5000+ English Grammar Exercises & Explanations

1. Welcome to the course!: Welcome to the course that will help you improve your grammar skills. How? With exercises, a lot of exercises and detailed explanations of each and every aspect of English grammar. This is the right course for you. If you have a basic understanding of English grammar, some gaps to fill in. This is the correct place for you. You have probably studied English grammar ones. However, you've forgotten some motor structures. You need to refresh your knowledge. This course will help you. What you will find here is a detailed information on all basic grammar structures with a lot, really, a lot of examples and exercises. The content is structured in a way to help you get oriented realy fast. Which grammar pattern is where you want to revise passive. Go to the passive section directly. You want to learn more about inversions and to practice the structures there. Jump to the inversion section. It's not necessarily to follow the order on the way it doesn't given before every new grammar term, you will find the grammar lab. It introduces in simple schemes and charts the basic information you need. Those grammar cards are free for you to download. Also to further practice on your own, there is a file prepared, especially for you, with hundreds of useful online resources. After the grammar lab comes time for the exercises included in the course. The PDFs with the exercises, again are added as resources and you can download them. I'm happy to welcome you on Bert. See you in the first lecture. 2. Tenses. Grammar Lab: Present Simple, part 1: Once again, welcome to the course that will help you improve your grammar skills. As I've told you what you are to expect from this course. First, when there is new grammar introduced, the set of lectures. To start with the grammar lab. In the grammar lab, we'll be explaining all the specifics of the grammar that is to be practiced after that. After each grammar lab, you may find attached the grammar cards. It will be easier for you if you wanted to print them, if you want to rewrite them, if you wanted to use them in whatever way. After that, after each grammar lab, you will also find different links to online resources. These resources are free for your use. You can find a lot more, I'm sure. And I encourage you to start sharing them with the other students in order a hill poor community to be formed. Please, if you are aware of the information we're sharing in the grammar lab, just to keep it and go to the exercises PDF with the exercises you will find after each grammar lab. And the answer section is always the video following the grandma or lap. Enough with the introductory words, Let's get started. The very first section, as you've seen, is about ten says will pass through the English tenses, examining them in details. In fact, the first is, of course, is present simple. If you know which the forums of present simple are. If you know which the forms of the verb to be our, just skip the grammar lab and go to the exercises section. Let's get started. I speak English. He speaks English. We speak English. Present simple is used when you speak about something in general, something which has always true. Think of it on this way, something which is always true. When it comes to the forums, what you need to remember is that the verb needs as dN dt when we speak about him, her or it I speak his peaks. We speak. She speaks. It. Walks because it can't speak. We speak you speak these peek at the end of the verb. When you speak about him, her, or it, it usually refers to cats or dogs, animals, let's say if they are not pets, it also refers to all of the objects that can't breed. Think of it on this way. The negative firm. For the negative form you need auxiliary. Auxiliary is a helping verb. We will speak about auxiliaries quite a lot within the course. The auxiliary in prison symbol is due, don't in the negative, thus doesn't in the negative. The negative sentences, I don't speak. You don't speak. He doesn't speak. Be careful. Doesn't. The S from the original verb, from the meaningful verb comes here, and the auxiliary doesn't as here it is. And what you need after that is just the infinitive. The basic form of the verb. Infinitive is go to the basic form of the verb. So he doesn't speak, she doesn't speak. It doesn't work. We don't You don't they don't. No difference here. After that. When you form the questions, you need to exchange the places of the auxiliary and the pronounced the person who is doing the action. Do I, do You thus, he thus she does it. Do we do you do d these are the firms. These speak English into needed to answer. These are the short answers to general questions, the so-called yes-no questions. Do you speak English? Yes, I do. Or No, I don't. Yes. Positive auxiliary. Yes, I do know. Negative auxiliary. Know I don't speak English. Thus, speak English? Yes, he does. No, he doesn't. The forums of present simple. The most important thing to remember is that you need S at the end of the verb when you speak about him. Her. Or it. Negative form doesn't. And the verb is an infinitive. Question. Does. And the verb is an infinitive. When you use it. I told you that present simple is used for general throats for something which is always true for you. But apart from this statement, there are some markers. When we pass through the different tenses. You will see that there, there are a set of markers for each and every tense. And once you understand how to distinguish between them, it will be really easier. Because a lot of people find difficult. Actually, it's just a matter of time to get used to them and start using them correctly. Always, usually, generally, often, sometimes every day. These are the basic markers which tells you that something happens regularly, that something happens all the time. She always comes on time. He usually works a lot. We generally study at home. I often speak on the phone. Be careful now. I am sometimes late. We will speak about it again. I am sometimes late. You see the difference in the previous sentence. You can't de adverb. Adverbs. You get the adverb before the meaningful verb. I often speak. When the verb, the meaningful verb is the verb to be dense you what's going on? I M sometimes late. The vertebrae, the adverb after that. This is something you need to pay attention to. We speak English everyday. The adverbs of frequency, this is how they are cold. They can stay before the verb, when the verb is different from the verb to be, or they can be at the end of the sentence. It's up to you. It's up to what you do want to emphasize within the sentence. But if you are beginners or intermediate students even just keep to this pattern. Keep to the fact that the adverb needs to be in front of the meaningful verb, and that's it. After a debt, when the verb is to be, the adverb needs to be after the verb to be. That's it. Up to their next step. How to spell the verbs with S? Yes, there are some specifics, so please be careful. The general rule, you have a verb and you just add S perfect. But there are several exceptions. For example, verbs that finish in o as goal as I do, you need ESS, their goals. Thus, be careful when the verb finishes in. Why? Why? Almost every time in this case, there is something that needs to be considered, something that you need to think about. What is the difference between the verbs play and cry. Look at why and think carefully what could be the difference. Play. Cry. The letter before that. R is a consonant, a vowel. When your ad S to a verb, which finishes in a while. You don't need to change anything. That's easy. You just add S, That's it. But when the verb finishes in consonant plus y, then you need to be more careful. You need to transform y into i e, e. And after that, you need to put the SAD and Christ will speak about spelling a lot. So don't worry if you can't memorize everything at once. Watch brush, peice of these verbs, finish in sounds. That does not sound natural. If you put only S after that, it'll be watched. Brush pus. You can't pronounce it on this way. Well, because of that, what you need to do is to add E-S, watches, brushes, process. Remember these patterns, these examples. For now, it will be enough with exercises. I'll be helping you with the revision of spelling and she will see that it's not so difficult, in fact, enough, with the basic grammar. Let's see all these things in practice. The exercises, as I've told you, you will see in the PDF which is attached what to expect. First, you need to open the brackets using present simple. After that, you need to rewrite the sentences starting with sheep. And of course, to make some changes. After that, you need to make questions and give short answers. There are some hints to help you there. And then you need to make the sentences negative. Last but not least, several sentences which are either positive or negative. You need to open the brackets again. In present simple idea. You need to get used to the forums and present simple. Then you will be ready for some more specific usages. Then you will be ready for the other tenses and the comparisons. But step-by-step. See you in the answers section. 3. Tenses. Present Simple, part 1: exercises: Present simple in action. Let's take the exercises. In the first one, you need to open the brackets using present simple on the present sample. Children usually ask a lot of questions. Children. What you need is just the verb in infinitive marker for present simple, usually, she never listens to me. She, which means verb plus S and D, and the marker for Present Simple, never. We usually drink coffee after dinner. Usually the marker for present simple. We drink infinity if required. You never help me with the housework. U, infinitive marker for Present, Simple. Never. She understands Italian. She, which means the verb needs S at the end. Understands general statement. Present simple. Classes start at eight every morning. Every morning. When something happens, usually every morning. This means that you need present simple start. You are an excellent teacher. You are. We haven't pass through the forms of the verb to be, but I believe that you know them. However, if in doubt, I am. You are he is she is. It is we are you are VR the Short forums? I am. I am. You are. He is. She is. It is. It's we are. We are. You are, you are there, there? The verb to be, I believe is clear. He drinks two liters of water per day. He drinks at the end of the verb Verde, which means every day. Because of that, you need present simple. My sister lives near here. My sister, she, the verb needs S as DMT. Rewrite the sentence says starting with cheap, I speak Spanish. She speaks Spanish. I teach maths. She teaches Maths. Be careful about the spelling. Teach it finishes in. And you can't pronounce after this sound if you don't put it there. Data's she teaches Maths. That's cool. We traveled by car every day. She travels is the end of the verb. I go to work by the underground. I go. She goes. Be careful about the spelling ES needed. When the verb finishes in. All. Make questions and gives your answers. Thus his smoke. Yes, he does. Thus infinitive after that. Do they live here? No, they don't. Do D. No, they don't. Infinitive after the auxiliary. Thus, your brother visit your very often. Thus your brother visit you very often? Yes. He does. Do derive to work? Yes, I do. I believe these are easy. Thus he drive a fourt. Yes, he does. The most important rule to remember. Thus, when you speak about him, her or it, and after that, you need the infinitive of the verb. Thus, he drive. Yes, he does. That's it. Do you meet often? Know we don't know. Negative auxiliary after that. You live with her parents? Does she live? Yes, she does. Let's watch TV a lot. No, he doesn't. Thus, he infinitive. Does he know he doesn't force stop. The D speak to each other? No, they don't. Do these peak to each other. Sentences your task to make them negative. I speak I don't speak. He doesn't speak exactly. She travels. She doesn't travel. Doesn't ds from travels comes here, doesn't engineered the infinitive. After that. She doesn't travel. Washes the dishes every afternoon. He doesn't wash the dishes every afternoon. He washes. He doesn't wash. I liked the Tok. I don't like to talk. I like I don't like we live in London. Negative. We don't elif in London. It rains every day. Negative. It doesn't array in everyday. After debt. We like listening to the radio. We don't like listening to the radio while listening. Well, that's a long story. If you are curious, go to the Jeran section and you will see a lot of examples there. In short. This is the second verb form. Like listening can see there are two verbs, one after another. In English, there are some verbs which needs the second verb form to build with and GID. And there are some other verbs which needs the second verb form to view it too. There are some verbs which needs bare infinitive, or just the basic form of the verb after debt. But it's really early for this one. We'll speak about it in details later on in the course. His peaks for foreign languages. He doesn't speak for foreign languages, speaks doesn't speak. She is a good programmer. Negative. She isn't a good programmer. Question. Is she a programmer? Open the brackets in present simple question. Do you work here? Negative. I don't like traveling by car. I don't like. The TV program starts at five. Starts it offers opens at seven AM. The office it it opens. That's your like watermelon question. Thus, WHO and the answer that you need, the infinitive, that she'll like watermelon. That's your sister know the truth. Thus, she infinitive. Does your sister know the truth? It doesn't snow often here. It doesn't. Snow. Doesn't. Plus infinitive. We trouble a lot. We after that infinitive. And the last one, the course ends at the end of the course. And the course is it. You need S at the end of the verb. That was the beginning of present simple. There are still several more things I wanted to share with you, and this will be in the next video. See you there. 4. Tenses. Grammar Lab: Present Simple, part 2: Before we go to the exercises, let me show you something else which is connected with present simple again, she does travel. We often argue these are the markers just to help you understand what we are going to speak about. If the structures are familiar for you. Just keep the grammar lab. This is what I do want to put the emphasis on here. You know, he speaks English. He speaks if you wanted to make it more emphatic, which means that you wanted to say, he really speaks English. It's not necessary to say here really. You can do it thanks to grammar. How you need to do auxiliary? The auxiliary helping you again is the verb which helps you form the question. The verb which helps you form the negative. So he does speak English. He does. And after that, the infinitive, he does speak English. This way. You say that he really, really speaks English. We do have a great time. We really have a great time. Again. The lymphatic structures are formed thanks to the helping verb. Helping verb plus meaningful verb. He does speak English. We do have a great time. Something else that I've mentioned the previous time, the adverbs and the place of adverbs. The basic role. I am often late. I often come late just to remember these two sentences. And it will be really enough when you have the verb to be in yours, as in the first case, you need the adverb to come after the verb to be. I am often late. The verb to be, then the adverb of frequency, which shows you that you need present simple. I am often late. I am usually on time. I am sometimes late, and so on. But when the verb is meaningful, think of it as different from the verb to pay. You need the adverb before the verb. I often cumulate. I often call you. I sometimes skip classes and so on. That's it. It's easy I told you. So the exercises, you need to form sentences in present simple. After that, you need to continue farming the sentences. Just be careful. You need to order the words in the correct way. The last exercise you need to add in emphatic meaning. This means you needed to put the auxiliary somewhere in order to show where the emphasis is, where the focus in the sentence. Let's take them out in awhile. The exercises you will find in the attached PDF, there will be exercises online for you as well. See you. 5. Tenses. Present Simple, part 2: exercises: President, simple in practice, one more time. In the first exercise, you just needed to form sentences in present simple why to revise the basic structures and to be sure that you know the basics question, do you travel everyday? Thus, water boil at a 100 degrees? Question. Water, it it needs to start with us. She doesn't listen to such music. She doesn't listen. Doesn't plus infinitive. My sister doesn't like her classmates, doesn't plus infinitive. The TV show starts at 12. The TV show, it it starts when does your class finish? When does eat finish? When does your class finish? Line? Do you not come tonight? Why don't you come tonight? It can be on both ways. Why do you not come tonight? Why don't you come tonight? It's up to you. When they come back home usually. Or when do you usually come back home? On both ways? It can be as well. How often do you read? How often? How often do you read? Form sentences? The words were given in the first part where you could see what you needed to do. Let's you the answers now. He doesn't often drink water, doesn't often drink. She never comes late. Never after a debt to the verb. I am never on time. The verb to be after debt's never, never smoke. Never verb after a debt. She often cause adverb verb. After that. We usually forget adverb verb after that. He often speaks in French, often speaks adverb verb. After that. She is usually at home. The verb to be the adverb. After that. We really troubled by bas de and verb, the verb after that. Last but not least, how to add the emphatic meaning? I do disagree. Keep in mind that we will speak about these structures in the corresponding, one more time. When we mentioned inversion. Why? There is time? I'll tell you there. I do disagree. I really disagree. I did not like that book. I don't like that book at all. She does travel by train with pleasure. She does travel. Don't forget that when you add a view auxiliary, you don't need S at the end of the verb. He does speak four languages. Here, realist speaks four languages. I do suppose she's right. I realistic pose that she is right. He does not know that struct. Here. We paid attention to this one. When you use in fact ICC structure in a negative sentence. And obviously you want to put the emphasis on the fact that something is not. The better way is to write do auxiliary. And the particle not, not together does not, not doesn't. He does not know the truth. We do like having picnics in the forest. We do like having picnics. My wife, thus Coke, excellent. Thus Coke, real cooks. And that was at, I believe the exercises were easy. But this is just the beginning. There are so many things that are waiting for us From now on. Seo in the next video where we'll start talking about the next tense. Present continuous CEO. There. 6. Tenses. Grammar Lab: Present Continuous: In our grammar lab. For today, we'll speak about present continuous, how it is formed, how the verbs are spelled, how to understand when to use present continuous. Please, if you do already know all of these, just switch to the next lecture and start directly with the exercises. Otherwise, Let's get started. Even here, you can see which the form is. How to form a present continuous. You need the verb to be plus the verb plus ink. What it means. The examples. Driving, driving, they are driving. These are the positive sentences. How they are formed once again and have the pronoun I. You, he, she, it, we, you. After that, you need the correct form of the verb to be, which means, I am. You are, he is, she is, we are, you are, they are. Then follows the verb plus ink. I'm driving, you're driving, and so on. These are the positive sentences. When you want to make a negative sentence, what you need is the negative form of the verb to play. Instead of I am. If you need, I'm not. Instead of he is he isn't or he's not. After that. Again, you have the verb plus ink. I'm not driving or I am not deriving. You aren't driving or you are not driving? Isn't driving. He's not driving. She isn't deriving she is not driving. We aren't driving or we are not deriving. You aren't yours about deriving. And they, they aren't, they are not. Deriving. Its quite more common to use these short forms. Note you aren't key isn't. Just be careful. If you need to write something formula. If you're writing a formal letter, for example, it is better to use the full verb forms, which means don't fright isn't right, is not. Doctor, that the same logic poles. You have the verb plus I and j, driving. In our case. When you want to form the equation, then the story goes like this. You take the form of the verb to be and you start the sentence with it. Such as you are exchanging the places, the verb to be and the pronounced, which means you see, you are driving. Question, are you driving? And then the verb plus sine tj once again, are you driving? Is he driving? Sheep? Driving, driving, and so on? And the answers are the same as the answers that you will usually give when you are asked something with the verb to be, which means our deriving. Deriving. Yes, he is. You just need the word which goes with your answer, yes or no. And after that, the positive or the negative form of the verb to play? Yes, I am. No, I'm not. Yes, he is. No, he isn't. If you are a beginner in grammar, what can help you here is the following exercise. Take a piece of paper and write down all the forms of the positive. Negative, and question forms, give answers as well. And you will see that you will start using the verb forms without thinking about that. Don't worry, we have enough exercises as well that will consume. No chance not to learn present continuous. Next step. How to understand in what situations to yourself. When you hear present continuous, what you understand, even if you have no idea about anything else, is that you speak about the present. Present. And the difference with present simple is that present continuous is used for something which is happening at the moment of speaking right now. Right now, I'm speaking, right now. I'm teaching, right now. I'm explaining English grammar. Right now. I'm talking about the markers of present continuous. You see, I just described what was happening. What I said is I am doing. I am doing that because these are the actions that are happening at the moment. At the moment, I'm doing this. And that. The first marker, now, the second one. At the moment. The third one is more interesting today. What I mean by today is, for example, you know that when you speak about something which happens everyday, you use present simple, exactly. Every day I wake up at six d. I am waking up. When you have common action, something which typically happens. And you want to introduce something which is different from the weightings usually happen, then you use prison continuous with today. The example. Usually he walks on food. But today he is writing. Usually he walks on food. But today he is writing. Today. Present continuous. The other two markers, at the moment, she's playing with the child, that's the moment. He's doing the homework. Now. Now, at the moment today, these two markers, Dario, that you do need present continuous. The last step to spell the verbs. Just please don't get confused and don't give up right now. Because there will be realized a lot of exercises in which you will be practicing the spelling of the time. I will be reminding you which the rule is. I will just help you learn them without thinking he'll start using them now. Okay. Let's get started and pass through the basic roles. After that. With practice, you will start using them. Make, take. These are verbs which have as a last letter e, but you can't hear it. Make take, you don't hear E as a sound. Well, when you don't hear it, and you wanted to add i-n-g. You just skip this. What's happening? Co-located make. Making is not needed in this situation. The second group, play and cry. You know that there's always something specific about the verbs which finish in y. Well, here the rule is that there is nothing specific. Yeah, exactly. The change that you know in present simple leave it for present simple place. Here. The only thing you need to remember, it doesn't matter which the letter before YS. What is important is that you only add i-n-g and then everything is the same. You don't need to change anything else. The verb is written correctly, the verb plus sign and then went to dabble and twin, not the last consonant. Look at these two verbs. Around and eat. The thing which unites them. Yes, they are short verbs. A short verb means a verb with one syllable omelette, eat. But there is something different. And the difference comes in the iteration of vowels and consonants. In other words, which the combination of a vowel plus consonant is. Take a look at RAM. What you have is consonant, vowel, consonant, consonant, vowel, consonant. When the combination is like this, when the verb is short, adding I-N-G, you need to double the last consonant. Because of that, you have run, running WN. The story goes in a different way. When the combination of the last three letters is different. Look at IIT vowel, vowel, consonant, vowel, vowel, consonant. Well, because of that, when you add ING, there is no need to double the last consonant. If you write eating double t, This will be wrong. Remember these two examples covered in exactly this way. And it will be easier for you. Consonant vowel, consonant, double the consonant, vowel, vowel, consonant, or any other combination different from the one above. You don't double anything. The next pair, commit and benefit. Commit, benefit. What unites these two verbs is that they are long, long verbs, which means that you have more than one syllable. Mit fit. The first verb, commit, has two syllables. The second one, benefit has three syllables. Both of them are long curbs along verb, reminding you miss a verb which has more than one perfect. But when you look at the spelling, what you notice is that committing is with W t, whereas benefiting this betwen two, y. Exactly. If you think about the stress of the verb, that's it. The first thing you need to be careful about is the same rule that you already know about the short verbs. Look at the last three letters, consonant, vowel, consonant. In both of the verbs, they're always followed. Consonant, vowel, consonant, perfect. But when the verb is long, there is something else you need to be careful about. And it's exactly the stress of the verb, where the stresses on which syllable commit, commit, it's on the last syllable. When it is on the last syllable, the stresses on the last syllable plus you have consonant, vowel, consonant as a combination. Then you have to double the last consonant because of that committing double t. But when the stress is not on the last syllable, as in benefit, benefit, it's on the first one. You don't need to double the last consonant. The rule, you dabble only when you have the correct combination at consonant and vowel was the stress. Again, remember these two verbs and everything will be clear. Let's try with the verb open. Open. First. Is it a long or a short run? It's a long. Exactly. It doesn't matter that the first Super Bowl is only the letter o. And the sound or you actually owe pump. This is more than one, so it's a long verb. And after that, whereas the stress open, open on the first syllable, precisely. Because the stress is on the first syllable, you can't double the last one. Opened. Opening. Opening, just ING, nothing else needs to be added. You don't need to double the last thing. The last verb I want you to look at is the verb die, die. When the, when there is a verb which finishes in i e, e. And you wanted to add I-N-G. What you need is to make the opposite transformation. If you remember, in present simple, or when we added S verb, which finishes in consonant plus y. What happens then? Exactly as in Christ, for example, we changed y into e consonant plus y. Well here the process goes vice versa. The verb finishes in IEEE in its basic form. So what you need to do when you add the ING is to change into why. Great beginning. Again. Don't worry, if all these rules sounds a little bit difficult, sounds a little bit awkward. It's normal not to be able to memorize everything from the very first time when you hear it. There will be enough exercise as enough rules, enough repetition of everything that you know. You will memorize them. Before we continue with the exercises. What I wanted to do is just do make you go through them on display to be aware of what expects you just to know what is the waiting queue. The first exercise, you need to write positive sentences in present continuous Lamar Walker. Now, second exercise, the same nine more sentences. The idea, you need to be perfectly well aware of the forms. Not to think about the forums after this lecture. From now on to think about when to use this or that. Then we continue, right? Questions and answers. Again, everything is in present continuous negative sentences. Again, using now present continuous. On the present continuous we are taking right now. Last but not least, make a positive or negative. And the question sentence about now, it practices everything. Now is the moment to press the pause, to open the PDF or to download it and print it, whatever you want to do the exercises and to check them together in a while. See you in the next video. 7. Tenses. Present Continuous: exercises: Ready? Let's get started. The first exercise you needed to write positive sentences using now, he is sleeping. Now, reminding you how present continuous is formed. You have the verb to be in the correct form or I am. You are, he is, she is, it is we are, you are, they are. After that follows the verb plus I-N-G. He is sleeping. Now, look at the verb. The last three letters, 00PM, consonant, vowel, vowel, consonant, which means that P doesn't need to be dabbled. He is sleeping. Now. We are eating outside. Now. The receipt. You have the combination of vowel, vowel, consonant. Again, it means that nothing needs to be dabbled. They're going to the cinema now. They are going, going. Nothing special about the spelling here. My sister is watching TV now. My sister is watching TV now. Nothing special about the spelling. You'll look at the last three letters. You see that there isn't that a vowel there in the middle, so no, nothing can be doubled. She's reading. Now. Again, no reason to double whatever she is reading. The children are playing. I told you that in present continuous, when the verb finishes in white, there is no reason to overthink about that. No reason to think what the rule was, how to do it, how to spell with nothing changes. You just have a typical web which you only need to add i-n-g. And that set we are playing, the children are playing play plus I and j. I'm washing the dishes now. Just don't forget the verb to be. One of the most common mistakes here is people saying, we playing, are we watching? We walking? No. You need the verb to be first. We are playing. We are watching, you name it. We are walking now. We are walking. And that was it. The second one. Again, sentences. What you need to do is to transform them in present continuous. Yes. If you pay attention here, you need to be more careful about the spelling. Let's revise all of the rows one more time. We are deriving the verb drive finishes in the letter E. But the letter e, the sound e is not pronounced. It mute. Because of that. You just skip it. You don't write it. And what you have as we are driving. Now, they are sitting next to each other and now they are sitting. Sit. Short verb. The combination is consonant, vowel, consonant, which means that yes, you need to double the last consonant. He's doing his homework. He is doing his homework. Nothing special, just to need to add the angie forum. It is raining. Now. It is raining. No reason to double n because the combination is a vowel, vowel consonant. He's living with us right now. He is living with us. Living. Leaf is the verb, is the sound that you hear. And you need to skip the last letter that is written. Why? Because you don't hear it. You don't pronounce it, will just skip it. He's living with us right now. We are planning the holiday now. We are planning. Never. Plan is a short one. And the combination is consonant, vowel, consonant. Because of that, you need to double the last consonant. They are running now. Same logic. The last consonant is doubled. My baby is crying. When the verb finishes in y, nothing changes when you want to add IND, my baby is crying. The last one from this exercise. The children are playing. Now. The children are playing again. The verb finishes in y. No reason to change whatever. Just be careful, again, not to forget the verb to buy. This is a really, really important. Next exercise. Questions and answers. Again, present continuous. The rule here, you need to exchange the places of the pronoun and the verb to be. Is it raining now? Yes. It is. Heat sleeping now. No, he isn't. Positive. He is sleeping exactly. So you just exchange the verb to be and the pronounce. Something important. Now, the SIM, not, yes, I do think because this is something that students usually say. Yes, I am. This is called short answer. Is he helping you with the homework? Is helping you with the homework? Yes. He is. Traveling now? Yes, I am. No, I'm not. When you are not given which option you need to write, just tried both of them, just practice. Are you traveling? Yes, I am. No, I'm not. About the verb travel. Probably there are questions. Let me explain. It's an exception. It doesn't follow the rules Here they are verbs like this. In English, a lot of rules don't follow the rules. Which means that here I'll look at the verb traveled. First, it's a long verb. Second, it finishes in consonant, vowel, consonant, perfect. But the stresses on the first syllable, travel, not travel. Travel. Well, it doesn't matter. Although the stress is not on the last syllable. You need to double L, just memorize it. Travel. Traveling, WL watching TV. Yes, she has no, she isn't. This ship watching the vertebral, the pronoun, the verb. I told you to the end of the lecture, you'll be masters at present continuous. Are they working now? Are they working? Yes, they are. Known they aren't. Are you sinking to your child? Are you singing to your child now? Because if you ask in general, how would it be I mean, this question number four in prison. Simple exactly. Do you think that's it? So are you singing to your child now? Do you sync to your child in general? The next one, the negative sentences. He isn't riding a horse now, why the reason the E in writing? Yes. Because when you say right, you hear TD as a last sounds and you do not pronounce c. So he isn't writing submitted. You can also say he's not. But I told you that the more common case is when not it's shortened into isn't we aren't sitting on the carpet now. We aren't sitting. Sitting, sit the verb, consonant, vowel, consonant. So you need to double the last consonant exactly. The aren't talking now. They aren't talking. Negative sentence. If you want to make a question, negative question around today token, that's it. What do you need to do one more time is to exchange the verb to be and the pronounced. And it doesn't matter whether the verb to be is in its positive or in its negative form. They aren't token now. She isn't watching activity now. She isn't watching or she's not watching. I'm not going home or I am not going. Last, but not least, he isn't sleeping in the living room now. Isn't the verb to be negative? Isn't that the verb plus I and j isn't sleeping. They aren't dancing. Now, then? Yes. You don't pronounce e because of that. You don't need it in the I-N-G form. So you just skip it and INJ, they aren't. Than saying. The last exercise, introduce several more sentences we have here. And out of each sentence, you need to make on your own positive, negative and question. Here. They are drawing. They aren't drawing. Are they drawing? Yes, they are negative. No, they aren't exactly. The verb to be plus verb plus I-N-G. Be careful here. The continuous form, the present continuous form of the verb to be, is the same. Saying it again, the same as the form in present simple. Hope that nobody wrote. He's being no, it doesn't exist. What you need is simply the verb to be. He is in bed now. He isn't in both now. The same as in present. Simple is hidden but no, he isn't. That's it. Is he? Yes, he is. No. She's preparing the breakfast. She isn't preparing the breakfast. Is she preparing? The verb? Prepare? Probably you've paid attention. It finishes in E. E is not pronounced. So because of that you just skip it. You omitted and to directly at INJ work, simple verb. They are working, they aren't working. Are they working? I believe that at this stage of the lecture you don't have any problems. Just form present continuous. It is raining. It isn't raining or it is not raining. When you form the question, is it raining? Yes, it is. No, it isn't. There playing football? They are. And Planck, are they playing? The last time when you practice verb finishing in y within this lecture. Verb, which finishes in why you don't need to make any changes here. Any changes. You just add i-n-g after that. And that's it. Perfect. That was D and the last exercise from here, please don't forget that there are a lot of exercises in the attached links. Don't forget to take a look at the cards that you have. If you need more exercises, just tell me, I will add more links. 8. Tenses. Present Simple or Present Continuous, part 1: You're now experts in both dense as present simple and the present continuous. Let's see what happens when both of them are used within the same context. What we'll do here is to experiment. There will be different situations. There'll be sentences with different mistakes. Your task is to understand where you need present simple, and we're present continuous. First, let's take a look, open the brackets. This is one of the most common exercises that you're going to have during the course. The idea, just imagine the situation. Imagine the context you can use this sentence in, and try to use the correct tense. How to do it? You don't already know. You need the time marker. Once you catch which the time markers, you will be able to put the verb in the correct verb form. This one helps your after that start using the verbs, start using the sentences. Piece of advice. Every time after you do the exercise. Read aloud all of the sentences that are within this white, within this exercise. Why? Because on this way, you start practicing, listening to yourselves about more techniques, how to work on your grammar, or how to improve your grammar on daily basis. We will speak later on in the course. But for now, this is a pretty good beginning. Once you've finished with the exercise, just read aloud the sentences. Okay, So we have several of this kind. Just you need to correct here in the previous two, you needed to open the brackets. The correct means again, you need to find the time marker. Once you understand which the time markers you need to correct up to the forum, which is required by the time marker. Finish the sentence says to show contrast. This is the type of structures we spoke about in the grammar lab. In the present continuous tense. For example, every day I do something, but to D, I'm doing something else. Here instead of the d, the marker given is these days. Same logic. It was a hint. Press the pause, the D exercises, and we're taking them together. Starting. We don't see our parents every week. Time marker. Every week. Every week goes with present sample. Because of that, we use don't as a negative form plus the infinitive. We don't see here listening to the radio. Now, the first thing that you see is that you need to form a question. And the question refers to now, now something which is happening at the moment. When there is something which is happening at the moment, you know that you need to use a present continuous exact life. And the question in present continuous is formed by the verb to be the pronoun the verb was saying is healed, listening to the radio now. She doesn't get up at seven o'clock every morning. Time marker every morning because something is happening every morning. It is something usual with usual activities or with personal timetables, personal shadows. You use. Present Simple. Doesn't because of sheep, not don't police. She doesn't. Infinitive, doesn't get up. Steam talking to. And now, now marker for present continuous question, which means the verb to be who, after the verb For think, esteem, token to unknown. They work in the restaurant on Mondays. On Mondays means every Monday. When something capitals every every Monday, every equal period of time. It means that you need present, simple. Present simple. You put it in the correct form of the verb. They work. If the sentence started with heat, what would be here? He works exactly. Work. It works. She's listening to her favorite song at the moment. The time marker at the moment. At the moment goes with present continuous. She is listening, not shield listening. They don't come to school every day. Everyday. Present, simple. The negative form is formed the width, the verb does or doesn't. Because here you have as doors of the action, you need to don't. Don't comes the verb. They don't come to school every day. Is he working now? Now? Present continuous question. Working now. My son goes to bed at nine o'clock. It is not mentioned when exactly the idea, if you don't specify when exactly the action is happening, you just consider it up to the general logic. If you don't say that right now or these days, he's going to bed at nine o'clock. It means that he goes to bed everyday. At this time. My son goes to bed at nine o'clock. Present simple. Here's the story is more interesting. There is a text which means that all of the dances of the verb forms are connected. And what you need to do is to follow the logic of the text because you can't open the brackets without considering what is happening. Let's get started. He gets up at seven every morning, every morning time marker presence. But today, contrast. What's the D is a different day. He has birthday. So let's look at this sentence closer. But today introduces exactly contrast, which means that there should be a difference in the general case between the previous sentence and this one. But the difference is that here we have the verb to be, which means that you don't need to change anything. The verb to be. He has the same forms in present simple as well as in present continuous. Everything you need is he has worthy why has and why not having? Because he has birdie on this day every year. Which means that this one is an action which happens regularly. Present, simple. Now, present continuous. Now Matt is having breakfast. Be careful with the spelling. The verb is half, finishes in E, but E is not pronounced. Because of that. You skip. You remove it. You just that I undo button. Now, Matt is having breakfast, usually marker for present, simple. Usually he has a cup of juice centered sourced D, contrast to D, he's having an avocado toast with bacon index. Usual alae, present, simple. Usually he doesn't get to officer late. Usual. Well, to D key is late for 30 minutes. Today. He is. Why? Because yes, there is difference between what he usually does and what he is doing today. What's the verb to bay? He has the same form in present simple as well as in present continuous. His colleagues are organizing comparative for him and they are waiting for him to come. They are organizing the party to D because today is a specialty and they are waiting for him to come to D. This is not something which usually happens. This is something which is happening at the moment. When he opens the door. He's really surprised. When you see he is when he is opening. You referred to the fact that this act of opening two per period. I mean, it continued for a period. Well, when you open, you just open and that's it. Because of that, the verb open cannot be in a continuous tense. He opens the door. So when he opens the door, he is realy surprised. Afterwards. Matt usually goes back home. Usually marker for present simple. And the verb is goal. You know that after verbs, which finish in all, you need to add E. Because of that, the spelling is goals GO IES. The same as deaths. Might usually goes back home to his family and he are going to the theatre. Again, contrast between what he usually does, what he is doing. The D. Then they're having dinner in a nice restaurant. Dinner. Usually they have dinner somewhere else. But today, the contrast, they are having dinner in a nice restaurant. Exercises like this one are really useful for you to get used to speak the language. Why? Because in contexts, you can really focus on the differences and which thins you will choose. It totally depends on what you want to say. Think about densities on this way. They just help you express yourself. The hip, your show, your feelings, your emotions, your thoughts at the moment. It's different to say that you have dinner in that restaurant, they already, and you are having dinner there today. You see you introduce the contrast. Don't learn them as tensors, learn them as ways of expression. And you will see that it's really not that difficult. The next exercise, here's a task was to correct the sentences. If you find any mistakes. The first one, it's often the reigning in England is often the training. Well, often is the marker for present simple. Because of that, you can't say it is often raining. You need to change the verb form. It often rates. Usually takes money from his friends, usually marker for president sample. When the verb is in present, simple, you need the basic form, the infinitive process. Nothing wrong here, the sentence is correct. I'm having her brother. This is something in general. You are not having the brother right now. And furthermore, you have something not material. You can't use half in continuous form in this way. I have a brother in general. Why have a bar? I'm sorry, I have a brother, I have a sister, I have a car and so on. You possess something which is not material. She's talking on the phone. I can hear her. When he can hear somebody, it means that this person is doing the action at the moment. And because the action is being done at the moment, exactly. You need present continuous. She is talking on the phone now. I can hear her now. The sentence is correct. Don't disturb him now he plays the piano. Now the time markers in the previous sentence. But these two sentences are connected. They just describe one and the same situation. Which means that in the second sentence, you do have now as well. He is playing the piano now. The kasa we standing on a hill outside the town. Well, no, you can't say the castle is standing because this is something which usually happens. Think of it on this way. The castle has been there, is there and we will be there. I mean, it was there in the past. It is there now, and it will be there in the future. The castle is standing on the hill, is shrunk. The castle stands on a hill outside the town. She's normally working really hard. Normally. Indicates that you speak about something called witches, repeated about repetitive action, about something which usually happens exactly when you form it. On this way. It means that you do need present simple. She normally works really hard. He never is here. He is. Never hear about the places. These adverbs will speak in awhile. In the other exercise. Just remember for now that when you have the verb to be, then you need to put the adverb after the verb. He's usually late. She's never here. We are always on time. And so on. The last exercise, we needed to show contrast here and I give you a hint that the structure you need is the same as the one we used to eat today in the grammar lab. Let's get started. Don't see team often, but these days, I'm meeting him quite often. Usually something happens or usually something doesn't happen. But the contrast, but these days, the contrasting statement, I'm meeting him quite often. The structure, something which usually happens goes in present simple. Something which is happening now these days goes in present continuous. I usually sleep in the living room, but these days, I'm sleeping in the bedroom. Contrast, present, simple, present, continuous. He always goes to work by bars. But these days, he's going by car. Usually something happens in one way. But these days, this thing is happening on a different way. I usually clean the house myself. But these days, my husband, this cleaning contrast. Something usually happens present simple. But now, but these days, but within this period of time, something else is happening. My husband is cleaning. She usually prepares his fault, but these days, she's buying fast-food. She is buying. Again. Something usually happens. So you use present sample. After that, there is contrast. Something starts happening in a different way. You need to introduce contrast by using present continuous. She's hardworking, but these days she's getting closer. Same logic. Something usually happens in one way, but after that, it's happening in a different way. She's hardworking, but these days she's getting laser. We build bridges. But these days we're building houses. Don't forget what I mentioned several minutes ago. Think for tenses as you're ways to express your thoughts, to give nuances to what your sink. This is just the other level of using the language. You don't need to always form simple sentences. You don't need to focus on the tense. Just use the tense as a helper. Let it show your thoughts, your feelings, and emotions to the other, to the other people. Well, this one, you will see that using the language, talking is pleasure. It doesn't matter whether you will make mistake or two, I mean, about, about spoken English, it's not that important. It's important to be able to transmit, to show, to express yourselves in a way, to be understood. And it's know your pronounciation doesn't matter. It's important just this pronounciation to be understood by other people. I've mentioned that in the description of the course repeated here. I'm not a native speaker and it's not a problem at all for me to teach English. Why? Because first, not native speakers are better in teaching English grammar. Absolutely. Just always studied a language in a different way. If you ask me to explain the same grammar structures in my native language, no way. I can speak it perfectly well, but I can't explain it in a way overview to understand. Well, here I can. Why? Because I learned that on the way you are learning it at the moment. The second force is that when you are not a native speaker, you are just trying to express yourself clearly. Want to be always understood. You want to give hints to others. You want to help them improve their language. And you want to be sure that all of these will result in something that will help them improve their way of speaking. More tricks. I told you, we have a special section about this one. Ceo there. But children, we need to master grammar. See you in the next lecture. 9. Tenses. Present Simple or Present Continuous, part 2: The exercises that follow are quite more interesting than those we've already been true. Why? Because here I will show you some not so common cases, not so common situations in which present simple and present continuous are used. Just reminding here, the information is not for complete beginners. If you are a beginner, please go to the previous course of mine, the complete English grammar course, A1 to C1. That one gives you the perfect basics that one can help you realize a lot. The aim of this course is to give you extra exercises to help you practice more and to help you in deepen your knowledge in the areas which you found difficult than. Furthermore, here are the hints how to keep on working on your grammar. Let us get started. When you open the PDF with the attached exercises, you will notice that the situations are mentioned here. I mean, out of what contexts, which sentence is taken. It's important in awhile you understand why present simple represent continuous. This is the instruction you need to follow. Different exercises. Not so easy. And a lot of drops you may encounter. But interesting. Absolutely. Be careful in this one, the last one, where you need to choose between these four verbs. Think about the differences in meaning. Let's get started. Your turn first, please do the exercises in advance, because otherwise you will not benefit from all of them. The first one, neither Murat or when snowball piece price 2018. This is headline. The headlines in newspapers are usually given as general statements. And because of that, in a newspaper, you will see sentences in present sample. They report news. Here. You don't show additional information by what is happening when exactly this is the news this happened. They are reporting in a headline present sample in the classroom. Which book are you reading now? Obviously, it's not a question referring to the current moment because the child is having another class. The idea is that within a particular period of time, something is happening. And now refers to the time at, around the moment when the action is really happening. Which book or reading? Now, after you want that you've finished and before the one that you will start that her debt here now doesn't mean at the current moment exactly. Now, more and more people are learning foreign languages. Remember that when you speak about trends in the present, the correct way to express them is with present continuous. This will be really useful skill if you are sitting the test. So when we speak about trends, use present continuous live sport commentator matches and passes to Peter and it's a go. Obviously it's happening right now. Just imagine, I mean, it's life. It's a commentator and this one is happening in front of the eyes of the audience. But in such reports, again, present simple, easiest. One of the main reasons, it's just shorter. And there you don't have time for more complicated verb forms. Simple, but that's it. Knowing Cabot. Why are you always whistling? Remember this one? It's really quite commonly used when you want to emphasize on somebody's actions which are know you, which embarrass you, which you don't find pleasing converge general. The way to do it is by using present continuous. Probably you've noticed the combination. Always pause, present continuous. Well, this one indicates exactly your anointment. The fact that you dislike this one. Why are you always whistling? Present continuous, annoying habit, something confusing. He always come up with crazy ideas. He's always coming up with crazy ideas. Same logic as the one in the previous sentence. When you want to express your amusement, when you want to say that something is amusing for your debt, you find it the music you use Present Continuous. Always was present continuous. You show amusement plus a moment. My sister is doing a degree at university, so I don't see her very often. Unfortunately. She's doing the degree which is something not regular, something which is occupying her time at the moment that around the moment of speaking. And this is out of her habitual behavior. Because of that. To show this contrast, you use president containers. This usage, you do already know after that. So I don't see her very often. Well, yes. Very often. Something happens or doesn't happen. At the moment. C is a synonym of meat about the verb. C can't be used in a continuous form. Because of that, you go to the simple one. My sister is an East doing a degree, so I don't see her very often. He's always coming back home lead and that is driving me crazy. The usage we spoke about a minute ago, when you find something annoying, you show your anointment with present continuous plus o is usually it's always at just you. You just need an adverb here. He's always coming back home late, and that is driving me crazy. You can say the same sentence in present simple, of course, but it's not so strong that time. First, you go to the end of the street, then turn right. When you give you instructions, remember that you use present sample. The logic again the same as in the live to visuals. You don't need to over-complicate grammar. You just need to help the person reach their goal. Unfortunately, more and more couples are getting divorced, are getting divorced. This one here is the trend. And when you speak about trends, you know what? You need present continuous. Why does water boil? In general? When we speak about general throats, general facts, then you use present sample. This one is simple really. She's thinking upstairs second here, her, when you can hear something, you understand that this thing is happening at the moment of speaking. Present continuous. We're refunding me from the line is not very good. Again, out of the context of the situation, it's clear that the action is happening right now at the moment of speaking. Well, because of that, you don't need present continuous. Just don't forget that there is a question here, which means you need the other structure that starts with the verb to be. After that comes the pronoun. Where are you phoning, not where you are following this one. Let's explain why this or that option is the better one. Each book only costs €1 at the moment. The verb cost cannot be used in a continuous form. As simple as that. He's sure he recognizes that man behind the corner. Same logic. Recognize can't be used in a continuous form. Here comes the doctor. The other sentence, there goes the train. We are lead. When a sentence starts with here or there. The common rule is that you need the verb to be in present simple after that, it's not wrong to say it in present continuous. It's more natural. You'll hear written this way. Here comes their goals. Remember them here and there with President temple. She stinking The Metropolitan now afford the business trip. It's not something which usually happens at least. It's not something which is mentioned here as a habitual action. It's something which is happening now within this period of time. For this business trip. She's think there. Because of that, we have present continuous here. Summers are getting colder, winters are getting warmer. Exactly. I'm sure that you recognize that this is a trend. When we speak about trends, is present continuous. I'm motoring forward while she's on holiday. The same logic as in sentence number five. This action is typical for this period. It's not something which usually happens. It's something which describes your behavior within a period of time. When you speak about the period of time which differs from your usual behavior. Exactly. Then you use present continuous I'm watering forwards while she's on holiday. I'm always forgetting his birthday. How can I? The second sentence here in fact helps you understand what is the context of the first one. You're expressing your nine-month exactly. Because of that, you're going to the continuous tense. You are dissatisfied to, you disagree here with your own behavior. You need to express it. You need to show your emotions back to what we spoke. Tensors show emotions, then says express thoughts. You can use in Lausanne in one situation, different tenses. The difference is that you say different things. You express different thoughts. Be careful which grammar structure you use. Just to know that. To be sure that you express yourselves in the better way. This child is really obedient every time I see him. The second sentence, all your daughter is being convenient at the moment. I'm surprised to see the difference now is being one really rare usage of the verb to be. In general, you know, the verb to be is not used in continuous forms. The verb to be, it has the same forms in present simple and press continuous, right? But when we speak about advanced grammar and advanced way of expressing yourselves, this one is interesting when you want to put the emphasis on the fact that this, which is happening right now is completely different from the usual behavior, from the usual things, then you can use the continuous form of the verb to buy. The child is usually obedient every time when I see him. And at the same time the daughter is being obedient at the moment. You emphasize on this contrast exactly. The best way to show it is again, by blink with tensors present continuous the verb too, but it's possible, and that's how it is. Yeah. They're wealthy. They have for houses in different contrasts. And after that, thanks for calling. I'm having a great time at the moment. You know that the verb cow can be used in continuous forms. When it is part of a phrase, have a great time, you have a shower and so on. Well, in this situation, it's part of a phrase, half a good time, half a great time. Obviously from the context to understand that this is happening at the moment. Well, because of that, you need present continuous. In sentence number 3.5 is in its general meaning. Nothing specific. You come to use the ink from here. I'm thinking of buying a house. He thinks he knows everything. The usual usage, number six, it thinks he knows everything in general. I'm thinking of buying. When you use the verb think in continuous forums. It means that you're considering something. It means that you have spent time over an idea you have planted. And here is that you are saying, I'm thinking of buying a house, plan, intention, consideration. You are always meaning to be kind, but you never are. This one is interesting. The road sign means stop. The road sign means stop. So the verb mean. He has different meanings again, when used in present simple antidepressant continuous in prison, simple. As you see, this is the general meaning of mean. I mean something means something. Nothing strange here. The stranger usage is in number seven. You are always meaning to be kind, but you never are. When you use the verb mean in a continuous tense, you change the idea behind the verb. In this case, the verb mean means half the intention. You're always having the intention to be kind, but you never are. Always was continuous tense. You know that on this way, your show that something makes you annoyed, that you find something annoying. I hope realize that these examples who are clear enough. If not, please give me a hint in comments and I will find some other exercises. I will add them as links. Here. Just sink, don't forget your links. They are almost after every lecture, you will find them. The last exercise, look, half, think and feel. How do you feel about inviting match to the part. I see you are not feeling very well. Go back home earlier today when you want to put the emphasis on the fact that right now somebody is not feeling on the way they usually do, then you have the chance to use present continuous. The general rule, the verb few is not used in continuous tenses. Yes, but, but you can use it in a continuous tense when you want to show contrast. How do you feel about, uh, what do you think about? This is the meaning. How do you consider the second pair? I'm looking for the latest book viral link. Do we have it in stock? You'll look like you're not in your best mode today. Look as a verb, can be used in a continuous forum when it is part of a phrasal verb. I totally hear in sentence number two, the first one, the verb is look for. It's not only look. Well, because of that, the meaning of look is changed. Look for me search. There is no problem to use the verb search. Look for in the continuous tense. You look like you are not in your best mode study. This is the general structure. Looked like can't be used in a continuous form. We are thinking of buying a new car. We are considering why do you think she's won the Nobel Prize? Why is that on your mind? The general usage, the verb think, can't be used in a continuous form in its original meaning. But when you want to say that somebody's planning something, that somebody has the intention to do something, then you use the verb think in a continuous form. The last pair of sentences, they're having a party right now, Let's call later. Have a party. It's a phrase, no problem to use here. Half in a continuous firm. Do this myths Khafre back garden. You know it, when we speak about material or non-material positions, then it is impossible to use half in a continuous form. I do hope that these exercises were useful and that you'll learn to really a lot of new things. Read through all of them, pass through them one more time. Do the exercises in the links after the lecture. If you have any questions, I'll be happy to answer. You. 10. Tenses. Grammar Lab: Past Simple, Regular Verbs: After present simple and the present continuous comes past simple. The third step we will speak about in this grammar lab. I will give you the basic rules. After that. You will find the grammar part that we'll be using. You can download them, print them, rewrite, or whatever you want. Please, if you know how the regular verbs are formed in English, just skip this lecture. Here we will speak about irregular verbs in positive, negative questions sentences. Was the verb to be. If you know these, this lecture is not very well. Otherwise, welcome. And let's get started. The verbs in English are divided into groups. There are regular and irregular verbs. Now we'll speak about the irregular verb sunlight, or these are verbs that in order to form what you need, you need to add ED only given the structure in green. For example, Stop, stopped, regular verb. You just add ED at the end. Let's see some examples. The verb to be is always special. You know this one. There are some forms that are typical for present simple. There are some forms that are typical for past simple. The form sin, past simple words. And I was there last night. Past simple refers to something that happened in the past. I was there last night. He was there last night. We were there last night. All of the forums. I was your word. He was she was eight. Was after that. We were you were they were That's it. Was and were. When you want to make negative form, be careful here. You need only the verb to be plus not. I wasn't he wasn't. We weren't OR or NOT. The same was not over the forums. I wasn't there yesterday. You weren't there yesterday? He wasn't various tardy. She wasn't various sturdy. It wasn't there yesterday and after that. We weren't you weren't they weren't past simple of the verb to where. When you want to form the question, what you need is to change the places of the verb pronoun, the same as in present simple. It means that the question starts with the form of the verb to be. For example, were you there? The answer, yes, I was no, I wasn't. Was he there? Yes. He was. No. Queue wasn't about she was shared. Exactly. So you just need to change the places of the verb to pronounce the person you are talking about was I, was, he were weak and so on. Remember this one. Because in a minute you may find that a little bit harder. All these forms and rules that are referred to the verb to be online. But in English, yes, there are thousands of other verbs. So let's see how we will use them in past simple. At the beginning I told you, when you want to form the form of the verb in past simple, all you need is to add ED at the end of the verb. Be careful with peak about irregular verbs, which are the irregular and Twitter, the irregular in the next lecture. But for now, work, for example, with irregular verb, simple verb. Let's go. You need just to add ED at the end, and that's it. There is no difference here between I, he, she doesn't matter. You just take the verb after that. You add ED into already. I worked. Who worked? We worked. You worked? She worked. They worked. You worked. No difference in the forums. This is important. Everything you need is ED, at the end of the verb. Perfect. These are the positive sentences. Now, be careful when it comes to the negative. Sentences, negative sentences. What you need is the helping verb, called auxiliary verbs. The helping verb didn't, didn't ats the same role as the verb doesn't in present sample. I didn't, because I didn't takes these past form of the verb. You need to do infinitive after debt. I didn't work, didn't force infinitive. Basic form. This means infinitive. So I didn't work. You didn't work? He didn't work. She didn't work. We you they didn't work. No other difference in the forearms. Remember this one is realized sample. You only need the auxiliary verb, the helping verb Didn't. And after that, the infinitive of the verb that you wanted to use when you want to make the question. And I'm sure that now you can catch the logic. When you want to make a question. You start with the helping verb again, the helping verb in our cases did, it didn't. If you wanted to make a negative question. After that, you have the pronoun, then follows the infinitive of the verb, the basic form of the verb. Did you work the two work, day work? No difference in the form's positive verb firms, the verb plus edi, negative. The verb plus didn't, the infinitive of the verb Didn't plus infinitive. After that in equation, did for us the infinite f. That's all. How to understand when you need to use past simple. Well, there are several markers. The easiest way to remember it is just to know that you need to know when something happened. This is if you can answer the question, when did it happen? When exactly. Then you need past simple as simple as that. For example. When did you talk to her? I talked to her yesterday. Yesterday is the marker for past simple. When you see yesterday, you know that you need to use it. I wanted to talk to you yesterday. Yesterday wanted past simple. Last month, last year, for example. When did you last see her? Did you see her last month? You know, when? You need past simple. Second marker, last something. Third marker, a goal five minutes ago, one year ago, two days ago, doesn't matter. I'll go is the marker of past simple. Yesterday, last goal. He arrived five minutes ago. Not before, please. Usually what students see? He arrived before five minutes? No. Before. It's not a marker of tense. When you want to say that something happened in the past moment, what you need to use is the marker for distance. Goal is what you need. And the goal is at the end of the sentence. Last step from our grandma lap the spelling. In fact, you know, these rows there combination of what you know already about present simple and present continuous. Let's take a look and you understand what I mean. The first two verbs, study and play. Both of these verbs finish in y. The difference is in the letter that comes before y, when before. Why there is a consonant. What you need to do is to, is to change y into IEEE. Something that you already know from present simple, exactly. When the verb finishes in y and there is a vowel before y, then you don't change anything. You just add ED, play, plate. After a debt. The next three rows from the I-N-G spelling or from present continuous stop, short verb that finishes in consonant, vowel, consonant exactly. When you add ED. What you need to do is to double the last consonant and to add ED after that. Short verb form, which finishes in consonant, vowel, consonant. Then forward to long verbs that you do already know, Commit, and benefit. The difference here is the stress precisely. The first thing that you need to pay attention to is the combination of the last three letters. If you have a combination of consonant, vowel, consonant, very sad chance, there is a chance that you may need to double the last consonant. But your second check is about the stress. If you have a verb which is stressed on the last syllable as commit, then you need to add ED. So the combination of consonant, vowel, consonant plus the stress on the last syllable gives you the opportunity or just makes you double the last consonant. Simple. When the stress, on the other hand is not on the last syllable, then you don't need to add anything. You don't need to double anything. You just need to add ED. And that toe. As I told you, the spelling crows are just a combination of what you do already know. Once you are aware of the rows for whichever tense, you will see that everything will get easier. I promise that with the exercises that are coming, I will be explaining the spelling every single time so that you'll be able to get use to that. As I've mentioned, exercises. Let's take a look at what exercises are expecting costs. You may find them in the PDF after the lecture, so please download them. And after that, we'll check them together in the next video. First, you need to think about the correct verb form of TBI. We speak about past simple and left after that to work on positive forums, which means focus on spelling. Here I think what we are and how needs to be changed. Questions, be careful. Width question words away at helping verbs, everything that you do already know. Then negative sentences. There are some traps here. Be careful. And again, keep in mind that spelling is important. In the last exercise, there are mixed sentences. I mean, they can be positive, negative and questions. Your task is just to open the brackets, your favorite exercise. The tricks I've mentioned already. Think for a situation in which you can use the sentences. At the same time. Think of for the way they are pronounced the sentences. Once you finish all of the exercises, just open the pdf from the beginning and treat everything allowed. Principals, and we will continue in awhile. 11. Tenses. Past Simple, regular verbs: exercises: You found D exercise is easy, I hope. So. Let's have them ticked and explain what, where, and why happened. In the first exercise, you needed to choose the correct form of the verb to be reminding you that we're wasn't and weren't. She wasn't at home last night. She negative wasn't I was at that party to be positive. I was he wasn't ready for the exam. He negative. Wasn't. We were in the guest list. We positive were we were they weren't ready for the cold weather. The negative, they weren't. Please don't ever think, do never say, never right, didn't didn't simply doesn't exist. Where are you in that hotel last night. Where are you in that hotel last night? Question for you. Where you weren't way in that hotel last year to negative question. Warrant way. My sister wasn't in the theatre whole she wasn't negative. Was he later gain? Was he later gain? Question four paths symbol the verb to weigh. The positive sentences. We state at this hotel last year, state you don't need to change anything in the verb. You just need to add ED after y. Why? Because after a consonant, you need to change y into e. But after a vowel, as here, a is a vowel, you don't need to change. I think we state at this hotel last year. She arrived on time. Arrive, arrived. Be careful. You remember in present continuous that when the verb finishes in mute, E, in E that you don't hear, you just skipped it and added I-N-G in present. Simple. When the verb finishes in E, you keep it, make, makes, you keep it, although it's mute into add S. Here. Arrived, arrived finishes a gain in E that you don't hear, but you write it. And what you need to do is not to add double E, Please don't do it. You don't need to W here. You just need to add d at the end. And that's it. Arrived. We traveled by train. Troubled. I explained about this variable, right? It's an exception from the general rule. Yes. It's a long verb. Truck vote. It has more than one syllable, but at the same time, the stress is on the first syllable. Well, it doesn't matter. You need to double the last consonant here. We always enjoyed his company. Enjoyed ED, you just need to add it to the verb because the verb finishes in y. And before why you have a vowel. No other changes needed. I lived in moderate five-years ago. I lived the same logic as arrived. The verb finishes in E. You don't write w, e, you write only one. I lift his smoked a lot. Same logic. You just add D. Smoked. You pronounce it smoked, lift, smoked. I hope you've paid attention. It is not leave it it is not smoke it or something like that. You don't pronounce it as eat. You pronounce it as smoked. Lift arrived. Asked in sentence number seven, some call. He always asked stupid questions. Asked ED. As a baby, she cried at night. When the verb finishes in, why you need to change y into i e, what you have is i e d xi, right? At night. It rained every day last week. It rained. The verb is rain. You need to add ED, just and again, you don't pronounce it. Arena. You pronounce it, rent, rent. The questions. Digital shop glows. Reminder. Equation is formed to avoid the auxiliary or the hoping for good. After a debt you say Who? Dr. Days after that you'll say what? Gte, I, he, she, it. And after that, the verb, the verb in infinitive in its basic form. You don't need to add D, E D When there is equation dy dt, the shop close. Due to talk about this with him. Did you talk token infinitive question? When did they come? Last night. When did they come? You see the difference between sentences number two and number three? Number two, the question starts with the European Corp we did. In sentence number three, there is a question, the world. And this question word is when. When the sentences starts with a question word. This one from President simple. First, you need to write the question word. After that, the form of the auxiliary, the form of the helping verb. When did they come? Did you understand the question? Simple question. Did they fix the past form of the verb after that? Understand in its basic form. Did you understand the question? What did you buy in the shop yesterday? What did you buy? D8 plus infinitive. What did you buy? The question starts with the question weren't exactly when did you last meet him? When question word did meet, get brings the question meet gives you the infinitive of the verb. When did you last meet him? Why didn't you call her again? Didn't pause infinitive? Why didn't you call her again? You didn't know about it. Did you know about that dy dt plus the basic form of the verb, did you know negative sentences? In a negative sentence, what you need is D1 plus the infinitive. She didn't get up early yesterday. She didn't get up. I didn't know what to do. My sister didn't call yesterday, didn't plus infinity. It doesn't matter whether we speak about regular or irregular verbs. Here. You will see, for example in the next lecture that the verb is irregular because the three forms are different. But it doesn't matter when the sentence is negative. You only need to add didn't didn't. You do need to the infinitive that so you can work with any verb that you want to. My sister didn't call. You, didn't come on time again? I didn't go to the party last night. The marker for the tense didn't plus infinitive. We didn't buy anything from the Christmas market. We didn't buy didn't plus infinitive. She didn't pick up the phone. Didn't plus infinitive. I didn't sell the old camera. Didn't plus infinitive. If you don't know any of these verbs, please look them up in the dictionary, check them in the dictionary. There aren't subtitles though, this course, Senor native language up orders for this. But hope you understand it's impossible. I mean, there are students from all over the world, so it's impossible to add subtitles in every language. It's your task. Work with the language, with the dictionary that you are used to. And giving you a piece of advice. The best way to learn a language is to study the language in the language. I mean, don't translate. Don't try to find d equal in your native language. Just think in English, written English, Work in English. And on this way, you will get used to the logic of the language. In English. You are not going to be translators. You're not going to be interpreters. You don't need to know the specific equivalent in your own language. We didn't tell him about this. Didn't plus infinitive. The mixed exercise, to speak to a better question, the question in past simple. Forearm, the way to the auxiliary with the helping verb, it, and after that, the infinitive. When did you speak? I liked the movie last night a lot. Alike. Act alike is a regular verb, which means that you need to add ED, but the verb finishes in e exactly. You need only d at the end. And be careful with the way you pronounce it. I liked the movie last night. She wasn't so obedient when she was a child. Wasn't not didn't be the negative form of the verb to be. This wasn't. I stated my sister's house last week. The verb is stay. It finishes in a vowel plus y. And because of that, you need just to add ED, noting this here, needed they didn't stop at the traffic lights. They didn't stop. Negative sentence, which means didn't pause the infinitive. They didn't stop. He wanted to talk about something with you. He wanted the verb is what? You need to add ED, and be careful when the last sound that you hear from the basic verb. Here, want is your basic verb, is or the, then you can't say he wants. You just can't pronounce it. Well, in this case, you pronounce it. Eat. He wanted, he wanted I liked he wanted ED. It is pronounced only when you can't articulate it in a different way. It simply impossible for your tongue to pronounce that in a different way. My brother didn't finish his 30s when he was young. My brother didn't finish didn't finish negative firm. When he was young. The best form of the verb to be was I decided to apply for that job. Decide that, you see, I added only D because the verb finishes in E, but at the same time I didn't pronounce it, decides I can't pronounce it on this way. In fact, you can't either. You pronounce that design that eat your ad at the end. And this is perfectly correct. Good job. That was the last exercise. Don't forget that the links are in the previous lecture. The links for extra exercises online. If you need more exercises, give me a hint in the Q&A section and I will add more links. See you. 12. Tenses. Grammar Lab: Past Simple, Irregular verbs: As you know from the previous lecture, the verbs in English can be divided into basic big groups. There are regular verbs and irregular verbs. The forms of these verbs are structured in different way. When there is an irregular verb, everything you need is to add ED. It doesn't matter whether you need a simple tense or a perfect tense. For the perfect tenses will speak realism. When it comes to irregular verbs, then the story's a little bit more different. There. What you need is to know which the forms of the verb stare, because they're different. Think of the irregular verbs as new words that you need to memorize. You need to memorize in a way to be able to use them in different structures, in different situations. Without wondering which verb do I need here and which verb is needed to be put there. In order to help you, I've prepared a set of cards with irregular verbs. You may find them in the lecture, you may download them from there. It's a zip, a file. Why I like these guards into I made them on this way. First here you are given the tree verb forms. The thing that you need to remember, begin, began, begun. After that, you have the transcription of each forearm looked at and you have examples. This is really useful. The best way to remember to memorize a new word is to memorize it in context. And as these forms of the irregular verbs are new words, actually, again, the best way is to memorize them in context. You can rewrite the irregular verbs. You can find really a lot, a lot of lists of verbs online. Just my advice. Don't try to memorize everything at once. You can't learn all of the verbs. Absolutely. Start with the basic ones. And after that, just keep on improving, keep on working. There is logic in these two forms. As you start learning more and more irregular verbs, you will start catching the logic. It wouldn't be even necessary to try to learn something by heart, it will come by intuition. To get the irregular verbs again, you may find, you may download, and it's up to you to learn them. Now we are continuing with the exercises. As usual. Let's first check them out. The first one, this happened yesterday, you just need to put the verb in the correct form in order to express what happens in that situation. Remember, we still speak about past simple. So everything you know from the previous time is the same. The only difference here is in the positive verb firms. In the previous lecture, I told you whether you form negative or a question sentence. It doesn't matter what kind of verb you have. You always need D1 plus the infinitive in a negative sentence. And you always need get plus infinitive in the question. The problem comes in positive sentences. In positive sentences, you do need the second verb form. The second verb form. This is what suits your needs for past simple irregular verbs. First, the first exercise you needed to put the positive forms in the second one, the questions in the third one, negative Forbes. And of course one of the favorite exercises of mine. Several sentences with mistakes are given. What you need to do is to correct them. Press the pause, do the exercises, and we'll take them in a while. 13. Tenses. Past Simple, irregular verbs: exercises: I hope that you succeeded then memorizing some of the irregular verbs. I hope that the grammar cards that you found at the end of the previous lecture, we're really useful. And you found your way of memorizing them. I remember in fact, when I was a student and I had to memorize them, I wrote them on pieces of paper. There weren't computers at that time. I mean, exactly what they studied English and I just wanted to order them. I mean, the piece of paper, I mixed them. After that. I started ordering them one after another, and thus I order them. I checked whether everything was optimized list. Well, now there are a lot of games online, a lot of exercises that may help you. So it's just up to you, up to your desire to learn, to memorize and to pronounce them correctly. Let's look at the exercises. She sank are sunk yesterday. The sentence says all of the situations referred to yesterday. And you know that yesterday is one of the markers for a past tempo, as well as last monetary year, as well as a goal. Because of that, we use only past simple. And let's revise. Sank. The two forums. Sink, sank, sank. Yes. Negative. Didn't think. Didn't pause the basic form. Positive sentence. Second firm question, ditches. Think di dt plus the basic form. He went back home from work, go went, gone. She gets doubts about his success. I have cat yet. She had doubts. Don't put S here please, because I've seen it. What students do? The exercises about past simple or just these peak about something, what happened in the past. But they remember that there was something about adding S at the end of the verb every time when there is he or she. Well, it's not every time. It's only when we have present simple. Be careful. She had doubts about his success. When I went out, I took a number our yesterday, go went, gone, take took taken. She sent me a lovely message. Sent, sent, sent. Pronounced in the same way. Does the spelling is different. The infinitive, your right width, d. The second, third firm with T at the end. I did my homework due date dump. They gave me the key, but I lost that. Gif GIF given lose, lost, lost. I spoke to my boss, speak spoke spoken. I spoke to my boss. We met unexpectedly. Meet met met. Questions. Did you drink enough water? The structure did for us the infinitive. And in this and the other two exercises, I want to revise the three forms of the verb as well. Here is drink, drink, drank, drunk. Did you feel how to feel? Felt? Felt. Did you forget to call you? Forget, forgot, forgotten. The cheek. Give you a hand with the homework. Give a hand. If you don't know. The phrase means help. The to give you a hand with the homework. Give, gave, given. Did you keep the promise? Keep, kept, kept. Good. He said the throat, see set, set. Did you pay the bills? P, Pete. Pete. Did you read aloud? And be careful, we have seen in the cards that the three forms of the verb read are written in exactly the same way. The difference comes in the way you pronounce these verbs. So read, read, read. Negative. She didn't leave the door open. Leaf, left. Left. We didn't wake up on time. Wake up. Woke up. Woken up. I didn't fall in love for fell form. She didn't hurt. Her hand. Hurt, hurt, hurt, Easy. They didn't put the packet back at the drawer. Again, put, put, put. I didn't have free time. Have cat hat. We didn't write to each other. Right. Wrote. Written. I didn't meet your boyfriend. Everything refers to yesterday. That's why we use past simple. Yesterday. All these things happened yesterday. The variable meet, met, met. I didn't drive faster TO drive, drove, driven. In these sentences, I've tried to include the most common verbs. At least these try to memorize and step-by-step or the others. Of course. The last exercise we needed to correct the sentences here to correct the mistakes. All these things happened in the past. Again, I wasn't at home when you came. I didn't be Giddens has been never exists. I told you the verb to be in the past. He has two forms, was and were, and when you want to form the negative, when you want to say not, if you just use the form was or was not, wasn't, weren't. Doesn't work. When the verb is irregular, you need the second verb form. So came is the correct term. She studied English at home spelling here. That's why the verb is wrong. You know that when the verb finishes in y and there is a consonant before, why? What do you need to change y into? I studied, I ate a sandwich yesterday. Usually. When you don't know the verb, they don't know the three firms. What students do is just to add ED, if it works, well, sometimes it does, sometimes it doesn't eat. It doesn't exist as a verb. Eat at. My brother didn't call before it was written, didn't coat. Didn't. When you form a negative sentence after Didn't, you need the infinitive? Infinitive means the basic form, the verb for the first verb form. The verb form that you will see in the dictionary. We need co, not coat. He spoke on the phone, I heard him speak spoke spoken irregular verbs. It's not peaked. You see that car over there? See so seen irregular verb. I didn't know you were in the room. Again, something which is typically written or set the wrong at the beginning, didn't. After that, saying it again, you need the infinitive. And it doesn't matter whether there is a regular or an irregular verb. Infinitive is what you need. New infinity first of new east, No, I didn't know you were in the room. He arrived by car. The opposite situation, the verb is irregular. But because you don't know what you try to make it irregular arrived for older adult, no worry one probably. When the verb is irregular, you just add D or ED. In this case, we added only t because the verb finishes in E and you don't need double e. The last example, we spoke on the phone, online. Speak, spoke, spoken, not speak. The verb is irregular. I hope you understood how important is to know the three forms of the irregular verbs. This in fact is your chance to express yourselves, correct? Let's take our time and learn the irregular verbs by heart. That's the way try to associate them with something. That's the memorize them in context. This will make it easier for you. See you in the next lecture. 