes more toward the short back. He said, No, instead of no. Mother and Father, no. Mother and Father, no. Mother and father, no. Mother and Father, no. Learn he word order. L earn her word order. Learn her word order. So earn sounded like learn. The tongue wasn't pulled straight back and kept high for the E R, but it was pushed forward to make that A sound. Learn her word order. Learn Her vod order versus earn her word order. So not only did learn sound like learn, but word sounded like void with a V and a long. Learn her word order. Learn her word order. Agers Dt esque. Agers Det escut. It sounded like he said Agers Dt esque. I didn't understand him at first, but he's trying to say a girl's dirty skirt. Instead of Aguers Dtsqut. He actually says esqute instead of Eschete. This time, making a long E instead of an r or an air sound. Agers Dt esque. Girls, not girls. Not so far forward, but the E R tongue is pulled straight back, g and then the ul is down here and pulled back. Girls girls, not girls. Girls is girls. A girls, not a girls, but girls a girls dirty skirt. Skirt should be pulled straight back. No skirt, where you go forward ski and then t, but just skirt, and not a skirt, just skirt. A girl's Datty aski. A girl's dirty skirt. A girl's Datty aski. A girl's dirty skirt. The nurse hear the bed. The nurse hear the bed. When he said heard a bird, it sounded more like here the bird here. Instead of the r coming back again, he went forward here, and then bird was too much in the lips, but it should be bird bird. The E R is pulling back, not keeping it all in the lips. The nurse heard a bird, instead of the nurse hear the bird. His bird is somewhere between bird and bird. The nurse hear the bird. The nurse heard the bird. The nurse heard the bird. The nurse heard the bird. I buy my pie from a nice guy. I buy my pie from a nice guy. He did pretty well with the long eyes, too until he got to the word guy. I buy my pie from a nice guy. In English, we would stress the last word the most and make that eye the biggest. But he made his eye the smallest when he got to Guy. He said a nice guy instead of a nice guy. You need to open your mouth more on the eye, especially when it's the last word in the sentence, which we're going to highlight the most. The i also needs to be big because it's at the end of the word gi. I equals short O plus long E. I. I buy my Pi from a nice guy. I buy my Pi from a nice guy. I buy my Pi from a nice guy. I buy my Pi from a nice guy. Viki vent to org, Vid Val and William. Viki vent to org, Vid val and William. The short I in Vicki and William was great, and so was the short A and val. When he said work, he looked at the O in the spelling and put a little too much into his pronunciation. It's not ok, but work. There's a VW issue, but we're looking at vowels right now. Great pen. Great fen. The word great sounded good. When he said film, it sounded more like feel. He missed the M and the short I was not relaxed enough. It was too tense, too forward in the mouth, sounding like a long. Great f, instead of f pulling the L back. Great feel. Great film. Great feel. Great film. A careful dreamer. A careful dreamer. When he said dreamer, he had too much emphasis on the second syllable, the E R, and it sounded more like dream instead of dreamer. Notice Dremel makes the er sound instead of the r sound. The tongues forward and then pulling back a little. But it needs to just pull straight back and it needs to get lower and sink into the chest. Dreamer. A careful dreamer. A careful dreamer. A careful dreamer. A careful dreamer. Drink a container of two perc sich. Drink a container of two perc swich. It sounds like he said, Drink a container of 2% milk. Drink is a short eye. Drink, not drink, but drink. You have to stay more in the middle of your mouth. Drink, relax down here. Drink. If you drink and you're very tense here, you won't be able to get that short eye. This is about moving the jaw, relaxing the jaw, and not keeping that tense jaw that you might use in Farsi. Instead of drink a container, it's Drink a container. Container should start with C, not con. The first syllable is unstressed. Milk with a short eye. Drink a container of 2% milk. Dice container of 2%. Drink a container of 2% milk. Dice container of 2%. Drink a container of 2% milk. Thank you for studying vowels with me and practice these phrases with the repetition audio provided. 53. Spanish Vowels and Placement - part 1: Let's look at the Spanish accent and how to help Spanish speakers sound more like an American accent. First of all, in English, you may need a wider mouth to make the vowels. When you have a wider mouth, you can access the back of your mouth and the tongue goes backward more. In Spanish, you have your placement of your vowels in front of your mouth. I'll say senorita with the placement in front of my mouth. But then I'll do it with a bad American accent so you can see how much wider my mouth gets on the E. Senorita Senorita, Senorita Senorita. Senorita. Senorita. Senorita. Senorita. Also, the vowels are not stretched out into diphthongs in Spanish, as they are in English. The A in Spanish, as in A. And Ana is a quick version of the long A or A plus E in English, as in pace and pain. Try saying the Spanish and English words side by side to feel the difference in vowel length. Besso. Pace. Besso. Pace. Bena. Pain. Bena. Pain. Also notice how quick the in Patio is compared to the English at the end of the same word, Patio. Patio. Patio. Patio. Patio. Patio. The English O uses long O plus short back U. You have to glide your tongue between the O and short back u position. The short back u position is higher. Oh, Was in Spanish, you only use the first part. Oh. And the big one