14. Tenses. Past Simple, Regular and Irregular: When you already know the difference between a regular and irregular verbs, it's time to practice them together. So in this lecture, in this video, there will be exercises. You may find them in the PDF only exercises. The task is to open the brackets almost everywhere. The idea, you need to be able to understand which of the verbs are regular and which are irregular. Let's check the exercises first. And the first one. Let's speak about the past. Well, there are different situations, different sentences, or a lot of verbs. What do you need to do is to put the verb in the correct past form. No, I didn't. I. This exercise and practices whether you know, the basic the infinitive forms because you know that didn't goals with the infinitive with the basic firm. For example. He traveled to moderate. Know he didn't travel to moderate. He traveled to verse Ilona. In order to do this exercise, you need to know the first two forms of the verb. Hint. Use the cards that you may find a little bit earlier in the course. It will be really useful for you to take all the time and this will help you memorize everything in an easier way. After that, you need to paraphrase using the verbs in brackets. As you may see in the brackets, there are time markers. Yes, these are markers for the past. So your task is to transform the sentences from President sample or from President continuous present, simple in most of the cases. To pass tempo. Now is the time to open the PDF. To take a piece of paper or your favorite editing tool to do the exercises and to check them together. Right now. Yesterday I went to work by bus. I tried not to be late. Go is an irregular verb. The three forms, go, went, gone. After that. Try is irregular verb, which means that it is formed. The second form, the past simple form, is formed with ED online. You need to be careful about the spelling here, the verb finishes in y and the reset consonant before y. It means that y needs to be changed into IEEE trite. Last week, I had some free time and I spent it in the park with my children. Half can't yet irregular verb, the second form is yet spent, spent, spent, spent is the second form. So you need to use this one here. It's not spend spend spend, spend. Yesterday I saw something stranger on the street, but I didn't understand what it was. Step-by-step. Yesterday. After that, you need the past simple form of the verb. See, CSR, seen the second form. So yesterday I saw something strange, but I not understand in the past. Didn't didn't understand, didn't pause the basic form, which are the three forms of the verb, understand. Understand, then they're stored and they're still not perfect. Okay. But I didn't understand what it was about the verb to when you already know you need to be always careful. Always be. Was, being B was or where it was or where are the forms that you need? My detour answered all the questions that I had. Answer is irregular verb. So everything you need to do is to add ED, my deter answered. He have, he had, had irregular verb. The second form is yet I expected to see a lot of people on the streets. Unfortunately, there were just a few. Expect the verb finishes in T. So be careful how you will pronounce it. Expected. That's what you need. Expected to see a lot of people on the streets. Unfortunately. How to understand whether you need was or were here. Looking at the first sentence, this is one situation. There is only one context here. In the first sentence, we speak about people or a lot of men, a lot of women, which means that we need the oral form of the verb as well. Fortunately, there were just fuel his bulk to Matt and we are applying the pattern. No, he didn't speak to Matt. His book, the tongue, the verb is spoke. What you needed to do is to think which the basic form of the purpose Speak, spoke, spoken. He didn't speak, he spoke. We might Marika, same logic. Met is a second form of the verb Meat. Meat Myth met is what you need. Know. We didn't meet Marika. We met her sister. She spoke in Spanish. Spoke is the second form of the verb Speak. Speak. Spoke. Spoken. No, she didn't speak in Spanish. She's bulk in Italian. She came on time. No, she didn't come came the two forums. It came come note he didn't come on time. She was late. Here. Older horse no. Upon it. No, he didn't write the horrors. He wrote a bony rod. The second form of the verb, right? Road rhythm. She built a house. No, she didn't build a house. Should build a flat. No difference in the pronounciation in the way that you will hear the verb. But there is a difference in the way you write it. So be careful. Built, built, built. The last exercise. The time markers are given in brackets. I see my siblings everyday. Everyday, you know, is the marker for president sample. From present simple. You need to go to past simple because the marker, which is given in brackets, yesterday, is the one that refers for past sample. It refers to the past. I saw my siblings yesterday. C. So scene. We spend our holidays together in general. Present Simple. Last year spent is the verb sprint, spent, spent last year. We spent our holiday together. You ask a lot of questions. In general. Ask is irregular verb, ask, asked, asked. Yesterday morning. You asked a lot of questions, or you asked a lot of questions yesterday morning. In fact, whether you will start or you will finish the sentence with the time marker depends on your, depends on whether you need, whether you want to put the accent. If you start the sentence with yesterday morning, you tell me that this is the important part for you. That exactly yesterday, You asked three lots of questions. If you're finished the sentence with yesterday morning, just says that it's important that you asked those questions. It doesn't matter where and exactly. The goal to the seaside, the spring. Every spring, something that usually happens. Present sample, go, went and gone. And previous spring, you need to use as a marker. Previous spring they went to the seaside, or they went to the sea side. Previous sprint. Same logic as the previous example. For more, don't meet an everyday, everyday president sample. You need is at the end of the verb because, why? Exactly dump. And every time when you speak about him or her, you only use he. She in present simple, the verb takes dumb, met. Last week. She waters are worth of TV. And two evenings. In general, she watches present simple. She watched TV last night. Last night. The marker for past simple. Ed, you needed to add to the verb. Watched as pronounciation, not watered. We speak on the phone and raved, Inc.. Every evening something happens. It is exactly repetitive action, which means that we need present sample with every evening. But when you change the time marker from every evening to yesterday, then you need to change the form of the verb. We spoke on the phone yesterday. She speaks German in general. She speaks German. And it doesn't matter when was the last time she spoke German? When you change it? She spoke German yesterday. This is important that yesterday it was necessary for her to speak in German. So she spoke speak spoke spoken. For effect. If you're found those exercises difficult, I advise you to keep on working on the three verb forms. Spelling, first of all, then regular verbs. The second and the third form. Why you need the third form? Well, in awhile we will start talking about present, perfect, past perfect. And about those fences. You need the verbs. As you notice in this first part of the course, we're going to pass through all of the basic tenses in English. Dad. Once you have these basics from their own, we may continue improving your skills. Or once you know the basic structures, you will not think about the answers anymore because language is not the answer. So it's important for you not only to know the rules, but to be able to express yourselves in different situations. We've spoken about this one then says, your way to express your thought, to express yourselves. Just take advantage of it. Learn the verbs now, it will be easier for your after that. See you in the next lecture. 15. Tenses. Grammar Lab: Past Continuous: It's time for our grammar lab. One more time. What we are going to talk about here is past continuous. So please, if you know the basics, which means, you know how to form both continuous, you know, when it is used and, you know what's the difference between past simple and past continuous? Then please switch to the other lecture where the exercises are, don't forget to take a look at the cards that you may find after this lecture, as well as the links are with the online exercises. Here, Let's get started. When you hear past continuous, what is your first associate each probably braise and continuous riots. There is something so present, continuous, past, continuous. It sounds as present continuous for the past, something like that. Well, you are on the right way and you can see it based on the forums. Just look at the forms. Present continuous, we formed with the present form of the verb to be, is or are, because the verb plus zinc. Well, here we need the past form of the verb to be worse or were, then follows the verb for zinc. And that's all. Let's check it out. I was walking down the street. We were walking down the street. The positive sentences was you need is the correct form of the verb to be worse or world plus the verb, think. I was walking. You were walking? He she was walking. We were walking. You are walking the world walking worse or where was the verb for scientists? After a debt? To form? The negative forms, you need the verb to be again, just in its negative form. And after that comes the verb. For science. I wasn't talking on the phone. We weren't talking at that time. Wasn't or weren't. I wasn't talking. You weren't talking? He she wasn't talking. We weren't your warrant targeting the warrant. Dark ink. The forum. Sarah, easy realize, just think of it as present, continuous, but in the past. And you won't have any problems after that. Or when you want to make a question, what do you need is just to start the sentence with the correct form of the verb to be. Were you talking worst key token? Was she talking? Was it walking, for example, because it refers to a cat or dog, let's say if the only fund the street or something that can't talk in very general. Where I was She was He was it after that? Were you talking were we talking worthy talking? And he answers? Esa was no, I wasn't. Yes, he was. No, he wasn't. Nothing. I think that will cause you problems here. And it's not about the forums. It's about the usage when exactly to use past continuous. And why do we need so many tenses in English? Let's take a look at the usage situation. While she was studying. He was cleaning. She was studying. He was cleaning. Tried to imagine the situation. When you study in general. Is it something which happens once, i mean something momentary forum for a second, for a minute? Or is it something which happens for a period of time? Exactly. It takes a period of time. And it's the same with the cleaning. The first case in which you use past continuous is when we have two actions. These two actions were happening during a period of time in the past. Something was going on for a period of time while she was studying, he was cleaning. In this first example, we have two actions which were happening simultaneously, meaning at the same time. Both of them were in progress at some time in the past. In that situation, as a linking word, as a linker. While. And y gives me exactly this identification that something was in progress while something else was in progress as well. There is one more scenario. The second scenario goes like that. He was waiting for her when the rain started. Again. He was waiting or when the rain started. Imagine the situation. Dead person started waiting sometime ago. And continuous waiting character debt. So he's waiting is in progress. This is what they understand from your sentence. This is what you tell me. When you use past continuous, you put the emphasis, you focus on the fact that this action took a period of time. He was waiting for her. When after when you use past simple. When something else happened, when the rain started, you don't have information here how long it was raining for what was going on, dear no. You just know that the rain started. He was waiting. Period. When something goes that started when something else happened. Period past continuous, something else that's happening, something momentary past. Simple. Again, why you need to assess to give me exactly these details. Now, if you don't use the correct tense, Yes, you can speak just the a person who is listening to you. We will not be able to understand what exactly you mean, what exactly you want to see. You need to add more words in order to explain the situation. For example, the trick here is to use the correct verb form, the correct tense. And that's it. You don't need any more details after that. Last time, past continuous period, past simple something, more mentoring. The exercises. First, we are passing through them. After a dead, you have your time to do, you know, we are taking them together. Open the brackets, bars continuous world. This is the main exercise, the main type of exercise that you will have within the PDF that you will see after the video, just please pay attention to something else. Probably you will start wondering which the correct spelling kits. Guess what? You know, what everything that you need to do is to revise again the rules that you know about prison. Continuous. Exactly. The rules. There are not rules for present continuous only. Their rules are for the spelling of the verb was ING, and this is what we have here. Verb plus I-N-G. First exercise, open the brackets. Second, open the brackets. Third, open the brackets. That's it. I'm sorry. Different types of sentences. You will see. And again, what unites all of them is the correct spelling. And one and the same tense we will be practicing all the time. Now it's your turn. Do the exercises and see your email while in the answer section. 16. Tenses. Past Continuous: exercises: Welcome back. I hope that you found them really easy and you didn't have dead many problems with the spelling. So let's check the exercises out. We were walking in the office at eight this morning. Please. For every sentence, try to imagine the situation. We were walking, we were working in the office. It's eight this morning ink. At that time, we were working, which means that we had started before and we are continuing character that we're working the work, having breakfast when we arrived, something was in progress. The action in past continuous was in progress. When something else cap and this something else, his past simple, the we're having breakfast, breakfast, action in progress. Why always skipped E? Because the verb finishes in mute. It means that you can't hear it. And when you can't hear it, simple, You are right it while we were doing our homework, they were playing outside. While is the marker that you need here. It means that there are two actions in front of you. Both of these actions work happening at the same time in some period in the past. So while we were doing, they were playing. Doing nothing special about the spelling, about playing and all the verbs. So which finished in y. You know, when you add the I-N-G form, nothing. It changes. Everything that you need to do is just to add, I undo. At six this morning, we were still sleeping. We're sleeping. The correct verb firm y, p is not doubled here. I hope you remember. When the verb finishes in consonant, vowel, consonant, you need to double the last consonant. But when the combination is different, as in this case, we have vowel, vowel, consonant, then there is no need to draw anything. Then you simply add i-n-g. I saw the lamp was on. He was still studying at eight in the evening. He was still studying. Studying. Again, the verb finishes in y. But when you add i-n-g, no change in their spelling. At seven o'clock yesterday, I was having fun with my friends. I was having fun. Having E is not audible. You can't hear it. And because of that, you don't write it. For yesterday. We were still traveling. We were traveling about the verb travel with folks over all times. So you know, it's an exception from the rule. Wl my sister was cooking, Queenie came back home. My sister was cooking and action was in progress when something else cabinet and after when comes past simple. They were speaking so loud I could hear them. They were speaking. The verb speak needs only ING at the end. You don't double key because the combination that you have is vowel, vowel, consonant, negative sentences. Now, I wasn't talking on the phone when you opened the door. Something wasn't in progress when something else happened? I wasn't talking. He wasn't working when the cleaner team wasn't working and action was not in progress when the cleaner came, when after a dead Past Simple while indicator that board of the actions are in continuous. While I was doing the housework, the children were sleeping. I was doing the housework. The children who were sleeping? Three yesterday. I wasn't listening to the radio. Yes. You say when exactly, which at first side means that you need past symbol. But the trick here is that you want to say at desk time yesterday, something was not in progress, something was not happening. As I've mentioned it several times, then says, help you express your thoughts in a clear way. At this time yesterday, we were still lying on the beach at this time yesterday. So you'll see when that are dead. You focus you put the emphasis on the fact that something was going on. We were still lying. I wasn't playing on the computer when the electricity went off. Wasn't link plea, you know, the ion do without any change in the verb. Something was not in progress when something else happened. He wasn't drinking profit. When you're knocked at the door, he wasn't drinking coffee, something that was not in progress when something else happened. At this time yesterday, our reading a short story. This time yesterday. So at this time yesterday there was an action that was in progress. This is what you are telling me. You don't tell me what exactly happened. Yes, it was yesterday, but when exactly what when is this time? This time yesterday and action was in progress. I was having a lovely dream when the alarm started. Election in progress, interrupted by another action. Questions, most of the dance, How were you feeling when you saw your x above the verb feel? We all speak in detail in the upcoming lectures. But for now, remember that this verb feel in general can't be used in continuous tenses. But after all, when you want to say that something was typical for this exact situation, in that precise moment, you were feeling something or you are not feeling something, then it's possible to use it with I-N-G form. Again, we'll come back to this one later on in the course. Why Warren, you're dancing at the party when they came. Why weren't your dancing lens is emitted ING add it and action was not in progress. Why? Question? Worried talking to Tom When I came where you're talking equation past, continuous. And again, an action that was in progress when another one interrupted it. Was Pete playing the guitar when you arrived? Was Pete playing the guitar? Was their direction in progress. When something else happened? Was the TV still working when you entered the flat? None. Forget that. Every question starts with the auxiliary, with the helping verb was or where. If you don't have equation where it, examples for our sentences with question words are the first tool. How and why was the lamp on or when you came back last night? Again, the verb to be doesn't have continuous forums. It's not used in present continuous, it's not used in past continuous, at least not as a verb in that continuous form. These just, just in its simple forums. Was the lamp on? Not, was the lamp being cute? Can't use it on this way. What were you doing at this time yesterday? Difficult question. What were you doing? We are where you're going when I saw you at this time yesterday. And this time yesterday, you are going somewhere. And action was in progress and they saw the action was interrupted. The question, Where were you going when I saw you? Was hip link the piano when you came back last night, was that the action in progress when something else happened? Was he playing? After so many examples, I believe that you got to use to the structures. And that was the aim of this lesson. Just the first step before you start using the dances correctly, is not to think about their forums. The forums, the way the dance itself is structured, needs to be something that you're into either bladder. You don't need to think whether you need worse or a war, or you feel needed ink or S or ED at the end of the verb. Then when you master these, you'll be able to continue talking until be able to continue using the verbs, the sentences that tensors in different situations. Enough for this lecture. See you in the next one. 17. Tenses. Past Simple or Past Continuous, part 1: Theoretically speaking, you do already know the difference between past simple and past continuous. But let's check everything through some more exercises. Now, the idea, you know, what's the difference? You know how each of these tensors is structured. But when you are asked to choose either this or that one, well, then you may face some difficulties and let me help you to overcome them. The exercises you have seen in the attached PDF, you just need to choose between past simple and past continuous before doing the exercises. Either advisor to revise first the forms, second the markers. Then it will be really easier for you. The first one, when I saw them, they were playing basketball. When I saw they were plink. You need always to think which of the actions can be in progress. Here in the first situation they were playing. This was an action that was happening over a period of time. While they were playing. I saw them after when past simple. When somebody knocked at the door I was having correct. When somebody knocked and action in the past, something else was happening. I was having arrest. They were talking on Skype when I visited them. The action that was in progress here is the first one. They were talking. Something was happening when something else happened. When I visited them. I heard the noise while I was entering the room. I hurt. Why not that I was hearing? Well, there are some verbs. I still going. Well. There are some verbs, you know, that cannot be used in continuous forms. Here is one of them. When you hear something, it's just momentary act. It's something that's happening right now or write in the past and that's it. It can't continue for a period of time. You can be listening in progress, but you can hear just something momentary. The three forums here, hurt, hurt. While we were leaving the shop. The police came. While we were leaving. The police came. The first section here is in progress because we were leaving. Well, in the process of our leaving, the police arrived. The police game past, continuous past symbol that reverb forms. I was getting into the car when I saw the robbery. Every time. Try to imagine the situation, try to visualize it on this way. First, you have a better chance to memorize it. Second, it's really easier for you to understand which tends is required to be put where. Because when you speak, the story is different, then you have the situation and you need to choose a tense. But the situation is happening in front of you. Here, It's a little bit harder. You need to imagine the situation based on your imagination after that, to choose the correct stance. I was getting into the car. This was the action in progress when something else happened when I saw the robbery. She was reading when the electricity went off. The action that was in progress was the reading? Exactly. So she was reading. She started reading some time ago. And while she was reading, the electricity went off. My brother was watching the show when she caught the action that was in progress was the first one. He was watering. His watering was interrupted. It was interrupted by something that happened. This thing which happened is in past simple. My brother was watching past continuous. The shorter when she caught I was sitting in the bar when she came. I was sitting. Don't forget that it's always important to be careful about the spelling. Here sit is a short verb. This short verb finishes in consonant, vowel, consonant. Well, because of that, you need to double. The last consonant was sitting past continuous while the first action was happening. The second one happened. The second one interrupted by symbol, come came. When the ambulance scheme, we carried him in. Here the actions happen one after another. You can't see that while the ambulance was coming, we carried human. No way. The ambulance needs to come first. After that, we need to carry human past simple for both of the verbs, come, came, come, the two forms of the first one. For the second one, be careful about the spelling. Carry is a verb which finishes in y, and there is a consonant before that. You know that when the verb finishes in y with a consonant in front, you always need to change y into IEEE. He was driving down the, down the road when he suddenly felt, you imagine a man in a car, the car was driving, so there was an action that was in progress. Something was happening. He was driving down the road when he suddenly felt IO when something happened. This second thing happened in the process of the first one. In the second case, past simple, the two forums, few felt it felt. I was working on the computer when I heard a strange noise about the verb here. We've already spoken, you can be listening to something and the verb listen can be continuous. Whereas the verb here expresses only momentary ability. Because of that, Here goes in past simple. The three forums here, hurt, hurt. And you heard it when something else was in progress? I was working past continuous on the computer when I hurt. We were watching TV. When it suddenly stopped working. Something was happening. We were, for example, sitting on the Cortes and we were watching TV past continuous. The action was in progress when this action was interrupted by something else, when it stopped working. First thing to be careful about the spelling of stopped double P because of the combination here of the last three letters, consonant, vowel, consonant, meaning that you need to double the last consonant exactly. The second thing, you see that after he stopped, there is another verb, and this verb goes with INJ, perfect, but please be careful, this is not the second verb. It doesn't express a tense. This is just a second verb form. In this case, there is Durant. We will speak about this one later on in the course. Just for now, paying attention, when you see two verbs, one after another, the first verb takes the tense, not the second one. When I arrived, she was waiting for me. I arrived. This thing happened in the past. Well, when this thing happened, I saw that something else was in progress. When you say the sentence like this, it means that the waiting started before the moment of my appearing. And when I came there, when I arrived, she was still waiting for me. When I entered, they said, hello. The actions here are consecutive, which means that the things are happening one after another. But simple in both cases. And they're irregular verb, see irregular verb, see set, set. Why were you not working when he entered the office? Question and when you have a question in a complicated sentence, in a sentence with two verbs, the equation structure goes within the first part, the first verb form, not both of them. So why were you not working here is the question in past continuous. After that, the regular form of past simple. When he entered the office. Last exercise yesterday, I went to the office, then hurts to my Derman class. Later I had a meeting with my friends. You know that when we speak about actions which happened one after another in the past, such as, for example, your routine or something that was typical for that day when you tell a story. And it's not important which happened first, which 1 second? Well, then you just use past simple. Pay attention to, to the spellings. Caret y goes into i e because of the consonant in front of y. The two forms of the two other verbs, go, went, gone, half, cat, cat. Why are we were talking on the phone? You missed her. She's not here anymore. Again, imagine the situation. If something was in progress, the thing that was in progress was that this person was talking on the phone while he was talking or ship. Something else happened. This thing that happened was that she just went out, for example, missed past simple. When you arrived there last night, who was in their own. When you arrived last night, when, you know it it's a marker for past simple. And there is no action that is supposed to be in progress at this situation. Surpass simple for both verbs. Arrive, arrived. B was being, we were playing basketball when I sprinkled my ankle. We were playing when I sprinkled the action that was in progress, the first one, precisely we were playing, it took some time in the past. Because of that continuous we were playing when something else happened. When I sprinkled my ankle. Sprinkle, sprinkled past simple just d. You need to add because the verb finishes in E, and you can't add double E in harder for fast, simple in this case, be careful with the pronounciation. Spring got NADH sprinkler or something like that. What were you doing at 11 last night? What were you doing Catalan last night? So when you ask in this way, you wanted to know what was happening at that period of time. And the emphasis here is on the fact that there was an action in progress. You are interested exactly in this progressive activity that was going on then what were you doing? Past continuous question. It was incredibly noisy there. At 11 last night. It means between 1112, for example, we just saw a period of time, right? At that time, it was incredibly noisy. The verb to be it doesn't have a continuous firm because of that, you need the simple form in the past. In this situation, it was incredibly noisy there. He was throwing everything around while I was trying to order. The first action was in progress. While the second one was in progress as well. Both of them continuous. My wife was having difficult times while I was far away. My wife was having while I was while it gives you the marker, it is the marker that the two actions were in progress. But it doesn't mean that board of the verbs needs to be in there continuous firms. Why? Well, because the verb to be it doesn't have a continuous form. As simple as that. You're careful about the spelling. Half finishes in E, but E needs to be admitted when you add the I-N-G form just because you can't hear it. My wife was having past continuous while I was past simple the verb the way I was far away. That was the last sentence for today. Don't forget to take a look at the extra exercises that you will find after this lecture. In order just to be sure that everything is completely clear and you don't have any problems anymore with these two tenses. One more video, we will be doing more exercises with more extra online exercises after that. Don't forget to pass through everything and to read beam question sheet allowed. Why? Well, it's important. It's another way of working on your language. We will speak about that one later on in the course. See you in the next video. 18. Tenses. Past Simple or Past Continuous, part 2: From a stool, there will be another set of exercises where we will be practicing past simple and past continuous. These exercises, let's say, are a little bit more advanced. I think it will be useful for you to pass through them as well. You can find them in the attached PDF. The types of exercises are as follows. So the first one you need to choose deed was or were. Sounds simple but that taller. A lot of students find it difficult to distinguish between these three forms, especially at the beginning, which one is stated exactly where. After that, you need to use the linkers was the given prompts, the given words to make sentences to correct the mistakes. If there are any time for you to do it, for us to check it. Let's get started. She didn't agree. You can't see wasn't. Because exactly agree is a meaningful verb. There is no Modoc to put wasn't in front of a degree. In English. I mean, because in a lot of other languages theories. But in English there isn't such logic. Is the seats the same as if you wanted to say, I wasn't the goal. You can't. So she didn't agree. Agree, negative. Didn't agree. And you say I agree or not, I am angry. They were traveling down the road. Traveling the I-N-G form indicates that you need the continuous tense. The continuous tense is formed thanks to the helping verb to be the auxiliary verb to be in the past, which means was or were. They? Well, because you have the you need where they were traveling. I did come. Where were you? I'm sure you weren't there. I did come be careful here. You remember at the very beginning when we spoke about present simple, that there are markers in English which help you just put the emphasis, focus on one part of the sentence. Then we did it like that. I do like ice cream, which means I really like, I like it a lot. The same logic here. Just the auxiliary is different than the helping verb is different because we speak about the past. So instead of do you need did I did come after a debt. Where were you? You can't put here because you are missing the verb. And you do need a verb in order to ask a question like this. The question in present, simple, or continuous doesn't matter. Sounds like where are you? Are past were I'm sure you weren't there. You weren't the same logic. It can't be didn't because the verb would be missing in that way. Whilst you're waiting for you. Question, you are required to do. And the form of the verb after the pronoun is in I-N-G, which means that you need an auxiliary, you need something else which corresponds to the ink form. It's past continuous. What's waiting for you? They weren't playing on the computer when I came back home. The warrant play, playing on land, the form of the verb may really indicate which tens unit. You can't say they didn't play. In. The other option is they didn't play. But at the same time, if you imagine the situation, the first part was in progress, which means that you need to express this progression with the correct tense. The correct tense in our situation is past continuous. What did he do? What did you do? Do infinitive, you need a question. And when the main verb. Is an infinitive. The only option that you have is to put it in our case, the why wasn't she hoping you, she did promise helping? Same logic you're following. You see that the verb finishes in I-N-G, which means that you need the continuous tense. And the continuous tense, the question is formed with the auxiliary was, where she did promise, same logic as in sentence number three. She did promise means she really promised sheep who was completely sure she, she really give her world that you will do it. Pay attention to this one here. If you are in the present, you will see she does come on time. Thus come the S form, which is typical for present simple goals from the verb to do auxiliary verb, from Coase to thus, thus come, and the verb goes in infinitive. Absolutely same logic here. She did promise, did, takes the past form of the verb. And because of that, you need the infinitive. It's not she did promised. She did promise. I was having fun having ING in order to form the whole structure you need forward because you speak about yourself. I the correct form is what? I was having fun. She didn't tell you the throat till varies a verb in the infinitive, which means that you need the negative form of this structure. When there is a verb in the infinitive and you wanted to make it negative. You need don't thousand didn't in our case, didn't. She didn't tell you the truth? I think this exercise was really useful. Let's go on to the next one. She telephoned, I have a bad. While. The most important thing here is to imagine the whole situation. To try to visualize in your mind what was going on retailer, then you will not have any problem formulating this sentence. And what is more important, you will not have a problem to express yourselves. In a similar situation when you need the language. She telephoned while I was having a bath while this one was in progress, I was having compared something happened. She telephoned. You can say she was still a falling while I was having a bad. It means that she was calling you all the time while you are having combat? Both are correct? It depends on the exact situation. It depends on what you want to say. He was watching the news when she entered. No options here. He was watching the news. The first action was in progress, and this first section was interrupted by another one. He was watching the news when she entered the first one, past continuous action which interrupts the first one past simple. 06:00 PM yesterday, I was having a walk in the park. Why continuous? Because what you need to see here is that at six o'clock I was in the middle of doing this or I was still doing that one. You can't use simpletons in order to show progress of your activity. In order to express exactly this thought that at that time, on that day, something was going on, something was happening. You need past continuous. While I was parking, I heard a strange sound. While I was parking. While something was happening, something else happened. About the verb here and the difference between here and listen. We spoke several times already. You know it while I was working, I heard the strange noise. The parking is the action in progress and the hearing is the action that the act which interrupts the first longer action. While I was scrolling my news feed, I came across your announcement. I think you can really visualize this one hour scrolling. It means I was in one of the social media for example. And that was crawling. While I was doing this one, I saw your advertisement, I came across your announcement. Come, came from the three forms of the verb, scrolling WL, because the verb itself is written on this way with ING was crawling past continuous. Once you left the flat, it was raining. When she left, it was raining. It means that she was in the flat. She decided to leave it. Well, when she went out on the street, she saw that it was raining. It started raining before she went out, and it continued running. After she went out. The action was in progress. It was raining. While the twins were watching a cartoon, the parents were working simultaneously, simultaneous actions happening at the same time. The twins or watching a cartoon progress at the same time, the parents who are working, imagine for member family to do rooms in the first room, the parents working. In the second term, the twins were watching TV. That's it. The actions are happening at the same time. While I was teaching English, I met my future husband. While I was teaching English during my classes. I was teaching for a period of time. And meanwhile, I met my future husband. The first one in progress. The second one happens while the first tab is going on. The last sentence, correct the mistakes. If any, gene arrived at Peter's house at around four, when you arrive somewhere, this is always a single act. It can't be a continuous one. Because of that past continuous or present continuous here is simply impossible. She arrived at around four and this time he wasn't there. He was doing the shopping around for he was doing he was in the progress of doing something else. I understood what you were asking. Understand is one of the verbs that cannot be used in a continuous tense. Because of that, you can't say I was understanding. You can only say I understood what you were asking. I agree with you. I've already mentioned this one. I agree doesn't exist in English. What you have in English is the verb for that, how the past form is formed. I agreed with you. They were preparing the dinner. Simple one. The goals with were not with us. They were preparing the verb prepare, let's revise the spelling. When the verb finishes in E, and you don't hear that E, what you need to do is to skip it and to add i-n-g on preparing the dinner. They traveling alone? Yes, they were. What are the form of the short answer is it depends on the type of question. When you ask a question in past continuous, everything you need to do is to use the auxiliary, the helping verb, the verb to work they traveling? Yes, they were. If the question, where did the travel Here's the did I remembered to call him? I was remembering doesn't exist as a forum. The verb remember cannot be used in continuous dancers. While he was sleeping. The rain stopped. When something stops, it's not progress. It's not some progression. It's just a moment. It stops and that's all you can't see was stopping. Again, stop. One of the verbs that cannot be used in continuous tenses. The question, why stopped its width WP. Do you remember the row? Hope yes. Short verb. The last three letters are consonant, vowel, consonant. In this case, you need to double the last consonant. Wp is going kinda go to job. I think that's now we're ready to go to the next tense where we have really a lot of work, please, before you switch to the lectures about present, perfect? Yes. Do the exercises that you have, the extra exercises. And after that, revise the three forms of the verbs in perfect tensors, you need to use the third form. If you don't know it, it will be really difficult for you to formulate simple sentences seven. So the two forms of the irregular verbs, and see you in the next grammar lab. 19. Tenses. Grammar lab: Present Perfect: As promised you at the end of the previous lecture, we continue with the next grammar lab and the next tense. Here in present perfect, there are a lot of things that are connected and some people find it really hard. First of all, please, if you know the forums, if you know the markers, if you know what is the difference between four and since been and gone. And two, don't need revision. Just skip the grammar lab and go to the exercises. The links are after this lecture. After that, for two more lectures, a part of the course where you will find extra exercises with extra explanations. Our task canal. First to pass through the forms and the very basic grammar, which is connected with present perfect. Once you understand everything theoretically, we will continue with the exercises. And during dose exercise sections will be helping cure or with the grammar again, I will be repeating all the time the rules that you need to know in order to do this or that exercise. I hope you have a revised the irregular verbs as we're going to need them. Yes. I hope you have noticed as well what is written here in green, the forms of present perfect plus half plus a third form of the verb, third form of the irregular verb. That's how present perfect is formed. And Ts, when we speak about him or her, you use heat. She then comes, has again with the third form of the irregular verb. Let's check all these things out. I have a beam here. He has been here. We have been here before. Half plus third form of the verb. The verb to be B was being I have been, have been, she has been. He has been. It has been we have been, you have been the, have been or has positive. Third form of the irregular verb. Your logical question now should be okay, and what about the irregular verbs? Well, the good news. The irregular verbs have one and the same form. For the simple sentences and for the perfect tenses. Which means that everything you need to do is just to add ED, at the end, I have traveled, he has traveled. Nothing else is expected from you here. Half or has positive. Third form of the irregular verb, or the verb was ED. If the verb is regular, the negative in the negative sentences, what you need to do is to add the negative not up to the auxiliary, up to half or CAS. I haven't seen him. He hasn't seen me. We haven't seen each other. Everything you need to be careful about, I mean, about the forms. Structures is whether you speak about him or her or about somebody else. So when you have heat, it, the auxiliary, the helping verb is always, has or hasn't. If negative. In all the other cases, half, half haven't. The questions how you form them. Nothing new here as well. Everything you need to do is just draw, exchange, the places of the pronoun and the helping verb. You have been there. Question, have you been there? The answer, yes, I have no, I haven't. Half plus a third form of the verb. Have you been? Yes, I have. No, I haven't. He has he been? Yes, he has. No, he hasn't. The short answers you form based on the question that was asked. You need to be careful about the correct helping verb in the question. Then the same helping verb is used in the answer. Up to the forums. I guess, I hope, and I believe that there is nothing difficult. Half forecast was third form of the verb. The verb is irregular, or has plus the verb was ED. If the verb is regular. The important question now, when to use present perfect? What information brings present perfect? Because we've already understood on this one. Yes, this course is about grammar, but you need grammar to be able to do grammar exercises. You don't need the grammar exercises just for the sake of the exercises, you need grammar in order to express yourself clearly. Each of the ten sets, because we started with tenses, brings just some additional information. You give your thoughts in a different way, you present yourself in a different way. Let's now see what information brings present perfect, and why there are so many tensors. Think it again in English, nuances. This is what you need to be focused on. There are really a lot of markers which may tell you that you need present. Perfect. Ever, never recently, lately for since just yet. It a lot I told you. And each of these adverbs brings in additional information. First, yes, it tells you that you need present perfect. Because he speak about your experience or because you speak about something which happened in the past and you don't know when exactly. These are the two most typical cases. But at the same time, you say when approximately something happened, Let's check it out. Have you ever thought of it? Have you ever thought of it? Ever introduces experience. You speak about your experience. If you have ever done this or you could have never done it. Ever, never experience. I have never pay attention to the place of the adverb it has between the auxiliary here, forecasts, and the third form of the verb in-between, it comes here. Have you ever, I have never. We've recently met. We've recently met. So you don't see when exactly. This is typical for present. Perfect. You don't know saying the game, you don't know when exactly in the past something happened. By contrast, wed past simple and past simple. Yesterday, last year or last month. Here, you don't know why exactly. But you know, for example, when you say recently, it means that it is close to the moment of speaking. Introduce increasingly in your sentence. You just give some extra information. You just provide some extra markers for your listeners to understand what you mean. We've recently met Meet mathematics. I haven't spoken to accumulate left. I haven't spoken to him lately. Lately. One of the adverbs, which usually goes at the end of the sentence, usual. I haven't spoken to him lately. It means that OK. To the moment of speaking. The previous several months, for example, we have unspoken I haven't spoken to him lately. If you don't know the meanings of recently and lately, please look, look them up in a dictionary, check them in a dictionary. I've just come back. I've just Come back. It means exactly before the moment of speaking. I've come back. For example, you are entering and in a minute you see that your spouse, your husband, your wife, or your child is coming back? Well, you may say, I didn't have to clean that myself. I've just come back just before the moment of speaking. Have you paid the bills yet? Yet is adverb, which is used in questions and in negative sentences. Yet, have you paid the bills yet? In question? It goes at the end. Same logic. When you have a negative sentence, I haven't paid the bills yet. I haven't paid the bills yet. When you use yet in question, usually express the fact that you don't agree with something, that you find something not pleasant, not correct as behavior. Have you paid the bills yet? Which means you're really not paid the bills yet. Really not paid it yet. Realize you pay the VOC yet. After that, I've already done the task. I've already done the task one d you need, of course, I've already done it. It means I did it in a moment in the past. It doesn't matter when. But what we have as a result is that now, at the moment of speaking, you have it ready. When exactly I did it, it doesn't matter. The result is important. At the moment, it is ready. I've already done the task. The most important yet is not used in positive sentences, yet, easiest in negatives and in questions. The next markers for and since there is a difference, it's really important to understand where the differences. Don't worry, we'll be practicing co of these. There are enough exercises after that. I haven't seen him for two years. When you see four SMR car, you use present perfect. Just a hint or present perfect continuous. But we'll speak about this a little bit later. For marker for perfect stance. Remember it on this way. I haven't seen him for two years. For the period of two years for it's used when you speak about the period period within which something happens or something didn't happen in our case, I haven't seen him for two years. The difference with since I haven't seen him since Monday since is used with a moment. Since when? Since Monday. For how long? For two ears. These are the two questions which help you understand which of the two markers you need for how long and since, when? Since Monday, since moment for period. The last markers. Something that you really need to think about, need to understand. First of all, Bean and gone. The first scenario, you are meeting a friend of yours. And here she says, Yes, I've been there and it was really amazing. I've been there. It was amazing. I've been there. You speak about your experience. You don't say went exactly. And the fact that it was amazing, communities mentioned that something was amazing. It means that this person is back. Again. Look at the example. I have been to France, great memories I have from there. It means at some moment in the past, this person went to France, enjoyed the journey very much better that came back to the country he's from or sheep. I have been to France. So you went somewhere, you came back, you talk about your experience. By contrast, if you say have gone, You mean that you are still in the place of your destination? Look at the example again. She has gone to the post, no idea if she's coming back. She has gone to the post at some moment in the past. You don't know when exactly, and it's not important when exactly. What matters is that right now, in the moment of speaking, she is not back. She's still there. So she's not back. She's still there. When you use bean, you have been into your back. When you use goal, you're still there. That's what you need to remember. Now you're ready to take the exercises and to start working on them. Not everything will be practiced within one lecture only we have two different. We'll start with the easier exercises. Let's check them out. First, you need to write the three forms of the verbs. I told you that it's really important. Because it's important you need to practice as much as possible on your own as well. You don't need me, in fact, to proxies the three forms of the verbs. After that, you need to talk about your experience, the idea, just to get used to using the present perfect tense. And after you speak about experience, you'll speak about something which happened in the past, but it's not clear when exactly. When you don't know when something happened. Yes, you need perfect sense. The present perfect. After that. The S is something I can't pay special attention to here, but probably you've taken a look at that. When you write his being there. You can use the short form he apostrophe S. Well, this apostrophe S may be short from East or from CAS. Or more expressive and position. It depends on you to understand whether in that case, we needed ease or has these exercise practices, this knowledge, this intuition of yours exactly whether it is used is as part as the auxiliary verb is, or it is used as part of the perfect tense. Has. Be careful with this exercise. Now is the moment to pass through everything. If you need one more time, then to take a look at the PDF to do the exercises and we are taking them in awhile. 20. Tenses. Present Perfect, part 1: Meg to the exercises time to check them out. The first exercise, simple in very general, if you know it, the two forms of the verbs will be practicing this one all the time from now on, I mean, almost every time when we see a verb, I'll be asking you about the three forms of the verbs. Just to know. Forget for good, forgotten, fall, fell, foreign, eat at, eaten. The spelling is also important. Just to know. Sing, sang, sunk, wake up, woke up, woken up. No new known. Duke did dump the second form EEOC in past simple, the third firm in present perfect, in perfect tenses in general, Speak, spoke, spoken. Forgive, forgive, forgiven. Feel, felt, felt. Read, read, write, td, taut, taut, throw through, thrown. Think, thought, thought. It's important for you to find your way to memorize them. Various exercises you may try. There is one song, couple of popular one I reported it in the previous course of mine. I can put the link here as well. You will find that after this lecture. Just find your way. Just practice the irregular verbs all the time. Because without them, you can't speak clearly and you can't express yourself freely. It's important. Okay, The other exercises, Let's talk about experience. When you speak about experience, you know, ever, never. And you use present perfect ever and never as adverbs go-between half the auxiliary and the third form of the verb. I have never visited that country. Visit a regular verb. You need just to pair to put ED. Have you ever tried so delicious meals? Have you ever tried present perfect experience. Try a verb which finishes in y and there is a consonant before that. Well, because of this, you need to change y into e to the, at the end here. Have you ever tried? Joni has traveled over the world. John has traveled all over the world. It's not set when exactly. It's an example about experience only. You don't know when exactly historically traveling, quaint, historic traveling and whatever, and it's not important. This is the other key for present perfect. First, no one tells you when something happened. And second, it's not important to when it happened. What is important is that this thing happened and up to the moment of speaking, it is completed. It is finished. About the Verbit travel. You know, the story hits doesn't fix. It doesn't fit the rules. It's an exception. But after all, you need to double the last consonant. I have never stayed in certain expensive hotel. Never marker for present perfect. The verb is stay, it finishes in YE, and there is a vowel in front of why? Well, because of that, you only add ED. Have you ever seen him wrote KVL, ever seen ever marker for present perfect? Have you ever seen two as the third form of the verb see, see scene. Has he ever been to the jungle? He has he ever been to the jungle? Be who has been ever experience? We have never spoken about his failure. We have never spoken, never experience. Speak, spoke, spoken. He hasn't been to London yet. He hasn't been to London yet. Hasn't been. B was been yet is the marker. And I told you in negative sentences and in questions, you can use it. Let's talk about the past without mentioning when something happened. Again. Why? Because it's not important for the contextual situation, for the conversation. It's not important when something happens. It's important that this thing happened and that's it. She has arrived safe and sound. Arrive regular verb just the I have worked very hard for these exams. I have worked when exactly, it doesn't matter. The result is important to present perfect. I have worked, work plus the ED or irregular verb. Guess Peter answered your mail. Don't forget that this equation has Peter answered your meal. I haven't tried hard enough. Try finishes in y. Absolutely the same rules. So why is changed into e? Because of the consonant you have in advance. We haven't agreed on anything. Final, we haven't agreed. Agree is an irregular verb. You need just to add the SDN because it finishes in E and you don't need through Paul II. In our situation. He hasn't said his final words on this. He hasn't set C, set, set, irregular verb. You need the third form here. Thank you. You have helped me a lot. Again, it's not mentioned to an exactly only the result is important. The result that somebody has helped me help regular verb reminding about the pronounciation. It is not pronounced help it, it's pronounced helped. Have you finished the book. The book finished. This is important. That mean, do we have the result? Is the action completed? This is what you're asking about. When exactly you finished it. It doesn't matter. I just want to read it so I'm interested in this weather now, at this moment, the book has been finished. Have you finished the book? The change is or has from the S important exercise, as I've told you. She has been to the post. She's been to the post has been after. He has varies the third form of the verb. So what do you need is present? Perfect. She has been, he is worried about his future, his war. It be worried. This is the structure that you need viewer. I'm worried. He's worried about his future. It has been a longtime being. The third form of the verb marks that what do you need? Here is the auxiliary has matt has gotten new, Kerr has got, but is this present perfect? What do you think? Know exactly? This is the verb, have got and just the forum. Matt has got my new car. She has fallen asleep immediately. She has fallen asleep. Fallen for pho phone. There is third form of the verb, which means that everything you need is present perfect. He has stolen it. I'm sure. Same logic. The third form of the verb steals those two on, stolen you have in this case. So because of that present perfect. He has got a brother. He has got, have got That's it. It's not present, perfect. It is the form of the verb. Have got, he has got a brother. She's never solely. She's never solely. Why she has never solely. Well, whereas the verb, you don't have a verb, exactly. The verb that you need is the verb to be. And when you use the short form apostrophe S, it means she is, this is the verb that you need. Otherwise, the sentence should have been, she has never been solely. If you don't have the meaningful verb, you just can't go to present. Perfect. That was at that good trope. Or one more lecture with exercises plus more exercises after dead. Because, you know, the first step is to get used to the tense and not to have any doubts in what situations and Twine this or that tense is used. After that comes the harder part, Let's call it. You need to distinguish between the tensors you need to understand when to understand this dense and twinned to understand that this theory, everything is perfect. But when it comes to practice, there could be some difficulties. So step one, only present perfect, step TO present perfect and past simple, but step-by-step present perfect. One more video on that. 21. Tenses. Present perfect, part 2: The second part of exercises on present perfect is coming. As I've promised you. Let's first check what we're going to practice here. For instance, about the grammar. We have the grammar lab there. I've mentioned everything important that you need to know. If you find some difficulties in filling in the exercises. Please go through the grammar lab first and after that, come back to the exercises section. Again for more sense. Why so many exercises? Why so many sentences? A lot of students find it difficult at the beginning and they really can't get used to the structure itself. It needs to become something intuitive, something natural. After that, the other set of markers just yet already pause the correct tense. Last but not least, bean are gone. In short, we are going to practice all of the markers that you do already know about present perfect. The poles, the exercises, and we are taking them together. Let's get started. Reminding you just U4 is used when you speak about the period since when we speak about the moment. For how long? Since when? These are the two questions that will help you distinguish between four and since the correct tense for now is always present perfect. There are other options and to speak about these other options a little bit later. But for now, you didn't know only present perfect, use present perfect on left. He has worked here since 2010. Since when? Since 2010. She has fostered form of the verb, regular verb, which means only ED at DMT. We have known each other for ten years. For how long? For ten years? No new known. I haven't seen him since we finished school. Here, please pay attention. Since when? When gives you information about the precise moment in the past. Because of that, after, since you always have past, simple. We'll speak about that a little bit later as well when we compare present perfect and past simple. But I think it's better to remember it from now. Present perfect, since past, simple. After that, I haven't seen him since we finished score. We haven't traveled to Argentina since last year. Since when? Since last year? Haven't traveled negative. She hasn't been around for several days. For how long? For several days. Was being third firm. She hasn't been we have blades together for hours when we were children. For how long? For hours? We have plate for present. Perfect. I care. Forked abroad for three years. For how long? For three years. Worked work regular ED only at the end. He has made serious progress since I last saw him. Since when? Since I last saw him past symbol. Before that he has made make mate. Mate. I haven't spoken to him since yesterday. I haven't spoken Speak spoke spoken third firm. Since when? Since yesterday. Since we need she hasn't called for 20 days. For how long? For 20 days? It's a period. She hasn't called negative. Co is a regular verb, so we all need only ED at the end. He hasn't been so calm for ages. For ages is a set phrase. Everything you need to do is to remember it. It's always for ages that sets it means for a very long time, B was bean. We have spoken for one hour. For how long? For one hour. Speak spoke spoken, studied maths for a long time. For how long? For a long time. Study regular finishes in y. Y is changed into aii. Have you studied? She has always been around since childhood. She has always been around since childhood. Since when? Since childhood, B was mean. The haven't seen each other since last week. Since when? Since last week, President. Perfect. They haven't negative seesaw. Seen we haven't seen I haven't written online since my school days. I haven't read them online. Wrote written since when? It's a moment in the past, since my score days. After all these examples, I hope that everything is clearer now when it comes to foreign sense and that you'll be able to start using them correctly. The other markers just yet already. Give me a second. We have just derived. We have just derived. It means before the moment of speaking, exactly before the moment of speaking just goes between the auxiliary, the helping verb, and the main verb in our gaze arrived. You have already finished the homework. That's great. Go on to take a rest. You have already finished, already in the middle between half and the verb. You have already finished the homework. It means that at some moment in the past, it doesn't matter and it's not important when exactly in the past something has been completed. The result is that now in the moment of speaking, the action is done. The result is present. I haven't done the housework yet, but soon I will. You see here there is kind of negativeness. You just say that unfortunately, I still haven't finished that. This is always the nuance that you're given the sentence when you use yet. I haven't done the housework yet, but soon I well, it sounds as an important It's still not done. But soon, yes, it will be due. Date. Them. She hasn't cleaned the whole flood yet. It's high time. It's criticism here. It's even stronger. He hasn't cleaned the whole fled yet, Yet goes at the end of the sentence I told you. Or as in this situation at the end of the first part of the sentence, because there's no logic to put it at the end of the whole sentence. Clean, irregular verb, only ED at the end. I have just cleaned. Be careful it's wet everywhere. You can't put already because already means it has been done at some moment in the past and it's not important. But when you use just, it's important when it's exactly before the moment of speaking. The fact that the flora is still wet identifies that the action has just been completed because of that, you need to just add not already. My sister has just caught don't wait for me. I need to talk to her. She has caught before the moment of speaking. Now I will be talking to her, so don't wait for me. That's the logic of the sentence. She has already understood about the accident. There is no need to call her at some moment in the past. It doesn't matter when she has understood about this one. There stand. Understood. Understood. Can you pay the bills yet? Have you paid the BOC yet? Yet at the end of the sentence here, view, Pete. He has it stopped raining, kid. Has it stopped raining it? Because the place for the adverb is at the end of the sentence. And do you have a question which is important? You understand that you need yet stop double P. I won't explain this one anymore. He can't come. He has already spent all his money. He has already spent that. It's not important when exactly it happened. The result is important. Out of this spending, he doesn't have any money now, spend, spent, spent. Just yet My want the empty plate is still here. Even. The second part of the sentence helps you identify which adverb, which marker you need. The fact that the blade is two here means that the reaction has just been completed. The adverb, which means something that has been completed up to the moment of speaking, exactly before the moment of speaking. He's just because of that. You put that 1.5. Don't make a mistake here. The first half is the auxiliary verb, the helping verb, the verb that you use with present perfect to form present perfect. After that is the third form of the meaningful verb. So the correct form is half cat or have just hat, half already had, and so on. I have been here for five days. I have already visited a lot of interesting places. Not exactly before the moment of speaking. Cannot just coming back from a sightseeing tour. But within these places now and then, I've visited really interesting places. B was being heavy, been to the Asian theater yet, yet at the end marker because it's a question. And he ever been you asked about experience? She has prepared the dinner. It's called Stella. She has just prepared the dinner. Just identifies exactly this that the action has happened before the moment of speaking. I haven't finished my tasks for the day yet. Unfortunately, I haven't finished negative sentence you need yet. And haven't finished negative as structure, ED as dN dt of the meaningful verb. Has it started snowing kit in equation and in a negative sentence, the adverb that you can use is yet saying it wasn't. Once again, he has it started paying attention to the pronunciation here. You can't skip it. I mean, you can't see it starts because from time to time, people start trying, doing this one exactly. It's impossible. You just can't pronounce it. You counter decorrelated on that way. Has it started snowing GET? And the last exercise, bean are gone. Being means you have been somewhere now you're back. Goal means you have been somewhere and you're still there. Remember the cards that we drew? We are having been on a holiday. Obviously, the person is back from the holiday and you are just asking about his experience there. He has gone to school. He's not back yet. You have the marker in the second sentence. When you are not back from the place, you just need to use. Gone. He has gone. We have been to this theatre many times, but we still love it. Usually people when go to a play or into the theatre, then after that they come back. So same logic here. They have been to the theater. After that. They have come back. She has gone somewhere for her lunch break. She's not in logical when you are still not back from the place we have been told you need goal. She has gone somewhere. I have been two different foreign language classes. When you go to study somewhere after led to come back home, you don't stay there forever. So because of that, you need to use bean. In this case. They have been to and fro four years to and fro identifying exactly this, going to somewhere and coming back. In this situation, bean is the correct verb that you need. My father who has been to the Army for two years. Then he has applied for university. Well, there he has met my mother. My father has been to the Arabic for two years. The context of the whole situation gives you to understand that this period he has already finished. I mean, he's back from the army. And after that happened, the other things, when exactly, it's not mentioned. And because of that, you can't use both symbol here. It's not said when exactly this one happened. It happened at some moment in the past. For the story that is being. It's not important when exactly present perfect suited perfectly fine. Apply. Pay attention to the spelling. The verb finishes in y and the consonant is before a dead meat met. My. That was enough for present perfect unless the next step is to introduce past simple and present perfect in one context. And then it's getting a little bit more interesting. So I'll see you in the next lectures. 22. Tenses. Present Perfect or Past Simple, part 1: I'm sure that this is what you have been waiting for. You just want to understand if you understood they were they Inc. which means if you can make the difference between present perfect, and burst simple, because it's really easy when I tell you your distance and finds the correct marker for the distance. But when you need to choose, the story gets a little bit harder. I'm sure you can do it. Just lets take a look at the exercises first. You can find the PDF after this lecture as well as several links for online exercises. So let's get started. The first one, you need to choose the correct option here. What will help you, of course, the markers, the time markers. After that, you need to open the brackets using present simple or simple or present perfect. Again, you need to be taking for the marker, for the time marker that will help you. The third exercise, the same piece of advice one more time. Don't look at this as grammar exercises for the sake of learning perfect grammar. Yes, if you're going to sit an exam, it will be really useful and you will really need this one. But in other cases, you need grammar to be able to speak. And you need grammar just to be able to express your thoughts, to express yourselves. So do your best. Learn as much as possible and to visualize, just imagine as often as possible. This way, when there is a similar situation, you'll be able to make an analogy and you'll be able to use the correct tense without thinking about it. Falls to the exercises and we're taking them in this video. Right now. Have you ever visited the Birmingham castle? Ever you ask about experience. When you ask about experience, you need present perfect, not past simple. Because of that, the first option is the correct one. I went to Alaska several years ago. When you have the time marker for past simple a goal because of that, you can't use have been? Have been. Yes. It's used for experience. But if the sentence was like, I have been to Alaska, fail-stop. Well, when you say when exactly, Then you need past simple. Go went, gone. Did you like your last trouble? You don't ask about your experience, about somebody's experience in general. You ask about the last throwable and this last trouble happened at the precise moment in the past. You ask about that precise moment. Because of that, you need to use past simple. The last time I traveled, I enjoyed it a lot. The first time, the last time and so on. Whichever time is always used with past simple, It's a marker. The last time I traveled, I enjoyed it a lot. When the first action is in past simple, the second one goes in past simple automatically. I have recently met a lot of interesting people. Die marker recently. I'm sure that you've seen it ever, never recently, lately for since just yet, already been and gone. These are the markers for present perfect. Meet. Met, met. She has never spoken to him again. She has never spoken about her experience. You're talking something that has happened or hasn't happened at some moment in the past. It doesn't matter when Speak, spoke, spoken. We have decided that in advance, when nobody tells you, it's not important for this situation. It's important that the decision has been taken. That's it. So we have designed it. Designed it. Did you hear how I pronounce that? Because it finishes in D. So you can't pronounce just decided or something like that. Designed it. She has already met my parents already. At some moment in the past. Something has happened already is one of the identifier's one of the markers for present perfect meet. Met, met. She has never been in Italy before. It's not set when and when it is not set when, you know, experience present. Perfect. The last time she was in Italy was in 1995. The first time, the last time and so on. It goes with past simple. The last time she was married. I got married in 2010. When exactly? I know it it's mentioned probability important. Married in 2010. I've been married since 2015. The story got different here. Since is the marker for present perfect. Before, since you. Usually use present perfect after, since past simple. If there is a verb, I've been married since 12 sorry, 2015. Have you ever fallen in love from first-time, right? Have you ever fallen in love? You speak about experience, you ask about somebody's experience, experience goals with present perfect. For pho phone are the three forms of the verb. I met Tom a month ago. When exactly a month ago. Meet met met past simple. I haven't traveled recently. Recently. One of the markers for present perfect. There is nothing to doubt about here. Nothing that can mislead you. You just need to form the present perfect form correctly. I haven't traveled recently. You can also say I haven't recently traveled. It's up to you traveled WL you know the story here. She has never been so late. She has never been so late, ever, never. Markers for present, perfect experience was been the three forms of the verb. The last example, have you watched the bike? When it doesn't matter, it's not important who have done it or not. We have learned the answers by heart. Again, when it doesn't matter, the result is important. We have learned lowering is one of the verbs in English that can be formulated as positive or sorry as irregular as well as irregular verb. Which means that it's okay for you to write, learned with ED or learned with teeth up to your real life? She didn't eat quite much last night. When? Last night? Because it is last night. You know, past simple, didn't eat, didn't plus infinitive. Who has broken the plate? Who has broken the plate? You don't know when exactly. It's not in fact important when exactly. You are just asking about the person who did at the door of the action. Break broke, broken, present. Perfect. She finished work, went out of the office and headed back home. We have spoken about this when there are actions which happen one after another in the past. Imagine this one as your shadow or as daily activities which happened in a moment in the past. You usually use past simple. That said here, the emphasis is not put on which actually happened first. What happened second, what was the difference? What was the result, and so on. Here, you are just enumerating the actions one after another. So first she did this, after that too, that she did that, then that one. That's it. In such situation, past simple with your tense. I'm sure the keys in my bag, I have taken it. You are assured that something has happened when exactly you don't know the result is important, the expected result in this case, because you are sure that something has happened, because you have this idea. You just claim that something has been done in the past, have taken Tik Tok, take the telephone is broken, which means that someone has broken it, who has done it. The result of the action is that the telephone in this case is broken. When you speak about the result from an action, the emphasis is put exactly on this and the fact that there is result from something that has been done when exactly in the past it doesn't matter. It's important that at some moment in the past something has happened. As a result, we have something else. Because of that, you may hear that present perfect connects the past and the present. The result from something in the past, you may find in the present, it's again a marker for present perfect. So what you need is present perfect in both cases. Break, broke, broken, do good. How was it? I will really keep you for sharing your thoughts. Not only on the whole course, of course, this one I'm interested too, but I need to know if the exercises are useful enough. And I need to know if you need extra links because I can always add more exercises. Just I need to know what you need. My idea is to make this course as useful as possible in combination with the previous one, the complete English grammar course. I believe that this is enough for you to master the grammar. Really. Don't skip the last sexual swear. I'll be explaining the keeps, the hints how to continue improving. It's really important because a lot of people who have contacted Ms. Offer students from the previous course and have said, perfect. I mean, yes, I understand the lectures. I study everything, I do the exercises, everything is fine. What about that? I mean, what's going on after that? We forget everything. What will happen with my knowledge? Well, you need to keep on working on that. How I'll tell you a little bit later. Got one more lecture for with exercises about Boston bond present perfect. Ceo. There. 23. Tenses. Present Perfect or Past Simple, part 2: Present, perfect or past simple. Several more exercises as I've promised you. Let's take a look at this. We're ready. You need to choose which is the correct tense. And you need to choose based on the markers. This exercise, the second 11 of my favorite as types y. Here you need to think really deeper. You need to think how to include the phrase or the word given and how to transform the sentence. This one helps you really improve your overall knowledge and helps you work on paraphrases. To be able to paraphrase is a really important quality. On this way. You can express yourselves in different ways, in different situations. Because of that, there are so many sentences like this one. The exercises you may find India that PDF. Let's check them out. Copi have done them. The first one present, perfect door busts, simple. I have known her since she was 15. What I told you here, when the sentence contains, since, you know that since it's a marker for present perfect. This is the first step. Present perfect goals before, since, after, since you have past, simple when there is a verb, of course. Why? Because since when? This is the answer of the question you receive after sense. Since when? Since she was 15. The sentence, I have known her present perfect since she was 15. No new known present perfect since past simple. And vice versa. Since I came, we haven't stopped talking since when? So in this way, since past, simple, present, perfect. Since I came, come, came, come. We haven't stopped talking. They have been married since we graduated college. They have been married. Have been married since since when? Past simple. Since past simple, present, perfect. Since I knew her. She has always been with him. No new known was mean. Since. It's the marker which connects the end, which gives your identification, which tenses you really neat. They have disappeared since I started searching for them. They have disappeared. Have plus third form, present perfect. The structure one more time. Present perfect, since passed tempo. It's really important to memorize it because sentences like this you'll be using, you'll be formulating yourselves quite often. Since I knew the throat, the heavens, the earth to lighter man. Since I knew, since past simple. After that, present, perfect. They haven't there are no new known she has understood it since she came to the office this morning. She present perfect. Since past simple. And their stand. Understood. Understood. Come came. The favorite ones of mine. I see her everyday since yesterday. I haven't seen her since yesterday. Since yesterday is the time marker which needs to help you understand which tends you need. Since when? Yesterday, before, since President Perfect. See scene. We speak on the phone a lot recently. We have recently spoken a lot on the form. Speak spoke, spoken, present. Perfect. One more time. We have recently spoken. I met her. I fell in love with her. You need to think here. Since I met her, I have fallen in love with her. Since what? Since when CSI met her? Since past simple coma. If you paid attention to this one. But you will find that a little bit later, a really detailed explanations about all these linking words, these conjunctions and so on. So yes, for now, just remember that there is a accommodate ear. Since I met her, I have fallen in love with her since past, simple, present, perfect. We have never traveled to Paris. We traveled to Paris every day. We have never traveled to Paris. Never gives you. The marker for experience, experience, present, perfect. Have never traveled. The pancakes are ready. The pancakes have just been prepared. Why this one? Is there bein I mean, you understand in awhile, but I hope that you have succeeded in making kids there. If you have written the pancakes, have just prepare it. Keep it for awhile like that. You understand what is passive and how to put positive where in several lectures, I finished the homework may go out. I have already finished the homework may go out. Again. Already tells you that in the past That's a moment, doesn't matter when the action was completed. The result is important. In the moment of speaking. The action is completed, the action is done. Because of that present perfect is why you need the last time I saw her was seen 2005. I haven't seen her since 2005. Haven't seen C. Seen since when? Since for us but simple before that. Present perfect. We are not together anymore. It was two weeks ago when we broke up. We haven't been together for two weeks. I hope you've managed this one. In the original sentence. It was two weeks ago. Ago is the marker for past simple. Because of that, there is no doubt that this is the correct form that you need. After that, in the paraphrased sentence, you're required to use for, you know, that four is the marker for present. Perfect. For it goes with the period for how long? For two weeks before that only you need to make the structure applicable in order to fit the context of the first sentence. We haven't been together. For Stoics. She knows foreign languages, shall learn to them when she was a student. Since you'd think after I did. She has known for languages since she was a student. Again, your favorite structure? Present perfect. Since past simple. No, new known the two forms of the verb. We got married in 2001. Since present, perfect needs to enter the game, and it is a paraphrase from past simple. We have been married since in 2001. I'm still not ready with a translation yet. I haven't finished with the translation yet. Yet. One of the markers that you use with present perfect. And to know that yet goes at the end of the sentence. You haven't finished the translation yet. Finish is irregular verb. Everything that you need to just do add ED, right there. I did not buy that car. Never. I have never bought a car. Experience. Never present. Perfect. By bought bought his keys broken. Someone? Someone has broken the key. Yes, it's a little bit of imagination literally here. But after all, you just need to use the verb, the word store. Sometimes it's worth, sometimes not the word given. And to think, how can you change the structure in a way to express something different. So someone has broken. Why has because someone refers to him or her. He she and he as well as she also as it goes with us all the time. Break, broke, broken. Why the structure of the first sentences like this, his key is broken. Will speak in the passive section. I'm going to the bank. I'll be back in an hour, gone. The fact that someone has headed for somewhere and it's still not bag and you need to use Gone needs immediately to help you understand what is required difference between being and gone. This is what is being tested here. He has gone to the bank, Meaning exactly this. He went out. He is still not here. Nobody knows who were in hemo come back. He has gone to the bank. I don't like pumpkin. Never I have never liked pumpkin. General statement, the first one, then you want to introduce experience. You want to say that this statement has always been correct for you. In order to do it, you need to introduce President. Perfect. One more time. I have never liked pumpkin. Good job. We have done right now. I hope that it got a little bit clearer was the difference between past, simple, present, perfect. Don't forget to do all of the links, the exercises from the links. Because there you may practice really a lot and one more time in case more exercises are needed. Give me a hint. I don't promise unfortunately, that there'll be able to add everything immediately because a lot of students ask a lot of things all the time. But I have a list or with your requests and step-by-step, I'm fulfilling all of them. Sooner or later you will have the links, which means that you will continue practicing and continue probing. That's our goal. Got. See you in the next video. 24. Tenses. Past Continuous, Present Perfect or Past Simple: The more the course advances, the harder the challenges for. Now, I don't want to practice. Threaten says at the same time, everything you need is to revise the basic grammar rules that to be sure which marker identifies, which tends. Of course, to be sure about the forms, then it will be easy. Let's take the exercises first. Open the brackets. I told you you need to be careful about the markers. You need to be careful about the type of the verb. After that, you need to paraphrase using the word given and be careful because there are some other identifications given in brackets. It's also important. For example, the very first sentence refers to the present, because everything is in present continuous, you can see it. And your task is to use while and transform it for the past. This is how you need to read the instructions here. Simple as that looks, at least Let's check them out. When I saw her, she was working too late in the evening. When I saw her, she was working. The one of the actions is in progress. The fact that she was working and while she was working, she was interrupted. I saw her. When I saw her, the action was in progress. See scene, the three forms of the verb. She has known the boats for 25 years. They have studied together at the university. The very first sentence for 25 years, for how long? This is your marker for present perfect. So because of that, you need trolls between half forecasts, in our case has because of xi. And after that, the third form of the verb, no new known, she has known. Then they have studied to get you're at university. It's not clear when. It's not set when exactly in the past. And it doesn't matter. The result is important. You know that when in one situation the result matters, then you don't use past simple, you use present perfect. Study that study irregular verb finishes in wine with a consonant in front of that. Because of this, y goes into i, e into d. After that. Csi, apologize. She started behaving, get a completely different way. Destructor, which since seems quite familiar now, I hope at least it was like this present perfect, since passed symbol. Or you could start with since, since, past, simple present perfect. As in this scenario, since I apologized, be careful about the pronounciation. Apologize, not apologize it she has started behaving. The second verb form here is behaving. It means that we have two verbs. Something happens with the first verb, something capitals with the second verb. The first verb, remember this always takes the tense, the tense of the sentence. And the second verb can finish in, INJ, can be just the infinitive without anything, or can be two plus infinitive. About these, we will speak in details a little bit later. Just don't wonder now why we have this one behaving this ING Exactly. They're while it was raining, the electricity was off. We decided to take a rest. The situation, it was reading, something was in progress and the electricity was off. It can't be in a continuous form here just because the verb to be it doesn't have a continuous form, at least not in this scenario. Because of these two. Meanwhile, we decided something, we decided to take a rest against second form. You have here decided to take arrest. As I've told you, we'll speak about these verb forms, but pay attention to the sentences even now, it's really better to start analyzing the sentences that you read, the sentences that you hear. On this way, you include all of your senses. And it will be really easier for you to memorize due to the context, not to the grammar rules online. When I came back, I saw the door wide open. I heard a strange sound as soon as I entered. I hope that you've done in past simple, all of the verb forms required past simple online. Why? Because these are things which happened one after another in the past. And you do not put the emphasis here on the fact that one of the actions happened first, then the other one happened and there was difference in time between these actions? No. You just say that they happened one after another? When I came back, I saw I heard I entered. Come, came, come. See sore, seen. Here, hurt, hurt, enter regular verb. The transformations, the paraphrases. I'm Kevin, combat it snowing. You need to do use while as a connector, which exactly short ring the bell that you need. Present. Perfect. Yeah. No. You need past continuous. Exactly. Just speak about the past. The sentence. While I was having a bad It was snowing while and the directions for happening. Meanwhile, the last time we spoke to each other was last February. Students, you ceases. You think about perfect tenses. Now you know only present perfect. So we're using present perfect. Something else, the structures present perfect since past simple or SUSE past simple, present perfect. Let's apply it in practice. We haven't spoken to each other since last February. The last time, the first time, the end time I told you always goes with past simple. And when you use since, since, when, then present perfect joints. This is the interconnection here, speaks bulks, Bulk. The three forms of the verb. I'm opening the door, the radio is playing. When imagine the situation and transform the sentence, two sentences into the past. When I opened the door, the radio was playing. Just you need to imagine. So I'm opening. The radio is blink. It means that the radio started playing before I opened and probably will continue after I open that. Which means when I opened past simple, the radio was playing, the action was in progress. I didn't have time to check the program today. Yet. You see it? It's marker for present perfect. Yet is used in negative sentences or questions. Most of the times it goes at the end of the sentence. So just to make it I haven't had time to check the program yet. I haven't had time yet. He have had you haven't hat. It's completely normal and completely correct structure in English. Not think that because the half and he had the forms of one and the same verb, there is something Gronk, nothing like that. Have the first that you see after I is the helping verb, the auxiliary verb, which helps us structure present perfect. And after this helping verb, you do always need the meaningful verb. The meaningful verb in this scenario is half again. And we needed the third form. I haven't had time to take the program yet. She's preparing dinner. He's coming back home. Imagine the situation again and think which of the actions can be in progress. And to each one can be just the interrupting one. Again, we're speaking about the past. While is the marker while it's used wet, past, continuous. Exactly. The sentence. While she was preparing the dinner, while this one was in progress, he came back home. He returned. For example, she started preparing the dinner at seven. She was to preparing the general at half-past seven and the dinner was not ready. He came back at half past seven. She's having a party. He is entering the bar. When when he entered the bar, she was having comparator he centering and action is in progress. When he entered, she was having a party. The last time I visited the country, it was completely different. The first time, the last time, you know it already, it always goes with past tempo. As a paraphrase, we need to use since in the second sentence. Since goals with present perfect, the structure. Let me remind it one more time. Since past simple, present perfect or present perfect. Since past simple. Since I visited this country, are lots of things have changed. Don't forget the comma. We will speak about the punctuation as well. Since I visited coma, a lot of things have changed present perfect. I wasn't a holiday last month. Let me show you some photos. Last month. You're saying coin exactly. So you need both simple. But for your peripheries, you need to use bean, which is the third form of the verb to be. Well, when it is the third form of the verb to be, it means that you need to paraphrase in present perfect. When you paraphrase in present perfect, you don't need to mention when exactly this thing happened in Atkins. I have been on a holiday. That's it. You just don't say when, what, how, and whatever. Let me show you some photos. That was it. I hope that these exercises were useful and now we are ready to continue. What we'll see you in the next video, and you will see. 25. Tenses. Grammar Lab: Past Perfect: When you see our grammar lab sign, you know that it's time for some new knowledge to D will speak about past perfect. Again. If you know the forums of past perfect, if you know what is the difference between past simple and past perfect, please skip the lab and just go to the exercises. But don't forget to check the card. Don't forget to do the exercises that are online, the links after the lecture, it will be useful. I think those of you who know it see you in the exercises section or others. Let's keep on talking. Perfect is what you see and what you know already. But you know, present perfect. Now going step back almost in tenses. Past perfect. There is something common with past simple. There is something common with present perfect. And at the same time, this tense is completely different. Yeah, exactly how you format. You can see it's written in green as usually, you need the pronoun I, you, he, she doesn't matter. After that hat, which in fact is the past form of half, right? That's why it past perfect, simple. I cat. And after that, the third form of the verb, same as present perfect. So I had done, I can't bean. What about the irregular verbs? You notice I have traveled, traveled, I have arrived, I had arrived, and so on. Which means two scenarios. The first one, the third form of the irregular verb. The second scenario, the verb, the regular verb plus ED. The question is, when you use past perfect and how not to get really confused? Or WE DO these tenses concerning the present, the past, the connection between the tenses. Let's take a look. By the time I came, the party had already started. Before I mature. I hadn't seen such a creative man. Step one. What do you have noticed? Probably from the first sentence. The markers probably are the same as the markers in present perfect. Ever, never recently, lately for scenes, just yet already. Everything that you know is applied here. He had already started, he had just started, he hadn't started yet, and so on. But there is something really typical, really important and really meaningful that you need to remember. Past perfect can't exist on its own. Past perfect is without context. If past perfect is just in a simple sentence, well, you can't use it, it's shrunk. Past perfect always goes with past simple. There is a situation which is happening in past simple. To say that something happened before this past moment, you need to use past perfect. Remember this one, re-elect past simple with past perfect. Past perfect on its own. It doesn't bring any sense. It can't be used. You just don't know before what this thing had happened. In a simple sentence out of nowhere, you can't use past perfect. Again, the forums was the third form of the irregular verb, as in the second example he hadn't seen. The irregular verbs are with ED in their third form, plus the regular verb plus ED. He had started, he had started negative, hadn't started in a question if necessary, although it's really not that common. He had you started the same way as present. Perfect. Nothing new here. So he had you started? Yes. I kept if necessary. I mean, it's really not that common to use past perfect in that scenario. The important part, we speak about the past. We are only in the past. Past perfect goals in combination with past simple, saying it again. Past simple expresses something which happened in the past. Past perfect, something which happened before this past moment, before. So past, Simple, past perfect. By the time I came, the party had already started. Which one happened first and which one happened second? First, the party started. After that I came. That's the logic. In the sentence. You see past, perfect, past simple. You always need to think which action happened first. The first thing that happened, corona watercolor. Goals in past perfect. The action that happened after that. Goals in past. Simple. Before I met you, I hadn't seen such a creative man before I met you. First. I hadn't seen such a man after that. I met you the first the second time. Good. Let's take the exercises and I'll leave it to them. After that. You need to open the brackets in past perfect only just to get used to the structures. After that, you need to mark which action happened first. It's really important when you understand the logic. It will be easier for you to formulate that tends to use, that tends to not make a mistake between present perfect and past perfect. Just because present perfect connects the past and the present. Whereas past perfect refers only to the past. Online. After a dead, you need to write the second sentence is running past perfect. Why? Because there was something which happened before, something else. Enough for a beginning, do them and we'll take them in awhile. 26. Tenses. Past Perfect: exercises: I'm sure you did the exercises without that many problems. So let's take them out. Open the brackets in past perfect. Again, the idea of this type of exercises is just to help you get used to the structure. I felt really tired when we took the train yesterday after the party we had been to the night before a debt. I had slipped for not more than two hours on top of it. Oh, I had had a really busy day at work. Reminding the structure. Chat was a third form of the verb, be worse been, had been sleep, slept, slept. He had slipped. Have yet, yet, yet yet. It's normal to have cat hat as a structure in English. Why all these actions, all these verbs went to e1 past perfect because everything happened before yesterday, before I took the train. The first actions with chronologically happened where these in past perfect. After that came the action in fast tempo yesterday. It was eight PM. Most of the shops had already closed. Most of the people he had finished work as well. I have left the office and was in a hurry for the meeting. Before 08:00 PM, all of these things had happened. The shops had closed, the people, he had finished work work. I had left the office and was in a hurry. I was in a hurry at that moment. At 08:00 PM. Quotes irregular verb, just finish. Regular verb. Ed, leave, left, left. That's the logic. He was searching for his wallet over the place. He had no idea where he had put it. Put, put, put this as the irregular verb. And after that, he was searching. Something was in progress. And at the moment while he was searching, he had no idea where he had put it before that an action in progress and action that was happening while the action in progress was in was going on. And before that something else had happened. The action that happened First, Corona watercolors speaking, needs to be in past perfect had put, which actually happened first. It sees it when another road that the first action, chronologically speaking, these marked in past perfect. But it's important to be able to distinguish them. It's important to be able to understand the logic of the datasets. It's important to visualize to imagine the situation. Why? Because in the next lecture, for example, we will speak about positive pole and bus perfect gathered into, you need to open the brackets. But that's not the problem. That's not the main idea to be able to do a grammar exercises. I've mentioned that one several times. The most important part is you to be able to express yourself freely, to be able to start speaking, to be able to choose the correct tense in order to see what you need to say and not need any other extra words. Just to explain what you could have said based on grammar. The index or size. When I opened the door, I saw the party had started. First. The party gets started. After that, I opened the door. The pizza game, I had paid for it. First. I get paid. After that. The pizza game. I watched the movie and I even liked it. Then I read the book. Something I haven't mentioned so far, had watched, had this form can be written in short as apostrophe d, unknown this way. Be careful because apostrophe d doesn't always stand for het. It can be four. We will reach that point as well. Okay. I can't watch the movie first, and I had even liked it when I watched it at that time. Then I read the book, the watching of the movie and the fact that you like that happened chronologically first. After that the book appeared. The pharmacy had close to when we arrived. We arrived before that the pharmacy had closed. I bought a new phone. It had appeared on the market in advance. First the telephone had appeared. Thanks to that. I bought it by bought, bought. We had decided to go to Italy. We bought the tickets, watercolor. First, we decide something after a debt, we take some steps to realize that in this scenario. First, we had decided after that we bought the tickets. She doesn't expect to meet him there. They hadn't seen each other since graduation, you know about since till now we've always associated at present, perfect, Exactly. And now please think for since as a marker for perfect stances. Something I have mentioned several times. All of these markers that you know about present perfect refers to past perfect as well. First, we hadn't seen each other, and after that, she didn't expect to meet him. The first action happened before the second one. The one that happened chronologically first goes in past perfect. See, so seen the verb. The second sentence in past perfect. I couldn't find the key why? I had forgotten it in the office. So first I had forgotten it because of that, I couldn't find that. I was really tired. I hadn't slept all night. You give the reason. You give what had happened in advance. Not present. Perfect, Please. Lot of people really find it hard at the beginning at least to distinguish between present perfect and past perfect. The main difference, past perfect refers to the past and it connects to actions only in the past. Present perfect refers to the present. It gives a result of something that happened in the past, in the present situation. When you connect past and present, you use present perfect. When you stay only in the past, you have past perfect. As simple as that. They delivered to the furniture I had paid in advance. Again, you put the emphasis on what had been done in advance. I hat Pete, pay, paid, paid. Irregular verb. I forgot the umbrella. It had stopped raining on ETF stop training, fortunate left. Okay. So first it had stopped reading. After that I forgot it. He seemed happy to see me. We hadn't seen each other for ages. We had a similar situation already. For marker, for perfect tense. Just this time, you talk only about the past and when you connect to past actions, past perfect and past simple. I'm happy you came yesterday. I had cleaned everything. I had cleaned before you came. He invited me to have lunch together. I had already had an arrangement. The arrangement he had been done before his invitation. Because of that, I couldn't go with him. For example, I decided to play the lottery. I hadn't played four years. Something hadn't happened, something he hadn't been occurring for a period of time. After that, I decided he hadn't played chronological first experience about the past. And contrast. Past simple again refers about the past. And that was it. This was the easier birth. You know that you need to use past perfect. But the idea, one more time to get used to the structure. And that's why I was explaining the sentences and the situations all the time. It was really quite easier just to tell you. Yes, these are the forearms, this is past perfect. Everything's perfect. Yeah. Your best. But what matters is to understand why something was used or why something wasn't used. What you've remembered. We will see in the next video because there will speak about past simple and past perfect after that present perfect joins as well. So if there are any questions about burst perfect, now is the moment to clear them out. We are going on. 27. Tenses. Past Perfect or Past Simple: As I promised TO, past simple or past perfect, Then forget that you have extra links after the different lectures. Therefore, online exercises you can find more on your own. If you need help for finding the correct exercise, give me a hint and I will add it. What do we need to do is to open the brackets in the first exercise as well as in the second one. And then the third one, we need to make sentences in the correct past tense. I guess you have already checked the exercises in the PDF and you have done them. Because if you in fact don't do the exercises, just listen to these explanations. It will not be as useful as I'd want to Y, because on this way it will be passive knowledge. You need to actively join the course. You need to be doing the exercises all the time. The ones that are in the PDF plus the ones that are online. Okay. Let's check them out. I felt helpless when I saw the park. People had littered everywhere. I didn't know from where to start cleaning the situation. Someone is going to the park in the past, someone who went to the park. And this person saw something. The actions which happened at the moment when he went there are in past tempo because he saw the result of something that he had already happened, that he had already been done. I felt helpless when I saw the park. I didn't know from weird to start cleaning. Why? Because something can't happen because somebody had literate in advance before feel, felt, felt. Cso seen. Liter is an irregular verb. No, new known. When I saw her last week, she had gained 50 kilos or so. It was hard to recognize hurry of them. The main action happens last week and you need to think which of these activities could have happened first chronological first in time. When I saw her last week, she had gained 50 kilos or so. The fact that she had gained that many kilos had happened in advance, he had happened before. This was the action that chronological took part. First. When I saw she had gained it was hard to recognize her. It was hard to recognize her when I saw her last week because of that past simple remains here. Seesaw seen gain is irregular. Verb B was been. I borrowed the book. I was sure he had finished that. I borrowed it in the past. And at the moment when I borrowed it, I was sure that something can't be done. I was sure that he had finished it. When I saw you, I had already started the car. First. You have a marker here. You know that the markers, which are aware of in terms of present perfect are the same when it's pKa bought past perfect because these are markers for perfect tenses. When I saw you at some moment in the past, I had already started something Cat already been done. I had already started the car. Perfect. As soon as she went out of the shop, she entered the car. As soon as introduced his actions which happen one after another. So when the one happens, the other happen as well. Here there is no need to put the emphasis on which one happened first chronologically speaking, because there is no corona A2 that is important in this situation. Just the actions happened one after another. She gave me the flowers that she had picked. She gave me the flowers that she had picked. So first, she picked them. After that, she gave the flowers to me, give gifts, given the action which chronological happened first, goals in past. Perfect. He had picked I find in this sense the mail that I had written. First, I wrote it, then I send that. And when you want to put the emphasis on the difference in time, when these two actions to please you use past. Perfect. I finally said the mail that I had written in advance. She thought he had forgotten about the anniversary, but she was wrong. The thinking and the fact that she was wrong happen at the same timeline. And she thought that he had forgotten before that. Okay. Because this thing happened chronologically first, it goes in your favorite already. Past perfect. He had forgotten, forget, forgot, forgotten. Think, thought. Taught this verb, we forgot to revise. I came to the office later this morning. It had been necessary to finish some things at home. Well, here in fact, you can use, for the second sentence I am speaking. You can use past perfect, SOS past simple. The difference is that when you use past perfect here, you really put the emphasis on the fact that before that before the moment when I went to the office, there was a period when there was at home and at that period, I had to do something. But you can use it in past simple. You can form past simple here as well. I came to the office later this morning. It was necessary to finish some things at home. It's clear that the things that he has to be done at home or before the moment when you went to the office? It depends on the fact. Again, whether you want to put the emphasis on the time difference. If you think for these two actions, sections which happened one after another, it's possible to use past simple as well. In formal writing. Either advise you to use past perfect every time when necessary. In formal applications, informal conversations? Yes. In peer-to-peer conversation, which means in an informal conversation, there is no problem in a situation like this. To use past simple instead of past perfect. When I saw him, I understood that something had happened. I see him and their stand and something has happened before. But the situation is about the past. The first two actions go in past, simple seesaw, seen, understand, Understood, Understood. And the third one is in fact, the one that happened first chronological speaking. Because of that, it goes to past perfect yet happened. The sentences. In this type of exercise, we have just some hints to some words. And it's up to us to formulate a sentence including all of them logical. Yesterday, she destroyed the snowman that I had built yesterday. Something happened before that. Something else had happened yesterday past simple, the snow man that I had built past. Perfect. She redoes the book. She had read. The book had been read first. After that, she rethought the book. Because of that, retail goes in past simple and read goals in past perfect. Someone found the mobile Peter had lost. First, Peter had lusted. After that. Someone found that he had lost past perfect. Lost, lost, lost is the verb. And find, found, found. The action which chronologically happens second, goes to past simple. She's saying because I hadn't heard before experience. You remember that when we speak about our experience in general, out of the context of the past activities, we use present perfect. Well, here the story is different. She sang a song which gives you the line of the actions. Because she sang the song, that she sang the song in the past and just pick about experience. It means that this was your experience open to that precise past moment. Because of that, she sang a song past simple, I hadn't heard before, past perfect. For more. We drunk all the water. Then we saw nothing was left with drunk. Then we saw both of the actions are investing po because logically they happened one after another, chronologically as well. There isn't a difference in the time that much. I mean, just imagine you are drinking the water and you see that there isn't enough water or the water result. Well, the things happened quite close in time, one after another in the past. Past, simple. Drink, drank, drunk, seesaw, see the verbs. Do you see improvement? In fact, in your studies for irregular verbs? I hope he has because as you'll see, it's impossible to speak correctly and to do all of these exercises without the irregular verbs. And in the next section, we will speak about passive. It will be really impossible possible for your underlining it to cope with the exercises and to start using the passive structures. If you don't know the irregular verbs, just giving you a hint. When I went out, I realized I had forgotten the lamp. First. I'm going out at the same time, I'm realizing that something has happened. You are in the past. I went out. I realized that I realized that something had happened or something happened. Before that. I had forgotten past. Perfect. She didn't know what had happened. She didn't know at that postponement what had happened before. If you are going to ask why I'm using past simple and past perfect all the time. Just look at the instructions of the exercise. After all, we're doing exercises, grammar exercises. And usually there are some structures that we follow past tenses. You said to yourself here. So because of that account, formulate the sentence in present simple with present perfect. For example, these are not post answers, but the idea, as I've told you several times, is you to start imagining you to visualize and to think what kind of situation you can use this grammar structure in. I didn't tell her he had come back sometime ago. I didn't tell her at some moment in the past that something had happened before, didn't still, but simple del dot told the three forms of the verb. And after that, he can't come back. Actually, the actions which happened first, phrenological is speaking, he's coming back home in order to show that there is such a difference between the moment when he came back home and the moment when I told her or in this case didn't tell her, we need past. Perfect. Okay. How do you feel? I hope that the exercises you did or correct as well and the links we'll help you if you have any questions, let me know. The next step. Past perfect, present perfect. See you there. 28. Tenses. Tenses - mixed: Present perfect or past perfect. And not only present, continuous past simple, well insured. I've decided here to add some extra exercises in which we have the tenses we've studied so far, mixed. Why? Because again, it's important to be it's important for you to be able to use them correctly. It's important to know how to express yourselves. The task, open the brackets, As simple as that. We have 18th sentences. You can find them in the attached PDF. So let's get started. When you are ready. It isn't snowing at the moment. It has finally stopped. The moment present continuous. And because the two sentences are connected, they are out of one and the same context. You need to make this connection between the first and the second one. It isn't snowing. Ets finally stopped. When exactly in the past it has stopped. You don't know, you know, only the result of the action. And the result is that it's not raining anymore. Present perfect, present continuous. The verb to be, it was the verb plus ink. And present perfect here for Hans was the third form of the verb. If the verb is irregular, or the verb was ED, when the verb is regular. I went to the party yesterday. Perfect. We have the marker, so we have a situation in the past. Go went, gone, went. The second form for simple. I didn't know he had invited so many people. I didn't know when I went to the party yesterday. Again, it refers to yesterday. So past simple. He had invited so many people. The invitation happened before I went, before I understood. Past perfect, he had invited so many people have fostered form or hat plus the verb proceeding. When she came last night. Last night, the marker for past simple, come, came, come. We need the second firm. When she came last night, the electricity had already gone out. Already. Perfect tense. But because of the fact that we speak about the past, something that you understand from the first sentence. We need past, perfect. Before the moment when she came back, the electricity had gone out, yet, gone. She's watching TV now. Now the marker present perfect required, exactly wrong. Present, continuous. Just listen carefully and don't always trust everything that you hear. She's watching TV now. She just do the homework. She has just done the homework. Just reminding you that refers to an action which happened exactly before the moment of speaking. She has just done the homework due date than present. Perfect. When he opened the door, she understood that something had happened. First, he opened the door. After that she understood something and she understood that something had happened before. Bus simple past, Simple past, perfect, one step back in time. Open the regular understand, irregular and their standard understood. Understood. He had happened past perfect. He doesn't have a car now. He has sold it. Now. And present simple. Why? Exactly. Because doesn't have cannot be restructured in the form for present continuous. You can't say he's having concurrent. Now, when you express possession, use only the simple form. You use the present simple for he doesn't have a car now he has sold it when exactly, you don't know, it's not important. The result of the action is important. And the result is that he doesn't have a car right now, sell salt. Salt. That reforms of the verb. Please take the newspaper. I have finished with that. Please take the newspaper. The first sentence expresses something which has kept on ink now. So you speak about the present. And when we speak about the present and we want to make a connection or it's the past. In some way. You need present perfect, which means I have finished with it at the moment in the past. It doesn't matter. It's not important when I'm not saying it. Yesterday. Immediately we're going in the past. Yesterday I wanted to wear that jacket, but I didn't remember. So I wanted something I didn't remember something in the past yesterday, but I didn't remember I hadn't watched it yet. Yeah. Then towards that, before the moment I wanted to wear a red before the moment I remember that it was there. Yet is the other marker which helps you think for past perfect in this situation. I hadn't washed past perfect. You are always repeating this is not necessary. So I have canceled the subscription. If you remember when we spoke about present continuous one of the usages, So we've mentioned it was exactly irritation. When somebody expresses irritation or when somebody expresses that situation doesn't please him, then you need to use present continuous. It doesn't mean that this thing is happening at the moment of speaking. It means that this is something which makes me angry, is something which irritates me. Always is a typical marker you have in this situation. You are always repeating, present, continuous, that this is known as this is not necessary. So I have canceled the subscription. When exactly the cancellation happened. It's not mentioned, it's not necessarily, this is not the accent. The emphasis in the sentence is put on the result. The fact that the subscription is not valid anymore, present, perfect. The bill I paid last month wasn't right. They had made a mistake last month past simple the bill IP it wasn't right. They had made a mistake. The mistake was made before that. And because of that, we need past perfect. You remember when we speak about the past and the actions happened chronologically one after another. And you want to emphasize this one that there is difference in the occurrence of these actions, then you use past perfect and past simple. Have you ever been to Spain? Simple sentence you ask about experience. There isn't contexts that this one needs to be referred to the past. So general experience, present, perfect. Last set of sentences. I was really tired last night. Last night, past simple, that B was being I had had a lot of things to do at work last night. The result of the study was that there was tired and why? Because something had happened in advance. I had had a lot of things to do at work. She hasn't finished with her piano class yet. Yet. Marks perfect tense because of the fact that there isn't another past activity, that there isn't a past activity at all. You go to present, perfect. She hasn't finished with her piano class yet. Reminding you yet is used in negative sentences and in questions. We applied for that program yet. Here is the second usage in a question. There isn't passed context because of that, we are using present perfect. Have you applied for that program yet? The spelling, don't forget about these rules are when the verb finishes in y and the consonant is before that, as in this situation, LY, why it goes into I, that are dead. You add ED. They had signed the contract before. We knew about it. Logically speaking, I think for the chronology of the activities. So first they signed after that. We didn't not mean after that we didn't understand because of that past perfect in combination with past simple, they had signed before we knew no new known that reforms of the verb. No, please don't open the window again. I have just close to it. I have just close to it. Something happened exactly before the moment of speaking. Just present perfect. Because of that, the first one goes in present simple, don't open the window. Again. You can't say, Please let us know until opening course, something like that. This is the only possible option here. Don't open. You just give your order or your request. In these situations present simple is you're still remember I believe, to you when you told me last night that this had happened last night, I believe to your last night, You told me and told me that something had happened before to show this difference in the tenses and in the moment Wendy activities took place, you need a combination again, past Simple, past perfect. I believed I adult past simple, that this had happened past perfect. What's your result from this exercise? Then? Curious, not only this, from all of the sentences. Extra links, and extra exercises you can always find or you can ask me for. See you in the next video where we'll start talking about something different. To now. It was mainly present and past time for the future. 29. Tenses. Grammar Lab: Future Simple: After everything that you know about the present and the past, time to take a look at the future. The tenses here are several again, and yes, there are differences that you need to know. If you know what is we'll future, if you know what the markers are and which the forum, sir, please skip the grammar lab and go to the exercises. The exercises in PDF you will find at the end of this lecture, as well as the links will be here attached for the online exercises. Okay, let's get started. We'll future or future is simple. The basic, let's say future tense. Most of the people in fact use only this and they're quite happy with that. But as you know, the use of tensors is not with the idea to show how many times is, you know, the idea is just to give some nuances to what you're saying. Yeah, you can use will in every future situation on the same way you can use past simple, clean every path situation and present simple in every present situation. Yeah, but that's not the idea. That's not the idea because if you don't use the correct tense, then you need to verbalize what you want to say with extra words. You just need to add extra words to express your thoughts. Okay, So let's see what future simple is about. How we will distinguish it from the other tensors will speak about later. I will do it. He will do it. I won't do it. He won't do it. We will come. Yes, I will know. I want. Sounds simple, right? As a structure, you need the pronoun, the person who is doing the action. I, you, he, she, and so on. After that comes, we'll in positive sentence. And after that's the verb in infinitive. Infinitive, you know the basic form and the form that you find in the dictionary. I will come, I will travel and so on. The negative is will not, will not, or the short form lumped. I want be careful here because a lot of people find it difficult to make the difference between want as a short form of wheel, not want as an expression of desire. I want though it will not. I want though it won't. Plus infinitive. When you make the question, you use the familiar way. You are already aware of. What you need is to exchange the places of the auxiliary verb, the European warp. You knew the pronounce, the normal centers, the positive centers. I will come, you will exchange the places of the doer of the action and the auxiliary. The question is, will we welcome you? The verb in infinitive? The short answers? Yes, I will know I want. Second step, the more important one. How to understand that you need to utter symbol in which situations exactly you need future simple. There are several markers and it's really easy to remember. Hope, think belief. Remember these three verbs, Hope, think, belief. When we speak about the future, you make a prediction, but prediction based on your own census, it's important. This is called a subjective prediction. Let me, this is debt you yourself believe in or that you yourself hope about, or something that is connected with your own thoughts. So prediction, subjective prediction, just to think or believe something will happen. When in the context varies, one of these verbs used, and you speak about the future. You need future simple. I hope he will succeed. I think he will manage it. I believe you are the best. Hope. Think, belief. The first three markers. After that. When you promise something with the verb promise, I promise, I'll help you. You are giving the promise. Promise here is the keyword that may help you understand this is future simple. You don't need all of the other tenses that are possible to be used for the future. We will speak about them a little bit later. You need pitcher simple, my promise outcome. Promise. I'll help you. When you offer your offer a piece of advice, you offer some help. Then you also need future simple. Shall I take the suitcase, shower, open the window. You offer something. What does show and how it appeared here. Well, as shall is the old-fashioned form of we'll still, it is used. And the difference is that once it was used for all persons, I mean, I he, she, you and whatever. Now, it is mainly used mainland. When you speak about yourself. I speak about a group of people who are part of week Show. I shall we in a similar once upon a time texts, you can see it. Shall he, shall, she shall the shower you and so on. The recently, it's most commonly seen as usage with AI. And with we shall, I, shall we say, or we, we, it's perfectly correct. Again, is just another option. The language gives you. Shall I take the suitcase? It's an offer. You are offering your help. In fact, all of these, the promise and the offer. You can think about them as spontaneous decisions, decisions that are happening at the moment of speaking. Because this is the situation you use future simple and when you are making a spontaneous decision, it means you haven't thought about something, you haven't considered it for a long time. You haven't spent nights thinking over this one, whether it's correct or not, just something happened. And you're spontaneous reaction is to say that you will do something. As the first scenario, for example, there is a conversation between two people. Imagine it on this way. The one is expressing kind of a problem and the other one says, I promise I'll help you. You see, I mean, there is nothing considered, nothing thought about carefully. Promise is the marker. It expresses spontaneous decision. Because of that you need, which are simple. Shall I take the suitcase? Same story. You're seeing a woman passing the street with a suitcase. And it seems to be a key, everyone realized. What to say is, shall I take the suitcase? Yes, you offer you offer your help. And this is your initial marker that you need to ensure simple. But the situation is spontaneous. You are taking a spontaneous decision. Because of that, you do need future simple. And another situation for spontaneous decision is like this. All I like it, I'll take it. I liked it right now. I'll take it. That's it. Okay. Promise, offer, spontaneous decision in general. Let's revise them. I think, I hope, I believe future symbol. You promise something. You are offering something, you're making a spontaneous decision of these mean spontaneous. Deciding what you want to do. You are deciding something that the moment of speaking, simple as that. If you remember only this row, that future symbol is used with spontaneous decisions, it will be really quite easier for you. Something is happening, you want to say something based on what's happened. Future simple, gather to marker's, think, hope, belief, enough in awhile when we pass the other future tenses and virtual forums, you understand why I spent so much time repeating that this one here is spontaneous. That's the main distinguishing point. The exercises. Let's take them out first. Open the brackets in future simple, the idea, just, let's practice the 4P's. Same here. Form sentences with Will and explain why. It's important. Now every time I went there is grammar exercise. Try to explain to yourself why this or that was used. Why you chose future symbol. Then further pause. Do the exercises and see you in the other lecture where I'll give you the answers and the explanations. Good luck. 30. Tenses. Future Simple - exercises: The exercises are done. I hope. So. Let's check and explain why something happened. The answer of the question, Why is really the one that will help you improve and start using the grandma in practice. Because this is our aim, repeating it again. It's not just learning grammar for the sake of learning grammar because we are fans of grammar. Know, just we wanted to speak correct? Left open the brackets using future simple. I hope you will come on time tomorrow. The marker, hope. Let us revise here the three forms of the verb as well. Just not to forget them. Somehow. Come, came, come. He believes she will do everything he wants. Belief, prediction based on subjective thoughts on subjective beliefs. We'll do, do, get done. I think she will buy the dress. Think marker for future simple by boat, but we'll buy infinite if she thinks she will succeed in applying for that position. Again, think marker for future simple o and the context is in the future. And the verb succeed is a regular one. When you add ED, It took a pronounced succeed that we hope she will come back as soon as she finishes her degree. We hope, hope, belief, think future Simple, come, came, come. No one believes he will achieve such a breakthrough. No one beliefs, belief, personal belief, personal prediction. He will achieve, we'll infinitive, achieve the verb finishes in E if you need to, the second or the third form, you just need to add D and you're pronouncing it achieved. I think my sister won't surprise you this time. I think I hope my belief, I think future simple. My sister won't surprise you, will not want the same story. Just don't make a mistake saying it again or would want as w t, that's your desire. You're wanting for something. We believe you want, mislead us. Negative again, we believe think whole belief which are simple, mislead, misled, misled. I'm thirsty. I take a cup of water. I'm thirsty it now I'm making the spontaneous decision to drink water. So spontaneous decision will take, took, taken a look at the address. I will buy it. I am passing through o industrial and I'm seeing something. I'm saying, Albert, I haven't thought about this. I haven't calculated my budget. It wasn't part of my daily plan. I just saw it and I decided that I will do something spontaneously. Spontaneous decision will buy, bought, bought. Your computer is two on all things. I will switch it off. Switch, irregular verb Switch, Switched. Again as spontaneous decision. At the moment you understand that something is on this around that way. And at the moment you decide to change it, kinda speak. Now, I have something to tell you. I'm asking you at the moment, you are reacting at the moment, spontaneous decision. Yes, I will finish here and later. We will take that task spontaneously. Imagine that the boss is centering and asking you immediately, we will do this. Will you take that task? Question? Don't forget how the form is generated here. Take, took, taken, talk to him, but maybe he won't agree. It might believe it's my understanding. Maybe he won't agree. If your farm, the past form of the verb, agreed only DID N'T. In the third exercise, our task was to explain why something cap on down this way or that way. I will buy that car up spontaneously. There isn't any marker that you have thought you have considered and whatever by both bought. She believes he will succeed. Belief is the marker. Hope, belief. Think, succeed, regular succeeded. I think you will do it. Think is the marker. Do, get done. It's raining. I want to go to the shop now. I just see it. And then saying that that's not the plan, I want to go to the shop now, spontaneous decision. Go, went, gone. You see you can revise the things that you know all the time as we are doing now with the irregular verbs. It's called our shutter, the window, it's called is just a statement that I'm giving right now. I'll shut the window right now. That's it. Spontaneously. It Kevin, I'll take it. Same story. Something is heavy. You are designing that you will do it for somebody else. You can think for it as an offer for help. You can think where it has a spontaneous decision. It doesn't matter. In fact, the fact is that you need we'll why? Because it's not your plan. It's not your intention that it can be thought over. You just decide something into it. You'll see something and you do it. That's all. I'll, or I will use the same. It's just the short form. When short forms are mentioned, just reminding you that in informal English, short forms are perfectly fine there in fact, the ones that people prefer. But when it comes to formal English, especially to formal writing, do not include these short forms. If you are going to sit FCC or IOPS. And apart from the situation when you are asked to ask the right, sorry, an informal letter. In formal letter. In all the other cases, you need those long forms. Again, only in informal letters. If we speak about the exams, the Cambridge exams, especially only in informal letters, you're allowed to use the short forms in all other structures. In other writings, you are required to use the long firms. If the writing cosine formal, do whatever you want, otherwise, write the whole word. It's really important here. That was at CR in the next video where we will continue talking about the future. It's a miniseries. In fact, well, it's o of the important tenses that you need to know. Enough exercises for you to master them. See you. 31. Tenses. Grammar Lab: Be going to: The next really common structure for expressing future activities is beginning to. Now. I will just present to insured, which are the most important things you need to know about the B going to, if you know it, if you know what's the difference between Big going to end future simple, please skip the grammar lab, go to the exercises, PDF, and links after this lecture the explanations in the other video. So when we speak about B, going to think for it as a forum for expressing future activities. It's not a tense, it's a verb form. And the structure is, I'm going to do this. I'm going to do that. You need the pronoun I, he, she, whatever the correct form of the verb to be. After that, always going to go into after this one. You have the verb in infinitive. I'm going to meet him. We are going to travel. The verb to be after a dead, going to after debt infinity. The negative forum you form with the negativeness in the verb to be simple, I'm not going to tell her we aren't going to sell. I'm not going We aren't going. The question is formed two on the same way you format. When we speak about the verb to be in the present. Is it going to rain? Is he going to come? Are we going to enjoy your name at the answers? Yes, it is. No, it isn't. Yes, I am. No. I'm not. You're using only the vertebrae to answer. You are using only the vertebrae to form the question. The markers. This is always a second really important step in order to be able to understand what all that is about, plan and prediction. These are the two keywords you need to remember when it comes to be going to what kind of plan, what kind of prediction? Let's check it out. We are going to travel to Spain. You are saying this one to a friend of yours, for example. But in order to say we are going to travel to spin, you mean that there was time in the past when you decided to do it? At the present, you are seeing it. This plan is going to happen in the future. It's important. Something was designed in the past. You are seeing it right now. And this thing is going to happen in the future. This is not the spontaneous decision in future simple. It's exactly the opposite situation. That's why I was emphasizing on that spontaneously all the time. Because this is the key to distinguish, to make the difference between future simple and to be going to when there is a plan. You use be going to, when there is a spontaneous decisions, something happens spontaneously. You need future simple. The second case in which we are going through his needed is waning. Speak about prediction. But again, let's compare in future simple. As you know, the prediction, we call subjective prediction, is based on your personal thoughts, on your personal belief, on your personal hopes. It's you believe just because you believe it to be honest way, you predicted based on your personal expectations. Here, the prediction is different. The prediction is based on something that has happened, on something that you see. You see something and you expect that something else is going to happen. Look at the sun. It's going to be hot today. It's not my personal belief on left. I have evidence. There is something that shows me that this one is going to happen. This one is going to be on this way. Again, the differences. And here's address, spontaneous decision. You see something and you design that you will do it at the moment of speaking. Future simple plan. You have thought about something you have considered that we have spent nights thinking covert it. Let's say you have spoken with somebody probably. Then you have a plan. Plants are expressed with be going to prediction. On the other hand, prediction which is based on your personal thoughts, on your personal beliefs, on your personal expectations. These predictions are expressed. Which pitcher sample? The other situation prediction based on some facts, you see something, you expect something else is going to happen. We going to enough. Let's check the exercises and I'll give you several minutes to do them before the checking. In the first exercise, you just need to open the brackets using be going to, in order to get used to the form, you know, this approach. After that, we make it a little bit harder. By adding wheel here as well. You need to choose between regarding to the differences. You do know already. Seven more sentences. It's important really to start distinguishing between the future verb forms, the future tenses from now on, because there are four other forms or fences that will speak about. And everything needs to be assimilated. Everything it needs to be understood step-by-step. Otherwise, you'll find it really difficult at the end. But I'm sure that you'll succeed and avoiding the mess just by following the instructions that I'm giving you. It means right now please press the pause button. Do the PDF exercises. Do after that, the online exercises. And let's check the PDF. I'll see you in the other video. 32. Tenses. Be going to: exercises: The exercises here for as you've been done, I'm sure it's time to check what you found teaser into. I found difficult. And at the same time to help you understand why you need this or that in every situation. Exactly. Even here, I don't want you to think why we use be going to, because yes, the idea of the exercise is to get used to the forums. But at the same time, to start thinking about the situation. To start thinking about the context, if you are using qualm or other verb form in, let's get started. It is going to snow to D at least. So says the forecast. The areas of prediction, which is based on something which is not only your subjective thoughts and beliefs. Prediction be going till it is going to snow. I'm going to move out. Everything has already been said. It's your plan. You have the intention to do it. You have spent time thinking over it, considering it. And this is the result. I am going to move out, plan. The dog is going to bite you, stop staring at it again, prediction based on some facts on something that you see. You see and you expect that something else is going to happen. Imagine just a person passing by a dog and steering had a dog. Well, the dog starts tearing. To know that you are not actually advised to stare at a stray dog or a dog in general. Because of that, there is a chance that you are going to be better. The dog is going to bite you be going to stop steering cadet. You are going to fall from the ladder. Don't just see how unstable it is. Again, you're seeing something. So you believe that something is going to happen in the future based on the fact that they're in front of your eyes, you conclude your draw your conclusion. Be going to, you're going to fall. Where are you going to have lunch? Where are you going to have lunch? First, be careful about the forum as it is a question. Where are you going? You need to change the places of the pronoun and the verb to where we are. Are you going to have lunch? We've mentioned this one several times. Based on grammar, you can express what the situation is about. You can express your thoughts right here, for example, out of this sentence written on this way, I understand that the person has planted, the person has spent some time thinking over it. It's not as spontaneous decision. And it's not a spontaneous decision because in the other situation we will use, we'll, both of them are correct. The sentence is out of context, so we can use will or be going to. But first the instruction here is TSB going to take and you are just giving different nuances. Think for grammar one more time as a way to show your feelings, as a way to express your thoughts in a clear way, as a way to give new answers to what you're seeing in this situation plan. We are already going to book a table for the anniversary. Question. Again, you're careful about the forum and out of the context of the sentence is taken from, you understand that this is the plant. This is something that the person has thought over. This is something that the person has considered. It's not as spontaneous decision. Because if it were a spontaneous decision, it would be with we're going to give her a present for the Brady. What is your plan? He ever thought about us? What are your intentions? This is what I'm asking. Are you going to give be going in a question? Our friends are not going to come to the Bertie. Unfortunately, if the situation went like this, the telephone ringing and you and you hear will not come to the party. It means that we haven't spoken about this one. We've decided this one at the moment of speaking. Well here the situation is different. Here are the people who have thought about this. You have considered that. And this is what they have come out, what we're not going to come to the party or our friends are not going to come to the party. It's a plan, it's an intention going to or will after the previous exercise, I believe that this money will be easy now. I can't open the jar. No problem. Outdoor it spontaneously. You'll see that the other person can't cope or at the situation. You are offering to give him a hand. I don't think we will meet again. Hope, think, belief. We'll future simple. We will meet again. Take a doozy, you're going to hurt yourself. I see something. I have the evidence to believe that something is The happen. Based on these facts, I conclude that you are going to hurt yourself. Prediction based on fact. I'm going to meet my brother after work tomorrow. Be careful about the situation. There is another way to say it about the slicer difference. We will speak in a few videos. I'm going to meet my brother after work tomorrow eater plan. We have thought about this one. You have considered that. And so you are saying that this thing is going to happen, I'm going to meet. He works really hard. I hope you will pass the exam. Hope, belief. Think, we'll. Who do you think will win the elections? Again, it's up to your personal perceptions of the world, up to your personal feelings, up to your predictions. But personal answers, the subjective predictions, do you think will win the elections? Think, we'll going to bend your computer. Usually when you buy a computer, It's not as spontaneous decision. Usual I say so here if you see they will buy a computer. I can accept it. In fact, depends on the status of the people, let's say. But in the general case, when you speak about a plant activity, you know, be going to and the burdens of a computer is supposed to be a planned activity. I believe we will call back on time. I believe she will hope, belief, think, go at will. Exactly. Sister is going to have a baby. It's something that has been planned. It's something that you have the evidence about and you're seeing it based on what you see. You see the valence, for example, you see that she's pregnant. Well, based on there to say she's going to have a baby, be going to don't worry, I will help you. Your offer, help you offer a piece of advice in these situations. You just use, we'll filter the other way of interpretation. Yes, spontaneous decision. That's it. Whichever your interpretation is, it clear that you need we'll future. We are always leaked. I'm sure we will. We are going to miss it again. Based on the fact based on the fact that we are always lead and we're late in this situation as well. You know what is going to happen in the future. It's not the only your belief, it's not only your thought, it's something that you see based on the fact be going TO, for the future. Would you like cake or pie? I will take the pi, please. Imagine a situation right now. The ureter is coming and is offering the different dishes from the menu and you're just choosing one of the dishes. Well, this decision is taken spontaneously at the moment of speaking. Because of that, you need we'll future Watch out. You are going to hurt yourself with that knife. You see something. There is evidence that your thoughts is based on based on the facts. Seeing it again, your design that something is going to happen in the future. This is prediction based on fact, be going to, I think it's starting to rain. I will take the umbrella. I think I'm not sure. It's just something that they think about. Prediction, about. The outcome is not certain. It's objective prediction. Think goals with we'll future. That was it. I believe that after all of these examples, it's quite clear for you now what the difference between the going tool. And we'll everything you know, it's a little bit more practice, but not practice with exercises and all there. Whereas practice with speaking and with reading aloud and with listening. About this, we will speak a little bit later in the other lecture where we will speak about another way of talking about the future. See you there. 33. Tenses. Grammar Lab: Present Simple and Present Continuous for the future: Another grammar lab and more time for something can you had to learn? In this lecture, we will keep on talking about the future. As I promised you, there are different ways in which you can express your thoughts concerning the future. The difference now is that we would take advantage of your previous knowledge. You perfectly well know what and when to use Present Simple, as well as present continuous. But the trick is that d have their future meaning as well. Just a hint if you know what the difference between present simple and present continuous above the futurist. Please skip the lab and go to the exercises during the next video. In the exercises section, you will find the PDF with the exercises, as well as links that will help you practice. If you don't know. Now is the time for you to understand. President symbol for the future has two main meanings. The first one, the first usage is when you speak about the timetable. And the second one, the easiest way to remember it is personal timetable or your shadow. When you hear the word timetable, think for vehicles, think for something that happens up to define timetable in advance. For example, you say the bus leaves at five, my glasses finish at one. There is a program. This is what timetable means. There is a program up to which the activities happen one after another. It's not correct to use. We'll filter here. This is what people usually you need to present simple. And in this context, it means that the activity we will happen in the future, up to breed defined timetable, up to a predefined program. When you speak about your own personal schedule, then the logic is the same. You need only present simple with the future meaning. Again, he has a dennis glass at strip. You know that recently the topic about time management has been really popular. And a lot of people start using conditional applications, traditional instruments just to help them share their days. Well, if you talk about your personal schedule, your personal timetable, Let's call it. You need to use present simple, remember it on this way. The other tests we've mentioned is present continuous for the future. The forms again are the same. There is nothing new up to the rules, up to the waist, the verbs are formed. The difference comes in the meaning. Yes. It refers to the future. And hear you speak about personal arrangement or a meeting with somebody. If you can have made an arrangement with your doctor, if you can have an arrangement with the hairdresser or an arrangement with the friends just to go out somewhere. In these situations you can use Present Continuous. I'm seeing my GP in awake. We are going to the theatre. What are you doing tonight? In all of these situations? You just ask about somebody's arrangement, want he has been planned. And Ts here, you have a choice, in fact, between Big-O into and between President continuous. In most of the cases, however, present continuous is the tense that is preferred when his beak, seeing it again about personal arrangement and about a meeting. Personal arrangement means that you have code to the person, you have spoken to that one and you have agreed on something together. If this is only your intention without the confirmation from the other side, well, then it's not arrangement. It your plan in that context you need to go into in ADI, other situations have already enumerated. Be going into is not that applicable. Breads and continuous is the one that you're supposed to use. Why? I explain everything in so many details. I hope you do already know. Grammar as we spoke, is not studied for the sake of perfect grammar. All those strange it sounds. It's studied for the sake of better expression. Just by choosing the correct tense. You succeed in sharing your thoughts without the necessity to add extra words. By saying me, I'm seeing my my GP in a week. You just explained that you have code to that person. You have made her personal arrangement and the meeting is going to happen in a week. Quite easier than explaining everything. The exercises that you will find in the other lecture, the answers are there are a combination of present, simple, present, continuous, beginning and twill. So please, before opening the PDF and doing the exercises, just revise the basic differences. I'll be repeating them, of course, because the new answers here are really important. But in order to succeed and the exercise to be useful, just take a minute to revise before starting and what to expect. In the first exercise, you need to choose between presence in bond present continuous. The difference we have just explained. After a dead, you need to go to will and be going to the differences you may find in the previous video. That was it. From now on. It's up to you whether you will make the revision or you will depend on your intuition on left and see you in the answers section in awhile. 34. Tenses. Let's speak about the future - exercises: Present, simple, present continuous will or be going to. Which of all these ways for talking about the filter is the correct one? For us. Revision, of course, Let's get started. The first exercise, as I told, you, need to choose between present simple and present continuous. The bus arrives at five sharp present sample. You speak about timetable. When it comes to vehicles, the correct way of talking about the future is using present simple. I'm seeing Tom in awhile. I'm seeing it MSI half an arrangement with the person you have spoken to him. And this is not something that will happen spontaneously. This is not something that you have urged on left. This has an agreed meeting. My classes starts at one everyday. Personal timetable or schedule. Think for it as your Google Calendar. If it is in the calendar, it means that this is your timetable, this is your shadow. You need present simple. We are organizing a party the day after tomorrow. We are organizing capacity. This is your arrangement. This is something you have planned. In this situation, you can use be going into as well because the sentence is completely out of the context, it's not sure if you have agreed with somebody to help you in order for this to be an arrangement so that the US president continuous. This is just your plant, be going to the train gets into LA and 05:00 PM. The following they clear timetable about the vehicle present simple. She's meeting Tom tonight. Arrangement meeting she's meeting Tom. Usual learn. Present continuous is considered as the more formal option. If wondering whether to choose between present continuous, or are we going to when you wanted to refer to a meeting or to an arrangement made. Think for the context. If it is informal, go forbid going TO. If it does a little bit formal or at least you need and you want to make it on this way. Go for present continuous. The museum opens on the first of April. The museum opens, present simple. It. At the end of the verb will be going to the second exercise. She has already bought the tickets. We are going to travel in awake. You have the context. Some steps have already been undertaken. So the result of this is that something else is going to happen in the future. Obviously it's your plan steps in advance saying something. Now, this thing is going to happen in the future. We going to I can hear your alarm still going. Sorry. I'll switch it off. At the moment. At the moment I can hear the alarm is going at the moment. Which means that you are making the spontaneous decision to do something, to react in a way, sorry, I'll switch it off. We'll or apostrophe ALL up to you. Think the game, when it comes to a post refers. If you are in informal situation, they're quite proper, their preferred even as a way of expression. But when the context is formal, you are not supposed either to use or to write. A boss refers. What about entering this shop? Sure, I'll buy the bag that is on the shop window. Again. Something that's happening at the moment of speaking. It can't be a planned activity. It can't be a decision that has been made and needs to be undertaken in the future is just a spontaneous decision. It means we'll filter. You've bought a new book. Yes, I'm going to read it this weekend. The idea that this is your plant activity, given by the second part of the sentence. I'm going to read it this weekend. I have spent some time. I have thought carefully what and when it will happen. They have decided that within the weekend, I'm okay if enough time in order to finish the book, in order to start is at least whether I finished this a different story. When this intention is considered, you need to be going to similar just knocking. I'll check. Imagine the situation. It's late at night, for example. And you hear somebody's knocking at the door spontaneously. You say, our tech, I think blend here, no arrangement or whatever. So the only option is we'll spontaneous decision. That was it. Hope it's getting a little bit clearer. Tick the odd one exercises. And if you need more, give me a hint place, I will add more links. Of course, you can find them on your own. There are two more ways of talking about the future years. That's not everything. And we'll speak about them in the next video. See you there. 35. Tenses. Grammar Lab: Future continuous and Perfect future: As I promised you, we continue talking about the future. Adding tomorrow tenses to what you know. And this in fact, will be the last two tenses you need to know when speaking about the future. The first one is filter continuous. The second one, perfect future. If you know them, skipped the lab, go to the exercises. You can find them on their usual places. The PDF with the exercises from the lecture is attached after the lab. And the links you may find also their future continuous is formed. You see it the first line in green. We'll after that, always be. And after that comes the verb. For science. This is the form of heat or continuous, the form of perfect future. A little bit longer. We'll after that, always have, always have. And after that, the third form of the verb problem. You've noticed every time when we speak about the perfect tense, doesn't matter if it is present perfect or past perfect and future perfect every time you need the third form of the verb. So if you still have any doubts about the necessity to learn them, to memorize them by heart. I hope that soon you will not. You will really spend the time necessary to memorize everything in order to start using the tennis is thinking about the grammar situation, not about the form of the verb. Let's take the densest one after another, starting with their forms first. Future continuous. This time tomorrow, I will be traveling the structure. We'll after that beep and no change up to here. After that, the verb plus zinc. The rules that you know about the I-N-G forms of the verb. We spoke about them in the grammar lab for present continuous for the first time. So all of these rules are applicable here as well. I told you you remember something once, you learn it once and you use it several times after that. Every time when you need to add the I-N-G form of the verb, you need to refer to those rules over there. The negative forum is formed with the negative of the auxiliary helping Corp wheel. And instead, instead of, we'll have want this time tomorrow, we won't be traveling. The question. We will be waiting for me this time tomorrow. We'll be waiting. The same story. First, you start with your auxiliary. We'll after that you have the doer of the action, I, he, she, whoever. And then comes the verb be in its basic form. Then the verb for scientists. The answers, short answers as usual, yes, I will know I want. The more important question when you need to use Future continuous. This time tomorrow, I'll be cleaning the house this time tomorrow is one of the markers that will really help you understand that you speak about an activity in the progress in the future. This stamp tomorrow, something will be happening. Meaning at a period of time in the future, there will be an activity in progress. When we speak about such progression, what you need is filter continuous. When you use filter continuous, you are emphasizing on the duration of the activity, not on the result, but on the duration in the future. In that period of time, you'll be in the progress of doing something. This time tomorrow. I'll be cleaning. This time tomorrow. I'll be studying. This time tomorrow, I'll be sleeping and so on. The result is not important. It's important that you will be in the middle of the activity. That was about future continuous. If we're too perfect. By the time you call, I will have finished work. By the time you call, I won't have finished work. When we speak about the forms, pay attention to how the verbs are structures one after another. Always do have, we'll, first of all, because we speak about the future, it's normal. We're after that. There is a future tense in context here, which means that you need to do auxiliary half, half and never has. Or is he a few have here. We'll functions, think of it as modal verb. Or as the verb in future simple, which requires always the infinitive. It doesn't matter if the sentence would be by the time you call he or she will have finished every time after we'll need the basic form of half. After this comes the third part of the irregular verb, or the regular verb plus CD. I will have finished work. I want have finished work. If you wanted to form the question. You again need to exchange the places of the auxiliary wheel and the door. You. After that, you continue with the half and the verb in its third form. We finished by the time I come. Will you have finished? When it comes to the short answers, the options are, you can either say yes I will or yes I will have. It's really up to you. There is no difference here. The negative one goes on the same way. No, I want or no, I want half truths. When whichever is closer to you, whichever comes more natural to you. And again, the markers and how to understand that you need to use future perfect. By the time I come, she will have left. By the time. One of the most common markers that show you this is what you need, of course, in future contexts. Because if the sentence is taken out of context and put in a past situation, Linda story becomes a little bit more different, I think for the combination of tensors we need then by the time you came after that is your third, something had happened. Yeah. It depends here we speak about the future, how it looks like by the time I come, she will have left. So now I'm seeing something and they speak about something that will happen in the future. I will come. By the time I come, something will have already happened. You assume the graph where future perfect test before the future moment. This is the trick here and this is what you need to understand by the time something happens. And here, always present simple knot will. By the time something happens, something else will have already happened. We'll practice it. So don't worry if you find it a little bit harder. Now, as I give you more and more examples, you'll get your studies on promise. Let's check the exercises. The first one, you just need to open the brackets using future continuous in order to get used to the structure. And of course to think why. Why do we need Twitter continuous in all of the situations? Same story, this time with video perfect. And again, why do we need perfect? Of course, the third one, future perfect or future continuous. Once you have mastered the structures and you don't think about them anymore, the next step is to start comparing the tensors. You do know this approach already. Future perfect for two continuous future perfect or photo continuous. T2a. Turn the exercises in the attached PDF. The answers are coming in awhile. Don't forget to go through the links and see you in the next video. 36. Tenses. Future continuous and Perfect future: exercises: I believe it was harder on theory then it actually turned out to be. And you could do the exercises perfectly allowed. Let's check them out and let us explain one more time when what is needed to be filled in future continuous, as we've agreed here, you're just writing the forums and thinking about why why footer continuous is required in this or in that situation. Two years from now, I'll be traveling around the world. Two years from now. In the future moment, the activity will be in progress, will be traveling several years from now, is again one of the markers for future continuous. Tonight, I'll be working till late. Don't wait for me. An action that will be in progress. If you are wondering, yes, you can say tonight, I'm going to work. If it is your plan or you can see tonight, I'm working just the emphasis you put on different aspect of the activity. Seeing it on this way, you don't know what is important for you. In this context. It's important for you that the activity we will take a period of time. That's it. It's not wrong to say it in the other ways. Just the accent you're putting on a different nuance. You speak about a plan. He speak about arrangement. That's why I'm telling you, imagine the context. And when speaking. Think for what you want to transmit with the grammar that US. I guess he'll be listening to music when we come back and activity that will be in progress in the future moment. Promise that you want to be waiting for me again tomorrow morning. You want to be waiting, and why not want weight? Same logic. Here. I want to emphasize on the fact that this activity will be taken completes or I hope that it will not be taking place here exactly. Promise that you want to be waiting, you want to be spending time. This one, we will not be happening in the future. I bet she'll be sleeping. If you call her. If you call her, she will be sleeping in the future. This one will be in progress, should be in the middle of doing it. This time tomorrow. I'll be having arrest on a desert island this time tomorrow. One of the markers this time tomorrow, something will be happening is, for example, five in the afternoon. At five in the afternoon tomorrow I will be having crest on that. Desert island. Will be reading again tonight. I'm sure. They will be reading again tonight. This way you are telling me that in depth filter moment, the activity will be in progress. They will be reading. Future perfect. The other story. She will have chosen the shoes for the wedding before I invite her. Bet on it. The invitation is going to happen in the future, at some moment in the future, it doesn't matter that it's been present simple, just remember this one here. You need present simple to refer to that moment in the future. So up to that moment in the future, at some moment, she will have chosen the shores. We'll have a third form of the verb. By eight tonight, it will have stopped raining. I hope so. It will have stopped raining. Here, the emphasis is not on the fact that it will have been raining for several hours. Here the emphasis is on the fact that at eight it will have stopped. This is what you are telling me. Up to a future moment, the activity we will have been completed. Now, for example, is four in the afternoon. By eight, it will have stopped training. By distant tomorrow. I will have done my homework. By this time tomorrow. Something we will have been completed. I will have done my homework. By the time you call me. I will have prepared the suitcase. Seems story. We're speaking now. I haven't started preparing my suitcase even. But by the time you call me, which will happen in the future, the activity will have been completed. We will have finished. I will have prepared the suitcase. Chemo here, bought a ticket by the time you decide to join him. As the moment of speaking who haven't decided whether to join him or not in the future. At some future moment, you will decide. By this future moment of your decision, he will have already bought the ticket. Huo could have bought a ticket. By the time you decide to join him. Will help lift the room by the time they ask us to. We will have lived by the time currently speaking. They haven't asked us to leave their own. But at the moment in the filter they will do it. They will ask about this man by this future, moment by moment they ask us, we'll we'll have left the room and the activity will have been completed. I will have cleaned the house by the time you've come back from the shop at some moment in the future. Before The moment you come back, I will have cleaned the house so that when you come back, the house will be cleaned. That's it. Let's mix them. So think a little bit deeper. Which one is required where I'll be having guests between 69 tomorrow, non-recombinant, an activity that will be in progress in the future. I'll be having guests between 69 tomorrow will be verb was ink. Try to call her after she will have come back home by that time. You know that by a certain moment in the future, the activity will have been completed. Tried to call her after eight, she will have come back when exactly in the future it's not set. But the important fact here is that at eight should be at home. Which means that by that time the activity will have been completed. Tomorrow. I'll be ordering the winter quotes tomorrow. This one will be in progress. Please come at 11, the meeting who have finished by then. It's not set for certain whether the activity will finish, the meeting will finish at ten or at half-past ten are at 95. And it doesn't matter. What is important is that by 11, the median glue here finished. So again, upto moment in the future, the activity will have been completed. By then is the marker. This time tomorrow. When you see this phrase already this time tomorrow. Absolutely. It means that you need to ensure continuous. This time tomorrow, I'll be preparing the speech at this time tomorrow, I'll be in the middle of doing something. I'll be in the middle of preparing my speech by this time tomorrow. By present. Perfect. No shooter, perfect. Good. By this time tomorrow, I will have prepared the speech by distance. It will have been ready when exactly. It's not set. When we arrive, we will need to have arrest. We will have driven or we'll have been driving for almost 48 hours. So we'll have been driving is Twitter perfect, continuous. I'm sure that you can catch the logic and action that will be in progress. Okay? Just, it's up to you whether you, you will use the more complicated firm or you use the simple form we'll have driven. Again, it's important where you want to put the emphasis. If you wanted to emphasize on the fact that this activity will have been completed but calf taken a long time. So you put the accent on the duration of the activity, then you need future perfect continuous. In the other case, when you want to see just something that will be completed at the moment in the future. We'll have driven. How are you doing above the future? Activities are expressed with the correct tensors already. You do know what is the difference between present, simple, present continuous between wheel and to be going between future perfect and Twitter continuous. Remember that it's only up to your tenants in what situation you will choose to use. Why? Because the options are different. It depends on your own intention. It depends on what you want to say, what you want to transmit as meaning. If we speak about the plan, think whether it's important that it's an arrangement, or whether it's important that this is a plant activity. Just choose the correct grammar tense up to your needs. And you will see that grammar is not difficult. It's just helpful. 37. Tenses. Grammar Lab: Present Perfect Continuous: Last step before summarizing everything you know about densities already, I do want to help you with two more structures. The first one, the first tense, is present perfect continuous. Present perfect continuous. So it's a combination between present perfect as a forearm and present continuous, obvious from the name of the Denisovan. If you have an idea about the tense, if you know which the marker Sarah, and if you know how to format, please again, skip the lab, go to the exercises, the PDF with the exercises it's after the video, as well as the links to the exercises online. For a while others, let's take it out in more details. The forms first, I have been studying English for three years. I have been studying for three years. He has been talking on the phone for hours. The first thing that he has probably attracted to your attention is the marker for the same marker but whose pKa bodies found in awhile? Let's take a look at the form. You need to always have or gas depending on whom you speak about. If you speak about me, you use I you We, then you have half. My half. If you speak about he, she, it the general logic here, forecast plus bean always been, you don't touch it, it just stays there. Okay? I have been. And after that comes the verb, the verb that is going to change in each and every sentence depending on what you want to say. I have been studying verb for science English for three years about the rules. We have spoken already the rules for the I-N-G form, you know them from the present continuous tense. Nothing new added here. I have been studying English. He has been talking on the phone. The negative on the same way as in present. Perfect. You just need the negative form of half. I haven't been living. He hasn't been cooking. I haven't been living. He hasn't been cocaine. When you make a question, you need to exchange the places of the auxiliary have or has plus the person who is talking U plus bean. And after that, the verb for cyan, do you ever been playing the guitar for all those years? Have you been playing the guitar? Has he been working there all the time? I was the person who is doing the action was being paused the verb parsing the answers after debt, the same as in present, perfect. Yes, I have no I haven't. Yes, he has no, he hasn't. Up two forms. I guess everything is perfectly clear how to understand when you need present perfect, continuous. Let's take a look at the example first. I have been waiting for you for an hour or so. I have been waiting for you. You're talking about something at the present and you say that the activity you are talking about, he has started at some moment in the past. You don't say when exactly. He has continued to the present moment. And it's going to continue probably after that. The important difference between present perfect continuous and present perfect. Present perfect. We spoke about the result. The result from an activity which happened in the past refers to the present, and this result is important. I have lost my key, I can't find it now. This is the result of the activity. When you want to see that the activities important when you put the emphasis on the action, on the progress of the action, then you need present perfect, continuous. I have been waiting, I have been writing, I have been doing something for some time. Y4 appears here. Well, I've told you even then that foreign since our markers for perfect tenses, remember, now we have used a for in situations when the importance was not in terms of the action, of the progression of the action. The important part was the result. Or the second situation we used for. It was when we used a verb that can't form the continuous forum. For example, I have known him for 20 years. I have known him the verb no need in the context of know somebody can't be using a continuous form. So because of that, we use that with the present perfect simple test. But the general rule is that when you want to emphasize on the duration of the activity, using four, because this is your marker. Most of the times you need present perfect continuous. Again. How long plus four was present perfect continuous if applicable? In the situation, if suitable for the verb. If this is the idea you want to transmit, you want to give to your audience, to the people you're talking TO. I have been waiting for you for an hour. And so the question, how long have you been waiting here for? How long is the marker that most commonly gives you identification for present perfect, continuous. How long have you been waiting here for? Theoretically, it sounds simple, let's say. But let us see what will happen in practice. Because of that, I have prepared to several exercises as used to as usual. The first one, practicing only the forms. And here we will be talking about each and every situation. Why we needed present perfect continuous. After that, we will compare present perfect continuous with present perfect simple. It's really important to be able to distinguish, not for the sake of the exercises only, but for the sake of your correct speaking because this is what you want. That's the idea why the IRR, little bit more sentences. Practicing this skew of yours exactly. More exercises in the links that follow. In the next lecture, I'll give you the answers to as the explanations of the exercises that you've just seen. Cod are. 38. Tenses. Present Perfect Continuous or Simple: exercises: Present perfect or present perfect continuous. That was the question we've finished with the previous time. Let's get started first by revising the usage of present perfect, continuous. And after a dead comparing data tensors. How long he ever been studying drawing? How long is the marker for present perfect continuous? That's where we are. We are using it here as a structure. Was the doer of the action he, she was being, always be in is not changed. Then the verb per se into reminding can just hear something about the spelling when the verb finishes in white and there is a consonant before that, you add I-N-G without changing anything. Same story goes when the verb finishes in y and there is a vowel in front of that one. The changes happened only when we add es or ED. I have been trying to get in touch with you for a couple of hours. For a couple of hours. The emphasis is put on the, on the duration of the activity. Because of that, the correct question is, how long how long have you been trying to get in touch with me? And I have been trying to get in touch with you for a couple of hours. Present. Perfect. Continuous required. How long? The same marker he has he been working in this company? How long has he been working in this company? The result of the action is not important, reminding you the usage of present perfect, continuous. The result of the action is not important. It's important that the activity was in progress in a moment in the past, continuing up to the present, probably going on in the future. She has been playing the piano for years. She has been playing the piano for years. For how long? For years? I have been searching for that pain for hours. Same story. How long how long have we been searching for that pen? For hours. Somebody has been knocking on the door for 20 minutes or so. Somebody he or she because of that we need has not half after that always been no questions here. After that follows the verb plus I-N-G. Somebody has been knocking on the dirt. We have been talking about you. Glad to see. We have been talking about you. We plus half has been, was the verb for science. The emphasis is put on the duration of the activity we have been talking. The action was in progress. Let's compare now, present, perfect, continuous, and past simple, and use them together. I have been repairing the house the whole summer. There are still some details to be finished. Reminding you the difference. Present perfect, continuous puts the emphasis on the facts that the activity was in progress. Whether the action is completed or not, it's not important. Most of the cases, when you use present perfect continuous, it means that the activity is not finished. Just because after the moment of speaking, this action may continue. This is present perfect continuous. By contrast, when you use present perfect simple, you see exactly the opposite. You say that the action happened at some moment in the past. It doesn't matter when, but the action was completed then the result is in the present. Well, here because of the second sentence, there are still some details to be finished. You understand that the activity hasn't been completed. In other words, you need to present perfect, continuous. I have painted the walls green. How do you find the power? Obviously, when the color is there, it means that they were think has been finished. Because of that, we need present perfect simple here, the result of the activities important and it's visible in the moment of speaking. Thanks for the book. I have read it. Great story. I can give my opinion on the book, which means that I have finished that the result of the activities important, present, perfect, simple. She hasn't been reading the book. I gave her for more than two months now. She has been reading for is the marker that the activity was in progress and there the emphasis is put on well, it's not clear whether it has been finished or not. Because of that, you can choose here whether you want really to emphasize on the duration of the activities. Think that the book will be finished in the future or moment after the moment of speaking. Or you just want to emphasize from the result that GPS read the book. But of the verbs, of the verb forms that are possible depending on your interpretation. What's important one more time is to understand the difference, to understand what you say in which situation, by the choice of this or that structure. I have been sending emails since early in the morning. Since early in the morning, something has been in progress and the action is still not completed. Seeing it on this way, it means that after the moment of speaking, you'll continue sending the emails. Just the task is not completed yet. He has already sent 15 new mouse. When you can answer the question, how many how many emails he had been already said? Well, how many refers to deal of present perfect simple. How long present perfect, continuous. Remember these? I haven't been playing on the computer for more than a day. For more than a day. This one gives you the marker for present, perfect continuous for how long? For more than a day, meaning it took continue after the moment of speaking. We have known each other for more than 15 years. No choice here. You can't say, Hey, I've been knowing just because the verb know, somebody know, can't be used in a continuous form. Because of that, you go to the simple one. We have known each other for more than 15 years. I have been calling you for almost an hour for meaning, the duration of the activity is important. Present perfect, continuous. Where I have been, what have we been doing? We are, have you been, been just because you can't use the continuous form of B, it doesn't exist in this context. And after that, what have we been doing? Do can be asked in a continuous structure. Because of that, in order to be in unison or with the first usage refers to the period have been calling. You go to the present perfect continuous, have been doing. What have we been doing all that time while I have been calling you, you found it. I have been searching for it for ages. You are amazing. So I have been searching for it, meaning the activity started at some moment in the past and was continuing at the moment of speaking. And what's going to continue after the moment of speaking. But have found a refers to the result of the activity taken. You can have found that we have the result. This debt was searched for, was finally found present. Perfect. I haven't started preparing the dinner event yet. I have been talking with my sister for the last hour or so. I haven't started preparing. Which means, in fact, is it present perfect or present perfect, continuous. We have the NGO Forum. Well, if you have thoughts that this is present, perfect, continuous, sorry, but you are wrong. We are as been nowhere. And I told you that being is required. Here. You have present perfect simple, have started negative, you haven't started after a debt. The second verb for preparing, verb parsing, the second verb form. In our case, I haven't started preparing the dinner, a vignette. The result hasn't been visible in the present, doesn't exist. Why? I have been talking with my sister. D, duration of the activity is important. Because of this activity. I haven't started with the other tasks of mine. Is it better? The really hope so. More exercises after the previous video in the link. If you need something else, give me a hint. As usual. See You're in the next lecture where we'll pass through the last tense. We have on detects sulfur. Which one? You understand in a while. 39. Tenses. Grammar Lab: Past Perfect Continuous: The last sentence I mentioned, we're going to talk about past perfect continuous. It's not that commonly met because of that. It's the last one we are taken out. And at the same time it does help you express yourselves better. As usual. This is the idea of grammar. You know it. If you know which the forms are, just skip the lab and go to the exercises section. Don't forget the links as well. As a structure. It has the past form of half, which is hat. After that bean, which always goes with the perfect continuous tenses. After that for holes, the verb plus I-N-G, Chant, being verbal scientists had been doing. If you think for awhile, you do already know, have been doing, have been doing, We'll have been done in. You see, the perfect continuous forms are structured in the same way. The difference is in the first part, half, cat we'll have depending on the time period you're referred to. Let's take out what it means he had been doing. I can't be in reading cold morning. Finally, I had to read two articles. Then you came. I hadn't been reading or morning. I hit threat to just one article they knew came. When you use past perfect continuous, you see, again, it's important to have a past moment as a reference. Because whether a continuous or simple past perfect needs to have a guidance. It can't exist on its own. You can't, just like that starts using past perfect. If there isn't a past moment, it happened before. Past perfect continuous puts the emphasis exactly on the fact that this action had been in progress for a particular moment in the past. Same story as present perfect continuous. The result you mark with past perfect I read, and the guiding tense is past simple. So absolutely the same logic as President, perfect, present, perfect continuous, past, perfect continuous. The emphasis is on the duration of the activity, past perfect of the result from the activity. When you make a question, you need to start with the auxiliary, with the helping verb. Had you been reading whole morning? Again? Here the emphasis is on the duration of the activity. After that, you doer of the action, then bean, and after a dead the verb plus I-N-G. Had you been reading or morning? Yes, I can't know ACAT and the answers. As simple as that. If you have already mastered the OD other tenses we have spoken about, I believe that it will not be difficult for you to get used to this one and to understand in what situations exactly to use it. And let me help you a little bit more by adding several exercises. The first one needs to choose between both perfect, continuous, past perfect, simple. Same one goes on here. Why? Because I told you you can't use past perfect continuous on its own. The same way you can't just use past perfect without context. Checkout the exercises. Take your time to do this and see you in the answers section. 