is that there's no choi in Spanish, but there's a chi all the time in English. Every time we have an unstressed syllable, we use the short u. The tongue is higher for the ah at the end of these words when I say them with a bad American accent. Americans would say them with a short U instead of the Spanish ah. Pena, Senorita. Try imitating my bad American accent to understand how to make the American accent. You only need to open your mouth less at the end of the word so that your tongue doesn't go down as far. The tongue will be totally relaxed in the middle of your mouth. Pena Pena. Pena Pena. Senorita. Senorita. Senorita. Senorita. Part two of this lesson analyzes a Colombian speaker. Don't miss it. 54. Spanish Vowels and Placement - part 2 - Colombia case study: Let's look at the Spanish accent and how to help Spanish speakers sound more like an American accent. Let's listen to a Spanish speaker from Columbia. She's been in the US for 20 years, and we will analyze her accent and show how she could make that. Sound more American. See me. Here. Fear me. If I see it with American English, it's see me, hear me, feel me. The lips are more spread in English and more neutral for the Long E in Spanish. Se me, hear me, feel me. Instead of see where I'm smiling, see me, hear me, feel me. When I smile, I pull my tongue back more. Also in English, for the long E, we're going to let the tip of the tongue touch the bottom teeth and bend bends of the tongue forward. See me, hear me, feel me, instead of having the tongue just so high in the mouth. Also focus your resonance in the middle of your mouth instead of in your lips. See me, here, feel me. See me, hear me, feel me. See me, here, feel me. See me, hear me, feel me. Cindy will sit with the infant. Cindy will sit with the infant. Notice how she said the word Cindy with a long E instead of a short y because there is no short eye in Spanish, but in English, we have to be able to relax that. The short eye is totally relaxed under your chin. Instead of Cindi, so far forward, it's Cindi. Focus on the sound in the middle of your mouth. The tongue is just slightly bent. If this is Cindi, this is Cindi, still touching the bottom teeth. If we started from, and we pull back our tongue a little bit quite a lot actually so that it's almost flat, but not quite e, and then the flat tongue would be. E, E, the same with the word sit. It's not sit, but it's sit. Keep the tongue further back. Cindy will sit with the infant. Also notice how the before a vowel sounds like a fast V in English with a long E, the infant, the infant. Cindy will sit with the infant. Cindy will sit with the infant. Cindy will sit with the infant. Cindy will sit with the infant. Jane came from Spain today. Jane came from Spain today. The long A in Spanish is much quicker than the one in English. In English, we have two parts to it. A. But in Spanish, it's just A, very quick. You need to lingthen your A more. Bend your tongue, really stick out for the first part, A, and then A. A. You have to raise your tongue on the second half. A, A. Sometimes we go from A to E. A. When she says, Jane came from Spain today, the As were a little bit too short. Jane came from Spain today, from Spain today. Instead of from Spain today. Jane came from Spain today. Jane came from Spain today. Jane came from Spain today. Jane came from Spain today. The long A in Spanish is still further forward toward the teeth than the A in English is. The Spanish A is also more in the lips, so more forward. Spain today instead of Spain today. 55. What's next? Come to free office hours to check your progress.: Congratulations, you've finished your course on the American English consonants and vowels. What should you do next? Well, you can always watch the lessons again. And you can spend lots of time practicing with my repetition audio. The more you practice, the more it'll get into your muscle memory and become something you do all the time. If you want to know what to do next, well, if you've done consonants and vowels, then it's a good time to do my course on word stress. Afterwards stress. You can work on the rhythm of English, which talks about what words to stress in a sentence and how to stress them and how to unstress the other words. Finally, you won't want to miss the melody of English, which helps you work on your intonation and primary phrase stress. Wonderful. Now if you're still not sure what to do, you can come to my free office hours, which I have once a month on Zoom. Just go to my smooth English website under Learning Resources or under services. And you will find the link to register for my monthly Zoom office hour. I also have small group lessons where there'll be a maximum of five students in each lesson. So you can definitely get a lot of time with me and you can have me check anything in this course or my other courses to make sure you're doing it right. Then I can guide you in the right direction and say, Hey, I think you should spend a little more time on this th, for instance, or this ER at the end of a word. Without me telling you what you need to work on, you might be a little clueless. I don't know what to work on, but I am offering to let you know what you should work on at my monthly office hour or my small group lessons. So please take advantage of that. You can also schedule a private lesson with me whenever you feel the need to. And it's a really smart idea to do these online courses. And then come to my free small group or private lesson and asked me to see if you have applied the theory, right. And I will be happy to help you with that. Good luck. Don't forget to leave a review for each of my online courses. Skillshare keeps only courses that receive many positive reviews.