40. Tenses. Past Perfect Continuous or Past Perfect: exercises: Perfect simple or past, perfect continuous. This is where we finished the previous time. Hope you had at the time and you have already done the exercises, so time to check them out. We can't be friends for ten years before we fell in love. We can't be in France. He had been B can't be used in a continuous form. And because of that, you can't use present perfect continuous here, although we have the marker for. I had always enjoyed traveling. So that was a great chance. You speak about your experience. There isn't a marker that something needs to be in progress past perfect simple cat. Always enjoy it. We haven't been waiting for debt call for a month. He conducted us last week. Been waiting and action was in progress. The marker for how you understand exactly that you need a perfect tense here, there is another form that may guide you. The bus simple. In the second sentence, I had never flown from Europe to the USA before. It isn't as pleasant as I expected. So up to a moment in the past, something care that happened. You speak about your past experience. Past, perfect. I was sure I had met you before. You speak about something which happened before a moment in the past, no indication about the period past. Perfect simple. We had been repairing the roof for these. Unfortunately, it was then that the rainy periods started. An action was in progress. And it was important that the duration of the activity took some time for these the marker how long for days we had been repairing. It's not clear if the activity was finished or not. Anti-smoking potent. Past perfect continuous. The balcony was wet because it had been raining care villa in the afternoon. The bulk and it was wet. This is the result of the action. And at the same time it had been raining careful in the afternoon. The action was happening during a period of time past perfect. Continuous. We were exhausted as we hadn't had anything for these. The reason past. Perfect. We were exhausted at a moment in the past because of something that had happened up to that past moment. We hadn't had anything for this. I was really happy to hear you then. I had been waiting for your call four hours. Four hours. How long? It answers the question, which which refers to the progression to the progress of the activity. I was really happy. So we have a moment in the past and something that he had been happening before that moment in the past, I had been waiting. He needed to rest because he had been driving all night long. The emphasis here is put on the duration of the activity that happened before another past moment, past perfect continuous. City had been snowing all night long. How long? All night long past perfect. Continuous. I couldn't find my car in the morning. It had been snowing all night long. Here you can use past perfect simple as well. As it had rained all night long. I couldn't find my car in the morning. On this way, you put the emphasis on the result, the result of the action. It's not important that it had been snowing. It's important that at the moment they couldn't find Mike my car. What approach you choose? As always, when it comes to grammar, almost always depends on what you want to say. I had been trying to buy tickets for display for months. How could you do it? I had been trying the activity was in progress in a moment before the past moment, yet be trying past perfect continuous. How could you do it? The second stents, which guide TO is in past simple. It's easy to understand that you need past perfect, not present perfect because of that. Good. Believe it or not, we've finished the wet, the basic English to assess. What is left now is to practice all of them in one understand exercise. Let's do it. In the next two lectures, which I promise will be interesting just before that, please take your time to revise. You need to know the forums, you need to know the markers. Cod. 41. Tenses. All tenses, part 1: Everything we've spoken about so far in several exercises. Then to check what you've remembered and how much you have improved the exercises, you will find India attached PDF. Of course, the first step of exercises, find the mistakes and correct them. Obviously. Let's get them checked. He been able to play the piano since he was four. Since marker for present perfect. The structure. He present perfect. Since past simple. He has, is missing here, the auxiliary or the helping verb, which you need to form present perfect. How many books you have your road so far? How many books? How many is the question which marks the usage of present perfect One more time. Present perfect requires a half after the Oracle. Yes, After that, the doer of the action after that, the third form of the verb wrote written. I don't know where she's gone. I haven't seen her for a couple of hours. I haven't seen her for a couple of hours, so let's start from there. How long for for a couple of hours. You can't use present perfect continuous just because the verb C can't be used in a continuous form in this context. Because of that, you need present perfect simple. In order to form present perfect simple as before reviewed, revised, you need the third form of the verb. I haven't seen C, So scene. I don't know where she has gone. The difference between being and gone, reminding you being means that you were somewhere into came back after that. Whereas Goan means that you went somewhere and you're still not back. So we have Goan is the correct one that you need here. I met her year ago and we became close. I had no idea she had already got married by that time. From the beginning, I medical and year ago, a year ago is your marker. Goal is used with past simple, not with present perfect. Because of that, the usage of present perfect here, you see an appropriate after that, I helped. I had no idea. She had already got married by that time. The maintenance is in past simple. Because of that, if you wanted to speak about something which was supposed to cap on before that past moment. You need past perfect, not present perfect. While I was carrying capacity, he was sleeping while one of the markers for past continuous. Usually you say that while something was happening, something else was in progress as well. Which means while I was Kevin, he was sleeping. While past continuous, past continuous was or were plus the verb for sync. These were the forums. They've tried five of the meals already. How many is the question that you need to ask? How many of the Mu's have the right? How many goes with present perfect, not with present perfect continuous. Because of that, you need to substitute. Tried for being trying. They've tried is the correct form. We were thinking where to go on a holiday. Think in a continuous form, indicates consideration. You have thought about something for a long period of time. It means that you have considered something because of that, the past simple form here is inappropriate. What you need is the continuous one, past continuous. We were thinking where to go on holiday. We were considering it. We were thinking over the idea of I've been standing up already alone, please. Let me have a wrist. The focus, the emphasis is on the duration of the activity. When this approach is accepted, when this is the idea, you need the continuous form, the present perfect continuous for in our case, how long? The longer. She doesn't teach me to toe. She's a vegetarian. It's not something that you are criticizing. Catalyst is not clear from the context. It's not something that's happening only at the moment. It's a statement that is correct in each and every situation. Because of that, you don't need present continuous. You'd need present simple. Did you meet Peter last month while in Europe? Last month, marker of past simple. Present, perfect. Have you met is inapplicable here. Let's revise the markers for present, perfect. For, since just Yet recently lead like being at gone. You'll remember the difference there as well. The bot experience when he speak ever never I had never been on a plane until previous July. The basic moment which guide with the choice of tensors is previous July, something which happened in a particular moment in the past. I had never been on a plane up the previous July upto moment in the past. I hadn't had that experience when a speaker BAD experience that was applicable that was happening crypto moment in the past. What do you need to do is to choose past. Perfect. I had never been on a plane until previous July. By the time I met him, he had already made up his mind. By the time past simple. By the time I met him, something he had already happened, he had already made up his mind. When the fire broke out, a lot of people were sleeping in that building. When something happened. Another action was in progress, past continuous in the second situation. This time next week, we switch to the future. This time next week, I'll be having fun and the sea site and activity that will be in progress in a moment in the future. This time next week, I'll be having fun. I do like your outfit. I will buy the same spontaneous decision. You see something, you'll like it. You decide that you will do something. It's not a plan. It's not something that you have considered is just something that you've spontaneously decided. By the time we arrived, the party had finished. By the time something happened, something else he had already happened. We arrived is the basic things. And because of that, you need to be careful when the other action happened. Well, obviously, in this situation, it happened before. By the time we arrived, the party had finished past. Perfect. Apologies for not being there on Friday. I was having a meeting at dead time, exactly. An activity that was in progress at a particular moment in the past. I was having continuous. You can also use past perfect continuous here. I had been having a meeting at that time exactly. It has been a few days since I last heard from him. Since their last heard from him. Cs plus past simple. And before that, you know, present perfect is required, has been not past simple. How did you find them? I hope interesting. Another person of exercises is waiting for us in the other lecture. Don't skip it. Now then, plus all of the exercises in the links, cod are. 42. Tenses. All tenses, part 2: Let's keep on practicing with the other types of exercises this time, opening the brackets, several exercises you can have probably download it and then them already. So let's get them checked. You can hardly breathe. I have been running for more than two hours. I have been running. It's important that the activity he has continued for a period of time for is the marker and there is a result from the activity. In the present. You see it can be used in a combination. It's not said that every time when you use present perfect continuous, only the duration of the activity is important. Sometimes it's mixed and it's up to you to decide how to formulate how to express yourself in the best way. Usually, you are paying more attention to the markers for more than two hours. For is the indicator for the perfect continuous tense. I saw the light was on till late last night. Yes. I was preparing the score report. An activity was in progress when something else happened, past continuous interrupted by past simple. Hope I didn't disturb the last night. No, I was reading too late. Same story activity that was happening over a period of time in the past. And at the same time, another activity that interrupted this case didn't interrupt. In fact, why is the room such a minus sorry. I have been trying to put some things in order. I have been trying. So the thrice the person who has started before the moment of speaking, and obviously the result is still not achieved. The end the cleaning, we'll continue after the moment of speaking. Because of that, the correct option here is present. Perfect continuous. Look at her. She's going to fall asleep every minute now. Conclusion about something that will happen in the future based on the facts in the present. So this one is B going to exactly you predict, not based on your personal hopes, beliefs and what you think will happen in the future. But based on some facts, when facts are included, we have we going to What time does your Flatland timetable What time does your Flatland present? Simple. I'm sure. Don't worry, we will find your Beasley once he graduates. I'm sure certainty. But again, objective certainty. It's something you believe in. And when you believe in something for the future, this is filter symbol. You know that after this, after the future simple. You need to use presence sample, not filter. These are future courses. You need to use present simple here. There is an official statement on this. They will not be sagging anyone within the next year. Within a period of time. Activity will be in progress. We will not be in progress in this context. Future continuous because you speak about the future. Hurry up. We are going to be late again. Based on some facts, probably based on the time. Which effect? Based on some effects, your draw some conclusions about the future. I'm going to we will have managed to solve the problem by the end of the day. By a moment in the future, something will have been done or we will not have been done. We will have managed to solve the problem by the end of the day. By is the marker for the perfect tense. And because we speak about the future, what you need here is future perfect. By the end of the day, I will finish the report. Same story. By the end of the day. Marker for perfect status, future perfect based on the context. By the end of the day, I will have finished. The report, will always have and never has the verb. We did it. When he tried to apply a day ago, he noticed the period he had already expired. How you understand where in the timeline to pose the whole action based on the marker you have a day ago, past symbol. And the main activity happens to be in the past, past simple. He tried to apply. He noticed these two activities happen to one after another. He tried to apply. At the same time, he noticed, and he noticed that something had happened in advance. Chat already expired past perfect. Once they're back in time. I have been doing the homework for more than five hours, but it's still not ready. No result. The result is not important. The duration of the activity is what the emphasis is put on. Because of that present perfect continuous. Something that started in the past doesn't matter when exactly. That is continuing up to the moment of speaking and that will probably continue after the moment of speaking. When I saw him yesterday. Yesterday you have your basic time markers, so you need past simple. He already understand already marker for perfect tense. And thus we have past simple as a basic tense, the perfect you need is past perfect. He had already understood what had been going on, what had been happening. This the last activity is supposed to be in progress because of that you need past, perfect continuous. We will be dancing at the festival this time tomorrow. This time tomorrow, future activity. And more specifically talking an activity that will be in progress at a certain moment in the future. Because of that will be verb plus zinc will be dancing. You need more exercises like these. Give me a hint. If so, if not, see you in the next section where we'll start talking about passives. Ceo, there. 43. Passive. Grammar Lab: Passive Forms: Grammar them again, starting with something different. Once you've passed through all the tenses, let's go to the other form that exists in each and every tense, the passive form. And speaking about passives, this is our tasks a day to tick all of the passive forums and to see how they will be used in the different answers. So please, if you do already know this one, just skip the grammar lab and go to the exercises. There are numerous really there waiting for you. Our first task, as I told you, is that check the forums and the use of passive. Passive factually, we'll start with tensors in groups. My idea is that till now you have already mastered them, so you will not have any problems with this one. Just follow the logic. The simple sentences, the simple thesis, are present, simple, past, simple, future, simple. And all of them form the passive. In comparatively the same way. They just needed the correct form of the verb to be. And after that, the third form of the verb, the correct form of the verb to be positive. Third form of the verb. As I told you, without knowing the three forms of the irregular verbs, it will be really impossible for you. Third form of irregular, or if the verb is regular, just the verb for us, IDA. What's the difference between active and passive in general, when the sentence is octave, or this is the case that we have examined so far. It means that somebody is doing the action. There is a person, there is a doer of the action. I drive a car, I drove a car. I will drive a car. I am the doer of the action, and I have the leading role in the sentence. Whether you use drive, drove, or we'll drive. It depends on the time, context you are in. The choice of tense depends on markers, on situation, on way of expression, and whatever. Everything that you do know so far, about ten sets. Everything is applicable when we speak about passive. All of the markers, the nuances, everything that they have told you about the different tenses, you will need it here. The difference between active and passive. In passive, there is somebody or something, which is, let's say, suffering from the action. It is not important who did it, at least in most of the times. It's important that the action was done. And the leading role is not for the door of the action, but for the subject or the object which suffers from this section, remember it this way. I drive a car. It's important that I drive the car everyday. A car is driven. It doesn't matter By whom car is driven. This is the important information. You just change the emphasis, you change the accent of what you are saying. It's again, another nuance. In fact, that the language gives you when you asked that you can express yourselves better with if you want, after all, to include the doer of the action to see who did it. You need by Dr. debt, The pronounce by me, by him, by her, and so on. I drive present simple, a car is driven present simple passive, the correct form of the verb to be. In present, the verb to be. He has the forms S or R, and after that, the third form is driven. I drove a car past simple. Car was driven. Was the correct form of the verb to be in the past was or were? Positive form of the verb. After a debt, I will drive a car, will drive future simple. When you make it positive, a car will be driven. We'll be, This is the correct future form of the verb to be. And after that comes again, the third form. These are the ways the passive is formed in the simple tenses, the verb to be positive. Third form of the things. When this pickup bought pen Kenya's ten says, The difference is that we need to want being included the correct form of the verb to be. Pause being positive. Third form of the verb. I am deriving a car. President. Continuous car is being driven by the same logic, the difference between active and passive, as I've already mentioned, where we put the emphasis, the idea about the tensors. You know, it presents continuous something at the present. Nothing else each changed, just the verb structure. I am driving. A car is being driven is the correct form of the verb to be for the present, plus being always and you don't touch it, you don't change this pain. After that, the third form of the verb is being driven. I was driving a car past continuous. I was driving a car, was driving in positive or car was being driven. It means the verb to be after that, being after that third firm. The difference again, in present continuous, the correct form of the verb to be or are in past continuous was worth. If you want to introduce the door of the action, the person who did it, you just say by me, by you and by whomever. The perfect tenses, I have driven occur. I can't driven a car. You need the gain calf or has. After that, you need bean. Always, and you don't touch this bean, it stays there. Then follows the third form of the verb. I have driven a car. A car has been driven by me, has been driven. Driven a car past perfect car. Being driven. I really advise you to rewrite these rules, to print them to do whatever, but really to memorize because it's not that difficult. People just find it strange little bit at the very beginning. Actually, it helps you a lot. It's really helpful and you will see that you will start using kits. It helps you verite your language. It helps you express yourself more clearly. It helps you advance in the way you speak, and it is important. From now on, we'll start with D exercises step-by-step on weight. We pass the tenses. We're starting first the present simple. What kind of continuous? The rules you know about which tends find is used. Yes, I will remind you, but in general we don't have any problems here. Just the trick is that we speak about active or passive. In order to get used to the structures, first you have an exercise in which you need to practice. Present simple passive only. After that, present continuous only passive. Passive. It means be careful which form, after which one, which one is needed, and so on. And after that, you need to turn into passive. You have the sentences inactive, you need to turn into passive. Summarizing exercise, you need to choose active or passive. And as he never exercise to know will be explaining why, when, and what happened. It's important. Again, if you visualize the situations, if you are sure that you can imagine the situation we speak about, it will be quite easier for you to start using the language after a debt. This is what expects you in the PDF after this lecture. Don't forget that the online exercises are attached here as well. See you in the answer section in awhile. 44. Passive. Present Simple and Present Continuous - active or passive: Prison simple represents continuous, active or passive. Let's take the exercises. The first one, we are practicing the forms of passive in present simple. Again, it's important to answer the question, why? Why do we need this distance and this form? English is spoken by people all over the world. General statement so we need present simple. After a debt, English is spoken, somebody else speaks English. Those people, they speak English, which means that English suffers. Let's say English is spoken, reminding you how we form the passive in present simple. The correct form of the verb to be, plus a third form of the verb is spoken. After that. His books are read by people from different cultures, by people. Again, somebody else reads, the people read. His books are read. General statement. Because of that, we need president symbol. The present simple is formed with the correct form of the verb to be Our, because of the poor of books was a third form of the verb, read, read, read. Different storing is retold by the mother every night. The mother retells the story every night, active in passive story, retold by the mother. Every night. Every night is the marker of the 10th. Sweets are loved by a lot of people. A lot of people love sweet. This is the simple sentence that we've seen up to now. It means that suites Our Loved general statement again, the correct form of the verb to be is our. After that comes the third form of the verb, sweets are loved. Then different games are played in the kindergarten. The children play different games into kindergarten in general. So to form the passive, you need the correct form of the verb to be. Because of games is an important factor. That's the verb plus ED. Different games are played in the kindergarten. Question. Is the film watched by a lot of people? Is the fuel watched? Be careful. If the sentence is inactive. The question would be, do a lot of people, what films do? This is your auxiliary. But when you form the passive, what you need as a helping verb is the correct form of the verb to be, right? This is you're helping verb, and you need this verb exactly when you form the question. Is the film watched by a lot of people? Seamless grammar thought in your native language. Is English grammar taught positive? Again, present simple. The D teach English grammar in your native language. The question in present simple, active. But when it is passive, is your auxiliary, you're helping verb. So the correct one is English grammar, taught, teach, thought, thought. Then present continuous passive. Let us take detailed. The room is being reserved at the moment. Bind the phone. I'm sorry. Somebody is reserving the room now. President, continuous, active, Somebody is reserving. Which means that in passive, you need is being reserved. Is the correct form of the verb to be. Being is always there, always. Debt comes the verb plus ED, or the third form of the verb is being reserved. The curtains are being torn by the cat. Do something to stop her. At the moment, the cat is tearing records sense, which means that the canon is the door of the action. And the curtains just suffer from dissections. Literally the stamp. While because of that, to form the passive, you need our curtain CCG portal after a debt being to identify and to mark that the action is being done at the moment. And after that, the third form of the verb, tier, door thorn is a structure that you need here are being torn, buying the cat. The rubber is being teased by the policeman. Inactive. The policeman is chasing the robber. Right now at the moment. To keep this one in passive, you need to see the robber is the correct form of the verb to be. Being always there to mark that is a continuous firm. After that, the verb plus D, or the third form of the verb, is being chased by the police man. The money's being collected at the moment, hope you can wait. The money is being collected. It means that somebody is collecting the money. Now, the first rep, money in English, always east, not r. Be careful with this one. Money is because in a lot of other languages the same when you are. While in English, money is, the money is being collected at the moment, passive is being always stays there and collected. You need the verb plus ED. The lift being washed at the moment seems to be careful with the structure. In equation. You need the auxiliary is or are. You need to stay there and you need the correct form of the verb. Is the lift being quashed at the moment. In octave, the sentence old sound is similar on washing. The lift at the moment is similar on washing. Is the lift being quashed? The lift suffers from the action. The clothes are being quashed right now, you need to choose another pair. Somebody is watching the clouds right now, most probably the washing machine, which means that the clothes are not the doer of the action. Obviously, because of that, you need the passive structure. The clothes are after that being, as this is the marker for present continuous after the verb plus ED are being quashed right now. And be careful about the pronounciation. It's not watch it. It's watched. The last one. Who are the series being checked by? Inactive? Who is who? Who is checking the Severus? Who is checking the service right now? In passive, who are the sieve is being checked by? You ask about the door of the action. But it's not clear at the moment who the duress. Because of that you need the passive structure. Deceivers, suffering. You're imagining it on this, we're already, somebody else is making them suffer. Who are the service being checked? The next task I prepared you for, in fact, there will be sentences inactive. You need to change them to turn them into passive. Dm is drinking a glass of wine, drinking present continuous. When you have such kind of exercise, you don't have to imagine anything about the tense. Everything is given. What you need to just do, practice the forums. So Tom is drinking, a glass of wine, is being drunk, present continuous is being. Third form of the verb drink, drank drunk is being drunk. If you're still wondering why being is there, look at the initial sentence. The first sentence is drinking. This I-N-G form needs to go somewhere. It can't disappear. Well, because of that, you have 0s. After that comes the ink form being after that. The third form of the verb. She danced the shopping every Tuesday. She does the shopping. Present sample. The shopping is done passive by her every Tuesday. The correct form of the verb to be is the third form of the verb is done. We're photographing Kerr at the moment, present continuous, passive. She is being photographed. The correct form of the verb to be for us being, which always stays there to identify, to mark the tense. The verb with ED, because it's irregular, one is being photographed. She's not wearing high heels. She is not wearing present continuous. And the moment obviously, when you form the passive high heels, just the correct form here is R. Not is because high heels is in plural. High heels are not being worn by her. Being world where warren where her uniform everyday. She aware her uniform. Correct. Sentence in present simple, active. But when you go to the passive, you remember you can't use Duo or desk there. What you need is the auxiliary to be plus the correct third firm. Is uniform worn everyday? Is the uniform worn? One more question. Why is he driving this car? Why is heat arriving present continuous at the moment? In passive. Why is this car? This is the subject, this car being driven, being to keep the marker for present continuous. Why is this curve being driven by him? The last exercise? Present simple, present continuous, active or passive. It is believed that boys are born mainly in winter. General statement. People believe, it is believed boys are born. Somebody else gives birth. Because of that, the voice, the babies in general are born. Passive in bottled situations, present simple in the whole sentence because it's a general statement. While the dinner is being prepared, the TVs is working. We speak only about the present. Because of that there isn't an option to make it in past continuous here only because of that, because of the instructions. Otherwise it's possible depends on the context. So while the dinner is being prepared, while gives you the marker of something which is happening at the moment. It can be at the moment of speaking, or it can be at the moment in a particular situation while the dinner is being prepared right now, passive for present continuous, the TV is working. Somebody else is preparing the dinner. So the dinner is being prepared. The TV is working itself. I mean, nobody works instead of David. Because of that, you need active. Scientists recommend drinking warm water, especially in the morning. Scientists recommend. It's a general sentence, general statement, present simple. The guests are being expected. We are ready. This is happening at the moment. You are not expecting the guests in general all the time whenever they want. But at the moment, we are ready now. We're expecting them. Now. Books that are read mainly in holidays. It's a general statement one more time. And somebody else reads the books, which means that the books are passive, present, simple. She's waiting for him, but he's late. This time. Again, we're choosing only between presence, important, personal, continuous, good. She's waiting for him at the moment, but he's late this time. The verb to be it doesn't have a form in present continuous. Because of that you need is on active in both the cases. That was at Hope, the exercises you'll find easy or at least understandable because it's important. It's important to catch the logic. In fact, it's more important than doing them correctly. If you had any mistakes and at the same time you understood what the mistake was, then everything is perfect. Not forget the online exercises with the links after the previous video and see you in the next one. 45. Passive. Present Perfect and Past Simple - active or passive: About the differences in the usage of active and passive, as well as the forms of passive voice. We spoke in the grammar lab. You can find the beginning of this section if you've missed it somehow. While from now on to the end of the section, I mean, we'll keep on doing exercises. So if you have any questions about grammar, please refer to the very first video. If you have missed something about tensors because everything that you know about densities applies here as well. Please come back to the previous section and check the precise sense. Now, let's keep on exercising. The first one. You need to turn the sentences into passive, just open the brackets in past simple. In the second one, you test present perfect. After that, there are some active sentences that you need to turn into passive and last but not least, to choose between active and passive. Of course, in order to be able to do the exercises, you need to know the differences between the tensors, the time markers, the identifier of the structures, and so on. The exercises you will find in the PDF attached after this video. So it's up to you to open it to do the exercises and to check them together. After that, starting creates the ticking. The first one, open the brackets in past simple to form passive sentences. The TiVo was booked by your husband an hour ago. An hour ago is the marker for past simple. At the same time, it's clear that somebody else did the action, the husband, not the table. Well, because of that, you need passive of past simple. The table was booked. The correct form of the verb to be plus the verb was Edi was booked, the car was stolen. It's not set by whom, meaning that this is not the important information within the sentence. But the fact is given, the car was stolen in the past simple. Just because of the instructions above. Otherwise you can use whichever it is you want. But right now is tested your knowledge on past simple passive. The picture was finished on time for the exhibition. Was finished, somebody else finished, probably the painter finished the picture on time. The picture was finished, the correct form of the verb to be was, in this case, was the verb was Edi, was finished. The telephone Who was switched off by mistake? Somebody switched off the telephone. So the telephone was switched off. It's suffered from somebody's actions. He was known all over the country, over the country, the new him. So he was known that reforms of no, no new known. He was known. He's photos were sold in hours. He's photos for them because it's plural. You need we're as the correct form. His photos were sold in our sales salt salt, the three forms of the verb. They were told to leave the CTO. They were taught somebody thought them, which means that they were told to leave the hotel. If the structure required octave, it would be structured in a little bit different way. They'll somebody to do something. They were told passive is required here. They were told to leave the hotel. Passive this time in present, perfect. The present. He hasn't been chosen yet. Yet, is the marker for the proof for the perfect tense. He hasn't been chosen. Why? In passive? Because somebody hasn't chosen it. The present constitutes itself, which means that the only option here is the passive structure. Negative form at the same time hasn't been being is always there, chosen. The third form, the story hasn't been believed by anybody. Nobody believed the story. The story hasn't been believed. Passive. He hasn't the correct form of half of calf. Here, negative plus the verb given in brackets with D at the end, because it is irregular. One, beer Monday hasn't been finished yet. It hasn't been finished. Somebody hasn't finished their impairment. Passive the repair month. It hasn't been finished. The book has already been read. The book has already been read. Somebody has already read the book. The difference between active and passive in present perfect, bean, this is your only marker. Has already been read, read, read, read. That reforms. The newspaper has just been published. Has just been published. Meaning that someone has just published the newspaper. The newspaper it has just been published. The TV has just been switched off. Somebody has just switched off the TV. The TV is suffering from this action. The DV has just been switched off. All of the items have already been solved. Someone has already sold all of the items, active. In passive, all of the items, they are 13 to the subject of the sentence. Above. The items have already been, being the marker of both passive, already been salt. The next step, the sentences are given inactive. What you need is to change them to turn them into passive voice. We've been doing that till now, at least I allowed just to prepare you for this one. You have the paid you have you been paid? Half-day paid, you view being paid? The first question is in present perfect, active. In order to form the passive, you need to change the doer of the action and to add being. Did he keep his promise last night? Question in past simple active duty cape. Be careful with the question in passive. It is the same story as the one we had teen present simple. In President symbol the question inactive is formed with the auxiliary do, do for us. Thus, he speak English. When you need to form the passive, then the auxiliaries changed. The auxiliary is not doing this anymore. The auxiliary is east, or r is English spoken. Here the same story goes, did he keep the promise? Was the promise kept last night? That's how the question needs to be formed. If the sentence was affirmative, positive, it would be the promise was skipped. So we just exchange the places. And it starts with was then was the promise kept. The D buy a new car last month. Dtd buy a new car last month. If you make the sentence positive or affirmative, liter would be the boat on your car last month. The boat passive a new car. It was bought last month. Well, same logic. Because of that, you need to start the question with was was a new car boat last month? And you have the correct structure of the question in passive voice. Differ. Got to the story quite soon. Past simple, active. The story was forgotten. The verb to be plus a third form of the verb was forgotten. We have watched the windows present, perfect. We have washed. Active. Passive. Now the windows have been washed. The only difference, but from the compositional point of view is only the verb, bean have been washed. Kennedy decided to watch to do. And be careful here. Have they decided what to do? Has it been decided what to do? He has it been decided? Heavily decided to watch to be done or even has it been decided what's to be done? I just wanted to show you that you can form passive. The two structures as well. What to do? What's to be done? We'll speak about this one later, is just an introduction to the structure. So in the first part, you have the regular present perfect half-day designed at here. Has it been decided? Nothing. If you want to form positive of the second verb, the verb that comes after two, you need to include as an auxiliary, want to be. Third form, what's to be done? We'll speak about this one later. In the last exercise, you needed to choose between active or passive. Again, the tenses are past simple or present perfect. I was told about the party, but I forgot the time it started. The told me but I forgot, which means that I was told somebody else told me passive, but I forgot to time it started active. Active after that. He has never been weighted by so many people. He wondered or he has wondered how to react. He has never been weighted. Never used a marker for present perfect, as you need to choose between present perfect and passed in Parliament. And I've turned that you need passive because he, he has been weighted, somebody else has waiting for him. He has never been weighted by the introducer of the door becomes with whites and other marker you know, that you can use to understand when present perfect is needed. He has never been weighted by so many people wondered or he has wondered, both of them are applicable here. How to react. The surprise last night past simple because of last night, wasn't expected at all. The surprise wasn't expected, meaning that somebody didn't expect the surprise. The $30.70 action. They didn't know last night again, because of that you need past simple. They didn't know how to behave once they understood and they understood again last night. So everything goes in past simple, just you need to be careful about active or passive. I didn't believe what I was taught yesterday. Both of the actions happened yesterday. The first one I didn't believe I'm the doer of the action. I didn't believe it. What I was told passive because somebody else told me something. They'll dot, dot the two forms of the verb. They have never been to such a marvelous place. Experience, present, perfect, quite familiar situation, active. They have never been to such a marvelous, please. That was DMT for this set of exercises. Don't forget the links that you have attached. Give me a hint. If you need more exercises and tell me on what. I don't promise that I will add them immediately, but I will because they have a list with all of your requests step-by-step and fulfilling it. Seal in the next video. 46. Passive. Past Perfect, Simple or Continuous - active or passive: We've already had a look at how past, simple and present perfect work inactive as well as in passive. Let's keep on going on. The mixed mixture of tensors will examine past perfect, past, Simple, past continuous, which tends, is used when you do know perfectly well. The idea now is to practice the active and the passive forms. You know that the grammar is explained in another video. This is the grammar lab at the beginning of the section. If you still have some questions about the structures and about the exact forms, you need, please take a look there. The PDF with the exercises you have already found, I guess it is attached after this video. In the first exercise, you are asked to choose between past simple and past perfect, active or passive. Of course. After that, you need to turn into positive several sentences. Then again, to choose between active and passive, the three tenses. That's it. Let's take the exercises and let's explain where, what is needed and why. The first one, past simple or past perfect. The movies three-word had already been released when they heard about the movie. The context you have is given by the instructions of the exercise. Past simple or past perfect. Which means that you need to imagine the whole situation happening in the past. This is the first prerequisite, the first really important step. So having this in mind already works immediately as a marker for the perfect tense. In our case past perfect. The movies trade war had already been released. We need passive here because somebody else had released the trailer, the trailer cat be released. Reminding you, past perfect passive is formed with the verb, the auxiliary verb cat. After that, you always have the third form of the verb to be bean. Always. It doesn't never change that or that you have the regular verb plus ED, or the irregular verb in the third form depends on the verb in question. When I heard about the movie. Past perfect in the first case, past simple in the second one. The first action that happened in time chronological was the release of the trailer. Because of that, you need past perfect. After debt comes past simple. He can't saved my life logo. Before I met you, he had saved my life alone could before I made you imagine the timeline. First, he had saved my life. After that, I made here. Because there is a difference in-between the time these two activities happened. Long before you immediately understand, the first one needs to be in past perfect. He had saved active because the person did the action. The second one needs to be in past simple. I met, meet, met, met. Safe is irregular verb. The payment had been received in advance so I could pay the bills. The payment has been received in advance. He had been received by the receiving of the payment is the action which happened first. Chronological is speaking the first one in time, which means that it needs to go in past perfect. Why passive? Because somebody can't send the payment, which means that the payment had been received. And based on this activity-based on this action which had already happened, something else was possible to happen. So I could pay the bills. Passed simple. Could is the modal verb appeared? And just reminding you, we will speak about modal verbs in details. Could the modal verb and after a modal verb, you'd always have infinitive could pay. After that the gift he had been given as a surprise. So you didn't expect or the gift was given as a surprise. So you didn't expect it. Here. It depends on your own interpretation. If you want to show that there is a time difference between the moment when the President was given and the moment when the person who was not expected, then you need to choose past perfect. If you want to tell that these things happened one after another and form them just on this way on the timeline. Then you can use past simple. It was given. Just be careful whichever option you choose, you need the passive. Why? Because somebody had given the gift, the gift has been given, or somebody gave the gift. The gift was given passive in both of the cases. When I came back home, I realized that my wallet had been stolen. Imagine the situation. The first thing which happened was that I came back home. As soon as I came back home, I realized something. Both of these verbs immediately go in past simple. And I realized that something had happen. Well, it's not only that something had happened, but since somebody had caused this thing to happen. Meaning you need passive and you need it in past perfect, chat, being stolen. Still store stone that reforms of the verbs. The second exercise, the sentences are given inactive. You need to turn them in passive. They were expecting their friends to come back. They weren't expecting past continuous. Now in passive, their friend was being expected to come back. It's obvious that in this situation you don't have a marker for the tenth. But again, our guide is the instruction we are given at the beginning of the exercise. We just need to change the voice. From the first one, from past continuous active. We're making past continuous passive. Idea gets used to the Forbes. That's it. Fortunately, the firefighters had put out the fire past. Perfect. We need passive. Fortunately, the fire had been put out, put, put, put. The three forms are identical. Who he had stolen the wallet? Question in past perfect. Who had stone? Now the same question in past perfect, passive. Who had the wallet being stolen by? Remember this one? When there is a question in passive voice, the by particle, that small part comes at the end of the question, as well as all the other prepositions, something we will speak about later. Who had stolen past perfect and past perfect passive? Who handled wallet Bean. Bean is the marker for the passive form. Who he had the wallet being stolen by. We were cleaning the flat four hours. Work leaning. Exactly. That's continuous. And you need to change it the same tense. Using the same tense, you need to change the voice from active to passive. The flat was being cleaned for hours, reminding you that when there is continuous form, what you need in order to keep this continuous meaning is to add being. This is not the form of the verb double. This is not the verb to be that you know from present simple. This is just the helping verb, which gives you the chance to form the passive. Who was looking after the toddler? Who was looking after the toddler? Past continuous, active. And after that, who was the third were being looked after? Who was the toddler being looked after? The preposition at the end being marker for the continuous tense. They didn't do it. It wasn't done by them. Again, be careful. In past simple. The negative sentence. When the sentence is an active, you use the auxiliary, didn't. But when it comes to the passive form, the auxiliary is changed. It's not good anymore. It has wasn't it wasn't done by them, wasn't. And the third form of the verb. The last exercise here, you needed to choose between active or passive. That written says, past Simple, past, continuous, past, perfect. While they were trying to steal the car, the police was caught. While this is your marker for the perfect continuous tense. While they were trying, they were trying. Obviously you have active the beliefs was called, somebody called the car, somebody called the police. The police was called passive. Why pass simple? Because there is an action that was going on in progress while the word trying. And another action that interrupted this first progressive activity, the activity which interrupts the first one is in past symbol. They didn't know why the husband hadn't been invited. They didn't know at that past moment why the husband hadn't been advanced. Why the husband hasn't been invited in advance. They didn't know why the husband hadn't been invited in advance. The second one in past, perfect, passive, because somebody hasn't invited demand. The telephone. He had already been paid already marker for the perfect tense, passive because somebody else had already paid. When she changed her mind on the model. When something happened fast, simple. And it happened because of the person. When she changed her mind on the model plus symbol active, she insisted on being cried. So final issue wasn't for us to finish the task. She insisted on being cried, so finally she wasn't forced. Both of the activities are happening in the past. Because of that. There is nothing that mark something was in progress. You need past simple. Another interpretation. You can see that she had insisted on being cried. Finally, she wasn't first. If there is a difference between the time that she insisted that she wasn't first. This one here depends on your interpretation. Normally, it's subjective. But the more important part, both of these verbs needs to be an active, not passive needed here. The dinner he had already been served when somebody knocked at the door. This better and you know, perfectly well already marker for past perfect. The dinner had already been served, meaning that somebody can't serve to dinner. Because of that you need passive. The first activity already happened when something else happened, when somebody else knocked at the door. I hope the exercises for useful, as well as the links that you will find at the end of the lecture. And let's keep on working. You've seen that the passive structures are not dangerous, not that difficult, and they're really useful. We'll continue working with them in the next several videos. My advice and my request. If you need more exercises on the topic, because it's supposed to be one of the most difficult, at least at the beginning people find it a really difficult. Just give me a hint. I can add more exercises to the videos. I can give you extra lengths, whatever is needed. See you in the next video. 47. Passive. Future tenses - active or passive: Before we are going to mix all of the tenses you have already learned and see what you've remembered about the active and passive forms. There is one more step, the future tenses. This is what we have on the practice yet. Let's get you up on. That's the first exercise you need to talk on the brackets using future tense, active or passive. Of course, after that, there are some sentences given inactive voice and you need to change them into passive. And that's it. The exercises are in the attached PDF. Let's get started just in case you haven't done them, please take your time and do the exercises. Otherwise it will be really useless. Just been listening to this one anti-B taking the exercise. So something that you haven't done yourselves. By the time we arrive, the presence will have already been opened. By the time is the marker for the 10th that you need future perfect. By the time we arrive, the presence will have already been opened. Open. Why in passive here? Because somebody will have opened the presence. Exactly. It means that the presence will have suffered through, let's say, from the activity. The presence will have been opened. I hope the project will be handled on time. Hope, think, belief. These verbs are used, you know, which, which are simple. I hope the project will be handout how you form the passive in future simple, we'll after that be because you always need be some form of B with the simple thesis. And then it comes the verb with ED, or the third form of the verb. We will be handled passive because there will be somebody who will handle the project on time. Who is the bill going to be paid by? You have a hint here in brackets that we speak about the plan. So you know, when there is a plant activity, you need to use, be going to question, who is the BYU going to be paid by? Be careful. This is passive here. Going to be paid by who is going to pay the bill? Passive, who is the bureau going to be? So after two, you always need the verb to be, to be. After that, the third form of the verb to be paid by. This dress will have definitely been bought by the end of the day. You presume that's something we'll have happened up to a certain moment in the future. Which means future perfect. Because somebody will have done this thing. It means that you need passive one more time. This dress will have definitely been bought. Somebody will have both. The dress. The movie's going to be released in June. Again, the hint, it's in brackets plan, you know, which tends you need. The movie is going to be released. Passive, be going to this time next year, future continuous immediately without taking given the verb, just because you know that this time next month, this time next year and so on, marks and activity that will be in progress at a certain moment in the future. This time next year, I will be studying abroad. Will be verb plus zinc future continuous. I think you won't be asked about his opinion. I think he won't be asked about his opinion. Think, hope, belief. The markers who know about future symbol. Why passive here, look at the sentence carefully. I think he and Dr. Dead, his opinion. Obviously there is one of the same person who speak about in the first second part of the sentence. Well, if the sentence were I think he in brackets not ask about her opinion, then no problem to write it in Octave. I think he won't ask about her opinion. The second one, the sentences that are given inactive, we need to change them into passive. Doctors will keep coming hospital for at least in month. This one is, we'll future active. Passive will be third form of the verb. Here will be kept in hospital for at least a month. Why the doctors are not added here? Well, exactly because first it's not that important. And second, it clear there is nobody else that can keep the patients within the hospital apart from the doctors. No need to add an extreme formation that doesn't add to the meaning of the sentence. He will be kept in hospital for at least a month. They will have done the dishes by tonight. Future perfect. The dishes we need passive bean is what needs to be added. The additions will have been done by tonight. They will soon renewed the infrastructure. We'll soon renew future simple, passive. The infrastructure will soon be renewed. The verb to be. And after that, the verb plus ED, or the third form of the verb, will be renewed. They will have solved the problems by the end of the year. We'll have solved future perfect. Doctor, that passive. The problems will have been sold by the end of the ear. Being here is the marker for the passive firm. Many people will remember this president. Many people will remember future simple. And after that we need the passive, meaning the verb to be, needs to be included somewhere. This president will be remembered by many people. Not remember. Just to remind you in cobalt the pronounciation, the last sentence of her, he will have registered the car by the end of the ear. Future. Perfect. He will have registered the car after that in passive. The car, we'll have bean, don't forget the bean registered by the end of the year. I hope you've already got used to all the structure, to the change in the meaning, to everything that's connected with the usage of passive voice. What you've remembered from the different tenses and the different forms. Well, we will see in the next two videos, why? Because there you will practice everything at once. All of the tenses mixed the exercises you will find after the lectures. Just download them, do them, and let's check in the next two videos what you have done. See you there. 48. Passive. All tenses - active or passive, part 1: Let's say promised, the exercises on all tenses, active and passive forms are coming. In this first summary video, we have three exercises. The first 1, third into passive. After that, open the brackets two times. That's it. I hope you've done them. So we are starting directly into passive, the guards, the products formula jealously. Here, the idea is just to revise the forms. The guard present, simple, present simple passive. The products formula is guarded jealously, the verb to be in the correct form for the presence tense, pause the verb plus AD is guarded. They are using their influence to shape the overall opinion. Present continuous. Again, impulsive, the correct form of the verb to be plus beings, because we have the continuous tense. For the third form of the verb or the verb plus ED. Their influence is being used to shape the overall opinion. Scientists have produced reasonable arguments against the idea. Scientists have produced. Present perfect the verb to be enters the game in passive. Reasonable arguments have been produced against the idea. Have been. Officials used guards dogs to stop the protesters. Used past simple guard dogs were used to stop the protesters. Past simple, passive officials used guard dogs were used the correct form of the verb to be derailing, hand meets the road slippery. Can't meet the roads. Slippery. Meet past perfect, past perfect passive. The road had been made slippery by the rain, yet been mate, slippery by the rain. The passive reminding you, hat plus B, plus the third form of the verb. They had confirmed his theory. Perfect one more time. The head confirmed and passive, his theory can't be confirmed. You see that being, being beat the forms of the verb to be a really important when forming the passive structures. The next exercise, open the brackets. He came back while dinner was being prepared. You need the time marker to catch first while past continuous. And while one of the activities was in progress and other one happened, he came back while dinner was being prepared or the dinner here, it doesn't matter while the dinner was being prepared. So somebody else was preparing the dinner, meaning that the annual activity interrupted the first one. Active, passive after that. Although it was early, drinks had already been served. White past perfect. Because the forest part of the sentence is in fact simple. Although it was early, it was passed symbol. After that already is the marker for the perfect tense. He had already be served passive. Somebody had served them. They had been served. She didn't come to the last night party because she hadn't been invited to the party last night. You know, when exactly past simple she didn't come negative sentence. Why? Because something he hadn't happened. She hadn't been invited. They hadn't invited her. She hadn't been invited. Passive past. Perfect. I missed the morning meeting because I hadn't been informed in advance. The morning meeting. Something that happened at a particular moment in the past past simple. I missed active that are dead because something before that he had or hadn't happened, I hadn't been informed somebody hadn't informed me. I hadn't been informed. She was released on bail yesterday. Yesterday, but simple, she was released. It means that somebody released her passive. This hotel has recently been renovated. Out of context. You see a recently, there isn't another past activity, meaning you need present, perfect, and passive. Because somebody has a renovated the hotter this hotel. He has recently been renovated. He has recently after that bean, after that, the third form of the verb and several more sentences. The telephone called last night. Last night immediately you understand this is past simple, was answered by a recorded message, was answered. Somebody answered was answered by. By is the marker for exactly for passive voice. That telephone call last night was unserved. Somebody answered by a recorded message. At the moment, present continuous immediately. The old tower is being restored. Somebody is restoring the tower. The tower is being restart because the activity is happening at the moment. You need to keep this progression. You need to show that this is continuous tense. Being, is needed, is being after, that's the verb plus ED, or the third form of the verb is being restored. The capital is going to be soon relocated. Plan is given in brackets what you need. So you don't need to think here even about the tense. You know that when there is a plan, you use be going to, and you are careful just because you need passive. The capital is going to be soon relocated. Somebody's going to relocate the capital. The capital is going to be the verb was CD replicated. The next day. The experiment will be repeated. Tomorrow, the next day, future simple will be repeated, meaning that somebody will repeat the experiment. Passive wheel was the verb to be plus the verb plus ED will be repeated. The report will have been written by tomorrow morning. By a moment in the future on activity we will have already been completed. Meaning you need future perfect and you need it in passive because the report will have been written. Somebody who will have written the report, then forget about the spelling of written WT wrote written that reforms. The plan hasn't been accepted by all parties yet. There isn't a marker for another past activity. There is yet as a marker for the tense, you need present perfect. And after that, you need it in passive because the parties haven't accepted which means the plan hasn't been accepted. In order to understand if you have any difficulties in defining between active and passive, just try to imagine the situation. Just try to understand who is doing what and why. If the problem is in the vocabulary, you need to get up on this one. This one depends only on your door. Read more books to improve this by watching some movies, will speak about this one later on in the correspond. If the problem is in vocabulary for now, use a dictionary, translate the words if necessary. After that, it only logic. Once you know the vocabulary and once you catch the logic, you'll be able to express yourselves in the better way. Enough for this video. In the other, there are more exercises waiting for you. Open the PDF, do them. And of course we will take them together again. See you there. 49. Passive. All tenses, active or passive, part 2: Two more exercises in which we will be practicing all the tenses and the active and passive forms. The first one, you need to ask a question and to be careful because the underlined word needs to be answered. In the second one, you need to open the brackets. Let us get started. Tulips are grown by the Dutch. Who are tulips grown by President? Simple question. By, because you asked about the doer of the action goes at the end. Who are tulips neuron by ten bodies had been found after the earthquake. How many bodies have been found after the earthquake? How many? The question for present, perfect. It's one of the markers. If you remember, when we spoke about differences between present perfect and present perfect continuous. I've mentioned that how minute goes with present perfect? How long goals with present perfect. Continuous. Double room with a balcony has been reserved. What room has been reserved? Water? Double room with a balcony. I was not given any details. What were you not given or what were you given? You can ask in both ways. What were you given? You need to answer no details. What Weren't you give them any details? He was sent to prison for drink driving. What was he sent to present for? For drink driving. What was he sent to prison for or why was he sent to prison for drink driving. The information has been processed by the computers. What had been processed by the computers don't change as tensors. This is one of the idea of the exercise. When asking a question, you don't need to change the tense. You don't need to change the logic. You just need to follow the initial logic that has been given to work based on it. Open the brackets, one of your favorite exercises, I'm sure soldier was asked to leave his home and come back on YouTube. He had been promised be prepaid. He had also been assured hued surf in proper conditions. Here we have two options, in fact, to work on the situation. The first one, as it is, given, the idea that he was asked he was asked based on conditions that he had been given to him in advance. Then comes the logic of past, Simple past perfect, past perfect after that, or you can say a soldier was asked, he was promised, heat was also assured. It depends on your interpretation of the scenario. That's everything. But what's important is to keep passive in all of the forms here. Because somebody else asked him, somebody else had promised him and somebody else had assured him. While the driver was trying to keep control on the road. He saw that an extent he had already happened while he was trying while past continuous, he saw something else happens. Something else interrupted the activity. And he saw that something can't already happened. Already is the marker for the perfect tense. Something had already happened past perfect. They claimed the hadn't sent the tickets for the play. I'm sure I did it a week ago. The claimed the hadn't been sent the tickets. They claimed in a past moment that something hadn't been done in advance. Past perfect passive. I'm sure I did it a week ago. Or we could go past simple. That was it. I really hope the exercises were useful as well as the links you will find after this and the previous lecture. Something else is waiting for us in the other section. See you there. 50. Conditionals. Grammar Lab: First type conditionals: Welcome to the next lecture, to the next section of this course. And here we will speak about something different. So once we've passed through all of the tenses plus o of the active and passive forms. Now it's time to talk about conditional structures. Conditional structures, I mean, first will pass through the IV sentences. After that we have the wish sentences, and of course we'll be mixing all of them as two. Now, you will find the grammar sections and also as the explanations for the exercises. If you are aware of a topic, if you know, for example, what first conditional or second conditional or third one are. The mixed plants are. Just keep the grammar lap and go to the exercises directly. So start practicing. Don't forget checking the online links that are added here and there. And give me a hint if there are any questions. Let's get started. The first structure we will be talking about is the first conditional. First step conditionals. As grammar structure. It is presented by present simple, forward by future simple. The conditional sentences start with if. This is one of the markers that will help you really understand where the conditional sentences and try conditional because you speak about something hypothetical. Most of the times you put a condition, you introduce a condition. And this condition is introduced most of the times with if. There is another way, and we will mention it a little bit later. First step conditional refers to the present on left present, which future orientation? You say that if something happens now, something will happen in the future. Nothing hypothetical. You just speak about irregular situation. There are always two options to express this conditional structure. The first one is to start the sentence with, if not to forget the comma after the first part, it's really important. The second way is to start with the consequence. What will happen after that? To introduce the condition with e and then to go to what is the situation at the moment. First important point. The first conditional or refers to the present with future orientation, present past, future. Second important point. There is nothing hypothetic going first conditional. Let's check some examples and to understand that if it rains, we won't go. That's it. If present simple. If something happens and it's completely possible to happen, then we want to go. This will be the consequence. What will happen in the future? If it rains completely possible, we won't go completely possible. There is consequence. The both actions are connected. The other way you can see it is to transform the symptoms, vice versa. We want to go, this is the consequence and why. Then you introduce IV if it rains. Paying attention to the coma, again, to the punctuation when the sentence starts with if the coma is after the first part of the sentence. Why? We will speak about conjunctions about these linking course, so a little bit later, but for now please remember it on this way. If first part of the sentence comma, second part of the sentence, when the structure is turned, vice versa, when you start with the consequence, then you have the consequence after that. If then the first part of the sentence, no comma, needed. Another way to introduce conditional structure with the usage of Unless, unless, unless miss if not. Remember that unless can be used to in each and every conditional sentence because they are several, you take dealt in awhile. Unless can be used in each and every structure, not only in the first conditional, it doesn't matter that we speak about first conditional now, unless can be used in all conditional structures. Unless you call, you want to understand the truth. Unless you cope. Unless I told you means if not, which means that after if not, you need the positive verb. Exactly. This is the hint you need to be following. Unless it coal the same as if you don't call. You want to understand the throat. Unless you're cold, you want understand not unless you don't go. Not is considered as part of unless it's within, unless the exercises. In the first one, you need to finish the conditional structure on the first step we're practicing here, it will be really easy. But I want to answer the question, why, as always to now, why you need to use this or that conditional? It's important because when you speak, nobody will tell you, please use first conditional war. Please use present simple. It doesn't work on this way. Then you will need to express your thoughts based on the grammar that you know. The choice of correct grammar, as we have spoken numerous times, is really important to know the YouTube show what you mean to the people who are around you. In the first exercise, only first type conditional. After that, you need to rewrite the sentences using unless. Unless, if not, the same. In the third sentence, you need to put if or unless. Your marker will be the meaning, the context, and the form of the verb, of course, unless goes always with a positive verb. Now you're ready. The PDF is attached after this lecture. There you will find the links for the online exercises as well. Seo in the next video, where we will pass to the answers. 51. Conditionals. First type conditionals - exercises: First conditional structure exercises. Let's take them out. In the first one, you needed to just to finish the conditional. And as we've spoken about first type conditional Sundland? Yes, Only first type conditionals are tested. The structure just reminding you if present simple coma wheel or will present simple. If I have some days off at the end of the year, I will go on a holiday. Both parts are possible. Nothing hypothetical here. If I have some days and it's possible to have some days, I will go on a holiday. I will really do it. I will give you a hand if I have time. Possible situation. If somehow I have time, I will give you a hand. Using the first conditional. You don't see if you think it is possible or not. You just say that it's real. It could happen. If it gets hot oven, you will get burned. If you touch, you will get burned. Again. The first part is possible. The second one is logical consequences as well. If present simple coma wheel. If you don't order your room, you want to go out tonight. That's it. The first part introduces some activities. The second one, consequence from these activities. If you don't order, you want to go out, transform it, please use income less. Unless you order, you won't go out. Unless reminding you goes always with the positive verb, not with the negative form with the positive verb. I will buy you ice cream if you behave well. If you behave well, I'm buy you ice cream. Difference, punctuation. Don't forget about that 1. First conditional. If I'm not accepted that university, they will be disappointed. If the first part doesn't happen, the second one will follow logical. Nothing hypothetical is completely real possible situation. If I'm not accepted because here you need be accepted. Yeah, passive. If I'm not accepted that university, they will be disappointed. Future wheel, don't forget the comma. Rewrite the sentences using unless, unless it equals. If not. I will see you at the party. If I don't come late, I will see you at the party unless I come late. The fact that unless equals if not, means that it should be always combined with the positive vertical forum. I will see you as the party unless I come late. Unless positive verb after that. You can take more fries. If you don't want dessert. You can take more fries. If you don't want dessert, you can take more fries unless you want dessert. Here in the first part there isn't. We'll filter, but we have a modal verb. And it can be used as a substitution as another way to add some new answers to what you are saying. If you don't come on time, I will go on my own. If you don't come on time, I will go on my own. And unless you come on time, I will go on my own. If you don't, unless positive verb after debt. You can't park here. If you don't have a permission, you can't park here unless you have a permission reminder. This is combined to await a positive verb, but it means that these positive verb needs to form. This doesn't refer to the whole sentence. Because what people sometimes finds difficult is to understand that, yes, you can have negative sentences, negative forums in a sentence where unless it's used. The important part is this negative verb form not to be after unless, unless goes with the positive form. And everything else depends on the context of the sentence. You can't join the club. If you aren't, invite that. You can't join the club. If you aren't. If not, unless unless you are invited and there is absolutely no problem. The negative form to stay in the first part, you can't join the club. You should go to a doctor. If you don't get better soon. If you don't get better soon, if not, unless you get better soon. Unless you get better soon, you should call a doctor. Should go. It's again a modal verb. We will speak about them in the next section. Or unless, unless you call, you want to understand what is going on. How you can understand in fact, whether we need a foreign list, context of the sentence, that's it. And the form of the verb. If you have a negative verb, obviously you cannot have on lesson front unless you call meaning if you don't call, you want understand. I will do my best. If you've helped me. I will do my best if you help them. Unless doesn't fit logical here. Unless you speak louder, I can't hear you. If you don't speak louder, I can't hear you. You won't believe you. If you don't provide evidence, don't provide. So there is a negative structure after debt, meaning immediately that you cannot use unless he won't believe. Unless you provide evidence. This is different. But as you have the negative form, don't provide. You need if as a linking word. We want visits, paint this ear, unless we succeed collecting the money. If we don't succeed collecting the money, we won't visit pain. You need unless to introduce that negativity in the second part of the sentence. I hope you've already got the logic. If you want to try the swimming pool, you need a swimming costume. Logical and from the sentence you need to just the positive linking. If, if you wanted to try the swimming pool, you need a swimming costume. Howard the exercises, along with those that were linked after the previous lecture, useful, I hope a lot of more tasks are connected or with conditional structures if sentences for sentences and so on. So let's keep on working. Next lecture, second conditional. See you there. 52. Conditionals. Grammar Lab: Second type conditionals: The next step. Second conditioner. The structure here. If past simple. If you know something or everything about both conditional, you'd better skip the grammar lap and go to the exercises directly. There you see something that you don't understand her. Gums get. The logic of, then come back to this lecture. Second conditional. Present, a hypothetical situation. Hypothetical situation about the present. And this is important. You use past simple in the first part of the sentence and all tutor in the second part. But the hypothetical situation refers to the present, not to the past. A lot of people seeing past simple, start thinking about a hypothetical situation in the past. Know the hypothetical situation third time saying it refers to the present and it's very important to understand and to remember this one. Now, again, two ways to structure the sentence, starting with IV and adding the comma after the first part, or starting with the consequences, the second part, adding if in the middle without the comma and finishing with the hypothetical situation in the present. Calcium sentences. Old sound. If I want that money I owe to move out. But it clear that there isn't a chance to win that money. So because of that, you make hypothetical. If I want, but I haven't I would move out. But they want because I will no twin or iodide move out if I want that manner. If boss, simple wood future, the sentence refers to the present. The hypothetical situation is about the present and data resides. The consequence is in the future, but it's again a hypothetical future. If past, simple Past, simple exercises, you will find in the attached PDF what you are asked to do. First, you need to make some conditional sentences in seconds type on live. After that, you need to make conditionals based on some situations. So you are given the situations who need to think about the conditional sentences, Be careful here. You can be asked about first or second. I don't know, depends on you and how you interpret the situation. And after that, you need to make some conditionals in second type on, as I've mentioned, unless it's used in all of the conditional structures. The fact that we used it in the first conditional that we introduced it, there doesn't mean that it refers to first conditional on exactly the opposite. It can be used in 0, first, second, and do mixed conditionals. Yeah, they also exist. Okay. See you in the answers section. And don't forget the links with the online exercises. I think they're useful as always, cod. 53. Conditionals. Second type conditionals - exercises: Probably you've found the exercise is easy. It's perfect because once you master the technique, you'll be able to start using grammar freely. This is our aim. Let's take them out. Conditional sentences. Second type, the structure. If past simple, old, or if past symbol. If I had money myself, outlined yourself, but they don't have. This is the idea. When you use the correct conditional sentence, you don't need to clarify your thought. It's again, another conformation. What I've told you about grammar in general, it's used just to help you express yourselves. If I had money myself, but I don't have lend you some. If I knew the answer, I ought to tell you. Meaning, unfortunately, I don't know the answer. No new known second firm pause symbol. If I knew the answer, I'll tell you. I would go out tonight if I didn't have a headache. But I have a headache because of that, I can't go out. I won't go out tonight. If I were elected iodide make a detailed renovation plan. First, pay attention to the form if I were in British English, especially if I were, is the structure which is preferred compared to if I was, if I was, you can hear in American movies, if I were elected, they says the past symbol of the verb to be, and it doesn't matter that you use I or heat or shade in all of the persons you need. We're in conditional sentences. Remember, there's fun. If I were elected, I'd make a detailed renovation plan. The truth, I'm not elected because of that. You speak about a hypothetical situation. I ought be thankful if I had more free time. The truth, I don't have more free time. But if I had it, I would be thankful. You find offered her to pay for the dinner or to accept? In general, I don't offer this is the stroked. If I offered her to pay for the dinner or to accept. Second conditional. Situations, make conditionals. I don't have friends. I'll go on an excursion with my parents. If I had friends, just make it hypothetical, just turn. If you have a positive structure in the original sentence, you need the negative farm and vice versa. If you have the negative structure, you need the positive one. If I can't friends, I owed go on an excursion with my parents. If I had friends, I wouldn't go on an excursion with my parents. There is a very slight chance for me to win the lottery. However, I'd want a flight of my own. If I want the watery, I would buy ladder of my own. There is a very slight, slight chance because if they're just speak about something hypothetical one more time. If I want I owed when I feel better, I don't need a doctor. If I didn't feel better, I would go to the doctor. You are making it hypothetical. You are saying the opposite using exactly this hypothetical structure. If you're here on this sentence, if I didn't feel better, I'd go to the doctor. You immediately understand that the person does really feel better because he uses second conditional in the correct structure, in the correct context. You see how important it is because you can really see something that you don't mean to that That's not on your mind. If you just can't express yourselves correctly. My plant is under rent. I don't have enough money to buy one. If I had money, I would buy my own flat. But I don't have money. This is what is understood. My advice is to quit your job. Something specific. Again, when you give advice, you say that you would do something if you were somebody else. The most common sentence you will hear in the, in this situation as if I were you, I ought to do this the structure. If I were you, if I were you, I'd quit my job. My advice is to learn at least one foreign language. My advice, you're giving a piece of advice to somebody. If I were you or if I were on your place, if I were you, I would learn them at least one more foreign language. If I were you. The last exercise to make conditionals using the second time. I speak German, I will find got to jump in Germany. You need to use unless you need to think about the hypothetical meaning the opposite situation. I wouldn't find a good job in Germany unless I spoke German. The throat, I speak German. I will find good job. Hypothetical. I couldn't find if I didn't speak or unless I spoke. I don't have a driving license. I can't come to pick you up. If I had a driving license, but they don't have it, I would come to pick you up, but they can't come. He wants to go to the doom. He will get fit. Unless he or don't get fit unless he went to the doom. The second situation is a hypothetical one. The real one, the situation that happened, the facts as they were given in the first sentence. We don't get on well with each other. We can't live together. If we got on well with each other, we ought be able to live together. After old. You can't use can. Because of that you need to deal alternative, be able to about this will speak in a while in the section with the modal verbs. Enough with the exercises SEO, in the next grammar lab, where we'll speak about that it's conditional. 54. Conditionals. Grammar Lab: Third type conditionals: Another grammar lab, more knowledge to be shared. We continue talking about the conditional structures. What do we know so far? First step conditionals and second type conditionals. Now, we continue with the third one. If you know the basics of the third type. If you know the structure, if you know when it is used, skip the grandma or lab and continue with the exercises. If not, now, we will check it out. Let us first revise what you do already know. The first conditional is used when we speak about something real, something real that may happen in the present, with orientation in the future, completely possible probable situation, nothing hypothetical there. When it comes to the second conditional, you speak about something hypothetical in the present. The tensors that you use in first conditional, the first quartile is if present simple, we'll future. And after that in second conditional, you have if by simple or the third type conditional, little bit different. It refers to the past. This is the first important thing you need to remember. It refers to the past, the first part of the sentence as well as the second part of the sentence. And just imagine cannot change the past. Daniel change something in the order of events? No. Well, exactly because of that, the third type conditional sentence is hypothetical. Hypothetical about the past. To show this hypothetical meaning, you needed the correct tenses. The structure goes like this. If, past perfect, coma. And third form of the verb. The first part refers to the past. The second one as well. If something can't happen, something else would have happened. As in the other conditional structures. You may change it vice versa. You may start with the second part, with the future in the past. And after debts to turn to the past perfect. This ODF happened. If I had done something with examples, it will be easier. If I hadn't come. I wouldn't have met him. If I hadn't come past perfect. I wouldn't have met him. Both of the parts of the sentence referred to the past. The reality, if I hadn't come, but I did come. I came. I wouldn't have met him. But they did. I've met him vice versa. I ordered have met him. If he hadn't come. Be careful with the punctuation one more time. When the sentence starts with, if you do always need the comma between the two parts of the sentence. These are the most important things to remember. Third step, conditional refers to the past. You speak about something hypothetical and the density yours If past perfect. Otpf for the third form of the verb. There are exercises prepared as usual. You will find them in the attached PDF. Let's just take them out to know what to expect. In the first exercise, we need to open the brackets. So zinc third conditional. And of course, to answer to yourself the question, why? Why do we need third conditional in this situation? After that, there are some situations given. You need to make the conditional sentences. Be careful about the tensors, the cellular markers in this case. And that's it. Enjoy it. Take your time, do the exercises. It's really important to practice on your own. So do I think Mark, if you have any questions and if you don't hear me answering the questions in the exercise section, then ask me later in the Q&A section. I'll come back to you in one way or another. Cond answers section. 55. Conditionals. Third type conditionals - exercises: We are practicing the third conditional time to take the exercises. The first one, I asked you to form the third conditional, to use the correct tenses. And to answer the question, why, why do we need the third conditional here or there? Let's take it out. If you hadn't been late yesterday, we have called the bus. Let's see what it means. First, you see that you have the marker yesterday. When something refers to the past, you need to use a hypothetical conditional, which refers to the past. There's conditional. So far we don't know anything about the mixed conditionals. Let's think So. Because of that, your only option is realy third conditional. Why? I've mentioned the mixed conditionals. You've seen awhile. If a cannot be in late, the reality you were late. We have caught the bus. The reality we didn't catch the bus. Otf solved the task on the test yesterday. If I hadn't forgotten to revise that last lesson. Yesterday. Again, there is a marker about the time. Yesterday. It means that the situation happened in the past. Because of that, you need the third conditional. If it's in the middle, meaning you need to reverse the structure. We need to start with old half, the third form of the verb, and Dr. debts to come, the past perfect. The beginning. What it means. I would have solved the task on the test yesterday. Reality, I didn't solve it. If I hadn't forgotten to revise reality, I forgot to revise. Third one. If you hadn't drunk that much at the party last night, you wouldn't have felt that sick after that? Last night. This is a time marker which brings him back in the past last night. Because of that, you know that you need to use the third condition. Now, what's the reality based on this hypothetical situation? If you hadn't drunk that much, reality, you drunk, that's it. The two forms of the verb, drink, drank, drunk. You wouldn't have felt that sick reality. You felt realistic after that. You see, I just wanted to show you one more time. One grammar is useful. It really helps you express yourself. Without that many words. I have succeeded if I had put a little bit more effort, Unfortunately, I didn't do my best. The second sentence is the helper. In this case. Those two, that situation happened in the past. And because it happened in the past, you are going to the third condition now. I have succeeded. You start not with the IV, but with the second quotes. Meaning you need wood was half plus the verb for CD. I ought have succeeded. If I had put a little bit more effort past perfect reality, I didn't succeed because I didn't put a little bit more effort. That's it. If I had asked her, she OTF agreed. Just wasn't brief enough. Same story as in the previous contexts. Just that I wasn't brave enough. I wasn't. It refers to the past because it refers to the past. To understand that you need the third conditional beginning. After that. If I had asked her past perfect, she would pose half plus the verb proceeds would have agreed. The reality. Now, if I had asked her, in reality, I didn't ask her, she would have agreed. This is the hypothetical situation, the reality, she didn't agree. The second exercise, there are some situations given. What you need to do is to make conditionals. I've prepared you for this exercise. In fact, that's why I was referring to the reality and the hypothesis in the previous exercise. So let's check it out. I didn't go to the party because I couldn't afford that. This is the reality. And let's see the hypothetical situation now. I have gone to the party. If I could afford that. I have gone plus half plus the, plus the third form of the verb. If I could afford that, you see it when you have this mono verb, just there is no need to go to past perfect. Keep the modal verb. About modal verbs will speak in a while in the next section, and it will get really clearer. I hope that up to intuition on land, you did it on this way. If not, ask a question if necessary. After the next section, please. After the next section, next situation. You didn't tell me. So I didn't go. If you can't told me my old have gone. He didn't have enough time. He didn't finish the product. Past past. If he had enough time passed, perfect. He finished the project. Was half. Pause the verb placidity owed have finished the project. She went to the chorus because she didn't know the language. She wouldn't have gone to the course if she had known the language or if she had been able to speak the language, you can say it in whichever you'd want to have gone. If she had known the language. We traveled by train because we didn't have a car. We wouldn't have traveled by train. If we can't handle car. You're just seeing the opposite you see, because we speak about real and hypothetical situation. To formulate the hypothesis, you just need to form the opposite structure. To make the opposite structure. We traveled by train. Negative. We wouldn't have traveled by train. We didn't have a car. If we can't hat car. The wallet wasn't found. I didn't have any money, didn't, didn't. If the wallet had been found, Be careful passive is required. In fact, about active and passive, shoot, you should be always on the Watch out. You should be always alert, should always be careful about this one. Why? Because there are cases in which it may just go for the forums without thinking about the active or passive structure. Well, in reality nobody will tell you, please use positive here. It just needs to come up to you. You need to understand that you need to fill it. And it requires practice on the wall that had been found. I would have had some money. That was at. The next video. We'll speak a little bit about 0 conditionals just to know that it exists as well, to take a look at it. And we will practice everything that we've been through AP2 now. See you there. 56. Conditionals. Zero, first, second or third type conditionals: The plan for the video, first, we will pass through the 0 conditional. After that, I'll show you the exercises that in fact you may find it in the attached PDF. And then we continue with the taking direct light. If you know the 0 conditionals, please download the PDF now, do the exercises and let us check them out. Why the 0 conditionals comes last activity because it simple. Let's start from there. And at the same time, it's not that common to use that. The 0 conditional is used when you speak about something which is always stroke. Usually this is called scientific truth. Something which cannot be hypothetical, just done this way. And that's it. The structure is really simple. You need to present simple in the first and the second part of the conditional structure. An example, if you hit ice, it melts. That's it. It can't be hypothetical. It doesn't depend on the future. It's just the truth as it exists. Scientific truth. That's how it's called. Our task in fact, for today is to look at all of the conditionals we have spoken about so far. Why now? Because after this lecture, we will speak about some more advanced topics, mixed conditionals and the advanced conditional structures. There you need to focus, but in order to catch what's going on there, you need to be certain that you have mastered the first, the second, and the third type of conditionals. The first exercise you need to form the correct conditional. After that, you need to correct what is wrong. Again, you need to form conditionals based on situations, and vice versa. Based on the conditionals you needed to form these situations. The exercises, as I've told you, are on the areas rural place, India attached PDF. Let's start checking them out. The first exercise form, the correct conditional. Don't really care. Do you? If you did, you would come for their rehearsal. You don't care in general, you don't come to the rehearsals. If you did, you would come further rehearsal. You just suppose that this situation, that this story happened in the past. It's completely possible to form the third conditional here. If your hands dumb, you old who have come for the rehearsal. It just depends on your interpretation because it's, let's say not that clear whether that particular situation in the second sentence refers to the present or to the past. It's important just to know what is the difference from their own, how it would be interpreted. A matter of context. The war ended a month ago. No questions here we are in the past, if he had changed his mind and he hadn't joined the troops, he wouldn't have been killed on the battlefield. Just be careful with the active and passive forms. If he posts Perfect. If he had changed his mind and he hadn't joined bus. Perfect. So the first part of the sentence, the if clause, consists of two parts. Had changed. Joint, he wouldn't have been killed. Second part of the conditional structure, passive wouldn't have been killed on the battlefield. He passed away a month ago. Again, we are in the past, but be careful if he were alive, he ought to do everything possible to accomplish his goal. He passed away a month ago. But the hypothetical situation refers to the present. Because it refers to the present, you need second conditional. Second conditional reminding your hypothetical situation about the present. If you were alive, but he's not healed, do everything possible. Well, he can't thinks that what do you have taken a very bad turn if you hadn't complaint on time. Hypothetical situation about the past, thinks would have taken a very bad turn if you hadn't complaint on time. Third, you understand it just from the context. If you have another interpretation, let me know because it's possible just depends how you would interpret it. Right in the Q&A section and T5 C? That is correct. Does interpretation i o degree? Correct. What's wrong here? I'm a HIPAA with the homework. If you help me with the housework. First conditional. The first conditional you need present simple in the first course. Because of that, you cannot see if you will help me. If I were your second conditional, I would quit that job. In the second part. Not we'll after that. I'm currently unemployment. This is the reality. If I had a job, so this is something hypothetical. If I had to drop I elder needs to get the Berlin. If I had I thought if she needed me, shoot wouldn't behave like that all the time. She wouldn't behave like that would cause the verb second conditional. The first part of the second conditional consists of past symbol. Exactly. If she needed me, she wouldn't behave like that all the time. If I hadn't made up my mind, conditional, I wouldn't have succeeded in finding that job. Just be careful about the ten sets which are required. If past perfect would have positive. Third form of the verb. The last plan. If she spoke by their English, she wouldn't need to study afterwards. If she spoke. She wouldn't need to study after work. If vast symbol plus the verb, the reality, she doesn't speak, she needs to study the interesting exercises. I recommend conditionals based on the situations. I wasn't prepared because they didn't give me a club. Wasn't prepared, didn't give me in the past. Exactly. Which means third conditional. If they hadn't given me a clue in advance, I already have been prepared. Just be careful with the passive again. They had given me I ought have been prepared the reality, but for his sneezing, the guards would never have found we were there. We were there. This is the marker for you that you speak about something which happened in the past. In other words, we need the third conditional. But for, for this structure, we will speak in the video after the next one, India and advanced structures. If it hadn't been for his sneezing past. Perfect. The guards old have never found y half and you haven't, because you know that in English you can not have double negation. You can't, you can't say not, not twice and haven't and never is impossible to exist in one sentence. Either haven't or newer. D other way to say it is the guards wouldn't have ever found either the negative verb form plus a verb or the positive verb form plus Never. These are the options. I wasn't dressed properly, so I didn't feel confident, wasn't dressed, didn't feel. Both of these refers to the past, which means that you need third conditional. If I had been dressed properly, passive, Be careful. I would have felt confident if bust perfect world half plus a third form of the verb. I want coal him because I don't have his number. And you're making kit hypothetical. Second conditional. If I had his number, I would call him. Hypothetical about the present. They don't have a map, so they are now lost. They don't have they are now lost. It refers to the present. If they had a map, they wouldn't be lost. If the hat, the odontoblast, they didn't take a map, so they got lost. The didn't take a map. If they can't take on a map, the olden have got lost. Third condition, if they had taken a map, they old and have got lost. The last exercise arrived the situation based on the conditional. This is the vice versa logic. If I can't time, I would go shopping on my own. So what the reality was, I don't have time present because you have second conditional exactly. Hypothetical situation. I don't have time. I can't go shopping on my own. If I can't time, I would go shopping. If they had left the house, they ought have turned the lights of conditional. So we speak about the past. They didn't leave the house because the lights were still on. If she came to see you, we would go to the zoo. She won't come to see us. We won't go to Dissolve hypothetical situation. You need to see what's the reality like the last one. If we had to design it earlier, we ought have bought cheaper tickets. Can't decide it would have bought past perfect. For the third form of the verb, which means third conditional. We didn't decide earlier. We didn't buy cheaper tickets. The reality in the past, we didn't decide, we didn't buy that after all of these exercises you now a few more confidence. If you still need more examples, don't forget to check the links. After almost every lecture you have extra exercises. You may find, you may do them online. You can even expand that list with links on your own and dying encourage you to share useful exercises. In the Q&A section. It will be helpful for some other students and try not to help each other. Because your domain as a community. Just enjoy, share, and learn more. In the next two videos, we will speak about the mixed conditionals, then come the advanced conditional structures. In short, if you can't catch the first, second, or third type conditional, don't go to the mixed and advanced structures. First, master these three. Catch the logic. Learn to follow the logical or recognize what is needed where. And after that, we may continue. When you are ready. Seo in the next lecture. 57. Conditionals. Grammar Lab: Mixed conditionals: Finally, we've read the grammar section I've promised you, and I've mentioned several times most peak about mixed conditionals now, if you by chance know them and have no doubts, no problems, skip the grammar lab, go to the exercises. The PDF attached is after this lecture. As far as the links, you may find them there as well. Mixed conditionals and what this mixed exactly. The label in green make ERPO. We have two types of mixed conditionals. In the first one, we have a combination between second, third type, the first part of the second step of conditionals, and the second part of the third step, conditionals. In the second type, mixed conditionals, we have the first part of the third step conditionals, and the second part, the second type. It just sounds difficult. I promise you catered. So let's take a look at it step-by-step. The first mixed conditional. If I had studied, That's cool. I wouldn't need to study English now. If I hat it, that's cool. He had studied past perfect. This is the usual first part of the third conditional. You know that this structure refers to the past, hypothetical past. We have something which happened in the past. We have a fact about the past. If I had started the reality I didn't study, needs to study English now. Now, there is a combination between the past and the present. Past, third conditional. Present hypothetical, second conditional wouldn't need. This is the second part of the second conditional. It is in fact, once you get the logic, again, something happened in the past, nearest effect in the past. There is a result in the present. Mixed conditional gives you this hypothesis, which is mixed between the past and the present. If I can't study, that's cool. But they didn't study. I wouldn't need to study English now, but they do need it. They can look at the tenses. If past perfect plus infinitive. Again, there is a comma between the two parts. One more time. If you start with the second part, there is no comma. The structure is kept the same. 4d plus infinitive. If past perfect. I didn't need to study. If I can start it, Let's cool. It means that you have something which is hypothetical about the past, combined with something which is hypothetical above the present. Third step conditional, second type conditional. Change them vice versa. Something which is hypothetical bars the present seconds type conditional second part, something which is hypothetical about the past. The first part of the third step, conditional. The second, what is the difference between the first and the second mixed conditional? Example? If I weren't so short, I would have joined the basketball team if I weren't so short. So this one refers to the present. I am short. That's it. If I weren't so short, something hypothetical about the present, I would have joined the basketball team. Something hypothetical about the past. The combination here is vice versa. You take the first part of the second conditional and combine it with the second part of the third conditional. The fact is in the present, I am short. You may get hypothetical. The result is in the past. So if the reality was different, the past have been different as well. I already have joined the basketball team. Cope, It's better now. Again, if you stare at the sentence with Eve, Don't forget the comma which splits the first and the second part. If it's in the middle, there's no need to let extra punctuation. I would have joined to the basketball team, paused. If I weren't so short. Present. The tenses. Past simple. For the third form of the verb. Or old, How far as a third form of the verb, past? Simple. Everything you need to remember is that the mixed conditionals are combinations of second, third type conditionals. You just mix the present and the past, which happened when, what's the logic? Which action forward after the other one? I think you'll be able to master it quite zone. It's important to be aware of the difference between second, third type conditionals. If you still have any doubts about a structure is about usage dear, it would be really difficult for you to get them mixed conditionals. So please give me a hint if you need extra help, and I'll try to find more exercises. But first, please do all the exercises from the course, plus all the links I have provided for you. The exercises. The first one, you need to open the brackets. After that, you need to make mixed conditionals based on what? Based on the situations which are given. After that, there are several sentences with something wrong with mistakes. Your task is to understand where the mistake occurs. After a debt, the correct it. Take your time, come down. It's not that difficult. Do the exercises and see you in the next section there. I'll try to explain everything in details. Sudhir. 58. Conditionals. Mixed conditionals: exercises: Mixed conditionals exercises. I'm sure you understood that it sounded more difficult than it really is. Let's take them out and keep on explaining if and where necessary. The first exercise you needed to open the brackets. If I weren't so patient, I OTF quit the job long time ago. Long time ago refers to the past. If I weren't so patient. But in general IAM, I already have quit the job. But they didn't. Mixed conditional. I would join on a trip to immoral if I hadn't planned something else in advance? Well, I plant something else in advance. And because of that, I can't I want to join the trip tomorrow. You just need to do imagine the situation. It's really not that difficult. You will start doing get really into ITO alarm. Sure. Because it's logical. It's not more difficult than the second or the third type conditionals. If she had studied foreign languages earlier or later, this is reference to the past. She wouldn't go or I wouldn't be going to classes every day after work. Now, the first part refers to the past. If she had studied foreign languages earlier, but she didn't she didn't go to classes every day after work now. But two does. If she can't study the first part of third conditional, she wouldn't go. But to go the second part of the second conditional, If we had some of the skills in demand, would have been offered a better salary long time ago, long time ago. The second part refers to the past or which direct TO exactly to the third type conditional. I already have been offered to be careful because you need the passive. Somebody else or TF offered to me. Which means that I would have been offered if I had some of the skills in demand, but they don't have them. You have been offered. But the Didn't of Irma, would you do in us to D if she had invited your sometime ago? Sometime ago. The second part refers to the past. If she had invited to your sometime ago, would you join us to D. C. Present the game, the erisa linking between the past and the present. Because of that, the mixed condition always required. Short revision. First conditional refers to the present and the future. Nothing hypothetical their second conditional, or refers to the present with an idea what would happen in the future. But this has hypothetical past simple you use here. But just pick up all the present. Third conditional. Refer somebody to the past and the dome mixed conditionals, combination between present and past. Whatever the combination, it's always a hypothetical situation. The 0 conditional is what they haven't mentioned. This is universal throat. That was your time to take a breath. Then next exercise, make mixed conditionals. I'm hard-working. I passed a really difficult exam last week. Now you need to make it hypothetical. Camp as a guidance, here are the time markers past. If I weren't hard-working. But they Am I wouldn't have passed that exam. But they've passed it. He didn't send me the right Bill. I'm not going to pay him. He didn't sent passed. I'm not going to be future. If he had sent past hypothetical, I was going to pay present hypothetical. Yet sent was going to while was going to, because you need the hypothetical structure for B going to, no need to change the tens here. I didn't take the map. We are lost now. I didn't take the map in the past. We're lost, no present. There is again, a combination between past and present. If I had taken the map in the past, we all done the bill, lost no action in the past. The result in the present mixed conditional, he had taken orders. We are on a safe place. I made the correct choice. We are I meet. I made it in the past. Because of that there is a result in the present. We are. You need to make it hypothetical. We wouldn't be on the safe, please. If I hadn't made the correct choice, we ought to be. But we are if I hadn't meat, but they made it combination between third, second, conditional. You didn't listen carefully. You don't know how to solve the problem. Now. You didn't listen in the past. You don't know how to solve it. Now, something which happened in the past with the consequences, with the result in the present. Obviously, you need the mixed conditional because of that. If you handle this and what you didn't, you know how to solve the problem, but you don't. The last example, I love you. That's why I married you. I love you Now. That's why I married you in the past. Hypothetical. If I didn't love you. Second conditional, I wouldn't have married TO dirt conditional. See, it's really not that difficult. I'm sure you've started getting the logic. Just imagine the situation as always, this is the best advice I can give you. Imagine the situation and think how you can use this sentence. In real life. What you can do in order to do this grammar, to become part of your active vocabulary. Because if it remains only here within the grammar exercises, Let's not quite cool. Correct? Let's take a look at it. If I didn't need to finish the homework, I go on the trip this morning. If I didn't need to finish the homework, I would have gone on the trip. There's more than ink if I didn't need but they need would have gone. But I didn't. You can also correct this one making kits. Third, conditional. If I hadn't needed, I would have gone. Depends on your interpretation. There isn't a strict marker within the centers. She wouldn't come by bus for the conference yesterday if she had occurred yesterday. So something about yesterday, meaning you need the first or the second part of the third conditional. She ordered, have come. It can't be sure that come because this is second conditional. And you know that the second conditional refers to the present. Exactly. So she wouldn't have come by bus for the conference if she had a car in general, hypothetical about the present second conditional perfect. If it wasn't raining, they would already go for the trip. Instead. There's Stewart home checking the weather forecast. The second sentence shows you that this is something hypothetical one more time. If it wasn't raining, but it is they would have already gone for the trip. But they didn't. If you didn't eat that much, You all didn't feel sick. Now. Now, something, a result that now based on something else which happened in the past, meaning that the first part of the conditional needs to be taken a step back in time, past perfect. You need, if you hadn't eaten that much, You all didn't feel sick. Now, that was, Don't forget the links which we have attached after the previous video. One more time. If you need more exercises and you can't find what you need, give me a hint. And I will update the course by adding more links. Something else I'd want to share with you about the conditional structures. And this will happen in the next video. See you there. 59. Conditionals. Grammar Lab: Advanced conditional structures: Apart from the conditional structures which you do already know, such as 0 first, second, third, type conditioners and mixed conditionals. There is another way in which you may try your way of expression. These are considered advanced conditional structures just because they introduced some new markers you will not use if you use something different. So if you are aware of variations, skip the grammar lab and see you in the exercises section. Otherwise, let's take a look and see how they differ from what you do already know. The first type of transformation which you can make in the way you express yourselves is to use the inverted conditionals about inversion, we will speak in details. Just take a look at the curriculum of the course and you'll see that we have specified section on there about this one. But it's important in version to be introduced here just because you need to know how to invert the conditionals. Let's start with the first conditional. If it's raining, will be insight. Should it be, Irena? Will be insight, should it be? So you start with shoot. After that. It after that, the infinitive, should it be, should pronounce infinitive? The second step conditional. If I were you, I wouldn't trust him. Were you? I wouldn't trust him. You change the place of the auxiliary and the pronoun. Be careful when you make the negative. You need not. Worry, not, you, not war on Diaoyu. World IU is rank. Were I not? You wouldn't trust him. Third step conditional if you had asked me, I would care for grid. Again, you need to change the places, the auxiliary and the pronoun. He had you asked me IELTS for grid or not? Asked me. I wouldn't have agreed. Okay. Remember that this resembles questions quite a lot. The difference is that here you don't have a question mark. Here. You put the emphasis on the first part. That's why we use inversion. We put the emphasis, we emphasize on the important part of the centers. And the important part of the sentence in this case is the first part of it. Another way to a variety of way of expression is to use different markers. Instead of if. Unless, you know, unless miss if node. And it's always followed by positive verb form. For example, unless I was really thirsty, I wouldn't drink that water unless I was or unless I were. You depends on your preference here. Unless I was really thirsty, I wouldn't drink that water. Not unless I wasn't thirst. After that, provided that it's a linker. All of these are linkers about linkers, conjunctions. You may hear them in various ways. We'll speak as well. So provided that means if provided that there are enough seats in the car, everyone can come. Which means if there are enough car seats, everyone can come. Provided that. Then on condition that only on condition that would have come on condition that you had called me? I would have come on condition that you had called my only if you get cold my ON condition that but for IV and we've mentioned we've seen this structure. But for, but for the trophic, I would have already arrived. But for the traffic, if it hadn't been for the traffic, but for the traffic IoT have already arrived. In case or in case of in case of fire. There's the emergency. In case of fire, there is the emergency. If it wasn't for means we tout. We tout. If it wasn't for Peter, I wouldn't have passed the exam. If it wasn't for better. Without bidders help, I wouldn't have passed the exam. These are considered advanced linkers, advanced substitute. In general, advanced conditional structures. If you are to sit an exam, if C C ILD, TOLFULL, whichever you will need them. When you speak, you need them as well. Remember that when you are aware of the language on a higher level, it's always really easy to go back to start speaking in an easier way. But if you know only the simple grammar structures, then it'd be really difficult for you to express yourself in a little bit different surrounding. When you are surrounded by people who speak English in a little bit different way. That's why try to memorize as much as possible and try to practice as much as possible about techniques. How to keep your grammar active, how to keep on working to improve it, will speak later on in the course. Let's take a look at the exercises that you will find in the attached PDF. You need to make first inherited conditionals after a debt. You need to transform the sentences using the words given. These are exactly the substitute teachers that we spoke about. Then after that, you need to finish the conditionals. Be careful. The exercises are really not that easy. But the areas for I believe, I'll see you in the answers section. Keep on learning. Keep on improving. And I'm sure you'll be satisfied with the result at the end. Sudhir. 60. Conditionals. Advanced conditional structures - exercises: Let's see how the advanced grammar structures I've shown you work in practice. The first exercise you needed to make inverted conditionals. If I weren't here, this orderly have happened. Which conditional is this? In fact, if I were, wouldn't have happened, mixed conditional exactly. Where I here. It doesn't matter whether you have a mixed conditional or second type conditional. In this situation, it's important towards structured. The conditional sentence starts with, it starts with the first part of the second conditional, meaning that you need the inversion, which I've shown you about the second conditional. If I were War I, where I hear this wouldn't have happened. And why we use the inversion one more time. Because in this way, we put the emphasis on the exact part of the sentence. We say which part of the sentence is important. If the rain continuous, the consequences should be really devastating. If the rain continuous. First conditional. Should the rain continue? Don't forget that after shoot, you need the infinite f modal verbs in awhile. Should the rain continue, the consequences will be really devastating. If he hadn't called me, I'd be out now. If he hadn't called, may I automate mixed conditional, which is a combination between third, second. If he hadn't called Men in this part comes the inversion. Had he not called, may be out. If you didn't come, I'd be disappointed. If you didn't come. Be careful. Second conditional. We need Dean version with the auxiliary work. Were you not to come and not warranted to come where you not to come. I would be disappointed. Not here. Were you not to come? I'll be disappointed. If they hadn't warned us, we would have been among the victims. If they hadn't, we would have been there's conditional. The not worn does we would have been among the victims. D naught if they hadn't. If we didn't finish the project on time, we would have problems. If we didn't finish, we would have problems. Second conditional. Where are we not to finish? We would have problems were we not. Then you need to transform using the substitute for if the rain stops, we'll go to the SI site. If the rain stops, as long as the rain stops, we'll go to the seaside. You see nothing else has changed. You just need to use the correct structure, the correct linker. As long as you keep the logic of the sentence. After that. We'll move houses. If you promise to help me more, we'll move houses. If you promised to help me more provided that which means if we'll move houses provided that you promised to help me more, you don't need to change the conditional. This is, for example, first conditional. Leave it on this way. Yeah, nobody has asked you to change the meaning of a situation. Just change the linker. If you are over 18, you are allowed to apply for membership. If you are over 18 on the condition that the same as safe on condition that you are over 18, you are allowed to apply for membership. I ought to enjoy more. If DM wasn't here, wasn't for without. That was the meaning. I enjoy more. If it wasn't for Tom, then forget that you need to have the doer of the action. And if there isn't a dewar, you need the pronounced eat something in the English sentence. It can't just steal like that. If it wasn't for tongue. If Mark's father hadn't come, we would have gotten in trouble. But for, but for Mark's father, meaning without Marx further help. But for Marx further. And it's enough for the first part of the sentence. The second part remains the same. We would have got in trouble. If there is earthquake in the bunker. In case, in case of earthquake, enter the broker. Don't forget that you need in case of something. In case of earthquake, enter the bunker. The last exercise could have been a little bit more difficult. But let's see, finished the conditionals. Here, you need to consider everything we have spoken about so far. The only reason we escaped was that doc we all didn't have the only reason we escaped. What was that dark something about the past. Which means you need the third conditional. Wait to say it. For example, we all didn't have escaped if it hadn't been the doc. We all didn't have fix Capet, had it not been for the doc. Which option you choose depends on your personal preferences. It's one and the same. None of the children was lost because of the teacher. But for thanks to the help off. But for the teacher, some of the children would have been lost. If not the teacher there. But for the teacher, some of the children would have been lost. We will need to postpone the play if the whole isn't full unless given, you know that after, unless you needed a positive verb form, unless the hole is full, we will need to postpone the play. Unless we felt worse. If you didn't come to CES, would have felt if you didn't mixed conditional, were it not for you to come and see us? You see because he was you started with where you need to change the sentence itself, you need to revert it. First comes DEF part, and you need the inversion of deve part. After that, false, the first part of the sentence. Were it not for you to come and see us, we would have felt worse. Little bit difficult, I know. But try to understand the logic of each and every situation. Try to think for examples of your own. And I'm sure you'll be able to catch the logic to understand what, why, how is going on. Something else about conditional structures. Just a little bit easier. We've sentences in the other video. See you there. 61. Conditionals. Grammar Lab: Wish sentences: Speaking about conditional structures, we can't skip the wish sentences. Here. There. If you know how to form always sentence, please again, skip the grammar lab and go to the exercises, the PDF with the exercises you will find at the end of this lecture. Here are the links as well. And good luck. For those of you who see your pool. Just want to revise the which sentences was once again, Here come the explanations. When you wish something, you create kind of hypothesis. You speak about something which is not real. It's just your wish. It's not what reality is. Well, because of that, which sentences are part of those conditional structures we speak about? As it was with the conditional sentences. The which sentences may refer to the present, to the past, or to the future. Depending on your choice of tense, you just add different meaning to what you're saying. For example, I wish I had a brother. This is your wish about the present. Think of it as hypothetical situation about the present, which reminds you of which conditional. The second one, exactly. Because it has the same idea as the one that stands behind the second conditional. You need to use past simple, same story as in second conditional. This is a regret about the present. You wish something, we're in a different way. I wish I had a brother. The reality, I don't have a brother. I wish I had bought the car. Had bought past. Perfect. This is your wish about the past. You'll wish you had done something, but you didn't do it. Just by choosing past perfect, after which you immediately tell the person you are talking to that this thing didn't happen. One more way to not be necessary to use that many words. What you need is correct grammar. I wish he wouldn't be that noise, uh, be careful here. I wish he wouldn't be dead. Noisy. Expresses your unknown amount about the present situation, about the presence of something makes you annoyed. The way for you to express that you want this thing to be different is to use old plus infinitive. I wish he wouldn't be that noise. Something annoying in the present. When we spoke about the if sentences, I paid special attention to the structure unless the same as if not, remember. Well, here, there is something else. If online. If you see if only, it means that you want to say, I wish, if only I wish our synonymous, both of them express regret. The same examples. If only I had a brother, same storages to use. I wish. But if only if only I had bought the car, If only he ordered be that noisy. Which of the two structures you use depends really on you. Usually people will use it to variety, not to sound on the same way point you'll get used to that one as well. The sentences that are expecting you in the attached PDF. First, you need to form which sentences based on the examples. This is the first exercise. After that, there are some situations which you need to make hypothetical. How it's up to you. After that, you need to correct the sentences. Hope you've paid attention. We spoke about conditional structures, not only about which sentences here. The D exercises and teal in the answers section. 62. Conditionals. Wish sentences. Hypothetical situations: exercises: Which sentences and conditional structures. Let's check them out. The first exercise you needed to form which sentences based on the examples. I don't have a brother. The situation refers to the present. To make it hypothetical, you need past simple. I wish I had a brother. Pay attention to the fact that you always see who wishes what I wish. I, he wishes, he, he wishes I, and so on. You need to see who wishes. What about whom? I didn't buy tickets. I wish I had bought tickets. Speak about the past. You need past. Perfect. I haven't made up my mind yet. I haven't made up my mind yet. Be careful here. Present perfect refers to something which happened in the past. It's not clear when exactly the result is in the present. Something which connects past and present. Hope you'll remember this one. When there is present perfect. In the general sentence, you need past perfect again, in the conditional structure in which sentence I wish I had made up my mind yet. I wish I had made up. He didn't come on time. I always he can't come on time, past perfect. We don't speak to each other. Present reality and hypothetical situation about the present. I wish we spoke to each other. We are having a test study. We are having present continuous hypothetical situation about the present with past simple. I wish we didn't have a test study. I wish we didn't have several situations that are given in the next exercise. And your task is to make them hypothetical. Supposing you can have the chance to travel around the world. Who would you take what? Supposing this is the linking words which introduces the hypothetical situation. Think for a nowaday with the if sentence is that you do already know. Second conditional, exactly. The structure there was. If past simple would pause infinitive. Same story comes here. Supposing past simple would pause infinitive. Supposing your hat. Who would you take? What if we decided to get married on a desert island? Here It's up to you. You can make it hypothetical about the present. What if we designed it? You can make it hypothetical above the past. What if we decided both of them are correct? It depends on the meaning you want to imply. Suppose that the never came back. How would you react? Same story. You can make it hypothetical about the present. You can make it hypothetical about the past, the structures you are aware of. Suppose that they never came back. Hypothetical about the present, past, simple hypothetical about the past. Suppose that they had never come back. How would you have reacted? Imagine the animals could speak. General statement, general hypothesis, second, conditional. Conditional structure with the same tensors that are used in second condition now can pass symbol. Supposing you woke up in a different country, how would you behave? Such general questions that are supposed to refer about the present, about the general hypothetical situation. Which means that you need to implement the rules you knew about the second type conditional. Supposing your walk-up past symbol. How would you behave? What plus infinitive. This was an interesting exercise. Hope you caught it and hope you've done it on yourselves. What if she didn't say that wrote? What if she didn't say the truth? It's again, a general question. Second, conditional. If you want to make it a hypothetical situation about the past, you should say, what if she hadn't set the truth? Depends on you. It's important to know which sentence, which structure is used when. Because as I've mentioned numerous times, on this way, you give different messages. You just transform your thoughts in different words. Correct the sentences. Do you ever wish you could write poems? Present simple in which sentences is not used. When you have always sentence, you know, when the hypothesis is about the present. You need past simple. Here it is. Can he hadn't been for your doc, we would have got injured. One of the advanced conditional structures before it is spoken about, hadn't it been warrant it? And so on are not used in this way. You need to start with the short verb form. The short form of the auxiliary was not. This is how the sentences formed. He had it not been for your dog, we would have got injured. Had it not been. I hope the plane starts on time. Why hope and y-naught wish after? I hope. You need to use present simple. As here you have present simple used. You can't go to the which sentence. Two ways to format. I hope the plane starts on time and then everything is perfect. The sentence is correct, or I wish the plane started on time. You can see it on both ways. Just you can't mix the two structures. I hope. After a dead present simple. I wish after a dead past simple, if we speak about the present and past, perfect, if we speak about the past, all of them have the latest models. I wish I had one too. I wish the hat of them have them. No, I don't. Because of that. I wish I can't run. If it hadn't note yesterday, we ought to be healthy now. If it hadn't note yesterday, we would be held in. Now, the first thing you needed to patient to pay attention to Are the time markers in the first part of the sentence yesterday, exactly in the second part of the sentence. Now, which means that you have a combination between past and present. In other words, you need a mixed conditional structure, mixed conditional sentence. If it hadn't note yesterday, the first part of thirds conditional, we would be how to now? The second part, second conditional. That's it. Something which happened in the past with a result in the prisons, weren't it? For you? We would have succeeded in winning, weren't it? Again, the same story as in the second sentence. When you start with the inverted structures, you can't use the short verb form. You need to use the whole one, separating the auxiliary from the negative particle where it's not, not warranted. That was it. That was in fact the last lecture in which we spoke about the conditional structures. We've passed through really a lot of things here. Starting from first, second, third conditional, going through the 01 after a dead, the two mixed conditionals, then the advanced grammar structures and we've sent answers. There were a lot of exercises we've done together as a waterfall links. I hope you found, you found useful. If there is something else that you would need in order to prepare better. Just give me a hint and, you know, I'll add them. See you in the next section, where we will speak about modal verbs. It's a long story there as well. Be prepared. See you there. 63. Modals. Grammar Lab: Simple modal verbs - can, may, might, should, have to, must: Finally, it's time to start with the modal verbs. A lot of things are to be said here. A lot of examples to be given. And we'll continue with our step-by-step approach. Meaning. We'll start with the simple meanings with the simple modal verbs. We will advance passing through the continuous forms, the perfect forums, the models for deduction. What's the difference? What do you need to use in the present, what you need to use in the past, how to form passive, and so on. If you know the basic meanings of the mono verbs, skip this grammar lab and see you in the exercises section. Don't forget that the PDF is attached after this video. Here are the links as well. A lot of cards I prepared for you, so they're attached as resources that you can download. Let's pass through each of the modal verbs. You see they're written one after another and understand what's the difference between them. Examples, explanation. I can speak Italian. He can't run so fast. This is the basic meaning of the verb cam. Ability. When his peekaboo Notability doesn't matter if it is a mental ability or a physical ability. You use the modal verb. Can. I can do something? I can't do something I can count. When you ask for permission in an informal situation, you ask permission from your sister or from your brother, for example, or from a friend of yours. It's normal to use Camm. Can I wear your shirt? Can I wear your shirt? When you offer something? One of the options is to use Ken as well. What can I do for you? What can I do for you? Keep in mind that a lot of the meetings you'll see repeated throughout the different modal verbs. But there are some slight nuances which differ, which make the modal verbs unique. Again, can mental and physical ability in formal permission and offer something that refers to all modal, modal verbs. After the modal verb, you need to D infinitive of the verb. Infinitive means the basic forum. Without, without anything else, I can speak. He can speak the verb cam or whichever else modal verb you pay attention to. Doesn't need to be conjugated, doesn't need to be changed in form. I can you can he can not he cans. He can, she can eat, can weekend. You can begin. And this one refers to every modal verb. Every modal verb apart from the verb have to. Various difference here. Will reach that point. For now, remember, can infinitive, the verb, may, the model work? May. It may be seen as a dy, basic meaning. Probability. There is a chance to be sending. You are not sure. It could be. It maybe Sunday May, after that the verb be, and it needs to be an infinitive. It may be Senator de may go out earlier or you may not sit here. May I go out? You may not sit here. Both of these introduced permission. The difference with Ken is that MAY gives you formal permission. You may or may not do something. May I help? You? May help you. Is a little bit more formal than can. At the same time, it's more polite. It's your way to ask somebody in a polite manner if that person needs your help or needs your advice, may I help you? The last usage for now. Though we structure, it's common to see sentences like this one on some postcards or on just some birthday cards, gift cards and so on. May you be healthy? May you be whatever up to you after that? Probability, permission, but formal, polite offer or giving advice and squish. These are the basic meanings of the model. May pay attention to the fact that now we speak only about the present. Everything in this lecture refers only to the present. Because as you've noticed, the modal verbs are specific. The show, their peculiarities in tenses. Will reach that point as well. Is not changed throughout the different persons. I may. He may, we may. After debt infinitive. Might, he might be right. Probability again. Pay attention to the dude, the nuance which exists as a difference between me and the probability expressed with me is higher than the probability expressed with mind. If we speak in percent hypothetical, of course, because you can't measure something like this in person is precisely MY equals 50% chance something to happen might twenty-five percent. Okay. I think it will be clear on this way. So me the chance something to happen is higher. Might. Whether you use may or might, depends on nu, nu and depends on what you wanted to save. Another usage you might need to call him. You might need. This is for light advice. You're giving a piece of advice to somebody in a polite manner. It's my advice to call him. Better say you might need to call him. Might again, is not changed when you alter the person who is doing the action. I might, he might, we might, negative, might not. Shook. The most specific usage of short is as a modal verb for advice. You are giving a piece of advice to your friend. You should do your best. You should take a number at all. You shouldn't be late. In this case, you shouldn't believe. You can think of the sentence I either as an advice, as a piece of advice or as a recommendation. Which one exactly, it depends on the context. But these are the usages piece of advice given to a friend or recommendation. Could could I stay in this upper lights request one more time? You may say may ISDN or could I stay in? There isn't a difference between both of them. He couldn't behave worse. He couldn't behave worse. This is a typical usage of the modal verb. And you put an emphasis on this way, on the activity on the verb that is introduced with the sentence on the addictive, which is used to describe this behavior. He couldn't behave worse. She couldn't be clearer. It can be positive, it can be negative. The adjective here is unfocused, addictive in combination with the verb. Of course, what you know is that is the past form of the verb can. Meaning could be used with the same ideas of Ken, with the same meaning of Ken just in past simple. Once she could dance, once she could solve math problems. After that, something happened. Can, in the present, coat, in the past. Here is the modal verb. I already mentioned, have two. And there are several important things you need to remember here. The first one, the verb, have TO changes in person depending on who the doer of the action is. I have to he has to we have to I don't have to he doesn't have to. Same rules as in present simple. I don't think that it would be difficult for you to remember. The second important thing you need to memorize is that there is a great difference. The lining get a great difference between the usage of the modal verb in its positive and in its negative form. The positive structure, I have to wear a tie. You have to come at nine, have to miss obligation. Obligation that comes from somebody else, from somebody who is out of you, from your boss, from your teacher, from your manager, whatever, somebody else of why does you to do something. You are obliged. Let's say buy a contract, let's say by the law, there is something else which obliges you to behave in a certain way. I have to wear a tie. That's all. You have to come at nine, that's the protocol, and so on. But when you use the negative form, the idea is completely different. It doesn't mean that something is prohibited. The idea is different. I've told you you don't have to clean. He doesn't have to work on Sundays, meaning it's not necessary to do it. If you want, do it, nobody will stop you. But this is not necessarily. Please remember. Have to cast to don't have to, doesn't have to have two or has too is used for obligation, something else, somebody else obliges you to behave in a certain way. Don't have to, doesn't have to means it's not necessary to do something. If you want, do it. It's up to you, but it is not necessary. And this is important because here comes the problem with the modal verb must. Let's take a look at it. You must learn English. I must go her, She's ill. hear you speak about strong necessity and moral obligation. But these obligations come out of you, out of your morality, out of urine. They're standing for necessity. There isn't another person, there isn't another row who is telling you, you shaft to do this one? You have to come at nine network. You have to come at nine network is the rule. I must go her is my moral obligation. Can get you the difference. Well, that's it. When you use have to, there is somebody else who tells you what needs to be done. When you must, you express what you think is important for you to do. Must, mustn't. Here can be the problem. Mustn't. In fact, the opposite of hafta. Again, mustn't is the opposite of there is a row. And this row is for you not to do something. There is a prohibition. You are prohibited to do something. You must enter. It's prohibited. It's the rule is the law. You mustn't speak loud. It's prohibited. It's the law. It's really important. And I know that it can be a little bit confusing at the beginning with the exercises, you'll get used to that tool with the usage of the language. Of course, you will get used to that. But the first step is to understand it. Theoretically speaking, to you are obliged to do something. This is your obligation based on the rules. Mustn't. You are obliged not to do something. You are prohibited to do something mustn't. After that, don't have to. It's not necessary to do it. Do it if you want. And most there is a strong necessity to do something, not because somebody else DOC, but because you believe in this one, because you find it your own moral obligation. One more, be able to, be able to is, let's say, equivalent to the one over can or can't. When we speak about the present or the future. But when we speak about the past, there is a slight difference. Let's take a look at it. I'll be able to speak German stone. The verb can, cannot be in the future. So because of that, you use be able to I will be able to speak, say meaningless can for the future. She has never been able to coma. Again. The verb can, cannot be used in perfect tensors. As a substitute, you use be able to guess, never been able to coma in the present, be able to and can have the same meaning when you speak about the past and you use be able to put the emphasis on the fact that this was your momentary ability. At that moment, you were able to do something at that exact moment? It was not your general ability. It was just something that was typical for you in one typical situation? I was able to come on time yesterday. You see it? We speak about specific situation in the past. So could gives you a general ability in the past, was able to, gives you a momentary ability. I think it was enough with the theory as the first birth of the modal verbs. Let's just pass through the exercises to know what to expect. And we will continue in the next lecture. In the first one, you need to choose between Ken may, might inchoate after dad between most and have to be careful here and think for the explanations. It's really important. Then Muslims or don't have to, of course doesn't have to as well is applied. And that's it. Be careful attention to all of the cards that are attached. Listen to the explanations one more time even if necessary, or read all of the rules that are given, then do the exercises, do the online links. And I'm sure that you'll be able to understand that you will be able to start using the modal verbs correctly. See you in the next video where we'll pass through the exercises. Sued here. 64. Modals. Simple modal verbs - can, may, might, should, have to, must: Simple model verbs, grammar patterns, as you do already know them. Let's see how this grammar will be applied in practice. The exercises I hope you have already done. So time to try them out. The first one, you needed to choose between Ken, may, might, and trucked. Understood. Your sister can speak German. What about you kinda speak any other foreign languages? So when you speak about an ability, whether a mental or physical one, you use the modal verb can. In this situation we speak about mental ability. Can I'm not meeting match tonight? We might meet tomorrow, although I'm not quite sure. May and might used for probability. Whether you will choose may or might depend on what you want to give us a message to the person you are talking to. Reminding you the difference may is used for probability at around 50%, might presents these lighter chance, something to happen twenty-five percent. So in this situation, if I say we might meet tomorrow, I mean, that the chance is really not quite high. Yeah. I can say also, we may meet tomorrow, meaning that there is 5050 chance. This is the difference. I think I can see her she's just behind the coordinator. Physical ability. I think that I can physically see her because she's right there. You should take your umbrella. It can start training every minute now. You should take, should. This is a piece of advice. Piece of advice you always give to your friends or to your relatives, or to the people you're surrounded by. Shoot, shouldn't. You shouldn't be so critical. This will hurt to think of this as an advisor, piece of advice not to do something or think of this as criticism. It depends on you. But the idea is, you advise somebody to behave in a certain way. Must have two. The difference, again, must is used when you speak about your moral obligation, about your moral rules, about something that you find important and necessary to be done. Just because this is your own understanding, is used when you speak about a rule, about an obligation that's coming from the outside world. Think of it on this way. You have a boss. There is a book of rules. There is the constitution of the country or whatever law you want. Well, these things are your obligations. You need to follow them. You have to follow them most or have to he has to start coming on time for work. If he doesn't want to be fired, he has to start. This is the policy of the company. It's a rule and it doesn't depend on you. Have to know, needs to talk over that. I've ticked the prescription. You must take the pills every day. It's up to you eat your own obligation. It's not that something will happen. You will not go to prison if you don't take the pills, but you will probably not get healed. So it's your own obligation because of that, you need most in this context. If you're really wants to be promoted, you must work on your soft skills. You must work. This is the necessity. This is what you understand as important, not because somebody else tells you, but because you have the necessity to do it. You have the desire to do it. Your goal is to be promoted. Well, if so, you must work on your soft skills. Such a mess here. You must find time to order around before the party tonight. You must find them. It's necessary for you. There isn't a boss, there isn't a lawyer or whomever there to tell you, you have to do it. It's up to you. And you find it important Because it would not be that nice party. Otherwise, you have to follow the rules if you want to enter the contest. The key, the rules. We have to follow the rules if you want to enter the contest, imagine a photography contest, for example. They're always the dimensions of the photos to present our given the deadline is given, the topic is given well, these are the rules. You have to follow the rules if you wanted to enter the contest. One has to speak the official language of the country in a public institution. One has to speak the official language of the country, has two. Again, this is the rule. This is the row based on the constitution, based on the official laws. It doesn't depend on u. There is no choice here. Muslim or don't have to. Mustn't. Reminding you is used when you say that something is prohibited, something is not supposed to happen. This Muslim happen. Don't have to used when you want to say that it's not necessarily something is not necessary to be done. But if you want, it's up to you to do it. Nobody will stop you. You're Muslim, speak loud in the library. It's a rule. Rule. Negative obligation, mustn't. You don't have to finish all over the exercises. The first half is enough. If you want to finish all of them. No problem, of course. But this is not obligatory. Don't have to. Please. Wherever you go. Remember that you mustn't enter that room. You mustn't enter. Mustn't. It's a rule. You are obliged not to do something. She really doesn't have to clean the whole flat on her own helper. So it's not necessary for her to do it. If she wants, she's free to do it. Of course, if she wants to clean, let her do it. But it's not necessarily there isn't a necessity this activity to be completed. How you understand it from the context? The second sentence shows you mustn't speak that layout. The twins are sleeping in the room next door. He mustn't speak. It's, let's say, a moral rule. He just mustn't do it. It's another nation. Think of it as an internal rule within the family. Well, it's not don't have to because no, it doesn't depend on him. You know, that you don't have to wear a tad work every day. Imagine a person who's coming in the office every day die. And finally, you've designed to tell him that it's not obligatory. This is the correct way to say it. You don't have to wear if you wanted to wear it. Enjoy. But it's not necessary. There isn't a necessity to this film. You don't have to do it. She doesn't have to be always the best. Same story. It's not necessarily, she is doing this because of herself. It's not obligatory Xi to be the best. Doesn't have. It's not a rule that you are denying her right to be the best, but it's just not necessary. I hope everything is getting a little bit clearer. That was just the first step. The simple modal verbs will see what will happen in advance. There are quite a lot of topics to come here, quite, quite more exercises to be done. Don't forget the attached links. You can find out there the grammar labs, do the exercises on the sides and see you in the next video. Bye. 65. Modals. Grammar Lab: Modals for deduction (present): The previous time, we pass through the basic situations in which you may need to use modal verbs. But that's not everything. When it comes to mono verbs. Some of them, in some cases, can be used for deduction. In order to see what this means. Now give you a lot of examples. Not only in this one, but in the next videos as well. What we'll start with are the models for deduction or referring to the present. If you know how to do it, just skip the grammar lab please, and see you in the exercises section. For those of you who have no idea what this is about. Let's get started. Let's start from there. What is deduction? You see something until expect that something may happen. You see that something may will happen. You can be certain about the fact that something is going to happen. You may just suppose you may predict it. Again to these conclusions. To draw these conclusions, you need only a modal verb. In the situation in which you use the modal verb, there is no problem for you to skip the explanations. Let's see what it means. He's just coat. He must be back home soon. He must be, must pause the infinitive of the verb. In the context of deduction, you say that you are 100% sure that something is going to happen, he must be back home. The opposite, when you are 100% sure that something is impossible to happen, you use the modal verb, can't. Mark is in Italy now, That man over there can't be him. You are 100% certain that something didn't happen. Mark is in Italy, that man can't be him. So a 100% certainty that something cap on must a 100% something that something didn't happen count. After that, you may also want to express probability. You may say that there is a chance something to happen. Here, enter your favorite modal verbs, expressing exactly probability in their main meaning. Might me, could, can. This is exactly the skill they exist in. Might give you the slightest possibility up to, let's say 25% after a dead are ME and could up to 50% of those, 75%, let's say approximately, you scan which of these modal verbs you will choose to express. This deduction. This probability for something to happen depends on the context, depends on the situation, depends on what you really want to say. It's important to know where the difference is. Something may happen, might happen, could happen, can happen. There is difference. We speak about probability in this situation. We speak about certainty with most and can't. Probably you've noticed that we speak about the present on about the present? Yes. And to make it even more interesting, only about the present moment, not about the period. Because when there is a period and you want to show deduction, you need continuous form of the model verb when we speak about the past. And when you again deduce something based on the surroundings, based on the facts, based on what you know, you need the perfect modal verbs. Of them will examine step-by-step. For now, it's important to remember, must pause infinitive or a 100% certainty that something happens or is going to happen. A 100% certainty that something isn't or isn't going to happen. And after is at, when we speak about probability, you start varying between mite and Ken. Depending on what you really wanted to say. Speaking about period, you need different modal verb. Speaking about the past, you need a different modal verb. The exercises, you again find the PDF attached after this lecture. There are the links to the exercises online as well. What you will be asked first to rewrite the sentences using Komodo verb after a dead to fill in with the correct modal verb. And last but not least, to correct the mistakes. Your third Now, take your time. Think carefully over each and every situation and see you in the answers section. 66. Modals. Modals for deduction (present): exercises: Modal verbs for deduction based on some facts. When we speak about the present, this is important. Reminding you once again, for now, we are examining only the modal verbs for deduction, referring to the present, the past forms we've mentioned. The past Forums of the modal verb can, could, and be able to, was able to in their main meanings. Here, in the first exercise, you are asked to rewrite the sentence using Komodo verb. I'm sure he's at home, the lamps around. A 100% certainty that something is true. He must be at home, must plus infinitive. Trust me, it's impossible for him to come on time. It's impossible. A 100% certainty that something didn't happen. Tourists may, he can't come on time. Probably its peak calling from Spain. Probably. We speak about probability, which are the modal verbs you are going to choose depends on the context you want to fit your sentence in. Depends on the meaning. You want your listener to understand from what you're saying. Can, could, may, might. After that, I have no idea what fruits that says, probably a pineapple. It may be a pineapple. Seems story. You can use a different model verb, might, can cut. The course of using Komodo verb is precisely the fact that it lets you nuance what you are saying. It lets you add something else that you can't always describe with simple words. Modal verbs played perfectly well here. I'm certain the candidates making those sounds, I'm certain must be 100% certainty about the present. It's impossible to reach the appointment on time. Impossible. A 100% certainty that something isn't true. Count is the correct modal verb. In fact, which is the negative form of count, you know, cannot. Yes, I agree. Is it spelled as one word? Is it spelt hyphenated with a dash in the middle, or is it spelled as towards as one word? Remember this one cannot is the only negative form which is written as one word, wn, cannot. She's won the competition. She must be really fast. She's won the competition. She must be a 100% certainty based on some facts in the present. Whether it's a change the tires and advance the road can be slippery, can be called B, might be depends on the context, depends on the nuance you wanted to add towards your sink. Come on. It can't be done. I've just spoken with him. He's at the other end of the world. It can't, It's impossible. You are a 100% certain that something isn't drawn above the present. It can't be done. It's impossible. There is still a chance. I may have a papyrus or present. I may have a puppet. There is a chance. What is the chance? It depends on the modal verb you will put here. You may want to say that there is a higher Britons. May, you may want to see that there's a realist slight chance might depends a real-life on what you mean. You may go to camp. If you've watched that ****, we realize You must be really bored right now. I'm a 100% sure why? Because they've watched it as well. And that's how I felt, must be a 100% certainty that something is true about the present. I don't believe he will come, he must be in a traffic jam. Again, 100% certainty that something is strong about the President must. If you opt for another modal verb, you just give different meaning to the situation, different meaning to the sentence. He can be, he might be. Again, it's important to understand what you're saying. I'm not saying that there is only one correct answer. Almost never is like this. But you need to know what you are saying. You need to be able to explain it. If you are asked. Mistakes, that can't be true. I'm sure I know what's happened. Muslims, as a modal verb for deduction. Remember this one doesn't exist. It doesn't exist. Mustn't is not a modal verb for deduction. The opposite of most is count. So that can't be true. I'm sure I know what's happened. A 100% certainty that something didn't happen, that something isn't true. This must be an I'm sure. Just listen, hear it as the keys and she's entering, for example. This must be based on the fact you are a 100% certain that something is true, must use the correct modal verb. It can't be snowy today, it's August. We live in Germany. In Germany in August is real. It can't be snowing today. It's August will live in Germany. A 100% certainty that something isn't true. Count is the correct model verb. I'm tired these days. I may not be able to take enough sleep. I may. I might can. Depends on what you want to save one more time. The probability, you know, growth starting from mite, going to Ken. I'll pick up. It must be Tom. He's always calling card this time of the day because there is a repetitive action happening at one and the same period of time every day. It means that you speak about certainty. You're certain that something is going on. You're certain that something is happening. Most is the modal verb, or which refers to certainty in the present. This is a second flat they are buying within the same year. The most be really well to the must be. You're speaking about certainty. Not CAN, can, is Slider. Can does not show this strength. It's weaker as a modal verb. They must be really well based on the facts you deduce and you're a 100% certainty that something is true. Most 100% certainty that something is true, count 100% certainty that something is not true. After that from might do CAN probability only about the present and about the moment in a present when his pickup the period. There is another story going on there. What See you in the next video. 67. Modals. Grammar Lab: Continuous modals, forms: Modal verbs one more time. This time we will speak about the continuous models. We will see how they are formed and in what situations they can be used. In fact, about the usage, you do already know. Everything you need to memorize as a new piece of information is the form which the forms of the modal verb ser, if you know it, skip the grammar lab, do the exercises and see you in the answer section. If not, let's get started. As a hint, you have the basic structure written below the title, the modal verb, whichever it is. After that, B. After that the verb pausing, or it means can be working, might be, working, must be working, and so on. When it comes to the meaning of the mono verbs, of the continuous forms of the modal verbs. Yes. I've told you, you know them. We speak about models for deduction. He must be working at the office. A 100% certainty that this is true. You just emphasize on the duration, on the period, which means it's a combination between your knowledge for the continuous tenses, your knowledge for the models for deduction from the previous lecture, he must be working a 100% certainty that this is true. Can't viewer kink a 100% certainty that this isn't strong. He can't be working. It's impossible that are dead. He can be working 75%. Let's say it. Then comes, could, he could be working in the office. He may be working in the office. Who might be working in the office? That's everything. How you need to write the I-N-G form. You do also know if you can have forgotten by chance, come back to the beginning somewhere at the very, very beginning, if you remember, we spoke about the rules for the warp was ING. When we spoke about the present continuous for the very first time. There are the grammar rules you need to follow. Having this basic knowledge in mind, you'll be able to do the exercises. The first one, you need to choose the correct model verb. Keep in mind that probably the continuous forums will be needed. After that, you need to rewrite the situations using the modal verb up to you to do the exercise, to follow the links, and to do the extra exercises online and see you in the answer section. 68. Modals. Continuous modals: exercises: Continuous mono verbs. This time, in practice. The first exercise you needed to open the brackets, choosing the correct modal verb. I'm not quite sure, but she might be dancing chlorides. Now, we speak about modal verbs for a deduction. The difference between the simple modal verbs for deduction and the continuous forms of these modal verbs is the duration of the activity. When you wanted to put the emphasis on the fact that the activity has started then discontinuing core is happening at the moment of speaking. Then you need to use the continuous form. Same story as with the continuous tenses. I'm not quite sure. You need to modal verb for deduction, for probability. Whether you will choose may, might, can put, depends on what you want to say. Might, this slide is probability. It's all silent in there. They must be sleeping. They must be sleeping. A 100% certainty based on the fact most paws B plus the verb Poisson, the continuous form is required by the fact that the emphasis is put on the duration. They must be sleeping at this moment, a period affection. I believe that you should be keeping an eye on your children's progress. You should be keeping It's a piece of advice. It's a recommendation. Think of it as you want. But the idea is that you need to, the modal verb shocked should be keeping an eye. You see that apart from the models for deduction, you can use the other modal verbs you are aware of. The difference between the simple short and the continuous shot is again in the duration of the activity, in the fact where the emphasis needs to be put in. I have some doubts. We may be regretting the decision. We may be regretting in the future or in the present, because the continuous modal verbs refer to both the present and the future. This activity, this action will be in progress. There is a chance 50% expressed in this way. We may be regretting the decision. Regretting double tee. Why? If you don't remember, revise the rules, please. Come on. Look at her. She can't be thinking over the exams. She can't be thinking gets impossible. Think over means. Consider just reminding you. So she can't be thinking. Based on the facts. You deduce that something is impossible to be happening at the moment, a 100% certainty that this is not true. Can't be thinking. His sign must be stingy ink from the smoke. He sign must be standing up. A 100% certainty that this is going on because they are usually, this is the reaction somebody has from the smoke. He's, I must be standing a 100% certainty. Rewrite the situations using Komodo verb. I'm sure she's waiting for me now. I'm sure certainty about the present, an activity in progress. She must be waiting. Must. It's impossible for them to be in that queue style. It's impossible in possibility or improbability or just certainty that something is not strong. Can't, can't be after the verb. For scientists, can't be queuing steel. Then there is a slight chance for her to live in Israel. Slight chance if you want to choose, might not make she may be living in Israel. She might be living in Israel. Slight chance. You are nine month pregnant. It's not normal to be losing quit. You shouldn't be losing weight. Here it's stronger. Stronger than a recommendation or a piece of advice here, the meaning of the modal verb equals criticism. This is what shouldn't can be used as, as well. It can be interpreted as criticism. You're criticizing somebody for doing something or for not doing something. There is a chance that the house is reading even at the moment and action that's in progress. Because of that, you need the continuous mono verb the house may be reading. Even at the moment, an activity in progress may be ruining. There is a chance. Might, can code depends on what you want to add as a nuance to what you're saying. I can hear her voice even here. She's surely singing. She's sure listening. You are a 100% sure that something is going on, That's something is happening. And your certainty is based on the fact I can hear her voice. You're certain she must be singing, must be verb parsing, must be singing. That was the last sentence from the last exercise. We started with a simple modal verbs pass through the basic meanings of each and every model herb. After that, we continued with the models for deduction, speaking about the present. Now we pass through the continuous forms of the modal verbs, the majority of which are used for deduction. Once again, plus the verb should pause verb or think, or shouldn't, criticism or strong advice. The next step, the modal verbs for deduction in the past, or these are the perfect modal verbs. See you in the next video. 69. Modals. Grammar Lab: Perfect modals: After the simple and the continuous forms of the mono verbs, it's time for the perfect models when they're used. And what is the meaning? You'll see in awhile. If you do already know this part of English grammars, keep the grammar lab. Just don't keep the exercises, please for us to have the PDF. Second, the links to the online exercises. When we speak about BRFSS duct modal verbs. The first think that you need to remember. Really important thing is that perfect modal verbs refer to the past. The perfect modal verbs saying it again, referred to the past. They are basically used for deduction. The same meaning that you know, of the simple verbs for deduction, as well as of the continuous verbs for detection are used here. Just, they're referred for the past. What is the form you need to the modal verb in its basic form. Basic can not put, there is difference. So the basic forum, after that half, always and never has after a debt. The third form of the verb, can have done, may have done, and so on. When we speak about the perfect modal verbs, I've told you we mean deduction. She must have come back. She must have come back, must have not multicast, please. She must have come back. It means I'm a 100% sure that she came back it for the past. She can't have come back. It's impossible. You are assured that she didn't come back. It's about the past certainty, 100% that something happened in the past certainty a 100% that something didn't happen in the past. She must have come back. She can't have come back. And of course, she may have come back. She might have come back. She can have come back. She could have come back. These are the four options for probability. You should have called her. This is the modal verb with meaning of strong advice or criticism. Shocked. We have spoken about this one as well. Once again, not so many new things here. But the first you need to remember perfect models used for past on left. After that, when you use a modal verb, after the modal verb comes half and never Kass, dr. Debt after have, you need the third form of the verb, the third firm, if the verb is irregular, or the verb plus CD. If the verb is irregular, meaning verbs of deduction, you know the meanings already. Plus should have done or shouldn't have done, meaning. Criticism. The exercises that you need to do. First, you need to fill in with the correct perfect modal verb. After that, you need to choose the correct one. There are some options given, and then you need to choose between must have done. And he had to, about this one who was speaking details just make a difference between the past forms of the simple modal verbs and the perfect motto verbs. There is a difference, again in details. Next lecture. Now the exercises, they're yours for us, the PDF after that, the links and see you in the next video. 70. Modals. Perfect modals: exercises: Past modal verbs. In practice, you on hand, these are the perfect modal verbs that we use, mainly for deduction plus for criticism, the verb shoot. On the other hand, these are the best forms of the simple modal verbs. Let's take a look. The first exercise you needed to choose the correct perfect modal verb. If it had asked me, I could have given your hand yesterday. Possibility whether you use could may might know that it's up to you. Could have given your hand. Possibility. Could after I did have always and you're never changed it with gas. And then comes the third form of the verb could have given criticism. Criticism, should we speak about the past? So he shouldn't have driven so fast the last time. You criticize somebody for doing something, you shouldn't have driven, shouldn't pose half positive. Third form of the verb, shouldn't have driven criticism. Again, should or shouldn't. You should have asked the doctor, you criticized for not doing something. You should carefully asked the doctor, should. It was half plus the verb with ED. He can't have come back on time. I met him after midnight. Impossible. Something is impossible. Or in other words, you speak about certainty. A 100% that something didn't happen, can't have, come back on time. Please be careful. The fact that we speak about the past doesn't mean that we need to change the form of the modal verb. You know that the verb, the modal verb which expresses certainty that something didn't happen or that something doesn't or that something isn't happening, is count. Can't work, can't be working, can't have worked. It's not caught. And the fact that we speak about the past doesn't mean that you need to change count with Couldn't. These are completely different perfect modal verbs. When something is impossible or you are a 100% sure that it didn't happen. You use the modal verb, can't, can't have third form of the verb. Come back. I thought I saw them in town this morning, but it can't have been him. He's in Italy this week. Impossible. Again, certainty that something didn't happen in the past. Why? Because of the facts. The facts speak louder than words. It's clear that this thing didn't happen. You're certain can't have doesn't matter that the doer of the action may be substituted with it. Can't have a third form of the verb. The rubber must have come in through the window. Look, it's to open. The opposite situation. Certainty. You are a 100% certain that something happened. Certainty must have positive form of the verb. Again, we speak about the past, but the verbs for deduction keep their meanings. The count, they don't needs to be changed. Business can't have done a 100% certainty that didn't happen, must have happened. A 100% certainty that did happen. Choose the correct one. We can't be on time. We are already ten minutes late. You don't speak about the past, be cobalt or the future. We can't be on time. Not we can't have been Can't have been. Brings you one step back in time and just speak about the past, something which is not applicable here. They are so calm this evening, The must be really exhausted. Again, you are in the present. When you are in the present, you need the present form of the model verb for deduction, you don't need the perfect one. The perfect one refers only to the past. They must be real exhausted. Certainty about the present. I can't find the watch. I could have left it at home. I could have lifted earlier because I can't find it now. You need the perfect model. We're up here. I could have left it at home. There is a chance, there's a probability. It refers to the past. Though he had a terrible accident. He had to stop when the traffic lights or read about the verbs most and have to in the past. Remember that, remember realized there is a great difference between most and have to when we speak about the present must moral obligation, you have to. This is the rule that somebody imposes two. And this is a different situation. But when we speak about the past, we use only had two. Only had two. Doesn't matter whether we need most or have to. The best form of most is yet too. That's the row, which means he had to stop when the traffic lights were red. We speak about the past. It's impossible to use most. You can't have believed him. You can't have believed him. It's impossible. Most recently I believed him doesn't exist. Muslims have believed Muslims as perfect modal verb doesn't exist. And to spoken about this one, Muslims can be used in the present as a simple model verb, meaning prohibition, completely different idea. When there is a verb for deduction in the negative forum. Here, you need not. Muslim must have done or had two. I've just mentioned the difference. Let me repeat it. Is the form that the two simple model verb stake. You have to and must. In the past, they go to Cannes. Must have done is a perfect modal verb for deduction. Referring to the past on the left must have done deduction. A 100% certainty that something happened to the past form of have to. Most, I hope that after this explanation there will be no problems with the exercise with the distinguishing between these forms. Now the modal verbs, it's impossible. The task was really hard. His friends must have helped him. A 100% certainty. You deduce based on the fact that the task was really hard. Obviously, he did it perfectly well. You deduce, you're using a verb for deduction, a 100% certainty that something happened. It was freezing outside. We had to dress pretty warm. If the sentence we're in the present, you'd say must dress. But the past form of most is had two, which means we had to address she couldn't fall asleep plus night, she must have been really trout. You're a 100% sure that something happened. Which means you need a modal verb for deduction. Must, Yes, couldn't fall asleep last night. It refers to the past. Must have been a really thrilled I'm sorry, I didn't go. I had to or I'm sorry. I didn't call. I should have hat here. Be careful. If you say I had to read, refer to your moral obligation. And in the present, you'll use most the past form of most his head too. If you use should have had it kind of criticism. It's stronger. Yes, shoot is not mentioned as one of the modal verbs to be used in the instructions. But it's one of the options. That's why it's here. You are criticizing yourself for not doing something. The winter season he had started. All vehicles had to be between their tires. That's the rule. Have to past chateau. Vehicles had to be within their tires. The winter season has started. All vehicles must have changed the similar tires already. Must have changed the summer tests, there's already you are a 100% sure. You are a 100% certain that this thing has already happened, must have changed. That was it. I realized a lot. That's now the difference is clear, and that's now you can say which modal verb refers to the past, which one refers to the present? Which one is a model for a deduction? Which one is a modal connected with the emphasis on the period where you need the present, where you need the past, which is the past form of most, and so on. If any of the questions I've just enumerated are still not clear. After all the explanations, after all the exercises, please give me a hint and I'll see what can be done. Good. Next step, we're continuing with the modal verbs because they are really important. They are one of the specifics in English that a lot of people find difficult. Next lecture, again, modal verbs. What I'll show you there, see you. 71. Modals. Grammar Lab: Passive with modals, forms: Speaking about modal verbs, a proper piece of advice. Not to forget that these modal verbs can be used in passive structures. How the passive with models is formed. This is what will pass through right now. If you'd already know it, just keep the lecture. Take a look at the current you have attached and see you in the answer section. The exercises are here after this lecture, the links as well. When you need to use passive with modal verbs, you do already know nothing new here. What are the meanings of the modal verbs? You do already know? Nothing new here. Just some forums is what I do want to introduce it to. When we have the simple model verb, we need just the model was be positive firm. This can be done. This can't be done. This might be done. This must be done. Whether it's modal verb in its general meaning, whether it's a modal verb for deduction, you know how to count to distinguish already. When there is a continuous modal verb, it does not form a passive form. It does not have a passive form saying that again, continuous modal verbs, no passive. When the modal verb is perfect, he should have done this. You use your knowledge from the perfect tenses, which means this should have been done. This can have been done. This must have been done, and so on. In theory, I think it's simple. So let's start with the exercises. What you will be asked to in the exercises you will find in the PDF attached. First, there are several sentences. You need to turn them into passive. After that, you need to correct the mistakes that you will find in these six sentences. Several tasks for you. See you in the answer section. Just don't forget to do them. Please do not rely on watching the videos only. Do the exercises. Read the exercises a lot. This is also important. See you there. 72. Modals. Passive with modals: exercises: Passive with modal verbs. In theory, it does sound quite simple. Must be done, can be done, should be done. The modal verb plus b positive. Third firm. In the simple forms of the modal verbs, the perfect forms should have been done, must have been done, and so on. Same story as in the perfect tenses. Let's take it out in practice. During into passive. They may hear the news. The news may be hurt. Simple passive. She can't do everything on her own. Everything can't be done on her own. The verb plus b, positive. Third form, can't be done. You must answer her criticism. Her criticism or the criticism must be answered. Most Pause be positive. Third form of the verb. You should listen to her advice. Her advice should be listened to, should be listened to. Don't forget that when the verb requires a preposition, the preposition goes at the end of the sentence, should be listened to. They have to correct the mistakes. The mistakes have to be corrected. Easier just to start using them in practice. You mustn't arrays that topic. That's topic Muslims, very simple modal verbs in passive. And after that, the perfect ones. They might have already curated the ceiling. The ceiling might have been radical rated beam. This is the marker for the passive form. She must have taken the last piece of cake. The last piece of cake must have been taken by her. Most have been taken to make it passive. He should have investigated further, should have investigated criticism. It should have been investigated further. Being introduced here as a marker for the passive form. The meanings are the same. I think there is no need to repeat them one more time. Nothing changes in the meaning when you introduce passive the same way, nothing changed in the meaning of tensors. When we spoke about passive. Just the structure is different. Just the way you sound is different. You can't have written it along time ago. You can't have written it. It's impossible. It can't have been written a long time ago. It can't have been written passive. We might have offered him better conditions. Might have offered passive, he might have been offered better conditions. Being the third form of the verb to be, once again, is the only marker, which gives you the chance to distinguish between the active and the passive form. The perfect modal verbs. She may have sold out everything. Kaizala, she may have sold out. Everything, may have been sold out easily. Passive, perfect modal verb. Let's see what was wrong in the sentences. They may have reached by the tornado. By the tornado means that somebody else did the action just to mining the basic grammar rules. When somebody else does the action and you suffer from this action. Passive form is required. When there is passive forum in the perfect modal verbs, you need to introduce the bean particle, the third form of the verb to be she must believed him. After most, you need the first form of the verb. You can't see she must believe him. Either she must believe him or she must have believed him. The difference is that you speak about different time periods. And the meaning can be a little bit different in the sentence. If you want to refer to the past, yes, She must have believed him. You need the perfect model verb. A new park ought to be open soon. A2 is one of the modal verbs we haven't spoken about. It's not that carbon. The idea is that it is stronger than shot. That's all, ought to be the same as shooting a little bit stronger. This is the difference. To be opened soon. The party must have finished already. Must have finished. Just because after most, you can't have the past form of the verb. You need infinitive. Obviously, you need the perfect structure here. The conference can't have finished on time. I left half an hour after the shadow tint. His peak about the past that you are seeing is based on some facts, which means that you are making a deduction. Deduction is a 100% certain. You are a 100% sure that something didn't happen. Can't have positive form of the verb. This is the structure that you need. Can't have finished. The truth should be confirmed by everyone. The initial sentence was inactive, but their own forum, everyone should confirmed the throat passive. The throat should be confirmed by everyone. Sees it. I hope at least exercises in the links after the previous video if you're careful and dynamic yet. Now is the time. The next video is the last one from our serious about modal verbs. What it will be about SEO there, and to understand. 73. Modals. Key word transformations with modal verbs: In the last lecture from the section about modal verbs, I don't have to take a look at everything we've been through. We'll do it not by just revising the basic things, by passing through the same cards or through the same rules will meet some keywords transformations. D instruction sounds like that. Complete the second sentence that has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between 25 fourths, including the word given. A typical exercise from the Cambridge FCE exam. If you're getting credit for that one, I think this one will be really useful for you as well. If not, it's a perfect way to practice grammar without limiting yourself to a particular grammar point. Just practicing grammar in general. The sentences are several. We have already seen them. I hope you have already done them and you're waiting for me to have them check together. Now we're starting the instructions one more time. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word given. The word was given in orange. Do not change the word given. It's important. Because especially at the beginning, a lot of people start trying to change the word given, you must use between 25 words, including the word given. It was strange that he didn't check everything in advance. The previous time, I mentioned just that OT is used with two or two and it's stronger than should. He ought to have checked everything in advance. It was trained that he didn't check is speak about the past. You criticize somebody for not doing something. You need the perfect shot Alt to have checked everything in advance. I'm sure he's not at home. He has just called me from the shop. I'm sure he's not. You speak about the present. You i'm I'm sure he's not to speak about a deduction based on some facts and to express certainty. You are sure that something isn't happening. Count is the modal verb that you need come to be at home. It's impossible that you were yesterday, I saw you dragging. We speak about the past. If we speak about a lack of possibility or impossibility. In other words, you are certain that something didn't happen in the past. You need to use bean and the modal verb that you need is the perfect model where poor detection in the context of something didn't happen. Can't have third firm. That's the modal verb that you need. You can't have been ill yesterday. I saw you jogging. She was so happy yesterday. I'm sure she enjoyed the play. I'm sure she enjoyed certainty passed yesterday. She must have enjoyed the play. Perfect modal verb for deduction, must have enjoyed. Probably. Shoot was dead nervous because she was late. Again, me, you need to to speak about probability. It's again a deduction based on the facts. And you speak about the past perfect modal verb with me as a leading structure. She was later gain and that may have been why she was so nervous. You need to play a little bit more with the words here in order to make them fixed. She was sleet and that may have been why she was so nervous. He can't breathe normally. I'm sure he's been running. I'm sure something that started in the past that probably didn't finish, doesn't matter. You speak about certainty for the past, which means must have been exactly, must have been running. It's a continuous forum that is introduced in the original sentence. It is better to keep it existing in the transformation must have been running. I went to do office, then remembered it was a day off. I went to the office. Then I remembered, needn't have golden. This is another structure we haven't spoken about, but now is the time. I needn't have gone to the office. Acid was a date of needn't have done something means it was not necessary. But I did it. Again. I needn't have done this. Means it was not necessary for me to do it. But I did it. I didn't need to I didn't need to means it was not necessary and I didn't do it, right. These two downplays needn't have done. The perfect form. Means it was not necessary, but I did it. Didn't need to. It was not necessary. They didn't do it. Here is the other example. We've got the table at the restaurant without a reservation. We didn't need to reserve a table at the restaurant. Didn't need to eat was not necessary. We didn't do it. It's clear from the first sentence, without a reservation. In your shoes, ITF asked for an explanation. In your shoes, you should have asked for an explanation. You are just criticizing somebody for not doing something. That was at the end of the modal verbs. So far. If you need some more examples, some more explanations, let me know. The new things that we haven't spoken about. Today's lecture. Ought to, oughtn't, to needn't have done and didn't need to. I think the explanations were clear enough. If not, give me a hint. And SEO in the next section, where we'll start speaking about something different. Of course, See you there. 74. Reported Speech. Grammar Lab: Reported speech, changes in tenses and word order: The next grammar structure we'll examine in details in this section of the course. Third, reported speech. When you hear reported speech, think about somebody retelling somebody else's words. This is the idea. You hear that somebody tells something and you want to include it as part of your narrative, as part of what you are saying. Well, in order to do it, you need to have in mind several things. Please. If you know what the changes in reported speech are, just keep the grammar lab. What we will focus on here is what happens with tensors, because this is the first major change. You will see in reported speech. What happens with some words. You'll see that these are in fact some markers. These are the basic changes. We change the tenses, we changed the words. The easiest way to remember what happens with dancers is this. Everything goes one step back in time. Sync it again. Every tense goes one step back in time. If in the general sentence, the first sentence you have present simple. For example, I want to grow up. She said, this is direct speech. I wanted to grow up in reported speech. It needs to go to past simple. She said that she wanted to grow up. So present, simple, past, simple speech. Explaining again, are the words of the speaker, the words of the person. His peaks. Speed. Reported speech is when you report when you wanted to see what somebody else has set reported speech. Why reported? In fact, there is one verb which will always use. For example, I want to grow up. She said, Sit, is your reporting verb, the verb that you use to show to see what he has already been set. It's important. All of the changes intensities of the changes in words of the other changes happen. If this reporting verb in the past, she said, she told, she insisted, she denied, and so on. Only if the reporting verb is in the past. The direct speech we have past simple, we need to go one step back in time. It means past perfect from FASTQ, perfect. Once the bag, well, that's it. There isn't dense, which stands further back in time than past perfect. Meaning past perfect remains past perfect. Future simple or we'll future goals to future, present, perfect, past, perfect, present, continuous, past, continuous, past, continuous, past, perfect, continuous. Probably you've paid attention that past perfect is repeated three times. First, when you transform from past simple, second from past perfect, third from present perfect. Well, it's up to you to catch the logic to get the idea based on the context the situation exists in, based on the sentence itself. Q. Now, there is a reporting verb in reported speech. When these reporting verb is in the past, you need to make some changes. The first major change is a change of tenses. Every tense goes a step back. Present, past, present, past, future, or Twitter, and so on. Whether past perfect the old referred to past, Simple past perfect two or present perfect, depends on the context and to understand it, don't worry, this is just the basic Romer. There are a lot of examples that we'll be doing, control catch everything. But for now, realize, remember the change of tensors. The second change refers to some words and these are not simple words, these are markers. In fact, when you see one of the words from the left column in direct speech, keeping in mind that something needs to happen in reported speech. And it's logical. It's logical because you need to keep the sentences meaningful. If you repeat everything on the way it was set by the person who was token, you risk not sounding meaningful. In fact, here goes to there. Now, then to D, That's the yesterday, the day before tomorrow nearest an option the next day or the following day. After that. This, that these, those are go before. Be careful with the last pair. Goal is always at the end of the sentence. Before. After that, you need before what? It's not at the end of the sentence. The second major change, which happens in direct speech, when transformed to reported speech, is connected with the change of words. Remember this list will be practicing them. Of course, DDL, there are similar which needs to be changed. It's up to you to be careful to know how which went, what to use, and to take gear. Notice a change. What we will start with in the first exercise are the affirmative sentences for dessert. A positive sentence, because as usual, not everything is as simple as you'd want it to be. There is difference in the way reported speech is formed for positive sentences, affirmative sentences. And when reported speech is formed for questions as well as for a command. But let's start from the first one. Your task will be to turn into reported speech. What you need to keep in mind. First, you are taking if the reporting verb is in the past. In this exercise, for example, these four sentences set, explained, set, announced all of the reporting corpse or in the past. Which means you need to change the tenses and you need to change the keywords if any. Same story here, you need to turn into reported speech. First, you are careful about the ten sets. The third exercise, the same. The only thing we're practicing, genes of tenses, change of words. Something else I've mentioned that the sentence is, I wanted to grow up. She said She said that that is the linker between the main sentence and the reporting part. She said that she wanted to do something that can be skipped. If you like it, that if not, you may really a method, it's not obligatory, but it sounds more natural when you use it. Which means the exercises are yours. The attached PDF you will find the after this lecture. The links are also here several affirmative sentences which you need to change from direct into reported speech. And we are taking them in awhile. 75. Reported Speech. Affirmative sentences: exercises: Affirmative sentences, reported speech. Let's check if you've understood the idea behind the change of tenses and of keywords, let's take them all 313 to reported speech. This is what the instruction sets. I have never visited Spain. She said, let's revise the usage of tensors. In fact, here as well. I have never visited Spain, never is the marker for present. Perfect. Why? Because its peak about your experience. I have never visited. It gives you the connection between the past and the present till this present moment. I haven't visited Spain. She said Set is the reporting verb. And doctor, that you needed to change. She said she had never visited Spain. Present perfect. Goes to past perfect. She said that she had never visited Spain, or we can skip that. She said she had never visited Spain. Why and why not? I well, this is a matter of logic. She speaks about herself. I, which means that you need to change. I intercept the person who is talking. We might to enter the park yesterday. Tom explained yesterday, marker for past Simple. Past simple in reported speech goes to past perfect. Don't explain to that. We had met at the park the day before. Yesterday goes into the day before one of the markers because if you say yesterday, in fact, it doesn't mean anything can report a speech wind was yesterday, the day before. Dome explains that. Explained is the reporting verb. I didn't know you were arriving that day. He said he said he hadn't known I was arriving that day. A mixture of tensors in the original sentence. I didn't know. Didn't know. This is past simple. Step back means past perfect. He said he hadn't known. I was arriving that here in the second part, there is an option. You can keep it on this way. He said he hadn't known that I was arriving that knee. And it's correct. Although past perfect is changed and bus continuous is not, It's better because the sentence otherwise is getting real behavior. The other option if you want to be perfectly correct grammatical, it would be he said he hadn't known I had been arriving. That they could be. But it doesn't sound natural in this way. Just too many perfect tenses, past perfect tenses, and one on the same situation. Possible on both ways. Up to you. This is the player a boat yesterday, he announced he announced that that was the player he can't put the day before. If you want to use double that, if you want to keep it simple. He announced, that was the player announced reporting verb in past simple. Because of that, you need to make the change in tenses and the change in words. He announced that was the player he had bought. Past simple goals to past perfect. He can't vote the day before. Yesterday goes to the day before. I asked you to help me. She said She said that she had asked me to help her. Be careful with the pronounced here. She said that or without that. She can't asked me pause. Symbol goes to bus perfect. To help her. I didn't know this until the last month. He said he said CIT is the reporting curb and details in the past. Which means that you need to change the tenses and you need to keep the words as they are in the reported speech. Why these changes are needed? In fact, when the basic verb, the reporting verb, is in both simple, it means that everything needs to be recalculated on the timeline based on this past simple moment. If you have a sentence in past simple, you can't simply continue with presence important that this is the logic why all these trained attorney that he said he hadn't known that. I didn't know this. I didn't know past simple one step back. He hadn't known. Until the previous month. The previous month, last month goes into previous month. My grandparents are leaving tomorrow. She said She said that or without that. Her parents were leaving the day after. Tomorrow goes into the day after. And after that are leaving present continuous goes to the past. We're leaving the day after. We will see them tonight. She set set again the reporting purpose in the past. She said they would see them that night. Tonight goes to that night. Wheel, goes to the last couple of sentences. Moved houses yesterday. Don't thought, move cows as yesterday. Yesterday needs to go to the day before. And this is the first change, the change in words and letters that you need to change the ten says from past simple, you need to go to past perfect. Don't thought had moved houses. So step back in time. She didn't come to the meeting. He said to me he told me that she hadn't come to the meeting. She didn't come get encompass simple step back. He hadn't come. He told me that she hadn't come to the meeting. They mentioned TO at yesterday's meeting. She said to me she told me that they can't mentioned me at the meeting the day before. Again, mentioned set. Set is the reporting verb in the past, meaning you need to change the tenses in the original sentence and step back in time. Past simple of mentioned past perfect had mentioned in the reported speech the day before yesterday. These are the changes you always need to keep in mind. You have to see the play. She told me. She said that I can't to see the play. You'd have to see she told me that or she said that I had to see have to present step back, past simple. He had to see the plate. What if we had most here? What would you do? Past simple of this, as we've mentioned, this one in the previous section for the modal verbs. If you have most in the maintenance in the main sentence, the past simple form of most easiest to keep this one in mind. I hope you haven't skipped the links with the extra exercises. Probably these were useful. I hope so at least I'll be happy to hear your recommends and see you in the next grammar lab where we continue with the new thanks. See you there. 76. Reported Speech. Grammar Lab: Questions: Reported speech. Second step. Let's see now how questions are formed. If you know this one, just skip the grammar lab. If not, be careful, it's important. And Ts, there are several things that you need to have in mind. The first one, you do already know the health of the grammar that you need. Everything that we mentioned about the change of tenses and the change of words applies here as well. Again, you need to be careful about the reporting verb online. If the reporting verb is in the past, you need to change the tensors one step back in time. You need to change also those special words that were enumerated the way it was shown in the previous grammar lab. From their own or when there is a question, you need to be careful what type of question you have. What I mean. There are in English two types of questions, WH questions and general questions. The WH questions are those that start with question words, where, why, and so on. You see that most of the question words start with wh. Well, because of that, the questions that are called WH questions, he asked me where I was from. Where are you from? He asked me. He asked. Which means that the reporting verb is in the past. So all of the changes needs to be done. After that, he asked me where you use SN linker, the question word, where I was from. After the question word, you need to keep the same order of words. You have in a positive sentence, the same word or they're not as in question, you don't need to change the place of the verb and the pronounced. This is typical for questions. Here, you need to keep the same order as in an affirmative sentence as in a positive sentence. He asked me where I was from. Not where was I from? No. He asked me where I was from. Full stop. No question here. Why has he chosen this shirt? Same story. Wh question, why you have the question word? Which means he excuse me. She asked me after that why you use it doesn't incur. And then you are careful about the change of tensors. Chosen present perfect, one step back, past perfect. Why is the linker? And you need to store the word or they're asking an affirmative sentence. Why he can't chosen that shirt, not y-hat, he chosen that shirt. Simple. Just get used to this because we'll need it for their own in the course as well. Where I was from when he can't chosen the shirt. The second scenario is when you are given a general question, heavy lift abroad, do like this. Do like that. Does he speak English? D. T goes somewhere or these are the yes, no questions, the questions to which you can answer yes or no, lets us. What happens here. You need to link in court. And this linking word is or whether whether spelled as WHE, T and so on. Not as whether the weather outside, whether OR if, say, meaning, she asked me if after that, the same logic. You need to order the words in the sentence in the way they are ordered in an affirmative sentence, not in the question. She asked me if I had lived abroad. Don't forget about the change of tenses. Don't forget about the change of words that speak Italian. She asked me the reporting purpose in the past. So the same changes. She asked me if the linker, he spoke Italian past simple from presence in both. Just several exercises, you need to turn sentences into reported speech. That's it. The attached PDF you will find after this lecture of course. Here, there are also the cards, the grammar cards, as usual, the links to online exercises in various sites. Do them and after that, come back to our practice together. If you need more exercises, let me know. See you in the exercises section. 77. Reported Speech: Questions, exercises: Reported Speech questions to understand. If you understood what was spoken about, what your task is to turn into reported speech and the sentences you are given are several. What do you need to be careful about is once type of question you are given. First of all, second step, you need to be careful if the reporting purpose in the past. And in case it is, you need to be careful about the change in tenses, the change in words. How are you? She asked me asked the reporting purpose in past simple, meaning, you need to change the tense disorder. She asked me how the linking words is the equation for it. How I was. You change the pronoun because he imagined the situation and when somebody asks you, you answer about yourself. And after that you change also the word order. Have you already seen the latest movie? She asked him asked reporting verb in past simple tense in the direct question is in present perfect, meaning you need to change it a step back. This past perfect. And also you have a general question. So you need a linker. The linker can be either if or whether she asked him if he don't forget the word order, if he had already seen the latest. Moreover, Where did you buy it from? She asked him asked again, the reporting verb is in past simple. She asked him linker where the question or to have bolted from the linker. After the linker, you have the straight order. It continues on the way the words are ordered. In a positive in an affirmative sentence. We're a heavier left the wallet. He asked me, asked the reporting verb is in past simple, where you need to use the linker. He asked me where the WH words and after that, you have your lift present perfect. Step back in time. Past perfect. Where I handled left the wallet. Do you know where she has come from? He asked me, general yes-no question. Here, instead of using the question words ascending Kerr, you need IF OR winter up to you. You also need to change the tenses. Why? Because from past simple in the reporting verb, you understand that everything needs to go a step back in time. Present simple. In the question. Past simple. It means once they're back, he asked me if I know nu nu, where she had come from. The second part of the sentence, Kevin noticed the change here. If I knew where she can't come from, has come from present perfect. Step back. Past perfect. Did you have to pay the bills in advance? He asked me asked past simple. You need to change the tense a step back in time. She asked me if the linker is if or whether to you after that past simple in the question, meaning, you need past perfect of the modal verb. You have to. If I had to pay the bills in advance, had to pay. Where did you go yesterday evening? He asked me where WH question the WH words is going to be used as a linker. He asked me where Dr. debt where did you go past simple. Once the back past perfect. Where I had been yesterday goes into previous the previous evening. He asked me where I had been the previous evening. How long have you been waiting for him? He asked me he asked me the reporting purposes is again in the past. How long the question he asked me, how long that our debt present perfect continuous. Once the back means past perfect continuous. You don't forget that after the question word, which is your stats a linker in reported speech, you need the straight order. You need to form the sentence or the way it is formed in an affirmative, in a positive sentence. At z and t half, he asked me how long I've been waiting for him. Do you often go abroad on your own? She asked me asked past simple. She asked me linking if or whether if I often do you often present simple step back, went, go went gone. She asked me if I often went abroad on my own. Did you understand what had happened? He asked me past perfect remains past perfect. There is nothing as past, past perfect. He asked me if a linker because there isn't a question, whereas here he asked me if I had understood what had happened. The only change here in terms of tensors is in the first part of the sentence. Did you understand? If I had understood past, Simple past perfect? In the second part, there is past perfect, which remains past perfect is here as famous as his father. She asked she asked me because you need to ask somebody. She asked me if he if because there isn't a question word, is he present simple verb to step back, past simple the verb to be. If you was as famous as his father, I'm sure that you've started getting the logic. Let's hit trust you. She asked me asked again past simple. She asked me if because there is a general question. If he trusted me, present, simple, past simple. You see exercises help. The more you do, the better you understand that it's not that difficult. And the point of all these exercises, I've mentioned that It's just, you're not to think about grammar. Literally. Just when you speak to be able to speak without wondering if this is correct or this is not. Of course, you'll be making mistakes while speaking. There is nothing wrong with that. In fact, neither you nor I are native speakers. Because of that, it's important. It's really important to try to express yourself clearly up to there. The fact that there will be some mistakes in grammar. In fact, there could be situation in which you notice the mistake and the person you're talking to doesn't, because it doesn't matter that much. But the more confident you feel, the better you are going to talk in one situation or another. That's why grammar helps. You know what proper grammar saves your words, is not important to retail what you mean if you can just sent that message with the correct choice of grammar? Next lecture, again reported speech. Little bit more TRA, and after that we started with the general exercises. See you there. 78. Reported Speech. Reported Speech: Commands. Mixed exercises, part 1: As I've mentioned at the end of the previous video, piece of grammar still remained in connection with reported speech. And then we continue with the general exercises. What we haven't spoken about yet is what happens with commands. For example, come here, open the door, Do this, do that. What happens when you want to report a command? Here is what happens. For example, don't open the door. She warned me not to open the door. It or come back on time, please. She asked me to come back on time. It's really simple here. Everything you need to do is to add two, not two. That's all. She warned not to do something. She asked me to do something too. Not too. Depending if the order is positive, do something or negative, don't do something. Let's see the exercises. You will find them in the attached PDF, 13 to direct speech. Be careful with the opposite here. 13 to direct speech. And after that, you need to choose the correct Of the two options given. Pause the video, do the exercises, and let's check them. Right now. You need a third into that, into direct speech. When doing this one, Please be careful about the markers you have and think for everything you know about ten says Why? Because for example, you probably remember that past Simple goes to past perfect. Present perfect goes to past perfect, and past perfect goes to past perfect as well. In order to be able to distinguish between the different tenses. Everything you need is contexts and markers. Don't set that he wasn't going to the concert the other day. Tom set. I'm not going to the concert tomorrow. The other day. Tomorrow. After that. He wasn't going. I'm not going I'm not going to the concert tomorrow. Thumb set. Told bulb that he'd forgotten to clean the floor. Unthought Bob, here's the first case. He'd forgotten. Past. Perfect. Imagine the situation. Somebody tells something to somebody else. There isn't a time marker. There aren't two actions, one of which is supposed to have happened earlier in time, which means that you need exactly present perfect. You've forgotten to clean the floor. Told Bob, you can't say you forgot because it's not set when. You can't use past perfect because there is some, there isn't another past action and other past activity to be used as a marker here. Mark shortage that the dinner hadn't been prepared yet. Yet. Okay, So we need perfect tense, Past simple result. Mark, Shout that. After that, how many are the activities? How many actions are added here? One, yes, it's one. Present, perfect, not past perfect. The dinner hasn't been prepared yet. Mark Shout that. Just be careful. Hasn't been prepared. Passive in the original sentence. Passive in the reported speech. You need to keep it. Asked when she can't be planning to tell him. When she had been planning. Past perfect. Continuous where she had been planning. Okay. Month asked When were you planning to tell me? Why were you planning? Ideas? When you use present continuous in a sentence? Which future meaning? You express plant. Same story goes when you use past simple. Which return meaning. Because of that, from past perfect. You need, sorry, from past perfect continuous. You need to go to past continuous to keep this future idea for a plan. When, where are you planning? To tell my mom asked then asked Tom if you could borrow her his motorbike for a D. Can you borrow me your motorbike for a day? Can general question because the linking is if simple beginning. She asked me what my father had been best at in his school years. In his school years, definite period of time in the past. But simple. After that, watt used as a linker. So we have a WH question. What was your father best at in his career's? Perfect. He weren't him to be careful to is the linker command simple? Be careful. He weren't him. And that's it. Bobsled. He hadn't heard about that. One single action. No marker about the moment when this activity happened. Present, perfect. I haven't heard about this. Bob set. Just don't forget the slight trick, the slides Trump, you may fall in here. That goes into this. If you remember the table from the very beginning, the chart, this goes to debt, Here, goes to there, this goes, go to those and so on. So the vice versa transformation that goes to this. Choose the correct one. Let's see why. I just wanted to know where he had been the previous night. Where is the linker? There is transformation from direct to reported speech, which means that you need to do a straight order. The order which is typical for affirmative sentences. You don't need this inversion there. I wanted to ask you why. And same story. You need straight order. You don't need to inversion why you wanted to join the club. We try to understand who she had invited. Again, who she had not, who handshake. Because if you still try to invert, you don't need the transformation who he or she invited. This is the question. When it transform from directory reported speech in aversion is not needed. Everything you need is the order of words in the same way. That is typical for a positive from the affirmative sentence. I hoped to see you yesterday, the day before. I hoped to see you. It's not direct speech. So because of that, the day before, not direct speech just because it's without inverted commas and it's not written. I said, he said and so on. I wanted to understand when the party had started. I wanted to understand I think for the sentence, the sentence should be when has the status of the party started or when the parties start, whichever. When you change from directory reported speech, you need to be careful about the tensors. Past simple as well as present perfect gets transformed into past perfect, not past simple, but simple comes from present simple on the left. John told me he wanted to talk, say something to somebody or tell somebody there is a difference because of that you need told me. That was at the exercises were useful. I hope that was the first part of our general video exercises. Let's see. In the next one we will continue practicing. The report is pizza. I believe that you are getting better and better every single time. Just be careful. When transform. Be careful about the test says be careful about the words. And don't forget to enjoy. Imagine to read everything out loud. Why? A little bit later? See you in the next video. 79. Reported Speech. Reported Speech, mixed exercises, part 2: It's reported speech time again and several more exercises waiting for you. The task this time is to make transformations. You do already know this instruction. What is required from you to use awards given to transform the sentence. But this time you must choose between 38 words to include the word given. To paraphrase transformations. Here is how the exercise looks like. The word is given in orange. You need to use it to paraphrase, to use between 38 words, including the word given the word in orange, several sentences, the PDF is attached. Probably you've already done the exercise. So let's check it out. We will come with me to the part in next week. Dom asked to go. Dom asked her if she ought go with him, be careful was here come needs to be changed to it go. Why? The logic of the sentence? Tom asked if she would goal with him. Will you come? Would go. We'll future symbol is changed into OT. Does the bus arrive at seven? Asked whether the linker thus the bus arrive. General question. So Tom asked whether the bus arrived at seven, whether the bus arrived weather or if I told you the idea for linking is one and the same delink or scarf, absolutely, the same meaning. Don't forget the change in tenses. Thus, the bus arrive, whether the bus arrived, present, simple, past simple. Are you coming tomorrow? Math asked. Asked past simple. Are you coming future? Meaning of present continuous. Asked me whether I was coming the following day. The following day, tomorrow needs to be changed the following day. Have you been doing the homework the whole night? Beta asked if asked if the linker, because we have a general question here. Beta asked if I had been doing the homework the whole night. Have you been doing present perfect continuous. A step back in time means past perfect continuous. Exactly. Be tasked. If I had been doing the homework the whole night. I'll come later tonight. Mark promised and be careful. Mark promised that he would go. Again. Outcome go. That healed goal later that night. Tonight is changed until that night. You must be ready with the report tomorrow. The Dieter set B. And what we've spoken about the past form of MST is head to the teacher set that. I had to be ready with the report the other day, tomorrow. The other day. She asked me why I was thinking of quitting my job. She asked me why. Why are you thinking of quitting your job? She asked me Why are you thinking of quitting your job? You see, we've changed from transformations. We've switched into direct speech. In the first sentence, you see that the reporting purpose in the past. It means that you need to consider the change in the tenses. The linking word is why? The question where WH question word, the sentence starts with y. After that, you need the structure of the question. Why are you thinking? Be thinking of something means consider reminding you. Why are you thinking of quitting your job? She asked me, he asked me what I asked for. Simple, there will be a change of tensors. What question words? The first word we started the sentence with is what? And he asked me what the difference was between the different rounds. What is the difference between the different rounds? He asked me past simple in the reported speech, present simple in the direct speech. She asked him which of the options he preferred. She asked him asked reporting verb, past symbol. Which of the options keep referred past symbol. Which means that you need to turn it into present simple, which as an anchor. This is the connecting word, the WH word. Which of the options do you prefer? Which of the options do you prefer? She asked him last but not least, don't ask what gave her the right to speak on topics like that. Tom asked asked past simple, meaning, you need to change the tenses. What this is the question, what you are starting code? What gave her the right to speak? What gives you the right to speak on topics like this? Why, What gives you, and why not? What? Thus give you must speak a little bit later, but probably even only up doing tuition. You've succeeded in doing this man. If not sooner, you understand what's the difference between forming a question with auxiliary? What do you think? A question without auxiliary? What gives you whatever. That was it. The end of the report is p two exercises, the end of the reported speech explanations. If still there is something that has remained unclear, please share, let me know and let me explain or add extra exercises. If these somehow were not enough, don't forget that the links are there for you to follow and to do the exercises. Of course, you can find a lot of exercises on your own as well. Just please, if you have any doubts about the question about the answer of this online exercises, let me know, ask in the Q&A section and let others think over your doubts. Because it's a really, really important It's not a matter of communication between you and me online. Yes. I will join sooner or later, but I really prefer to give some time first to the other students to answer your questions. Why? Just because it's another exercise. When you are able to answer one question, you'll be more careful next time when you see the same situation and you will know the answer. Let us go on. Next section. New challenges. See you there. 80. Verb forms. Grammar Lab: Used to, be used to and get used to, part 1: In this section of the course, we will start speaking about some structures that people usually find difficult. It's not about densities here. It's not about passive or active voice, It's not about modal verbs. Here we will speak about some structures, seeing the gain, which will help you realize express yourselves better. The first set of grammar structures where we started to it is used to be, used to and get EST to even sound on the same way. But they're completely different. If you do already know the difference. If you do not have any difficulties in choosing between these phrases, please keep the grammar lab and go to the exercises. The PDF is waiting for you attached after this lecture. Here are also the links to the exercises online. If you still have some doubts about D as it used to be and still get used to. Let's get started. So the first important thing you need to remember is what is used to, how it is formed when it is used and so on. Imagine that you speak about the past and you want to say that something was typical for you in the past. However, you don't do it anymore. It's not typical for you anymore. Well, in this case, in order not to be necessary to express so many things via words, you'd better use, used to what they mean. I used to live in Florida. Now, I live in Paris. Used to gives you the contrast, the contrast between the past and the present moment. The past moment, something was typical for you. In the present moment, the cases completely different. Well, this contrast Exactly You may give via using, used to I used to live in Florida. It means at some moment in the past, it doesn't matter when I lived in Florida, but now, now it's completely different. Now I live in Paris. The structure is used to followed by the infinitive of the verb, Yellowstone. As you see this EDI there, it should remind your past simple, exactly. Because of that. When you form the negative structure, when you wanted to say that something was not typical for you in the past, what you need to do is still didn't, didn't used to do whatever. Didn't use, not didn't use. So didn't use to drink wine. Now I don't I didn't use to derive. Now I do. It again, gives you a contrast between what it used to be and what it is. Now, it's really easy to say what you used to do or what you didn't use to do, rather than to start explaining what was typical for you and the fact that now it is different than so on. This contrast, last time is stored in the structure, the grammar structure used to plus infinity or didn't use I2 plus infinitive. The other two structures get used to doing something and be doing something completely different. So used to do, use the only about the past. Be used to doing or get used to doing, emphasizes on the habit that you acquired. There is a new habit or there is a habit that you have finally started following. In these situations, you use Gettier's to or be still. Let's look at the examples first. I finally got used to falling asleep faster. Get used to after, that's the verb plus zinc. As a structure. Get used to doing something. I've finally got used to falling asleep faster. It means that you have been trying for a period of time. You have put in some effort. While finally, it resulted in achieving the results that you want that I've finally got used to falling asleep faster. It means that now I am used to falling asleep faster. I was trying. Now the result. It's available. Get you still emphasizes on the period. You put the emphasis on the periods that something took you some time in order to be achieved. On the other hand, be used to emphasises on the result. You have been putting in some efforts. As a result, something has been achieved. Now there is a habit required. Get your period B as to result, remember, realized that B is dead and get used to, are used about habits. Habits. It's not about the past that has nothing to do with used to, used to do something, refers to something that was typical for the past and it is not typical for the present anymore. Another pair of sentences. It took me some time, but I got to use to wearing a coat in June. Again, the emphasis here is on the period it took me some time, I had some difficulties. I face some difficult moments, let us say. But finally I got used to wearing a coat in John. Obviously, if you live for, I don't know, in England for example, or in France, it's not quite typical to be with the coating June in the general case. It took me some time but I got to use to wearing I'm still not used to wearing a coat in June. I'm still not. You're still there isn't a result. Get your stoke describes the period, the whole process of acquiring this habit. You're still gives you a notification for the fact that the habit is acquired. You have the habit to do this or that at the moment. The exercises, as you see, they will be split into different lectures. Just because I know that students find a difficult, and it's always hard for them to distinguish, to choose the correct one to start using TKIP correctly to memorize it, because it's not only about remembering it once and doing the exercises to make it active part and an active part from their vocabulary? Well, it does always take some time. In the first exercise, you needed to transform the sentence using Kusto. Only you're still idea. Get used to the structure. This is the idea. Did you hear what I used? You need to get used to the structure. After that, you need to choose between B and get your stuff from the workforce ink. As you know. One more time used to be is still get yours too. Just to be easier. Let's see o of them together. Tick D PDF with the exercises. Check the links and the online exercises and tearing the answers section. 81. Verb forms. Used to, be used to and get used to: exercises, part 1: Used to do something, be used to doing something, or get used to doing something. Let's take the answers. In the first exercise, you needed to transform the sentences using only used to idea. Again. So get used to the structure. Past, work in an office. Now, work from home. Reminding you that used to indicates contrast. Contrast between something that was typical for you in the past and the same situation which is different in the present. For example, I used to work in an office. Now, I work from home. I used to work. It gives exactly the meaning that this was typical for you once and it's not anymore. Used to infinitive past, not sleeping enough. Now go to bed early enough. And again, I didn't use remember this one didn't use after that, not used. I didn't use to sleep enough. Now, I go to bed early enough. Contrast didn't use to do something. Now, I do something in the past where urban clothes. Now, for the fashion contrast needed, I used to wear urban clothes. Now, I followed the fashion in the past. Go to the seaside every summer. Now, the mountain. I used to go to the seaside every summer. Now I go to the mountain. I used to do something, something was typical firm. This thing is not typical for me anymore. In the past. Not go camping. No, love it. I didn't use to go campaign. Now I love it. Didn't infinitive, didn't use to. Infinitive, didn't use to go campaign. Now, I love it. Go is followed by a gerund, but for adherence and for infinitive. So are these two and I-N-G forms must be exome in the next section of the course. In the past, go out every weekend. Now, stay at home. And again, you are required to introduce contrast. I used to go out every weekend. Now. I stay at home. That was the easy part. Let us say B is two or Gettier stuff. Both of these structures that are followed by the verb for us, I and j. I don't know how some people, I can't get used to getting up that early. It's impossible for me. I can't get used to getting up early. It's impossible for me to acquire that habit. I can't. Finally, I got used to doing more than 30 minute cardio exercises. Get used to doing something, acquire the habit of doing something. I'm not used to drinking so much coffee per day. I don't have the habit. The habit is not acquired. I am not used to drinking so much coffee for a day. I didn't have problems driving in the downtown. I'm used to traffic jams. This is the result of something that he has already happened. I was in the process of getting used to this one to the traffic. The result, now, I'm used to traffic jams. Paid attention to this one probably. And I hope be used to doing something or be used to something. Both of these structures are used. I'm used to traffic jams. I'm used to being in traffic jams. It's really hard for them. They can't get used to our cuisine. They are in the process, but it's too impossible for them to get used to the cuisine. It took me some time but they'd go to use to working night shifts. Again. There was a period of time. It took me some time, but I got used to get used to plus verb, plus ink. And the three of them together. In my childhood, I didn't use to play computers. Nowadays. Children aren't used to blink outside. In my childhood, it introduces something about the past, which means that the first thing you need to check is whether you don't need is to do something. This is at, in my childhood. Nowadays, there is contrast to underline. The contrast you may just use, used to. I didn't use to play is to do something I didn't use to play on computers. Nowadays. Children aren't used to playing outside. There isn't a result. They aren't used to blink outside. Did you use to exercise regularly before? It's quite difficult for me to get used to doing exercises at this age. Did you use to exercise before? You are asking about the past, whether something was typical for this person in the past. The question follows the same logic as the question in past simple, starting with deet, followed by the pronoun and the infinitive after that, did you use to exercise regularly before? It's quite a difficult for me to get used to doing Talk where the habit of to pass through the whole process in order to reach the result. He doesn't like that. Notice the city center. But you'll get your stood. Here again, the emphasis is on the period. There will be a period of time. And finally, you'll get used to this one. I'm not used to being spoken TO in such a roadway. I'm not used to. It's not typical Fermat. There isn't a result. I haven't acquired the habitat of Be careful. Passive can be used here of course as well. I'm not here still. After that you need the verb plus I-N-G. But in this case, you need the passive. I'm not used to being spoken to in such a way. If you have questions about the structure, please let me know and I'll explain it in details. B is still doing something or be used TO us here in this case, being then the third form of the verb. Then, once I used to believe people, now I'm used to being cheated by most of them. Once you introduce a contrast between something that was typical for you in the past, something that is now. Once I used to believe people, once, it's not typical for me anymore. The contrast in the second clause, now, I am used to being cheated. Now, I acquired the habit of acquired the habit of them cheating me, meaning of being cheated, passive required once again, I hope you succeeded in getting the differences between the active and the passive structures here. And you didn't have problems in recognizing them. It's more a matter of intuition already because we have really done a lot of exercises, especially considering that the majority of you I hope, are coming from the previous course of mine were the exercises for more. And that was, let's say the basic they're real. A lot of exercises have been them. If you have any questions, let me know the online links, the PDFs, and see you after that in the next video. 82. Verb forms. Used to, be used to and get used to: exercises, part 2: Used to be as still or get us to several more exercises to be sure that everything is really clear. So probably you have already found the attached PDF, probably have done the exercises and you're waiting for the answers. Just to pass through the types first, you need to choose the correct structure. You'll still be your store gets used to. After a dad, you need to correct the mistakes and then to choose one of the possible options to fill in the sentences given. Let's take it out. The first one. When he was hired, I had no idea what it was expected to do. Hopefully, I could fast enough, get used to the tasks, get used to something. This is the process of getting used to something. The process of acquiring the habit of doing something. There isn't a result. Still, you are in the process of acquiring the habit. The road-building covered there. Can you see it? I used to study in there. I used to study East to pause work. It means that something was typical for you in the past. And obviously it's not typical for you anymore because you probably you don't study there? I used to study something typical for the past. He was worried, healed, and never get used to that place. He was worried. He would never get you. Get used to seeing to answer again, emphasizes on the process of acquiring the habit. Still, there isn't a result. Still you haven't reached the point when a new habit has become part of your own essence of your own self, you are in the process of acquiring the habit. Get used to doing something, or get used to something. Once good news used to be shared, broader, used to be shared. Just passive. Don't forget this phone. Once you introduced contrast, contrast between what was typical ones and what the situation is. Now used to share. I used to share used to be shared passive. She was surprised by the workload as she used to have less work in her previous company. Again, from the context you understand that you are faced with opposition. With contrast. She was surprised by the workload as she used to have less work in her previous company contexts. Although the context you understand that there is a position one more time opposition between what was typical for her in her previous work and what is typical for her now. When you introduce such contrast, you know, used to plus the verb in infinitive, used to have the negative form. Just make negative place. Didn't exactly didn't use to have you don't need D. It's the same way as if you were to form past simple. Didn't use to have mistakes. I didn't use to eat in the morning could although I tried my best, I didn't use to eat. Although I try it. From the context you understand that you speak about the habit and you've been trying to acquire that habit without the result? I didn't get used to eating in the morning. Although I tried to do my best. He didn't use to wear a uniform. In the original sentence, he used not to wear a uniform. The negative form, remember again, is formed in the same way. You formulate it in past simple, not worked, not get, not and so on. But didn't, didn't do is the auxiliary verb with the particle not that you need in order to express the fact that something was not on the weight as described in the sentence. He didn't used to wear a uniform. And brought, I've finally used to typing fast. Finally, while you're speaking about something that has taken some time and as a process, it has resulted in something that was acquired. It means that you need get used to doing something. I've finally got used to typing. The other case, used to type is a completely different structure and T3 only does not fit the context of the sentence. We aren't used to waking cope with that early in the morning. We haven't acquired the habit. Not we aren't used to wake. The structure is different. Be used to doing something weak for psi and g. Shares used to reading the book instead of listening to the online audio version. She's used be used to doing something you'd hear. Do not emphasize on the period that it has taken her some time and so on and so on. You emphasize on the result. Currently, she's used to reading the book instead of listening to the audio version. I was sure I never get used to the climate in the desert. I never get used to iodine, never acquire the habit of I ordered never getting used to the climate in the desert. Get used to hear. It took me some time. But finally, I got used to speak in Spanish. I got used to speaking in Spanish. I got used to speaking in Spanish. The structure get used to doing something. Get used to doing something. I that much water. Didn't use to drink Inc wrong. Didn't use to verb plus zinc as here. Didn't use to drink, wasn't used to drink. It doesn't exist, is just a mixture of two phrases and it cannot be done this way. My sister a lot when she was a toddler, used to sleeping. You speak about something that was typical for somebody in a particular period of life. Don't worry, is a child that has just learned how to OK. My sister used to do something, yes. This is the structure that you need. My sister used to sleep a lot when she was a toddler. Here it is. B was used to sleep, doesn't exist. It wasn't easy. But now, I thought there was a period of time in which I was trying to acquire a habit. And the result is that now the habit is acquired. Now I am used to having be used to doing something. Now, I'm used to having killed the foot. That was the last sentence of the last exercise. If you still need some more practice, let me know whether it will be better to add more lectures or just to add more links depends on your infect as well. Which one would you prefer? Let me know and see you in the next video. 83. Verb forms. Grammar Lab: Past Participle: Time to move on in our grammar exploration and to see what past participle is, when it is used, and how it can help override your language. If you are aware of structures, have something, then get something done. Or the past participate in the beginning of the sentence and the end of the sentence. Just skip the grammar lab, please, and go to the exercises directly, the PDF with the exercises you will find after the video, as well as the links. Let's check what the past participle. First, it's important to distinguish between the past and the present participle because it is formed in different way. The idea is that it helps you skip part of the sentence. It also helps you at extra information without the necessity of adding extra words. Let's check it out with some examples and I will continue with the explanations after debt. My sister in next to the girl reading a book, present participle. It is formed with the verb, the I-N-G. Miosis is next to the girl. And to explain what the girl is doing. Instead of saying who is reading, you just skip h2 is to continue with reading. My sister is nice next to the girl reading a book. The participant here just characterizes the person. It refers to trusting him. She made up her mind, trusting him. How she trusted him, so that she made up her mind. You see, it's just a shorter way to formulate. A way to give your thoughts in a concise way. Quite typical for formal writing, for formal speaking, and for general English as well. In the past. The boy injured by mistake soon recovered. Here you just need the third form of the verb. I'm sure that you have used sentences like this really a lot of times. Just I want to focus on water. The grammar rule is behind that usage. The boy injured by mistake, the same as the boy who was injured by mistake. You just skip the explanatory part and you go to the characterization directly inserted by John and left the room. How did she feel insulted? The first important thing to remember in the present participle, the verb is with I-N-G. In the past. It is with ED. You need the third form of the verb. After that, difference between two structures, have something done and get something then. So difference doesn't exist. Let's start from there. The difference is between using the normal order of words that you are used to and including these structures whichever you prefer. Let's take the examples. I cannot repair the flushing sister by myself. I need to have the flushing cistern repair the problem. I can't do something by myself. I can't do it. Because of that. I need professional help. I need somebody who is capable of solving the problem. And he's capable of solving the problem because he's a specialist. This is his profession, this is his occupation or whatever. I need to have the flushing cistern repaired, which means I will call the technician. He or she will come and they will figure out what and how to do. Again, here you have or get. You'll see in the example below. Then the third form of the verb, the past participle is required. Here. You have something done or get something done. I can't paint the walls by myself. Again, there is a problem and I can't cope with that problem over myself. Because of that. I need some professional help. I need to get the walls painted. I need to hire somebody to pay to that person, most probably in order for this person to do the job. For me, I needed to get the walls painted, something done, get something done. Professional favor. Some other structures that require participle. The verbs want and find. It's really quite common as usage. And I believe that you will find it useful. Finish the report by tomorrow. This is ordered by somebody. And if you want to use modify it to use the warmth verb, it would sound like that. I want the report finished by tomorrow. The report to be finished short, the report finished by tomorrow. Again, usage of past participle. I came into the window, was broken. I found the window broken. Shorter way to express yourselves. Better way to clarify what you are seeing. The list words you can use, the better. That's the general rule about every language. Just to make yourselves clear. Using class vocabulary, idea of grammar. You remember, I found the window broken past participle. I wanted to report finished past participle. The exercises in the attached PDF will be practicing of course, everything that we have been thrown up to now. So in the first exercise, you need to rewrite the sentences using half, get overwhelmed or find plus the structure. Just because G is for verbs are followed by different structures. After that, you need to combine these sentences in pairs using co-participants. And last but not least, you need to fill in with the correct participle form. That's it. Don't forget that the links to the online exercises are also available. And see you in the answer section. 84. Verb forms. Past Participle: exercises: Participle, past or present. Let's take the answers of the exercises in the PDF attached. In the first one reminding you you needed to choose the correct verb with the correct structure. I want you to finish the task by tomorrow. I want the task finished. This is what the verb won't requires. Want something done. Somebody orders you to do something, which means that he wants something to be done. I want the task finished tomorrow. Yesterday, Dome key man prepared my bike. I couldn't do it, which means that somebody came and did it for me. Why? Because he was a professional artist. He knew what to do. My bike repair it or I got my bike repaired by Tom yesterday. Have something done? Get something down past participle after the structure. When we entered, the TV was still working. That TV was still working. I found the TV working. Found something present participle. I have found the TV working. After that. They want me to translate the story. Again. You need the order transformed. Want the story translated? They want me to translate the story order. They want the story past participle translated. Or if we consider that you are the specialist and you are asked, as a professional in the field, you can use the other structure. He have something done. They won't to have the story translated. When they came in, the baby was crying. The baby was crying. I found the baby crying. The second exercise, you needed to combine the sentences using a participle. Again, it's not said whether the participle is the present or the past one. He was dressed in his school uniform. He remained unnoticed. Dressed in his coat uniform. He remained unnoticed. How the question that you ask, How did he remain unnoticed? She was surprised by his reaction. She didn't know what to do. And again, surprised by his reaction, she didn't know what to do. Why did you not know what to do? Because she was surprised by his reaction. He was disappointed by the Merrick. He gave up. Disappointed by the mark he gave up. Why did he give up? Because he was disappointed by the mark. The first sentence, the participle course, it gives you the reason, the reason why something happened. Without a smile, John walked out of the rule. The rule was empty. Without a smile, John walked out of the room leaving it empty. How did he leave neural? Mt? What happened after he walked out, out of the room? The room was left empty. His house was dilapidated. He didn't have where to live. His house dilapidated. He didn't have where to live. Why did he not have where to live? Because his house was dilapidated. She was seated on a bench in the park. Now she could listen to the silence. Seated on a bench in the park. Now she could listen to the silence. Why could still listen to the silence? Because she was seated on a bench in the park. Reason past participle. Correct form are required from you. In the third exercise. Having photos to look at may keep children amused. Four hours. Something is a music for somebody and somebody is amused by something. Exhausted, bleeding and discouragement. They lived the battlefield. How did they leave the battlefield? Exhausted, past participle, bleeding, and disheartened. How puzzled by what had just happened. She left the room. How did she feel when she left the room? Puzzled. Past participle again. At the beginning, past participle with ED, at the beginning present participle INJ. This story makes me board. How do you feel? Bored when you describe somebody's feelings? Past participle require the third form of the verb. The meeting had left him encouraged, went optimistic. Same story. He felt encouraged, which means that the meeting was encouraging. He felt encouraged. The meeting was encouraging. Dinner finished with drill into the under ONE. First dinner was finished after that deal with drill into the other room, past participle. I hope it became clearer. And in fact, I'm sure that without thinking that much about the rules at this point of the course, you are able to do the exercises correctly. Just because it's more about intuition than about following grammar principle from time to time. See you in the next video. 85. Verb forms. Grammar Lab: Would rather, would prefer and had better: The structures we're going to discuss now are commonly mistaken very low-level lot of students, by a lot of learners of the language. In fact, nothing so difficult if you are aware of the difference between the ultra other would prefer and has better. And if you are sure that he had better, it's not used for the past. Well, then you can just skip the lab and go on with the exercises. Otherwise, let's get started. The first one he had better, I'd better myths should, I'd better do this? I think it is a better idea. It's getting late. I'd better go. I'd better. Plus infinitive. You'd better go. Getting pleat. I'd better not stay molar. Negative question. Hadn't we better leaf? Hadn't we better leave? Remember that he had better refers to the present, not the past, present, and future. As an alternative of head better, you may use its time. It's time for somebody to do something. This is the first structure. It's time for us to go. It's time for them to come. It's time for me to call him, time for somebody to do something. And at the same time, you can say it's time you went home. It's high time. You went home. It's time or it's high time, you just put the emphasis on the fact that you are already late. This is the difference between the two expressions. When we speak about somebody, when you are trying to give a piece of advice to somebody else, you need to use past, simple when we speak about the present. Does it remind you of the conditional sentences? Same stories here. We'll see it in the details in the exercises. There will pass through some different cases. I'll continue with the explanations there. For now. Remember, Kant, better equals should get better. Infinitive. It refers to the present and to the future. It's time when we speak about somebody else, about the present, you go to past simple. It's time you went. Okay, next one. We'll practice it. Don't worry. Prefer I prefer something to something else. I prefer milk to T. Or I prefer doing something to doing something else. I prefer swimming to writing. I prefer to swim. That's it. I prefer to do something up to there. There is no requirements to compare all the time just to see what you prefer to not die prefers swimming. This is what they mean to focus here. So I prefer milk to t. I prefer to swim. When you compare, I prefer doing something to doing something else is the structure. I prefer swimming to writing. I prefer to eat rice, rather eat potatoes. I prefer to those something, rather do something else. I prefer to eat rice, rather potatoes. On this way, you can skip the second verb just because it's one and the same in the first and the second part of the sentence. Be careful with the last example. I'd prefer to have a cat rather than a doc or rather than half a doc. So I would prefer is different from preferred. When you use prefer, you speak about your preference in general. In general, you prefer doing something to doing something else, or you prefer something to something else in general. But when you want to emphasize that your preference refers to an exact situation, then you need would prefer. I prefer this apostrophe d is short from old. I'd prefer to, I'd prefer to have a cat rather than have a doc. Exercises again, will follow down for it. The third structure, I'd rather, I would rather be careful here. I'd rather go. I'd rather not go. I'd rather you were here. When it's pKa boat yourself. It is clear that you know what you prefer. What do you think is better for you? Because of that, you use either bare infinitive, this is called, I mean, infinitive without to, the basic form of the verb, without to or not. For the basic form of the verb. I'd rather go, I'd rather not go. That's it. But when you speak about somebody else, then the story becomes a little bit more complicated. You say what your preference is for somebody else. And you can't control somebody else's behavior. Because of that, we introduce a conditional structure. The same logic enters here as the logic of conditional sentences. When you speak about the present and you express your preference about somebody's behavior in the present. You need past simple. I'd rather you were here. Past simple. You speak about the present Is speak about somebody else's behavior. Yellow can't pick up all the past. I'd rather not have gone last night. Present, perfect. I'd rather have gold or I'd rather not have gone. But when you speak about somebody else, you go to past. Perfect. Same story as in third conditional. I'd rather you hadn't come last night. I'd rather you hadn't come. One more structure introduced with I'd rather I'd rather you stay with Mark. Then we town when we speak about the present. I rather stay with Mark, then return when you express your own preference. I'd rather you state with Mark than with m When we speak about somebody else in the present. Think how these structures will change when we speak about the past and enjoying the exercises. So the more exercises you do on this topic exactly the easier it that way. Just because there are some real specific cases which may give you a headache here or there. The exercises in the attached PDF. First, you need to use only order adder. After that, you need to complete in the structures using preferred. Then you need to choose between a hand better or high time. The last exercise, you need to correct the mistakes. And that's it. Not as difficult as it sounds. Just keep on exercising. And you'll see that I'm right. See you in the answer section. 86. Verb forms. Would rather, would prefer and had better: exercises: Who are the exercises could have been confusing a little bit in fact, but take them out and let us revise the roles. I'm sure it will be clearer. Tod the lecture. First complete the structures using all the rider. I'd rather order so forth. Now, I'm hungry. I'd rather, I want something about myself. Simple infinitive. Would you rather speak to Mark than two on? You ask about somebody's preference. Again, there's only one subject. You need, bare infinitive. Rather, she didn't invite us. One person has a witch or a preference about somebody else. It's in the present, or at least you don't have a marker that is in the past. Well, because of that, you need past simple. I'd rather she didn't invite us. I wish. Same logic. Think of it as I wish. I'd rather my nephew graduated, or I wish my nephew past simple graduated. Which preference about the present? He would rather write a bike, then drive a car. He speaks about his own wishes, his own preferences. He'd rather write bare infinitive, simple infinitive. Ride a bike, then drive, do something, then do something else. Would you rather hear announced his engagement earlier? Would you rather heat one person has a which has a preference about somebody else past simple required. Or would you rather he announced his engagement earlier? Structures using prefer this time. I prefer homemade food to fast-forward. Prefer something to something else. Don't prefer as having sandwich to cocaine. Prefer doing something to doing something else. When you compare, just reminding you, you need to die in two forms. In both parts of the sentence. Mark prefers tennis, football, prefer something to, something else. I prefer watching, vulnerable to watching tennis. Prefer doing something to doing something else. I don't like watching tennis. I prefer to watch all about no comparison introduced here. You don't see what you prefer watching volleyball too, because of that, you need only the two infinitive. I prefer to watch volleyball. I used to dance, but now I prefer a weightlifting. I prefer something. I prefer weightlifting. Violet prefers swimming, to send baiting, prefer doing something to doing something else. He had better or high time. It's midnight. I'd better go to, but I'd better use pico boat yourself. I had better infinitive. You'd better not call Linda right now. Not go. You better. It's a better idea. Not called. Hadn't you better talk to your parents in advance? Question the question with hand better starts with the head. If it is negative, you better infinitive, talk to your parents in advance. Better came earlier, everything is closed now. Better Came. You say that it was a good idea, something to have been done in a different way. Because of that here you need past simple is peak about something hypothetical. I better came earlier. Everything is close now. It's high time you started preparing for the exam. You speak about somebody else. Same hypothesis as in second conditional. It's high time you started preparing for the exam. It's about time she rented the flat of her own. Again, somebody speaks about somebody else. It's about time she rented past simple required to introduce this conditional structure. And last but not least, mistakes to be corrected. You'd better booked the room in advance. The different structures required here, you had better it was a better idea. You had better booked the rope in advance. You speak about something that should have been done, which means that you need past simple as the brackets are opened and the structure which is required in this situation one more time had better, not old better. I'd prefer to take the bus rather than to go on foot this time. I'd prefer this is preference about a specific situation, about an exact situation. So I'd prefer to do something rather than to do something else. That was the structure. It's high time she caught. It's high time. You speak about hypothesis. You express your anxiety and just pick about somebody else. Past simple. I'd rather you didn't smoke two subjects. I'd rather, I wish wish about somebody else past simple. I'd rather you didn't smoke. I'd rather not have gone to the cinema last night. I rather not have gone. Wish about myself, about the past, present, perfect. Revise the grammar cards. They will help you realize a lot. I'd rather she hadn't come back home last night. Which in the past, about somebody else. Past perfect. Wish. In the past about yourself. Present perfect. Which in the past about somebody else. Past perfect. I hope it's got a little bit clearer. I know that the sentences could be confusing. If you need extra exercises or extra explanations, let me know and I will work on it. Don't forget the links attached. And see you in the next video. 87. Questions. Grammar Lab: Question tags: After the previous lecture, which I admit was a little bit harder. This one, I'm sure you will find good ideas and it's about question tax. If you are aware of the scheme, just leave the grandma or lap and go to the exercises. Otherwise, let's get started. The question tags for one simple rule. When the first part of the sentence is positive, the second one is negative, and vice versa. When the first part of the sentence is positive, the second one is negative. By the second one. I mean the auxiliary that you use in the second part of the sentence. For example, he lives in moderate president, simple, human lives in moderate, positive coma. And Dr. dead negative auxiliary, doesn't he? He lives in moderate, doesn't he? Or she lived in California. Didn't shift. Positive sentence, negative torque or negative auxiliary at the end. How to choose the correct auxiliary need depends on the tense. You do already know them perfectly well. I'm sure you know how to form the questions, how to form the negatives in the different tenses? So everything you need to be careful about here is whether the first part is positive or negative. Another example, she didn't come on time. The chain. She didn't come negative. Positive at the end. The chain. He wasn't in the office, was here. And so on. Negative, positive, positive, negative. There are also some stranger cases, some stranger situations which I want you to pay attention to. They are given here under the general scheme. Let's go. Shall we just remember it? Eyelids or letters? Goes to shower. Let's go. Shall we? I am right. Are anti I am. It's not my note. It is our anti. I'm right around tie. The last one when it comes to instructions, but you want to make it sound more as a polite request. Open the door where we are. So let's go, shall we? I'm right. Or anti, open the door where the general role, positive first part negative auxiliary, or negative first part, positive auxiliary. The exercises are in the attached PDF. What you need to do is to write the question tax. After that, you need to fill in with the missing part based on the tag, the opposite exercise, you have the question that given you need to think about the main structure, the maintenance that is introduced in the sentence. Last but not least, several sentences with mistakes. What you need to do here is to correct them. That's it. Sure it will be easier. See you in the answers section. 88. Questions. Question tags: exercises: Question decks in practice, the exercises. The first one you just needed to write the question deck. You remember the general rule, right? Positive sentence, negative auxiliary, negative sentence, positive auxiliary. Several exceptions. Here come two sentences. It was confirmed, wasn't it? It was past simple the verbs of a positive negative tech wasn't that she had already answered you back, hadn't checked. She can't answered past perfect positive. The auxiliary needs to be negative. We haven't spoken about that. We haven't spoken negative. First part. Have WE? Positive deck. We haven't spoken carefully. She wasn't here by chance, was she? She wasn't here, wasn't past simple. The verb to be negative. Positive deck required. She wasn't watching. You couldn't solve the problem, could you? You couldn't solve past simple of the modal verb, codons, negative, positive, doc. Could you turn the TV on? These are the commands that we spoke about when you want to make command more polite, more to sound, that's a request. You just add the tag. We will Coleman and our Can you or will you hear just the wheel? You may work as it fits the context. Otherwise, strictly grammatically speaking, candle works perfectly fine as well. Let's go out, shall we? Let's show away. This is one of the exceptions. I'm interested in this. I am. Pay attention to the last example. I'm interested in this, I am here. The idea is that you are stressing on the first part of the sentence. You are putting emphasis on the fact that you are really interested in that one. I'm interested in this. I am missing parts based on the tag. So here you are given the second parts of the sentences. You needed to think how to fill it with the correct tense. She hasn't caught yet. He has, she has present perfect auxiliary positive, which means that negative first part is required. She hasn't code yet, has Shay. I'm the winner. Are anti, aren't I? This is the question tag, which is typical for the verb to be the positive form. I am, the winner are anti. Let us go to school together, shall we, shall we, let's, you do know this one already. Buy some bread. We will, again, a way to make an order, a polite request YOU and just the verb after that. She didn't use to be afraid of dogs in the past, but now She is. Isn't she? Be careful here? First, speak about contrasts between the present and the past. And grammatically speaking, the best way to introduce this contrast is why using the structure used to do something or negative didn't use to do something. But this forest part, he has nothing to do with the question tank which is required. But now she is, isn't it? The question tag refers to the second part of the sentence as it was given, isn't she? You can conclude that the verb required this is on left and up to there. So she didn't use to be afraid in order to introduce contrast. And after that, in order to form the question deck is, isn't. Once I didn't use to wear skirts, did I? I didn't use to where why? Because you you speak about once, something that was typical for you in the past and probably it's not typical for you in the present. Here. It depends really on your own interpretation, at least this one was mine because once for me means that once it was typical for me and now I'm sorry, it's not de-risk contrast. But if you want only to say that something happened to arms and up to the air without concluding about the present. Just go to simple. Once I didn't wear skirts. She has slipped four hours. He hasn't she has slipped for hours. He hasn't to present perfect. Hasn't negative TOC positive first part required? Yes. The last exercise, correct. If something is wrong, the first to finish a runtime, you remember when you speak about yourself in the first part of the sentence. And the auxiliary use is the verb to be everything you need to do is in the second part to introduce the negative two b are anti. He has to wear a uniform, doesn't hear. He has to have to. This is the modal verb that you have in the first part of the sentence. In the second one, you need the negative auxiliary that this model of purpose related to. Obviously it's not Muslim. Just as Muslims introduces a different modal verb with different meanings, you know, it, it's not hasn't, as there isn't present perfect here we speak about modal verbs. And you know that the opposite of half TO don't have to, well, here doesn't doesn't. If there were spoken to each other on today, they've never have never have on today. A positive haven't negative. Let's move out. Shall we? You know this one already not going to stress in it anymore. We can't be that late. Can we? Can't be can we come, hasn't she's come here. The apostrophe S stands for, has not for is. You understand it from the context from the tenth, which is used present perfect. As in the first part, you have, has, in the second part you need the negative one. Hasn't she has come hasn't changed. Okay. That was at any questions in the Q&A section is yours. Don't forget to just that I'm leaving the questions there for some time, usually just as I want somebody else to answer, some of the other students to answer. And I do encourage you to do it just as an extra exercise for all of you to see where the doubts of the other students are and to try to solve them. This will help you get better as well. See you in the next video. 89. Questions. Question tags: When it comes to questions in English, do already know what's the difference between the general questions or the so-called yes-no questions. And the WH questions are those questions that start with a question word. We have already spoken about the changes which happen in questions within the reported speech. While something that's a mixture between all of these things that I've enumerated is what you need in order to understand what in direct questions there. If aware, please keep the grammar lab and go to the exercises you know where to find them. Otherwise, here comes the explanation. For example, the direct question is a typical one, let's say a WH question, the question which starts with a question word, what's the time? And if you wanted to start in a different way, for example, can you tell me? Would you tell me? Do you know? Then the question itself is taken by this first introductory part. Can you tell me here we have Dean version. Here you have the question itself. Well, because of that, after what? After the question word comes the street towards order. The word order, which is typical for a firm with F for positive sentences. Can you tell me what the time is? Not? Can you tell me what is the time? Otherwise, you will have two questions in one and the same sentence. Can you tell me what Dr. debt the structure of the affirmative sentences? Can you tell me what the timers or the other case we have? General yes-no question. For example, we will be late. Again, the question we'd want to form starts with the question structure. Do you know? D have an idea. Here we checked, and so on. These questions structured the x, the question, the inversion goes at the beginning. Which means that after that, what you need is to follow the order of the affirmative sentence, of the positive sentence. It just don't forget that here, as you already know from the reported speech sentences, you need the linker. In the first case, the WH question. The linker is this WH words, the question word what we are, how we deliver after debt? In the general question, the linker is if or whether. Same logic as in reported page. Do you know if you will be late? Not do you know if will you be late? Same logic. Otherwise, you are having two questions within one sentence. So can you tell me what the time is? Do you know if you will relate? Sounds simple. Let's see Tim, for access. In the exercises, you will be asked to write several indirect questions. Dr. Debt, to choose between a direct and indirect questions structure. Your favorite one as the last one again, to correct what is wrong within the sentences. The PDF you may find attached after the video. There are also some links for online exercises, COND answers section. 90. Questions. Indirect questions: exercises: Direct or indirect questions. This is the question. In the first exercise, you just needed to finish the indirect questions. Again, you are careful that the question structure is taken by the first part of the sentence. Can you tell me, do you believe, do you know, do you think and so on? After debt, you use a linker, which can be either a W-H word or if Twitter. And once this one is included, you need just to follow the structure of a typical positive sentence in practice. Whereas the station, I was wondering where the station is. I was wondering where is the linker. And after that, where the station is, not where is the station? What have we been doing? Could you tell me what you have been doing? Could you tell me that is the question part. What you have been doing. What time does it theaters start? What time? May remind me what time the theaters starts. Present simple. May remind me. The question structure. May remind me what time the theaters starts. When did you graduate? I'd like to know when you graduate it. I'd like to know when you graduate it, whether you will put a question mark at the end or not, depends on the intonation you'd want to pronounce a sentence, but it can be spelled on both ways. When did you graduate question in past simple. I'd like to know when the linker is. The question hurt. When you went after the verb plus ED when you graduated? We will she be here on time? Will she be here on time? Question? General question. We'll hear her. Do you have any idea? Here is introduced your question part. Do you have any idea if linker she'll be here on time. Do you have any idea if she will be here? Not all. Will she be here? How much does that book cost? How much? There is a linger? I do want to know how much that book costs. Costs. Present simple. Reo friends joining us for dinner. Are your friends joining us for dinner? You are asking about the plan. Present continuous is used. So may you tell me this is the question part. If linker, your friends are joining us for dinner. If your friends are joining costs for dinner, don't forget that you do not need question in the second part, the question structure is taken by the first part of the sentence. What shall lead for the class was She'll lead question, general question. Past simple the verb to buy. Please tell me if she was late for the class. Please tell me linker. And then the general questions structure. After that direct or indirect question, which one is needed? Would it be possible to tell me? And so far you have the introduction which means that this part is there to remind you need an indirect question. Exactly. The linker is if the watch will have been a ready by the end of the month or would it be possible to tell me if the watch will be ready by the end of the month, whichever you prefer. Did you use to wear a uniform in your school years? Did you use to wear a uniform in your school years? There is contrasts. I mean, the fact that this was typical for me for a period of time in the past. Let you choose to use to structure if you'd want to. Otherwise you may go to Simple past on life. Did you wear uniform in your school ears? But whichever option you go for, just to need to keep in mind that you need a direct question. Knowing direct question introduced here. The third one, is there any chance the class to have been finished earlier today? Is there any chance question? So is there any chance the class to have finished earlier today? About this type of infinitive called perfect infinitive will speak in awhile in the infinitive section. But I'm sure that you can understand what's the logic when there is a difference in the sequence of activities and the action, use pickup outcomes before the action that has just been described. You need exactly the perfect infinitive. That's it. Is there any chance the class to have finished earlier today? Did you smoke several years ago? As I see now, you do. General question, direct digit smoke, go past simple. I'd like to know where the similar is going to be spent this year or I like to know where the summer will be spent this year. It depends on the context. If we speak about plants, going to speak about spontaneous decisions will. From the context of this sentence, it's really not clear what was meant. It's up to you. The choice. I'd like to know where the summer is going to be spent will be spent. Just keep in mind that you need an indirect question within the structure. Mistakes. Do you remember? This is the question part, the indirect question. Do you remember when he called for last time? Not when did he call? You need the structure of an affirmative sentence after the linker, when could you tell me where the key is? Not? Where is the key? Where is the key? Gives you a question? Where the key is gives you the not inverted structure, which is typical for indirect questions. Why? Because the first part takes the question part. Could you tell me after that? Do you know why we are here? Same logic. Do you know why? This is your question part after that, you need the structure of an affirmative sentence. Do you know why we are here? Please tell me what time it is not what is the time? Please tell me what time it is used to traveling by car that often. This one. I'm sure you remember, we spoke about the differences between used to do something and be used to doing something. Here the structure tested is be used to doing something. Could you tell me if she's coming back? Could you tell me if linker she's coming back? That was it. After all the examples, I'm sure that you are capable of differentiating between direct and indirect questions. The next step, you know, is to start using these structures in passive. Because exercises are a great way to start studying language. But the reality of language speaking comes after each course. Please don't skip the last part of the course, the last section in which I'll try to give you some hints how to keep on working on your grammar from now on. See you in the next video. There are still some grammar structures to speak about. Before going through the heads. Sudhir. 91. Infinitives. Most common verbs, followed by TO + Infinitive: Welcome back. It's time to introduce the second verb forms or the so-called gerunds and infinitives. What the story here is about quite typical situation when speaking in a language is to be necessary to use two verbs, one after another. For example, I want to do something. I wanted to go there, I want to drink water, or I like traveling abroad. Well, there are verbs in English which are formed by two plus the infinitive of the another verb. There are verbs which are followed by another verb plus I-N-G. There are verbs which are false just by the other verb. Here you do already known example. The modal verbs I can speak, can pause bare infinitive, It's called, or infinitive without to. Whatever the situation you need to be aware of the precise structure. I'm not saying that it's easy to memorize all of the verbs, but the more you practice, the better you are to become. I'm sure. You may find the PDF with the list of the most common verbs that therefore world by two plus infinitive. After this video, just, I prefer to pass through it step-by-step and through the examples in order you to hear it. Because it's different. I mean, it's different just to read it. And it's different to when somebody reads it aloud, when somebody puts the emphasis on the parts which are really important. If not keen on the approach, just skip the lab and go to the list by yourselves. My advice, real light fall. And let's pass through the examples together. Let's get started. As I told you, there are verbs which are followed by two and the other verb, verbs that are followed by the other verb plus I-N-G, and verbs which are followed by another verb. The first part of this section, we'll speak about the verbs which are followed by two plus the infinitive of the other verb. Agree and agreed to call him. Agreed to code. Everything that you remember about the tenses is applicable here. Just be careful. The verb which takes the tense form is the first verb, not the second one. The second one goes in infinitive. It has, let's say helping role in the whole structure appear. Here, appears to be late. He seems to believe, appears to infinitive range. I arranged to stay in a three-star hotel, arrange to do something. Arranged to stay. She asked to enter, ask to do something. He began to sink, began to do something. You may see that some of the verbs are in italics. Well, yes, just because some of the verbs in English can be used with to plus infinitive, as well as with the verb plus I and j. And of course, with difference in meaning. About this, we will speak later. Now please focus just on the verbs which are followed by an infinitive. This list, Canterbury, she can't bear to be with her parents anymore. Chickens standard, it's the same and these two phrases are synonyms. Can't bear constant. The non-constant to listen to that music. Count where it into something. Cans tend to do something. She doesn't care to assist in the tasks. Care care to do something, care not to do something. She doesn't care to assist in the tasks. Sees the detours ceased to communicate with those parents. Stop. It means stop. The detours ceased to computing gate. Emphasizing it once again, tensors applicable here, all of the rows, passive, active, everything, just, it refers to the first verb. Yes, there are some other difficulties, let us say, such as continuous infinitive, perfect infinitive, about this one in a while. In the general case, in the simplest case, there is tendons, which is taken by the first verb. There is two and the second verb after that, she chose to skip her gap year tools to do something. She chose to skip. He claimed to be innocent, claim to do something. Claimed to be. She continued to ask questions, continue to do something. I'd really advise you to rewrite all of these. It's even better than to print them. It's up to you, of course, but when you're right about this one, you just involve more of your senses. Personal advice. We decided to visit Italy, decide to do something. We decided to visit Italy. She demanded to receive her money back. Demand she demanded to receive her money back. She deserves to be treated well. She deserves to be treated passive of the infinitive. Remember the sentence in awhile, I will speak in details. She deserves to be treated. Dread to do something. I dread to be left alone. I dread to be left alone. Pass. If again, they expect to meet the pope, expect to do something, they expect to meet. Fail to do something. He failed to receive the new position. I forgot to close the window and then left. Forget to do something with an exclamation mark here because the story is smoke. I forgot to close the window when I left. Mark gets to go to the theater tonight. Why can't I get to do something? Means be allowed to do something. Mark gets to go to the theater tonight. Why can't die? She happens to be there on time, happen to do something. She happens to be there on time. He heats to do the washing, heat, to do something. She Keats to do the washing heat as well. She hesitated to go there. So our left. She hears it heated to go there. So his date to do something. I hope to be promoted, passive. I hope to be promoted, hope to do something we intend to find on the finished the project. We intend to finally finish the project. Intent to do something. I learned to talk in Russian when we lived there. I learned to talk in Russia, learn to do something. He likes to hike, like to do something. She likes to hike. We love to swim. He managed to enter the flat without the key. Managed to enter, manage to do something. I needed to have some time for myself formula. I need to have some time for myself on right? And again, be careful about the verb neat. She neglected to inform me about the situation. Neglect plus two plus infinitive. She neglected to inform me about the situation. I offered to help her with the luggage. I offered to help her with the luggage, offer to do something. We plan to visit my uncle's families. The summer. Plan to do something. We plan to visit my uncle's family this summer. I prefer it to be there in advance about the verb referred and the different structures. It can be part of we've already spoken. I prefer to be their preferred to do something. He prepared to pass the test. Prepared to do something. He prepared to pass the test. As a child. She pretended to be a man, pretend to do something. As a child. She pretended to be a man. She promised to come back tonight, promise to do something. She promised to come back tonight. Proposed to pay for the dinner, proposed to do something, refuse refuse to do something. Mark refused to listen to their complaints. Refused to listen. I regret to inform you that you are not among the winners. Are regret to inform you, and you're careful about this verb. Regret to do something. Did you remember to switch off the light? Did you remember to switch off the light if you have any questions about the verb, remember in this usage, yeah, it's normal and yes, we will speak about it in awhile. It's one of the verbs which has completely different meaning when you switch to plus infinity. And with the verb plus I-N-G after that. She seemed to be independent, seem to do something. She seemed to be independent. Mark started to drive faster, starts to do something. Mark started to derive faster. His Word to be innocent, swear, swore, sworn, his war to be innocent. She tends to be a little bit childish. Tend to do something. She tends to be a little bit childish. He threatened to quit, threaten to do something. He threatened to quit, tried to catch the bus, but it was too late. Try to do something. And again, you're careful about usage of the verb. Trying to catch the bus, but it was late. He vowed to marry her. He vowed to marry her about to do something. I waited to buy the latest model. Wait to do something. He waited to buy the latest model. I want to live in spin. Want to do something. I wish to enter first-class, wish to do something. We'd like to complete the process. With the like. To complete the process would like to do something. She yearns to in the golden medal. When the Gordon model. Keep in mind that these are not o of the verbs. These are the most common verbs and Ts, I didn't know there a lot. I remember what I did the first time when I had to memorize them in my school years back then, I just chose the list with the verbs followed by two plus infinitive. Memorize them, as well as the verbs which were different meaning. You'll find them in a while. In my mind it was that as I know the verbs which are formed by two. And as I know the verbs which have different meanings for either by two or by gerund. All of the rest are we? Well, not precisely. But let's see that it may work. So if you find it useful as an approach to take advantage of it. But I really advise you to try to memorize as many verbs as possible just because it will be easier for you to speak. When you start learning, you will see that you do already know most of these. Let's get started with the other things around infinities because that's not everything, not at all. This is just the list with the verbs which are most commonly followed by two plus infinitive. This is the simple infinitive. What about the other forums? What about some structures? In the next video? 92. Infinitives. Grammar Lab: The Infinitive - forms and structures: As you are aware of the most common verbs which are used to which to plus infinitive after debt. Let's now check which the infinitive structure, sir. What's the forms are that we're going to talk about here? If you are aware of these, please skip the grammar lab and let's continue with the exercises. Otherwise, I'd want to explain the difference between the simple, the continuous and the perfect infinitive. The simple infinitive is what you know and what you have been using till now. I want to come, I want to drink, and so on. It shows that there is no time difference between the moment the actions happened. I want to come. You are not emphasizing on anything which differs the moment these activities took place. In passive, what needs to be changed is to introduce the auxiliary beat. I want to be asked, to be asked. I want to be asked, I wanted to come active. I want to be positive. Third form of the verb, passive. Continuous infinitive, on the other hand, emphasizes on the fact that the action has taken a period of time. I'm grateful to be having her around. Within this period of time. You are emphasizing this one exactly here is where the accent is spot-on. The structure to after a dead B and it's not changed. Then the meaningful verb we tend to, I am grateful to be having around. And last but not least, comes the perfect infinitive as perfect structures as perfect modal verbs, for example, that you do already know. Here. Your idea is the same. I'm happy to have Meteor. You are happy about something that has already happened. You're emphasize CEO puts the emphasis on the fact that there is difference between the moments these two activities took place. I'm happy to have met you. And in passive, he was pleased to have been greeted. He was pleased. Again. You show the difference in the kernel logical occurrence of the activities. He was pleased to after that. And you don't change it. Then comes bean and you don't change it. And after that, the third form of the verb, he was pleased to have been greeted. Passive. Three types of infinite depth, simple, continuous, and perfect. The simple and the perfect infinitive do have passive forms. Apart from the forums, there are several structures in which infinitive sir used to are the most common. For example, it's important for me to see your whatever. For somebody to do something. It's important for me to see you. I find it important. So a structured, it's vital for me to know. I need to know. The other situation in which you can use to infinitive is like this. Listen to the example. You don't need to go if you don't want to. So the verb plus the infinitive comes at the end of the sentence. And it's not necessary here in this situation to repeat the meaningful verb again. You don't need to go. If you don't want to go. Instead of repeating the verb, you can just skip it. If you don't want to force stop it completely well understandable what was meant within the sentence. Not so difficult. I told you. What you need to do now is to fill in some gaps, will contain some exercises. In the first 11 of these structures I've shown you, it's important for me to know whatever. So these structures are tested here. After a debt, you need to transform the sentences using the verbs given. These are just some of the verbs which can be forward by two infinitive. Up to now we have spoken to only about to infinity. There is nothing you can be confused by. Just be careful about the form of the infinitive and try to memorize really to memorize as many verbs as possible, it will be just easier for you. The exercises are in the attached file. There are links for online exercises as well. See you in the answer section. 93. Infinitives. The Infinitive, part 1, exercises: Simple, continuous, or Perfect. I hope you've understood the difference between the different infinitive types. And I'm sure that you've been able to implement them in the exercises. Bird from these exercises and advise you to start creating situations, sentences to think for contexts in which these structures can be asked. Situations on your own, context, on your own. This way, it'll be really easy for you to memorize everything that have passed through your mind. So in the first exercise, you needed to transform the sentences using one of the infinitive structures. They can't be at a university. It's impossible for them to be at the university. It's whatever for somebody to do something, it's impossible for them to be at the university. We have to understand the seriousness of the problem. It's important for us. So instead of we, the pronounced changed into us, It's important for us to understand the seriousness of the problem. What's the idea? Just to variety your language, just to be able to express yourselves in different ways. It's important because nobody likes to sound on the same way and nobody wants to speak to people who cannot variety than that in which at least on a subconscious level, it does produce some meaning. It does bring to an effect. We couldn't cope with the problem. It was hard for us to cope with the problem. It was hard for us to do something. You didn't need to book the tickets in advance. It was not necessary for somebody for you to book the tickets in advance. People tend to waste their time. It's natural for people to waste their time. Employees are trying to predict the future. It would be very difficult for employees to predict the future. C in the first sentence from each pair, the emphasis is put on the door of the action, which means that this is the important part. In each second part, the sentence is done indefinite. It is transformed into impersonal, which means that the activity is important, not who does it. After that. They need to talk to their tout. They are important. The child is important. And that her, them, it's crucial for them to talk to their child. It's crucial for them. New nuances centered. It's not only important, it's crucial for them to talk to their child. He needs to get on well with his relatives. It's vital for him to get on well with his relatives. It's vital for him. Again, you show the variety of vocabulary you are aware of. You are not allowed to talk to him. Her mother said 4-bit. You need to transform using the verb given her mother for weight her to talk to him. You are not allowed to talk to him. Her mother forbade her to talk to him, forbid somebody to do something. Let's have a drink after work. He said he invited her to have a drink after work. He invited her to invite somebody to do something. I agreed because my sister insisted. She explained. My sister persuaded metal grade. Probably you have paid attention to the fact that the sentences within the exercise are in fact transformation from direct to reported speech. And obviously not every time when you make this transformation, it's possible to use SIT, asked, thought and whatever. Each verb can be used as part of the transformation from direct to reported speech. As far as it brings in some meaning. These verbs, I hope you'll remember our code exactly. Reporting verbs. My sister persuaded me to persuade somebody to do something. After that. Don't forget to switch off the lamp. She said. And instead of saying, she said not to forget, remind needs to be used as linking words. The structure. She reminded me to switch off the lamp. Remind somebody to do something in the shop. He said to the boy. There. He ordered the boy to enter the shop or their somebody to do something. He ordered the boy to enter the shop. You should go to the doctor. She said advice. She advised me go to the doctor. She advised me to go to the doctor, advice somebody to do something. The introductory, let's say D easier exercises. What follows in the next video is for the practice. Practice on infinitive structures exactly. Just from a little bit different perspective. The PDF is attached, will pass through the types of exercises, but you may start doing them right now. See you in the explanatory section of the next video. 94. Infinitives. The Infinitive, part 2, exercises: Some more exercises related to the infinitive structures and the infinitive forms on the horizon. I hope you have already done them. So just let's check what is required to be done. In the first one, you need to transform the sentences given with an infinitive. After that, you need to be careful whether we speak about active or passive structure. And then you need to correct the infinitive form. Sounds simple. Let's see it in practice. She's the person who Musa dusk. She is the person whom you should ask. The person for you to ask for somebody to do something. She's the person for you to ask. This is the movie that you should watch. This is the movie for you to watch. Is it once you get it? He issued an order that they should pay the money back. He issued an order for them to pay the money back. She had a plan according to which her sister was to come and live with her. She had a plan for her sister took for somebody to do something, for her sister to come and live with her. They believe that they will increase the connections between the two regions. They believe for something to happen. For the connections between the two regions to increase. He's not to demand whom you can depend on. He's not a demand for you to depend on. For somebody to do something. Take advantage of this structure. It can be applied in different contexts. Real life. The tree which will be planted here is very rare. The tree to be planted here is very rare. Somebody will plant the tree, which means that the tree will be planted. But we have an infinitive structure, which means that wheel is substituted by two passive. The tree to be planted here is very rare. This is the envelope which will be sent. This is the end of the rope to be sent. The simple infinitive, as you may notice from the context, refers to the present as well as to the future. To be sent. Passive. Unfortunately, there is nothing we can do. Unfortunately, there is nothing for us to force somebody to do something. The topics which will be covered during the exam will be known in advance. The topics to be covered passive for the future. To be covered during the exam will be known in advance to be covered. If you are planning to say FCC or routes, pay special attention to these infinitives and gerunds firms that are coming in awhile. Just because it shows that you are aware of the language on a different level. It shows that you can express yourself clearly with less words. And thanks to better grammar. I'm hippie that I called you. I'm happy to have you. I'm happy now for something that has already happened, which means perfect infinitive. I'm happy to have Codio. She was shocked when she met him. They're shocked, met no difference in the time when these actions happened. Which means that the simple infinitive suits perfectly well. She was shocked to meet him there not to have met. Don't be confused by the fact that one of the verb forms is in the past. It doesn't mean that you need perfect infinitive. Perfect infinitive, once again, is required when there is a difference between the moments these activities took place within the time-frame. We're pleased when the hurt that the baby was born. Again. The whole story takes place in the past. There is no difference in the occurrence of activities, which means that simple infinitive is pretty enough. The worklist to here, That's the baby was born. I'm grateful that I mature. Well, here there is difference between the period of time the actions happened. I'm grateful now that I met you before. With infinitive, it means that exactly You need the perfect one. I am grateful to have material. We are relieved that we're going home. We are relieved that we are going home. Be careful here. In the second part of the sentence. What you have is present continuous for the future. In order to keep this meaning with the infinitive structure, you need to take advantage of the continuous infinitive, continuous infinity if required. We are relieved to be going home. I'm glad I didn't depend on him. I'm glad I didn't. So I'm glad about something that has already happened. Which means that there is difference between the moments these activities took place. In short, perfect infinitive. I'm glad, and you need to keep this didn't just to format with an infinitive, not on. The particle, is enough to show the meaning which has been hidden within the first sentence. I'm glad not to have depended on him. I'm glad that something didn't happen. I'm glad that I didn't depend on him. I'm glad not to have depended on him. One more time. If you are planning to go to either if C or C or IoT, these structures will be extremely useful during your speaking, during your writing exam, during the listening section as well in order to catch what you are asked, a really pay special attention if you need more exercises, let me know. I'm pleased that I'm working with her. Present continuous. You need to keep it. I'm pleased to be working with her perfect infinitive. Is it perfect? No, it's not. It's the continuous infinitive to be working. B plus the verb cosine. I'm glad that I've been there. I'm glad that I've been there. I'm glad now for something that has already happened, which means you need perfect structure one more time. I'm glad to have been there. I am glad to have been there. Perfect infinitive. I was sorry. I had called him. I was sorry. Past simple code, past perfect. You need the perfect infinitive again, there is difference between the moments when these activities happened. I was sorry to have quote, If the second part needs to be transformed in passive, what needs to be added? Being precisely, I was sorry to have been called by him, let's say. Last but not least, she's excited because she's moving to England. Contexts we had already been aware of. It means that there is present continuous, which future meaning? In order to keep it in the second sentence, you need the continuous infinitive. One more time. She's excited to be moving to England. Be excited to do something. Here, be excited to plus B plus the verb tangy. She's excited to be moving to England. That was the introduction to infinity of structure is done. Why introduction? Well, I thought that there are some verbs which can be used to wait infinity for returned. We haven't spoken about those verbs yet, but before them. Let's pass through the basics of what is gerund. Which verbs are followed by a gerund, which are the forums and so on. See you in the other lecture. 95. Gerund. Most Common verbs, followed by verb + ING: We have already passed, throw the list with the verbs forward by two plus infinitive. There is nothing to surprise you at here. Different, different means. Structure in which one verb is followed by another verb with I and j. Please be careful, this is not continuous tense. This is second verb form. The tens is brought by the first verb. In the infinitive structures, the second verb form follows different rules. Reminding you. The second verb form can be followed either by bare infinitive. As the story goes with modal verbs, just the verb without to. It can be followed by two plus infinitive, or it can be followed by another verb with Angie, journey. The list returns. You can find, again attached. It's up to you whether you use preferred to listen to the whole list or you just skip the grammar lab and go to the exercises. I've told you my consideration. It's better to hear some things, right? Let's get started. Admit is one of the verbs that MIT she admitted failing the test. Admit doing something. The doctor advised taking those pills. Advice doing something. The doctor advised taking those pills. I don't allow smoking at home. I don't allow doing something. I don't allow smoking at home. He anticipated a receiving the results. He anticipated receiving the results. I appreciate you're making the efforts to do it. I appreciate you're making the effort to do it. Appreciate doing something or appreciate somebody's doing something. She avoided talking first. She avoided talking first. Avoid plus verb, plus sine t. I began learning cooking. I began learning cooking. Began can be switched to it can be used with ING after that. Same story with can't bear. I can't bear listening to complaint all the time. I can't bear listening to complain all the time. She can't help shouting quite often. She can't help. She can't live without this one. She can't help shouting quite often. I can't see pink so much money for a second canon camera. I can't see, I can't imagine. I can't see pink so much money for a second-hand camera. Constant, again, verb structure, which can be formed either by two or by I-N-G without that much difference in meaning, I can't stand him talking to you like that. You can say I can't stand talking that much or I can't stand somebody doing something. I can't stand him talking to you like that. The headmaster seized calling his parents every day, stopped. Ceased, stopped. The headmaster ceased calling his parents every day. Can be followed by ING, as for us by two infinitive. She completed radical rating the floor. She completed a radical rethink the floor, complete doing something. He considered changing his job. Consider doing something. He considered changing his job. She continued to listening to him. She continued listening to him, continue doing something. The lawyer defended him, drawing such conclusions. Defend somebody doing something. The lawyer defended him drawing such conclusions. She delete a reporting current expenses. She do late reporting, delay, doing something. She denied having been there. Why having been in a while, as you may guess, it's a perfect form. Again, you know the idea from the infinity structures. She denied having been there. He despises working at weekends. He despises stronger than he despises working at weekends. We discussed working at shifts. We discussed working, discuss post verb parsing, dislikes. Getting upper-left. He dislikes getting up early. Dislike for verb for zinc. I don't mind to letting, you know. I don't mind letting you know. Don't mind plus verb plus psi. And he dreads working out in the morning can be followed by ING as by two. Without much difference in context. He dreads working out in the morning. She encourages doing the homework in class. Wind joy, traveling around the world, enjoy doing something. We enjoy traveling around the world. He finished preparing the ones earlier today. He finished preparing the launch. Finish doing something. I forgot sending you that male difference between forget to do forgets to think in awhile. I forgot sending here that male. She hates being spoken to in that way. She hates being spoken to in that way. Probably of Quartet. It's passive. She imagines living there. She imagines living there. Imagine doing something. The trip involves traveling by ferry. The trip involves traveling by ferry. Involve doing something. She kept repeating that lie. She kept repeating. Keep repeating. He likes listening to classical music. Like it was verb plus sine t. He likes listening to classical music. I love cycling. I love cycling. Love pause verb cosine. And he mentioned, we think the first-price mentioned, winning mentioned was variable for Scientists. Do you mind speaking to her one more time? Do you mind verb? Do you mind speaking to her one more time? She misses and living in a hut. Miss during and after that. She misses and living in a hut. The room needs painting. The room needs painting. About the verb need. We're going to speak in details. He often neglects doing the housework, neglect doing something. The load does not permit smoking, can close to places. The law does not permit smoking enclosed places. She postponed graduating. She postponed graduating. Postpone plus verb plus I-N-G. She practiced taking care for the baby, practiced taking care, practice plus verb plus I and j. She prefers sitting without being noticed. She prefers sitting without being noticed. Refer plus verb, plus I and j. Differences, you are aware of them. We spoke about preferred in details. I proposed going out to dinner to that restaurant. I proposed going out for dinner, proposed doing something. He quit working in that component, quit plus verb plus I and j. In awhile, we are going to speak about the differences in meaning when the verb is used with Angie and when the verb is used to, It's too. There are some verbs which can be used either with I-N-G or with til, without change in the meaning. So if you see them here in italics, and you don't hear the explanations later on. In the grammar lab. It means that there is no difference between the verb used with I-N-G, the verb used with top infinitive. Just to note, she record handing her cart to the shop assistant or record doing something? Record handing remembered. I do not recollect meeting came before. Recollect. Remember? I do not recollect meeting him before. Mark recommended registering for the event in a dance? Mark recommended registering for the event in advance. Here, regretted not coming to the same operation or regret doing or not doing something. He regretted not coming to the celebration. Pay attention to the fact how the negative forms are formed. Regret not doing something. I remember giving you the answers yesterday. I remember giving you the answers yesterday. Remember doing something here, reported him kidnapping the child. Report. Somebody doing something here reported him kidnapping the child. The position requires completing the course. Require doing something. The position requires completing the course. Here resented being treated like a child, being treated passive. There resisted talking about the accident. There resisted talking about the accident. She risked being caught. She risked being caught passive. She started preparing for the exam. Start pause where plus I and j can be followed by two plus infinitive as well. He stopped complaining. Again, can be said that he stopped to complain, but with a difference in meaning close jacket in awhile. We suggested staying at that hurt suggests doing something. Tolerated him asking more questions. Dollar rate, somebody doing something. I follow rated him asking more questions. She tried finishing her homework in half an hour, try doing something. She tried finishing her homework in half an hour. We are recycling plastic or rich a recycling or it was variable plus I-N-G. And that was at. Remember, this is a list of the most common verbs, not of all verbs. Just to keep it in mind. The verbs you have. The next structure you are aware of it. Let's explore with the structures and forms these germs, gerunds are. See you in the next video. 96. Gerund. Grammar Lab: The Gerund - types and structures: We formed, is it checked which the most commonly used verbs with I-N-G are the verbs followed by different. The next step is to examine what types of gerund exist and what are the common structures that different is your stand. If aware, please skip the grammar lab and see you in the exercises section. Otherwise, here it says, By contrast to the infinitive, you may notice that we do not have continuous chair and gerunds are two types, simple and perfect. Again, because you are aware of the difference between the simple and the perfect infinitive, I believe that it won't be a problem for you to understand. What's the difference between the simple and the perfect gerund. Simple gerund is what you are used to. Verb, followed by another verb plus I-N-G. The majority of examples we had in the previous grammar lab, or like this. For example, again, I avoid talking fast. Avoid post verb. For scientific, simple Durant. There is no specification about which one happened when there is no indicator that there is a difference in the time period the activities took place. If you want to turn this one into passive, the story, it sounds like this. He avoids being talked to being talked to the I-N-G forum, forum. The active voice goes to B, B plus I and j. And then you need the past participle, the third form of the verb, he avoids being talked to. The perfect gerund introduces something different. Here, the emphasis is put exactly on the difference of the period of time the activities took place. When something happened first in time. It is referred to with perfect Gerund. The second action, the second corona logical happening action, is referred to with the tens. That is typical for the sentence. Examples. Having entered, he noticed her having entered. The different forum is taken by the ING. You'll see it having entered. Having, it means that there is perfect gerund here. And after that comes the verb with the ED at the end or in its third four, in its past participle form. Having entered, he noticed her. First he entered, then he noticed her. The window showed no signs of having been forced, passive, no signs of having been forced. Note of being forest, as it would sound in the simple gerund. But having been forced, having once again indicates the perfect different, the fact that the action described after that happened before something else mentioned in the context of the sentence. In this case, the window showed no signs of having been forced. First. The window was or wasn't first. And after that it short or didn't show signs of this one. These are the types, some structures, different forums or I-N-G forms. You may have noticed a lot of times, in fact, just because these parents are used in various forms. In English. For example, at the beginning of the sentence, it's really typical to start with either the simple or the perfect structure, depending on the context. Once again, being always on time, It's what I like about him being always on time. Otherwise, you should say the fact that he's always on time, which you see it's quite shorter. It's quite more precise. And because of that, it's the preferable option. At the same time, just don't forget that being, having been until on are a little bit more formal. They are typical for formal writings, for formal conversation. Yes, they're used in day-to-day English. But as structures, you may freely use them in formal talks, in formal writings, e-mails, whatever. Having understood the truth, he left her. First, he understood the truth. After that he left her. Having understood, having perfect in some other situations, some other contexts in which you can use the energy form. She opened the door smiling. She opened the doors. My link, just be careful. This part with the ING should refer to the same septic as the subject of the first sentence. She opened the door, she was smiling. If in the second part of the sentence, you mean somebody else, then it would be impossible to use it on this way just because it won't be clear from the context what you'd want to say. She opened the door smiling. No one listening to him. He left. Why? Because no one was listening. No one listening to him. He left while the resin cope she called me while she was dressing cup. She called me. Again. Remember this from now on. When you use the andrea forums, they need to refer to one and the same subject in the first and in the second part of the sentence. Okay? Theoretically, I think it sounds quite simple. Let's see it in practice. The same structure. Exercises we are following. First they are coming the easier ones. For example, to rewrite using the I-N-G form, then to correct the I-N-G forms and to rewrite using the phrase in the brackets. After that, there will be a second video with more exercises on different online. And then the show may go on. See you in the answer section. Let's first memorize everything about deterrence. Then we'll start comparing gerunds and infinitives. You there. 97. Gerund. The Gerund, exercises, part 1: Different forms and structures in practice. Let's take them out. In the first exercise, you needed to rewrite it using the I-N-G form. One of the structures we've mentioned is gerund use the ads. The beginning of the sentence says, I believe that this structure will be really helpful within the exercise. I visit a lot of countries each year. It makes me happy. Visiting a lot of countries each year. Each year makes me happy. You see how the descriptive initial sentence, maybe 13 to something concise. The second one, it sounds more formal. It sounds more natural. And at the same time, it makes you feel more confident in the language. My advice, start using them. Visiting a lot of countries each year makes me happy. I don't like that my father is so strict. I don't like my father being so strict. Like doing something or unlike plus verb plus I-N-G, like being something. I made a lot of young people. It motivates me. Same story. Meeting. A lot of young people motivates me. Typical for formal writing. Once again, typical for speaking. And in day-to-day conversations, you can use these structures as well. Someone must clean the room. The room needs cleaning. We will speak about the verb neat in awhile just from now, remember that need post verb plus I-N-G means that the structure is in passive. The room needs to be cleaned by someone, need posts to infinitive, or the room needs cleaning. Can you imagine that you could travel in a train like this? Can you imagine her how traveled link in a train like this? See, it's really more concise and more precise. You should have your haircut neat. You're hearing needs cutting. Your hair needs to be good by someone. Instead of saying it on this way. Here it says, my hearing needs could think the initial structure, you should have your here cupped, have something done. Do you remember them? Get something done or have something down? Somebody does something for you as a professional fever. Why should? Because we speak about advice precisely. After that. Use the correct I-N-G form. Here. Be careful about active and passive and tests being taken, pictures being taken, somebody to take pictures of her. Passive, we need being taken pictures of how understood that we need passive because of the preposition at the end. Pictures of her being taken, pictures of passive, heavier ever considered telling the truth? Consider doing something active. Have you ever considered telling the truth? I can't stand being murmured to all the time or icons tent when somebody murmurs to me all the time, passive gerund being murmured to all the time. She can't imagine living in the suburbs. She can't imagine living. Imagine, can't imagine for the verb plus I-N-G. I couldn't help taking a cake. I couldn't resist. I couldn't help simple, they aren't taking a cake octave. He avoid being given extra tasks. And his boss no set. He avoids being given. He doesn't want to be given passive gerund. I couldn't resist asking for more details. Resist doing something. Resists plus verb plus I and j. I couldn't resist asking for more details, which means exactly simple. Durant. He denies being present in the class. He denies having been present in the class. Here, there isn't enough information within the context of the sentence. The interpretation depends entirely on you. If you want to emphasize on the fact that he was president before, before the moment of speaking, then you need the perfect. They aren't having been. If you suppose that there is no need this to be emphasized, then go for the simple gerund being. Rewrite using the phrases in brackets. She wanted to leave earlier, feel like just a hint. Although you've noticed that these are phrases which are used with gerund and the idea of the exercise, start getting used to using different within simple sentences. She felt like leaving earlier, feel like doing something. Of course, there will be verbs and verb structures which were not present in the previously mentioned list in the grammar lab. The verbs in English are real. And believe me, you don't want to list with all the verbs, you just don't need it. So learn them step-by-step. Learn them in context and try to memorize as much as possible, but really step-by-step, feel like doing something. He achieved the greater result, he succeeded in achieving a great result. Another hint, when a verb is followed by a preposition, because there are such verbs which are used with the so-called dependent prepositions. After the preposition, the next verb is always interference. Once again, when the first verb is with a preposition, succeed in, aim at, and so on. Then the second verb is always with different. We will speak about dependent prepositions after verbs. In the preposition section, you may take it out. There is a list there. Just took the list for now. But it's really easy to remember it on this way. Verb, a preposition, gerund. We go to battle it. We are asked to go into beta late, late. This structure, you know, be used to doing something. Be accustomed to doing something. I intend to change my plant. Think of, of preposition again. I'm thinking of changing my flat. Be careful about the tense as well. I'm thinking of I'm considering I'm thinking of changing my flat. He thought he didn't need to tell her. Do without, didn't need to will be substituted with do without. So he thought he could and could takes the past tense. He could do it out, telling her. Most parents think it's enough to buy expensive toys for their children. Content themselves with, If not sure about the meaning, checked out, please. In general, just try to calm themselves to believe that this is the better approach. Most parents contents themselves with buying expensive toys for their children, with doing something with the exercises cyber leaf or useful. And that was just the beginning. We continue exercising gerunds in the next video. And from there, from then on, getting given more interesting, see you in the next video. The PDF with the exercises is the error. So take advantage of it and do it in advance. Sudhir. 98. Gerund. The Gerund, exercises, part 1: Simple gerund or perfect parent. This is where we'll emphasize today. The first exercise you need to use the correct tangy form in order to express you under the order of the events happened. When we speak about order of events, exactly. We need the perfect infinitive and the perfect virulent. Keep in mind that the perfect structure shows the action which is marked by this perfect structure happened first in time. After that, followed the second verb. After that, you need to choose the correct I-N-G form in the next exercise. So here it means active, passive, simple, perfect. It's up to you. And last but not least, to correct the mistakes. About this exercise, we will speak in details. Let us get started. After they can't arrange the deed, they made the guest list, the order of events you understand from the initial centers after they had arranged past perfect, which means that this action happened first in time, keeping the same order with the perfect parent having arranged the deed. They mate the guest list, having orange, perfect gerund. Once they repaired the TVA, the started cleaning. Once the repaired. So first they repaired the way. After that, they started cleaning. Having repaired statistic, they started cleaning. When he experienced the consequences, he started thinking more carefully. First he experienced something and he realized something. After that he started thinking more carefully. Same structure expressed with perfect gerund or sound like this. Having experienced the consequences, he started thinking market for life. Once he came back, he understood what was going on. Having come back, he understood what was going on. Not forget that after having, we have the past participle, the third form of the verb. Having come back, he understood what was going on. She may do wish she put on a night gown and 22, but first she made a wish. After that, the other activities took place. Having made a wish, she put on a night gown and Tibet. After she had read the instructions, she managed to put the parts together after she had read. So this is the first action, the first chronologically happening action. Having read the instructions, she managed to put the parts together, is still wondering why it is so important to be aware of these structures. I believe you see the difference. The first exercise in each pair is more descriptive. Sounds more like day-to-day English, when it comes to more advanced structures, when it comes to formal correspondence, when it comes to formal writing in general, you need to go a step up. You need the perfect structures just to show that grammar is there to support your thought. Something we've been repeating since the very beginning of the course. Grammar is not there just for the sake of exercises. It's there to help you speak better and to help you express yourself with less words and clearer and the same time. Use the correct I-N-G form. Here we need to be more careful as it is not up to the perfect form of sunlight. She has always been interested in learning a new language, simple gerund. She has always been interested in doing something. Having been asked earlier this year if you'd marry, he said he wouldn't. Earlier this year. There is difference between the periods when the activities happened and at the same time, someone asked him, which means that he has been asked perfect parent having been asked passive, having been asked earlier this year if you'd married, He said he wouldn't. The Windows show no signs of having been forced. At the moment. They do not show any signs that someone has tried to forest them. Which means that you need to indicate one more time. The difference between the moments when the activities happened. The Windows show no signs of passive. Perfect gerund. Having been forced. Getting married is like falling in love with the same person. Again, general statement, getting married. At the beginning of the sentence, the verb goes with I-N-G. Getting married is like falling in love the same person one more time. I hate being blamed without any evidence. I hate when someone blazed blames me. This is how the transformational toned. And because science structure with Jeremy would be, I hate being blamed, being blamed passive. She has never mentioned having passed the test before. So up to this moment, she has never mentioned that something had happened before. She has never mentioned perfect, different having passed the test before. He boasted of having not been caught by the police. He boasted that something had happened. And because he is the one who should have suffered from the action, imagine it on this way. We need the passive here, which means one more time, passive, perfect, Durant. He boasted of having not been caught by the police. He needed an excuse for asking her out more often. He needed an excuse for doing something neat, an excuse for reminding you once again, when the structure or the verb is followed by a preposition, it's really, really easy for you to know that you just need to gerund after a dead from their own, you start thinking whether this is active or passive gerund, whether it is simple gerund or perfect parent. But it's easier than choosing between gerunds and infinitives. Mistakes, waiting for the taxi, the wind started blowing. Do catch first that there is something conquest the sentence here. Yes, there is, obviously. And the problem is, I told you, when you use the NGO forum, you need to be really careful that the subject in the first part of the sentence is the same as the subject in the second part of the sentence. Otherwise, it's not clear. What do you mean? The sentence sounds illogical. As here, waiting for the taxi, the wind started blowing. The thinking of it appears that the wind was waiting for the taxa the wind started borrowing. While this you need to correct? As I was waiting for the taxi, the wind started blowing. Just there needs to be a strict separation between the doors of the action. Welcoming me. He started reading the news. Welcoming. Having welcomed me, he started reading the news. Otherwise, the activities are not described in their logical way of currents. Walking down the street, a car nearby got smashed. Yeah. It's not clear because it sounds as the car was walking down the street. As I was walking down the street, car nearby got smashed. And last but not least, checking my bank account, I hit it for the shop. The actions are presented as happening at the same time. But actually, you need to emphasize on the difference because they can't happen logical at the same time. You can't check your bank account and at the same time to hit for the shop. Having ticked my bank account, I headed for the shop. First. I checked my bank account. After that I headed for the shop. I believe the synthesis for really useful as we're practicing more and more structures and you see how they are used in practice. From now on, when we start comparing who started comparing gerunds and infinitives. In the next video, expect just a general comparison. The idea is to test whether you memorized which verbs are followed by two, which verbs are followed by ING from their own. We started speaking about some specifics, about some differences, but step-by-step. See you in the next video. 99. Gerund or Infinitive, part 1: Verbs followed by gerund or verbs followed by two infinitive. This is what we're going to test now as I promised you at the end of the previous video, the instruction is one and the same. Gerund or infinitive have already seen the attached PDF, which means let us get started. I can't imagine Mark leaving here. Imagine somebody doing something Gerund. He agreed to sell his flat, agree to do something. This problem is easy to solve, is easy to do something, is important to do something. And so on. Demand, asked me how to find the shop. Ask somebody to do something infinitive. I look forward to receiving your letter. Be careful with two. In fact, from time to time, it can work as a preposition, not just as a linker with the two infinitive used to. I'm used to doing something. Here's another one. I look forward to receiving your letter. This is a real common way, formal email or a formal letter to finish. So be careful about the NGO forum. A lot of people just ignore it. Don't pay attention. Let's say a letter usually finishes as look forward to receive look forward to hear from you know, I'm looking forward to receiving your letter. I'm looking forward to hearing back from you. Thinking of going to the States. Think of doing something when there is a verb plus preposition, you do know it. Then four walls of Waitangi, Durant, we decided to move to the western part of the country, decides to do something. We decided to move to the western part of the contract. The minister expected me to speak in public, expect somebody to do something, which means infinitive. She insisted on working at the weekend. Insist on doing something. She insisted on working at the weekend. I've got some tasks to finish, have something to do. I've got some tasks to finish. Gave up looking for a new job. Give up doing something. If you think for phrasal verbs, O of them are actually verbs with prepositions, right? Well, it means that after each and every phrase over, if you are supposed to your second verb form. This second verb form will be in different as well. Gave up looking for a new job, different. He'd like to try something new. We would like for us to infinitive would like. She enjoys looking after the baby, enjoy doing something. Do you know how to DOD Emergency Number? Know how to do something? Do you know how to diode the emergency number? Infinitive? Avoid talking to human this way. Avoid doing something different. Avoid talking to him on this way. My sister wants me to give her a right tomorrow morning, want somebody to do something. My sister wants me to give her a ride. Tomorrow morning. I dream about buying my own flat. Dream about doing something. Dream about the fact that there is a preposition after the verb. Enough for you to understand that current is required. I dream about buying my own flat. He's hoping to come back safe and sound hope to do something. He's hoping to come back safe and sound. Simple infinitive. She agreed to visit us, agree to do something. She agreed to visit us. The meeting was designed it to be canceled, Designed to do something. But don't forget that you always need to think for the difference between active and passive. Passive is required. The meeting was designed it to be canceled. She admitted having cheated during the test. She admitted that she had done something, which means that there is difference between the moments and the activities took place. Perfect. Gerund, exactly. She admitted having cheated during the test. You should avoid believing in God steps. You should avoid, avoid post verb was INJ. Avoid doing something different. General statements so you don't need the perfect Darren here. You should avoid advice, believing in God steps. She promised to come to my birthday, promise to do something. I promise to infinite, simple infinitive octave. She promised to come to my birthday. Kevin experienced a car accident. I'm afraid of driving. Here. The emphasis is put on the order the activities happened. First, something that happened after that you got afraid of driving, which means that you need the perfect gerund. And do you know that when a sentence starts with the perfect parent? Yes. Having experienced the car accident, That's the structure, having done something, whatever after that. Having experienced a car accident, I'm afraid of driving, worrying about the flight. They chose that train. No difference in the time occurrence of the activities this time. Just because they were worried they chose the train. In order to keep it, you need to just the simple gerund here at the beginning. She has dreamed of becoming a teacher. Dream of doing something over plus preposition. So it's clear that guarantees required after that. He apologized for not being there on time. Apologize for doing something, apologize for not doing something. A simple reminder about the not particle, how it is formed when there is a second verb form, verb plus preposition. And you're required after that. That was enough. I think. Let's see one of the differences between gerunds and infinitives. In the next video. See you there. 100. Grammar lab: verbs of senses + gerund/infinitive: Gerunds infinitives one more time. Just from a different perspective this time, what was pKa about are the verbs of census. If aware of the difference. In the example that you see in green, please keep the grammar lab and go to the exercises section. Infinitive or the one that we were speaking about. Two now, bare infinitive. Infinitive without anything, just the basic form of the verb. I saw her pass. This is bare infinitive. Bare infinitive. You do also know that is used after the modal verbs. Gerund or bare infinitive. That's the question for today. The verbs of sensors are, for example, see here, watch, and so on. There is difference in the meaning of the sentence. If you use bare infinitive after these verbs, or if you use gerund. Look at the sentences. I saw her opened the door. I saw her. This is the main verb. And after a debt is followed by bare infinitive, I saw her do something. I saw her open the door. When you use this structure with bare infinitive, you say that you have seen the whole action. The whole action has taken place in front of your eyes? I saw her open the door. When you use gerund. On the other hand, you see that you have seen just part of the action. As they passed. I saw her playing basketball when she started when she is going to finish. I don't know. I haven't seen it, but I saw part of the action. As they passed. I saw her plink. See somebody do something. You see the whole action is happening in front of your eyes. See somebody doing something refers to part of the action. It's again an example for the situation in which grammar speaks louder than words when chosen properly. It's exactly about grammar that you can truth. To express your thoughts without that many explanations. The exercises, you need to do exactly this one to choose between the bare infinitive and deterrence. The difference one more time, bare infinitive, whole action, different parts of the action. In the third exercise, there are some sentences with mistakes that are waiting for you to correct them. Enjoy D exercises that you may find in the attached PDF, as well as the links to the online exercises and see you in the answer section. 101. Gerund or Infinitive, part 2 - verbs of senses, exercises: Verb substances, this is what we discussed in the previous grandma or lab. Let's see in practice, what's the difference between bare infinitive and two different him cross or so him crossing. I saw him derive off with my sister in the passenger seat. I saw the whole action. I saw him derive off. Please not, do not use two here. Usually, the mistake is that students put two after the main verb. This is bare infinitive. You don't need to infinity if you need just the basic form of the verb. She heard him climbing the stairs towards the basement and felt scared. She heard him climbing the stairs. She heard part of the action. She was in the middle of the action when she felt scared. Because of that, you need gerund here. I can see people running. The must be at the hands distance. You didn't see the whole action. You saw part of the action because of that, you need to gerund. I heard the doorbell ringing, so I hurried to open. It's not the end of the action. In the middle of the action you heard to open you heard part of the action different. I said was crossing the street. I saw her fall. Usually when somebody false. This happens within a second and you can't see part of the action. You see the whole action. Because of that, you need the bare infinitive here. My mother was wondering if she can't hurt them, argue, here's somebody do something. It means the whole action was heard, was wondering if she had heard them argue. Of course, in these situations, in some of the cases, you may go for different or vice versa. You may go for bare infinitive. But as I've always repeated, It's important to know why, why you have opted for the usage of that structure. Why bare infinitive, why gerund, and why not? In fact, I heard her talk in Italian as it was in the room. She started talking and she didn't stop until I went out. So you're in the room. She started talking and she stopped after you are out, which means that precisely you heard the whole action. I heard her talk bare infinitive without any doubt in this context. I heard her talking in Italian, walked past their own contrast. You are just walking past. And because of that, you hear part of the action. I heard her talking in Italian as they walked past her room. I still heard chasing the cat. I hope the cat managed to escape. Which means that you didn't see the whole action and watch yourself as part of it. And she was still chasing the cat after you, you saw part of the action underlining it again, meaning you need to do around here. We saw him cross the street and head for the school. The fact that something else happened after the crossing means that you are aware of the whole action. Bare infinitive. We saw him cross the street and hit for this goal. I saw him talking to somebody on the street as I didn't want to interrupt him, I passed by and didn't stop. So you pass by, you didn't stop, meaning he continued talking after you obviously, you didn't see the whole process. I saw him talking Durant in this context. In the last exercise. Let's see what was wrong in the sentences and y. Of course, I saw her to talk to the teacher. Please. Again, never, never, ever. After a verb of sense. This is really a mistake that so common and at the same time it simply inapplicable, it can't be let exist. Remember it done this way? I heard her cry. Same story, node t2 required. I once heard her give a talk in front of the class. I heard the whole talk and give you something in brackets, some additional information it is they're certainly to here hope you're well. In this case, I heard the whole Tok, which means that they're also aware of the whole action. Which means that yes, you need bare infinitive, non-adherent. I saw the bump explode. Unfortunately, when a bump explodes, it's not taking a period of time, it's a moment. It's impossible to see just part of the action. You either see it or not. Bare infinitive. I saw the children throwing stones at the cats, the gift on throwing stones after me. You didn't see the end of the action. You so part of it, current required the sentences, I think, were enough for you to understand the importance of grammar when it comes to the verbs of sensors and the usage of gerunds and infinitives. Be careful, mind your language as there was once a mover. And let's keep on talking about gerunds and infinitives. In the next video, we will focus on the different meaning of some verbs. Because at the beginning I've mentioned that there are verbs which can be followed either by ING or by two infinitive. Some of them, yes, have no difference in meaning. But there are some verbs which are completely different. See you in the next video. 102. Grammar Lab: verbs with different meanings + gerund or infinitive: When it comes to gerunds and infinitives, one of the things you need to be aware of is the difference in the meaning of some verbs. When the areas to adjourned and 20 areas within infinitive. Keeping in mind that will pass through the most common verb better. There could be some more, but this is what is really enough for you. The first pair, try drink, try to do, try to do your homework. If necessary. I'll help you after that. You try to do something. This is the general meaning, nothing new here. You just give it a try. Try to do your homework. Saying she tried to eating that snail dish, which didn't like. It, means that you experiment with something new. This is a difference. Try to do something. The general meaning of try, try something. Give your best to do something, just give it a try. When you say try doing something, you experiment with something new. Remember doing, remember to do this verb we've mentioned several times. And it's not the, not only about this one, the row that I'm going to present now refers to all verbs connected with memory. Please remember to feed the dog before you leave. Means remember that you need to do something in the future. Please remember to feed the dog before you leave. Before you leave, do not forget to do something. That's it. But when you say, I remember meeting your previous summer, means that you remember you have done something. You see the difference. Remember to feed the dog. Don't forget to do it in the future. I remember meeting q. Meaning I saw you There. It is. Memory. We have already done this one. It refers to the past. Regret. We regret to inform you that the flight has been canceled. The most common case in which this regret TO structure is used, we are regret to inform you. I'm sorry, I need to do something. And this something has a reference to the future again, with two infinitive, we regret to inform you that the flight has been canceled. Sorry that we need to do something. When you say, I regret missing the chance to come to the interview. Sorry for something you have done or you're sorry for something that we have on. Meaning, it refers to the past. Same story to infinitive future orientation, I and j, or Durant past orientation of the action. Forget you forgot that you needed to do something. She forgot to pay the rent. She forgot to pay. You forgot that you needed to do something. So there was an obligation, but you didn't dot difference. She forgot blank in this park as a child, again, reference to the past. She forgot to doing something. You forgot. You have done something. She forgot blank in this park as a child. Forget to do something, meaning an action that is not completed. You forgot that you needed to do something. She forgot blink something, meaning something has been done but you don't you don't remember it? Go on, go on. Go on to the he went on to talk about the negotiations. Heat went on to talk. She stopped doing something and started doing something else. So to stop doing something and to start doing something else is expressed with the top structure. He went on to talk about the negotiations, which means that up to now he was talking about wobble problems, for example, global warming. After a debt, He went to talk about negotiations. He went on talking about the latest fears. He went on talking about the latest fears means keep on, keep on doing something, continue doing something. You see it's a nuance, agree with, It's important. And sometimes it's really necessary to use the verb either in the one or the other context. Keep, She kept silence to prove she had right. And be careful here. She kept silence to prove in order to, whereas she kept walking means continued doing something. You see completely different meanings, actually. Infinitive after keep meaning in order to, she kept silence to prove she had right. And on the other hand, keep ING means continue doing something. Begin, begin doing, begin to do. She began to do OK. She's beginning to OK. She began volcanic. And now let's see what's the difference. When there is a continuous tense. As in the second sentence, she's beginning talk. It's obligatory to use infinitive. That's it. Why? Because otherwise, she's beginning walking would be too much. It doesn't sound even normal assessed structure. She's beginning to OK. So remember it in a continuous tense. What do you need to use to structure? Otherwise, there is no difference in the meaning. She began to walk or she began walking because the same just in continuous tenses, you are obliged to use. The tooth structure. Starts doing started. She started to learn Chinese a month ago. It means you started the action, but the action is not completed yet. She started to learn Chinese a month ago. She started talking really fast. This is the general meaning, can start doing something. She started talking really fast. She started to learn. The action is not completed. Started but not completed. Starts doing something. You just keep on doing it. You are at the beginning of doing it. Gerund, infinity of difference. Stop doing stop the door. She stopped to check her heart rate. She stopped smoking for good, meaning forever. The general meaning again, with the gerund structure, she stopped smoking. She just stopped doing it. She sees she quit it. Stopped doing something. She's stopped to check means that she's she's been doing something. Then she stopped this, did something else. Stop doing something in order to start something else. She stopped running, for example, or she stopped moving or she stopped walking in order to check her heart rate. Neat. This one I've mentioned several times. Active, passive. This is the difference. When needed is used with different you express passive, meaning the windows need cleaning. It means somebody needs to clean the windows. Windows need cleaning. On the other hand, the windows needs to be cleaned. I need to finish the project active. That's it. As simple as that. Threat, dread, doing something, dread to do something. The general meaning of the verb is with the gerund structure. It means to be afraid, afraid of doing something. She'd read it, failing the test. This is the general the original meaning she'd read it failing the test. But when you say she dreaded to think of moving house, she dreaded to think. It means she doesn't want to consider not to want to consider something. Dread to do something, just to remember it with the example that's the easiest way should read it to think of moving houses. She didn't want to think about it. She didn't want to consider it. Should read it, failing the test. She was afraid of doing something like love, prefer. There is again a difference between the usage of the verbs with I-N-G and usage of the verbs with the infinitive. When you speak about something in general, you use gerund. I like swimming, I like cooking. I like doing the dishes, for example, for example. But when you speak about a precise situation, you use to infinitive option one, just the verb, like love, prefer plus two. Option two plus I would like, I would love, I would prefer. And after that to once again, why? Because his peak about a precise situation. I'd like to swim today after the classes. It's not that I in general like swimming, but I like to swim today after the class has precisely today, precisely that order of events. That's the difference. Mean is another interesting verb. Just as it has again, a completely different meaning when you do it different. And when used with infinitive didn't mean to hurt you. Didn't mean to hurt you, meaning that was not my intention. You intend to do something. You don't intend to do something. This one is expressed with the infinitive, didn't mean to hurt you. And on the other hand, getting the job means meeting all of the requirements. It involves meeting with I-N-G, involves getting the job, involves meeting a lot of new people. Getting the job means meeting all of the requirements. Mean plus I-N-G mean plus two. Hope you're not scared. After all the differences. In fact, it's easy once you pass through them. Some exercises you'll see that it's completely possible to learn to memorize the difference. Gerund or infinitive. This is the question. The PDF is attached. Be careful about the meaning of the verbs. Check the grammar cards. There is no problem to refer to them while doing the exercises. In this way. In fact, it will be easier for you to memorize, enjoy, and see you in the answers section. 103. Gerund or infinitive, part 3 - verbs with different meanings, exercises: Several verbs with difference in their meaning. We checked in the previous grammar lab. Let's just explore them now. In context, different or infinitive. That's the question. Would you like to come for T? Would you like to come? Like refers to a preference at the moment in this situation. Because of that, you need to infinitive. It's not a general preference. When you speak about what you prefer in general. After, like love, preferred, you are required to use Durant. It's better to stop to think before you say something. Stop doing whatever you're doing and think for awhile. Stop doing something, can start doing something else. Infinitive. I remember seeing him locked the door in the morning. I remember doing something. I remember that something has been done, meaning memory for the past IND. I'll try studying thrilled languages simultaneously. To the throat. That's quite a challenge. Because of the second sentence. You understand that this was an experiment. Because of that, you need to try plus I-N-G, different. After a two-hour awoke, she stopped to take a rest. She stopped walking in order to take arrest. To infinitive. Being a parent means are responding to your child's needs. Means responding involves responding. I don't remember sending the parcel to you. I don't remember. I don't remember having done this. Remember or a verb of memory. Plus I-N-G refers to the past. Now I really regret enrolling in that course. It was a complete waste of time. Hope you don't think so for this one either really regret in rolling in that course, regret plus verb was IND refers to regret about the past. Because of that, you need the gerund here. I can't go on pretending that I don't know the throat. Go on doing something, keep on doing something. After the retirement. She went on to give inspirational talks. She went on to give it was necessary for her to give. She stopped doing something, went on to give inspirational talks. I hope I won't forget to answer the Mayo tonight. Not to forget to do something in the future. Future orientation, verbal memory to infinitive. I've been meaning to give you a call all we clock. I had the intention to do it. I've been meaning to give you a coal all week long. You see there are not so difficult. In fact, once you catch them, there won't be any problem for you to choose between ING or with the correct verb. Lot of things we've passed straw in reference to gerunds and infinitives. I believe the lectures were useful just because a lot of information was collected here. Actually, if you started or the previous course of mine and you continued with this one, drink all of the exercises. I'm sure that now you are masters of grammar. No other way. So many exercises, so many explanations. I'm sure your goods now and I'm proud of you. Several more sections. In the next one, we will speak about impersonal structures. Again, a topic that some people find difficult that I was asked several times to give extra exercises, extra links and so on. I hope that section or be useful as well. You know, when you need of further exercises, let me know. Even if not immediately, I will react and I will add them. Of course, when you come across some useful sites and useful exercises, just put the links in the Q&A section. And on this way you will help other students from all over the world improve their English. See you in the next section. 104. Passive Structures. Grammar Lab: Impersonal passive structures: As you can have noticed in this section of the course, we will continue speaking about passive. Just passive from a different perspective. It's not the general passive of tensors you are already aware of. Although that's knowledge would be helpful. What we'll focus on now are the passive structures, impersonal and personal. If aware of them, please skip the grammar labs and go to the exercises. Although it's my strong advice to revise everything once again, because I know that a lot of people, a lot of students over the world to find them really hurt. Let get started. Impersonal passive structure, what it means and when it is used. Let us just see one example. It is believed that English is the most widely spoken language. It is believed. The idea of the impersonal structure is that you do not introduce the doer of the action saying that he or she is not important. The fact that something exists is important, why it doesn't matter. The emphasis is put on the existence of effect. The TD example in more details, some people believe that English is the most widely spoken language. Some people believe it's not important that some people do it. It is important that it is believed. You substitute the doer of the action. Some people with the impersonal pronoun it. After that, the next step, you take the tense of the verb, of the main verb in the sentence. Some people believe, believe is the main verb and you turn it into passive. It is believed that after that as a linker, the sentence from their own is the same. It is believed that English is the most widely spoken language. Another example, police have report it. That's the burglar was a risk that police have reported. Here. You do not change the tense, saying it once again, no changes in the tense needed. Police have reported present perfect. Meaning that to make it in personal, you need to start with it after debts to continue. It has been reported that it has been reported that the burglar was arrested. You take the main verb, you keep the tens, you just turn it into passive. That's why I told you that everything that you know, it would be useful here. So police have reported it has been reported. Idea. It's not important who reported it. It's emits important that the bird world was arrested. Sounds simple. In fact, it's not that difficult. This part of the grammar. You have several exercises where you need to apply what you have learned in theory. Just be careful about the main verb. Be careful about the passive form. And I'm sure you would not have any difficulties here. We will take it in a while, be ready. And the links are not after this lecture. Just because it's not so important to practice only destructor. It's important to practice both structures together, which is the second one you understand in awhile. Well, yes, there will be extra exercises just a little bit later. See you in the answer section. 105. Passive structures. Impersonal passive structures: exercises: Impersonal passive in practice when it is used and why. Let's take it out. You need to transform the sentences. This is the instruction for o of the exercises you have within this video. They say women talk more than men. They see, it's not important who the doer of the action is. It's important that something is claimed. Something is set. C, present simple. It is said that linker, it is said that women talk more than men. People claim that this is his most successful. Moreover, it is claimed, so it's not important who, in general, it's important that it is claimed. It is claimed that this is his most successful. Moreover, archaeologists believe that this is a very important excavation. Archaeologists believe, believe is the verb present simple gain. It is believed that this is a very important excavation. Once again, not introducing the precise doer of the action just changes the emphasis. On this way, you say that the second part of the sentence is quite more important than the first one. It's not important who is doing the action? It's important that the action exists. Conference see, she pretends all the time. It is set C present simple passive. It said that she pretends all the time. We think she's opening a studio of her own. With think, she's opening, think, present simple. It is thought that linker, it is thought that she's opening RStudio of her own. The claim she has started writing a book. They claim present simple. It is claimed that she has started writing a book. Sure. You've got the logic. They believe you store the wallet. They believe present simple. It is believed that you store the wallet. It is believed linker, that people believed that Freddie Mercury was one of the greatest musicians. People believe passive. It is believed present simple belief. It is believed that linker. People think that the government was preparing a thorough reform. People think that, think, Present Simple same story. It is thought that the government was preparing a thorough reform. Again, the idea, the doer of the action is not important. The action itself is important. They believed you can't lift that job. They believed past simple. You keep it in past simple, you just need the passive. It was believed that that linker it was believed that you handle lift that drop. She claims the plan will succeed. She claims claims present simple. It is claimed that the plan will succeed. It is claimed that present simple. The supposed kilo have finished the task by known. Suppose passive. It is supposed to suppose that he will have finished the task by known. They believed that dome would repair the floor soon. They believed past simple. And in passive. It was believed that that is the linker. It was believed that term would repair the floor soon. They reported past simple. He had confirmed his guilt. They reported passive. It was reported that linker it was reported that he had confirmed his guilt. The team expected the results would be visible soon. The team expected past simple passive. It was expected that it was expected passive of past simple. Plus but not least, the journalists thought those crimes hadn't been reported. It was thought that past simple Passive. These were examples for impersonal passive structures. Why impersonal? Because the door of the action was not important, or at least when you transform the sentence on this way. This is the meaning that you imply. This is the meaning that you give to the people who are reading what you have written or who are listening to what you're saying. When you can use these structures in formal language, where you would most probably read them in newspapers. It's typical real-life for the median, such kind of language. There is quite common to be met about hints how to practice grammar. After the end of the course, we will care for different section. Up to now, impersonal passive. And obviously when there is impersonal, there is personal passive as well. In that structure, guess who will be important? The doer of the action, precise SEO. In the next video, where we'll start speaking about personal passive structures. See you there. 106. Passive structures. Grammar Lab: Personal Passive Structures: After the impersonal, It's time to speak about the personal passive structures. He's believed to have done something. He's believed to do something. The difference you can see in the initial construction, he is believed to have them something. Here the person is important. The person for whom something is believed. The door from D initial sentence. Please revise everything you know about the types of infinitives, the forums, active, passive, and so on. You will need them. And let us get started. Why this structure is a little bit harder in short, because here we need to consider the tenses, the tensors that are used in the original sentence. And based on these tenses, something is going to be changed in the transformation in the personal passive structure. Let's see it in practice. They believe she's guilty. The belief, presence in bombing of the first verb, She's guilty is present simple. The second verb, there is no difference in tenses. What you need to do, you need the passive of the first verb. Believe she is believed. Just this time you start with sheep, you see it with the door of the action from the initial sentence. She is believed passive. After that, too, infinitive, simple infinitive. She's believed to be guilty. There is no difference in the occurrence of the actions. There is no difference in the duration of the activities, or at least there is not the accent. How you understand which tends you need based on the structure used in the first sentence. Again, she is believed, which means that, yes, you need passive of the first verb. After a dead simple infinitive. The things she likes cooking, she's thought to like cocaine. Same story. They think. Present simple the first verb. So she thought, after a dead simple infinitive, no difference in tenses. She's thought to like cooking. What happens when we have a continuous tense? Present simple in the main verb, present continuous in the second one. She is thought to be doing her homework now, she is thought passive of the first verb, present simple passive, b plus past participle. She's thought, after our debt, be doing her homework. Continuous infinitive, exact like she's thought to be doing her homework. Now, you don't need to show any difference in the time period when something happened. Everything you need is to keep the continuous form. So she's thought to be doing continuous infinitive. They believe she's traveling. Same story. She is believed, which means passive of the first verb, to be traveling. Continuous infinitive. When different tenses enter the game, the story becomes a little bit different. By different tenses. I mean activities which happened in different periods of time. Take for example, present simple, and present perfect. Both of them are present, yes, but you know that present simple refers to something which is generally true. We're asked, present perfect refers to something which has happened at some moment in the past. You don't know when. In short, the first action refers to the present. The second one to the past. When the combination is like this, present, post-processed, you always need something perfect. In our case. Perfect. Simple infinitive. The reports she has stolen their money their reports she has TO on she has stolen the money before, when it doesn't matter, it's not important that the moment they report sheep, she and passive of the first verb, she's reported to infinitive. In order to show the difference in tenses, you need perfect infinitive. She is reported to have stolen the money or they believe he has started the paper. He is believed passive of the first verb, which is in present simple. He is believed after that in the original sentence, there is a difference between the period of time when the activities took place, which means absolutely perfect simple infinitive. He's believed to have started the paper. Past simple when the combination is present simple and past simple. In other words, when there is difference in the time period when the activities happened. Same rule we supplied as in the previous example. President, simple Plus, Plus simple means one of the activities happened before the another. Short perfect infinitive is needed. The think you came back. They think present simple. You came back past simple. You are thought to paraphrase the first one and to change it from active to passive. You are thought passive, present, simple, took half, come back perfect infinitive. This way you show that in terms of period of time, the first action which happened is expressed with the perfect infinitive. So first he came back. After that. They thought something. They think you graduated last year. They think you graduated. They think in general, you graduated last year. There is difference in the period of time when the activities happened. You are thought to have graduated last year. Please be careful to have graduated is not perfect tense. It's perfect infinitive. Because what people usually say, and what the C here, last year, past simple. No. Here, it's a marker of the different periods of time when the activities took place. In other words, they are an indicator for the necessity of perfect infinitive. You are thought to have graduated last year. After that. In the original sentence, we have a combination of present simple, and past continuous. They believe you were working on the task. You were working. Step one, there is difference in the time period when things happened, when the activities took place. They believe in general, you were working past. You need something perfect. But at the same time, the second activity is continuous. Which means that you need to keep the emphasis on this duration. So what do you need here? Is perfect continuous infinity. If you are believed passive to have been working on the task. You are believed to have been working on the task. Newspapers report they were training. So same story step-by-step. They are reported. So somebody reports, which means that they are reported passive to have been training an activity that was in progress before the first activity, perfect continuous infinitive. It's not so difficult, is just a matter of a little bit more practice. If you have mastered the OH of the grammar structures to now, I'm sure that this one we will not be so difficult for you. What happens when there is a combination of past simple Plus, Plus perfect? Exactly like this combination in one sentence shows that the activities happened in different periods of time. And this difference, you need to keep in deep personal structure. Passive of the first verb, which is in past simple. And after that perfect infinitive for the second one, The thought you had made up your mind. They thought he had made up your worth thought. Passive, half made up your mind. Perfect infinitive to show that the one action happened before the another. I believed you can't go to the doctor. I believed you can't quote, you were believed passive to have caught the doctor. Again, perfect infinitive to indicate that the first action in time is the calling. And after that comes, the belief. Will, the future tenses. I think he will come or I believed he outcome, whichever the combination. Remember that here you just need simple infinitive. And of course you are careful about the first verb. I think he will come. He is thought passive, simple infinitive. He's taught to come. I believed, healed come. Again. You need the symbol infinity because there is no difference back in time. And at the same time, you need to make positive of the first verb. He was believed passive of bus, simple to come, future perfect. Here are the stories interesting. They believe he will have code by known. He's believed that our debt enters the perfect infinitive one more time. Why? Because his peak about an activity that will have been completed up to a certain moment in the future. When there is something that will have been finished up to a moment. Perfect infinitive required. So he's believed to have code by known. They think he will have delivered to the fourth by one o'clock. He's thought passive of the first part. He is thought to have delivered the default, my one o'clock. So all of these sounds a little bit complicated. I agree. But just at the beginning, please be careful attention to the grammar cards we have attached. Do the exercises and let's work in condensed together the exercises in the PDF. You will also find at the end of this lecture and the next two videos, we'll be doing exercises again and again. Why? Because at the beginning it's difficult for you to get used to this sentences, to these structures. But once you master them, I'm sure that you will start using them correctly. And it's important. It's important when you read to be able to recognize them. It's important when you write to be able to use them precisely. In the exercises, you need to make some transformations. The original sentence is given. What is required from you is to transform them using personal passive structure. That's it. Several sentences. See you in the next video, where we'll take them. 107. Passive structures. Personal Passive Structures: exercises: Personal passive part one. Yes, there will be more. Just let get started from somewhere. I hope that you didn't find the exercise so difficult and that you've mastered the structures already. Well, let's see. What do you need is to transform the sentences using the personal passive structure. They see women talk more than men. They see Present Simple. Women dope, present simple. You need passive of the first verb plus simple infinitive. After that, women are set to talk more than men. People claim that this is his most successful. Moreover, people claim present simple. This is his most successful movie, present simple, which means again, passive of the first present simple verb plus simple infinitive after a debt. This movie is claimed to be his most successful one. Archaeologists believe that this is a very important excavation. This excavation is believed positive of the first one. To be a very important one is believed to be Conference. See she pretends all the time. She is sit, positive of the first verb. To pretend all the time. If you find the exercises familiar, it's normal. The sentences that are the same as those that we used for examples for transformations into impersonal passive structures. Why? Because usually that's how the story goes. You are given a sentence and doctor, that you are tested to transform it into personal as well as into impersonal passive. We think she's opening custody of her own. She is thought to be opening, present continuous in the first part. President simple in the first part, she thought passive after a dead, followed by present continuous, which means continuous infinitive required. She's thought to be opening. They claim she has started writing a book. Present simple, whereas present perfect. There is difference in the moment when the activities took place, when the actions happened, which means you need perfect structure. She is claimed present simple passive. After a debt perfect to have started writing a book. They believe you store the wallet. They believe present simple. You still though wallet. Past simple. Again, perfect infinitive needed to show that one of the actions happened before the analysis. You are believed to have stolen the wallet. People believed that Freddie Mercury was one of the greatest musicians. Freddie Mercury is believed because people believe present simple to have been, because what's in your original sentence to have been one of the greatest musicians, perfect infinitive needed. People think that the government was preparing a thorough reform. Think, was preparing President simple passive required. And after that was preparing past, continuous past. So first step, you need perfect infinitive, but not a simple one, rather a continuous because you have past continuous. The government is thought to have been preparing a thorough reform. They believed you had to lift that drop. They believed you can lift. They believed past simple, your hand, lift, past perfect. There is again difference in the density just in the moment the actions took place. You were believed passive, the first verb. And then after that perfect infinitive, to have left that job. She claims the plan will succeed. When you speak about the future simple infinitive needed, the plan is claimed to succeed. This suppose hue wheel can't finish the task by non. Don't forget that we have on action, which is expressed with future perfect, which means that you need perfect infinitive here. He is supposed to have finished. The task by node, is supposed. It took half finished. They believed that dumb old repair the floor zone was believed to repair, paused simple future in the past. Was believed to repair, simple infinitive. They reported he had confirmed his guilt. He was a reported reported passive, was reported perfect infinitive. After that, he was reported to have confirmed his guilt. Why? Because there is difference again, in the initial sentence, past simple, it was perfect and it needs to be kept in the second one. The team expected the results would be visible zone, expected be visible, simple infinitive. The results were expected to be visible zone. And last but not least, the journalists thought past simple, you need passive. Those crimes hadn't been reported. He hadn't been reported past perfect. Which means you need something perfect again, in the second sentence, those crimes were thought to have not been reported or not to have been reported in both cases, it can be done. Those crimes were thought to have not been reported. Plus one more detail, passive is used here. Don't forget that passive may enter each and the restructure. And everything that you do already know about it needs to be used, needs to use ink better with passive. See you in the next video where we'll start practicing personnel and impersonal structures together. See you there. 108. Personal and Impersonal structures, part 1: As promised. In this and the next video, we're going to practice everything which we have already learned about personal and impersonal structures. The idea, after these two videos, you will not have any problems anymore, or at least I hope so. Don't forget that there are online links as well. If you need more exercises, let me know. Let's get started. The sentences which needs to be transformed. You have already found probably in the India attached PDF. And you'll see what the structure is. There is a general sentence given. You need to transform it first with an impersonal passive structure and Dr. debt with a personal passive structure. Let's get started. Police have reported that it was Mr. JK who kidnapped the girl. Police have reported reported present perfect. Kidnapped past simple. He has been reported in personal, half reported. It has been reported passive, that it was Mr. J. Key who kidnapped the girl. After that, Mr. G. Key has been reported to have kidnapped the girl. This sentence is taken out of a newspaper article. And there they usually use this combination of present perfect and past simple, which equals the combination of past simple and past perfect. Because of that, it's quite clear which action happened first, which action happened second. First was the kidnapping, second was the reporting. Which means that of course, you need to keep this structure. You need to keep the order the activities happened in time. It has been reported to have kidnapped the girl. After that, they see he's leaving the country tomorrow. Vc present, simple. He's leaving, present continuous, impersonal. They see the verb see needs to go into passive. It is set that he's leaving the country tomorrow. It is said that he is leaving. After a debt. He is set passive. He's set to be leaving continuous infinitive. He said to believe in the country tomorrow. The detailed believed that the discovery had never happened. Believed past simple can never happen the past perfect. Obviously, you need a perfect structure in the personnel structure. After that, it was believed passive of the first verb. It was believed that discovery had never happened. Or with personal structure, with personal passive, that discovery was believed positive again, was believed to have never happened, was believed to have never happened. Again. To have never happened is not perfect tense. It's perfect infinitive. And it is there to mark that there is a difference between the moments when the two activities took place. Derivatives thought that the children were playing in their room. Thought were playing past Simple, past continuous. It was thought that the children were playing simple. And after that, the children were thought to be plink. You need the continuous and not the perfect continuous infinity. Here. Both of the activities happened in the past. And based on the context of the first sentence, your task is not to emphasize on the difference in the period when they happened. Just, you are emphasizing that the second term was taking a period of time. It was happening within a period of time. The children were thought passive of the first verb to be playing in their own simple continuous infinitive. Everyone believes that he swims fast. It is believed that he swims fast. Present simple present simple, simple infinitive. He's believed to swim fast. The parents reported that the children were sleeping at night. Same structure as the first exercise on this white. The parents are reported past simple. The children were sleeping past continuous. It was reported past simple, positive. That's the children who were sleeping that night. This is the in-person or structure and the person who won the children were reported passive again. And one more time. You speak about the past. There isn't an emphasis on the difference between the activities happened in the past. Meaning you need simple, continuous, infinite f, not perfect continuous one. The children were reported to be sleeping that night. More. He assumed that the animals had been killed at night. He assumed past simple. The animals had been killed at night. Past perfect, passive. There is difference between the moments D activities happened. Well, because of that, you need the perfect infinitive one more time. Just this time. In passive. It was assumed that the animals had been killed at night. This is the impersonal structure, doctor, that deep personal one. The animals were assumed to have been killed at night. Perfect. Passive. They believed that the car was present. They believed was past simple, Past simple. It was believed that the car was present. The car was believed to be a present. Simple infinitive is enough. Here. People think that those plants are dangerous. I think Our no difference in the tensors, which means the impersonal structure. It is thought positive of the first one. It is thought that those plants are dangerous. And after that, those plants are thought perfect infinitive after debt. No way. Simple infinitive. Those plants are thought to be dangerous, getting better. Several more sentences waiting for you in the next lecture to be completely sure that everything this time is really clear. See you there. 109. Personal and Impersonal structures, part 2: Personal and impersonal structures. One more last time. What we have here are against several sentences. And again, your task is the transform them or with personal and with in-person and grammar structure. That's your half already done the exercises India, that PDF will start directly checking them. Defense believes that their team will be the winner. Belief president symbol will be future simple, present simple plus future simple requires simple infinitive, exactly the impersonal structure. It is believed that their team will be the winner. And after that, the team is believed simple infinitive to be the winner, is believed to be the winner. The employees thought the problem was settled. Thought was settled. Past simple, past simple passive, which means simple infinity if needed. It was thought that the problem was settled and the problem was thought to be settled, to be not to have been behalf assumed the book is going to be published soon. The half assumed present perfect, passive. It has been assumed that after that, the book, the book has been assumed after that is going to be published soon when there is a big going to structure. The second part of the sentence, and you need to refer to this structure. You need simple infinitive, as simple as that. The book has been assumed to be published soon. People report that, that the antics he had been installed first D and ticks had been stolen after that, the people report that it which means different in the moment of time when the activities took place. It was reported passive. That's the index had been stolen or the antics were reported. Be careful, we're not worse, weren't reported. After that. Perfect infinitive passive to have been stolen. Next one. The newspapers are reporting that the immigration is rising. Continuous, continuous. It is being reported passive of the first continuous verb form. It is being reported that the immigration is rising and the immigration is being reported to be re-sync is being reported. Passive of the first form was continuous infinitive. We expected that he would appear, expected he order beer, past, simple future in the past, passive in the first impersonal structure, it was expected that he would appear. After dead simple infinitive needed, he was expected to appear. The parents think that the children are hiding in the park. The parents think, President, simple, passive required in the next two sentences in their first part, the children are hiding, present continuous. It is thought that the children are hiding in the park. After that, you need to keep this continuous forum, meaning you need a continuous infinitive. The children are thought to be hiding in the park. Ancient people thought that the stars would fall on them. Thought would fall past simple shooter in the past. No difference in densities in terms of grammar, which means simple infinitive is enough. It was thought that the stars would follow nation people. It was thought passive of past symbol. And after that, the stars were thought to. For simple infinitive. Papers have reported the strike can't start that. This is a sentence which is typical again for the media. There, you will most commonly see a combination between present perfect and past perfect. It has been reported passive of the first part. Etl has been reported that the strike had started. And after that, the strike has been reported to perfect infinitive, to have started. The perfect infinitive stair to mark the difference between the moment when the activities, the place that was at more exercises. Do you need? So let me know. But I believe that this was enough. Seo in the next section, where we will speak about inversion, something else which is really interesting in English. We have seen in fact in version here and there. You'll see what I speak about in awhile. See you in the next section. 110. Inversion. Grammar Lab: Inversion - so/ neither: Welcome back. As promised you. In this section of the course, we will focus on inversion. When we speak about inversion, keep in mind that there are different structures that are the beer. Some of them you are quite familiar with it. Some of them will be completely linear. So once again, please, if you are familiar with what we're going to talk about, the grammar lab, just to keep it and go to the exercises section. The first structure we are to examine is a so neither party happens after that. Likes swimming. So Dan Stone doesn't like swimming. Neither does mark. The general idea. There are two people whom you want to compare. You want to compare on the activity that they are or aren't doing. When you wanted to say that somebody does or behaves on the same way as somebody else. You needed to be careful whether the first sentence is positive or negative. If the sentence is positive, you need to start with. So after that, you need to do auxiliary does, is get after a debt. You need just to mention the person. The idea. No need to repeat the verb. Repetition is avoided on this way. Let's check it out again. Keith likes swimming. Kate likes present simple desktop. Otherwise you would say, don't also likes swimming. But on this way, you need to repeat the whole phrase. Way to avoid the repetition is the usage of soul or neither. For us, inversion after that. Inversion means that the places of the verb and the noun are exchanged. Exchanged as in a question. Kate, unlikes. So this doesn't, unlike negative sentence. You wanted to say that Mark doesn't like doing that activity as well. So instead of repeating the whole sentence, you need to say neither does mark. Thus, because the initial sentence isn't present. Simple. Keep the ISA swimmer is Tom. Gate is the verb to be is used because the sentence is positive, which means that you need to start with. So Tom isn't a swimmer, isn't. Neither. When the verb is used in its negative form, isn't, doesn't, didn't, and so on. In order to express that something that this thing is typical for somebody else. You need neither, neither positive verb after that. Neither is Mark. Kate can swim. So can Tom can't swim. Neither. Negative vertical, positive auxiliary. Neither can mark. Just think of it as if making questions as for inversion in general. Here, remember that whether you use so or neither, you need the positive auxiliary. After that. In theory, it really easy. And in fact, this part of the universal structures is easiest one. You need to use so or neither in order to transform the sentences. After that, some words given, again, you need an appropriate structure to transform what you have been asked to do. Let's set she is. Is it correct? No. Inversion. You can know. So can you the PDF is attached, the links to the online exercises are there as well. See you in the answers section. 111. Inversion. Inversion, part 1 - so/ neither - exercises: So plus auxiliary or neither plus Auxiliary. The rules seemed to be simple enough. Let's see them in practice. Plays the guitar and dump plays the guitar to positive sentence on blazer deter. And so does Tom present simple in the initial sentence, Thus, as an auxiliary needed inversion after so not, so Tom does, but so does tom. Peter does not like bananas, and Mark does not unlike banana spider does not negative. Neither needed here. Peter doesn't like bananas, and neither positive auxiliary. Neither does mark. Neither deaths, inversion on the wind to the party, and Tom went to the party tool, went, went bust simple, the auxiliary DID positive verbs. What you need is, so as a linker, went to the party and so did Tom. Margaret has never been to Spain and Monica hasn't been there either. Hasn't hasn't. Neither has neither. To keep the negative meaning. Because either after neither a positive auxiliary is needed. Margaret has never been to spin and neither has Monica. You see on this way you realize no repetition is needed. You don't need to use one on the same structure all the time. And Ws low, it would make you more fluent in the language, indeed would make it sound better. Don't studies English and arms studies English, two thumbs studies English. And so thus studies status to positive verbs in the present simple. Needed as a linker, thus needed as an auxiliary inversion. So does better, does not speak Italian and market does not speak Italian either. Doesn't, doesn't present simple negative. Which means that you need neither as a linker plus the positive auxiliary. Better doesn't speak Italian, and neither does Mark. Appropriate structure. The movies terrifying. So it's the book. So because you need to say that the same is applicable for something else, the first sentence is positive, the auxiliary is positive. So the book is the form of the verb to be after. So inversion hasn't finished her class present perfect. Neither has bet hasn't, which means that you need to start a new sentence with neither. Neither required positive auxiliary. Neither has spent not neither, but I like going shopping. So does Monica. I unlike President, simple, positive as a linker needed, thus as an auxiliary. So does Monica. You must buy on your computer. So most your sister properly, you've paid attention to the modal verbs. There was an example like this in the grammar cards. So when there is a modal verb as main verb used in the initial sentence, you need to keep the modal verb in the Indian version. In the second sentence. No need to think four different models. No need to think about different tenses. You need that modal verb. Must your sister. She couldn't understand what was going on. Neither could her mother. She couldn't, again, a modal verb, this time negative. Neither as a linker, neither could, neither. Good. Her mother. He's currently living in Italy. He is present simple positive. So just as a linker is his nephew, and that was it. I think the exercise says the whole grammar structure is really easy. I hope you will start using cut in practice because this is what really matters. And see you in the next video where we will speak about something a little bit more difficult, but just a little bit you'll see. Okay. See you there. 112. Inversion. Grammar Lab: Inversion - hardly ever, never, rarely: We continue speaking about inversion, as I've promised you, just a little bit more difficult. There are some phrases which when put at the beginning of the sentence, require inversion after that, reminding you once again, inversion means that the subject and the auxiliary will exchange their places. That's it. I wanted to pass through these structures. I'd want after that, YouTube read them carefully once again. And to try to think for examples of your own. Only on display to be possible to memorize and really to get used to them. Otherwise, you'll continue finding them heart. So I agree, this is not the easiest part of English, but once you get used to using them, you would not have any problems. Let's get started. No time the sentence starts with no, that's no time. At no time did he starts shall take he started shouting at no time in version past simple. At no time did he start shouting? Hardly ever. Hardly ever. Has she had a day off? She hasn't had a day off for a long time, for example. After that, Carly ever present perfect Has she can't inversion in vain. When at the beginning of the sentence, in vain, where are we in a hurry? We were in a hurry in vain. Degenerate sentence. But when in inversion, when starts within vein. In vain, we're way past simple, the verb to be. And after that, we were we in a hurry. Little, little did she know about him? She knew little about him. And inversion. And Leto deci know about him. In version I told you think of it as equation. That's it. No other way. No other way could the matter be explained. The matter couldn't be explained in any other way. The inversion in no other way. Positive verb. Could the matter be explained? Never, never. Trust you again. I will never trust you again. Just start with never this out a bit, is never trust you again. You see it just changed the focus. You change the emphasis within the sentence. No sooner than, no sooner had he uttered the world. Then the show started. No sooner. Inversion cat he uttered. After that linker then and then the ordinary worth or the straight world order. No sooner had he other words, then the show started. Not at the beginning. Not a sound. Deci auteur When I called her, she didn't utter a sound. When I called her. Not inversion, not a sound editor when I caught her. Not often do I meet talented people? Not often. Do I meet talented people? I don't often meet talented people, so it should be so not too, sorry. Not often do I meet so talented people? Note often after that inversion? Not once. Not once did they ask her to leave? I didn't ask her to leave. The ones that are not once to change the focus. Not once did I asked her to leave. Pay attention to these lines, to these sentences into these markers, which are marked with a little bit lighter. So not since think what's the difference? Not since she graduated hand, she met her classmates. Exactly. The inversion does not follow the word exactly after that. It comes in the second part of the sentence. Not since straightforward order, not since she graduated. And after that inversion where she met her classmates. She hadn't met her classmates since she graduated. This is your original sentence. Not since. And knowing version of her debt. Not since she graduated in version catch you met her classmates. That's one of the traps, one of, one of the tricks. Not only but also, not only does she speak fast, but also correct. Not only inversion, not only does she's peak fast linker, but also correct. Not until not until I met him knowing version so far. So not until straightforward or they're not until I met him. Di dt d understand about the promotion. Did the understand inversion in the second part of the sentence? Nowhere. Nowhere have I met so many foreigners. Nowhere. It starts with Nowhere, which means that you need inversion after that. I haven't met so many foreigners anywhere. The general symptoms and nowhere in version have I met. No account on normal account must she understands the throat? Normal account. Inversion on no account must she infinitive, understand the truth? Only in the last pages of the book do you come to realize the story? Again, only wear. So because of that you have this bird, but do you see there is no verb there, which means that only requires a new version after itself, not in the second part of the sentence. Just you have an extra information at it. Only in the last pages of the book do you come to realize the story? The after, while here the story is different. Only after I've spoken to her, straight worth order. Only after I've spoken to her. Do I understand inversion? Only after I've spoken to her, Do I understand why she doesn't pick up inversion in the second part of the sentence. Only by only buy extra information, only by dedication. Did she succeed? Only by can be followed by a verb. When there is verb in that part of the sentence, then the word order is straight and the universal comes in the second part of the sentence. Only by only in this way. Only in this way, could he pass all of the exams on the, in this way? Inversion? Could he pass? Only one? Only when he caught her knowing version straight worth order. Only when he caught her inversion. Did he understand the news? Only when he caught her inversion. Get you understand the nuance. Seldom real scars of them mean one on the same. First of all, for the same rule, when it comes to inversion. Really handled loved as much as last night. Really can't. I loved inversion. Scarcely, when scarcely candidate dressed up in version after the first part, scarcely had I dressed up when linker, straightforward order when she gave me a call. So ridiculous DI to behave that night. Ridiculous. Did she behave last night? So extreme formation. After that inversion, did she behave? Last but not least, the under no circumstances. Under no circumstances will I call her again? Under no circumstances inversion, we will go again. In theory, for one skin, it doesn't seem to be so hard. What you need to be careful about is the word the sentence starts for it. Also, you need to memorize which phrases, which words require direct inversion after debt, and which ones need inversion in the second part of the sentence, just pay attention to those that were marked with light low anti-tumor be enough for you. These are the basic structures in fact, which you will meet most often. Several exercises to be sure that everything is clear and I hope you will master them. See you in the exercises section. 113. Inversion. Inversion, part 2 - hardly ever, never, rarely: You didn't know some words and structures that are formed by inversion after that, the exercises, I'm sure you have already passed through. What you need to do is to transform the sentences, starting with the word given, meaning. To make inversions. Let's take them out. I can't No sooner send the mail. Then she called me back. I had no sooner. Starting with no sooner. It means that you need the new version after the phrase. No sooner had I sent, be careful you don't change tenses. Never. When it comes to inversion, you just change the word order. Here. You do not think about tensors. No sooner had I sent the mail then linker, she called me back. No sooner than the blame has caused it to cough when I felt dizzy. Starting with cartilage, you are required to make a new version of her debt. Scarcely can't. The plane took off. When I felt dizzy. Scars left hand to the plane took off. He adds no time confessed. He can't commit the crime. Confessed past simple inversion, which that at no time did he confess he had committed the crime. At no time did he confessed he had committed the crime, straight word order. In the second part of the sentence. She really troublesome abroad. She, Rayleigh travels, Rayleigh and inversion in present simple. After that, rarely does she traveled abroad. Rail industry travel abroad. He did not say a word about his problems at work. Not the word DTC about his problems at work. Not the word did he say? Not something after that. You need inversion set. After that, Did he see his friends that are not only loyal, but they are also responsible. Not only but also this is the phrase. Not only are his friends loyal, but they are also responsible. I liked the structures. In fact, I don't know if you've already got used to them. But once you do, you'll see that they are really useful and that they can save you in order of situations when you are required to show that you are aware of the language. For example, if you're going again to an FCC or ILS exam, these structures are perfect to be included in your writings, formal writings, as well as in the speaking part. The examiners will be impressed, Wendy, here that you are able to use them in your spoken language, not only when you're right. I haven't ever seen such a marvel was painting. Never, never have I seen, never positive verb inversion. Never have I seen such a marvelous painting? He had no idea what had happened TO. I quote him only when I called him. Be careful because here, the inversion is in the second part of the sentence. Only when I called him straight toward order, did he have an idea what had happened? Did he have not? Please. You need the infinitive, the main verb form. He didn't say a word when we met, not the word inversion, positive auxiliary, not the word DTC. When we met. She knows a little about the accident. She knows little. Starting with little inversion. Little. Does she know present? Simple. Little. Does she know about the accident? As soon as I came back home, the dogs started barking. Hardly hand. I come back home. When the dogs started barking hardly hand, I come back home. When be careful because there is change in tenses here. Hardly, hardly had DICOM back home. Why? Because this is how to make the sentence watercolor correct. You need to express the order of events, right? So be careful for past perfect why and where it needs to appear. Hardly had I come back home when the dogs started barking. Customers must be allowed to enter here on no account, on normal account in person with a modal verb On no account, must customers be allowed to enter here? No account inversion. He not only congratulated man, but he also gave me a flower. Not only in version of path simple. Not only the T congratulate me, but he also gave me a flower. Not only but also cool symptoms as they sell those spent money on Joe are seldom in virtual presence, simple. Seldom duty spent money on Joe or S. That was it. Better. Don't forget that there are links that you may break this further. If you have questions, let me know. If you need something else as extra exercises, let me know. It's one of my favorite topics realize so no problem to think either for extra sentences or to find extra links, whatever, just let me know. Okay. See you in the next video. 114. Inversion. Grammar Lab: Inversion - other cases: In version after so on Snyder in version after some specific structures and words we have already spoken about. Well, there are some other cases in which inversion is required as well. In fact, you are aware of most of them. So this time we will just revise what you do already know. For example, when a sentence starts with here, there, now this next, you can use this world to change the focus within the sentence. You can see their walks, my sister. But when you use the pronoun first, you need to exchange the places. There she is. There walks normal word order. There she is inversion. Or when there is a negative sentence with a subject. For example, don't you dare not, you don't dare, don't you dare. Don't you move structure as a question. Idea. Don't do it. No way to do it. Don't you dare don't tomorrow. After that. When there is a sentence with which is negative, grammatical or looking at it, but at the same time, the meaning is positive. Isn't too the best teacher, isn't she? Isn't the best teacher. Exclamation mark isn't the best teacher idea. She's really the best teacher. Or when you want to emphasize, to put the emphasis on something. You do know this one from the very beginning. When we spoke about these sentences. I do it for the holiday. He did come late. Again. Your auxiliary is used here just to help you emphasize on the fact that something is really happening. Something is really important. Something matters really a lot. How it is formed. You just use the auxiliary. After that, you add the main verb. I do it. He did come. The first one present simple. The second one, fast tempo. The other case in which inversion is used is within conditionals. Something we have spoken about. Inversion in conditionals takes different forms depending on whether you speak about first, second, or third structure. For example, in the first one, if it's senate tomorrow, we may go outside. In version here. Starts with should, should it be, should it be send it tomorrow, you may go outside. The modal verb should use at the beginning. In second conditional. If I were you, the first part is inverted. Were you? I'd call him the third conditional. If I can't quote him, he would have come had I called him, he would have come in version or the first part of the sentence. Nothing so difficult, nothing that you will find impossible to handle. So please do D exercises until tie them together in a while. What you need to do in the first exercise to use inversion within the conditionals. After that, you need to correct the mistakes, if any, keep in mind that here everything about inversion is included. And that's it. See you in the answers section. 115. Inversion. Inversion, part 3 - other cases: exercises: Inversion in practice one more time. Here are the answers to the exercises. First, there were several conditional sentences which needed to be transformed using inversion. If he had tried to explain out here, I've tried to understand him. Third, conditional. The university happens within the first part. He tried to explain Kant. He tried. I have tried to understand him. If the wind starts from that direction, it will be dangerous. First conditional, meaning the inversion needs to be with shoot, shoot the wind start, and then forget that after should infinitive is required, which means that the verb needs to be in its main firm. Should the wind start from that direction, it will be dangerous. If I didn't have a bank account there. I wouldn't worry. If I didn't have my second conditional. Didn't I have a bank account there? I wouldn't worry. Didn't I infinitive? Didn't I have a bank account there? If I were you, I wouldn't risk exchange the places of the noun and the verb. And it sounds into where I knew. I wouldn't worry. Second conditional. If she had done her homework, she wouldn't have any problems in the class today. If she had done, she wouldn't have, meaning conditional inversion in the first part. He had to done her homework. She wouldn't have any problems in the class today. Can't she doesn't she couldn't have universal in the first part. I would have stopped if I had hertz the brakes. Be careful here, you know, in which part of the conditional needs to take place. So it doesn't matter or how the conditional structure is formed exactly. Inversion is always where you know that it should mean. The second part of the sentence. In this example, I would have stopped how they hurts the brakes, the same as he had heard the breaks. I have stopped. Mistakes. Seldom, thus, walk on foot. After seldom. Inversion is required. Seldom thus woke on foot. Incredible was the story that didn't we trust Kurt? Incredible, that inversion, that we didn't trust her, that no sooner had to coat inversion in the first part. Then the door opened. The university is in the first part, meaning the second part needs to be with street word order. There isn't a case in which inversion needs to be done twice in the first SOS in the second part. It doesn't work on this way. Nowhere in the world can you see such a Myra was building. Nowhere. Inversion. Nowhere in the world can you see such a marvelous building. Market have graduated. Had it not been the final exam? He had it not been the final exam. Same story. Mark OTM graduated. Third conditional inversion in the middle of the sentence. Should she have enough time? She will call my university. First conditional. Should she infinitive? Should she have enough time? She will call me at no time in version after it. No time at no time Kennedy take my telephone. At no time. Canada take my telephone. No sooner. Inversion. No sooner had the shop opened, then the first customer came in. No sooner had the shop opened. You understand that you can't use As soon as just because the tensors here are different, they indicate which linker is needed. Past perfect, past simple, no sooner needed. This is the construction. That was the last sentence. I hope you have learned a lot within this section of the course. I hope that you will start using conversion because it's really useful and it can really help you improve your language quite a lot. See you in the next one. 116. Conjunctions. Grammar Lab: Conjunctions - coordinators: Welcome to the next section of the course in which we'll speak about conjunctions or linkers. You may hear them in different ways. The story here is long enough. If you start thinking a little bit more carefully, you'll see that there are a lot of linkers that can be asked in English. Well, will pass through the basic ones. The idea is just to catch the logic from their own. You and the linkers, you just need to memorize the words. As you know what the basic structure is, you'll be able to apply them as well. Think for conjunctions or linkers as new words, and it will be really easy. Speaking in grammar terms, the conjunctions are two types, coordinators and subordinator. You don't need this specification. Just to be clear. First, will pass through the coordinators after debt, through the subordinator. Not all of them saying it once again, just the basic ones. What's the idea and why I divided them in coordinators and subordinator. The first group, the linkers that we are going to examine now connect two simple sentences which can exist by themselves. Each of the simple sentences has meaning on its own. Together, they are combined by a linker to form a more complex structure. This is the idea. By contrast, when you use a subordinator or the other type of linker, then one of the sentences cannot exist on its own. Its role is just to add extra meaning, extra information to the more complex grammar structure. Let's see them in practice. One of the coordinators you'd know perfectly well. He came back late. He was tired. When you want to add extra information. This is the linker that you need. He came back and he was tired. Or her sister is a nurse. Her brother is a banker. Her sister is a nurse, and her brother is a banker. You just give extra information about somebody and about somebody else. Nor I don't have a sister. She doesn't have a sister. You wanted to confirm that the first statement is typical for the person. In the second statement. I don't have a sister, nor does she. Neither, nor neither, you know from the inversion structures. Well, here the logic is the same. After nor. Inversion is required. That's nor keeps the negative meaning in itself. The auxiliary is positive. I don't have a sister, nor does she or neither does shift. Both can be asked. She doesn't stance, she doesn't think she doesn't dance, nor inversion, nor does she sank. Here. You connect it to negative statements about one and the same person. She doesn't dance, nor does she sink or with or as a linker, you give alternative. You'll need to trust me. You'll need to ask him. You'll need to trust me or to call him again, or to ask him again, doesn't matter. So you have an option alternative to this or do that. She can make me laugh, she can make me cry. She can make me laugh or cry. If you want. You can use the whole structure in the second part as well. Or she can make me cry. No inversion here or otherwise. Otherwise means, if not, I told you the trick here is actually to Nadia, meaning that it will be easy when you speak. Try to use as many linkers as possible it is because otherwise your language sounds poor enough and you showed that you are not aware. Enough vocabulary, something which is tested during your exam speeches. If not, otherwise, I must go now. He'll leave. I must go now. Otherwise he'll leave. Otherwise, come in now. You'll get coat. Come in now. Otherwise, you'll get caught. If preparing for FCC or routes. We have heard this remark several times. I'm sure. Use linkers in order to make your structures, your sentences more complicated. It's one of the criteria which you're writing is checked for. Just keep, keep it in mind and trying to memorize and to yours as many linkers as possible. But, but it introduces contrast to note, dump count keoyo, his sister will count cogwheel, but his sister will. In contrast, first part, contrast, second part. I'm sorry, I think you're wrong. You can also add opposite statement. For example, imagine that the conversation was going on and at some moment you want to interrupt and you want to express your thoughts which are different from what he has just been said by somebody else. I'm sorry. But I think you're wrong. There is an introductory part, I'm sorry, coma after that. And to add the opposite statement. Yet. Yet first, Miss, despite that, He's overweight, he's a great dancer. He is overweight and yet he's a great dancer or just yet. And yet you introduce something which surprises you, something which was not expected to be happening condensed way. He is overweight and t yet, he's a great dancer. Despite that. He studied a lot. And yet he felt that was unexpected. That was something surprising. And yet still, still means despite that again, but here you don't introduce that surprise, which was typical for yet. I know you disagree. You should listen to her. I know you disagree, but still you should listen to her. You see no emphasis on the surprise. Surprise is typical for yet. It's okay to be late. You need an excuse. It's okay to be late steel or but still you need an excuse despite that inspite of that. However, however, is one of the linkers which you will graphically notice quite easily. In most of the cases, it is surrounded by commas when in the middle of the sentence, followed by a comma when the sentence starts with that linker. She's intelligent, she's not clever. Despite this, this is the meaning. She's intelligent. However, she's not clever. Of course, as you see and as you will be examining for their own, you'll see that a lot of conjunction, so a lot of linkers can be used instead of each other. It's not said that in one situation there is only one linker and that's it. Nothing like that. You can really variety your language based on the conjunctions that you use. And this is the idea. Just use different linkers. It's fine to cross there. You may also cross here. It's fine The girls there, however, you may also cross here. Nevertheless, despite what has just been set, nevertheless, I knew the story. Her interpretation was remarkable. I knew the story, but her interpretation was remarkable nevertheless. You just put the emphasis on the fact that there was something surprising based on the fact that something else has just been said. He didn't go. She was still waiting. He didn't call. Nevertheless, she was still waiting. It was something unexpected. For four means because of the reason that it's not four as a marker for perfect tendencies, different story there. The seaside was empty. It was November. The seaside was omitted for it was November because this is the meaning because of the reason that it was November comma in front of it. She was silent. She didn't trust him. She was sound for she didn't trust him because because of the reason that you see choosing the correct linker saves your extra explanations. Are there for synonyms. The traffic is heavy. Rehabilitate. The traffic is heavy. Therefore he'll be late. Therefore it's more formal as a linker then, so I needed to react fast. So I took my ID on, is less favorable. Consequently, I crashed the bike. As a result, I must repair it. I crashed the bike. Consequently, I must repair it. You'll give the result of something. The shop is closed, consequently, we count by false. Now, as a result of this one. The other hand, on one hand, On the other hand, these are typical linkers that you will use when you write an essay. For example, he likes walking. I like writing. You introduce contrast. He likes walking. On the other hand, like riding. On the other hand, when introduced in this way. On the other hand, as the linker needs to be surrounded by commas, he's 16 single, he has never wanted family. He's six-tenths angle. On the other hand, he has never wanted family. When at the beginning of the sentence, you need to put coma after the linker. On the other hand, coma on the one hand, comma. On the contrary, the opposite of opposition. You introduced his clear. You'll pass the exam. I won't pass it. You'll pass the exam. On the contrary, I want or I didn't feel embarrassed at all. I felt flattered. I didn't feel embarrassed at all. On the contrary, I felt flattered. Exactly the opposite case it was. On the contrary. Again, it's surrounded by commas. The same, all the same means despite. And remember the meaning of this Coordinator or assets a little bit more specific. And quite often used in the wrong context, just because people don't know the meaning. There was no snow. We had good time. There was no snow. We had good time all the same despite that inspite of the fact that there was no snow? There was no snow. We had good time or the same usual learn or the same as used either at the end or at the beginning of the sentence. When its role is to open the structure. To open the sentence, you need to put coma after that one. He switched on the lamp. The same. He could not read. In spite of that, he could not read. Both. Meaning, you want to say that two things are linked together. Ship late, both tennis and football when she was a student. Of course, you can see she played tennis and for both without both. But here the emphasis is different. You just make the whole sentence sound stronger. You put the emphasis on the fact that there were two things. Took dividends to whatever applicable for one and the same person or for one and the same situation. As in the second example, both England and Scotland agreed on the treaty. England as well as co-twin's. And this is important, both not only but also if you fail, it will affect not only your school, but also the set or the case that you are already aware of inversion after not only, not only detect come back late, she had also forgotten the homework. Not only in version after a debt, but also straightforward order, false after that one. Neither nor. As you see, these are d double linkers. I don't have a bike. I don't have a motorcycle. You need to say that the two things are not true for you. I have neither a bike nor a motorcycle. Neither, nor the first part of the sentence has negative connotation, as well as the second part idea. Here you need positive auxiliaries. I have neither a bike nor a motorcycle. Neither my mother nor my father stood at this university. Neither her neural him. My mother didn't study at this university. My father didn't study. They're neither nor opposite one, either or connects. Sentences in which the alternative is given. You can come with us, you can stay here, you introduce an alternative, an option for the person. You can either come waters or stay here, or depends on you. Or either n or thumb will pick up. This is, there is an option. May be and we'll pick up. Maybe Tom will pick up. It's not clear. Either on or Tom will pick up. The basic list of conjunctions, let's say, of coordinators, more specifically speaking. And now it's time for you to practice what you have learned. The PDF is attached after this grammar lab, the exercises, online exercises you will find there as well. Read carefully the instructions. It is set which set? Coordinators who need to use, and it's up to CEO in the answer section. 117. Conjunctions. Conjunctions - coordinators: exercises: Basic coordinators in practice, let's take them out. In the first exercise you needed to choose between, on the other hand, but therefore a GIT. Nor, OR, and for probably some of them may be needed more than once. That girl is smart, but laser contrast sheets in a hurry, therefore, she can't call you, but she will as soon as possible. Therefore, as a result of this. But contrast, I can't come with two now for I'm too busy in the office because of because the reason that I can't come with you now for I'm too busy in the office. We can go out to the cinema or we can stay here. Alternative. We can go out to the cinema or we can stay here. That play was too long yet. I liked it. Yet. Introduce a surprise, contrast for surprise, you just didn't expect something to work on that way. She can't play the guitar, nor can I. She can't play the guitar. Nor inversion, positive verb after that. Not good at maths. But on the other hand, she's passionate when it comes to literature. But on the other hand, contrast that all prepositions can't speak either Russian or polish. You can't use neither nor here because of the negative verb that has given. He comes PQ, either Russian or polish. The other way was, she can speak neither Russian nor Polish. Remember, either positive or negative verb, neither, nor always positive verb. She's very good at sports. She plays basketball, table tennis. The emphasis is on the fact that she has more than one skill. She plays both basketball and we like hiking. We do it not only in summer, but also in winter. Not only but also. Unfortunately, he can't either here or speak. Same story. Negative verb count requires positive linker. Either or. Not only didn't come, but he also didn't call neither the first nor the second one. Not only, but also why you don't need inversion effect here in the fifth one. That's it. Because the sentence given start with not only, otherwise, it would be not only did he not come, but they also just here. Not only is not at the beginning of the sentence, the room was empty. Neither Mark nor Tom was in there. Neither, nor. Don't forget to put on a hat, you will be caught. Otherwise needs to be used as a linker. Don't forget to put on a hat, otherwise, you'll be cold. Of course you can see it on the first way, but you see it sounds quite simple. It shows that you just use the language without taking advantage of the possibilities it gives you. Once again, especially when writing, do it, including the conjunctions. When it comes to speaking. If you're speaking in front of a commissioner, in front of people were just to want to sound better. Also, linkers are very important. He didn't go, he didn't come. Neither cold nor came neither nor positive verbs. After that. I didn't send the email. It was not urgent because of the reason that for that was the meaning just reminding you. I didn't send the email for it wasn't urgent. She didn't qualify for the finals. The participation taught her a lot in spite of that steel. So she didn't qualify for the finals. Still, the participation thought her a lot in spite of that inspite of the fact that you didn't participate there. Unlike Paris, Mark liked Paris as well. Both and both on and Mark liked Paris. Emphasis on the fact that both of them did it. It was applicable for both of them. I didn't sleep well last night. I didn't keep the workout. Nevertheless, inspite of that. I didn't sleep well last night. Nevertheless, I didn't skip the workout. If in one sentence you can use a dash and keep on doing the sentence in the same way after I did. She tried heart, she couldn't do it. However, however hard to try to be careful. We are the Como however hard to try it, she couldn't do it. You know that however, needs to be surrounded by commas, right? But here however, is part of a structure, however, hard to try it logically destructor finishes out their throat, so they're the comma is needed. However hard you try it. She couldn't do it. And that was at hope that helped you. You already know that there are more linkers that can be added here, but you need the basics from their own. You can always find the linker that would match best what you want to see. Think of them as new words, memorize them until we will not have any problems. Next step, subordinator, or was the difference and which those linkers or in the next video. 118. Conjunctions. Grammar Lab: Conjunctions - subordinators: Conjunctions one more time. Just now we will speak about the subordinator. Or as I told you, the difference between coordinator and a subordinator is that subordinator is connect sentences which can't exist on their own. As I expected, she arrived early as is the linker in the way that as I expected, I expected I expected coma. She arrived if I need to go to bed early coma as I have an interview because of the fact that there is a result, there is a course, there is a reason why something is needed to be done. Also, as may mean, while she caught as I was getting dressed. Again, as means in the way that as I expected, she arrived early. As May connect the reason and the result for something. I need to go to bed earlier. Why? Because I have an interview or I need to get up or lie. Why? Because I have an interview. She caught as I was getting dressed, it can be equal to Y0 as well as HIV or as though they are synonyms. It means in a way that shows something. You will ask though, you've been sleeping for Asia on the way that you'll look as though the same as, as if you'll look Asif you've been sleeping for eight hours. She looks as if she's seen a monster. You see you use it for comparison. You just introduce something metaphorical. You compare something with something else. Shall looks Asif, or as though she's seen a monster. As though it's a little bit more formal. That's the difference. Slight nuance. He behaves as if he knew nothing about it, as if he knew nothing about it. The way that this is the meaning. Please do it again in the way I asked you to, as I asked you to do it, if you continue working in the way that I told you, you will succeed. As I told you, in the way that the game, it's better to use various linkers. One of the remarks you will be always sync on your writing papers if getting ready for an exam or one of the remarks you'll be always hearing in your speaking sections. If getting credit for an exam, various linkers, then yes, for comparison, this one, you know, she talks more than I expected. They sent me more dishes. Then I had ordered. Nothing specific here is just used for comparison. Rather than she agreed towards the dishes rather than stay in order log infinitive after that bear infinity if you see, rather than bare infinitive, I'd like to come with you rather than stay at home. Rather than you say that you prefer one thing to another, rather than bare infinitive after that or not as, as it's again, one of the very basic linkers you're aware of. He understood that reading the book is as interesting as listening to its audio version. Or negative is not as interesting as listening to its audio version as, as not as used for comparison. In this case, to say that something is as good or something has the same characteristics as something else. He liked playing tennis as much as he enjoyed watching it. He liked both activities equally. As, as the more the more the more you read, the more you understand, the more time we spent together, the more I liked him. The second form of the adjective. The second form of the adjective. It means something continuous happening repeatedly. Something tells happens more often as well. Both of them increase with the same speed. Imagine it on this way. The closer he was coming in simultaneously, something else was kept putting. The better I was able to see him. The closer, the better, the more the merrier, the sooner the better. The second form of the adjective. The second form of the adjective. The list, the list, same logic here. The less you worry, the less healed problems you have, the less you travel, the less new places you get to know, the less interesting the book, the higher the chance not to finish it. The second form of the adjective, the second form of the adjective. Little less than list. Revising just this adjective. If you're perfectly aware of if as a linker, because this is the marker for conditional sentences. And about conditional sentences always spoke really a lot. You are aware of the four basic types, 0 first, second, third, as well as of the two mixed types. Reminding the punctuation. When, if opens the sentence after the first meaningful part, you put the comma. If, if it's in the middle of the sentence, no comma is needed. If you open the door, I will enter first conditional. You wouldn't have been there yesterday if I hadn't code you in advanced, which means third conditional. If you had worked harder, you don't worry about the exam so much now, mixed conditional. Unless, unless it's again one of the linkers you are perfectly aware of. Unless miss if not, does requires positive verb after death because it itself keeps the negative structure in itself, its doors it, unless you come on time, you'll miss the flight. It means if you don't come on time, you'll miss the flight. Unless you come you wouldn't be here now unless I had code you last night. If I hadn't Codio unless means if not, unless you are experienced enough, you count apply for that position. Unless you are experienced enough. Meaning if you are not experienced enough, you can't apply for that position. Even if whether you do it or not, the result would be the same. In short, it doesn't matter what you are going to do. Even if you study all night long, it's impossible to catch up on everything. Same with English grammar. In fact, even if you try to memorize everything within a week, it's impossible. It just doesn't work on that way. She can't come on time even if she starts right now. It's impossible. Just something cannot be done. Not because you are underestimated, but because there are objective obstacles to this one being achieved. Given, considering something, this is the idea of given. Given the fact that everyone was watching curve coma, she handled the situation predefined. Given the fact that considering the facts that really formal linker, perfect for your formal writings. Given your imagination, everything is possible. Given your imagination, everything is possible. Provided that it means if or on the condition, on the condition that provided that all conditions are met, you will be able to acquire that property. Same as if absolutely, just more formal. And we've spoken about this one. In fact, you may stay in the room provided that you keep silence. A typical for formal situations, for formal conversations, and perfect for your formal writing. One more time. In case that I'll leave some 14 the fridge in case you get hungry. If something capitals in case something happens in the future. In case you need to talk to somebody, here is my telephone number. But pay attention to this one, especially in the first sentence. You can see it perfectly well. I'll leave some 14th fridge. Obviously, the clause after in case refers to the future as well. But after in case, what you have is present, simple, not future. Future goes in the first part or in the second part of the sentence. That doesn't matter, but not after in case. In case you need, in case you get present simple after in case. Non-class. As long course means, if we can have fishes, as long as you promise to take care of them, as long gas, one more formal linker. As long as she enjoys the classes, coma, she may continue comment. There are really a lot of alternatives of if you may take advantage of weather or You need to talk to her tomorrow. Whether you're ready or not. It's not important if that's it. It doesn't matter if your radio or not. Let's admit it. She's going to believe whether she goes by bus or train. Again, it doesn't matter what you are going to do. It doesn't depend on your anymore. Whatever you do, the result would be one and the same. Something important. Although, despite inspite of these three, linkers are confused really a lot anteriorly often enough. So let's take them out. Although means despite the fact that although it's followed by a subject and a verb after that, although we subject verb, although we did our best, we didn't manage to finish the project on time. Although subject verb, another example, the trip was great. Although subject verb, although we were busier than we expected. Even though, even though is a little bit stronger than Aldo until it's a bit more formal. But as the grammar usage, it follows exactly the same pattern. They decided to take the risk country where Kate, even though subject verb, they didn't speak the language. Even though subject verb, even though he was not as yank as his competitors, he won the competition. Despite of inspite of means, despite the fact that in spite of is followed by a noun or a pronoun, or by verb plus I-N-G. In spite of his illness, he came to the office for noun or noun inspite of the Yunus. He came to the office or work in spite of being overweight or verb plus gerund. In spite of being overweight, he decided to participate in the tennis tournament. As I've mentioned it, when there is a preposition, after a preposition, the gerund form is required. Despite, despite means, in spite of the fact that remember, despite something or despite doing something, inspite of the preposition is the difference. In spite of doing something or inspite of something. Despite his illness, he came on time to the office. Despite d units, he came to the office, absolutely say message. Despite being overweight, he decided to participate in the tennis tournament. Despite pause gerund, despite plus noun, this point plus pronounced. Whoever. Whoever is the chosen one, I believe he will do his best. And from here on you can conclude that whoever, whenever and so on, everything is used on this way. Any person who doesn't matter who this is the idea. He says he spoke to Mike, whoever, micas, whatever whatever is on your mind, try please do focus on the current problem. Anything doesn't matter what, whatever, whatever is on your mind, try pleased to focus on the current problem. He claims to be independent from now on whatever that means. Not quite clear what enough, I think because the list with subordinator is endless, you may find other examples if necessary. But my advice, keep to this lecture, I mean to this list and from their own, when you need to use a different link or on different conjunction, just check in the dictionary if not aware, if not sure, or if you need synonymy until you find one. The exercises, you need to rewrite some sentences starting with the subordinator. Given. That's it. I'll see you in the answers section. 119. Conjunctions. Conjunctions , subordinators: exercises: Some more conjunctions in practice, let's take them out. The idea to see how the sentences you have already found in the PDF attached would look like with conjunctions, with subordinator. It was raining, but he didn't take the umbrella. Although, although is followed by a pronoun or by a noun plus verb. Although it was raining, coma, he didn't take the umbrella. It was very noisy and we couldn't hear you. It was so noisy that we couldn't hear you. That it was so noisy that we couldn't hear you. If you don't study hard enough, you want to enter the university. Unless, if not, just vote by a positive verb, unless you study hard enough, you'll want to enter the university. Her friends are waiting for her, but she is two in the bedroom. Even though even though her friends are waiting for her coma, she's still in the bedroom. Just don't forget the correct punctuation when it comes to linkers. As he earns more, he spends more. The more he earns, the more Hispanic. Exercise shows you perfectly well that you can live quite normally without using clickers. But thanks to them, you can show that you are quite better aware of the language. Immediately after his arrival, he got to the numerous. As soon as he arrived, he got the news. As soon as I get the cards because we may not have enough cash. In case in case we don't have enough cash, I'll get to the cart. Nothing difficult. In fact, after I came back from the trip, I received the call. I had hardly come back from the trip when I received the coal. And y, no inversion because hardly is not at the beginning of the sentence. You'll be there on time if you leave now, if provided that same structure following it, provided that you'll leave now, you'll be there on time. They'll find your notes. And then we will understand once coma, something else. Once they find your notes, they will understand. If they have read the instructions, they won't have problems. Won't be as same as, as forecasts. Omega as the instructions have been a read. There won't be any problems solon cause the instructions have been read. There won't be any problems. As you study more, your brain gets better trained. The second form of the adjective, second form of the adjective. The more you study, the better your brain gets trained, the more the better. That's it. One more exercise where we will speak about all kinds of linkers that you are already aware of. You will find that in the next video. So please take a look at the PDF, do the exercises, and we'll check them. They're directly CEO, there. 120. Conjunctions. Conjunctions , mixed exercises: As I promised you, here come the extra exercises on conjunctions, and I'm sure that you have already done them. So just, let's start checking. In the first exercise you need to fill in with the correct linker. Neither nor, neither nor mark like stinking oder log. Neither. Nor whether you are on my site or not, I'm going to do it. I hope you've managed whether you are on my site or not. I'm going to do it. The structure of the sentence and the context. This is what may guide you what needs to be your stats and incur either stay in and keep quiet or just leave. Either. Both. My sister and my brother are coming back for the holidays both. And emphasis on the fact that the action is applicable for two people. Not only made a surprise party, But also had the best gift. Not only but also try to make the same one starting with not only, not only did she make, Yes, just I wanted to revise inversion for awhile. Not only did she make, but also I'd rather go dancing, then swimming. I would rather, you know, about the structure. We've spoken quite long time ago. I'd rather go dancing, then swimming. Here. You needed to make some transformations using the word given input. Although she didn't have enough money, she decided to buy this car. Spite. What you need to start thinking about is which linker, which conjunction is used with spite. Spite of this is, you know, that after inspite of, you may have inspite of something noun or you may have inspite of gerund. She decided to buy the car, inspite of negative not having enough money. In spite of not having enough money, she'd better get ready if she doesn't want to miss the bus unless same as if not. And reminding you need a positive verb after debt, should better get ready. If she doesn't want to miss the bus. Should better get ready. Unless she wants present simple positive verb S at the end. Unless she want to miss the bus. Mark and his brother don't enjoy climbing. Neither. You need to say that the action is not typical for either of them. Neither Mark nor his brother enjoys climbing, enjoys positive verb. Despite all her efforts and didn't manage to concentrate. And didn't manage to concentrate. Although needs to be used. Although OD efforts she made, although followed by a noun or pronoun or a verb. She writes poetry and she also does yoga every day. Besides, apart from something besides writing poetry, besides Durant. Besides writing poetry, she also does yoga everyday. Besides Durant. Traveled around the country while studying in London. You do travel around the country during your studies in London? During travel around the country, during your study or studies in London. One more time. Conjunctions give them the freedom to express yourself in a different way. So just take advantage of it and try to include as many linkers as possible. I know that I've repeated several times, but just, this is the main problem. People speak in simple sentences and try not to formulate their thoughts in a little bit more complicated way. But I'm sure that you can use just a matter of practice. See you in the next section of the course, where we will speak about prepositions. They are a lot. Again, one more time, we'll pass throw the basic prepositions. Why? Because otherwise you'll get bored. In fact. See you there. 121. Prepositions. Grammar Lab: prepositions of time: Welcome to the section of the course in which we'll speak about prepositions. And as you may guess, the story here is long enough, will pass through the basic prepositions to realize the most important ones that you will use only on daily basis from their own. It's up to you. Why? Because there are phrases which require particular prepositions. There are structures which are used with different prepositions. My advice, just alert the phrase along with the preposition. Otherwise, it will be really difficult. So starting from the beginning, prepositions of time, prepositions of time are something that you are used to using, I guess, without even thinking for them. But let's pass through the basic points that will help you. The first preposition is at, and it is used, for example, with the time at six in the morning. It's used with the period of time at night, weekends, at breakfast. At the moment. It can be used with holiday. Christmas, Easter At on is basically used to which the Ds and the dates on Mondays. Mondays means on every Monday, on Friday afternoon on the weekend. If we are in American English environment. Otherwise, add the weekend, the weekend days apart from this dates. On August the 15th. August the 15th. When we speak about ears, you need in front in 1992, in 2001, in 2019, and so on. When you speak about months in July, in March, whatever, just pick a boat to seasons in summer, in spring, in winter, for example. When you want to refer to the parts of the day, in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening. When you speak about Centaurus. In the 21st century, fitness peak about periods of time in ten years time in five years stamp, and so on. Pay attention to the apostrophe. It is always required when you refer to a period of time in ten years, years, apostrophe, time. There are also some phrases which do not need the preposition. For example, if you start something with next, next month, next year, next day. If you started the phrase With last last month, last year, with this this afternoon, that afternoon. You don't need to say in this afternoon or in last month? Every every day. No preposition required. And also in front of yesterday, today and tomorrow, No prepositions needed. These, I'm sure you were aware of. So let's just practice them. You need to fill in with the correct preposition. The prepositions that we've just spoken about, the PDF is attached on its usual, please. Just take a look at the exercises, do them and check them together in awhile. 122. Prepositions. Prepositions of time: exercises: Prepositions of time in practice, checking them out. In the first exercise you needed to fill in with the correct preposition. I start work at eight o'clock in the morning and finish at five in the afternoon. At used with the time in which part of the day. My friends who aren't here at the moment. Period of time. At the moment. I'm seeing the GP on Monday, next week, next week, next week, month, whatever. You don't need preposition in front of it. The bus leaves at seven in the afternoon. At seven in the afternoon. Seven time with the time you need at in the afternoon part of the day. My name is birthday is on the fifth of July. The 5th of July. Pay attention to the pronunciation. You don't write the or of what you need to pronounce them. When we speak about dates. On is the correct preposition. I love getting up at sunrise. Periods of time. At sunrise. Actors usually work at night. Period of time. At night. I started at 08:00 PM and finished at midnight that night. At midnight. The stories one and the same. Eight o'clock or eight PM. It doesn't matter how it will be written. When we speak about time, you need at as a preposition in front. Let's meet at nine tonight. At nine is pickup time. Tonight. In front of tonight, no preposition is needed. The last time I came here was in November, the previous year. In November, there is a month in front of the months you need in as a preposition. No preposition in front of previous or next. The previous year. We have nightmare sets night in the morning, in the afternoon, at night at one time. What do you usually do at weekends? At weekends, British English. On weekends, American English. I will see him in a few weeks. You speak about the period of time in the future time reference in, as a preposition required. I will see him in a few weeks. The 20th century, the standard of life was completely different. In the 20th century. When we speak about centrists, the preposition required to front is in the telephone and the doorbell around at the same time. Phrase. At the same time. Prepositions corrective, there is something crank. She always gets up at six at pause time. In the morning, at night, at known in the morning. The plane lands on the second of December. That's known. On the second of December on pause date. Known is correct. My sister was born in 2004. Plus year. I went to bed at midnight. I couldn't finish what I had earlier. At midnight. At noon. She usually goes for a walk in the morning. In the morning, correct? None. The report will be ready, not in but at noon, at night. I don't want to meet you all in five years time, time reference for the future. In five years time, you don't forget that an apostrophe is required as well. After years. That was at the first step has already been done. So let's continue. A lot of prepositions are waiting for us. See you in the next video. 123. Prepositions. Grammar lab: prepositions of place: After the prepositions of time, It's time to speak for the prepositions of place. Let's take a closer look for where, you know it. Skip the grammar lab and go to the exercises. A lot are reading for you. The first preposition in meaning inside, inside something in the kitchen. In Germany, in plus country. In the mirror, for example, I see myself in the mirror. In the car insight. You're in a closed space. In the world. When you speak about an exact position, adds to the corner she sets the coroner. I know we are exactly at the stop. I know we are exactly. Or when you refer to a place where you can do something typical adds to the cinema at university, at work, at the meeting, you refer to displace as a typical one. On the table, on the carpet. It's clear. It means that something is above something else. And Thetis, the surface on the wall. It means that it is attached on the wall, on the right, on the left. When we speak about direction on the bus, on the train, on the plane, How are you traveling? On TV or on the radio or way to say that something is being presented there. On the first floor, on the second floor, and so on. So when you want to describe on wheat flour or something happened, for example, next to, next to is the same as beside, the same as by. The slight difference is that beside it is a little bit more formal next to, and by our informal prepositions. Next to the park. Besides the sea. By the car park, you can use whichever you want in these situations. It means not far away from next two. Besides by between between Mark and down, between the chair and the table. This is in the space that separates two places, people who are objects, you know what is between? So just imagine it between. And please be careful for the difference between between and among, Among these in the middle of something or surrounded by other things, not to more than two. Among the trees, there are a lot of trees around my, among the people. Among the books. A monk behind, behind me is at the back of something or of somebody behind the door, behind the curtains, behind the tree, at the backoff. In front of the opposite, in front of the hotel, in front of the block, in front of the tourists. It means close to the front part of something. So behind, opposite, in front of under there means that something is lower than something else in a way that the first thing covered, the second one under the chair, under the carpet, under the bed and so on. There is a nice video attached after this lecture. It will help you visualize everything better. Below. Below means that something is lower than something kills. Its more formal than under. At the same time, it's most commonly used in metaphorical contexts. The sun disappeared below the horizon. Metaphor you see below the horizon, or the climbers stopped several 100 meters below the top of the mountain. Metaphor. When you speak about the degrees below, is your status well, 70 degrees below 0, not under, below. Over and above. Over. The same as under, just with opposite direction. It means above or higher than something else in a way that the one thing covers the other. The umbrella was over both of us. The bump was dropped over the city over and above. The difference is that above is more formal than over. And it's more metaphorical. Wave to the diploma above his head. His name comes above mine on the list. When you speak about degrees and you want to say that something is more than something else. Above is the correct preposition. Again, five degrees above 0. Across. Across means that it crosses from the one to the other side, across the street, across the sea, across the river. That was it. Prepositions of place. What do you need to do in the exercises that follow is first to choose between, between and among. Because this is one of the most common mistakes here. After debts to be careful about above, over, below and tender. And last but not least at, in the exercises are after the lecture, as always. See you in the answer section. 124. Prepositions. Prepositions of place - exercise: Prepositions of place. In practice this time, let's revise what the difference between, between and among cross between two places or two people, or two things among. One surrounded by a lot of things. Among the trees. Between my parents. Among the peoples who was his passport. The pupils were more than two. Obviously, among the pupils was his passport. There were no men among the guests. A lot of guests, Gnomon there. This is the obstacles standing between you and the retirement. You see you are on the one hand, the retirement is on the other somewhere in the future probably. There is one obstacle which is standing between two positions. Two thinks. The movie depicts the battle between actors and painters. The groups we have here two opposing groups, obviously up to the script of the mobile between the first group, the second group. Very effective collaboration has taken place among scientists of different nationalities. Scientists in plural, more than two. We speak about scientists of different nationalities. A lot of people among them. The tension between East and West is steadily growing. Political entities. East and twist between needed as a preposition. Above, over below or under, over, opposite of thunder. Above, opposite of below. Above and below are a little bit more metaphorical used with temperature. Let's check the exercise. The news was over the ship in new in no time was all over the ship, metaphorical. Above all the teachers, she admired him the most. It's a set phrase. Above all, the teachers. Inflation is not to fall below its present level. Below when you speak about levels, temperature here also, our team is under enormous pressure to act quickly. Under pressure. Set phrase. He wrote the novel under an assumed name. Do something under an assumed name problem. Notice that here the majority of examples are just SIT phrases. That's it. That's your way to improve your language by improving the vocabulary. He lives on the first floor above the restaurant. On the first floor above the restaurant. I was a good student above average, but not brilliant. Above average. On at, or in this time next year, I'll be back in California. Where? In California? He puts the mock on top of the desk, where exactly the surface it touches the surface on on top of the desk. She's never even when I call b in, B out be in means being science. There are more inside the building. The opposite be out. There are several children at the picture. Where at the picture? He tried to recognize his own face in the mirror. See yourself in the mirror. The child towards sitting on the edge of the bed or at the edge of the bed? Both of these are possible. You say where exactly? She came in and set in her favorite armchair. Where for place in is the answer. Came in. Common is a phrasal verb. I think that the majority of the sentences you could do up to your intuition online, there is nothing wrong with that. As far as it helps, try to memorize as many set phrases and Caucasians as possible, just in order to be able to express yourselves better. When it comes to Caucasians and set phrases, prepositions are usually part of this and the harder part. Just because you need to remember which adjective goes with, which preposition, which verb is followed by what, in which phrase, what is required? We'll speak about this one in details in awhile. See you in the next lecture. 125. Prepositions. Grammar Lab: Dependent prepositions, adjectives and adverbs: When it comes to prepositions, one of the hardest part in English is to memorize the so-called dependent prepositions. Or these are the prepositions that always go with particular and effective at verb or verb will pass through the basic ones. Not everything unfortunately. But the idea is just to get the idea of what expects you from their own. It's up to you when you see an adjective for, when you see a phrase or a colocation, to pay attention to the preposition which is there. Why? Because sooner or later you are to encounter it one more time. You will need to use it. Well speaking, of course, you'd prefer to do it in the correct way. This list you will find, of course, attached after the grandma lab, after this video. But I'd prefer again to pass through everything together just to be able to listen to it, to hear it one more time. And from there only depends on you, whether you will be able to memorize or not. According to somebody according to as stated by somebody according to Mr. Wallet, they are getting on well with each other at the moment. According to somebody accustomed to be accustomed to, she's not accustomed to being treated like this. Something I've mentioned several times. I wanted to repeat one more last time, probably, when there is a preposition and a verb needs to be used after that. This verb is in Jerald, simple or perfect. This is a different story and we've spoken about that. But you need a different afraid of, be afraid of I've always been afraid of flying. Anxious about it means worried and nervous. I've been anxious about the meeting. Ashamed. I'm so ashamed of you. I'm so ashamed of you. Aware of be aware of was he aware of the risks? Was he aware of the risks? Badass. He's bad at mathematics. These are 0s to remember, good at, bad at one. And the same preposition, capable of being capable of that wind is capable of warming the roofs of the houses. That wind is capable of doing something. Confident, confident of, confident in. Yeah, that's the other trick. There are some adjectives and adverbs and some verbs which can be used with more than one preposition, sometimes with a difference in meaning. I'm confident of my skills. I'm confident in myself, or be confident in yourself. Confident of confident in exposed to do to each location, the house is exposed to severe winds. Due to its location, the house is exposed to severe winds. Fateful something or to somebody she was faithful to her husband throughout their marriage. Fateful to somebody fit for when we speak about the purpose. She's not fit for that position. She's not fit for that position. Four of the word rope was full of quotes. The word rope was full of clothes. Gaudet, as I told you at, again, as a preposition. She's good at sports. She's good at sports. Interested in, I'm interested in your thoughts. Interested in something involved in meaning? Interested in again, he was so involved in his work that he didn't hear anything. He was so involved in his work that he didn't care. And I think keen on his keen on plank tennis, kin on something or keen on doing something. Please twit. I'm really pleased with your achievement. I'm really pleased with your achievements. Prepared for, be prepared for. They were prepared for the best. It means to be ready to deal with a particular situation. They were prepared for the best. Proud of you must be proud of her. Proud of somebody. You must be proud of her. Ready for, the troops are set to be ready for action. Prepared for same meaning. The troops are a set to be ready for actual responsible for. He was responsible for the efficient running of the whole company. He was responsible for the efficient running of the whole component. Scared. She's scared of insects. Be scared of something. Stiff width. It means firm or heart. That's the idea of stuff. His shoes were stiff with stiff with successful and you have to be tough to be successful in fashion. You have to be tough to be successful in fashion. Suspicious of something. We are deeply suspicious of each other's motifs. We are deeply suspicious of each other's motifs. Terrified of something. As a child, she was terrified of the derrick. As a child. She was terrified of the dark. Tired of something. I'm tired of repeating one and the same all the time. I'm tired of doing something. I'm tired of repeating quantum the same all the time. And that's not all. There are more, you may find more detailed lists online. Just do the exercises which are after this video first in the PDF, second online exercises. And I'm sure that while doing the online exercises, you will find other adjectives. You will see other examples. So my advice, when you encounter a new combination of adjective or verb or whatever plus preposition, just memorize it, then. Don't try to memorize everything at once. This chart, this list is pretty enough for a beginning. See you in the questions section where we will pass through the exercises you are given. It's just filling with the correct preposition. That's it will take the answers. See you there. 126. Prepositions. Dependent prepositions, adjectives and adverbs: exercises: Adjectives and adverbs, we depend on prepositions. Let's see what you've remembered. The exercises you have already done. I guess. Let's just start checking the sentences. According to our records. You owe us a $130 according to something or somebody secretly became accustomed to his behavior, accustomed something. I've always been afraid of making a mistake, be afraid of something, or be afraid of doing something. She's got nothing to be ashamed of. Be ashamed of something or be ashamed of doing something. Subconsciously. I was aware of him looking at me. Look at somebody, be aware of somebody doing something. Your plan is capable of being improved. Your plan is capable of be capable of something or be capable of doing something. We were confident of winning the match. We were confident of doing something of winning the match. Not fit for their responsibility has been given. B fit for being ready for usually when we speak about the position, he's not fit for the responsibility. He's been given. The shelves were full of books, full of something. She didn't seem very interested in what he was saying. Be interested in something or be interested in doing something. He's rather keen on that girl in school. He's rather keen on be keen on somebody. You are looking very pleased with yourself today. Happy and satisfied. This is the meaning of be policed with somebody. You are looking very pleased with yourself today. I didn't feel prepared for the exam. Be prepared for I didn't feel prepared for the exam. Now the proud processor of a course certificate and t will be also at the end of the course. I'm now the proud processor of be proud of or here as it is used, the same preposition is needed, although proud comes as an adjective in front of the noun. She goes to the kids, are ready for nursery, ready for something. The city council is responsible for keeping the lamps, working. Very responsible for something or be responsible for doing something. I was scared of telling current Detroit be scared of something or be scared of doing something. Many of the employees were suspicious of the newborn business pitches of somebody who was terrified of going into the dark room, be terrified of doing something. She was tired of doing the same job day after day. She was tired of doing something, be tired of doing something. And that was it. Probably you've succeeded in memorizing some of these. That would be great. Well, there are some more examples with dependent prepositions, this time connected with verbs. Let's take the list there as well and the exercises as well. In the next videos. See you there. 127. 124 GrLab DepPrep Verbs: Welcome back to the prepositions section. After the dependent prepositions that are used with adjectives and adverbs. The next step is to pass through the prepositions that are used with verbs. The list here may continue an hour, probably for an hour or something. But I've chosen just the most common verbs with the idea that this is the beginning. From there on, it's up to you to memorize as many patterns as possible. The list you may find as always, attached after the lecture and from their own. As I mentioned, it's up to you. There are online exercises, links to online exercises. There is a PDF with exercises as well, which will take in the next video. Let's pass through the list first. Accuse somebody of something or accuse somebody of doing something. She's being accused of burglary, accused of aim at aim at something, aim at doing something. Metadata red dot in the center. Apologize to somebody for something. I sincerely apologize for any inconvenience cost. I sincerely apologize for apologize to someone for something applied to someone for something apply. We've applied to the organization for a scholarship. Apply to someone for something. Ask for meaning requests. I need to ask for financial advice. I need to ask for financial advice. Ask about or this is the general meaning of ascii inquire something. She asked about her native language history. She wanted to know more about ask about sure. Someone of something. I can assure you of his loyalty. I can assure you of his loyalty. We baked for mercy, but it was in vain. Beg for something. We baked for versa. But it was in vain. The lungs, the house belongs to the matches. The house belongs to. Be aware off. You'd better beware of undercooked fault while pregnant. You'd better beware of undercooked foot. We're aware of something. Blame someone for something. She blamed me for his failure in life. She blamed me for. Or the other way to paraphrase it is, put the blame on somebody. She put the blame on me. Charge someone width. He's been charged with manslaughter. He's been charged with manslaughter. Charge someone with comply what? Comply what? You'll be charged if you fail to comply with the regulations to follow to follow the strict order to comply with. Confide in although I'm trying I don't feel I can confined in her, confide in somebody trust somebody older. I'm trying. I don't feel I can come fight in her. Conform to make sure the car conforms to the official standards. Make sure the car conforms to confirm, to congratulate somebody on something or on doing something. Let me congratulate you on having passed the test on different, simple or perfect. Depends on the story. Let me congratulate you on having passed the test. Consists of the dish, consists mainly of rice and vegetables. Consist of correspond to. My cell array does not correspond to my spendings, does not correspond to count on. Unfortunately, I can't count on you. Unfortunately, I can't count on your count on somebody. Depend on whether you succeed or not, depends on your left. Depend on deprive someone of key claimed that they had deprived him of his rights, deprive somebody of something. These approve off not approve of something. I strongly disapprove of your behavior. I strongly disapprove of your behavior. Fill in. He failed in his attempt to break the record, fail in something or feel in doing something. He failed in his attempt to break the record. Fear for fear for similar or feared for something. They were having fears for their safety. They were having fears for their safety. Fear of something. I had to fear of being abandoned. I had a fear of doing something or something. I had the fear of being abandoned. Freedom. It means to give somebody a particular food feed on. If you feed your child on sweet onblur, it's not surprising she's so fat feet on something for something on someone. I tried to refuse, but to forests that last piece on me. I tried to refuse, but she forced that last piece on my system. She insisted on entering first. She insisted on doing something. Live on. Here is meant an amount of money. Accounting live on my salary or my salary only is not enough. I can't live on my salary online long for I'm longing for the day. I'll be back home. I'm longing for the date. Object to I tried to object to her decision. Invade a pulse. This is domain. I tried to object to. Something occurred TO the total occurred to me. That dot came to my mind. The thought occurred domain, persist in queue, persisting, coming back late. I'm sure. Persist in doing something. He'll persist in coming back late. Prepare for already prepared for the interview. Be prepared for are you prepared for the interview? Referred to? She usually refers to her school years. She usually refers to her school years. Real light on. Are you sure you can rely on him? Depend on same story. Irish where you can rely on him. Remind somebody of something or if somebody else. He did really remind me of my brother mind. Finally, I resorted to her, please. Succeeding. She succeeded in graduating with honors, succeed in doing something. Suspect someone off. The police, suspect him of committing the crime or of having committed the crime. Difference between simple and perfect Durant. You don't know it. Wait for I've been waiting for you for hours. Where have you been? I've been waiting for you for hours. Wait for one to read. She gazed in wonder at his new car. She gazed in wonder at new car. And that's not everything I told you. So realist, start with this list. Don't try to memorize everything at once, and keep on improving by adding new verbs. We depend on prepositions. Now, it's time to practice what you've learned within this video. And this will happen in the next one. Ceo, there. 128. Prepositions. Dependent prepositions, verb: exercises: Which dependent preposition needs to be used with which are the verbs. I'm sure you have already done the exercises. Let's check them out. The doctor was accused of negligence, be accused of something or be accused of doing something. It's believed that hundreds of missiles are aimed at, the main setters aimed at. I must apologize to my sister for being cleaned again. Somebody for something. Apologize. I was asked to apply in writing to this address. Apply. I always ask for extra cheese in the burger, ask for something. She needed to beg for money and fought back for something. Who does this bike belongs to? Belongs to somebody. Beware of falling asleep while sunbathing. Otherwise, we have an idea aware of something or beware of doing something. She's charged with murdering her sister, charged with something, or charged with doing something. May come fight in you, confide in somebody. May I confide in you? Employees have to conform to the strict dress code in the company. Confirm something. I must congratulate you on your impressive piece of work. Congratulate somebody on something or on drink something. Many just trios consist of a double bass guitar and the piano consists of something. I can always count on my friends to help me. Count on, depends on rely on the correct preposition. Whether or not you are given a mobile depends on your position in the office. Depend on I disapprove of all the violence in the computer games, disapprove of I have a fear of closed space, fear of something. She insisted on being accepted by the lawyer, insist on something or insist on doing something. Don't forget that here. Passive may be asked as well. I'm longing for news of her. Longing for long, for something creative, for another synonym with the same preposition, crave for your eyes reminded me of your father's. Remind somebody of somebody else. I've been waiting for ages, weight for just read like that. They really seem to be simple. Victrola, I know that it takes a lot of time to memorize all of these prepositions. What you can do is to keep practicing. That's my piece of advice. Some more tricks and tips you will receive in the last section of this course. But before that, don't forget that there are transformation videos with perfect exercises after the arteriolar lot of exercises. And there are two tests that will help you really take, let's say, a broader perspective of English grammar. There are different constructions, there are different conjunctions, they are a different set phrases, collocations, everything is explained where, what, and why it happens. Not only grammar, it's the whole structure of English language. Let's say practice there. Give them the time they deserve. Enjoyed doing them, and check your answers. After that, the tips and tricks yours, CEO in the other sections of this course. 129. Mixed. Transformations, part 1: You have learned so much in terms of English grammar, it's time to try to use everything in one exercise. Transformations are actually the best exercise to serve this purpose. Why? Because there you may be tested various structures. Because there you will be given the chance to use your whole knowledge on different grammar, enter test on different subjects. And you'll be able to really to express yourselves better after mastering this transformation structures. This as a type of exercise is typical for the Cambridge FCE and see exams, Barth. But apart from there, it's really useful for everyone who wants to improve their overall understanding of the language. So the instruction is quite familiar. You need to complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using one word given the number of words between 38. We are in one of the last sections of the course. Remember that there are two practice tests included here, and they will be really useful. A lot of explanations, a lot of new things you will find exactly there. Within this section as well. I'll continue uploading different sets of transformations. Let me know if that would be useful for you. Would you mind if I brought my girlfriends to the party? You need to use objection. My girlfriends to the part. Would you have any objection to bringing my girlfriends to the party? You know that the verb object is used to eat, to preposition after that object to doing something seems story goes with the noun. Would you have any objection to direct bringing my girlfriend or to my bringing if you wanted to make it more formal. After that, Mark had never been invited to such a place before. First, it was the first time Mark had ever had an invitation to such. Please be careful. We've mentioned that's the first time, the second time, the last time is usually used in combination. Present, simple, present, perfect, past simple, somewhere there. But here in the main, dense, in the main sentence, you have past perfect. Just perfect requires past simple to be used as an addition. So it was the first time past simple after dead past perfect. Mark had ever had an invitation to set a place. Did he dance any better in yesterday's performance? Was there any improvement? Various improvements in doing something? Was there any improvement in his dancing in yesterday's performance? You'll see you practice vocabulary as well as grammar in these exercises. I wasn't surprised when I heard that she had received the role. It came as no surprise to me to hear that she had received the role. It wasn't surprising. It came as no surprise to make synonyms. Was just about to leave for the office when it started raining. Be about to synonymy be on the point of or be on the break-off, was on the point of different preposition verb after death, Gerald, obviously Watson, the point of leaving for the office when it started raining. Mark doesn't mind whether he sinks on stage or at home. It makes no difference to mark. It makes what they were difference to. Somebody. Does the structure. It makes no difference to mark whether he sinks on stage or at home. She did impress her boss in the first day. Mate, she did impress. Usually one of the typical transformations is to understand which the purpose, the main sentence and after debt to transform it into an unknown using the appropriate structure, she made an impression too. She made an impression to the boss in the first day. He doesn't intend to live there anymore. He doesn't. Intent. Intent is the verb. Now we're transforming it into and now he has no intention of leaving there anymore. He has no intention of living. My mother finds it hard to accept that I have grown up terms here. You need to know the phrase, my mother, he has difficulty in. And after that, coming to terms with the fact that you have difficulty in doing something, this is the first part you need to think about. You have difficulty in doing something. And after that, come to terms with something. This is the second phrase which you need here. That was it. There is a really useful link after this video where you will find a lot of extra transformations. Remember that I will keep adding different lectures here. Just I need to know if this type of exercise is useful for you. Let me know in the Q&A section and don't skip the practice tests. See you in the next video. 130. Mixed. Transformations, part 2: Several more transformations are waiting for you here. You know what these instructions are. You need to complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first term. For that reason, you need to use the words given. You can't change the given order it and you must use between 38 words, including the word given the transformations you have already seen. So let's get started at the lack of confidence. Never recovered after I went to talk to of is the words that you need to use. There was no recurrence of my lack of confidence after I went to talk to there was no recurrence. I told you that one of the most common transformations which is required, concerns the words, usually a form of verb is transformed into a noun and vice versa, or an adjective into an adverb and vice versa. The next step, after you understand what needs to be changed into what to think for the convocation. Usually, when a word is given, you need to do something with that word. Within the communications field. You need to think for the correct Caucasian lack of there was no recurrence of my lack of confidence after I went to talk to what explanation can you offer for your students behavior? How can you account for the behavior of your student's? Account for something means to explain the reasons for something. Phrasal verbs are something that you need here that would help you in general express yourselves better. Of course, it's impossible to learn all of the phrasal verbs. Absolutely. But the more you practice, the better you are to become. How can you account for the behavior of your students? I didn't offer to give you a lift because I was scared. I might do so. Do you fear? I didn't offer to give you a lift because there was scared scared, fear. Something around there should be transformed. I didn't offer to give you a lift for fear of doing something. That's the phrase for fear of doing something because of for, for fear of insulting. You. Soon realized that confessing to her mistake was the only way out. This one is a little bit more difficult. No. She's soon realized that she had no option. So that was the only way out. She had no option. Be careful about the tendencies, but better data phrase over up again, to own up to her mistake. To own up to something means to confess, to confess that you have done something. Unless anyone objects, she intends to apply for that position. Nobody providing that, nobody has any objections. You see in the initial sentence, object is the verb. Here in the transformation objections, noun in plural. She intends to apply for that position. Without your help, I ordered have coped in that moment. We've passed through this kind of transformation. We've spoken about such structures. When we took a look at the conditional structures, he had it not been for without your help. That's the precise meaning. He had it not been for your help in version he had it. He had it not been for your help. I wouldn't have coped in that moment. Transformations are really useful, especially when you manage to use them in your speaking. That's the next level. Yes, I know, but that's what's really worth it. The principal had been informed about the strike the teachers who are preparing. The principal. He had been informed. You need to be careful about that. Ten says, you need to be careful about the verb given and to think for a structure at, around the network. It had been brought to the principles that tension, bring something to somebody's attention. This is the phrase that the teachers were preparing a strike. And the last one, the increase in the number of language scores in the city. He has been marked increase. Rice. There has been a marked rise. You see again, from the verb or noun is required, there has been a marked rise in the number of language scores in the setup. Don't forget the link which is attached after this video. There, you may practice quite well as well. See you. 131. TIPS: How to work on your grammar from now on?: The question that really, a lot of students have asked me how to work on my grammar from now on. Perfect, the course is done. I finished with the exercises, everything is completed. And now what, how can I keep my level? How can I improve my grammar and how can I start using it? Well speaking, I'll try to give you some guidelines, some hints that I hope will be as follows. First of all, start reading. But reading aloud while loud, because this is the only way in which you include several senses of yours. You speak, you hear. At the same time, your mind, your brain gets used to the fact that you are able to speak that language, whatever language you studied, not only about English, It's about any foreign language. Whatever language you're studying, just read aloud. Remember how children learn a language. They start with simple sentences, they started with simple words, and after that, they continue improving their vocabulary. Because of that, please start reading adapted books. Do not start with fiction. Novels that are full of descriptions and without dialogues that will not help you. That would just show you how much you do not know. This is not the idea. Start reading aloud adopted books. You can find them everywhere. I will show you some links in awhile. You can find them in bookshops, you can find them online. You can purchase them or whatever. They are a lot on it adapted book, the level is shown, which a level this book is suitable for. When you read aloud, try to read in front of a mirror. This is the other trick. A lot of people can't visualize themselves speaking the language, but they need to. This is DDR, you to know that you are able to speak that language. So give it a try. It's not that funny and it does really work. Personal experience. Just take a mirror, starts reading in front of it. After that. Once you know the story, start retelling the story in your own words. And again, retail in front of a mirror. Try to memorize the words in context. Do not translate each and every word that you do not know. Do not check the meeting of each and every word. Just try to understand from context as real. After that, you may start reading the original box. It can be fiction. It can be a book which is based on dialogue, highly recommend that not descriptive books, notebooks that therefore of descriptions that you will get lost on the second sentence. Not on this way. Just you need to be able to follow the main storyline in something else. Really important. While reading. Try to catch the grammar structures used. You see past simple. Ask yourselves why. You see present perfect? Why you see that there is, for example, transformation from direct into indirect speech. Why? When you are able to explain to yourselves why, then you can be sure that you will not forget the rows. Just explain a lot why this one was used, why that are noisiest and so on. These tips, really work. The site I'd recommend to check. Given us a list in the next video, it's an article there. Let's take it out exactly from what you will have. For example, a really good site is this one. You can find different English books here that are based on your level. You see some of them are popular, some of them are completely new. It depends on you. I mean, you just need to choose a book. And after that you can download the format that you need. You can download the audio if you want to listen to the book. You can read it online, if applicable, for the book. After that. Another site, this one, Nielsen levels. I do like it a lot. Here you can choose your level of English. Based on your level, you can see different texts that appear. Here is the text. For example, I have an advocate. Here is the text, for example, the words which are in both, you can find explained after that. There are different videos where you can listen to what you have read. After that, you can go to different books which are recommended by that site. This is about New York in levels from their own. You can go to simple Wikipedia. No idea if you were aware of design, but in fact, the majority of people who are not Wikipedia, you know how to use it. But the difference between the general Wikipedia and the simple Wikipedia in terms of the language used in the simple Wikipedia, look at that Simple English Wikipedia. Here, everything is described with simple words. There is less vocabulary used, which means that it's perfect for you to read and to understand whatever you'd want to. After a debt, the original box, mainly classics in these two sides, you will find these are in fact two projects. The first one is the Gutenberg project. Here it is. And the second one is the lib revokes. Here it is. The idea is that there are some books which are in the public domain. Probably you know what the public domain is. It means that the books are there for free. You can read whichever book you'd want to. You can download the audio as well. You can even change the content and whatever a lot of things can be done with the resources which are in the public domain. You can check it after the video to really useful signs. The signs of the Gutenberg project and the science of delivery box project. The downside if it may be caught on this way is that here we have only the classics because modern book cannot enter the public domain. First, read. After that, find some blocks. Find some blocks that would be really useful for you. This one is a block, again, what? Reading recommendations with listening recommendations with the pronounciation practices and so on. The idea here, you will find links to different resources online. Here you are that the author of the block consider desk helpful. What you will read and what you will listen to depends on your personal preferences. For example, if you are interested in current affairs, I believe that you will find the news websites really useful. Again. Choose carefully. You can start with the economist, for example, that are dead. Wonder why you can't understand it well, it's obvious the language there is different. But if you start with the CNN International addition, here, everything which is published, let's say understandable English. You can like an article. You can share some thoughts, whatever. After that, Uranus. It's again a free website with a lot of audio and video files that you can find useful. I believe. If interested in sports, go to your sport. It's important really to read what you are interested. On this way, you will be able to memorize the majority of length six, the majority of vocabulary which is used there and so on. Just choose what you'd really attract your attention. It will be fun because learning a language actually is fun. You need to enjoy it. Another resource I like a lot is the Reuters site. Here the level of English is a little bit higher. However, I believe that those of you who are on C1, C2 level would find it perfectly proper. If you are aiming at receiving perfect marks, high enough marks on C or routes, go to the Economist site, Huffpost, another website that you may find useful articles here, you will get used to the different patterns which are used in the different structures. You will see, for example, that in some articles, one and the same structures will be repeated all the time in some additions. Also, there is English, which is typical for this newspaper or for that newspaper or for that media. After that, the next step is to listen. And to learn to hear because there is difference between I'm listening to something and they can hear what they say. The first mistake that a lot of people do is to start watching movies in English without subtitles. Don't do it. Just find the English subtitles. On this way, it will be really easier for you to get used to the language, to listening to the language, to hearing the language. It's important. You are having the movie in English with English subtitles. Same as the videos online, either on YouTube or on different channels. Just video with subtitles. When you listen, when you practice your listening skills, listen to people with various accents. It's been really often that people criticize me on not being Canadian speaker and at the same time teaching English. Well, sir, it but the majority of people who teach English, and the majority of people who speak English, or non-Natives. On the other hand, the people who are not native speakers are better at English grammar. Why? Because the camp explain in simpler way structures that the native speakers are used to. They just take the structures for granted. And that's it. But let's say that that's a different topic. While listening, Do not try to understand everything. Same magic acid reading. Just follow the main idea. Let's put not least, try to repeat some of the sentences after hearing them. Try to imitate even the pronounciation. If you do want to. Useful websites, Let's pass through them again. For example, the History Channel, I do love it. Here. You may find really short videos on various topics that would work perfectly fine for you. After that, you may go to a documentaries channel. A channel where there are a lot of documentary movies from various sites as well. Here it says you have all the links attached to, don't worry about this one. The National Geographic Channel. It's again a good one. Here. There are some excerpts, some parts of their whole videos. But if you have the national channel on your deficit, you can watch it there as well. And going to my really favorite to talk. Here it is. This is a channel where you can find different educational videos, lessons for chairing. This is their motto. The idea is that depending on the topic, you can watch a movie or short moving with subtitles, which is really important for you. And you can learn something at the same time. The animation is really cool as well. And last but not least, this is the website I've used really a lot while teaching with my students. The TED Talks. I believe that you know, what the TED Talks is, if not in short. Website with motivational talks on various topics. You can see them over here. For example, you are choosing Kwan doesn't matter which one. You can choose which the subtitles to be included to where I want to listen with English subtitles. So I'm choosing that I want to see the subtitles, something that they're really advise you to do. After that. From here, you can regulate the speed, the person speaks, and you can learn a lot of interesting things you can enjoy. And you can feel motivated. Of course, you can find various walks, various podcasts, online radius and so on. Just try to surround yourselves with the language. Try to analyse the grammar that you hear. The notes. Try to be always perfect while expressing yourselves. That's not the idea, is just to start getting better day after day. Thank you very much for being part of this course. Thank you very much for choosing to improve your English together with me, I hope that we did a good job. Please let me know what else you'd want to be added within this course. Let me know if there are some grammar topics that are not covered because there are, but you will find useful to calf exercises on. This is the hint. Let me know what else you would want to learn. And if you haven't pass through the complete English course, please do it. See you again. Thank you very much.